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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES

UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
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Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie! Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek! België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch. Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen! Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie. Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen. Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek! Blijf Op De Hoogte! Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren! Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.

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Strange incidents happening across the globe

Strange incidents happening across the globe

A series of strange incidents has recently been reported around the world, raising questions and fueling speculation. In Adelanto, an unidentified object reportedly crashed through the roof of a building, leaving residents wondering whether it was linked to a meteor shower or something else entirely. 
Strange%20incidents%20happening%20across%20the%20globe.jpg

Meanwhile, a volcano camera in Guatemala captured footage of a fast moving object flying near an erupting volcano. Observers say it was neither a drone nor an aircraft, as planes do not operate so close to active eruptions. 
In Hong Kong, window cleaners working nearly 90 floors above the ground noticed a peculiar object protruding from a cloud formation and managed to record it. Some have suggested that the object is simply the top of a skyscraper protruding above the clouds. However, the window cleaners are familiar with the surrounding area and would likely recognize such a structure, which does not appear to be the case. 
Adding to the mystery, another strange object was spotted flying over Victorville, California.
  

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Child genius claims he was recruited into a secret program to mentally pilot UFOs

A former gifted child has come forward with claims that he was removed from public school and secretly trained to develop psychic abilities for military and UFO-related applications.

Speaking on the American Alchemy podcast, Jordan Jozak said he spent years being pulled out of class by psychologists before being transferred to a specialized facility in western New York. There he claimed he underwent experiments involving remote viewing, altered states of consciousness and attempts to control technology using the mind.

According to Jozak, the goal was not simply to study gifted children but to identify those with unusual cognitive abilities and train them for future roles in classified programs.

Jozak alleged he was recruited through a Gifted and Talented Education program, commonly known as GATE, after testing exceptionally high in certain academic categories as a child.

'I was in the GATE classroom. I drank the pink drink. It's just that there was a progression of more,' he told podcast host Jesse Michels, adding that he was trained to fly UFOs with his mind. 

GATE was established by state departments of education, beginning in California in the 1960s, to provide an advanced or specialized curriculum for high-achieving students. 

Many former students have claimed online that they were actually part of a secret CIA initiative to test the supernatural abilities of children with above-average intelligence. However, Jozak did not name the CIA as being involved, and there is no evidence linking the CIA to America's schools.

Jozak said the memories of the experiments remained buried for years before resurfacing through severe flashbacks and nightmares in 2023, when he recalled being in labs.

Jordan Jozak said he spent years being pulled out of class  before being transferred to a specialized facility in western New York where he claimed he underwent experiments

Jordan Jozak said he spent years being pulled out of class  before being transferred to a specialized facility in western New York where he claimed he underwent experiments 

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The claims, which have not been independently verified, are among the most unusual to emerge from the growing world of UFO and consciousness-related whistleblower accounts.

In 2025, dozens of people claiming to have had similar experiences took to social media. 

One woman, who said she was part of the program in the 1990s, shared a workbook she purportedly used during class, showing she was cracking codes and learning Russian. 

In a document dated January 1985, the CIA discussed how young boys and girls of the nation were 'capable of extraordinary physical feats, including the ability to emerge unscathed when struck on the chest with the blade of a sword.'

A young boy mentioned in the report 'peered' inside the womb of a pregnant woman, only to announce that the fetus had no head.' And the diagnosis turned out to be correct.

According to Jozak, his story began around 2004 and 2005 when he was tested through his school's gifted education program in Springville, New York.

He said it started around age nine when psychologists became interested in his ability to visualize information and solve certain academic tasks in unusual ways.

'I could picture a word in my mind and then break apart the letters piece by piece,' Jozak said.  'One of the things that these psychologists were fascinated about was my ability to spell because I was spelling at like a college level.' 

Many former students have claimed online that they were actually part of a secret CIA initiative to test the supernatural abilities of children with above-average intelligence. However, Jozak did not name the CIA as being involved

Many former students have claimed online that they were actually part of a secret CIA initiative to test the supernatural abilities of children with above-average intelligence. However, Jozak did not name the CIA as being involved

At first, Jozak described the experience as a series of meetings with psychologists who would remove him from class for hours at a time.

'I was being told that I was a very special kid. I had a very special brain, and no one else would understand,' he said, adding that the situation escalated when he was around 12 years old.

Jozak said his parents were informed that he had become psychologically unstable and needed to leave the public school system. 

He disputed that characterization, telling podcast host Jesse Michels that he was fine and that his parents attempted to move him from the school system without any luck.

'I was refusing to go to school at one point, and people from the school district were actually showing up and removing me from the house. Like it was Stranger Things-level stuff,' Jozak claimed.

According to Jozak, he was then enrolled in a program operated through Baker Victory Services, a New York organization that provided services for children with developmental, behavioral and mental health needs. 

'Baker Victory Services still exists today. It's a much larger organization serving a lot of other purposes, which are good,' he said.

'The organization itself was not the problem. It was the exact location and the element that I was in.'

He described the facility as a highly controlled environment where he attended classes several days a week while spending the rest of his time working with psychologists and researchers.

'I would attend school like a normal kid for like two to three days a week, and then for the other two to three days a week, depending on that, I was working heavily with a team of psychologists, researchers, psychiatrists,' he said.

According to Jozak, he was then enrolled in a program operated through Baker Victory Services, a New York organization that provided services for children with developmental, behavioral and mental health needs

According to Jozak, he was then enrolled in a program operated through Baker Victory Services, a New York organization that provided services for children with developmental, behavioral and mental health needs

The most dramatic allegations involved what Jozak described as psychic training exercises.

He claimed researchers taught him techniques similar to remote viewing, a controversial practice that involves attempting to gather information about distant people, places or objects through mental concentration alone.

'I had the ability to get out of my body, see in the other room, see things from a distance. And kind of shift my awareness visually,' he said.

According to Jozak, he would enter deep meditative states while listening to audio stimulation designed to alter brain activity.

article image

Researchers allegedly monitored his brain waves and encouraged him to repeat mental exercises that produced certain neurological patterns.

Some former GATE students have argued that the program was tied to the CIA's Gateway Program that was developed in the 1980s to explore the limitations of human consciousness using sound, meditation and other techniques.

A document released by the CIA explains that these recordings typically featured a series of 'non-verbal audio patterns' masked by sounds like crashing waves or wind blowing through the trees.

Many alumni of GATE programs recalled being subjected to the same audio 'tests' at school.

Jozak claimed the training he experienced was intended to develop abilities that could eventually be used for intelligence gathering, advanced technology programs and UFO-related research.

'I was in a psionic development pipeline for legacy program development,' he said.

A psionic development pipeline represents the systematic approach to awakening, training, and applying extraordinary mental abilities, including telepathy, clairvoyance, or psychokinesis. 

According to him, researchers believed some UFOs or other exotic vehicles could be operated through consciousness rather than conventional controls.

'I would lie in a deep meditation. I would have some type of sedative and shift my consciousness into a set object or some vehicle and become it,' he said.

According to Jozak, he was then instructed to manipulate the object mentally.

'Pilot it up and down, move it left and right,' he said, claiming that UFOs were not flown with joysticks, but with the mind.

He claimed researchers monitored his brain activity throughout the process in hopes of replicating the neurological signals involved. 

'From what I understand, what they were trying to do is build a brain neural interface that would reproduce the brain wave signals that I was sending out,' he said.

Another extraordinary claim centers on what Jozak described as a mysterious crystal orb that researchers referred to as a 'relic.'

The object, he said, appeared to contain a swirling white structure that seemed alive and responsive.

'As I locked eye contact with it, the inside structure, it adapts and it likes changes,' Jozak said.

He claimed the object appeared to react to his presence and later became a central part of his training.

Jozak said he has provided names, locations and other details to members of the intelligence community and government officials.

To date, no public evidence has emerged to substantiate his allegations, and no documentation has been released showing that such a program existed.

However, Jozak insisted the experiences were real and said they explain the traumatic memories that resurfaced decades later.

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Astronomers Observing a Supermassive Black Hole Just Had an Unexpected UFO Sighting

Supermassive black hole in an active galaxy producing a UFO
(Image Credit: ESA/AOES Medialab/NASA)

Astronomers Observing a Supermassive Black Hole Just Had an Unexpected UFO Sighting

It’s not the kind of thing astronomers expect to see while observing the powerful effects of a distant supermassive black hole: an unprecedented UFO sighting.

However, that’s precisely what one group of scientists now reports in a preprint paper, who detail the successful detection of one of the strongest UFOs—a black hole phenomenon otherwise known as “ultra-fast outflows”—that astronomers may have ever seen.

The landmark detection was made possible with the XMM-Newton space observatory and NuSTAR X-ray telescope, which allowed the researchers behind the discovery to observe a luminous quasar with origins that date back to “cosmic noon,” revealing a pair of outflow wind components being blasted from the black hole in question.

Cosmic Monsters with Major Appetites

Black holes have more than just large appetites for cosmic material: they also produce significant gas-driven winds from around their accretion disk.

These winds become known as ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) when their strength propels them to greater than ten percent of light speed, and astronomers currently believe they are an important part of what helps black holes regulate their growth, which may also hold for their host galaxies.

One way this occurs is that UFOs help to heat galactic gases that give rise to star formation, a quenching process that most astronomers believe occurred during a period called “cosmic noon,” which occurred between 1.6 and 3.5 billion years after the birth of the universe.

Cosmic Fingerprints of Powerful UFOs

Astronomers can detect ultra-fast outflows based on the “dips” they create in their powerful gusts, which are caused by ionized iron present in their outflow gases. These gases also absorb X-rays along their path away from their black hole originators, which leave “fingerprints” in the form of absorption features that are detectable using X-ray telescopes.

Significantly, these “dips” manifest as a blueshift since they are shifted to higher energies as they move at such high speeds (again, roughly 10% of the speed of light). From the blueshifted energy signatures they comprise, astronomers can determine not only the presence of UFOs, but also the wind speed of their gusty outflows.

In the past, most detections of these high-powered cosmic phenomena have relied on gravitationally lensed quasars. These celestial objects occur when a galaxy or similar feature closer to Earth appears in front of them, magnifying the quasar’s light and significantly brightening its luminosity from our Earthly perspective.

However, lensing of this variety can also present problems, and so astronomers led by Giorgio Lanzuisi of INAF Bologna designed a special system to target more than a dozen hyper-luminous quasars at cosmic noon, as a means of getting a better feel for the dynamics of non-lensed quasars.

“WISSHFUL” Thinking

WISSHFUL is an XMM-Newton multi-year heritage program that Lanzuisi and his colleagues designed for this purpose, whose initial target became a quasar designated WISSH13, whose redshift at 3.294 marks the object’s existence as it appeared approximately 2 billion years after the Big Bang.

WISH13’s black hole also weighs in at close to 2 billion times that of our Sun, which causes it to shine far brighter than normally expected for an object of its estimated mass.

Their work began in the autumn of 2024 by combining observations from XMM-Newton and NuSTAR initially obtained in 2017. From these X-ray images of WISSH12, a pair of distinctive absorption features became evident, which the team determined to have been generated by two separate sources from within the same ultra-fast outflow.

These components were found to travel at different speeds: one moving at close to 30% of the speed of light, while the other at only about 10% of light speed. The slower of these two appears to have been an enduring component of the UFO, while the faster one showed signatures that indicated a more recent appearance. This could mean that it emanates from events that are shorter in duration.

By matching theoretical predictions of a layered wind structure surrounding the black hole, the researchers say their observations align with models that indicate a fast-moving inner “spine” launched from the accretion disk’s innermost regions. Meanwhile, a slower outer “sheath” is also believed to emanate farther from the black hole. The combined outflow components produce an estimated 21 to 24 solar masses of material annually.

The Most Massive UFO Ever Observed? 

Such figures, the team says, represent what is believed to be among the most massive and energetic ultrafast outflows ever observed, a discovery which also marks the highest-redshift ultrafast outflow yet detected in a non-lensed quasar.

Despite their remarkable energetic output, the team says these outflow winds seem to conform to the same essential relationships observed in active galaxies much closer to Earth, suggesting that the processes driving these outflows have remained remarkably consistent across cosmic time.

Going forward, the team says they hope to make additional observations of these powerful cosmic phenomena with help from the new Athena X-ray mission, which they say could help uncover similar winds in even more distant quasars.

The team’s discoveries were detailed in a recent paper, “The WISSHFUL program: the highest redshift UFO discovered in a non-lensed QSO,” which appeared at the preprint arXiv.org server.

  • Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.

X-Ray Data Reveals Powerful 'UFO' Winds Generated in Record-Breaking ...

Recordbreaking ultrafast outflow (UFO) cosmic winds from a supermassive black hole flung matter across the universe at one-fifth the speed of light, according to new XMM-Newton and XRISM X-ray space telescope observations.

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Renowned scientist Neil deGrasse Tyson tells US government to 'Show the alien!' after latest UFO disclosure

Renowned scientist Neil deGrasse Tyson tells US government to 'Show the alien!' after latest UFO disclosure

Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson wants the US government to 'Show the alien!' after the latest UFO disclosure from the Trump administration.

Tyson, 67, joined The Fox News Rundown on Monday, explaining how the overwhelming amount of irrefutable evidence should finally be topped off with a picture of an extraterrestrial being.

'Is it too much to ask at this point for them to just show the alien? That's all, I don't think I'm asking too much here,' Tyson said.

The astrophysicist's request comes after the Trump administration released a third tranche of previously classified UAP files on Friday.

The materials were uploaded to the Department of War's website that morning and include a series of cases that investigators were unable to explain, leaving the nature of the phenomena unresolved.

'We've already been told this, so to say if they rolled out an alien, we'd somehow freak out given the century of alien movies we'd been treated to and alien stories… I don't see that we'd freak out at all,' Tyson said.

'It might even be anticlimactic, given our anticipation for what it could be.'

The astrophysicist continued to explain: 'I would only be shocked if the alien were in fact humanoid because of just the statistics of biological variation on Earth, where we have DNA in common with all other life, and most life is not humanoid on Earth.'

Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, 67, joined The Fox News Rundown on Monday, demanding the US government to 'Show the alien!' after the latest UFO disclosure from the Trump administration

Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, 67, joined The Fox News Rundown on Monday, demanding the US government to 'Show the alien!' after the latest UFO disclosure from the Trump administration

One video released on Friday shows what officials described as a 'plasma-like sphere' hovering above a pond at an undisclosed location in the US, appearing to shift shape and brightness as it moved. The incident was captured in 2025

One video released on Friday shows what officials described as a 'plasma-like sphere' hovering above a pond at an undisclosed location in the US, appearing to shift shape and brightness as it moved. The incident was captured in 2025

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He argued that any alien visitor from another planet would likely look very different from humans and may not even share the same DNA structure.

'So I would be shocked if it was humanoid,' Tyson said. 'But otherwise, I think we're ready for it. Of course, we're ready. We've been ready.'

Among the newly released records is a 2025 FBI report describing a video captured by a citizen in the northeastern US.

According to the witness, a bright object hovered over their backyard as a 'brilliant red sphere' roughly the size of a basketball.

Another never-before-seen video shows what officials described as a 'plasma-like sphere' hovering above a pond at an undisclosed location in the US, appearing to shift shape and brightness as it moved.

Friday's release also includes dozens of long-hidden CIA files about mysterious sightings, revealing that the agency assembled a panel of top scientists to investigate 'flying saucers' amid fears the reports could clog military warning systems and spark mass hysteria.

The materials were quietly uploaded to the Department of War's website on Friday morning and include a series of cases that investigators were unable to definitively explain, leaving the nature of the phenomena unresolved

The materials were quietly uploaded to the Department of War's website on Friday morning and include a series of cases that investigators were unable to definitively explain, leaving the nature of the phenomena unresolved

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western US involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023

This image is an artistic interpretation of a reported incident near a sensitive national security site in the western US involving unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) over a period of two days in October 2023

Secretary of War Pete Hegseth said in a statement: 'The Department of War is in lockstep with President Trump to bring unprecedented transparency regarding our government's understanding of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP).

'These files, hidden behind classifications, have long fueled justified speculation, and it's time the American people see it for themselves. This release of declassified documents demonstrates the Trump Administration's earnest commitment to unprecedented transparency.'

According to the Pentagon, there have been 'unprecedented levels of interest' in the UFO files, and the Department of War's website has received over 1.7 billion hits worldwide since its launch on May 8.

A second release took place two weeks later.

Many of the images and videos in today's release were submitted by American citizens, with officials noting that footage was captured using iPhones.

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Stonehenge's secret SISTER: Archaeologists discover an ancient monument just three miles away that may have served as a 'prototype' for the famous stones

Archaeologists have discovered a secret sister monument to Stonehenge that might have served as a 'prototype' for the famous stones.

This ancient site is just three miles away from Stonehenge itself, located in the village of Bulford, Wiltshire.

Consisting of two wooden poles placed 400 feet (120 metres) apart, this long–lost monument might appear rather basic at first glance.

However, scientists say the poles would have formed a perfect line pointing to the rising sun during the summer solstice and the setting sun on the winter solstice.

In fact, reconstructions of the ancient sky and landscape show that the deceptively simple structure was built to align with the solstice within one degree of accuracy.

More impressively, archaeologists have dated this structure back to around 5,000 years ago.

That predates the monument we see at Stonehenge by 500 years, making this one of the very oldest examples of a structure built to align with the sun in the British Isles.

Dr Fabio Silva, an archaeologist from Stone x Sky and the Skyscape Academy, says: 'Rather than marking the beginning of a story, Stonehenge now more clearly appears to have emerged from traditions and practices with much deeper roots in this landscape.'

Archaeologists have discovered a secret sister monument to Stonehenge that might have served as a 'prototype' for the famous stones (artist's impression)

Since any wood has long since rotted away, almost nothing is left of the Bulford ritual site today besides the pits where the poles once stood.

However, these scant clues are already giving archaeologists a fascinating glimpse into Britain's ancient past.

The site of the Bulford poles was first uncovered in 2015, when archaeologists found a network of 48 pits dated to around 2950 BC.

Excavations found that these pits were filled with the remains of pottery, animal bones, flint tools, and charcoal.

It was clear that large numbers of people gathered in this area over a relatively short period of time, but archaeologists weren't sure what they were gathering for.

Now, the alignment of the poles suggests that people likely gathered by this simple monument to celebrate the solstices before more complex, permanent structures could be built.

While Stonehenge and the Bulford site have different layouts, this shows that the 'technology' of tracing the sun's alignment on the horizon existed long before the more famous structure was built.

In fact, the researchers suggest that Bulford and Stonehenge might have had an even closer connection.

The site, located in Bulford, Wiltshire, consisted of two wooden poles (illustrated in red) that were placed to align with the sun on the summer and winter solstices

The site, located in Bulford, Wiltshire, consisted of two wooden poles (illustrated in red) that were placed to align with the sun on the summer and winter solstices 

Archaeologist Phil Harding (pictured) says that this earlier site would have served as a 'prototype' for Stonehenge, using the same ancient technology of tracking the sun's alignment

Archaeologist Phil Harding (pictured) says that this earlier site would have served as a 'prototype' for Stonehenge, using the same ancient technology of tracking the sun's alignment 

The five key unanswered questions about Stonehenge

  1. How were the stones moved?
  2. Why did its builders choose the Salisbury Plain?
  3. Why was it built and for what purpose?
  4. Why did people change its shape so often?
  5. Where are all the missing stones? 

Phil Harding, Archaeologist at Wessex Archaeology and former host of Time Team, told the Daily Mail that some of the people who built Bulford might have been buried in the 'Aubrey Holes' at Stonehenge, where cremated remains have been found.

He said: 'Even if the people who visited Bulford are not buried at Stonehenge, there is every possibility that the people who visited Bulford may have also visited Stonehenge, and may even have been involved in the construction of Stonehenge.'

The pits at Bulford date back to almost the exact same period that the first simple earthworks were being put up at the site of Stonehenge.

Mr Harding even suggests that a similar pole structure might have been part of the earliest phases of Stonehenge, but later developments would have erased any trace of the pits.

'These people lived in a world that was controlled by the heavens, by climate, by natural circumstances,' he says.

'They cared about their world and the natural processes of the sun... this [the solstice] must have been such a major event in their lifetimes.'

This discovery also helps to solve the mystery of an extremely rare disc–shaped knife found in one of the pits.

Mr Harding found this round knife buried vertically in a pit located almost exactly on the line of the solstice.

Archaeologists found an 'exquisite' circular stone knife (pictured) in line with the poles, which could have been buried as a symbolic representation of the disc of the sun

Archaeologists found an 'exquisite' circular stone knife (pictured) in line with the poles, which could have been buried as a symbolic representation of the disc of the sun 

'It's an absolutely exquisite object,' Mr Harding says.

'That is a difficult craft to exercise to that level of perfection. It's almost inconceivable that you would just throw it away.'

Now, Mr Harding says the disc could have been a symbolic reference to the disk of the sun, deliberately placed in a sort of 'viewing station' for the solstice.

Archaeologists still debate exactly what Stonehenge and similar sites, like the Bulford poles, would have been used for.

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However, their alignment with the solstice is a strong indication that they had a spiritual or religious function besides simple timekeeping.

Dr Matt Leivers, Senior Research Manager at Wessex Archaeology, says: 'When we talk about the solstice, we're talking about religion. About how prehistoric peoples understood the cosmos, the world, and their place in it.

'What we see at Bulford, and later at Stonehenge, is a way of celebrating and marking the passage of time, but it's also about making sure the world keeps working as it should.' 

'It's likely their way of saying to their deities, please keep us in mind, keep us warm and safe. It's a religious event. That's why it's so important'

The Stonehenge monument standing today was the final stage of a four part building project that ended 3,500 years ago

Stonehenge is one of the most prominent prehistoric monuments in Britain. The Stonehenge that can be seen today is the final stage that was completed about 3,500 years ago. 

According to the monument's website, Stonehenge was built in four stages:   

First stage: The first version of Stonehenge was a large earthwork or Henge, comprising a ditch, bank and the Aubrey holes, all probably built around 3100 BC. 

The Aubrey  holes are round pits in the chalk, about one metre (3.3 feet) wide and deep, with steep sides and flat bottoms. 

Stonehenge (pictured) is one of the most prominent prehistoric monuments in Britain

Stonehenge (pictured) is one of the most prominent prehistoric monuments in Britain

They form a circle about 86.6 metres (284 feet) in diameter. 

Excavations revealed cremated human bones in some of the chalk filling, but the holes themselves were likely not made to be used as graves, but as part of a religious ceremony.

After this first stage, Stonehenge was abandoned and left untouched for more than 1,000 years. 

Second stage: The second and most dramatic stage of Stonehenge started around 2150 years BC, when about 82 bluestones from the Preseli mountains in south-west Wales were transported to the site. It's thought that the stones, some of which weigh four tonnes each, were dragged on rollers and sledges to the waters at Milford Haven, where they were loaded onto rafts.

They were carried on water along the south coast of Wales and up the rivers Avon and Frome, before being dragged overland again near Warminster and Wiltshire.

The final stage of the journey was mainly by water, down the river Wylye to Salisbury, then the Salisbury Avon to west Amesbury. 

The journey spanned nearly 240 miles, and once at the site, the stones were set up in the centre to form an incomplete double circle. 

During the same period, the original entrance was widened and a pair of Heel Stones were erected. The nearer part of the Avenue, connecting Stonehenge with the River Avon, was built aligned with the midsummer sunrise. 

Third stage: The third stage of Stonehenge, which took place about 2000 years BC, saw the arrival of the sarsen stones (a type of sandstone), which were larger than the bluestones.

They were likely brought from the Marlborough Downs (40 kilometres, or 25 miles, north of Stonehenge). 

The largest of the sarsen stones transported to Stonehenge weighs 50 tonnes, and transportation by water would not have been possible, so it's suspected that they were transported using sledges and ropes. 

Calculations have shown that it would have taken 500 men using leather ropes to pull one stone, with an extra 100 men needed to lay the rollers in front of the sledge.

These stones were arranged in an outer circle with a continuous run of lintels - horizontal supports. 

Inside the circle, five trilithons - structures consisting of two upright stones and a third across the top as a lintel - were placed in a horseshoe arrangement, which can still be seen today. 

Final stage: The fourth and final stage took place just after 1500 years BC, when the smaller bluestones were rearranged in the horseshoe and circle that can be seen today.

The original number of stones in the bluestone circle was probably around 60, but these have since been removed or broken up. Some remain as stumps below ground level. 

Source: Stonehenge.co.uk 

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What would happen if aliens invaded Earth: Terrifying report reveals how extraterrestrials could trigger political, economic and spiritual CHAOS

What would happen if aliens invaded Earth: Terrifying report reveals how extraterrestrials could trigger political, economic and spiritual CHAOS

An alien invasion might sound like science fiction, but a scientist has now revealed what the terrifying consequences of an encounter might be.

Professor Avi Loeb, head of Harvard University's Galileo Project, claims our first encounter with an alien invader won't resemble sci–fi movies like E.T or War of the Worlds.

Rather than a biological, flesh and blood alien, Professor Loeb explains that we are more likely to be met by a 'technological device guided by AI'.

The arrival of such a device would pose a 'potential threat to all earthlings', he claims – sparking political, economic, and spiritual chaos around the world.

Professor Loeb told the Daily Mail that 'the stock market may crash due to the uncertainty about the impact of the encounter on the future of humanity.'

Likewise, the fact that the aliens' technology would likely outclass our own would not only be humbling for human intelligence – but would also make their technology a grave threat to humanity.

Professor Loeb said in a blog post: 'It would be foolish of me to forecast what this blind date of interstellar proportions might look like.

'One thing is clear: we must observe our dating partner to learn more about their qualities and intent and make sure that it is not a serial killer.'

A scientist says that the arrival of an alien craft in our solar system would trigger global chaos, with the stock markets collapsing due to instability. Pictured: The 1996 sci-fi film Independence Day

A scientist says that the arrival of an alien craft in our solar system would trigger global chaos, with the stock markets collapsing due to instability. Pictured: The 1996 sci–fi film Independence Day 

Professor Loeb suggests that aliens won't invade Earth in biological form, partly due to the vast distances between our planet and the nearest habitable worlds.

Even the very closest habitable world, Proxima Centauri b, is located a staggering 4.2 light–years from Earth.

The preference for technology over living organisms also reflects trends in our own space exploration efforts, which tend to use robotic probes instead of human crews.

If one of these artificial emissaries arrived on Earth, Professor Loeb suggests that its very presence would send shockwaves through human society.

Just as astronomers rattled the world by showing that Earth wasn't at the centre of the cosmos, an encounter with aliens would shift humanity's sense of importance.

'I would not regard it as a crisis but rather as a realization that we are not at the top of the food chain, cosmologically speaking,' Professor Loeb told the Daily Mail.

It wouldn't just be religious believers who would be psychologically shaken by this revelation.

Secular individuals will also be shaken by the realisation that alien technology is far more advanced than our own.

Experts say that our first encounter with aliens won't be with biological creatures, but with an AI-controlled technological artefact like a probe or robot (stock image)

Experts say that our first encounter with aliens won't be with biological creatures, but with an AI–controlled technological artefact like a probe or robot

(stock image) 

Professor Loeb says this will come from an understanding that 'there is a more accomplished sibling in our family in intelligent civilizations.'

Similarly, meeting our technologically advanced cosmic siblings would have a 'profound effect' on international geopolitics.

'It would pose a potential threat to all earthlings because we are all in the same boat,' says Professor Loeb.

However, this common threat could actually help bring Earth's divided nations together in collective self defence.

Professor Loeb says: 'An encounter with alien technology could bring together all humans on Earth in the same way that a knock on the door by a stranger quiets down arguments among family members within the room. 

'It will definitely bring us to a better place by delivering a much needed sense of humility and a change of priorities towards space exploration and cooperation among humans, since we are all in the boat.' 

However, exactly what aliens would want with us or how they would treat our civilisation depends on the nature of the aliens involved.

Professor Loeb has previously suggested that alien civilisations might send technological probes to our solar system as a 'reconnaissance mission'.

Professor Avi Loeb, an expert on the hunt for extraterrestrial intelligence from Harvard University, says that an alien invasion would pose a 'potential threat to all earthlings'

Professor Avi Loeb, an expert on the hunt for extraterrestrial intelligence from Harvard University, says that an alien invasion would pose a 'potential threat to all earthlings'

Professor Loeb previously suggested that the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, photographed as it passed 190 million miles (305 million km) from Earth, was a technological probe sent by aliens to investigate Earth

Professor Loeb previously suggested that the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, photographed as it passed 190 million miles (305 million km) from Earth, was a technological probe sent by aliens to investigate Earth

Since Earth has a stable atmosphere, liquid water, and sits in its star's habitable zone, it is natural that civilisations would want to investigate.

In exactly the same way that human astronomers study exoplanets from Earth, alien scientists might simply examine Earth out of curiosity or in the search for a new home.

But it is also possible that an alien civilisation might have more malicious plans for our planet.

article image

For example, Professor Loeb has put forward the idea that ancient visitors might have polluted the atmosphere enough to trigger the Permian Extinction, the largest extinction event in Earth's history.

About 252 million years ago, 96 per cent of marine species were killed by a global warming event that left ocean creatures unable to breathe.

While the majority of scientists agree that this was caused by the greenhouse gases from volcanic eruptions, Professor Loeb suggests there could be a technological explanation instead.

While these ideas might seem far–fetched, Professor Loeb insists that these theories should be treated like any other scientific hypothesis and put to the test with rigorous investigation.

WHAT IS THE FERMI PARADOX?

The Fermi Paradox questions why, given the estimated 200-400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets in our galaxy, there have been no signs of alien life. 

The contradiction is named after its creator, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.

He first posed the question back in 1950.

Fermi believed it was too extraordinary that a single extra-terrestrial signal or engineering project has yet to be detected in the universe — despite its immense vastness. 

Fermi concluded there must a barrier that limits the rise of intelligent, self-aware, technologically advanced space-colonising civilisations.

This barrier is sometimes referred to as the 'Great Filter'.

Italian physicist Enrico Fermi devised the so-called Fermi Paradox in the 1950s, which explores why there is no sign of alien life, despite the 100 billion planets in our galaxy

Italian physicist Enrico Fermi devised the so-called Fermi Paradox in the 1950s, which explores why there is no sign of alien life, despite the 100 billion planets in our galaxy

If the main obstacle preventing the colonisation of other planets is not in our past, then the barrier that will stop humanity's prospects of reaching other worlds must lie in our future, scientists have theorised.  

Professor Brian Cox believes the advances in science and engineering required by a civilisation to start conquering the stars will ultimately lead to its destruction.

He said: 'One solution to the Fermi Paradox is that it is not possible to run a world that has the power to destroy itself.

‘It may be that the growth of science and engineering inevitably outstrips the development of political expertise, leading to disaster.'

Other possible explanations for the Fermi Paradox include that intelligent alien species are out there, but lack the necessary technology to communicate with Earth.

Some believe that the distances between intelligent civilisations are too great to allow any kind of two-way communication.

If two worlds are separated by several thousand light years, it's possible that one or both civilisations would become extinct before a dialogue can be established. 

The so-called Zoo hypothesis claims intelligent alien life is out there, but deliberately avoids any contact with life on Earth to allow its natural evolution. 

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What do aliens EAT? Scientist reveals the foods extraterrestrials would go for on Earth – and why E.T.'s favourite Reese's Pieces are off the cards

What do aliens EAT? Scientist reveals the foods extraterrestrials would go for on Earth – and why E.T.'s favourite Reese's Pieces are off the cards

In the 1982 blockbuster, E.T. the Extra–Terrestrial, E.T. is lured out of hiding using a trail of Reese's Pieces. 

But what would aliens really eat if they visited our planet? 

According to Professor José Miguel Soriano del Castillo, a nutritionist from the University of Valencia, our planet would serve a 'risky buffet' for alien life.

Even if aliens have similar basic biology to us, there is no guarantee that foods that are safe for humans to eat would be compatible with their digestive systems.

Instead of snacking on human foods, this means aliens would be more likely to feast on the 'raw materials' found on Earth.

Writing in The Conversation, Professor del Castillo claims that aliens would sustain themselves on 'water, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, salts, lipids, microbial biomass or simple organic molecules'.

Unfortunately, this means E.T.'s Reese's Pieces are off the cards. 

However, Professor del Castillo suggests the classic UFO cow abduction might not be so far–fetched.

In the 1982 blockbuster, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, E.T. is lured out of hiding using a trail of Reese's Pieces. But what would aliens really eat if they visited out planet?

In the 1982 blockbuster, E.T. the Extra–Terrestrial, E.T. is lured out of hiding using a trail of Reese's Pieces. But what would aliens really eat if they visited out planet?

While E.T.'s Reese's Pieces are off the cards, the classic UFO cow abduction might not be so far-fetched (stock image)

While E.T.'s Reese's Pieces are off the cards, the classic UFO cow abduction might not be so far–fetched

(stock image) 

Animals across our planet have developed a baffling array of unique digestive systems. 

Cows, for example, are entirely dependent on the bacteria living in their stomachs to break down and digest cellulose in grass.

As Professor del Castillo points out, this means it is extremely difficult to say what an alien's natural diet might look like.

However, there are a few basic facts common to all forms of life that can give us a basic understanding.

Scientists generally believe that life needs three things: a source of energy, a liquid in which chemical reactions can occur, and suitable chemical elements.

Since these components are readily available on Earth, there's no reason that a visiting alien would need to go hungry.

A sufficiently advanced extraterrestrial might simply be able to hoover up organic matter from Earth and process it into something that suits their own digestive system.

However, Professor del Castillo warns that any interstellar tourists will need to be careful.

How much food would aliens eat?

The little green or grey man

* Weighing between 25 and 40kg, this alien would require 800 to 1,100 kcal a day

* However, if their big head holds a large, active brain, these calorie requirements could be higher.

The reptilian

* If these are cold–blooded, even a 100 kg reptile wouldn't use many calories.

* But if they are intelligent, active predators, a 150kg warm–blooded reptilian may need around 3,000 kcal per day.

The tall humanoid

* Tall humanoids would have a similar physiology to humans.

* This means an 80–90kg humanoid would require between 1,900 and 2,300 kcal per day.

Alongside salts, fats and sugars that are essential to life, Earth's environment is packed with potential toxins, pathogens, and allergens.  

'Earth's food would not necessarily be edible for them,' Professor del Castillo says.

'Terrestrial protein might be of no use if their digestive systems used different amino acids. Our sugars might prove useless if their metabolism could not handle them.'

This is why sensible alien travellers would be well advised to sample some of the local produce, perhaps by abducting a cow or two, before eating anything from Earth.

In the distant future, if humans ever really did meet an extraterrestrial civilisation, Professor del Castillo says Earth would need to train alien nutritionists.

He says: 'We would also need experts who could figure out what molecules these life forms tolerate, what energy they require, what poisons them, what microorganisms they carry, and what resources they could use without destroying the planet's ecosystems.'

While much of that information will depend on the specific organism, scientists can already start to estimate how much energy these aliens might need to consume.

In land animals, the amount of calories something needs to consume increases with its size, but not proportionally.

If UFOs really have visited Earth, our planet's biology would make eating human or animal food quite dangerous. Instead, aliens would need to feed themselves with the raw materials found on this planet. Pictured: An image of a UAP submitted by the FB to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office

If UFOs really have visited Earth, our planet's biology would make eating human or animal food quite dangerous. Instead, aliens would need to feed themselves with the raw materials found on this planet. Pictured: An image of a UAP submitted by the FB to the All–domain Anomaly Resolution Office

That means an elephant needs more fuel than a mouse, but uses fewer calories per gram of body mass.

An alien weighing 70 kilograms would require around 1,700 kcal per day, while a massive 150–kilogram extraterrestrial would need over 3,000 kcal just to sustain itself without moving around a lot.

That is just the very basic amount needed to sustain life, and doesn't include all the extra energy that organisms need to move, think, operate machinery, fly a UFO, or abduct farmers. 

However, an even stranger possibility is that alien life won't need any food at all.

article image

Many scientists believe our first visit from an extraterrestrial civilisation won't be in the form of a biological visitor, but a robotic probe. 

There is also the possibility that truly advanced aliens might have transcended their fleshy forms to become a 'post–biological entity' with a synthetic body.

Professor del Castillo says: 'In this case, "food" would no longer consist of proteins, fats or carbohydrates, but electricity, heat, chemical fuel or nuclear energy. 

'An alien robot wouldn't eat rice or pasta, it would simply need to recharge its batteries.'

WHAT IS THE FERMI PARADOX?

The Fermi Paradox questions why, given the estimated 200-400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets in our galaxy, there have been no signs of alien life. 

The contradiction is named after its creator, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.

He first posed the question back in 1950.

Fermi believed it was too extraordinary that a single extra-terrestrial signal or engineering project has yet to be detected in the universe — despite its immense vastness. 

Fermi concluded there must a barrier that limits the rise of intelligent, self-aware, technologically advanced space-colonising civilisations.

This barrier is sometimes referred to as the 'Great Filter'.

Italian physicist Enrico Fermi devised the so-called Fermi Paradox in the 1950s, which explores why there is no sign of alien life, despite the 100 billion planets in our galaxy

Italian physicist Enrico Fermi devised the so-called Fermi Paradox in the 1950s, which explores why there is no sign of alien life, despite the 100 billion planets in our galaxy

If the main obstacle preventing the colonisation of other planets is not in our past, then the barrier that will stop humanity's prospects of reaching other worlds must lie in our future, scientists have theorised.  

Professor Brian Cox believes the advances in science and engineering required by a civilisation to start conquering the stars will ultimately lead to its destruction.

He said: 'One solution to the Fermi Paradox is that it is not possible to run a world that has the power to destroy itself.

‘It may be that the growth of science and engineering inevitably outstrips the development of political expertise, leading to disaster.'

Other possible explanations for the Fermi Paradox include that intelligent alien species are out there, but lack the necessary technology to communicate with Earth.

Some believe that the distances between intelligent civilisations are too great to allow any kind of two-way communication.

If two worlds are separated by several thousand light years, it's possible that one or both civilisations would become extinct before a dialogue can be established. 

The so-called Zoo hypothesis claims intelligent alien life is out there, but deliberately avoids any contact with life on Earth to allow its natural evolution. 


Aliens Are Real: What Do We Feed Them?

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Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Is a Story About People

Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Is a Story About People

What UAP disclosure may reveal about us.

Key points

  • UAP disclosure is as much a human story as it is a scientific one.
  • People do not just receive information, they make meaning from it.
  • How we adapt may matter as much as what we discover.
Sherise van Dyk / Unsplash
Source: Sherise van Dyk / Unsplash

Much of the public conversation surrounding disclosure focuses on a single question: What are unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP)?

Are they advanced technology? Non-human intelligence? Something we have not yet imagined?

These questions are important. The mystery itself is compelling, and the search for answers is a worthy scientific endeavor. Yet there is another dimension of disclosure that often receives far less attention. Disclosure is not only a story about unidentified objects, hidden information, or unexplained phenomena. It is also a story about people.

The most profound consequences of disclosure may not emerge from what is discovered in the sky but from what happens within us when we are asked to reconsider what we believe to be true.

Throughout history, humanity has repeatedly encountered information that challenged deeply held assumptions. We learned that the Earth is not the center of the cosmos. We discovered that life evolves through natural processes. We realized that our galaxy is only one among billions. Each revelation required us to revise our understanding of reality and our place within it. History suggests that people are capable of integrating even profound revisions to their worldview, although the process is often gradual rather than immediate.(1)

How Human Psychology Processes New Revelations

The history of these discoveries is often told as a story about science. But it is equally a story about psychology. New information enters a world of existing beliefs, identities, institutions, relationships, hopes, and fears. People must make sense of it. They must decide what it means and how it fits into the narrative of their lives.

Disclosure, if it continues to unfold, will be no different.

Some individuals may experience wonder, curiosity, and excitement. Others may feel uncertainty, skepticism, anxiety, or resistance. Some may feel anger. Many will move through several of these reactions at different times. The most important question may not be whether people react but how they adapt.

Human beings are meaning-making creatures. We do not simply receive information; we interpret it. We integrate it into stories about who we are, where we came from, and what kind of future we imagine for ourselves. Whenever new information challenges those stories, a process of adjustment begins. Research suggests that restoring coherence and meaning is one of the primary ways people adapt to disruptive life events and major challenges to their assumptions.(2)

That adjustment is evidence of one of humanity's greatest strengths.

Psychological adaptation is among the most remarkable capacities our species possesses. People survive wars, economic upheaval, natural disasters, technological revolutions, and personal tragedies. We grieve, question, learn, and eventually find ways to move forward. The human mind is not designed to avoid change. It is designed to adapt to it. Decades of resilience research suggest that adaptation, rather than lasting dysfunction, is the most common long-term outcome following significant adversity.(3)

This is why the question of disclosure extends far beyond proving or disproving the existence of non-human intelligence. Even if definitive answers emerge, the larger challenge will be helping individuals and societies integrate what those answers mean.

The public conversation often assumes that disclosure is primarily about information. In reality, it is also about trust, communication, resilience, and understanding. It is about whether institutions can communicate honestly during periods of uncertainty. It is about whether communities can discuss difficult topics without polarization and fear. It is about whether individuals can remain grounded while navigating questions that may not have immediate answers.

If disclosure confirms that humanity is not alone, it will undoubtedly be a historic scientific discovery. But it will also reveal something about us. It will show how we respond when confronted with a reality larger than the one we previously understood. It will demonstrate whether we retreat into fear and division or lean into curiosity, humility, and growth.

What Disclosure Ultimately Reveals

In that sense, disclosure is not merely a story about what may be out there. It is a story about who we are.

The mystery of UAP may eventually be resolved. The data will accumulate. Evidence will be evaluated. Scientific conclusions will emerge. Those questions, however significant, are ultimately finite.

The human story is not.

The lasting legacy of disclosure may not be the discovery itself, but the way humanity chooses to meet it. Our capacity for adaptation, cooperation, meaning-making, and resilience may prove just as important as any revelation that emerges.

Because, in the end, disclosure is not only about understanding a larger reality.

It is about understanding ourselves.

References

  1. Kuhn TS. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2012.
  2. Park CL. Meaning making in the context of disasters. J Clin Psychol. 2016;72(12):1234–1246. doi:10.1002/jclp.22270
  3. Bonanno GA. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol. 2004;59(1):20–28. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20

‘NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUE’? GOP lawmaker sounds off on UFO, UAP files release

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Are we witnessing the end of UFO Secrecy?

Are we witnessing the end of UFO Secrecy?

This video examines Hal Puthoff's latest statements on advanced life and the reality of managed disclosure. 
Are%20we%20witnessing%20the%20end%20of%20UFO%20Secrecy.png

In this analysis, Richard Dolan takes a close look at Puthoff's recent appearance on the Diary of a CEO podcast. He states unequivocally that the evidence for advanced non-human technology is compelling, moving the conversation beyond unexplained sightings toward acknowledged data and evidence. 
We also explore the science behind space-time metric engineering and how Einstein's theory of general relativity allows for the theoretical manipulation of space-time. This framework offers a possible explanation for the reported transmedium capabilities of unidentified submerged objects (USOs), which are said to move seamlessly between air and water. 
Finally, we examine the national security state's strategy of managed ambiguity. Why are massive document releases continually provided instead of direct evidence? We discuss what Dolan calls the "hangar test," reviewing reports surrounding legacy programs, including claims involving Lue Elizondo and the alleged 2008 attempt by Robert Bigelow to gain access to an anomalous vehicle reportedly held by Lockheed Martin. To understand the true architecture of secrecy, we may need to look beyond the paperwork.
  

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Dozens of active dust devils caught swirling across Mars canyon system

Dozens of active dust devils caught swirling across Mars canyon system

Dozens of dust devils hidden in plain sight

Dust devils galore: Mars Express visits Mamers Valles on Mars. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin

The European Space Agency's Mars Express has captured part of Mars's Mamers Valles, a fascinating valley system speckled with brief, tornado-like whirlwinds known as dust devils.

Dust devils form as parts of Mars warm in the sun, causing the air just above the surface to swirl upward and carry dust with it. Mars's dust devils are similar to those seen in dry, dusty landscapes on Earth, but far larger. They tower up to 8 kilometers (5 miles) high, rove about for kilometers at a time, and reach top speeds of 45 meters per second. They play a key role in moving dust across the planet.

Mars Express is uniquely equipped to spot these mini whirlwinds. To form a single image using its High Resolution Stereo Camera—the instrument responsible for these new snapshots—the spacecraft combines sequential views from up to nine separate camera channels (which look at Mars in a different color, from a different direction, or a mix of the two). If nothing changes on the Martian surface while these are being taken, the multiple perspectives align—but if something is moving about, it stands out clearly from its surroundings.

In this new set of images, Mars Express captures not one but dozens of active dust devils. Click on the image below to see more than 30 circled, each visible as a small yellow dot with a pinkish trailing "shadow."

The alignment and combination of Mars Express's various camera channels also allow scientists to figure out the direction and speed of Mars's dust devils. This is something scientists have done using data from both Mars Express and ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, revealing how more than 1,000 of these tornado-like storms move—and tracing how winds sweep around the planet.

Dozens of dust devils hidden in plain sight

Topographic map of Mamers Valles on Mars. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin

Canyons and channels

Mamers Valles is a vast, broken-up, labyrinthine system of canyons and valleys etched into Mars's surface. The feature was named in 1976 based on the ancient Oscan language of pre-Roman Italy, with "Mamers" meaning "Mars" and "Valles" meaning "Valley."

These channels stretch out for around 1,000 km, crossing from Mars's ancient southern highlands into the planet's northern lowlands, and in places measure up to 25 km wide and 1.2 km deep (as shown most clearly in the associated topographical map below).

Surrounding these channels are various features: steep, flat hills known as mesas, sheer cliffs, and debris-covered glaciers. These glaciers contain water ice buried beneath a cover of rock and dust, and can be seen building up at the base of the steep slopes pictured here. All of these landforms come together to form fragmented or "fretted" terrain.

Dozens of dust devils hidden in plain sight

Bird’s-eye view of Mamers Valles. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin

Patches of dark material can also be seen lining a couple of the valleys—likely volcanic sands that either formed in place or were swept in by winds.

Many of the features seen here are signs of past activity related to water, lava or ice, all of which once flowed across this terrain and carved out telltale marks.

For instance, the valley floors are marked by long ridges and textures that formed as debris-covered glaciers slid down both sides of the valley, ultimately meeting in the middle. These same icy signatures line the steep cliffs and hillsides, too. Although water ice isn't stable on Mars's surface today, it has managed to survive here because it was covered by rocky material, which has stopped it from escaping to the Martian atmosphere.

Mamers Valles

Mars Express has visited this region of Mars before, imaging the areas surrounding both Mamers Valles (2008) and the neighboring Deuteronilus Mensae (2019).

The region dates to around 3.8 billion years ago, to a part of Martian history known as the late Noachian period. This era is significant because it marks when Mars began to transition from a warmer, wetter, more geologically active world to the cold, arid one seen today.

Decades of Mars exploration

This image comes courtesy of the HRSC camera, one of eight instruments aboard Mars Express. Mars Express has been capturing and exploring Mars's many landscapes since it launched in 2003. The orbiter has mapped the planet's surface at unprecedented resolution, in color and in three dimensions for more than two decades, returning insights that have drastically changed understanding of our planetary neighbor.

Who's behind this story?

MA in English, copy editor since 2021 with experience in higher education and health content. Dedicated to trustworthy science news. Full profile →

Bachelor's in mathematical biology, Master's in creative writing. Well-traveled with unique perspectives on science and language. Full profile


Mars Orbiter Captures Active 'Dust Devils' Swirling Across Red Planet's Canyon System

NASA Captures Giant Dust Devils Moving Across Mars

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