Sodium Vapor Outgassing Explains Asteroid Phaethon’s Cometlike Activity

The 5.8-km-wide (3.6-mile) near-Earth asteroid Phaethon, which is the source of the annual Geminid meteor shower, brightens as it gets close to the Sun. The asteroid’s elongated, 524-day orbit takes it well within the orbit of Mercury, during which time the Sun heats the asteroid’s surface up to 750 degrees Celsius (1,390 degrees Fahrenheit).

“Phaethon is a curious object that gets active as it approaches the Sun,” said Dr. Joseph Masiero, a researcher at IPAC/Caltech.

“We know it’s an asteroid and the source of the Geminids. But it contains little to no ice, so we were intrigued by the possibility that sodium, which is relatively plentiful in asteroids, could be the element driving this activity.”

Dr. Masiero and his colleagues were inspired by observations of the Geminids.

When meteoroids streak through Earth’s atmosphere as meteors, they disintegrate.

But before they do, friction with the atmosphere causes the air surrounding the meteoroids to reach thousands of degrees, generating light.

The color of this light represents the elements they contain. Sodium, for example, creates an orange tinge. The Geminids are known to be low in sodium.

Until now, it was assumed that these small pieces of rock somehow lost their sodium after leaving the asteroid Phaethon.

The new study suggests that the sodium may actually play a key role in ejecting the Geminid meteoroids from the asteroid’s surface.

The researchers think that as Phaethon approaches the Sun, its sodium heats up and vaporizes.

This process would have depleted the surface of sodium long ago, but sodium within the asteroid still heats up, vaporizes, and fizzes into space through cracks and fissures in Phaethon’s outermost crust.

These jets would provide enough oomph to eject the rocky debris off its surface.

So the fizzing sodium could explain not only the asteroid’s cometlike brightening, but also how the Geminid meteoroids would be ejected from the asteroid and why they contain little sodium.

“Asteroids like Phaethon have very weak gravity, so it doesn’t take a lot of force to kick debris from the surface or dislodge rock from a fracture,” said Dr. Björn Davidsson, a researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“Our models suggest that very small quantities of sodium are all that’s needed to do this — nothing explosive, like the erupting vapor from an icy comet’s surface; it’s more of a steady fizz.”

To find out if sodium turns to vapor and vents from an asteroid’s rock, the researchers tested samples of the Allende meteorite.

The meteorite may have come from an asteroid comparable to Phaethon and belongs to a class of meteorites, called carbonaceous chondrites, that formed during the earliest days of the Solar System.

The scientists then heated chips of the meteorite to the highest temperature Phaethon would experience as it approaches the Sun.

“This temperature happens to be around the point that sodium escapes from its rocky components,” said Dr. Yang Liu, also from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“So we simulated this heating effect over the course of a ‘day’ on Phaethon — its three-hour rotation period — and, on comparing the samples’ minerals before and after our lab tests, the sodium was lost, while the other elements were left behind.”

“This suggests that the same may be happening on Phaethon and seems to agree with the results of our models.”

The study was published in the Planetary Science Journal.

Joseph R. Masiero et al. 2021. Volatility of Sodium in Carbonaceous Chondrites at Temperatures Consistent with Low-perihelion Asteroids. Planet. Sci. J 2, 165; doi: 10.3847/PSJ/ac0d02

{ http://www.sci-news.com/ }

Former UK Astronaut Suggests Alien Beings Are Here On Earth

(Arjun Walia) Dr. Helen Sharman was Britain’s first astronaut. She went to space 28 years ago and recently made headlines by stating that there is no doubt whatsoever that “All sorts of forms of life” exist in the universe, and it’s possible that “They’re here right now” and in some cases we “simply can’t see them” as they are so different to humanity.

Related 

• CIA Disclosure: Russian & Chinese “Specialists” Exchanged “Video & Photographic Materials” of UFOs – CIA Document

Source – Collective Evolution

by Arjun Walia,  

Could she have been referring to beings that exist within other dimensions? Based on my research, when it comes to the topic of UFOs and the extraterrestrial hypothesis as an explanation for some of these objects, many have hypothesized that some of these craft simply pop in and out of our existence, perhaps from another dimension.

Sharman told the Observer Magazine that “Aliens exist, there’s no two ways about it” and that “There are so many billions of stars out there in the universe that there must be all sorts of forms of life.”

The chemist spent eight days as a researcher on the space mission when she was 27, making her one of the youngest people to enter orbit.

This echoes the thoughts and feelings of the majority, if not all of the scientific community right now when it comes to contemplating life beyond our own world.

The list of astronauts around the world who have shared their belief that intelligent life exists, in abundance, elsewhere in our known universe is quite long. Some have even stated that they have been privy to evidence suggesting that we have been visited, and are being visited.

Not long ago, Bigelow Aerospace CEO Robert Bigelow said that one doesn’t have to go anywhere to find this type of life, that it’s already here…

Apollo 14’s Dr. Edgar Mitchell is a great example. He spent many years creating awareness about the UFO phenomenon, and made many incredible statements throughout his life. He claimed to be “privileged  enough to be in on the fact that we have been visited on this planet” and that “the UFO phenomenon is real.”

Book Project Stargate and Remote Viewing Technology: The CIA’s Files on Psychic Spying

His words were verified after his passing by the leak of this document.  The focal point of the document is about a meeting (and what happened after that meeting) that took place in 1997 between UFO researcher Dr. Steven Greer, Admiral Wilson, Dr. Edgar Mitchell (Apollo 14 astronaut) and other high ranking individuals within the military. This meeting was spoken about by Dr. Greer and Dr. Mitchell nearly four years prior to the leak of these documents on multiple occasions. You can learn more about this document, here.

Dr. Brian O’leary, a former astronaut and Princeton physics professor has stated that “there is abundant evidence that we are being contacted,” astronaut Story Musgrave has done the same, stating that intelligent life most certainly exists and that “they’re doing star travel, that’s how good they are.” Gordon Cooper and again,  several others have done the same. Apollo 12 astronaut Al Worden has also made some interesting comments about aliens.

All of these statements are quite out-dated, and since they’ve been made it’s been proven without a doubt that the UFO phenomenon is real. The mainstream seems to be getting more acclimatized to this fact, as objets performing maneuvers that no known air-craft can have been documented via electrooptical data, like video recordings and radar trackings, as well as high ranking testimony from hundreds trained observers.

A former Pentagon official who led a secret government program to research potential UFOs, revealed in 2017, told CNN at the time that he believes there is evidence of alien life reaching Earth, and that the UFO phenomenon is part of that evidence.

We’ve see mainstream UFO disclosure ramp up quite a bit every single year, as it continues to be legitimized by articles taking the subject seriously in media outlets like the Washington Post, and the New York Times.  It’s quite clear that something is going on.

For a deeper discussion into mainstream UFO disclosure, the motives, and more, you can refer to this article I recently published on the subject.

This subject is huge, and like I’ve said many times before, leaves no aspect of humanity untouched.

{ https://stillnessinthestorm.com/ }

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS

UFO's Just Over Head?(Two UFO Sightings)

Two strange UFO sightings starting out in Texas then our next sightings is in Washington State.

First Video Source: MUFON Case # 118980

Second Video Source: MUFON Case # 119021

Flying Humanoid Figure Filmed In The Sky Over Maryhill In Glasgow, Scotland.

Lynsey Currie and her boyfriend filmed this strange object above his flat and at first they though it could be a weather balloon but given the odd shape to this object it looks like no weather balloon we have seen. One thing is sure it that this is a UFO as it is flying over this area in Glasgow but to me the object seem to be "Humanoid" in appearance as we can see a head, arms and legs which are attached to a body.
Lynsey Currie also added " it was flying across the sky going from the northwest of Glasgow towards the southwest."
Thanks to Lynsey Currie and her boyfriend for filming this..
Source and Story: Glasgow Live

• https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/ma...
  

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

NASA, USGS Release First Landsat 9 Images

Landsat 9, a joint mission between NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) that launched Sept. 27, 2021, has collected its first light images of Earth.

Mangroves are prominent along the northwest coast of Australia. The first image collected by Landsat 9, on Oct. 31, 2021, shows mangroves clustered in protected inlets and bays on the edge of the Indian Ocean. Fluffy cumulus clouds and high-altitude cirrus clouds hover nearby. The aqua colors of the shallow near-shore waters give way to the deep, dark blues of the ocean.

Credits: NASA

The images, all acquired Oct. 31, are available online. They provide a preview of how the mission will help people manage vital natural resources and understand the impacts of climate change, adding to Landsat's unparalleled data record that spans nearly 50 years of space-based Earth observation.

"Landsat 9's first images capture critical observations about our changing planet and will advance this joint mission of NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey that provides critical data about Earth's landscapes and coastlines seen from space," said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson. "This program has the proven power to not only improve lives but also save lives. NASA will continue to work with USGS to strengthen and improve accessibility to Landsat data so decision makers in America - and around the world - better understand the devastation of the climate crisis, manage agricultural practices, preserve precious resources and respond more effectively to natural disasters."

These first light images shows Detroit, Michigan, with neighboring Lake St. Clair, the intersection of cities and beaches along a changing Florida coastline and images from Navajo Country in Arizona that will add to the wealth of data helping us monitor crop health and manage irrigation water. The new images also provided data about the changing landscapes of the Himalayas in High Mountain Asia and the coastal islands and shorelines of Northern Australia.

NEWS

This image collected by Landsat and released by NASA, shows the white sands of Pensacola Beach stand out of the Florida Panhandle of the US.

(NASA/AFP)

Landsat 9 is similar in design to its predecessor, Landsat 8, which was launched in 2013 and remains in orbit, but features several improvements. The new satellite transmits data with higher radiometric resolution back down to Earth, allowing it to detect more subtle differences, especially over darker areas like water or dense forests. For example, Landsat 9 can differentiate more than 16,000 shades of a given wavelength color; Landsat 7, the satellite being replaced, detects only 256 shades. This increased sensitivity will allow Landsat users to see much more subtle changes than ever before.

"First light is a big milestone for Landsat users - it's the first chance to really see the kind of quality that Landsat 9 provides. And they look fantastic," said Jeff Masek NASA's Landsat 9 project scientist at Goddard Space Flight Center. "When we have Landsat 9 operating in coordination with Landsat 8, it's going to be this wealth of data, allowing us to monitor changes to our home planet every eight days."

Landsat 9 carries two instruments that capture imagery: the Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2), which detects visible, near-infrared and shortwave-infrared light in nine wavelengths, and the Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2), which detects thermal radiation in two wavelengths to measure Earth's surface temperatures and its changes.

These instruments will provide Landsat 9 users with essential information about crop health, irrigation use, water quality, wildfire severity, deforestation, glacial retreat, urban expansion, and more.

"The data and images from Landsat 9 are expanding our capability to see how Earth has changed over decades", said Karen St. Germain, Earth Science Division director at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "In a changing climate, continuous and free access to Landsat data, and the other data in NASA's Earth observing fleet, helps data users, including city planners, farmers and scientists, plan for the future."

NASA's Landsat 9 team is conducting a 100-day check-out period that involves testing the satellite's systems and subsystems and calibrating its instruments in preparation for handing the mission over to USGS in January. USGS will operate Landsat 9 along with Landsat 8, and together the two satellites will collect approximately 1,500 images of Earth's surface every day, covering the globe every eight days.

"The incredible first pictures from the Landsat 9 satellite are a glimpse into the data that will help us make science-based decisions on key issues including water use, wildfire impacts, coral reef degradation, glacier and ice-shelf retreat and tropical deforestation," said USGS Acting Director Dr. David Applegate.

"This historic moment is the culmination of our long partnership with NASA on Landsat 9's development, launch and initial operations, which will better support environmental sustainability, climate change resiliency and economic growth - all while expanding an unparalleled record of Earth's changing landscapes."

{ https://www.spacedaily.com/ }

UFO expert set to make alien reports public

John Hanson, who has spent more than two decades studying UFOs, is to make his vast collection of extraterrestrial information available to the public.

A former policeman has released thousands of UFO reports to the public.

Spaceship

John Hanson has investigated extraterrestrial sightings in the UK for the past two decades and his books on UFOs were praised by the late Prince Philip.

Hanson has 25,000 reports that will go on display at the British UFO Information Office to allow the public to look at his vast collection of documents and files.

{ https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/ }

Long time Live Webcam viewer Eoin O’Faodhagain recorded another strange occurrence in Scotland’s Loch Ness. On October 19^th, he noticed a black object that emerged high out of the water on the northern side of the loch and began moving through the water. Based on the video and the distance that the webcam is from the loch, the object would have been at least a couple of feet out of the water. While it was moving down the water, it got closer to the surface and eventually went under as soon as a cruiser began getting closer.

Once the cruiser came into view on the webcam, the unexplained dark object was completely under the water. However, there was still a straight line wake on the surface which indicated that it was still very close to the surface and possibly even touching it. But when the cruiser reached the exact spot where the object was last viewed, it was totally gone so it must have been submerged a good distance down from the surface.

O’Faodhagain posted his recordings on YouTube where the first part of the video can be viewed here and part two can be seen here.

This is O’Faodhagain’s fifth sighting of the year. His first occurred on January 19^th when he witnessed a mysterious shape in the water for about 20 minutes. Three days later, he saw two unexplained objects splashing around in the water. He noticed a black shape moving up and down in the water, followed by two mysterious objects on March 12^th. And on August 22^nd, he again saw two shapes moving across the surface. There were five other webcam sightings reported by other viewers this year for a total of ten so far.

As for visitors who actually witnessed the elusive creature in person at the loch, there have been six reports so far this year that included a sonar image on August 26^th. The image, which was captured on board the “Nessie Hunter” of Loch Ness Cruises, showed a mysterious shape that was estimated to have been 3 to 4 meters in length (9.8 to 13.1 feet). All of the sightings can be viewed on The Official Loch Ness Monster Sightings Register page.

There was another interesting and very questionable sighting that included a drone camera but it hasn’t been accepted or listed on the register’s page. A camper named Richard Mavor was part of the great glen canoe challenge for Alzheimer’s Society when he decided to send his drone in the air to capture some footage of the loch for his YouTube channel and that’s when he allegedly filmed the Loch Ness Monster.

You too could find Nessie if you stop looking at the surfers and swimmers

However, not everyone is convinced that the footage is real and some have even called it out, saying that it was a toy used in a hoax. Maybe that’s why it hasn’t been accepted to The Official Loch Ness Monster Sightings Register page.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Rocky exoplanets are even STRANGER than we thought! Most nearby worlds are made of rock types that can't be found in our solar system - with some so exotic that scientists have had to create new names for them, study finds

• Scientists have identified 'exotic' rock types that do not exist in our solar system 

• These rock types are so 'strange' that they have had new names created for them

• The team based their results on telescope data from white dwarfs - former stars

By JONATHAN CHADWICK FOR MAILONLINE

Rocky planets outside our solar system, known as exoplanets, are composed of 'exotic' rock types that don't even exist in our planetary system, a study shows. 

Researchers have used telescope data to analyse white dwarfs – former stars that were once gave life just like our Sun – in an attempt to discover secrets of their former surrounding planets.  

The experts found that some exoplanets have rock types that don't exist, or just can't be found, on planets in our solar system.

These rock types are so 'strange' that the authors have had to create new names for them – including 'quartz pyroxenites' and 'periclase dunites'.

Some of these rocks would dissolve more water than rocks on Earth, which might have impacted how oceans formed on these planets prior to their demise. 

Rocky debris, the pieces of a former rocky planet that has broken up, spiral inward toward a white dwarf in this illustration. Studying the atmospheres of white dwarfs that have been 'polluted' by such debris, an NSF astronomer and a geologist have identified exotic rock types that do not exist in our solar system

The new study has been led by the NSF's NOIRLab, an astronomical research centre based in Tucson, Arizona. 

'While some exoplanets that once orbited polluted white dwarfs appear similar to Earth, most have rock types that are exotic to our solar system,' said study author astronomer Siyi Xu at NOIRLab.

'They have no direct counterparts in the solar system.' 

So far, astronomers have discovered thousands of exoplanets orbiting other stars in our galaxy.

Some 4,374 exoplanets have been confirmed in 3,234 systems since the first exoplanet discoveries in the early 1990s.

The majority of these exoplanets are gaseous, like Jupiter or Neptune, rather than terrestrial, according to NASA's online database. 

The closest exoplanet is called Proxima Centauri b, around 4.2 light years away from our Sun. 

However, it's difficult to know what exactly exoplanets are made of, or whether any resemble Earth.       

To try and find out more, astronomer Xu partnered with geologist Keith Putirka of California State University, Fresno, to study the atmospheres of what are known as polluted white dwarfs.

White dwarfs are the incredibly dense stellar remains of dead stars after they exhaust their nuclear fuel, shrunk down to roughly the size of Earth. 

They contain foreign material from planets, asteroids or other rocky bodies that once orbited the star but eventually fell into the white dwarf and 'contaminated' or 'polluted' its atmosphere. 

Roughly 98 per cent of all the stars in the universe will ultimately end up as white dwarfs, including our own Sun.   

Artistic rendering of what an exoplanet might look like, with its star in the background. So far, astronomers have discovered thousands of exoplanets orbiting other stars in our galaxy, the Milky Way

By looking for elements that wouldn't naturally exist in a white dwarf's atmosphere (anything other than hydrogen and helium), scientists can figure out what the rocky planetary objects that fell into the star were made of.

The team looked at 23 polluted white dwarfs, all within about 650 light-years of the Sun, where calcium, silicon, magnesium and iron had been detected,  using the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawai'i, the Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories.

The list of polluted white dwarfs studied included WD 1145+017, approximately 570 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Virgo.

The scientists then used the measured abundances of those elements to reconstruct the minerals and rocks that would form from them. 

They found that these white dwarfs have a much wider range of compositions than any of the inner planets in our solar system, suggesting their planets have a wider variety of rock types.   

'Some rock types might melt at much lower temperatures and produce thicker crust than Earth rocks, and some rock types might be weaker, which might facilitate the development of plate tectonics,' said Putirka.

Earlier studies of polluted white dwarfs had found elements from rocky bodies, including calcium, aluminum and lithium. 

But these are 'minor elements' (which typically make up a small part of an Earth rock), so measurements of 'major elements' (which make up a large part of an Earth rock), especially silicon, are needed to truly know what kind of rock types would have existed on those planets.

The team studied polluted white dwarfs using the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawai'i (pictured) and other observatories

High levels of magnesium and low levels of silicon measured in the white dwarfs' atmospheres suggest that the rocky debris detected likely came from the interiors of the planets, from the mantle, not their crust.

This is because high magnesium and low silicon are characteristic of Earth’s mantle composition. 

Some previous studies of polluted white dwarfs reported signs that continental crust existed on the rocky planets that once orbited those stars.

Interestingly, Putirka and Xu found no evidence of crustal rocks, although this does not completely rule out that the planets had continental crust or other crust types.

'We believe that if crustal rock exists, we are unable to see it, probably because it occurs in too small a fraction compared to the mass of other planetary components, like the core and mantle, to be measured,' said Putirka. 

The study has been published in the journal Nature Communications. 

SORRY EARTHLINGS: OUR SUN WILL BECOME A RED GIANT IN ABOUT 5 BILLION YEARS BEFORE SHRINKING DOWN TO A COMPACT WHITE DWARF

Read more:

• Polluted white dwarfs reveal exotic mantle rock types on exoplanets in our solar neighborhood | Nature Communications

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

According to new analysis, rocky planets found in other systems are much more diverse than previously thought. An astronomer named Siyi Xu from NSF’s NOIRLab and a geologist named Keith Putirka from California State University, Fresno, focused on rocky worlds that orbit nearby stars as well as “polluted” white dwarfs’ chemical compositions. Polluted white dwarfs are the collapsed dense cores that were once suns (similar to own sun). Their “contaminated” atmospheres contain materials from asteroids, planets, and other rocky worlds that orbited them at one time.

The experts were able to determine what the rocky planets were composed of by figuring out what types of foreign materials were in the atmospheres of the white dwarfs. They focused on 23 polluted white dwarfs that are all located within 650 light-years away from our sun. They used several observatories for their study that included the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawai’i, as well as data from the Hubble Space Telescope. They were able to measure the amount of calcium, magnesium, silicon, and iron in the atmospheres of the white dwarfs. Then they used their calculations to determine which types of rock could have been formed from those specific elements and measurements.

And what the scientists found was that the rocky planets contained a large amount of different types of rock. What’s even more jaw-dropping is that several of them were previously unknown rocks that have never been found in our own Solar System. In fact, Xu and Putirka had to give names to some of the odd new rock types – “quartz pyroxenites” and “periclase dunites”.

Putirka & Xu present the first estimates of rock types on exoplanets that once orbited polluted white dwarfs — stars whose atmospheric compositions record the infall of formerly orbiting planetary objects.

Image credit: NOIRLab / NSF / AURA / J. da Silva / M. Zamani & M. Kosari, NSF’s NOIRLab.

As for these exotic rocks, Putirka described them in further detail, “Some of the rock types that we see from the white dwarf data would dissolve more water than rocks on Earth and might impact how oceans are developed.” “Some rock types might melt at much lower temperatures and produce thicker crust than Earth rocks, and some rock types might be weaker, which might facilitate the development of plate tectonics.”

Another interesting discovery was that based on the large amount of magnesium and the small amount of silicon in the atmospheres of the white dwarfs, it is believed that the rocky materials probably came from the planets’ mantle instead of the crust. “We believe that if crustal rock exists, we are unable to see it, probably because it occurs in too small a fraction compared to the mass of other planetary components, like the core and mantle, to be measured,” Putirka explained.

Their study was published in Nature Communications where it can be read in full.

 { https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Triangle UFO Formation Over Rome, Italy, Nov 2, 2021, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: November 2, 2021

Location of sighting: Rome, Italy

 

An eyewitness as sitting on a train passing near Rome when they noticed three glowing lights in the sky. The lights were in a formation of a triangle which makes me think it may have been a single UFO. Some alien craft have propulsion systems that glow when warming up. Similar to the USAF TR3B, triangle UFOs have been seen for decades across Europe and most often seen in the UK and this one is closer than we have seen in many years. Undeniable proof that UFOs exist. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Glowing UFO Over Hill In Utah On Oct 30, 2021, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Oct 30, 2021
Location of sighting: Moab, Utah, USA
Source: MUFON 

 

This eyewitness accidentally caught a UFO in a photo of an area in Utah. The glowing object moved from behind a rock to get caught in a photo. Although the UFO was not seen with the naked eye, the digital eye is more perfect and captures every detail. There are many colors of the spectrum that the human eye cannot see. For instance if the UFO is cloaked in infrared then we wont be able to see it, but every camera can detect it to some degree. All the videos of UFOs released by the US government were recorded using an infrared camera to capture them in high detail. So...such cases have been documented. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states: 

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Huge flying saucer filmed over Los Angeles 2 days ago

This huge disc-shaped UFO with eight lights was filmed in the sky above Los Angeles, California on 4th November 2021. What do you think this is?

{  https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

A “door seems to open” in Antarctica and fuels all kinds of theories

Theories about the ‘Hollow Earth’ are intensifying after news that a huge entrance to Earth in Antarctica has appeared on maps.

It seems that fans of conspiracy theories have been given a new topic to discuss. Onlookers have already suggested that the structure could be an entrance to the “hollow earth” or a “military cover-up.”

The huge mystery hole located on a remote island in Antarctica has been spotted again on Google Maps, sparking much debate on social media.

The discovery, whose authenticity cannot be verified, was made by the authors of the YouTube channel ThirdPhaseFromTheMoon, who published a video showing what looks like a giant cave.

Two elements continue to intrigue the channel’s hosts: the origins of this strange entrance and its impressive size.

Using Google Maps, Blake and Brett Cousins ​​showed that the cryptic hole first appeared in 2007 only to disappear several months later.

Another detail that astonished the hosts is that such a giant structure, which is 83 meters high and 75 meters wide, did not exist in 2006.

According to the hosts, this cave could house “hundreds, if not thousands, of people”.

Speaking about the origins of this enigmatic hole, Brett Cousins ​​said that it could be the result of a natural event.

His co-host pointed out an unusual structure leading up to the entrance that looked like a staircase or some kind of access.

“It is large enough for spaceships and flying saucers or even the assets of our military to fly into this massive opening. Is this a base? There is no indication that it is a sinkhole, ”said Brett Cousins.

Social media users added even more mystery, with some suggesting that the giant structure could be an entrance to a submarine or a secret government project.

Although other users said it could just be a melt hole.

But the theory that has taken the cake is the one that defend that the structure is actually a door to the depths of the Earth.

{ https://mysteriousthing.com/ }

‘Right Wing, Red Outfit': New Details Emerge in Latest LAX ‘Jet Pack' Sighting

FAA recordings add new information to the latest of 3 reports of a person flying in a ‘jet pack’ near the approach path to LAX.

By Eric Leonard 

{ https://www.nbclosangeles.com/ }

CANDY CHAN

Is a greenhouse on Mars called… a ‘redhouse?’ While agricultural endeavors on Mars aren’t quite possible yet, scientists have made a discovery that can help us get there.

New research shows that nitrogen-fixing bacteria can help plants grow better in Mars-like soils. This finding, presented in the journal Plos One, by Franklin Harris of Colorado State University and his colleagues, increases the possibility of farming Martian regolith—a necessary achievement if humans are to set up bases on Mars for an extended period of time.

BACKGROUND: MARTIAN SOIL

While the colonization of Mars is an increasingly prevalent topic, there are plenty of reasons why it’s still a pipe dream, chief among them is the obvious incompatibility of the planet with our lifestyle as humans. If humans are to survive on Mars, we’d naturally require water and food.

Growing crops on Mars is difficult; the Martian regolith lacks essential plant nutrients and microorganisms, including nitrogen-containing molecules. On Earth, soil bacteria play a crucial role in converting—fixing—atmospheric nitrogen into molecules needed for plant growth.

This research into the performance of plant life on Mars has led scientists to several possibilities, including using hydroponic greenhouses and controlled environmental systems, like in the International Space Station, or even using advanced synthetic biology to engineer whole organisms.

The alternatives for adapting conditions for plant growth require looking to different and non-traditional sources of food, with previous research even suggesting the substitution of food with microbes.

ANALYSIS: ASTROAGRICULTURE

To examine what the introduction of nitrogen-fixing bacteria could do in the field of astroagriculture, the researchers planted clover in man-made regolith that imitated Martian soil. They inoculated some of the plants with the microbe Sinorhizobium meliloti, typically found in clover root nodules.

The experiment showed that the inoculated clover experienced 75% greater roots and shoots growth compared to the uninoculated clover. When researchers tested the soil of the inoculated clover, they found no signs of elevated NH4—a crucial nitrogen-containing molecule for plants—suggesting that the microbes helped the plant more efficiently absorb the nutrient.

This finding implies that while the symbiotic microbes boosted clover growth, they did not produce an excess of nitrogen compounds that other nearby plants could hypothetically use.

“This study shows that nodule forming bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti has been shown to nodulate in Martian regolith, significantly enhancing growth of clover (Melilotus officinalis) in a greenhouse assay,” the authors write.

“This work increases our understanding of how plant and microbe interactions will help aid efforts to terraform regolith on Mars.”

OUTLOOK: SPACE FARMING ON MARS

While this research could potentially alleviate some of the problems posed by the lack of plant nutrients on Mars, there are other hurdles scientists still need to overcome. The Martian regolith isn’t just inadequate for plant growth; it’s also toxic, containing high levels of perchlorate compounds containing chlorine.

This new research suggests that different combinations of symbiotic bacteria could help plants avoid taking in harmful molecules.

Hopefully, with the progression of astroagriculture research, future inhabitants of Mars can enjoy more than just microbes for dinner.

Candy Chan is a journalist based in New York City. She recently graduated from Barnard College with a degree in History. Follow her reporting on her Twitter @candyschan.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://thedebrief.org/ }

Chicago Woman Spots Black Object Floating in Sky, Footage Leaves UFO Watchers Stumped

Aiyana said that the object floated in the south east direction with no significant movement. She added that the shape floated few miles in around 20 minutes.

The black wishbone shape with wings ending in a sphere, which could be seen in the video, was spotted by Aiyana from her terrace.

(Representational image: Reuters)

This world has a lot of hidden secrets and unanswered questions. Strange and bizarre occurrences often put people and experts in a dilemma. Spotting of Unidentified Flying Objects or UFOs are among these events. In one such incident, a woman from Chicago was “creeped out” when she saw a weird black object floating in the sky, reported Mirror. The woman whose name is Aiyana was left in “total confusion” after spotting the strange shape. The black wishbone shape with wings ending in a sphere, which could be seen in the video, was spotted by Aiyana from her terrace. The report quoted her saying, “I literally have no idea what it was. There is nothing comparable.” She further told that the object seemed like some ball with two long strings attached to it. The strings had knob attached to them in the middle and end.

© Provided by Indiatimes

The report further quoted Aiyana and her son saying that they had no idea what they had seen. They kept seeing the object until it was no more in sight. Aiyana said that the object floated in the south east direction with no significant movement. She added that the shape floated few miles in around 20 minutes.

To seek some clarity as to what that object was, Aiyana’s friend shared the surreal footage online with UFO watchers. But instead of getting any clarification, the UFO watchers themselves got bewildered, watching the object floating so calmly above the “windy city,” the report stated.

One of the watchers said, “I've never seen a balloon just hang still in the open air like that. It should bob, even if just a little."The watcher added that this could happen only if there was absolutely no wind.

Another watcher stumped by the footage said that they had no explanation. The person said that it seemed like some object hanging from a helicopter, sans helicopter.

One of them ruled out the possibility of the object being a balloon or rooftop antenna covered by clouds.

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ALS HET AAN WETENSCHAPPERS LIGT, GAAN BACTERIËN RAKETBRANDSTOF KNUTSELEN OP MARS

Vivian Lammerse

Het eens zo bizarre idee dat we op een dag de rode planeet zouden kunnen koloniseren, krijgt nu toch steeds meer vorm.

Sinds jaar en dag wil de mensheid al naar Mars. Het idee om de onherbergzame en exotische planeet daadwerkelijk te kunnen bewonen, prikkelt de verbeelding. Toch leek het lang niet echt realistisch. Maar daar komt langzaam maar zeker verandering in. Zeker nu onderzoekers een vernuftige methode hebben bedacht om ter plekke raketbrandstof te fabriceren.

Hulpmiddelen op Mars
Zoals je je kunt voorstellen komt er een hoop bij kijken als we daadwerkelijk onze stoffige buurplaneet willen gaan bewonen. Niet alleen hebben we zuurstof, water en voedsel nodig om onszelf in leven te houden, ook raketbrandstof behoort tot het boodschappenlijstje. Want hoe kom je anders van de rode planeet weer terug op aarde? Op dit moment overweegt men methaan en vloeibare zuurstof (LOX) te gebruiken. Maar geen van beide komt van nature op Mars voor, wat betekent dat we dit vanaf de aarde zouden moeten meenemen. Dat transport is vrij prijzig; het vervoeren van de benodigde 30 ton methaan en LOX kost naar schatting zo’n 8 miljard dollar. Om deze kosten enigszins te drukken, heeft NASA voorgesteld een chemische katalyse te gebruiken om kooldioxide op Mars om te zetten in LOX. En hoewel dat op zich een prima oplossing lijkt, zou in dit geval alsnog de benodigde methaan van de aarde naar Mars moeten worden verscheept.

Oplossing
Onderzoekers hebben nu echter een betere oplossing bedacht om zowel aan LOX, als aan methaan te komen. Zo willen ze op vernuftige wijze beide stoffen uit CO2 vervaardigen; een gas dat al ruimschoots op Mars aanwezig is. Een slim plan, dat de missiekosten aanzienlijk zou kunnen drukken. “Kooldioxide is één van de weinige bronnen die op Mars beschikbaar is,” zegt onderzoeker Nick Kruyer. “Wetende dat de biologie bijzonder goed is in het omzetten van CO2 in bruikbare producten, maakt dit het goedje heel geschikt voor het vervaardigen van raketbrandstof.”

Hoe werkt het?
Op het ingrediëntenlijstje vinden we eigenlijk maar drie dingen, die allemaal al op de rode planeet te vinden zijn en dus niet in de reiskoffer mee hoeven: koolstofdioxide, zonlicht en bevroren water. Daarnaast moeten er wel twee microben naar Mars worden vervoerd. De eerste betreft cyanobacteriën (blauwalgen) die CO2 uit de atmosfeer van Mars halen en zonlicht gebruiken om suikers te maken. De tweede is een gemanipuleerde E.coli-bacterie, die de door de blauwalgen vervaardigde suikers omzet in een Mars-specifiek drijfgas. En daar kunnen vervolgens de raketten mee worden voortgestuwd.

Reactoren ter grootte van vier voetbalvelden, bedekt met cyanobacteriën, zouden op Mars raketbrandstof kunnen produceren.

Afbeelding: BOKO mobile study

WIST JE DAT…

…het Mars-specifieke drijfgas, dat 2,3-butanediol wordt genoemd, momenteel al bestaat? Dit wordt op aarde gebruikt om polymeren te maken voor de productie van rubber.

Een fijne bijkomstigheid: tijdens het proces komt er zo’n 44 ton overtollige schone zuurstof vrij. En dat komt natuurlijk handig van pas. Zo kan dit voor talloze andere doeleinden worden ingezet, zoals het ondersteunen van een heuse menselijke kolonie.

Zwaartekracht
Het betekent dat de onderzoekers een slimme manier hebben uitgevonden om raketbrandstof te maken die een retourtje naar de aarde mogelijk maakt. Dat is overigens mede te danken aan de zwaartekracht op Mars, die slechts een derde is van de aantrekking op aarde. Dit betekent dat de onderzoekers creatief konden zijn in het bedenken van mogelijke brandstoffen. “Je hebt veel minder energie nodig om op Mars op te stijgen,” legt onderzoeker Pamela Peralta-Yahya uit. “Dit gaf ons de flexibiliteit om verschillende chemicaliën te overwegen die niet bij raketlanceringen op aarde werken.”

Uitdagingen
Hoewel het een briljante oplossing lijkt, zijn er toch ook nog wat uitdagingen te overbruggen. Zo is het volledige proces aardig zwaar en zoekt het onderzoeksteam nu naar mogelijkheden om het proces lichtgewicht te maken. “Daarnaast moeten er experimenten worden uitgevoerd om aan te tonen dat blauwalgen inderdaad kunnen worden gekweekt in Mars-omstandigheden,” zegt onderzoeker Matthew Realff. “We moeten bijvoorbeeld rekening houden met het verschil in zonneschijn, zowel vanwege de afstand tot de zon als vanwege het gebrek aan atmosferische filtering van het zonlicht. Hoge ultraviolette straling kunnen de blauwalgen beschadigen.”

Al met al is er nog genoeg te doen. Maar toch is deze studie een belangrijke stap in de richting van een bewoonbare rode planeet. Het betekent dat de plannen om Mars te koloniseren, steeds meer vorm beginnen te krijgen. Het is dus niet meer de vraag of, maar wannéér we gaan.

Al eerder suggereerden onderzoekers dat microben zoals blauwalgen nodig zijn om ons verblijf op Mars een stuk aangenamer te maken. Al weten we ook dat blauwalgen niet rechtstreeks in de Martiaanse atmosfeer kunnen gedijen. Maar ook daar hebben onderzoekers een oplossing voor bedacht, zodat we deze cruciale microben toch mee kunnen nemen naar Mars. Lees het hier!

Bronmateriaal:

• "Making Martian Rocket BioFuel on Mars" - Georgia Institute of Technology
• Afbeelding bovenaan dit artikel: NASA

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Watch: Dashcam Video From Canadian Cops' UFO Sighting Surfaces Online

By Tim Binnall

An odd video said to be dashcam footage from a UFO sighting reported by police in Canada over a decade ago has surfaced online. The material allegedly comes from a case that occurred on April 24th, 2011 in the city of Selkirk, Manitoba and was obtained by the website Vice from "a government source with knowledge of the incident." The sighting in question centered around what officers described as "an unidentified bright yellow and orange light traveling west to east" at around 2:15 in the morning. The witnesses also asserted that they were familiar with conventional aircraft and insisted that the object was no such thing.

The case was apparently intriguing enough that it wound up being sent to NORAD as well as Canada's federal transportation department, which included a post about it in their Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting System (CADORS). Alas, as with so many intriguing UFO sightings, that appears to be where the official investigation ended with no clear answer as to what the mysterious craft might have been. This dead-end is reportedly what prompted Vice's source to share the video with the website after all these years. However, the origins and nature of the footage far outweigh what can be seen on screen which is, sadly, not particularly fantastic.

In the video, a glowing ball of light can be seen slowly ascending in the sky over the city of Sekirk with no response from the officers watching the scene unfold. Opinions on the decade-old footage seems to largely fall into two camps: that the object was a plane or, failing that, a lantern. The latter theory has been met with skepticism since the possibility of a solitary lantern floating over the community at that time of night seems doubtful. However, the possibility that the UFO was a plane does seem plausible considering its trajectory in the video. That said, ten years later, the true nature of the peculiar object remains a mystery. With that in mind, what's your take on the intriguing footage? Share your thoughts with us at the C2C Facebook page.

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Pilot Who Witnessed UFOs Over Florida Says What He Observed Is Not Aeronautically Possible

• A passenger on a recent Jet Blue flight says he saw three bright white UFOs in a triangle pattern flying in the opposite direction.

• The witness, who claims to be a licensed private pilot with 24 years experience, says he was “completely stunned” by what he saw that day.

• More UFO news here.

On Thursday, in news potentially related to UFOs, a NASA sponsored report by the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, stated that the search for alien life is the top priority of astronomers in the next ten years.

“The coming decades will set humanity down a path to determine whether we are alone,” the report stated.

Based on much of the recent UFO and alien news, it’s understandable why they would want to take such a hard look at the issue.

Related: 

• FedEx Pilots Film ‘Pulsating’ UFO Following Their Plane, Expert Calls It ‘A Threat To Safe Aviation’

The incident report, filed with the National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC), notes that the organization “spoke at length with the witness, and consider him to be exceptionally capable, and credible.”

It begins, “In full disclosure, I have been a licensed private pilot for 24 years, and a licensed drone pilot for 6 years. Typically when I fly commercially, I tend to book a window seat… on an exit row. On this flight, I was sitting in Row 12, window seat – exit row, on the left side of the aircraft. The jet configuration was two seats on the left, an aisle, and two seats on the right.”

The witness goes on to state that at approximately 12:35 p.m. they had just entered the “pattern” for landing at Jacksonville International Airport, heading due west at approximately 2,800 feet in the air, traveling at roughly 240 MPH. Visibility was very clear.

“Flying over this part of the pattern is a thick, heavy forest. In August, the leaves on the trees are very dark green,” the witness continued.

“As I looked out the window, facing west, I saw three bright white objects flying in the opposite direction. I didn’t know what they were.”

The witness says the UFOs he saw were definitely not birds or drones.

“As they got closer, they were three long cylindrical objects. They were in a triangle pattern. They were roughly 75 feet to 150 feet above the tree line. I was above the objects. I was completely stunned what I saw. It was crystal clear and their white fuselage stuck out against the dark tree line.

“I could clearly see these ‘aircraft’. They were all white, I am guessing about the size of 2 or 3 cars (20 to 25 feet long)… maybe a bit longer. The width was about as wide as a car. They clearly had a rounded front fuselage, and a rounded rear – everything looked completely smooth. All three were the exact same size – and they were flying in a perfect triangle. These three had NO wings, NO rotors (blades), and absolutely NO exhaust. I could not see any windows.”

This UFO encounter reportedly lasted 10 to 15 seconds as once the objects flew past his Jet Blue flight they were out of his field of vision.

“I was completely stunned! After the flight, the captain of our plane was standing in the aisle outside of the cockpit. I stopped and asked him if he noticed anything on radar right before he turned the base leg. He said he did not notice anything.

“As I got into my vehicle, I was so upset that I pulled over and contacted the Jacksonville Control Tower. They took my information, and took a report. I told two people in the control tower what I saw.”

The witness says he also contacted Naval Station Mayport and left two messages, one with a Lieutenant of Air Operations.

“To say that I am upset with what I saw is an understatement,” the witness added. “Aeronautically speaking, what I observed is not possible. BUT I SAW IT!”

Of this there is little doubt as sightings such as this has been happening for decades and with more and more frequency of late.

• [Top image: Four brightly glowing, unidentified objects appeared in the sky at 9:35 a.m. on July 15, 1952 over a parking lot.]

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