Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
17-10-2022
Did a doorbell cam captured a translucent UFO over Raytown, Missouri?
Did a doorbell cam captured a translucent UFO over Raytown, Missouri?
According to UFOCasebook and analyzed by Doc Holliday: Something very strange just flew over Raytown, Missouri. A doorbell camera shows what looks like a translucent UFO slowly moving over Raytown, Missouri. The security video shows the object from 2 different perspectives.
I initially was very skeptical of this video for obvious reasons. It's looks like a very large object that just seems to be floating across the sky over Raytown, Missouri on Thursday night, October 13, 2022. Here's what the eyewitness said about it:
Eyewitness states: Unknown aerial object caught on camera, slow moving and sometimes translucent and sometimes rejecting light.
The doorbell camera video shows the object from 2 different perspectives. Watch closely on the 2nd one and you'll see that the object really does project some light through the trees.
I checked the National UFO Reporting Center website and don't see any corroborating reports of this sighting there yet, but it does normally take a few weeks before new objects are posted.
It's worth noting that when videos like this are faked, you'll rarely see an object from 2 different perspectives. In this case, both line up exactly. If the object were to just suddenly disappear, you know you might be dealing with multiple video layers.
Another possibility is that the alleged UFO is just a reflection in the camera of an object moving along the road but the fact that this object can be seen giving off light through the tree to me makes it a much more legitimate video to examine and consider as a UFO that needs to be investigated.
It's another video that makes you wonder what exactly is flying across Missouri and what is its intention. Is it something/someone innocent or sinister?
Ten Incredible Mummy Discoveries That Shocked the World
Ten Incredible Mummy Discoveries That Shocked the World
Mummies of humans and other animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unique climatic conditions, and as intentionally preserved corpses for religious or cultural purposes. In addition to the well-known mummy discoveries of ancient Egypt, deliberate mummification was a feature of several ancient cultures in areas of South America and Asia, as well as numerous others. Here we feature ten unique mummy discoveries from around the world.
His little face still stares upwards, as if eternally waiting for his mother. From the moment he was discovered, the little Inuit baby captured hearts with his photograph plastered on magazines and news stories around the world. When he was first found, he was believed to be a doll, but it was soon discovered that it was actually the body of a six-month old baby boy.
This boy discovered at the Qilakitsoq settlement was buried alive with his already dead mother – presumably because there was no one left to care for him. The small Inuit baby was found along with a two-year-old boy and six women of various ages, who were buried in two separate graves protected by a rock that overhung a shallow cave.
Unearthed near the city of Uummannaq in West Greenland, the bodies were naturally mummified by the sub-zero temperatures and dry, dehydrating winds, providing a remarkable opportunity to learn about the Greenland Inuit of half a millennium ago. They are the oldest preserved remains ever to be found there.
Tollund Man is the naturally mummified body of a man who lived during the 4th century BC, during the period characterized in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age. He was hanged as a sacrifice to the gods and placed in a peat bog where he remained preserved for more than two millennia. Today, the face of the Tollund Man is as preserved the way it was the day he died. The look upon his face is calm and peaceful, giving the sensation of looking upon a sleeping man.
When talking about body preservation and mummy discoveries, people all over the world think of Egypt and the mummified bodies of Pharaohs, such as Tutankhamun. But how many know that the world’s best preserved bodies actually come from China?
The Lady of Dai, otherwise known as The Diva Mummy, is a 2,100-year-old mummy from the Western Han Dynasty and the best preserved ancient human ever found. Just how this incredible level of preservation was accomplished has baffled and amazed scientists around the world.
Xin Zhui, the Lady of Dai, died between 178 and 145 BC, at around 50 years of age. The objects inside her tomb indicated a woman of wealth and importance, and one who enjoyed the good things in life. But it was not the precious goods and fine fabrics that immediately caught the attention of archaeologists, rather it was the extraordinarily well-preserved state of her remains.
In 1999 the remains of three Incan children were found, remarkably preserved, atop the summit of Llullaillaco Volcano in Argentina. Last year, an analysis on the bodies of the 13-year-old “Maiden” and her 4- to 5-year-old companions, Llullaillaco Boy and Lightening Girl, revealed that the children had been drugged and given alcohol on a regular basis as part of a year-long series of ceremonial processes leading up to their final sacrifice.
Evidence suggests the sacrificial ceremony may have been used as a form of social control. Being selected for the ritual was supposed to be seen as a great honor, but it probably produced a climate of fear. In fact, it was a major offense for parents to show any sadness after giving up their children for the ceremony.
Tjayasetimu is the name of a little girl who was a star singer in ancient Egypt. Nearly 3,000 years ago Tjayasetimu she was a member of the royal choir and sang for the pharaohs in temples on the Nile. The seven-year-old girl, although heartbreakingly young when she died, was important enough to merit an elaborate mummification, a process normally reserved for Egyptian royalty and elite families.
Tjayasetimu had been wrapped in painted bandages, her face covered with a delicate veil and hidden by a golden mask, and she had been placed in a gilded sarcophagus. The child star was well-preserved and still had a full head of shoulder-length hair. Researchers could even see her milk teeth pushing up through her gums. At a height of just 4 feet, Tjayasetimu was far too small for her sarcophagus, although it is not clear why a casing was not made to fit her size. Scientists believe she died as a result of a short illness, such as cholera.
Loulan was discovered in 1980, but it was 3,800 years ago that she died on the trade route known as the Silk Road . The natural dryness and salty soil preserved her and over two hundred other mummies, individuals who had lived in several closely located settlements along the trade route.
The mummy has been called the Loulan Beauty because of her amazingly preserved stately facial features that have remained quite beautiful even in death. Unfortunately, the region where she and the others were found is politically unstable and the discovery of the mummies in the Tarim Basin in China was seen as a possible instigating factor for unrest.
The Chinese government has been reluctant to allow full access to the mummies because of their racial identity. The Tarim mummies are Caucasian and this fact has given credence to the claims of the local peoples known as the Uyghur, who look more European than Asian, that they are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the area and not later arrivals, as Chinese history claims.
Ötzi the iceman , who was discovered by some German tourists in the Alps in 1991, was originally believed to be the frozen corpse of a mountaineer or soldier who died during World War I. Tests later confirmed the iceman dates back to 3,300 BC and most likely died from a blow to the back of the head.
Europe's oldest natural human mummy, remarkably, his body contained still intact blood cells, which resembled a modern sample of blood. They are the oldest blood cells ever identified. His body was so well-preserved that scientists were even able to determine that his last meal was red deer and herb bread, eaten with wheat bran, roots and fruit.
The tattooed arm of the Lady of Cao, one of the mummy discoveries found at Huaca El Brujo.
(El Brujo Project)
On the beautiful northern coastline of Peru overlooking the blue Pacific, the place known as Huaca El Brujo (Sacred place of the Wizard) gives us an incredible glimpse into the culture of the Moche and the so-called wizard buried there.
Its two main pyramids, Huaca del Sol and the Huaca de la Luna, were once the centre of social and religious functions in the area and the final resting place of a tattooed mummy who has come to be known as the Lady of Cao. Not an elderly woman, she died in her mid-twenties about fifteen hundred years ago, probably as a complication of childbirth.
The Moche did not mummify their dead purposefully, but the conditions for desiccation just happened to preserve the Lady of Cao and by doing so also preserved her intricate tattoos. Although it is not believed that the more common members of Moche society were tattooed it could certainly be inferred from this burial that the highest status members were, and the tattoos probably represented and strengthened their connection with the divine through sympathetic magic.
A cocoon with a mummy of an adult was covered with copper plates head to toe.
(Alexander Gusev)
Zeleniy Yar is a remote site near the Arctic Circle known to the indigenous Nenets people as “the end of the earth.” The unique site has revealed nearly a dozen mysterious mummies who appear to be foreign to the region and whose artifacts can be traced back to ancient Persia, nearly 6,000 kilometers (3,730 mi) away.
Scientists are undertaking genetic testing to determine the origins of the mummies and unlock the secrets of a mystery medieval civilization. The mummy discoveries were found in a well-preserved state, seemingly by accident, and wearing copper masks and covered in reindeer, beaver, wolverine, or bear fur.
Many of their skulls are shattered or missing, while the skeletons were smashed. One of the mummies is a red-haired male, protected from chest to foot by copper plating. Within his final resting place, archaeologists also unearthed an iron hatchet, furs, and a head buckle made of bronze depicting a bear.
The Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo are located in Sicily, Italy. In the 16th century, the Capuchin monks of Palermo discovered that their catacombs contained a natural preservative that helped mummify their dead. One of the most famous mummies is that of a two-year-old girl, Rosalia Lombardo.
Rosalia was placed in the catacombs when she died in 1920. Her body is so well-preserved that she looks as if she were just sleeping in her glass coffin, hence the nickname Sleeping Beauty . The secret for her excellent state of preservation was revealed a few years ago, when a hand-written memoir of the embalmer, Alfredo Salafia, was discovered.
This memoir recorded the chemicals that he injected into Rosalia’s blood. These chemicals were formalin, zinc salts, alcohol, salicylic acid, and glycerin. It has been suggested that it was the zinc salts that were most responsible for Rosalia’s amazing state of preservation.
Top image: The Mummies of Qilakitsoq at the National Museum in Nuuk.
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, formerly the Wide Field InfraRed Survey Telescope (WFIRST), is a NASA observatory designed to settle essential questions in the areas of dark energy, exoplanets and infrared astrophysics.
About the mission
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, formerly the Wide Field InfraRed Survey Telescope (WFIRST), is a NASA observatory designed to settle essential questions in the areas of dark energy, exoplanets and infrared astrophysics. The Roman Space Telescope (NASA-led and managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center; GSFC) is designed for a five-year mission, and will launch out of Cape Canaveral in the mid-2020s to L2. The telescope has a primary mirror that is 2.4 meters in diameter (7.9 feet), and is the same size as the Hubble Space Telescope's primary mirror. The Roman Space Telescope will have two instruments: the Wide Field Instrument and the Coronagraph Instrument.
The Wide Field Instrument will have a field of view that is 100 times greater than the Hubble infrared instrument, capturing more of the sky with less observing time. As the primary instrument, the Wide Field Instrument will measure light from a billion galaxies over the course of the mission lifetime. In addition, it will perform a microlensing survey of the inner Milky Way to find ~2,600 exoplanets.
The Roman Space Telescope’s Coronagraph Instrument (Roman Coronagraph) will perform high-contrast imaging and spectroscopy of dozens of individual nearby exoplanets. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is building the Roman Coronagraph and is involved with detector validation and developing the Coronagraph’s observation capabilities. GSFC is responsible for the Roman Space Telescope Project. The Roman Space Telescope Science Center functions are the joint responsibility of the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), and GSFC.
Overview of the Roman Coronagraph Instrument
The light from an exoplanet, as it would be seen in reflected starlight, is fainter than the host star by factors of 100,000,000 or more, and well beyond the reach of today's observatories on the ground or in space. The Roman Space Telescope Coronagraph Instrument will demonstrate the first high-performance coronagraph system in space capable of imaging directly mature gas giant exoplanet systems (similar to our own Jupiter and Saturn) in reflected starlight, paving the way to a future possible NASA mission aimed at imaging and characterizing faint Earth-like planets.
Objectives of the Roman Coronagraph
Current ground-based and space-based instruments are limited to the detection of bright (self-luminous) young exoplanets, a million times fainter than their host star and located >0.3 arc seconds away. A successful Coronagraph technology demonstration, i.e., just meeting its threshold technical requirement (TTR), will be capable of detecting planetary companions 10 million times fainter than their host star and located >0.3 arcseconds away. Performance models based on current lab results predict the Coronagraph would be capable of detecting planetary companions a billion times fainter than their host star and located >0.15 arcseconds away. The Coronagraph provides a crucial stepping stone in the preparation of future missions aiming to image and characterize Earth-like planets 10 billion times fainter than their host star and located 0.1 arcseconds away.
Critical Roman Coronagraph Technology Demonstrations
The Coronagraph Instrument on the Roman Space Telescope is an advanced technology demonstrator for future missions; for example, the Astro2020 Decadal Report has recommended a mission that will aim to directly image Earth-like exoplanets[MY1] . The Coronagraph will demonstrate for the first time in space the technologies for future missions needed to image and characterize rocky planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. By demonstrating these tools in an integrated end-to-end system and enabling scientific observing operations, NASA will validate performance models and provide the pathway for potential future flagship missions.
Exoplanet Imaging
Following the recommendations of the Astro2010 and Astro2020 decadal surveys, the Roman Space Telescope Coronagraph Instrument advances and demonstrates key technologies in space to enable the next generation of Earth-observing exoplanet space-based observatories. Such technologies include precision optical wavefront control with deformable mirrors, sensitive photon-counting imaging detectors, selectable coronagraph observing modes, low-resolution spectroscopy, advanced algorithms for wavefront sensing and control, high-fidelity integrated spacecraft and coronagraph modeling, and post-processing methods to extract images and spectra. The Coronagraph is designed to demonstrate space coronagraphy at sensitivity levels of Jovian-mass planets and faint debris disks in reflected starlight.
Following initial commissioning and formal technology demonstrations in the first eighteen months of operations, NASA envisions a Coronagraph Community Participation Program to engage the exoplanet community. In this way, Coronagraph observations will advance community goals in exoplanet astronomy and how it will validate key technologies for future exoplanet missions, now envisioned as HabEx and LUVOIR.
Roman Coronagraph Technologies
Direct imaging photometry centered at 575 nm (Band 1; 10% bandwidth) and 825 nm (Band 4; 15% bandwidth)
Polarimetric observations centered at 575 nm (Band 1; 10% bandwidth) and 825 nm (Band 4; 15% bandwidth)
Single-slit spectrograph (R=50) centered at 660 nm (Band 2; 15% bandwidth) and 730 nm (Band 3; 15% bandwidth)
Pair of deformable mirrors for precision wavefront control
Photon-counting EMCCD imaging sensors
Autonomous operations on orbit
Data post-processing algorithms
Emulating the Roman Space Telescope data in the lab
JPL's Precision Projector Laboratory (PPL) uses a testbed designed to emulate astronomical data using real detectors in order to validate the Wide Field Instrument's strict requirements on photometry, astrometry, and especially galaxy shape measurement. The PPL testbed rapidly generates a range of customizable "scenes" (e.g. stars, galaxies, spectra) on large format detectors to uncover subtle systematic effects that can evade conventional detector testing and degrade science measurements. Once understood, detector issues may be mitigated via changes to hardware, calibration, mission operations, or data analysis.
Light-year is the distance light travels in one year. Light zips through interstellar space at 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second and 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers) per year.
Make the jump to light-years as we cruise through the Milky Way galaxy. Video credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.
We use light-time to measure the vast distances of space.
It’s the distance that light travels in a specific period of time. Also: LIGHT IS FAST, nothing travels faster than light.
How far can light travel in one minute? 11,160,000 miles. It takes 43.2 minutes for sunlight to reach Jupiter, about 484 million miles away. Light is fast, but the distances are vast. In an hour, light can travel 671 million miles.
Earth is about eight light minutes from the Sun. A trip at light-speed to the very edge of our solar system – the farthest reaches of the Oort Cloud, a collection of dormant comets way, way out there – would take about 1.87 years. Keep going to Proxima Centauri, our nearest neighboring star, and plan on arriving in 4.25 years at light speed.
When we talk about the enormity of the cosmos, it’s easy to toss out big numbers – but far more difficult to wrap our minds around just how large, how far, and how numerous celestial bodies really are.
To get a better sense, for instance, of the true distances to exoplanets – planets around other stars – we might start with the theater in which we find them, the Milky Way galaxy
Our galaxy is a gravitationally bound collection of stars, swirling in a spiral through space. Based on the deepest images obtained so far, it’s one of about 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe. Groups of them are bound into clusters of galaxies, and these into superclusters; the superclusters are arranged in immense sheets stretching across the universe, interspersed with dark voids and lending the whole a kind of spiderweb structure. Our galaxy probably contains 100 to 400 billion stars, and is about 100,000 light-years across. That sounds huge, and it is, at least until we start comparing it to other galaxies. Our neighboring Andromeda galaxy, for example, is some 220,000 light-years wide. Another galaxy, IC 1101, spans as much as 4 million light-years.
Based on observations by NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope, we can confidently predict that every star you see in the sky probably hosts at least one planet. Realistically, we’re most likely talking about multi-planet systems rather than just single planets. In our galaxy of hundreds of billions of stars, this pushes the number of planets potentially into the trillions. Confirmed exoplanet detections (made by Kepler and other telescopes, both in space and on the ground) now come to more than 4,000 – and that’s from looking at only tiny slices of our galaxy. Many of these are small, rocky worlds that might be at the right temperature for liquid water to pool on their surfaces.
The nearest-known exoplanet is a small, probably rocky planet orbiting Proxima Centauri – the next star over from Earth. A little more than four light-years away, or 24 trillion miles. If an airline offered a flight there by jet, it would take 5 million years. Not much is known about this world; its close orbit and the periodic flaring of its star lower its chances of being habitable.
The TRAPPIST-1 system is seven planets, all roughly in Earth’s size range, orbiting a red dwarf star about 40 light-years away. They are very likely rocky, with four in the “habitable zone” – the orbital distance allowing potential liquid water on the surface. And computer modeling shows some have a good chance of being watery – or icy – worlds. In the next few years, we might learn whether they have atmospheres or oceans, or even signs of habitability.
One of the most distant exoplanets known to us in the Milky Way is Kepler-443b. Traveling at light speed, it would take 3,000 years to get there. Or 28 billion years, going 60 mph.
200 years ago, Jean-Francois Champollion raced into his brother’s office and shouted ‘Je tiens l’affaire!’ – ‘I’ve got it’. After years of research, he had pieced together one of the great historical puzzles of the time; he had deciphered the hieroglyphic script of ancient Egypt.
Various objects were crucial in helping Champollion arrive at this famous moment: from the Casati Papyrus to the Philae Obelisk at Kingston Lacy. But of all the artefacts that contributed to the groundbreaking decipherment, one is more renowned than all of the rest: the Rosetta Stone.
Today on display at the British Museum, this object was central in kickstarting antiquarians such as Champollion and Thomas Young down the path of unlocking ancient Egypt’s enigmatic language within just c.20 years of the Stone’s rediscovery. Today, the Rosetta Stone ranks amongst the most famous artefacts in the world. But what exactly is it?
The Rosetta Stone
The Stone itself is a commemorative stone (stela), upon which is written a priestly decree issued on 27 March 196 BC. The early 2nd century BC was a time when non-native pharaohs ruled Egypt; the last native Egyptian ruler had been forced into exile almost 150 years before, in c.343 BC.
196 BC was the time of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, one of the most remarkable of Alexander the Great’s Successor kingdoms. Ruling from the prestigious city of Alexandria, ancient Greek was the dominant language of Ptolemaic administration. Away from the official administration however, ancient Egyptian was still a language that people spoke widely across the kingdom: in homes and temples all along the River Nile. Early 2nd century Ptolemaic Egypt was a multicultural, multilingual society.
The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum
Image Credit: Tristan Hughes
It’s this bilingual nature of Ptolemaic Egypt that explains one of the central features of the Rosetta Stone. Carved onto this great, broken slab of granodiorite was text, written in three different languages. The first language was Egyptian hieroglyphs, the second was demotic (a handwritten version of the Egyptian script that Egyptians had long used alongside hieroglyphs; demotic was the ‘script of the people’) and the third language on the Stone was ancient Greek.
The priestly decree itself was issued by a group of priests that, in essence, provided King Ptolemy V divine honours. As thanks for his good deeds as King (protecting the country, rebuilding temples, lowering taxes etc), the Stone’s decree ordered that Ptolemy’s statue be honoured inside the temple and placed alongside those of the gods. Furthermore, Ptolemy’s statue was also to appear during sacred processions, once more alongside statues of other gods. To all extents and purposes, the decree placed King Ptolemy V on the same level as the gods.
This in itself was no novel practice for the Ptolemies; Hellenistic ‘ruler cult’ is something we see repeated again and again in various Successor Kingdoms across the Eastern Mediterranean during this latter half of the 1st millennium BC, where people paid tribute to their ruler’s benefaction by bestowing them with divine honours.
Discovery
The Stone itself is named after its discovery location: Rosetta. Situated east of Alexandria near the coast of the Mediterranean today, Rosetta (Rasheed) didn’t exist in pharaonic times. But sometime in Egypt’s long and incredible history, the Stone was moved here and used in the foundations of a building. Given the strength of this granodiorite slab, someone decided that it would be a very useful building block.
It would be in 1799 that the importance of this stone was realised, when French soldiers – assigned to Napoleon’s ongoing Egyptian campaign – were restoring their fort at Rosetta and discovered this tri-lingual stela. Very quickly, both the soldiers themselves and the many scholars that Napoleon had brought with him to Egypt realised that this artefact could be the key to deciphering hieroglyphics – an ancient script that medieval Arab scholars had already been attempting to decipher for centuries.
It was rapidly realised that the Rosetta Stone was highlighting the same decree in three different languages. As ancient Greek was already known, the huge potential this Stone had for helping scholars finally decode this enigmatic ancient Egyptian script (both hieroglyphic and demotic) was quickly acknowledged.
British takeover
French soldiers had rediscovered this Ptolemaic priestly decree, but it would not remain in their hands for long. In 1801, the defeated remnants of Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt signed the Capitulation of Alexandria with the British and the Ottomans. Part of the surrender – Article 16 – demanded that the French transfer 22 Egyptian antiquities to the British. Amongst these were two giant sarcophagi – one of which was at the time believed to be the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great. But the most famous object that the French handed over to the British was the Rosetta Stone.
Experts inspecting the Rosetta Stone during the Second International Congress of Orientalists, 1874
Image Credit: British Museum, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Although they took possession of the physical object, the British still permitted the French scholars to make copies of the Stone. This would allow many figures on both sides of the Channel Sea (including Champollion) to have access to copies of the inscription in the years ahead, as the race to decipher hieroglyphics heated up.
In 1802 the Rosetta Stone, alongside the other artefacts seized by the British, arrived in Portsmouth. Not long after they were placed in the British Museum, which at the time was still very small. The arrival of these new objects encouraged the Museum to expand – to create new galleries that would ultimately house these artefacts.
The Rosetta Stone has since left the British Museum on only two occasions. The first was during World War Two – for safety; the second occasion was in 1972, when the Stone was displayed at the Louvre.
Significance
The Rosetta Stone was the keystone for the great acceleration of decoding hieroglyphics in the early 19th century. It was thanks to this Stone that figures such as Thomas Young and Champollion worked tirelessly as they raced to be the first to crack the ancient script. Other artefacts would help these scholars fill in the final pieces of the decoding puzzle, but it was the Rosetta Stone’s discovery, and its surviving trilingual text, that kickstarted them to devote years in their mission to make Egyptology’s ultimate breakthrough.
Thomas Young made some striking early progress. Focusing on the demotic text, he was able to identify some key words such as King/ruler(basileus)and temple. Most famously of all, he correctly identified the demotic word for Ptolemy and its hieroglyphic cartouche. Attributing phonetic values to the symbols in the cartouche, he was able to make some progress. Mistakenly however, he didn’t quite translate the correct phonetic sound for each of the symbols.
Ultimately, it was Champollion who made the ultimate breakthrough on the Ptolemy cartouche on the Rosetta Stone. That is why it is Champollion today, who we associate with making the ultimate breakthrough. Young made significant progress and is heralded in some circles as the man who translated Demotic. But Champollion was the man who ‘won’ the race.
William Bankes and the Philae Obelisk
One other figure to mention here is William Bankes. An adventurer and daredevil, in the 1810s Bankes voyaged down the River Nile on two separate occasions. Bankes was an avid drawer; he and several of his companions made countless drawings of the ancient Egyptian sites he saw as he ventured up the Nile as far as the Second Cataract and Wadi Hafa.
Philae Obelisk
Image Credit: Tristan Hughes
Bankes sent countless drawings back to Young, who used them to help him in the great deciphering race. But Bankes also brought back to Britain an obelisk, which he had found fallen over at Philae. This obelisk, today visible at Kingston Lacy, had a bilingual inscription. An ancient Greek inscription on the base of the obelisk, with hieroglyphs running up the shaft. It was from this obelisk that Bankes correctly identified the cartouche for the name Cleopatra.
Champollion, using this discovery, the Ptolemy cartouche from the Rosetta Stone and other papyri was able to make the breakthrough. Although we remember Champollion and the Rosetta Stone in the story of how hieroglyphs were deciphered, let us not forget the invaluable information that William Bankes and the Philae Obelisk also provided in this story.
Anunnaki - They forsaken Lilith and Humanity. After the flood, where did they go? | Some Say…
Anunnaki - The Astronaut God or Alien that created us. Sumerian clay tablets revealed | Some Say… PART I
Anunnaki created the first humans: Adam, Lilith, and then Eve as the first breedable, primitive workers to mine gold at their facilities.
After Lilith’s banishment, Enki gave the fruit of wisdom to Lilith so she can solely reproduce and work at the gold mines.
Enlil (the brother of Enki) saw this situation as a threat, as granting humans with wisdom might risk the existence of Annunaki. Later, Enlil decided to summon a catastrophic flood to wipe out humanity completely and abandon the gold mining project.
So where did the Annunaki go after the flood? How did humanity survive the flood?
Anunnaki - They forsaken Lilith and Humanity. After the flood, where did they go? | Some Say… PART II
Anunnaki created the first humans: Adam, Lilith, and then Eve as the first breedable, primitive workers to mine gold at their facilities.
After Lilith’s banishment, Enki gave the fruit of wisdom to Lilith so she can solely reproduce and work at the gold mines. Enlil (the brother of Enki) saw this situation as a threat, as granting humans with wisdom might risk the existence of Annunaki.
Later, Enlil decided to summon a catastrophic flood to wipe out humanity completely and abandon the gold mining project. So where did the Annunaki go after the flood?
How did humanity survive the flood?
Humans are the First Aliens. Here's Why.
Where are all the aliens?! This is the essence to the Fermi Paradox. It's most popular solution is the "Great Filter." What is the obstacle that life and/or intelligent species are unlikely to survive? Let's discuss.
Peter Khoury’s case is the first alien abduction where an alien specimen was found on a human body, revealed in a DNA test. He was born in Lebanon in 1964, and in 1973 migrated to Australia where he met his future wife Vivian in 1981, and the couple married later in 1990. They have 2 children.
Peter’s first encounter with a UFO happened when he was only 7 years old. It was the summer of 1971, and he was playing with seven other children when all of them decided to go to a rooftop. As he came there, an egg-shaped UFO was hovering above other children who were standing like a statue.
Peter Khoury
After some time gap, all the children found themselves on the ground floor with no memory of the incident. The next encounter happened in February 1988, when Peter and Vivian were in Sydney. That time, they saw a strange moving light. But the incident that happened later in July completely changed Peter’s life.
It was around 11 PM, and Peter was staying with his family. That night, his brother Sam invited him to watch a movie in his room. Peter lay in his bedroom, but what happened next was completely frightening. As he was laying on the bed, he felt a paralysis in his whole body and could move only his eyes.
“While…lying on my bed, I felt something grab my ankles. As I felt this, a strange numbness, tingling and churning sensation crawled up through my body and right up to my head. I was paralyzed, I could not move any part of my body but for the exception of my eyes, which I could move, open or close. My brain was functioning but I could not do anything physically. I tried to call out to family members but I could not force the words out. At this stage I started to panic thinking I would not walk again. I thought I was truly paralyzed.”
Peter Khoury and his wife Vivian
As the experience unfolded Peter’s first thought was that this was a form of payback, a punishment for the less than satisfactory life he had led for about six years before he returned to the family fold. He thought, if he survived this, that his community would think, God’s punishing him, God paid him back. What followed — the encounter with the hooded, three- to four-foot-tall creatures with black, wrinkled faces — changed everything.
“The fear was so extreme. I’m gone! I’m dead! It’s real! I was petrified and paralyzed. Irrational fears were crowding in. They were going to kill me. I could be killed. The fear level was extraordinary. I was stressing out, how could I get out of this?
I became aware of some sort of communication, seemingly telepathic, no sound made, and yet I could hear the message in my mind. I was told not to worry and I would not be harmed and to relax. As I moved my eyes and looked to the left side…I made eye contact with two beings who looked so different to the others. These were thin, tall with big black eyes and a narrow chin. They were goldish-yellow in color. Astonishingly the stress was gone immediately. The whole fear thing washed away as quickly as a light switch on. How could I be so calm after such a level of fear? My heartbeat was no longer racing.[A whole different situation was unfolding.]
Peter said he saw three- to four-foot-tall creatures with black, wrinkled faces around him. He communicated with the aliens telepathically. He heard them saying that they would not harm him and even made eye contact with the two of them. Peter even noticed that one alien was male and another female, wearing masks.
One of them inserted a needle into his head, and he blackout. Peter described him as tall and thin with large black eyes in the golden yellow suit. After he got consciousness, he found out the creatures had also drugged his family members. Further, he thought that only 10 minutes had passed but in reality, it was 1 to 2 hours.
After this, Peter was totally petrified and had no clue what to do next. He even had surgical marks on his head which could prove his encounter with aliens. He had not much knowledge about alien abductions and struggled to understand them.
Eventually, he understood about the abduction experiences, jumped into, the world of Ufology, and started a group named the UFO Experience Support Association (UFOESA). He continued helping other victims who claimed to encounter aliens, but his personal experiences did not finish.
On July 23, 1992, he came home after dropping off his wife at the train station. It was around 7 AM, and he was not feeling very well as he had got head injuries during an assault at the job site. So, he decided to go to bed and get some sleep. Peter felt something alighting on the bed. As he got up, he was shocked to see two strange women kneeling near his bed.
He described one had an appearance of Nordic with an elongated face, big blue eyes, and a sharply pointed chin. Another one looked like an Asian. “I got the shock of my life because right on top of me was this female, a blonde female. She was just milky white in color. Her eyes were probably two-three times bigger than human eyes. She had protruding cheekbones and a narrow face that narrowed down to a pointy chin and on the side of the bed on the corner of the bed there was another female an asian looking female and then she the blonde female touches her stomach and points to the sky
Although no normal communication occurred, the Nordic woman seemed to be in charge, and Khoury got the impression she was giving the Asian-looking woman some sort of instruction. She was 6 feet tall and very strong. She tried to copulate with Peter by pulling him towards her chest, but he resisted and even bit her which made him cough. Moments later, he looked up again, but both women had vanished.
Artistic view of two alien women: Nordic and Asian
The coughing stimulated him to go to the bathroom to drink water. After that, he tried urinating and found blonde hair on the genital of that Nordic alien woman. He kept the hair in the plastic bag with a seal. Peter refrained himself telling about it to Vivian for 2 weeks, although she had been very supportive of him for the 1988 abduction.
Prof. John Mack, Peter Khoury, Bill Chalker & Dominique Callimanopulos
In 1996, Harvard psychiatrist John Mack did a hypnotic regression on Peter to understand what had happened to him in 1988. Under hypnosis, Peter said that he was taken to a room full of lights. He was on the table with one creature above him but could not find out more than that.Because of the bizarre and controversial nature of the 1992 episode, Peter was more comfortable describing his 1988 experience.
Because of the 1988 and 1992 experiences, Peter’s case was widely discussed and came into the knowledge of UFO researcher Bill Chalker. He began an investigation into the case and did the world’s first PCR (polymerase Chain Reaction) DNA test on the hair sample.
Bill Chalker
The test result showed that the hair was biologically close to human genetics but came from an unusual human race, probably a rare Chinese Mongoloid type. Could Peter Khoury’s July 1988 alien encounter be an example of the well-established phenomenon known as “sleep paralysis”?
John O’Neill, a member of Australian Skeptics, argued that sleep paralysis could explain the paralysis Peter Khoury experienced, hallucination could explain his experience with extraterrestrials, falling asleep could explain his missing time, and “the puncture wound and scab could be from anything — a pimple, an insect bite or anything else in approximately the right location.” O’Neill accepted that Peter’s experience was genuine, as he himself had had a sleep paralysis episode. But his experience was typically vague, like most sleep paralysis episodes — “the feeling of some other entity being in the room, but [I] did not know and could not see what.” That vague description falls far short of the detailed and ordered description Peter Khoury offers of his experience.
Several aspects of Peter’s encounter actually defy this simplistic categorization. First of all, he was not asleep, nor had he reached the state that precedes sleep, the hypnagogic state, that often yields fleeting imagery of a hallucinatory nature. Furthermore, his experience has an ordered sequence of events that were recollected consciously; they were not vague sensory experiences of fragmented sleep. Then there are the physical marks, namely the injury to his head, where he felt the strange needle being stuck in, along with the biopsy-like mark on his leg, which certainly can’t be accounted for as a classic sleep paralysis episode or as a product of the sleep/awake interface that spawns hypnagogic imagery.
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SCIENTISTS SPOTTED SOMETHING THAT APPEARED TO BE MOVING 7 TIMES THE SPEED OF LIGHT
SCIENTISTS SPOTTED SOMETHING THAT APPEARED TO BE MOVING 7 TIMES THE SPEED OF LIGHT
THAT CAN'T BE RIGHT.
ROBIN DIENEL/CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE
Speed Demon
Back in 2017, scientists observed a spectacular collision of two neutron starsthat blasted a jet of radiation so powerful that NASA says the energy it released was "comparable to that of a supernova," according to a press release by the agency.
But it's taken scientists until now to unpack all the data that was gathered because of its complexity. Among other intriguing findings: stuff appearing to travel faster than light — which, of course, is impossible. But don't worry. There's a perfectly reasonable explanation.
Joint Effort
The event, designated GW170817, is what's known as a binary neutron star merger. Neutron stars are the collapsed cores of once-massive stars and some of the densest objects in the universe. According to NASA, just a single teaspoon of one would weigh four billion tons on Earth.
With that sort of unfathomable density comes great gravity — enough to draw two of these neutron stars together in an explosive collision that launched gravitational waves and gamma radiation into space, making it the first time scientists have detected both from a neutron star merger, NASA says.
The Hubble Space Telescope observed the two neutron stars collapse into a black hole in the aftermath of the explosion. A spinning disk then formed around the black hole, which beamed incredibly fast jets of matter into space. Combining their findings with that of the National Science Foundation, scientists were able to piece together the event with extreme precision — including how fast the jets were moving.
Breaking the Law
Initially, from the Hubble observations, it appeared the jets were traveling at seven times the speed of light. Of course, that's impossible. The scientists attribute this discrepancy to a phenomena known as superliminal motion. Essentially, since the jet approaches our planet at nearly the speed of light, NASA says, the light it emits at later points has a shorter distance to travel each time, making it seem like it's moving faster than it really is.
With some additional calculations, scientists found the real speed: at least 99.97 percent the speed of light — which, to be fair, is still pretty damn fast.
The scientists hope their findings, published in a paper this week in Nature, will allow for even more precise observations of neutron star mergers in the future, which could potentially help calculate the rate of the universe's expansion.
Scientists Mapped 8000 Galaxies (Out Of Billions) & Made An Amazing Discovery
Scientists Mapped 8000 Galaxies (Out Of Billions) & Made An Amazing Discovery
We are beginning to realize how little we know about the universe as we continue to explore it. For example, the number of galaxies in the universe is still unknown, even though the consensus is that there are roughly 200,000 billion galaxies in the known universe.
However, given we’ve only seen a small portion of the universe, this number might grow tremendously. Our Galaxy, the Milky Way, includes at least 400 billion stars, and the number of planets orbiting those stars is unfathomable.
Furthermore, the Milky Way galaxy has a diameter of 105,000 light-years and a diameter of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometres (approximately 621,371,000,000,000,000 miles). In other words, the Milky Way Galaxy is an extremely large place, and mapping it will take much better technology and more research.
Scientists, on the other hand, haven’t been sitting around doing anything. They’ve already started tracing the Milky Way’s physical plane in the cosmos. They have a much better knowledge of our physical, cosmic address after collecting data from over 8,000 galaxies in the Milky Way’s vicinity.
Astronomers created a map of each Galaxy’s movement and position in space. They discovered that our Milky Way galaxy is part of a massive system that holds thousands of other galaxies together in what is known as a supercluster of Galaxies.
Researchers have revealed that the Milky Way is part of a gigantic cosmic structure named Laniakea, which spans 500 million light-years and has 100,000,000,000,000,000 Stars spread among 100,000 150,000 galaxies. Radio telescopes were utilized to map the movements of a large number of nearby galaxies.
The name laniakea means ‘immense heaven’ in Hawaiian, from lani, meaning ‘heaven,’ and ākea, meaning ‘spacious, immeasurable.’ The Laniakea Supercluster, according to the most recent data, has roughly 100,000 galaxies spread out across 160 megaparsecs (520 million light-years).It is made up of four subparts that were formerly identified as independent superclusters:
The Milky Way is located within the Virgo Supercluster.Supercluster Hydra Centaurus Laniakea core gravitational point, near Norma, is known as the Great Attractor.Hydra Supercluster, also known as Antlia Wall.Centaurus Supercluster is a supercluster in the constellation Centaurus.
Supercluster Pavo-Indus.
The Fornax Cluster (S373), Dorado, and Eridanus clouds are all part of the Southern Supercluster. Astronomers have discovered that Laniakea is not gravitationally bound, meaning that it will disperse rather than remain as an overdensity in comparison to its surroundings. Laniakea, unlike its constituent clusters, is expected to be ripped apart by dark energy, according to astronomers.
Astronomers Think They Have a Warning Sign for When Massive Stars are About to Explode as Supernovae
Astronomers Think They Have a Warning Sign for When Massive Stars are About to Explode as Supernovae
Red supergiant stars are explosions waiting to happen. They are in the last stage of their life, red and swollen as they fuse heavier elements in a last effort to keep from collapsing. But eventually, gravity will win and the red supergiant core will collapse, triggering a supernova. We know it will happen, but until recently, we didn’t know when.
The most famous red supergiant is Betelgeuse, the bright red star in the constellation Orion. It is about 550 light-years away and has a mass of about 18 Suns. It is the closest red supergiant to Earth, and when it eventually does explode it will briefly outshine the Moon. Of course, this has caused all manner of speculation about the star. Will it explode in our lifetime? Has it already exploded, and we’re just waiting for the supernova light to reach us? And all astronomers have been able to say is probably not, but we don’t really know. But a new study could give us an advance warning a few months before Betelgeuse does explode.
There are two general models for red supergiant supernovae. Both predict a red supergiant should dim significantly before exploding, on significantly different time scales. In the superwind model, a stellar wind is triggered by the ever-faster rate of fusion at a star’s end of life. The outer layer of the star is driven off by this wind over several decades, creating a circumstellar layer of cool gas that causes the star to appear very dim. The rapid outburst model, on the other hand, predicts a final period of less than a year, where more than a tenth of a solar mass can be cast off. This would cause the star to dim by a factor of 100 within the last few months of its life.
Betelgeuse cast off a dark cloud layer in 2019, seen in this artist view. Credit: NASA, ESA, and E. Wheatley (STScI)
In this study, the team looked at all the red supergiant supernovae cases where the star was observed before its explosion. Most supernovae are only observed after the explosion, so between 1999 and 2017 there are only a dozen cases of good pre-supernova observations. But in all of those cases, the brightness of the stars remained fairly consistent in the years leading up to the supernovae. This would rule out the superwind model and suggests that a red supergiant should dim significantly before exploding. In the case of Betelguese, we have seen the star dim as it cast off a cloud of gas, but not to the level that indicates an eminent explosion.
Unfortunately, we don’t have enough red supergiant observations to have observed a rapid dimming before the bang, but that could change in the future as more long-term sky surveys come online. And who knows, given how well-studied Betelgeuse is, our red supergiant neighbor might be the first star to give us a supernova red alert.
In another case that caught the public’s attention, a Brazilian farmer had an unsettling experience four years before the Hill Abduction. His case is regarded as the first case of its kind during the post-war era. It has been interpreted as an attempt to establish a human-alien hybrid agenda.
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LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS
LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS
Partially Cloaked UFO Captured On Home CCTV Over Kansas City, Missouri.
This was captured on October 13, 2022 at 8:42pm and the witness stated that he had seen the object on the home security monitor but by the time he had gotten outside the UFO had gone.
Thanks to Anthony B for allowing me the use of his footage and to view the original:
Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?
Radiance Technologies has quietly become a major player in developing cutting-edge weapons and systems for the Pentagon, with 20 offices established in 17 states. When it comes to unidentified flying objects or alien technology, the company doesn't duck the topic formerly considered taboo or fringe.
Drone Captures INCREDIBLE UFO Racing At 10x The Speed Of Sound | Contact
A drone pilot shows Nick & Sarah footage he captured, which shows a white UFO travelling at over 10x the speed of sound!
James Webb Telescope solves 'mind-blowing' phenomenon | ABC News
A new image from NASA's James Webb space telescope has revealed the secrets of a pair of stars surrounded by ghostly dust shells.
Why Do We See Things Traveling Faster Than Light? Superluminal Motion Explained
Top 9 Insane Sightings by Astronauts in Space: UFOs, Aliens and More!
Today, we will look at some of the most bizarre incidents that astronauts have experienced while on space. And you don’t have to believe all of them, but keep an open mind, because like I said, Space is strange and there is so much that we don’t know about it
SHOCKING!! NASA Just Shut Down Live Feed As Something Massive Shows Up At The ISS
Space exploration is one type of research that has been going on for centuries together and the ISS has been aiding in these various endeavors. Apart from having discovered many heavenly bodies out in space, there have been some events that they have not yet been able to justify completely. Stay tuned to find out more about these events!
Hello guys and welcome to Space Side! In today’s video, we shall be taking a look at how NASA just shut down its live feed as soon as something massive showed up at the International Space Station.
Shocking!! This Is What Scientists Discovered In Egypt That Has Left People Speechless
Egyptian history is one the most interesting and richest history out there, that has so much still to be uncovered about it. But not so long ago, a very amazing discovery was made that has opened up a bigger pathway for research. Wish to find out more about that? Stay tuned!
Hello guys and welcome to Space Side! In today’s video, we shall be taking a look at what scientists discovered in Egypt that has left many individuals speechless.
Laughing gas in space could be a sign of aliens: Scientists says nitrous oxide could be a biosignature for life
Laughing gas in space could be a sign of aliens: Scientists says nitrous oxide could be a biosignature for life
By Cassidy Morrison Senior Health Reporter For Dailymail.Com
Nitrous oxide in another planet's atmosphere could indicate the presence of life
Scientists typically look at oxygen and methane to determine presence of life
It is possible that the groundbreaking James Webb Telescope could detect N2O
Astrobiologists believe the presence of laughing gas in a distant planet's atmosphere could indicate life.
Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas emitted by plants, making it a biosignature, or a compound in the atmosphere generated by a living thing.
Biosignatures typically include gases found in abundance in Earth’s atmosphere today.
Oxygen, which is produced by photosynthesis, and methane, which results from the decay of organic material, have been touted as the most promising biosignatures for life on exoplanets, or planets outside the Solar System.
But astrobiologists at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) believe the scientific community has largely overlooked the party drug as an indicator of life.
Dr Eddie Schwieterman, an astrobiologist in UCR’s Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences said: 'Fewer researchers have seriously considered nitrous oxide, but we think that may be a mistake.'
Nitrous oxide is a sedative and pain reliever commonly associated with a dentist's office.
It is also abused as a party drug - often via small cannisters called 'whippets'. It is also known as laughing gas, or simply nitrous.
The team led by Dr Schwieterman came to their conclusion after calculating how much nitrous oxide living things on a planet resembling Earth could produce.
Then, they constructed models simulating the other planet around different stars, which showed the amounts of laughing gas that could be detected on these rocky, Earth-like exoplanets by an observatory such as the James Webb Space Telescope.
Their findings were published last week in The Astrophysical Journal.
University of California Riverside scientists believe nitrous oxide in the atmosphere could offer clues about life on planets outside of the solar system.
Nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, is a popular party drug. N2O is emitted by living organisms like oxygen and methane, which are considered indicative of extraterrestrial life.
The Webb telescope, which will continue studying the potential presence of life on exoplanets, is capturing some of the first light emitted after the big bang.
Living things are constantly transforming other nitrogen compounds into nitrous oxide and its presence in another planet's atmosphere would insinuate life.
'In a star system like TRAPPIST-1, the nearest and best system to observe the atmosphere of rocky planets, you could potentially detect nitrous oxide at levels comparable to CO2 or methane,' Dr Schwieterman said.
Nitrous oxide has not been granted as much attention as a potential biosignature as other atmospheric compounds.
The UC Riverside scientists hope their report will garner attention from the wider scientific community.
There are certain circumstances under which the presence of nitrous oxide would not indicate life, and the UC Riverside team accounted for that in the modeling.
What can laughing gas tell us about space?
Astrobiologists at UC Riverside believe the compound found in Earth's atmosphere could indicate life on planets outside of our solar system.
Nitrous oxide, N2O, is a common sedative and pain reliever sometimes used in party settings
Like other biosignatures (any characteristic that can be used as evidence for life) oxygen and methane, N2O is naturally derived
Scientists at UC Riverside hope their report out last week will bring more attention to N2O has a viable sign of life
They expect that the James Webb Telescope, the most powerful one ever built, will expand their study into N2O as an indicator for life outside our solar system
For example, a small amount of nitrous oxide can be generated by lightning, which the modelers considered.
Lightning also creates nitrogen dioxide, which offers a clue that non-living weather or geological processes created the gas.
Scientists who have considered nitrous oxide as a biosignature have often concluded that it would be too difficult to detect from such a great distance.
They based that conclusion on how much nitrous oxide is in the Earth's atmosphere today.
The atmosphere has a very small concentration of nitrous oxide despite the billions of living organisms here that produce it, leading skeptical scientists to believe it would be too difficult to measure.
But according to Dr Schwieterman, that conclusion ignores the fact that there was a time in Earth's history 'where ocean conditions would have allowed for much greater biological release of [nitrous oxide].'
He added: 'Conditions in those periods might mirror where an exoplanet is today.'
The James Webb Telescope, the most powerful one ever built, began surveilling planets that orbit other stars over the summer.
It was dreamed up by scientists as a tool primarily to capture some of the first light in the universe emitted shortly after the big bang.
Astronomers hoped at the outset that it would answer whether some of those exoplanets harbor atmospheres that could support life.
OOK LACHGAS KAN HINTEN OP DE AANWEZIGHEID VAN BUITENAARDSE WEZENS
OOK LACHGAS KAN HINTEN OP DE AANWEZIGHEID VAN BUITENAARDSE WEZENS
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Op jacht naar sporen van leven in buitenaardse atmosferen ligt de focus vaak op ons bekende biosignaturen zoals zuurstof en methaan. Maar ook lachgas kan wijzen op de aanwezigheid van buitenaards leven, zo stellen onderzoekers nu.
Zijn we alleen? Het is een vraag die de mensheid al eeuwenlang bezighoudt. En eindelijk hebben we de middelen om die prangende vraag van een antwoord te voorzien. Zo rijdt op Mars momenteel een wagentje rond dat actief zoekt naar sporen van (vergane) Marsbewoners en zijn er plannen om ook een sonde naar Jupiters maan Europa te sturen om uit te vogelen of die leven kan herbergen. Een robot naar andere werelden sturen om daar te zoeken naar sporen van leven, is een prima benadering voor relatief nabije werelden die deel uitmaken van ons eigen zonnestelsel, maar leent zich minder goed voor de zoektocht naar buitenaards leven op exoplaneten: planeten die zich buiten ons zonnestelsel bevinden. Simpelweg omdat zelfs de reis naar de dichtstbijzijnde exoplaneet – Proxima b – decennialang zou duren. Maar onderzoekers hebben daar wat op bedacht. In plaats van die verre werelden met een bezoekje te vereren en ter plekke naar sporen van leven te zoeken, willen ze hun atmosferen op afstand gaan ‘uitlezen’. Het enige wat je daarvoor nodig hebt, is een superkrachtige telescoop. En die hebben we sinds kort: de James Webb Space Telescope. Met deze telescoop kunnen onderzoekers de samenstelling van buitenaardse atmosferen vaststellen en nagaan of die atmosferen elementen herbergen die hinten op de aanwezigheid van leven. Dergelijke elementen worden ook wel biosignaturen genoemd. Bekende voorbeelden zijn zuurstof en methaan (zie kader). Maar als het aan onderzoekers ligt, gaan we verder kijken dan die twee populaire opties en opent James Webb ook de jacht op…lachgas, oftewel N2O.
De atmosfeer van de aarde is vandaag de dag rijk aan zuurstof. Maar dat is niet altijd zo geweest; toen de aarde net gevormd was, herbergde deze noch in de atmosfeer, noch in de oceanen zuurstof. Dat begon zo’n 2,4 miljard jaar geleden echter te veranderen, toen bacteriën middels fotosynthese meer en meer zuurstof gingen produceren. De hogere zuurstofconcentraties maakten de evolutie van hogere levensvormen mogelijk, waarvan een deel ook weer zuurstof ging produceren en zo steeg de zuurstofconcentratie geleidelijk aan naar het huidige niveau. Daarmee is de hoge zuurstofconcentratie in de aardatmosfeer dus een direct gevolg van de aanwezigheid van leven. Maar de aanwezigheid van zuurstof maakt ook de aanwezigheid van methaan in diezelfde aardatmosfeer wat raadselachtig. Want zuurstof en methaan reageren vrij snel met elkaar, waardoor er koolstofdioxide en water ontstaat. In die zin zou je – zeker met het oog op de hoge zuurstofconcentratie – dan ook eigenlijk niet verwachten dat de aardatmosfeer vrij methaan herbergt. Het feit dat dat wel het geval is, hint er dan ook op dat er voortdurend nieuw methaan wordt aangemaakt. Nu kan methaan op twee manieren gevormd worden: door geologische processen en door leven. En juist het feit dat het samen met zuurstof in de aardatmosfeer voorkomt, hint op het laatste. Wanneer buitenaardse wezens van een afstandje naar onze planeet kijken, zouden ze uit de aanwezigheid van zuurstof en methaan in de aardatmosfeer dan ook voorzichtig kunnen afleiden dat onze planeet hoogstwaarschijnlijk leven herbergt. En op een vergelijkbare manier kunnen wij door de atmosfeer van andere planeten te onderzoeken, nagaan of die misschien leven herbergen.
“Er wordt veel nagedacht over zuurstof en methaan als biosignaturen,” stelt onderzoeker Eddie Schwieterman. “Veel minder onderzoekers hebben ook distikstofmonoxide (in de volksmond beter bekend als lachgas, red.) serieus als biosignatuur overwogen. En wij denken dat dat onterecht is.”
Lachgas is hier schaars Dat lachgas tot op heden als biosignatuur een beetje is afgeserveerd, komt doordat de atmosfeer van de aarde – de enige planeet waarvan we met zekerheid kunnen stellen dat deze leven herbergt – niet rijk is aan distikstofmonoxide. Maar, zo stellen Schwieterman en collega’s, dat kan in het verleden weleens anders zijn geweest. “De mate waarin N2O in onze atmosfeer voorkomt, wordt gedicteerd door de omvang van bronnen van lachgas en de snelheid waarmee dat lachgas – voornamelijk door UV-straling – wordt afgebroken,” legt Schwieterman aan Scientias.nl uit. “De (niet-industriële) productie van lachgas op aarde komt voor het grootste deel voor rekening van levensvormen. Organismen kunnen bepaalde vormen van stikstof omzetten in lachgas om zo cellulaire energie te verkrijgen. De stikstofcyclus kent echter nog een volgende en laatste stap, waarbij dat lachgas omgezet wordt in moleculair stikstof (N2), maar die stap is relatief lastig en vereist de aanwezigheid van een speciaal enzym dat nitrous oxide reductase wordt genoemd. De effectiviteit van dit enzym hangt af van omgevingsfactoren en dan met name van de aanwezigheid van koper, dat het enzym nodig heeft. Op de hedendaagse aarde is de stikstofcyclus vrij efficiënt en wordt het meeste biologische lachgas uiteindelijk omgezet in N2, hoewel ook wel een deel van het lachgas in de atmosfeer weglekt.” Maar in het verleden kan dat weleens heel anders zijn geweest. “In het Proterozoïcum, tussen 2,5 en 0,5 miljard jaar geleden, kunnen grote hoeveelheden zwavel en lage hoeveelheden zuurstof in de oceaan de hoeveelheid koper sterk beperkt hebben, waardoor er veel grotere hoeveelheden lachgas in de atmosfeer weglekten. Nu kunnen we ons voorstellen dat vergelijkbare omstandigheden vandaag de dag voorkomen op een exoplaneet of in een stikstofcyclus die nog niet zodanig geëvolueerd is dat het enzym dat nodig is voor die laatste stap (N2O naar N2) voorhanden is.”
Methaan en lachgas
We moeten lachgas – ondanks dat het hier in de aardatmosfeer relatief schaars is – dus niet te snel uitsluiten als biosignatuur, zo vinden Schwieterman en collega’s. Temeer, omdat lachgas met onze huidige gereedschappen een stukje gemakkelijker in buitenaardse atmosferen op te sporen is dan zuurstof. “James Webb is bijvoorbeeld niet gevoelig genoeg om de zuurstofconcentraties zoals we die vandaag de dag in de aardatmosfeer aantreffen in buitenaardse atmosferen te meten. Maar de telescoop zou bijvoorbeeld in de atmosfeer van rotsachtige planeten in het TRAPPIST-1-systeem wel methaan kunnen detecteren. En onze resultaten suggereren dat James Webb ook eventueel lachgas zou kunnen zien. De detectie van zowel methaan als lachgas in de atmosfeer van zo’n planeet zou net zo’n overtuigend biosignatuur zijn als de detectie van methaan en zuurstof.”
Of beter nog: methaan, lachgas en zuurstof Maar ook in de toekomst, als er nog krachtigere observatoria komen, waarmee ook aardachtige zuurstofconcentraties kunnen worden opgespoord, is het belangrijk om verder te kijken dan zuurstof en methaan alleen, zo benadrukt Schwieterman. “Hoe meer potentiële biosignaturen we kunnen detecteren, hoe zekerder we er in onze uiteindelijke beoordeling van de leefbaarheid van de planeet ook van kunnen zijn dat deze daadwerkelijk leven herbergt. Als we in de toekomst zowel zuurstof, methaan als lachgas in een atmosfeer aantreffen, zouden we daarmee al behoorlijk wat twijfels die er omtrent de aanwezigheid van leven op die planeet zouden kunnen zijn, kunnen wegnemen.”
Abiotisch of biotisch? Daarnaast moeten we ook niet vergeten dat methaan en zuurstof – zeker als de één zonder de ander in een atmosfeer voorkomt – als biosignaturen ook de nodige tekortkomingen kennen. Zo zijn er scenario’s denkbaar waarbij ze ook in de afwezigheid van leven in een atmosfeer op kunnen hopen. “Zo weten we bijvoorbeeld dat methaan op gasreuzen zoals Jupiter en Saturnus voorkomt en veel wetenschappers hebben al scenario’s geschetst waarin abiotisch zuurstof (oftewel zuurstof dat niet door leven is voortgebracht, red.) zich in de atmosfeer van exoplaneten – weliswaar in de afwezigheid van methaan – kan verzamelen. Daarnaast zijn er ook in de Marsatmosfeer kleine hoeveelheden abiotisch zuurstof en ozon te vinden.” Kortom: zuurstof en methaan zijn in ieder geval op zichzelf geen keihard bewijs dat een planeet leven herbergt. Lachgas is wat dat betreft wat overtuigender. “Hoewel er kleine abiotische bronnen van lachgas bekend zijn, zoals bijvoorbeeld bliksem, kennen we nog geen abiotische processen die zodanig veel lachgas zouden kunnen voortbrengen dat sprake is van een concentratie die we in een planetaire atmosfeer zouden kunnen detecteren.”
Na jaren naar de komst van James Webb te hebben uitgezien, is de telescoop sinds enkele maanden daadwerkelijk actief. En het is dan ook een kwestie van tijd voor deze de ogen richt op buitenaardse atmosferen en daadwerkelijk op zoek zal gaan naar biosignaturen, zoals methaan en – na dit onderzoek – misschien ook wel lachgas. Het lijkt daarbij echter niet aannemelijk dat we op basis van de door de telescoop verzamelde data ook echt kunnen concluderen dat een planeet leven herbergt, zo benadrukt Schwieterman. “In het best denkbare scenario zouden we een sterke aanwijzing kunnen vinden dat er leven op een planeet is.” Maar ook dat zou al een gamechanger zijn. Goede kandidaten in die zoektocht naar sterke aanwijzingen voor leven zijn er genoeg, maar voor Schwieterman springen er toch een paar uit. “Er zijn twee veelbelovende systemen die rotsachtige planeten herbergen en door James Webb gekarakteriseerd zullen worden: TRAPPIST-1 en SPECULOOS-2. De moedersterren zijn in beide gevallen kleine, lichtzwakke, rode dwergsterren waarvan we weten dat ze zeer actief zijn. Het is mogelijk dat ze met hun activiteit de atmosferen van hun planeten hebben doen eroderen. Maar als dat niet zo is, zijn er wel enkele werelden in deze systemen – zoals TRAPPIST-1e – die zich op de juiste afstand van de moederster bevinden om op hun oppervlak vloeibaar water en misschien wel leven te herbergen. Als die planeten een robuuste biosfeer hebben, zou James Webb gassen als methaan en lachgas in grote hoeveelheden kunnen aantreffen. Het zijn een hoop ‘als-en’, maar we mogen blijven hopen dat we geluk hebben.”
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
ZWART GAT LAAT NOG STEEDS BOERTJES JAREN NA OPETEN STER: 'ZOIETS HEBBEN WE NOG NOOIT GEZIEN'
ZWART GAT LAAT NOG STEEDS BOERTJES JAREN NA OPETEN STER: 'ZOIETS HEBBEN WE NOG NOOIT GEZIEN'
Jeannette Kras
In een melkwegstelsel hier ver vandaan, vermorzelde een zwart gat een paar jaar geleden een kleine ster, die te dicht in de buurt durfde te komen. Nog steeds is hij niet uitgegeten, of beter gezegd uitgeboerd: jaren na dato komt er nog materiaal uit het gat omhoog.
Het gebeurde in oktober 2018 in een sterrenstelsel op 665 miljoen lichtjaar van de aarde. En sterrenkundigen waren niet eens verbaasd. Het komt vaker voor. Maar wat hen wel erg verraste is dat het zwarte gat opnieuw de hemel verlichtte, terwijl het geen nieuwe ster heeft opgeslokt. “We waren compleet verbaasd. Niemand heeft ooit zoiets gezien”, vertelt Yvette Cendes, die aan Harvard werkt en het fenomeen onderzocht.
Slome eter Het zwarte gat spuwt nu materiaal uit dat met de helft van de lichtsnelheid voortbeweegt, maar Cendes en haar team begrijpen niet waarom dit gebeurt met een vertraging van jaren. De sterrenkundigen vergelijken het ‘eetgedrag’ van het zwarte gat met wel erg late ‘boertjes na een maaltijd’. Het team ontdekte de ongebruikelijke uitbarsting toen het een aantal zogenoemde getijdenverstoringen (TDE’s), waarbij een ster zo dicht bij een zwart gat komt dat hij uit elkaar wordt getrokken tot een spaghettisliert, van de afgelopen jaren opnieuw onderzocht.
Radiodata van de Very Large Array (VLA) in de Amerikaanse staat Nieuw-Mexico toonden aan dat het zwarte gat op mysterieuze wijze gereanimeerd werd in juni 2021. Cendes en haar team haastten zich om dit fenomeen nader te onderzoeken. Ze vroegen met spoed toestemming om meerdere telescopen te gebruiken. “Dat kan alleen als je iets zo onverwachts vindt dat je niet kunt wachten op de normale cyclus van telescoopaanvragen”, legt Cendes uit. “Alle verzoeken werden meteen ingewilligd.”
Lange radiostilte De TDE kreeg de naam AT2018hyz en werd op meerdere lichtgolflengtes bestudeerd door gebruik van telescopen uit de hele wereld. De radiodata van de VLA waren het meest opmerkelijk. “We bestuderen TDE’s al meer dan een decennium met radiotelescopen en soms zien we dat ze radiogolven uitzenden als ze materiaal uitspuwen nadat de ster is opgegeten door het zwarte gat”, zegt coauteur Edo Berger, astronomieprofessor aan Harvard. “Maar in AT2018hyz was er de eerste drie jaar juist een complete radiostilte en nu licht hij zo hard op dat hij een van de meest lichtgevende TDE’s ooit is.”
Sebastian Gomez, die ook meewerkte aan het onderzoek, laat weten dat de TDE in 2018 nog ‘erg onopvallend’ was. “We monitorde hem enkele maanden tot hij uitdoofde en toen zijn we hem vergeten.” Hoe konden ze ook weten wat AT2018hyz nog voor hen in petto zou hebben?
Spaghetti TDE’s staan erom bekend dat ze licht uitzenden als ze verschijnen. Als een ster een zwart gat nadert, wordt hij door de zwaartekrachten uitgerekt tot een spaghettisliert. Uiteindelijk kromt het materiaal als een spiraal in het zwarte gat en wordt het heet. Er ontstaat een grote flits die sterrenkundigen van miljoenen lichtjaren afstand kunnen zien. Maar niet al het materiaal wordt ‘opgepeuzeld’ door het zwarte gat. Sommige stukjes spuugt het weer de ruimte in. Die zwarte gaten zijn een beetje smerige eters. Niet alles wat ze consumeren, belandt in hun mond. Maar normaal gesproken spuugt een zwart gat materiaal uit vlak na zijn maaltijd, niet jaren later. “Het is alsof dit zwarte gat plotseling een hoop materiaal begon op te boeren, jaren nadat hij de ster opat”, legt Cendes uit.
En in dit geval waren het harde boeren: normaal gesproken reist materiaal uit een zwart gat op 10 procent van de lichtsnelheid, nu was dat 50 procent. “Dit is voor het eerst dat we getuige zijn van zo’n lange pauze tussen het opslokken van de ster en de uitstoot van materiaal”, zegt Berger. “De volgende stap is om te achterhalen of dit vaker gebeurt en we gewoon eerder hebben gekeken naar TDE’s zo laat in hun evolutie.” Het kan dus zijn dat het vaker voorkomt dat een zwart gat jaren later nog materiaal uitstoot, maar dat wetenschappers simpelweg te vroeg zijn gestopt met observeren.
US Air Force Scientist: “Giant 250 meters alien ships enter our world through the portal”
US Air Force Scientist: “Giant 250 meters alien ships enter our world through the portal”
A world-renowned scientist and former engineer of the United States Air Force and Boeing Company, using a telescope, photographed a UFO with a diameter of 250 meters flying at a speed of 48,000 km / h.
But this is just one of the huge UFOs, of which many more have been recorded. According to Frederick Portigal, this is absolute proof that the aliens are already here.
This data has been confirmed as authentic by the US National Air and Space Intelligence Agency (NASIC).
Frederick Portigal, a former US Air Force and Boeing engineer, captured UFO images and data with a hyper-spectral imaging telescope. According to him, he captured very large objects moving at great speed.
Hyperspectral remote sensing, also known as imaging spectroscopy, is a technique being researched by scientists to detect and identify minerals, terrestrial plants, and man-made materials and landscapes.
The technique will be used on the James Webb Space Telescope, which is slated to launch in December, and will provide a peek into the depths of the universe.
Frederic Portigal is a leading world scientist with extensive experience in this technique.
Frederick was responsible for the process flow design for the Fourier Transform Hyperspectral Imager (FTHSI), the first hyperspectral sensor launched into orbit by the US Air Force Research Laboratory / RVBYI. He created a mathematical model to simulate space observations to be conducted using Landsat 7 data.
Portigal led a USDA-sponsored study evaluating hyperspectral imaging for the detection of Pierce’s disease (PD) in California grapes.
Frederic Portugal has previously worked for organizations such as the Air Force Research Laboratory, Boeing, Northrop Grumman, and the National Science Foundation.
Portigal has a message for our world – giant alien ships are entering the Earth through the portal.
According to former Boeing chief engineer, aliens are using wormhole penetration technology to move these plasma-like UFOs near the Earth’s surface at a speed of 48,000 kilometers per hour.
Portigal telescopic footage captured the astonishing appearances of plasma-like objects flying at inconceivable speeds in the vicinity of the Petroglyph National Monument near Albuquerque, New Mexico. His telescope was on Sandia Heights with a field of view of about 15 miles.
Shortly after DNI presented a report to Congress on unidentified aerial events, Portigal wrote on LinkedIn expressing his disappointment at the lack of clarity in the government’s efforts.
“I decided that the recent Congress report on UFOs lacked detail on the extraterrestrial category, given that I provided NASIC and DIA. I have to go directly to the people. They need to know.
“They have all this data, which proves that giant motherships are infiltrating into our world, with smaller ships on board and that leave the motherships and stay here, and the motherships leave and return with new cargo. This has been happening since at least 2008, when we first recorded their appearance.
“The military and the government have all the information and they themselves are now watching the ongoing expansion of aliens on Earth. Why do they transport their ships to us in such quantities? Why is the government silent about this? ”
According to Portigal, the Department of Defense has created a special hyperspectral telescope, which they call “binoculars for hunting aliens”.
The technology is based on Frederick’s personal telescope and was refined with $ 750,000 from the Air Force Research Laboratory.
The video recording begins with a concentration on the white sphere – such luminous balls are very often observed by many eyewitnesses of the appearance of UFOs in our sky, but they do not see what is hidden behind this plasma screen.
Simply put, intense energy gathered in one visible location looks like a highly illuminated ball to the naked eye. Once Frederick’s sensor is able to analyze the plasma and estimate the volume of gases, it can build a picture of the object hidden behind the plasma envelope, showing the true outlines of the pyramids and various other shapes of UFOs that were dropped by the large mother ship.
Frederick’s technical report accompanying the video can be viewed here. According to Frederick, this is absolute proof that the aliens are already here.
“You have to understand what this is about – I have developed a technology with which you can see alien ships. I developed this technology officially and the military, with the support of the government, invested in it and improved it to make binoculars for detecting alien ships for themselves.
“I first discovered these mother ships entering our world through wormholes (portals) and dropping their cargo – smaller ships, back in 2008. Why people are not told that alien ships invisible to ordinary people penetrate into our world. What is their purpose? What are they doing? What are they preparing for?
“Perhaps this is evidence of extraterrestrial mining on our planet, but who knows what is in the cargo that materializes and travels through the wormholes after the mother ship departs?
“This is not one ship. These are giant alien ships hidden from our eyes with the help of their camouflage technology, which one after another materialize in our sky and drop other ships.
“The United States has officially recognized the existence of a UFO in our sky. This is good, but they said “A” did not say “B” – they left a shadow of doubt by saying that they did not know whose apparatus it was and the Pentagon did not use the term “extraterrestrial”.
“And this while, since 2008, they have been watching giant alien ships entering our world every day!”
Portigal added another note about extraterrestrial craft:
" They travel through wormholes, and another possibility is a portal between parallel universes.”
The information was disseminated to the media by Frederic Portugal on October 29, 2021.
A rare 'missing link' black hole has been found in the Milky Way's closest large galactic neighbour, a new study reveals.
Astronomers say the black hole has an 'intermediate-mass', and is the rare third type of black hole that has only recently come to light.
Described as 'unlike any other', the black hole was found in a star cluster called B023-G078 in the Andromeda galaxy.
Otherwise known as Messier 31 or M31, Andromeda is the closest large spiral galaxy to our galaxy, the Milky Way.
This newly-found black hole has a mass 100,000 times greater than our Sun, making it smaller than black holes found at the centre of galaxies (supermassive black holes), but bigger than black holes born when stars explode (stellar black holes).
One theory is that intermediate-mass black holes could be the seeds from which supermassive black holes grow.
The black hole was found hidden within B023-G078, an enormous star cluster in Andromeda with a solar mass of 6.2 million. The left panel shows a wide-field image of M31 with the red box and inset showing the location and image of B023-G78 where the black hole was found
Andromeda is the nearest major galaxy to our own Milky Way galaxy. The diffuse light from Andromeda is caused by the hundreds of billions of stars that compose it. The several distinct stars that surround Andromeda's image are actually stars in our Galaxy that are well in front of the background object
The three types of black hole
Stellar: Five to several tens of solar masses
Intermediate-mass: 100 to 100,000 solar masses
Supermassive: Millions to billions of solar masses
The new study, published in The Astrophysical Journal, was based on data from the near-infrared integral-field spectrograph (NIFS) at the Gemini North telescope in Hawaii.
Astronomers measure the mass of a black hole by tracing the motion of the gas and dust swirling around it.
This can be done at many wavelengths, such as by measuring the positions of stars which orbit near a black hole at optical wavelengths.
Study author Anil Seth, an associate professor of astronomy at the University of Utah, said the finding fills a gap between the very large and the very small black holes known to exist.
'We have very good detections of the biggest, stellar-mass black holes up to 100 times the size of our sun and supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies that are millions of times the size of our sun,' he said.
'But there aren't any measurements of black between these – that's a large gap. This discovery fills the gap.'
The study was based on data from the near-infrared integral-field spectrograph (NIFS, pictured) at the Gemini North telescope in Hawaii
On the right side of this image shows the Gemini Observatorium on the top of the vulcano Mauna Kea. In the background is the Canada France Hawaii Telescope
STAR CLUSTERS
As the name suggests, star clusters are groups of hundreds to millions of stars that share a common origin, all gravitationally bound for as long as several billions of years.
There are two types of star clusters – open and globular. Globular clusters are dense balls of about one million ancient stars, all bound by gravity. Open clusters are much younger and smaller than globular clusters.
According to experts at Penn State University, open clusters are usually a few tens of millions or hundreds of millions of years old, while globular clusters are typically about 12 billion to 13 billion years old.
The black hole was found hidden within B023-G078, an enormous star cluster in Andromeda with a solar mass of 6.2 million.
Long thought to be a globular star cluster, the researchers argue that B023-G078 is instead a stripped nucleus - a remnant of a small galaxy that fell into a bigger one and had its outer stars stripped away by gravitational forces.
What's left behind is a tiny, dense nucleus orbiting the bigger galaxy and at the centre of that nucleus, a black hole.
'Previously, we've found big black holes within massive, stripped nuclei that are much bigger than B023-G078,' said lead author Renuka Pechetti at Liverpool John Moores University.
'We knew that there must be smaller black holes in lower mass stripped nuclei, but there's never been direct evidence.
'I think this is a pretty clear case that we have finally found one of these objects.'
A globular cluster has a signature light profile that has the same shape near the centre as it does in the outer regions.
But B023-G078 is different – the light at the centre is round and then gets flatter moving outwards.
The chemical makeup of the stars changes too, with more heavy elements in the stars at the centre than those near the object's edge.
'Globular star clusters basically form at the same time,' said Professor Seth.
'In contrast, these stripped nuclei can have repeated formation episodes, where gas falls into the center of the galaxy, and forms stars.
'And other star clusters can get dragged into the centre by the gravitational forces of the galaxy.
'It's kind of the dumping ground for a bunch of different stuff. So, stars in stripped nuclei will be more complicated than in globular clusters. And that's what we saw in B023-G078.'
The researchers are hoping to observe more stripped nuclei that may hold more intermediate mass black holes.
In September 2020, researchers in Australia working as part of an international collaboration studying gravitational waves reported the first direct observation of an intermediate-mass black hole.
Around 150 times heavier than our Sun, it was birthed from the merger of two smaller (yet still very large) black holes 17 billion light years away.
BLACK HOLES HAVE A GRAVITATIONAL PULL SO STRONG NOT EVEN LIGHT CAN ESCAPE
Black holes are so dense and their gravitational pull is so strong that no form of radiation can escape them - not even light.
They act as intense sources of gravity which hoover up dust and gas around them. Their intense gravitational pull is thought to be what stars in galaxies orbit around.
How they are formed is still poorly understood. Astronomers believe they may form when a large cloud of gas up to 100,000 times bigger than the sun, collapses into a black hole.
Many of these black hole seeds then merge to form much larger supermassive black holes, which are found at the centre of every known massive galaxy.
Alternatively, a supermassive black hole seed could come from a giant star, about 100 times the sun's mass, that ultimately forms into a black hole after it runs out of fuel and collapses.
When these giant stars die, they also go 'supernova', a huge explosion that expels the matter from the outer layers of the star into deep space.
BREAKING: Astronomers Just Discovered A Black Hole Unlike Any Other
BREAKING: Astronomers Just Discovered A Black Hole Unlike Any Other
Astronomers discovered a black hole concealed inside a huge star cluster, B023-G078, in the Andromeda galaxy, our nearest neighboring galaxy.
With a mass of one hundred thousand solar masses, this black hole is smaller than any other black hole yet larger than those developed when stars explode.This makes the black hole the only verified black hole with an intermediate-mass.
B023-G078 was regarded as a massive star cluster. However, experts contend that the nucleus is empty. The nucleus of stripped galaxies is the relics of smaller galaxies that collided with larger ones and had their surrounding stars stripped away by gravitational forces.
Senior author Anil Seth, associate professor of astronomy at the University of Utah and co-author of the study, said, “We have very good detections of the biggest, stellar-mass black holes up to 100 times the size of our sun, and supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies that are millions of times the size of our sun, but there aren’t any measurements of black between these. That’s a large gap. This discovery fills the gap.”
Lead author Renuka Pechetti of Liverpool John Moores University, who started the research while at the U, said, “Previously, we’ve found big black holes within massive, stripped nuclei that are much bigger than B023-G078. We knew that there must be smaller black holes in lower mass stripped nuclei, but there’s never been direct evidence. I think this is a pretty clear case that we have finally found one of these objects.”
Seth said, “I knew that the B023-G078 object was one of the most massive objects in Andromeda and thought it could be a candidate for a stripped nucleus. But we needed data to prove it. We’d been applying to various telescopes to get more observations for many years, and my proposals always failed. When we discovered a supermassive black hole within a stripped nucleus in 2014, the Gemini Observatory gave us the chance to explore the idea.”
The researchers acquired data from the Gemini Observatory and photos from the Hubble Space Telescope for their investigation. Using the data, they modeled the light profile of B023-G078 to determine its mass distribution.
Near the core of a globular cluster, the characteristic light profile has the same form as the outside areas. B023-G078 is different. The light in the center is spherical and becomes flattered as it moves outward. The chemical composition of the stars also varies, with the central stars containing more heavy elements than those towards the object's periphery.
Seth said, “Globular star clusters form at the same time. In contrast, these stripped nuclei can have repeated formation episodes, where gas falls into the centre of the galaxy and forms stars. And other star clusters can get dragged into the centre by the galaxy’s gravitational forces. It’s kind of the dumping ground for a bunch of different stuff. So, stars in stripped nuclei will be more complicated than globular clusters. And that’s what we saw in B023-G078.”
Using the object's mass distribution, the scientists projected the speed at which stars inside the cluster should be travelling at any given position. They then matched it to their own data. They discovered that the fastest-moving stars orbited the center.
When scientists constructed a model without a black hole, the central stars moved too slowly relative to their observations. When the black hole was introduced, the speeds matched the data. The black hole adds to the evidence that this item is a nucleus that has been stripped.
Pechetti said, “The stellar velocities we are getting gives us direct evidence that there’s some dark mass right at the centre. It’s tough for globular clusters to form big black holes. But if it’s in a stripped nucleus, then there must already be a black hole present, left as a remnant from the smaller galaxy that fell into, the bigger one.”
Seth said, “We know big galaxies generally form from the merging of smaller galaxies, but these stripped nuclei allow us to decipher the details of those past interactions.”
If we Detect This gas on Other Planets, it’s a Good Sign There’s Life There
If we Detect This gas on Other Planets, it’s a Good Sign There’s Life There
Here is an idea that likely never crossed the mind of most space enthusiasts – a gas emitted from broccoli (and other plants) is one of the most indicative signs of the existence of life on a planet. At least according to a new study from researchers at the University of California Riverside.
That gas, methyl bromide, has long been associated with life on Earth. It occurs naturally from the process of plants defending themselves. Methylation, as the defense process is known, allows plants to expel foreign contaminants, such as bromide, by attaching a series of carbon and hydrogen atoms to it, thereby gasifying it and allowing it to escape into the air.
Methyl bromide, in particular, is interesting from an astrobiological perspective. It was used as a pesticide until the early 2000s and has several important advantages over other potential biosignatures if it shows up in an exoplanet’s atmosphere.
First, it has a relatively short lifespan in a planet’s atmosphere. This is particularly important for exoplanet searches, as it means whatever process produces the gas is most likely still active. Its presence isn’t simply a result of a geological event that happened eons ago.
A second advantage is one that all astrobiologists love to see – there are very few non-biological processes that produce the gas, and even those processes aren’t typically natural. Despite now being considered a hazardous chemical, methyl bromide was produced in large quantities for use as a pesticide before being regulated due to its deleterious health effects.
A third advantage is the spectroscopic wavelength it shares with a “cousin” gas that is also a biosignature – methyl chloride, which also results from the methylation process. Their combined signature would make them much easier to detect from far away, and both are indicative of the existence of a biological process, though being able to distinguish between methyl chloride and methyl bromide, as methyl chloride has already been seen around some stars, which was likely caused by an inorganic process.
UT interview discussing exoplanet atmospheres
Not quite an advantage, but an interesting quirk about the ability to detect methyl bromide, is that it would be relatively difficult to detect in Earth’s atmosphere from far away. Its concentration levels are high enough, but the UV light from the Sun causes water molecules in the atmosphere to split into compounds that eliminate methyl bromide, so it does not exist for very long in Earth’s atmosphere.
UV light is only a problem for Sun-like stars, though. Around stars like M-dwarfs, which are ten times more common in the galaxy than sun-like stars, there would be less UV radiation that would potentially break up the methyl-bromide molecule. Since those M-dwarfs will be some of the first places astrobiologists look, they might be a chance to see a build-up of methyl bromide in their atmospheres.
Any such discovery might have to wait a little while, though. Even the JWST isn’t set up to detect trace elements in an exoplanet’s atmosphere. However, in the next few years, some ground-based telescopes will be up to the task. Hopeful astrobiologists will have to wait until after those come online before they can truly look for this highly interesting biosignature.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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