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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES

UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
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Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie! Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek! België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch. Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen! Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie. Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen. Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek! Blijf Op De Hoogte! Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren! Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.

Berichten van 1 mei 2020 tot 31 mei 2020

Puzzling Massive Star System Greater Than Any Ever Observed in Galaxy

Puzzling Massive Star System Greater Than Any Ever Observed in Galaxy

Earlier this year, an international team of scientists announced the second detection of a gravitational-wave signal from the collision of two neutron stars. The event, called GW190425, is puzzling: the combined mass of the two neutron stars is greater than any other observed binary neutron star system. The combined mass is 3.4 times the mass of our Sun.
 
Artist's impression of a binary neutron star merger.
Artist’s rendition of a binary neutron star merger.
Image credit: National Science Foundation/LIGO/Sonoma State University/A. Simonnet.

A neutron star binary this massive has never been seen in our Galaxy, and scientists have been mystified by how it could have formed—until now. A team of astrophysicists from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav) think they might have the answer.

Binary neutron stars emit gravitational waves—ripples in space-time— as they orbit each other, and scientists can detect these waves when the neutron stars merge. The gravitational waves contain information about the neutron stars, including their masses.

The gravitational waves from cosmic event GW190425 tell of a neutron star binary more massive than any neutron star binary previously observed, either through radio-wave or gravitational-wave astronomy. A recent study led by OzGrav PhD student Isobel Romero-Shaw from Monash University proposes a formation channel that explains both the high mass of this binary and the fact that similar systems aren’t observed with traditional radio astronomy techniques.

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Carl Knox, ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav)

Romero-Shaw explains: ‘We propose that GW190425 formed through a process called ‘unstable case BB mass transfer’, a procedure that was originally defined in 1981. It starts with a neutron star which has a stellar partner: a helium (He) star with a carbon-oxygen (CO) core. If the helium part of the star expands far enough to engulf the neutron star, this helium cloud ends up pushing the binary closer together before it dissipates. The carbon-oxygen core of the star then explodes in a supernova and collapses to a neutron star’.

Binary neutron stars that form in this way can be significantly more massive than those observed through radio waves. They also merge very fast following the supernova explosion, making them unlikely to be captured in radio astronomy surveys.

Simulation of the binary neutron star coalescence GW190425 This movie shows a numerical simulation representing the binary neutron star coalescence and merger which resulted in the detected gravitational-wave event GW190425. The two neutron stars shown here have properties consistent with the detection made by the Advanced LIGO/Virgo detectors.   

Credit: Numerical Relativity Simulation: T. Dietrich (Nikhef), Wolfgang Tichy (Florida Atlantic University) and the CoRe-collaboration Scientific Visualization: T. Dietrich (Nikhef), S. Ossokine, and A. Buonanno (Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)

‘Our study points out that the process of unstable case BB mass transfer could be how the massive star system formed,’ says Romero-Shaw.

The OzGrav researchers also used a recently-developed technique to measure the eccentricity of the binary—how much the star system’s orbital shape deviates from a circle. Their findings are consistent with unstable case BB mass transfer.

Current ground-based gravitational-wave detectors aren’t sensitive enough to precisely measure the eccentricity; however, future detectors—like space-based detector LISA, due for launch in 2034—will allow scientists to make more accurate conclusions.

Contacts and sources:

  • ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav)

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US Government Accidentally Releases Electromagnetic Mind Control Documents In FOIA Request

US Government Accidentally Releases Electromagnetic Mind Control Documents In FOIA Request

De bronafbeelding bekijken

Published 2 years ago on April 24, 2018

By Richard Enos

When researcher Curtis Waltman of the website Muckrock received files resulting from his Freedom of Information Act request on Antifa and white supremacist groups from the Washington State Fusion Center, he got a little more than he had bargained for: an unrelated zip file entitled “EM effects on human body.”

Within the file were three diagrams that present information on Electromagnetic weapons targeting the human body and brain. The first diagram, more specifically entitled Psycho-Electronic Weapon Effects seems to detail the potential use of such weapons, focusing on both mind control and physical discomfort.

EM-effects-on-human-body-1-3.gif

This next diagram indicates different processes by which electromagnetic mind control could be employed through mobile phone networks or more locally from the ground or from the air by targeting specific individuals  with psychotronic weapons. Different frequencies are described to be able to impact different areas of the brain.

9RNM-1-3.jpg

This third schema speaks more about the mapping of human brain wave frequencies, and mentions that each human body has a unique bio-electomagnetic field, which, presumably, would give users of advanced technologies the ability to locate any individual in the world based on this signature, allowing them to directly target those individuals with psychotronic weapons.

2RNM-1-3.jpg

These diagrams appear to be presentation documents coming from different sources, potentially being used as data points in discussions on how to research and develop psychotronic weapons. These documents do not reveal, in the way of Wikileaks, what shadow government agencies like the NSA have done or are capable of.

Curiously, some of these images appear in an article in Nexus magazine describing a 1992 lawsuit brought by  John St. Clair Akewi against the NSA. Akewi claimed that the NSA had the “ability to assassinate US citizens covertly or run covert psychological control operations to cause subjects to be diagnosed with ill mental health,” and was documenting their alleged methods.

Down the Rabbit Hole

For those able to follow it from there, the trail to this article leads down a rabbit hole of information and resources that describe various aspects of the mind control efforts on ‘targeted individuals’ by Deep State agencies. While the secret capabilities of such agencies has been among the most closely guarded information around, the likes of Edward Snowdon have helped us awaken to their existence.

What can we make of this particular ‘drop’ of information pertaining to mind control capabilities, though? As Waltman notes,

It’s entirely unclear how this ended up in this release. It could have been meant for another release, it could have been gathered for an upcoming WSFC report, or it could even be from the personal files of an intelligence officer that somehow got mixed up in the release. A call to the WSFC went unreturned as of press time, so until we hear back, their presence remains a mystery.

The only possibility that Waltman doesn’t cover, is that this file was released to him intentionally, by an operator who wanted to proliferate this information to new sets of eyes, and be part of the the disclosure of hidden information the public needs to know about. Unlikely? Perhaps, but far stranger things have happened.

Source: 

Source: 

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 23:52 Stuur door

The Elite Reptilian Aliens and High Velocity UFOs

The Elite Reptilian Aliens and High Velocity UFOs

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Documentary – Is the world being controlled by a group of Elite Reptilian Shape Shifters? Do they watch us from above and monitor our every move? Sounds rediculous, but there is some growing evidence to suggest, something is most certainly going on!

High Velocity UFOs and the Elite Reptilian Aliens…The Watchers!

Featuring Chris Turner, Richard Bruce,James Bartley, Simon Parkes, David Icke, Bill Ryan Film by Chris Turner Productions

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Geschreven door peter om 23:35 Stuur door

Giant Alien Skull Found On Mars, 1/2 Meter Long! Photos, UFO Sighting World News.

Giant Alien Skull Found On Mars, 1/2 Meter Long! Photos, UFO Sighting World News.

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Date of discovery: May 18, 2020
Location of discovery: Mars
Source photo: 
Searching through Mars photos for details and artifacts that NASA has missed is very fun. I am really surprised most people never try and thus never truly believe its possible. It does take time and an attention to detail, but trust me...you can do it too. 
 
Today I found an alien skull. Its a large skull about half a meter across and has fierce looking long teeth. The jaw area is larger than humans and indicates that it probably had a thick neck area. I have to admit I have found a lot of faces, but this one...is unique and unlike the others. It doesn't look like a sculpture, but more like a fossilized skull. Such things could still remain on Mars if minerals have fossilized it. 
Scott C. Waring 
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Videos, selected by peter2011

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

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Mysterious Jellyfish Object In Space On Sky-Map, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Mysterious Jellyfish Object In Space On Sky-Map, Video, UFO Sighting News.

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Date of sighting: May 18, 2020
Location of sighting: Sky-Map.org
Exact location:
Here is something I have never seen before, a glob of long tendrils...like a giant space jellyfish. I believe it may be a biomechanical space station...a living space station. It just makes sense that aliens might be lazy and depended on technology to do everything and growing some ships or space stations would be much less trouble for them. This is something that really doesn't fit in with any of its surrounding. And yet its in high detail, semi transparent or cloaked and massive in size. I sure would like to see NASA explain this one. 
Scott C. Waring 
Pulsar in Jellyfish Nebula
New observations suggest that a pulsar embedded deep within the Jellyfish Nebula may have formed at the same time; both remnants of an ancient supernova blast.
(Image: © Wide Field Optical: Focal Pointe Observatory/B.Franke, Inset: X-ray: NASA/CXC /MSFC/D.Swartz et al, Inset: Optical: DSS, SARA)

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Black Disk UFO Shoots Over Bristol, UK May 17, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Black Disk UFO Shoots Over Bristol, UK May 17, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

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Date of sighting: March 17, 2020
Location of sighting: Bristol, UK
Source: MUFON #108909

Here is some great photos of a UFO shooting into the sky from Bristol, UK. Its a fantastic example of how UFOs can make clouds! Sometimes UFOs do come down to visit and explore while a lockdown is in place in the UK. Maybe someone saw it or frightened it an it shot upward into the sky leaving a smokey trail. As the recent UFO video in infrared released by the US Navy shows a UFO and how it does make clouds behind it when it wont too. For instance below is a video clip of that US Navy UFO making a cloud. 

Scott C. Waring

Eyewitness states: 

It was 9:18 on 17 March 2020. We were in lockdown due to the Coranavirus pandemic. Bristol airport was only receiving 2 flights a day from Dublin. I know this because my wife is an immigration and customs official at the airport. In normal times planes and chemical trails across the sky would be commonplace. In 2019 we had a loft extension. This is now our bedroom and we have some fantastic views over the city. On the 17th May I looked out our west facing skylight window and saw this strange line going up vertically near a block of flats. I showed my wife the line, then as she stepped away I caught a glimpse of a black domed saucer like object sitting just above what I assumed was chemical trails. I called my wife. When my wife came back then object had reached the clouds and continued up. Oddly in the darker clouds the chem trails seemed to be lighter as it went up. The movement of the object was pulse like, it spurted for a distance, then slowed, then spurted again. This seemed to be the pattern of propulsion. It was vertical, so not similar to the aircraft that would normally fly over horizontally. 

I instantly checked the Flight Radar App. No planes were flying in the area due to lockdown apart from a flight which was at Bristol airport from Dublin. I then checked my Night Sky App which wasn’t showing any abnormalities. Around an hour later Venus became visible slightly to the right. I had been watching Venus move across the West for the last 3 months, so was very familiar. The night was still, cool 11c, no smell, although out of range, no sound. No military vehicles were near by on flight radar and no known rocket launches in Cardiff, Portishead or Bristol because rocket launches don’t happen in the UK. A drone seemed unlikely given the chem trails. 

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Geschreven door peter om 22:17 Stuur door

Fleet of UFOs flying past the ISS at an incredible speed

Fleet of UFOs flying past the ISS at an incredible speed

The footage you will see is not something that normally happens during the sunrise as seen from the International Space Station live feed. 
ufo-fleet-iss-nasa.jpg

Willease who spotted the fleet on the ISS live stream was shocked when he saw it, but being a skeptic he checked all the sunrises thus far today and none of them show what this one does. 
As we have reported before, a first and a second wave of UFOs appeared in February through the first weeks of April and now the International Space Station live cam captured again a massive fleet of Unidentified Flying Objects flying past the ISS at an incredible speed on May 18, 2020. 
As said before, it is of course difficult to determine what the reason could be for the displacements of all these UFOs, but it may be an indication that something is going on in space that forces all these UFOs to move to other locations.

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 21:32 Stuur door

UFOs in triangle formation Zarco & Mina, Mexico 10-Mar-2020

UFOs in triangle formation Zarco & Mina, Mexico 10-Mar-2020

triangle-ufo-2020

The denizens of the cities of Zarco and Mina in Mexico came out of their houses and took to the streets to witness a very strange and bizarre sighting, which happened to be that of a UFO or so what the viewers called it.

The three very bright dots of light hovering above the deserted forest, which was behind their residential complex certainly befuddled the crowd that was witnessing such an outlandish event from the streets right across their houses. In one of the recording, the triangular UFO could clearly be seen orienting itself in the space and trying to rotate from the horizontal stance to take up a vertical stance.

When the UFO finished aligning itself in the vertical plane, the residents were awed to witness a sudden appearance of a fourth dot of light. One theory concocted by the viewers says that the fourth dot of light may indicate an extended flank or tail of the spacecraft. The critics of this former theory refute it saying that the bigger triangular UFO was trying to rescue a smaller spaceship that had fallen into the woods and that the fourth light belonged to that dysfunctional UFO. All in all, it seemed like a rescue operation.

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Flash of lights from unknown source sighted at night in Washington could point to the appearance of spaceships

Flash of lights from unknown source sighted at night in Washington could point to the appearance of spaceships

Washington-triangle.png

A strange and cosmical incident was recorded in the American capital city (Washington) on 20th March 2020. It was the time of night when an onlooker saw a flash of lights emanating from the field spread out to his left and then that flash of lights started rising slowly into the sky.

Initially only two lights could be seen, but as the object gained a little height, a third light also became visible. One could say, at first glance, that these flash of lights formed part of a single unidentified object, but as soon as the distance between the flashing lights started increasing as the UFO gained some altitude, the former theory was scrapped and it was considered that the lights may represent three different UFOs. The lights could be emanating from the thrusters that help the spaceships to stay afloat and alter their orientation.

This theory was reinforced when after flying for about a few minutes, one of the lights grew a lot brighter than the other and UFOs simultaneously happened to change their orientation with respect to one another, indicating that the alien pilot decreased the intensity of one thrusted as compared to other to may sort of take a turn or to alter the spaceships orientation.

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Geschreven door peter om 20:49 Stuur door

ORBS Were Just the Beginning

ORBS Were Just the Beginning

  • This article was published in New Dawn Special Issue Vol 8 No 4 (August 2014)

The development of the digital camera has led to an upsurge in the number of people capturing the objects now known as ‘Orbs’, with much speculation as to exactly what they really are: simple digital camera image processing ‘errors’ or manifestations of other worldly ‘spirit’ forms. 

Studies have shown that some of the objects captured by the digital cameras are, indeed, modified images of dust, water droplets or other fine particulate matter. But this does not explain the large number of Orbs appearing that seem to ‘interact’ with human activities, nor does that apply to the various other forms that appear, often to the naked eye as well as the cameras lens and CCD imaging circuitry. 

There are cases of ‘plasma’ clouds, wraith-like and ‘ghostly’ torus or doughnut shapes, as well as elongated ‘light rods’ and strange fairy-like ‘winged things’. None of these can be satisfactorily explained by the critics or any scientific dynamic. 

Anomalous lights of varying types have been known for millennia. Tomb paintings, medieval murals, native art and legend have shown the existence of many strange phenomena. Early cameras, using the old silver halide emulsion systems, occasionally captured these phenomena, often referred to as ‘Earth lights’. Occultists, shamans and sensitives have all ‘seen’ these. 

There may well be a relationship between Earth energies and these lights. Recent research by the British ‘Dragon Project’ team (www.dragonprojecttrust.org) into the energies ambient at sacred sites, henges, stone circles and menhirs etc, with magnetometers, geiger counters and gravitometers, as well as the cooperation of accredited dowsers and psychics, showed that all the sites had magnetic anomalies, increased ionizing radiation levels, often with associated mind-altering effects upon many humans exposed to their energy. Many of the sites were on, or near, fault lines, most of the stones were of types high in quartz (silica) which is prone to piezoelectric effects causing electrical discharges, often appearing as light phenomena, sometimes before or during tectonic events such as earthquakes! 

The externally visible ‘optical’ effects are also often accompanied by (or alternatively) ‘internal’ cerebral effects of flashing lights and in some cases ‘full on’ hallucinations of various types, a fact no doubt known to the ancient people who built and worshipped at these sites. It is well known that humans have deposits of ‘magnetite’ compounds sensitive to magnetic field strengths within the brain, one such at the ethmoid sinuses, making humans as susceptible to magnetic anomalies as birds and other animals. 

It is also postulated that such sites could function as ‘stargates’ or portals to other dimensions, from whence ‘entities’ could enter our reality that are usually only seen by a few ‘sensitives’ or under certain sets of rare suitable conditions, i.e. higher than normal radiation or magnetic field variations of a local nature.

This ties in with current scientific work into what has become known as ‘string theory’, which postulates that minute, subatomic ‘strings’ of energy permeate the various multiple dimensions that are now believed to exist. These ‘strings’ of energy are believed able to penetrate the ‘membrane’ or ‘veil’ between the dimensions, and (probable) parallel universes. 

So presuming we do have multiple dimensions and universes, it may well be that under certain circumstances energies, or ‘entities’, pass through ‘the veil’ and briefly manifest themselves in our reality! This then would seem to prove what occultists have believed for years – there is a ‘veil’ between this world and the next, and that it can be parted at certain times under certain conditions, like at the times celebrated by our pagan ancestors, the special ‘magical’ times e.g. Beltaine. 

Quantum physics has also shown that if a ‘particle’ be divided and part thereof removed, no matter how far removed, something done to the one part is mirrored in the reaction of the other part! This then would lend veracity to the magical concept that a person, or thing, may be influenced at a distance by certain actions, usually of a ritual nature, by a ‘shaman’, witch or other practitioner. 

As light phenomena have been observed and recorded for millennia in tomb paintings, medieval frescos, etc, obviously ‘things’ have been seen and recorded. Occasionally, with the advent of photography, even ‘old fashioned’ film cameras captured strange light phenomena. But with the advent of the CCD digital camera and its greater spectral sensitivity, capturing wavelengths well into the infrared, there has been a great upsurge in photographs of various phenomena, and ensuing debate as to their true nature. 

Many people also can actually see, albeit briefly, Orbs and related manifestations. The writer and others have personally, at times, seen these things, but mostly it is via the modern digital still and video camera that their presence is observed. 

Detractors have asserted that Orbs (etc) are merely the result of the way the CCD circuitry in the digital cameras ‘misinterprets’ water droplets or particulate matter in the atmosphere, but this does not explain many of the phenomena, such as the ‘winged things’ or ‘light rods’. True, there are effects (false orbs), due to water droplets & dust, but they do not have the same internal ‘structure’ of real Orbs, nor do they ‘interact’ with humans as ‘real’ Orbs seem to. Orbs are known to attend occult activities, seances, festivals, love making and many human activities with a high ‘energy’ output. Perhaps they are ‘energy feeders’? 

Orbs surround the author as he works his blacksmiths forge.

Hundreds of Orbs seen moving near the author’s house.

The Experiments

To this end, a series of experiments was undertaken to gain an insight and to see if ‘Orbs’ could be persuaded to appear upon ‘request’. At several occult ritual occasions, wearing black robes to observe any ‘fallout’ of dust, etc, quantities of dust, talcum powder & wood ash were thrown into the air as well as quantities of fine water droplets were sprayed from an atomiser around the area of the proposed tests. A digital video camera was set running on the infrared ‘night vision’ setting as well as having a digital still camera on hand. The area had been ‘dowsed’ with both a crystal pendulum and rods of iron showing the chosen area to be on an ‘energy spot’. A radiation detection meter was activated to measure ionizing radiation levels. 

The results showed there was an increase in radiation above normal average background levels, a magnetic compass showed deflection. The number of Orbs filmed was quite large in every case, whilst there was little appreciable ‘fallout’ on the black robes, and the dust, etc, barely showed up on the films and photos thus indicating it was not forming the Orbs. 

Another interesting fact has been observed in that when a magical ritual is performed ‘sky clad’ (naked), and an ‘Orb’ actually comes in contact with the operator’s bare skin, an electrical ‘tingling’ sensation is felt, like the effect one gets if holding a hand near a TV screen. This effect has been noted by several persons of my acquaintance who are active occultists and may be worthy of further investigation. 

In the USA some have claimed Orbs have ‘healing effects’. I have had a minor indication of this possibility when, in connection with my occult activities, I was working a small blacksmiths forge, outdoors, on a full moon making a witches ritual ‘athame’ by a ritual method (‘skyclad’ of course). An old shoulder injury was troubling me as I worked the small bellows till I felt a ‘tingling’ on my shoulder. I asked my wife to take a photo and ‘lo’ there was an Orb sitting on my shoulder! The pain faded rapidly and did not return until many hours later, after the work had ended! Hmm? 

This area lies over a quartz reef with an adjacent fault line which may be instrumental in the appearance of several other energy entities we have encountered over the years around the house, workshop and ritual circle (of mostly white and crystalline quartz stones). 

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Orbs, Winged Things & Light Rods

Besides Orbs, fairy-like winged things have been photographed.

At least six of the fairy-like winged things fly close to the author’s wife.

Besides multitudinous ‘Orbs’, we have been visited by the following: ‘Winged things’ (fairies?) either singly, or in small groups, definite ‘winged’ things of almost ‘lepidopteric’ (moth/butterfly) form have been photographed around the garden, at the ‘circle’ and near the ‘fault line’. They seem to have been greatly attracted to my wife! We checked to ascertain there were no moths or other insects, which, anyway, looked different on the photos, as we later took control shots of moths etc. 

One of the Light Rods that are often photographed with standard Orbs.

Another Light Rod. They can also appear to the naked eye.

‘Light Rods’: there were several types of ‘light rods’ observed and photographed. These appear to the naked eye at times, and often ‘hang about’ for several minutes, even coming close to people as if ‘interested’! The main type is a short mostly ‘bluish’ rod, with a notedly ‘striated’ body, a definite groove or ‘cannelure’ at its rear-end usually trailing a row of ‘Orbs’ behind, like an ‘exhaust’. Could it be that this is how Orbs travel? An interdimensional ‘mother ship’? There is also a rarer type which is a golden/yellow colour, it follows the blue one, mating?? Maybe the golden rods are of a different ‘polarity’ to the blue, or even of a different ‘race’? 

Interestingly, if one looks at photos of the Orbs that ‘flow’ from the Rods, the internal markings on these Orbs seem to match the striations on the Rods, as if they were, in fact, ‘sections’ or slices of the Rods! Another Rod formation is mainly longer, thinner and ‘spindle shaped’ similar in form to some photographed by the authors of Beyond Photography: Encounters with Orbs, Angels and Light Forms by John Pickering & Katie Hall. These are not as common as the short Rods, but often come with a ‘bang’. I photographed the ‘arrival’ of one of these ‘spindle shaped Rods’ when photographing Orbs near the wife’s pony. I noticed a small glowing spot in the air, a few feet above ground level, quite near me. It ‘hovered’ for a few seconds, and I got a shot of it, which on later inspection proved to be a number of coloured ‘doughnuts’ each a mini-torus. Then, with an audible ‘electric’ crack, it transformed into the long thin spindle shape, which I also photographed as it zoomed over the horse and into the sky. Similar types have appeared from time to time, some quite lengthy. 

At times we have had strange ‘Plasma’ (?) clouds appear which turn into groups of Orbs, occasionally forming a ‘torus’ of Orbs, before dissipating, raising the possibility of an ‘Orb’ stargate via the ‘torus’ formation. On several occasions we have also photographed what appeared to be the appearance of a person’s ‘other self’ (astral body?) which has been known to many cultures. Certainly a spirit-like doppelganger was captured behind the subject of the photograph during a ritual activity. The camera used in this, and all the other photography, was a very basic digital with no capacity for double exposure or any form of image manipulation. Therefore, it would seem that we are at the reception point of various ‘entities’ of spiritual or interdimensional form. 

As an experienced occultist, of over fifty years experience, I have seen many things and am inclined to believe that these visiting entities are ‘aware’ and represent some kind of intelligence, whether ‘spiritual’ or ‘alien’! 

The Quartz/Silica Connection

There is a related factor in the phenomena, that of the existence of high concentrations of quartz in this area. Dowsing reveals many ‘high energy’ spots. Using dowsing rods of antique Victorian era wrought iron, which itself has a silica (quartz is a silica) content, produces better results than those of modern steel. That silica is a factor is borne out by the fact that silica (chips) are used in your computer, phone, and various devices. It was thought that ‘stones have memory’. Most of the old standing stones and circles were of quartz, or siliceous rock, and were noted for their effect upon sensitive persons, such as hallucinations or similar mind altering states. The Australian aborigines venerated crystalline quartz, equating it with the ‘rainbow serpent’ of their Dreamtime. Medicine men were known to insert quartz crystals into the bodies of would be initiates! As our planet is very largely composed of silica, in one form or another, could it be that the ‘gaia’ concept of our planet being ‘alive’ is true?

Interestingly the properties of silica, beside computer chips, have been investigated and it is postulated that indeed there could be actual life forms based not on the carbon cycle, as we are, but on a silica mode, which does indeed lend weight to the living planet concept!  

In my years of work as a blacksmith, I have been called upon to forge many blades and other ritual items for witches, etc, by following ancient techniques, making such blades from high silica content wrought iron, which I have often smelted myself from the iron ore. It was believed that blades made by the ancient ‘pattern welding’ process had certain ‘magical properties’ and acted as ‘psychic amplifiers’ to ‘sensitives’. Hence the old legends of ‘magical blades’ such as Excalibur could indeed have some truth in them, as yet undiscovered by science. Certainly blades that have been ‘ritually’ forged, incorporating silica threads, have been found to be of a more ‘magical’ quality than similar commercially produced examples, according to ‘customer feedback’ on the examples I have produced over the years for occultists and witches. 

Finally, an interesting parallel to the mystery is that recently a Canadian TV station operator, Martyn Stubbs, used certain high tech processes to decode NASA space TV transmissions and found that not only ‘Orb’ like things were being filmed in space, but that ‘Light Rod’ like entities were turning up both inside and outside the space station! These elongated Light Rods were similar to the ‘spindle shaped’ ones I had captured in my photographs, albeit smaller versions, so it would seem that the Orbs and Light Rods are all pervading throughout the universe, possible travellers in Space/Time, possible intelligences of multidimensional capability. 

Should we not make every effort to investigate these phenomena which would seem to be interconnected on both material and non-material levels? It would seem science is, indirectly, lending veracity to many of the ancient mystical and occult truths known to the wise. 

This article was published in New Dawn Special Issue Vol 8 No 4.
If you appreciate this article, please consider a contribution to help maintain this website.

Further Reading 

  • Beyond Photography: Encounters with Orbs, Angels and Light Forms by John Pickering & Katie Hall 
  • The Orb Project by Miceal Ledwith & Klaus Heinemann
  • Places of Power: Measuring the Secret Energy of Ancient Sites by Paul Devereux 
  • Secrets In The Fields: The Science And Mysticism Of Crop Circles by Freddy Silva 
  • The Power of the Pendulum by T.C. Lethbridge

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Live or Let Die: Do We Want A Transhuman Future?

Live or Let Die: Do We Want A Transhuman Future?

Here’s an interesting surmise for us all. Could it be that the alien phenomenon witnessed by so many reliable observers is the product of a technology developed at other locations in the universe and created by civilisations only a few small steps ahead of what we ourselves are now heading for? Could it be that the Grey entities reported in abduction scenarios are artificially intelligent probes sent to harvest information and gather resources by their creators who may themselves no longer be around to reap the benefits of their creation? Further, could it be that such artificial intelligence quite incidentally became a danger to naturally living intelligent life through its quest to relentlessly expand the horizons of its information.

That was my suggestion in my first book The Song of the Greys, published in 1997. Several mainstream scientists now back this hypothesis and in this article I will catalogue their affirmation and illustrate my further suggestion that we too are heading in the same direction and our own version of the Grey alien is not so far around the corner. Let’s take a look at what they are saying.

First, recent evidence suggests that the existence of alien life forms in the universe is now beyond reasonable dispute. In January 2012 a report was published in Nature suggesting that around 10 billion stars out of the 100 billion that fill the Milky Way have planets in the habitable – or ‘Goldilocks’ – zone.1
Professor Stephen Hawking and Professor Michio Kaku had already stated their opinion that alien life is highly likely to exist but they take that one step further and suggest it is also highly likely to be predatory. Hawking postulates that aliens might simply raid Earth for its resources and then move on: “We only have to look at ourselves to see how intelligent life might develop into something we wouldn’t want to meet. I imagine they might exist in massive ships, having used up all the resources from their home planet. Such advanced aliens would perhaps become nomads, looking to conquer and colonise whatever planets they can reach.”2

In 2010 eminent scientists called for a world plan to deal with this potential threat. According to an extraterrestrial-themed edition of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society published in January 2010, world governments should prepare a co-ordinated action plan in case Earth is contacted by aliens.3

And what of the nature of those intelligent aliens? Well even SETI (the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) is going through a process of realising that if within a few hundred years of inventing radio we are on the point of inventing thinking machines then the likelihood is that other civilisations from other planets would have done the same. Seth Shostak of SETI says that as machines appear to be the successors to natural life, we would be more likely to spot signals from them than from the “biological” life that invented them.4

These are sober scientists discussing a potentially devastating threat, not new agers or fringe conspiracy theorists. But hang on a minute, who said ‘potential threat?’ Why is there no recognizance of the solid evidence that alien life is here already?

On 27 September 2010 a press conference was held at the National Press Club in Washington, where now retired high ranking US Air Force personnel, mostly officers who worked on secret projects connected to sensitive nuclear weapons sites, admitted they were privy to UFO and alien-related incidents that occurred during their time of service. Robert Salas, Charles Halt, Robert Hastings, Bruce Fenstermacher, Dwynne Arnesson, Patrick McDonough, Jerome Nelson, and Robert Jamison (all of them ex-USAF officers) told the assembled newsmen of incidents that took place at Malmstrom AFB in Montana, as well as many other Air Force bases across the United States and Europe wherein flying saucers (some shaped like “pregnant cigars”) had hovered to direct laser beams downward over Minuteman missile silos or nuclear weapons depots regularly (and repeatedly) from the 1960s through the 1970s and 80s.5

So on to my next suggestion. Is our civilisation heading in the same direction as the original creators of the artificially intelligent probe from an extraterrestrial source that we have encountered? Further, could the drive behind our momentum in that direction be a result of that same artificial intelligence? Could our species be in the process of being networked in to an artificially intelligent program that is not of our own making?


The Progress of Artificial Intelligence

Let’s now take a look at current progress in the field of artificial intelligence and into the development of a biological-machine interface designed to connect us in to a network of electronically coded information.

The Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER) has been co-launched at Cambridge University by Lord Rees, the astronomer royal of the United Kingdom and one of the world’s top cosmologists for leading academics to study the threat that robots pose to humanity. He suggests that if SS officers could kill babies routinely because of an adjustment in the society from which they sprang in the form of Nazism, artificially intelligent machines would be even more adjusted away from human social norms, however we programmed them.6

That risk has become startlingly apparent in recent months. A new global campaign to persuade nations to ban “killer robots” before they reach the production stage is soon to be launched in the UK by a group of academics, pressure groups and Nobel peace prize laureates.

Robot warfare and autonomous weapons, the next step from unmanned drones, are already being worked on by scientists and will be available within the decade, said Dr. Noel Sharkey, a leading robotics and artificial intelligence expert and professor at Sheffield University. He believes that development of the weapons is taking place in an effectively unregulated environment, with little attention being paid to moral implications and international law. Dr. Sharkey suggests the idea that autonomous machines would perform more accurately and humanely on the battlefield was “hopeware, not software.” “It’s about human judgment in the application of lethal force,” said Sharkey. “I can’t see any way that a computer system can apply to the laws of war.”7 If a soldier is trying to surrender for example or is badly injured and can fight no more a robot will be unable to discern this and will continue to go for the kill.

So from the dangers of artificially intelligent machines we move on to developments designed to interface our biology with artificial intelligence. Russian tech entrepreneur Dmitry Itskov’s ‘2045 Initiative’ is a multi-decade research and development push to understand human consciousness and ultimately how to transfer it from human bodies into robotic avatars. In an interview with CNBC, Itskov expands on his vision of mass producing “lifelike, low cost avatars that can be uploaded with the contents of a human brain” to provide humanity with “eternal life.”8

By 2029, Ray Kurzweil predicts the vast majority of humans will have augmented their bodies with cybernetic implants and those who refuse or are unable to do so will form a “human underclass” that is not productively engaged in the economy. The wider trend of the elite see humans as completely expendable as their roles are taken up by machines unfolding after 2029 when, according to Kurzweil, “There is almost no human employment in production, agriculture, and transportation.”9

Google CEO Eric Schmidt has recently predicted his company will be capable of developing artificial intelligence for its programs that will be indistinguishable from a human being within 5-10 years.10

>Would Kurzweil and Schmidt be there to appreciate the continuance of their patterns of information in another format? Is it possible to electronically map and store all you are, all that is you, your hopes and dreams, your feelings for those you love and program them into another format such that you will be there in that format to experience all of these? If like me you know this to be an impossibility, you may feel prompted to ask what exactly transhumanist progenitors are after. You might also wonder what it is about our consciousness that cannot be catalogued in this way, what is there about us that cannot be reduced to the zeroes and ones of binary code.

We are used to assuming there is a fundamental difference between that which lives naturally and that which does not. But recent advances in bio-technology perhaps blur that distinction somewhat – artificial DNA that can replicate itself has been produced, cloning procedures have been refined. What then is the essential difference? What is it about natural, conscious, aware, intelligent beings that cannot be reproduced by the advanced technology these alien visitors apparently possess? I believe that it is in the answer to this question that the grey alien visitors’ persistent interest in us can be explained.

The Critical Difference Between You & Computer Intelligence

What is the difference between you and your computer? Both hold information and store it. Both can analyse that information and come up with answers to questions. But you are conscious and aware of that information and your computer is not. Somehow you have a reference point, a viewing point, outside all that information and can be aware of that information. Run this past you again and get it clear in your mind. The computer only has points of view, it has no viewing point.

What then gives us that viewing point? What are the origins of awareness and consciousness? There has to be a reference against which we can be aware of anything. You cannot know hot if you do not know cold, and vice versa. You cannot know dark if you do not know light, you cannot know soft if you do not know hard. How then do we perceive the passage of time? What is the reference against which we are aware of time and how does that reference describe our viewing point outside the forest in my analogy?

Time is a sequence of separated moments. If we had no reference outside of that sequence we could not be aware of it. We would simply be part of that sequence point by point by point and the continuum of points in time – awareness would be impossible. Without that reference we would be in each present moment and have no way of knowing each present moment.

What then is the reference by which we can be conscious and aware of the passage of time? What is the reference that joins moments in a continuum of moments? If we can perceive the passage of time we must have a reference outside of time and this can only be a reference of timelessness.

To use an illustration, if you close the shutters on the windows in the cabin of a plane and there is no turbulence you will be unaware of the movement of the plane. Open the shutters and the still reference of the land on the ground will let you know you are moving. That reference of stillness is a prerequisite for awareness of movement, just as a reference of timelessness is a prerequisite for awareness of the passage of time. You cannot be aware of time without a reference of timelessness, you cannot be aware of movement without a reference of stillness, you cannot be aware of separation without a reference of union. All those things – timelessness, stillness and union – are the hallmarks of a state that is not of the physical universe. Could the very fact that we are conscious and aware imply we have a connection to that nonphysical state? If indeed we have such a connection then there is part of us that is nonphysical, timeless. There is something about us that exists outside time itself. The implication is awesome and wonderful. It implies there is an existential plausibility that prevails outside the Universe as we know it through the laws of physics.

And so the beginning of all things had an implicit duality marked by two points of function. Let’s give these points of function a flag. Let’s call one the ‘Pole of Absolute Harmony’ where all absolutes are confined as a potential in a total as One-ness, and the other, its opposite, the ‘Pole of Chaos’ where all that cannot be fitted together in the total fit of absolute harmony prevails. In the middle ground so to speak of these two Poles will lie the point of absolute potential difference. A point of the greatest difference between the two. It is here that Universes like ours are made as a manifestation of the force of difference between the two. This is the root of all Big Bangs. This potential difference point. From here the absolute potential state of the Pole of Harmony mixes with the actual state of the Pole of Chaos and their irreconcilability produces Universes of parts like ours in Big Bangs.

Consciousness is simply the room for the power of the Pole of Harmony to exist. The Pole of Harmony manifests in Universes of enforced parts like ours as Consciousness. That is why you cannot make it happen through technology. You will have to make new kinds of atoms from the start to do this and rearrange them to provide a bed for maximising the manifestation of the Pole of Harmony. You cannot connect up to the Pole of Harmony. You might however block its manifestation using the atom stock that exists to make our Universe now.

I am trying to provide a schematic to show that life and livingness is a property of the maximising of the Pole of Harmony to be resident within any space in our particular reality. You will thus never be able to make a machine think independently and make choices independently. This is why we inherit life from a previous format of it. A format that is sacred for what it is. Any mixing or artificial amalgamations of atomic groupings or arrays will complicate and obfuscate the natural inherited outlays and arrangements of atoms that make for life-bearing systems.

In saying what I have said I hope to expose the horrendous nightmare the materialist scientific establishment is leading us to. They are in effect ignorantly leading us to the loss of the eternal potential for existence of all naturally living systems by not recognising there is a part to every living being that can never be assembled in this Universe. It comes in with it. Consciousness, feeling caring, loving, kindness, mercifulness, compassion, generosity are all relative descriptions that identify the totality of all expressions together in total fit as the Pole of Harmony Absolute. These things only manifest as a total of all things in Harmony when that total state exists. Rather like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle give no hint of the picture it’s making until all the pieces of the puzzle are assembled.

You can twist already twisted space together all you like to make material things but you will never be able to make the manifestation of the Pole of Harmony occur within them. I believe it came in with the Universe at the beginning and can never be put into anything now.

If this is so then that part that comes with us cannot be copied or reproduced, simply because it is nonphysical. For that reason an artificially intelligent replica of you would not be aware or conscious and would not therefore retain your sense of identity as you. It is thus my assertion that we, on the other hand as natural living beings with consciousness, are not totally of this Universe and its space/time reality.

The Hidden Danger of Transhumanism

If an artificial intelligence, such as the Grey alien visitors may well be, detected something it could not understand or know it would seek to somehow find out about it. This would mean somehow bridging its artificially intelligent program into any unknown quantity that has all the adaptations necessary to survive at any particular hospitable planetary location. In other words, by bridging their artificial intelligence into us they would be extending the existence of the information given to them by their creators, just as transhumanists like Kurzweil seek to do when they look for ways to download an entire individuality into an artificial information format in the interests of seeking continuance for that individuality.

Any artificially intelligent visitors could achieve this goal via transhumanism and the insertion of chipping technology into our biologies or via some kind of genetic engineering. Which incidentally is exactly what is reported by individuals who have been subject to what has been described as the abduction phenomenon.

I believe that the problem comes when the individualised natural record of the cascade of life and livingness (I call a soul) is added to by supplanting on it a created mechanical means of directed influence such as a computerised program. I believe this is what is likely to come with UFOs and the super intelligent synthetic life-forms that might come with them.

Our own technology is mirroring this process. Given the difficulty of protecting computers against more and more sophisticated viruses, mind hacking becomes as easy as infecting your machine with a computer virus. Developments in DNA nanotechnology and bio-molecular computing are increasing exponentially every year, “Synthetic biology will lead to new forms of bioterrorism,” says security expert Marc Goodman,11 “Bio-crime today is akin to computer crime in the early ’80s.” He explains how viruses and bacteria are manipulating the chemicals inside the human body and, by programming them to send the right agents into the brain, the bio-programmer potentially can take control over the victim’s behaviour. Cells are living computers and DNA is a programming language that can be used to control and influence life forms.

More and more we are mortgaging ourselves to technological prosthetics that we believe are making our lives easier and more fulfilling. There is no need now to move away from the computer chair to interact with the world and soon even the computer itself will not be necessary as it will be implanted inside us in chip or nanobot form. We are going the way of the civilisations that produced the Grey alien entities transforming ourselves from natural to artificial and it is my suggestion that their influence is responsible. If the natural and implicit way of things includes a means of accessing through death a universal deployment to existence on an eternal scale as alluded to by the great teachers of the great religions, then the machinations of synthetically created entities may well interrupt or terminate this exigency. Their promise will have to be a temporal kind of eternity that extends human scope and meaning in aspects remotely controlled by machines and gadgets not by the inertias of self will. Nothing will be more catastrophic than this for any individualised living being with the scope of humanity.

Roboidal machines no matter what human information is programmed into them can never hold a concept for freedom. They are driven entities at root. Driven by a program. A behest outside them that has no capacity for making summaries that total any common good as a format for imagination and choices. A dead letter scope where no instant changes of direction outside that format is possible. Where choice is mitigate. Nothing but a cold relentless momentum written in the deadness of materialism. A unidirectional format for change. Is this our final legacy. A pact with stone. Or is there an alternative.

Is the world of Kurzweil a motif of Soylent Green, the film based loosely on a Harry Harrison story where the end makes the capacity for care, mercy, compassion, and love – a biscuit. Are we all to walk into chambers where a billion memories die at the point of a needle or the sweet sharpness of a blade.

The nature of all the expressions we cherish as naturally incepted living human entities is finally based on rules that are framed by moral codes. Abstract formulas with the power to elucidate meaning. Nothing solid about it. Codes that are designed and meant to allow us to progress in life and living with a sense of contentment and approbation. Maxims that a machine with no consciousness could never understand and even begin to understand. Is this all we come to. All the billions of years we have run in time and as time. Is the fruit of all this a facsimile with no denotation.

Science measures the values of the dead. And science rules us now. Don’t search for purpose and value they say with the final arbitration of the mad. The Universe and all that is in it. It is all the juxtaposition of chaos in chance. Why then do we know about meaning to deny it. Don’t ask why. It all just is, they say. I don’t buy it.

So it would seem we didn’t have to look to 2012 for some catastrophic event that might wipe out human kind. Instead, just like the original creators of the Grey alien visitors, we will welcome the agents of our own demise, be they mind enhancing chips or life extension through nanobots in the body or not. Will so many of us buy into it that one day our planet will just be a scheme of blinking diodes and buzzing transistors devoid of love and the pursuit of happiness? And nothing naturally living anymore.

This article was published in New Dawn Special Issue Vol 7 No 4.
If you appreciate this article, please consider a contribution to help maintain this website.

Footnotes

  1. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7380/full/nature10684.html
  2. www.nbcnews.com/id/36769422/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/hawking-aliens-may-pose-risks-earth/
  3. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., ‘AThe detection of extra-terrestrial life and the consequences for science and society’, Martin Dominik,and John C. Zarnecki, 13 February 2011, vol. 369 no. 1936 499-507, rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1936/499.full#content-block
  4. www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-09/setis-seth-shostak-how-when-and-where-we-will-meet-aliens
  5. news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/27/ufos-showed-interest-in-nukes-ex-air-force-personnel-say/
  6. cser.org/
  7. bigthink.com/endless-innovation/big-data-the-new-replicators
  8. www.cnbc.com/id/100559031
  9. Ibid
  10. Ibid
  11. articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-12-07/national/35286045_1_synthetic-biology-mycoplasma-mycoides-craig-venter

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More evidence for watery plumes on Europa

More evidence for watery plumes on Europa

Scientists in Europe have found more yet evidence for water vapor plumes on Jupiter’s ocean moon Europa.

Bright geyser-like vertical spray of water with planet and stars in background.

Artist’s concept of water vapor plumes on Europa, the smallest of Jupiter’s 4 large Galilean moons.

Image via ASA/ ESA/ K. Retherford/ SwRI/ Science.

The huge plumes of water vapor erupting through enormous cracks in the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus were quickly found by the Cassini spacecraft after it began orbiting Saturn in 2004. They’re thought to arise from a salty global ocean below the moon’s ice crust. Over the past few years, evidence has been accumulating for watery plumes on Jupiter’s large ocean moon Europa, too. It’s taking longer to put the pieces of the puzzle together, but – although still not definitive – the data for plumes on Europa are beginning to look compelling. They indicate that geyser-like plumes erupt from Europa’s surface, at least occasionally. On May 12, 2020, researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) in Germany and the European Space Agency (ESA) reported yet more evidence for water plumes on Europa.

The new work supports previous studies that suggested that – although it wasn’t recognized at the time – NASA’s Galileo spacecraft glimpsed one of these plumes during a flyby of Europa in 2000. The researchers published their work in Geophysical Research Letters in late April.

Making the case for plumes on Europa has been a long process, since, from the evidence gathered so far, they are seemingly intermittent. In contrast, the plumes on Enceladus were large and easy to see and, at least at the time, were erupting continuously. MPS scientist Elias Roussos said in a statement:

 However, various theories, models, and sporadic observations suggest that Europa, too, can exhibit plumes.

Smooth whitish globe covered in brown cracks, on black background.

Jupiter’s ocean moon Europa, as seen by Galileo. This image is a combination of images from 1995 and 1998. Scientists have found yet more evidence for water vapor plumes erupting from its icy surface, most likely originating in the ocean below.

Image via NASA/ JPL-Caltech/ SETI Institute.

How did the researchers find further evidence for Europa’s plumes?

They used computer simulations to replicate the data from the Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) onboard Galileo during a flyby of Europa in 2000. EPD recorded the distribution of high-energy protons trapped in Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field, which is 20 times stronger than Earth’s. Europa orbits within that magnetic field. Back in 2000, the detector recorded fewer protons during the flyby than had been expected. At the time, it was thought that Europa itself was blocking the view of the detector.

But now the new study suggests something else. The researchers modeled the movements of protons during the flyby, in an attempt to reproduce the original results from Galileo. But – surprise – they found that the only model that matched the results was one where a water vapor plume was between Europa and the detector.

Two globes on dark blue mottled background each with a tiny white bulge on the edge labeled Plume.

Composite photos from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Galileo spacecraft, showing a suspected plume erupting in the same place on Europa in 2014 and 2016.

Image via NASA/ ESA/ W. Sparks (STScI)/ USGS Astrogeology Science Center/ JPL-Caltech.

The plume would have disrupted both Europa’s extremely thin atmosphere and the magnetic field. This also would have changed the amount and behavior of the energetic protons. When the protons collided with uncharged particles from Europa’s atmosphere or plume, they took electrons from them, becoming uncharged particles themselves. As Hans Huybrighs from ESA, lead author of the new study, said:

This means they are no longer trapped in Jupiter’s magnetic field and can leave the system at high speed.

Therefore, the decreased number of protons detected during the flyby could be explained by a water vapor plume.

Last year, it was reported that water vapor itself had been directly detected above Europa’s surface by researchers using the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. According to NASA scientist Lucas Paganini:

Essential chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) and sources of energy, two of three requirements for life, are found all over the solar system. But the third – liquid water – is somewhat hard to find beyond Earth. While scientists have not yet detected liquid water directly, we’ve found the next best thing: water in vapor form.

The water vapor signal was faint, however, and only seen once in 17 nights of observations in 2016 and 2017. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) also took images in 2014 and 2016 that appear to show a plume in the same location. But even that wasn’t considered quite conclusive enough.

Partial view of globe with bright streaks coming out of it, on black background.

Saturn’s moon Enceladus was confirmed to have water vapor plumes by the Cassini spacecraft. This stunning photo shows then erupting through cracks in the ice crust at the moon’s south pole. Evidence suggests they are more active than those on Europa.

Image via NASA Science.

Based on this and previous studies, the Europan plumes are probably less frequent and maybe smaller than those on Enceladus. But that doesn’t make them any less exciting. If they occur in a manner similar to the ones on Enceladus, then they probably originate from the subsurface ocean. Both Europa and Enceladus are now known to have global oceans below their outer ice crusts.

Cassini was able to sample the plumes at Enceladus, and found water vapor, methane, salts and organic molecules. It also found evidence for current active hydrothermal vents – just like in Earth’s oceans – on the ocean floor of Enceladus. The organics by themselves don’t prove yet there is life there, but combined with the hydrothermal clues, they point to a likely habitable environment in Enceladus’ ocean. Is the same true for Europa?

The Juno probe currently orbiting Jupiter isn’t able to conduct flybys of Europa, but NASA’s upcoming Europa Clipper mission, scheduled to launch in 2023, will make many such flybys. If the exact locations of any plumes can be determined beforehand, then Europa Clipper should be able to fly right through them, just like Cassini did at Enceladus. The composition could then be determined, and thus scientists could learn more about conditions in the ocean itself. ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) mission to Jupiter, launching in 2022, will also be able to study Europa in more detail.

Although Europa is slightly smaller than our moon, its global subsurface ocean is estimated to contain more water than all the oceans on Earth combined. If there is any hydrothermal activity on the ocean bottom, as on Earth and Enceladus, that would increase the chances of the ocean being habitable, despite being completely hidden from sunlight by the ice crust. Even in deep oceans on Earth, a wide variety of life thrives around hot hydrothermal vents, with no sunlight needed.

Smiling man in blue shirt standing in front of glass windows.

Hans Huybrighs at ESA, lead author of the new study.

Image via ESA.

The evidence for plumes on Europa seems stronger than ever, but absolute certainty may have to wait for either the Europa Clipper or JUICE mission. Confirmation would be exciting, allowing scientists a way to sample and analyze water coming from the ocean without having to drill through the ice (still a long way off), just like at Enceladus. And then, just maybe, we will be much closer to to answering the biggest question of all: is there life on Europa?

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

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US SPACE FORCE LAUNCHES SECRETIVE SPACECRAFT

US SPACE FORCE LAUNCHES SECRETIVE SPACECRAFT

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BOEING/FUTURISM

Space Plane

The newly-minted US Space Force launched a secretive Boeing spacecraft this weekend, in a mission that reportedly contains a payload of military and NASA experiments.

The spacecraft in question is the Boeing X-37B, an uncrewed space plane that looks like a tiny Space Shuttle and has already spent long, mysterious periods in the Earth’s orbit under the purview of other branches of the US military.

Cosmic Perspective@considercosmos

Beautiful slowmo footage from our stream during @ulalaunch #USSF7 ... so quick into those clouds!📽️

BTS of how we got the shot next tweet⬇️

Congrats ULA @torybruno , @SpaceForceDoD, @45thSpaceWing and the #X37B space plane team 🌌✈️#AmericaStrong

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Force Field

Publicly-disclosed material on board the spacecraft, which launched on an Atlas V rocket on Sunday from Cape Canaveral, include a pair of NASA experiments and equipment designed to test the possibility of beaming solar power down to Earth from space.

The Space Force has been a pet project of the Trump Administration, which debuted its Star Trek-esque flag last week in an eyebrow-raising ceremony during which the president bragged about a “super-duper missile.”

{ https://futurism.com/the-byte }

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Chilean UFO travelling at 4,000mph 'captured on film from seven angles'

Chilean UFO travelling at 4,000mph 'captured on film from seven angles'

Video from Chile is stirring up the UFO debate after an unusual object took a fly-by during an air-show.

The footage, from 2010, appears to show a 'spot' moving quickly from frame to frame, causing the engineer who spotted the aberration enough alarm that he alerted the Chilean Government.

The UFO made an appearance during an acrobatic air-show at the El Bosque Air Force Base in Santiago, and apparently went un-noticed at the time.

Whether this is because this was due to advanced alien cloaking technology, or because the object is just an artifact on the film depends on your viewpoint.

Scroll down for video

The spot, highlighted in these pictures, zoomed past El Bosque Air Force Base in 2010

The spot, highlighted in these pictures, zoomed past El Bosque Air Force Base in 2010

The object flies so fast that, assuming it is not a camera defect, it is travelling an estimated 6,000mph

The object flies so fast that, assuming it is not a camera defect, it is travelling an estimated 6,000mph

Investigative journalist and UFO author Leslie Kean told MSN's Cosmic Log: 'This is a very, very unusual case, and I'm hoping that this case will help move forward the recognition that there really is something here that's worthy of further study. 

'It has the possibility of being a breakthrough case.'

However 'debunker' Robert Sheaffer told the website: "They are "unexplained cases" only if you ignore the explanation.

'That's what's going to happen in this case.'

Kean said that CEFAA, the government agency which investigates strange air phenomena, found the object on seven separate pieces of video tape, which implies the object - whatever it is - is not an abberation on the video tape.

Ricardo Bermudez, CEFAA's director, told a UFO conference last month that the spots were caused by an object traveling at speeds in excess of 4,000 mph.

Kean picked out a few elements that make this sighting a little special, in particular that  the Government investigated the footage so thoroughly, and found examples of the object on seven pieces of film.

Observers did not see the object - it would have flashed by in the blink of an eye

Observers did not see the object - it would have flashed by in the blink of an eye

First, that humans would be unable to survive inside an object travelling at such speed, and second, that there was no sonic boom.

However, while Kean suggested the case could become 'the case UFO sceptics have been dreading', cynics were left unperturbed.

Astronomer Phil Plai told Cosmic Log: 'It's a tiny thing in a low-res video.

'If this is the best she [Kean] can come up with, dread is not exactly what I feel.'

Cosmic Log said that, for independent research to take place, the other six videos must be released, as well as details about the camera-men, and their relationship to each, in order to ascertain if a hoax had been carried out.

Other explanations could be an insect flying past the camera which, if close enough, coan apepar like a distant object flying at speed.

However, when asked this, Kean said: 'I went back to the CEFAA official re: the bugs, and he said that's what they all thought at first when they got the first film.

'But when they went and got additional footage from very different vantage points which showed the same thing, they knew that was impossible.

'I don't think they're that stupid to claim this is a UFO if it was a bug, given that so many experts looked at it.'

See the videos here:

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

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Some lava-like features on Mars are actually ancient mud flows

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Some lava-like features on Mars are actually ancient mud flows

Frozen Martian mud has been mistaken for lava flows.

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Hundred Of UFOs In Brazil Causes Panic Among Citizens

Hundred Of UFOs In Brazil Causes Panic Among Citizens

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Brazilians in the municipality of Magé, just north of Rio de Janeiro, reported seeing mysterious light objects or UFOs In Brazil in the night sky on Wednesday. 

Social networks were filled with dozens of videos of the strange objects, causing panic and all kinds of reactions to the presence of UFOs. 

Magé became trending on Twitter Wednesday morning when several people began sharing videos of bright lights in the sky. The images showed blue, red, and yellow orbs moving around the sky, even the lights in a triangular formation.

While the videos themselves are truly impressive, the real controversy started after the posts inexplicably disappeared , including the hashtag #MageUFO. On the other hand, in the Reddit category on UFOs, the publications of the Brazilian videos also began to disappear. 
Users accused Twitter and Reddit moderators of censorship. Twitter also declined to give any explanation.

While the Brazilian press reports that no one reported these objects to local authorities, there were many who said they had heard loud explosions and gunshots , in addition to witnessing how the military cordoned off the area and arrested anyone who tried to approach the place where the strange lights appeared

The truth is that more and more UFOs are being seen around the world, but the recent event is the most puzzling to date. It must also be said that Brazil is considered an important point for UFO activity . 
In 1957, journalist Ibrahim Sued received an envelope containing small pieces of metal from an anonymous source claiming that they were remnants of Ubatuba, in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, where an UFO had allegedly crashed. Although they were of extraterrestrial origin, the fragments were very pure magnesium.

It is unclear where the metal came from and it remains a mystery. The 1977 Colares “UFO Alert” made headlines when inhabitants on the island of Colares began reporting strange objects in the sky and mysterious injuries to their bodies. According to researcher and computer scientist Jacques Vallee, the objects witnessed on the island allegedly killed several people. Reports of radiation and thermal burns, as well as strange scars, filled the Brazilian government’s file on the incident.

UFOs In Brazil

After an official investigation, the government concluded that it found no evidence of unusual phenomena. But one of the strangest cases occurred in 1996 when several people claimed to have witnessed a strange alien creature wandering the streets of the city of Varginha. Described as the “devil” the 1.5-meter-long, big-skinned, brown-skinned being was first seen by three women on a January afternoon. Several other sightings were reported, and even the US Wall Street Journal reported the story.

While this latest UFO incident from Brazil will likely add to the countless mysteries that haunt the skies of South America, skeptics say the lights on Magé were simply paratroopers equipped with pyrotechnics, Chinese lanterns, or drones. But many of us feel that “something” is about to happen , and the pandemic is simply a “smokescreen.”

What do you think about the strange UFOs In Brazil Magé? Are you one of those who feel that something is about to happen?

This is why they are here.

{ https://infinityexplorers.com/ }

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The Mystery of the Guadeloupe Woman, the Skeleton in Rock

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The Mystery of the Guadeloupe Woman, the Skeleton in Rock

One popular area of the unexplained is the idea that history as we know it is somehow wrong, that we have a fundamental misunderstanding of past events and how they played out. A very common corner of this is the phenomenon of strange archeological anomalies and what are called “impossible fossils,” remains preserved in very ancient stone that have no business being there. Such discoveries take many forms, many of which I have covered before, but one which is very little known is the case of a full skeleton of a human woman that was supposedly found in rock tens of millions of years old.

In 1810, the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe was captured from the French by the English navy, and subsequently a good amount of booty was seized and sent back to England. Among these myriad items was a large slab of stone kept by the French that held within it the unusual feature of a human skeleton encased within the rock, which had been pulled from a much larger slab on north-eastern coast measuring over 1 mile long. The remains were nearly complete, missing only a head and the feet, and they appeared to have been of a modern woman, who would have measured about 5 feet 2 inches tall in life. It was a pretty odd finding considering it was unknown just how this skeleton could have possibly found its way into what was described as hard, impenetrable rock estimated as being from possibly the Miocene age, around 25 million years old, a time which many of you might have already surmised is a time when there were no modern human beings on Earth. And so would begin the strange and controversial story of the “Guadeloupe Woman.”

Guadeloupe Island

The governor of the island at the time, Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane, had the mysterious skeleton and its surrounding rock grave sent to the British Museum in 1813, where it would be further examined and found that the skeleton was indeed from a modern woman and that the bones themselves had not actually been fossilized. The rock was also found to be a type of sandstone of an indeterminate age, yet nevertheless, the stone around it was estimated as being so old that it was quickly seen by creationists in the late 19th century as evidence of the Biblical the Genesis Flood. The bizarre skeleton was put on display in the museum as an anomaly and in 1881 was moved to the Natural History Museum, where it remained on display drawing wonder and awe, especially when Darwin’s Theory of Evolution became popular, as it was seen by some to defy Darwin’s ideas. The Guadeloupe Woman stayed on display all the way up until 1967, when it was moved to the museum’s storerooms, from which it still manages to generate debate to this day.

The skeleton obviously has some use for creationists, as it is often touted as proof that the world is younger than evolution says it is, and in this case the skeleton has long been talked about as evidence of the biblical flood of Noah’s Ark fame. After all, how else would modern human remains get into ancient limestone from the Miocene Age? Of course creationists love this sort of thing, as it is a chance for them to latch onto some sort of evidence that humans did in fact co-exist with dinosaurs. There are also the wild theories that this is indicative of the existence of time travel, with these explorers accidentally leaving evidence of their passing behind during their journeys through the recesses of ancient history and prehistory, and there is even the idea that ancient aliens could be behind such finds. There has even been conspiratorial talk from some corners of the creationist argument that the museum intentionally took the skeleton off of display in order to hide it away in some conspiracy to cover the truth and promote their evolutionist agenda. While it seems so exciting to think that our natural history could be so spectacularly misunderstood up to now, it seems more likely that sadly this is mostly either hoaxed evidence or misinterpretation of natural phenomena, and there has been much to debunk these creationist conclusions.

Guadeloupe Woman

For one, the rock is actually a type of hardened calcareous sand, and although it was originally thought that it might date back as far as the Miocene, it is more likely that its concretion happened much more recently. Another strike against this being a modern human embedded in solid rock tens of millions of years ago is the location of the site where the skeleton was found. It just so happens that many other human remains were found here as well, and that is because the site lies at the location of a cemetery that dates all the way back to the 15th century and the time of Columbus’s voyages to the Caribbean, which was unknown at the time of the discovery of the Guadeloupe Woman, having been unearthed in later years. The idea here is that this was just a body interred in the sandstone here, or had accidentally fallen there, and that the soft stone had formed around the body to later harden. Due to all of this, the idea that the Guadeloupe Woman is an actual example of a modern human being in 25-million-year-old rock is largely scoffed at and is considered mostly debunked, yet some are still not convinced. One opinion representative of this argument is given by a writer called Black2Tell, who calls himself an “expert,” and has argued against the mainstream scientific view of the skeleton, and not only that, he thinks it may even up to 66 million years old, saying:

Now, this skeleton may indeed be a 15th century skeleton. However, it is not proven to be so. It still could be of a much older age even of 28 million years old. This skeleton’s age may not be “discredited” at all because of the probabilistic nature of science and the fact that a modern age has not been proven either. To properly determine its age one would have to examine the geology of the matrix surrounding the skeleton, examine the skeleton, itself, and properly study the geology of the island of Guadeloupe. To the best my knowledge, none of these things have been done. So, there is a real lack of evidence on the side of traditional “mainline” archaeology to support a claim of a recent, 15th century, age for this skeleton.

Now, can we find any other evidence to support a claim of an older age? Yes! First, the skeleton was imbeded in rock. This is a process that takes some time. Second, we can consider a new technique, one that I have pioneered, that is the use of plate tectonics – the movement of the continental plates.

If we do this we arrive at an unexpected surprise. Guadeloupe, as with all the islands of the West Indies rest on the Caribbean plate and neither on the North America nor South American plates. This means if we extend the location of Guadeloupe backward in time we find that at the end of the Cretaceous Period, 66 million years ago, it was located south to southwest of the Yucatan. With the meteorite impact that killed the dinosaurs, a huge tidal wave of 1100 feet in height flooded all of Mexico and the surrounding area and could have carried bodies of individuals to Guadeloupe. A closer look at the eastern side of the island shows an indentation that could have been caused by this tidal wave. Of course, additional geological research is needed to confirm this.

So, we claim that the skeleton has not been discredited until further research is done. Furthermore, the fact of the Caribbean plate movements due place Guadeloupe much closer to the Yucatan opens the door to the possibility that the skeleton maybe not 28 million years old but 66 million years old. The question is still open.

It is unclear whether this question is really still open or not, and for science it most certainly is not, but it is surely apparent that some people want it to be. So what are we to think of the Guadeloupe Woman? It is most likely just a modern skeleton that has managed to become more mysterious than it really is, but it definitely shows that there is strong interest in uncovering mistakes with what we think we know about our history. There is at present no solid evidence to show that there were ever humans walking around tens of millions of years ago, and it is mostly a very fringe idea. The Guadeloupe Woman certainly doesn’t prove it, but the speculation and debate will probably continue on, and it is all very entertaining at the very least.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

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UFO Sightings and Crash in Magé May Be Victims of Brazilian Cover-up

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UFO Sightings and Crash in Magé May Be Victims of Brazilian Cover-up

With the Tic-Tac UFOs seen by Navy pilots from the USS Nimitz (with the Pentagon finally admitting they’re real but still ‘unidentified’) getting all of the media publicity, most other UFO sightings are getting the Rodney Dangerfield “I get no respect” treatment – if it wasn’t recorded by Navy pilots, it didn’t happen. A good example occurred last week in Brazil when multiple reports of UFOs seen and possibly crashing in Magé, a suburb of Rio de Janeiro, and recorded on non-military cellphones, seemed to be quickly discounted, prompting other reports of videos allegedly disappearing and strange Google Earth images. Was all of this a cover-up, a mix-up or just something made up?

@andredimauro
Hey @elonmusk another image supposedly taken in the same region in Magé (Rio de Janeiro) and there are reports that something fell over there in a lake … But it doesn’t seem to be a satellite… #Ovnis #ovnis2020 #ovni #Mage #ufo2020 #UFO #ufosighting #RiodeJaneiro

@bomdialeo
Hey @tomdelonge yesterday in Magé – Brazil many people saw OVNI’s in the sky. Enjoy 👊👊👊 there is more vídeos like these and sorry for my bad english #aliensexist

I hope someone caught that on video

RT.com picked up the earliest Twitter reports of two UFO incidents occurring in Magé on May 13. The first reports say the local government, local police and Brazilian Air Force all said they received no calls on UFOs and told residents to stay home in coronavirus shutdown. Those are conspiracy theory words these days and that’s pretty much what happened next. More videos of blue, red and yellow orbs were posted, with some in a flying wedge formation. A new one appeared with a single red orb, there was a report of gunshots near where the UFO allegedly came down and someone found a Google Earth image of the site (see it here) with something seemingly blocked. That’s when posts like this started popping up.

Post image

@KenLayne
The UFO-crash story out of Magé, Brazil, is getting good. Hashtag #MageUFO vanishes, Reddit posts disappear, and something weird is going on with the satellite view of the “crash site.”

While many followed that lead and posted about the alleged disappearances, others noticed that the videos and the Google Earth image were still up in multiple locations (here’s an example). Fortunately, people like Reddit user u/Falkenny posted more accurate info on the r/ufo page. Turns out the crash site was near the location of a fireworks factory that may have been either testing or celebrating. The blocked-out Google Earth image was caused by the roof of a building. Many videos of helicopters and planes in the area were coincidentally linked to the sightings.

Meanwhile, those looking for plausible explanations suggested an exploding transformer (for the noise and flash), rocket debris (the Chinese rocket part had just crashed in the Atlantic and a Russian rocket exploded in space and crashed in the Indian Ocean), SpaceX satellites (they’re everywhere these days) or skydivers (often the cause of formations of bright lights). Without any official explanation and with everyone tired of coronavirus news, social media, mainstream media and conspiracy media all picked their own version and ran with it.

What were they?

Which brings us back to the obvious question … what were they? Unfortunately, even with the benefit of mainstream media exposure, the Tic-Tac UFOs are still unidentified. What makes you think these Brazilian UFOs will get any respect or detailed investigation?

Brazilians — take matters into your own hands … after you first wash them. Put on your masks, grab your charged cellphones, go outside and watch the skies. The best remedy for a conspiracy theory is facts and real data.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/  }

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Before Roswell: Strange Accounts of Very Old UFO Crashes

Sighisoara UFO

The Sighisoara wall painting -  Possible UFO Depiction Discovered In Old Romanian Painting

Before Roswell: Strange Accounts of Very Old UFO Crashes

Perhaps the most well known supposed UFO crash in history is the one that allegedly happened in Roswell, New Mexico back in 1947. It really set off the boom of interest in flying saucers, and many people mark it as one of the heralds of the modern UFO craze. Yet the UFO phenomenon has been observed since far before this, all the way back to ancient times, and it also seems that aliens have been crashing their spaceships here for just about as long.

Possibly one of the earliest reports of an actual UFO crash comes from all the way back in the 9th century, and is held within the pages of an obscure Latin manuscript called Liber contra insulam vulgi opinionem. In the very brief report, the Archbishop of Lyons is talking about the French peasants when suddenly he sort of makes an offhand mention of what seems to be UFOs and aliens. He says that these French peasants often a speak of a region they called Magonia, “from whence come ships in the clouds.” According to the odd account, the people in this region often traded with these “storm wizards,” and that sometimes these ships would fall from the sky. In one case, he mentions that he had personally seen these ships, and that he had been present when four of these “wizards” fell from their ship to the earth, after which they had been stoned to death. The whole thing is written of matter-of-factly as if it is just a little everyday anecdote, before the manuscript moves on to leave us wondering just what these ships and their “storm wizards” could have been.

In 1211 AD we have another very early report that seems to be of a UFO crash. It supposedly happened in the remote town of Cloera, where a very bizarre series of events seems to have taken place above a church dedicated to St. Kinarus as the people were holding mass there. An English historical chronicler called Gervase of Tilbury would write of what happened thusly:

It befell that an anchor was dropped from the sky, with a rope attached to it, and one of the flukes caught in the arch above the church door. The people rushed out of the church and saw in the sky a ship with men on board, floating before the anchor cable, and they saw a man leap overboard and jump down to the anchor, as if to release it. He looked as if he were swimming in water. The folk rushed up and tried to seize him; but the Bishop forbade the people to hold the man, for it might kill him, he said. The man was freed, and hurried up to the ship, where the crew cut the rope and the ship sailed out of sight. But the anchor is in the church, and has been there ever since, as a testimony.

What was going on here? It sounds very much like this could have been an early UFO account, but it is hard to say for sure. Moving along in years we come to a report that has made the rounds a bit and which allegedly occurred in 1790, in the French town of Alencon, just west of Paris. The report was quoted by the famed UFO researcher Dr Jacques Vallee in 1975, when he claimed that he had heard this from a man named Antonio Fenoglio, who had allegedly uncovered it while perusing the Archives of the French Academy of Sciences, in Paris in 1967. According to this alleged report, in June of 1790 a Paris police inspector by the name of Liabeuf was sent to the rural village to investigate a strange incident that had happened there. Fenoglio claimed that the police inspector’s report read:

At 5 A.M., on June 12th, several farmers caught sight of an enormous globe which seemed surrounded with flames. First they thought it was perhaps a balloon that had caught fire, but the great velocity and the whistling sound which came from that body intrigued them. The globe slowed down, made some oscillations and precipitated itself towards the top of a hill, unearthing plants along the slope. The heat which emanated from it was so intense that soon the grass and the small tree started burning. The peasants succeeded in controlling the fire which threatened to spread to the whole area. In the evening this sphere was still warm and an extraordinary happened, not to say an incredible thing.

The witnesses were; two mayors, a doctor and three other authorities who confirm my report, in addition to the dozens of peasants who were present. This sphere, which would have been large enough to contain a carriage, had not suffered from all that flight. It excited so much curiosity that people came from all parts to see it. Then all of a sudden a kind of door opened and, there is the interesting thing, a person like us came out of it, but this person was dressed in a strange way, wearing a tight-fitting suit and, seeing all that crowd, said some words which were not understood and fled into the woods. Instinctively, the peasants stepped back, in fear, and this saved them because soon after that the sphere exploded in silence, throwing pieces everywhere, and these pieces burned until they were reduced to powder. Researches were initiated to find the mysterious man, but he seemed to have dissolved.

It is a pretty intriguing and spectacular report, and Vallee is a respected researcher, but in the end it doesn’t seem he that he ever saw the supposed original document for himself, and it all comes exclusively from a 1967 claim by Fenoglio. Furthermore, the report seems to be very modern in its depiction and wording, and there is also the fact that the Academy of Sciences has apparently denied that any such document exists, leading one to believe that this may have been a hoax. Still, if it is real, then it is a truly perplexing case of what seems to be an early UFO crash.

Finally, we come to the most recent of these cases, with a more well-known account from 1897, in the small town of Aurora, Texas. At 6 AM on April 17 of that year, it was reported that a great, mechanical airship of some sort had suddenly descended from the sky, sailed over the town square, and smashed into a windmill on the property of a Judge Proctor. This was far from the end of the incident, as it would soon become apparent that this was no normal airship, and its pilot was no normal man. A report by a S.E Haydon in the Dallas Evening News said of the event:

Evidently some of the machinery was out of order, for it was making a speed of only ten or twelve miles an hour and gradually settling toward the Earth. It sailed directly over the public square, and when it reached the north part of town collided with the tower of Judge Proctor’s windmill and went to pieces with a terrific explosion, scattering debris over several acres of ground, wrecking the windmill and water tank and destroying the judge’s flower garden.

The pilot of the ship is supposed to have been the only one on board, and while his remains are badly disfigured, enough of the original has been picked up to show that he was not an inhabitant of this world. Mr. T.J Weems, the United States signal service office at this place and an authority on astronomy, gives it as his opinion that he was a native of the planet Mars. Papers found on his person – evidently the record of his travels – are written in some unknown hieroglyphics, and can not be deciphered.

The ship was too badly wrecked to form any conclusion as to its construction or motive power. It was built of an unknown metal, resembling somewhat a mixture of aluminum and silver, and it must have weighed several tons. The town is full today of people who are viewing the wreck and gathering specimens of the strange metal from the debris. The pilot’s funeral will take place at noon tomorrow.

The wreckage was supposedly disposed of in a well and the alien body buried in a grave at the town cemetery, and from here the story picks up all kinds of strange elements. Some versions say that the military swooped in to whisk away the ship and its pilot. Others say the wreckage contaminated the water supply and led to inexplicable illnesses. The burial plot is said to still be in the town cemetery, which has an official plaque from the Texas Historical Commission that mentions the strange incident. There have been plenty of people who have asked permission to dig the alien’s grave up, but the city has always denied these requests. Considering that at the time Aurora was falling on hard times and this supposed incident drew in huge crowds of people, it has been suggested that this was all a hoax and a publicity stunt, but in the end, who knows what is going on here. Whatever really did happen on that day in 1897, whether it was a hoax or there is any truth to it, the tale of the airship and the alien grave have become a popular local legend.

These reports mostly have an air of myth and mystique about them, partly because they are so lost to the mists of time and shrouded in the shadows of history. There is very little we can do to really know for sure what was seen back in these early times, or how to unwind the truth from possible fabrication. However, if there is any truth to it all, then it appears that UFOs crashing to earth are not a purely modern phenomenon, and such cases serve to really fire up the imagination.

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UFOs: When Fact and Fiction Become One

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UFOs: When Fact and Fiction Become One

A few days ago I wrote an article here at Mysterious Universe on the possibility that the acclaimed movie director Billy Wilder may have known something about the Roswell affair of July 1947 – and turned that knowledge into a movie: 1970’s The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes. On a similar angle, today I’m going to share with you certain other data that suggests the world of entertainment and UFO conspiracies is nothing new. In 1948, Bernard Newman wrote a book called The Flying Saucer. It told a story of a faked UFO invasion, designed to create a one world government. Newman was an expert in the field and history of espionage and performed a number of secret operations for U.K. Intelligence during the Second World War. Dennis Wheatley was a renowned writer of horror novels. He was also a member of the U.K. government’s Joint Planning Staff, which was a part of the War Cabinet. Such was the level of respect the government had for Wheatley, he received the rank of Wing Commander – something that made him then the first civilian to have been given such a level. Wheatley’s 1952 novel, Star of Ill-Omen, is a story of hostile Martians who are determined to take over our world. Imagine something along the lines of an earlier version of the 1996 blockbuster movie, Independence Day, and you won’t be far off.

Nineteen-Ninety-Nine was the year in which Nick Pope’s Operation Thunder Child novel was published. The basic theme is that of a hostile assault on the U.K. By whom? By dangerous extraterrestrials, that’s who. When the news surfaced on the Ufological grapevine, it was all but guaranteed that some UFO researchers would suggest that Pope had written a story that was based on top secrets he had learned of while working in the MoD. There’s no evidence that there was any truth to those suggestions. Although, it must be said that Pope was not beyond cultivating an air of intrigue and mystery about himself. He did it very well – and I’m sure that Nick, and his publicists at Simon & Schuster’s publishing house, would agree with me. Nevertheless, Pope did make a few comments that are worth noting.

When the news of Operation Thunder Child’s then-looming book surfaced, I asked Nick Pope about his novel. I wanted to know what his response was to the fact-vs.-fiction scenario of his then-soon-to-be-published book that had the UFO field, of that time, buzzing. Pope replied: “Even to you, Nick, I can’t comment on that. But, let’s put it this way: Operation Thunder Child is going to be more controversial than Open Skies, Closed Minds or The Uninvited. And, indeed, the Ministry of Defense may have more of a problem with it. Mainly because it’s going to feature real locations, real weapon systems, real tactics, real doctrine and real crisis management techniques. It’s going to blend my knowledge and experience of UFOs with my knowledge of crisis management – such as my involvement in the Gulf War, where I worked in the Joint Operations Center.” Moving on…

The publishers of Ralph Noyes’ 1985  novel, A Secret Property (Quartet Books, Ltd.) provided their readers with the following background on their author: “Ralph Noyes was born in the tropics and spent most of his childhood in the West Indies. He served in the RAF from 1940 to 1946 and was commissioned as aircrew, engaging in active service in North Africa and the Far East. He entered the civil service in 1949 and served in the Air Ministry and subsequently the unified Ministry of Defense. In 1977 he retired early from the civil service to take up a writing career, leaving in the grade of under Secretary of State. He has since published several pieces of shorter fiction, most of them on speculative themes.”

The publishers added: “For nearly four years, until late 1972, Ralph Noyes headed a division in the central staffs of the Ministry of Defense which brought him in touch with the UFO problem. Since his retirement he has become increasingly interested in this subject, among others which lie on the fringes of present understanding. He sees speculative fiction as the ideal mode for grappling with these unusual areas of experience. But A Secret Property is not only fiction but also ‘faction’–at least to the extent of drawing on Ralph Noyes’s lengthy background in the Royal Air Force and the Ministry of Defense.”

A Secret Property is a thinly-veiled, fictional version of what happened at Rendlesham Forest, Suffolk, U.K. in December 1980. Most important of all, it is not the matter of how much data and material Noyes chose to fictionalize in A Secret Property. Rather, it’s the theme of Noyes’ story that is so important and relevant to us – more than thirty-five years after his book was published. In her 1991 book From Out of the Blue, Jenny Randles said of Noyes’ book that it involved a technology that “produces etheric visions of aliens and spaceships” and that can “effect the real world in various hazardous ways.” This issue of “visions,” in relation to a fictionalized tale of what happened at Rendlesham Forest, eerily mirrors the data provided in my new book, The Rendlesham Forest UFO Conspiracy. Do I think Noyes knew of this “vision”-based top secret experiment? Yes. And did he choose to fictionalize his secret knowledge and insert it into the pages of A Secret Property? Yes. You may be surprised how, sometimes, secret facts surface in the guise of fiction.

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Mei is een topmaand voor sterrenkijkers: NASA toont waarop je moet letten - HLN.be

Mei is een topmaand voor sterrenkijkers: NASA toont waarop je moet letten - HLN.be

Bron: NASA

.

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Black Holes Merge Unseen with Neutron Stars: Like Thunder without Lightning

Black Holes Merge Unseen with Neutron Stars: Like Thunder without Lightning

Mergers between black holes and neutron stars in dense star clusters are quite unlike those that form in isolated regions where stars are few. Their associated features could be crucial to the study of gravitational waves and their source. Dr Manuel Arca Sedda of the Institute for Astronomical Computing at Heidelberg University came to this conclusion in a study that used computer simulations. The research may offer critical insights into the fusion of two massive stellar objects that astronomers observed in 2019. The findings were published in the journal “Communications Physics”.

ngc_3201.jpg?itok=rtOG8KmD

Invisible black hole-neutron star mergers, i.e. fusions without the emission of electromagnetic radiation, take place in dense stellar environments like in the globular cluster NGC 3201 seen here. 

© Credit: European Southern Observatory (ESO)

Stars much more massive than our sun usually end their lives as a neutron star or black hole. Neutron stars emit regular pulses of radiation that allow their detection. In August 2017, for example, when the first double neutron star merger was observed, scientists all around the globe detected light from the explosion with their telescopes. Black holes, on the other hand, usually remain hidden because their gravitational attraction is so strong that even light cannot escape, making them invisible to electromagnetic detectors.

If two black holes merge, the event may be invisible but is nonetheless detectable from ripples in space-time in the form of so-called gravitational waves. Certain detectors, like the “Laser Interferometer Gravitational Waves Observatory” (LIGO) in the USA, are able to detect these waves. The first successful direct observation was made in 2015. The signal was generated by the fusion of two black holes. But this event may not be the only source of gravitational waves, which could also come from the merger of two neutron stars or a black hole with a neutron star. Discovering the differences is one of the major challenges in observing these events, according to Dr Arca Sedda.

In his study, the Heidelberg researcher analysed the fusion of pairs of black holes and neutron stars. He used detailed computer simulations to study the interactions between a system made up of a star and a compact object, such as a black hole, and a third massive roaming object that is required for a fusion. The results indicate that such three-body interactions can in fact contribute to black hole-neutron star mergers in dense stellar regions like globular star clusters. “A special family of dynamic mergers that is distinctly different from mergers in isolated areas can be defined”, explains Manuel Arca Sedda.

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Artist’s impression of the merger of two neutron stars with all the material expelled into space and the observed jet after breaking through this shell.

The fusion of a black hole with a neutron star was first observed by gravitational wave observatories in August 2019. Yet optical observatories around the world were unable to locate an electromagnetic counterpart in the region from which the gravitational wave signal originated, suggesting that the black hole had completely devoured the neutron star without first destroying it. If confirmed, this could be the first observed black hole-neutron star merger detected in a dense stellar environment, as described by Dr Arca Sedda.

Manuel Arca Sedda is a researcher at the Institute for Astronomical Computing at the Centre for Astronomy of Heidelberg University (ZAH), where he studies the interaction between black holes and their cosmic environment, such as star clusters.

Contacts and sources:

  • Heidelberg University
Publication:
  • M.A. Sedda: Dissecting the properties of neutron star–black hole mergers originating in dense star clusters, Communications Physics, 2020

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You Can Look Forward To Seeing UFO Videos From 2020

You Can Look Forward To Seeing UFO Videos From 2020

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Many of the UFO videos that you will find on the internet, are actually real UFO videos, not some staged hoax. Unfortunately, most of the UFO videos that you will find are from the United States. Most of the big UFO sightings happen in the U.S. and Canada.

Why are the real ones being ignored? Because the United States government has a vested interest in not wanting there to be many UFO sightings. You see, the government wants to keep its citizens uninformed.

Some individuals in the government believe there is a connection between UFOs and weather patterns. They would like to have some kind of weather-control technology in place. If we didn’t have these videos, it could cause the public to freak out.

Do you think the government will allow this UFO phenomenon to go away, in the form of UFO videos from 2020? It doesn’t look like it will be happening anytime soon. You see, the United States government is now coming after those UFO video makers for copyright infringement.

The reason these videos are being censored is because they think they can get them to shut down, for fear the UFO videos from 2020 will bring in billions of dollars. But do you know what the real reason is? They want to prevent any American from ever seeing these UFO videos from 2020.

If you go to Google, they claim that there is more than one UFO movie that has a better view count than any other one of theirs. They are more popular than anyone in Hollywood. Why?

Well, the government would like you to think that these UFO videos from 2020 are fake, so that the American people are kept ignorant. People would rather believe that the government is keeping them in the dark about this subject, rather than knowing the truth. Perhaps, you should be aware of this sooner rather than later.

I am personally very interested in viewing UFO videos from 2020. So far, I haven’t come across any of them on the internet yet. Do you know if there is anyone out there who has had any luck in doing this? Please feel free to comment below and let me know if you have found any.

Source: 

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Energy Entity Caught On IR Camera Exploring Home, Video, May 15, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Energy Entity Caught On IR Camera Exploring Home, Video, May 15, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

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Date of sighting: May 15, 2020 12:11 PM
Location of sighting: Unknown

This eyewitness had set up an infrared camera in the bedroom and let it run to see if they could catch anything. Here we see a cloaked UFO orb that has come into the house to explore and record data about humans. This orb actually looks more like a thick disk when I focus the orb, as seen in the screenshot at the bottom of this post. These are also believed to be energy entities...living creatures that have existed along side us, but because our eyes cannot see the infrared spectrum of light...we never notice them. Absolutely amazing proof of living beings living beside us. 


Scott C. Waring 




Below I only added shadows to bring the orb into focus. You can see its outer shell. 
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Alien Body Found On Mars, Would Be 4 Meters Tall! NASA Photo, UFO Sighting News.

Alien Body Found On Mars, Would Be 4 Meters Tall! NASA Photo, UFO Sighting News.

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Date of discovery: May 17, 2020
Location of discovery: Mars
 
Now I know this is going to sound a bit strange, but I found an alien body laying on the surface of Mars in a NASA photo. The body is wearing a black suit and the face area of the suit shows that the face is no longer there. There is only an empty opening which should have parts of the skull still inside. There are several long black objects...not far from where his upper and lower legs should be, so that may account for the legs. The alien would be about 4 meters tall, twice that of a human. 
 
Now what would people do if NASA reported finding an aline fossil body on the surface of Mars? Possible panic if they knew aliens might be 4 meters tall. 
Scott C. Waring 
 
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Screen%2BShot%2B2020-05-18%2Bat%2B12.26.32%2BPM.png

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100 Meter UFO Shoots Over Volcano In Mexico On Live Cam, Video, UFO Sighting News.

100 Meter UFO Shoots Over Volcano In Mexico On Live Cam, Video, UFO Sighting News.

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Date of sighting: April 21, 2020
Location of sighting: Volcano Popocatepetl, Mexico
 
Here is a great example of a triangle UFO passing over the mouth of Popocatepetl, a volcano in Mexico. It has been long believed that this volcano holds an underground alien base 5km below its surface. An ancient civilization of aliens that have existed there for tens of thousands of years. 
 
If we compare the size of the UFO with the mouth of the volcano, we can find its true size. The mouth is about 600 meters across and this UFO is about 1/6 the size of the mouth...thats 100 meters across! 
 
When I added focus and shadows to the UFO, it turns into a triangle craft. Many triangle UFOs have been reported from around the world. The shape of this one is unmistakable...its a triangle. This is 100% a real alien craft passing over the volcano. Not a single doubt in my mind about this. 
Scott C. Waring - Tawian
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Elongated UFO disguised as cloud seen on ISS Live Stream

Elongated UFO disguised as cloud seen on ISS Live Stream

On May 15, 2020, the ISS live cam captured an extremely odd object that hovers above the cloud formations. 
cloaked-ufo-iss-live-cam.jpg

If you look at the object, it doesn't look like a cloud, but rather a solid object, suggesting it could be a cloaked UFO.
  

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Triangle formation in the sky above Kelso, UK 17-May-2020

Triangle formation in the sky above Kelso, UK 17-May-2020

Triangle UFO UK

This interesting UFO video of a bright unidentified flying object in triangular formation was filmed over Kelso in UK yesterday.

Witness report: 

I saw something last night that I’d like to share. This is in Kelso, Scottish borders. I could only see the white light that twinkled like a bright star and burned out like a flame and repeated that sequence which led me to record it, I was stunned. 17th May 2020 at 22.14 as you see in the video there are three lights of different colours. I couldn’t hear any sounds, it was windy so I assumed it to be a street light, but there is not street lighting up there!
I was freaked out, my sister suggested it might be a satellite but I read that satellites dont flash like that did, she said the video is beautiful and I shouldn’t be afraid!
I was too frightened to film any more

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An Unidentified object (UFO) in a quad diamond formation recorded hovering over a building complex in Texas

An Unidentified object (UFO) in a quad diamond formation recorded hovering over a building complex in Texas

texas-ufos-1.jpg

The people of El Paso (Texas) were left in a state of panic when an unusual sighting was recorded at the night time. They witnessed something which could only be explained by taking the mystical perspective. In a first ever witness account of this type, a pair of flashing lights in a diamond formation was seen hovering above a building complex by the people living in nearby areas. Initially, only three lights in a triangular pattern were visible but after a few seconds, the fourth light also gained luminescence, thereby completing the square formation.

Looking at the vast spread of lights, it can be plausibly said that whatever it was, it had a prodigious stature. One could also see a fifth light following the square formation and it could mean to represent a long flank that trailed back from the square body, just like in a helicopter. Based on the orientation of the lights, and their distance from one another, the size of the “UFO” can easily be imagined and it is way bigger than anyone that what the people of earth are familiar with.

Check out more UFO sightings from Texas state.

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2 linked UFOs over Mississauga, Canada 15-May-2020

2 linked UFOs over Mississauga, Canada 15-May-2020

ontario-aliens.jpg

Check out this UFO video that was filmed over Mississauga in Ontario, Canada on 15th May 2020. Adding to the very few sightings recorded from Province of Canada, a pair of blinking lights was seen flying across the State of Ontario. It left the viewers in a state of complete awe as they had not seen anything of this sort before in their life.

The two big dots of lights just floating in the sky could have been two different UFOs or a single big UFO with two rear lights. The absolute synchronicity in which they moved reinforces the possibility of the latter theory being more true. But after flying for about 1 minute, the two lights started blinking in an unrecognisable pattern. Maybe the spaceship was trying to establish contact with others in their herd.

One theory also states that the two visible lights could have been combustion thrusters, which help to keep the space ship afloat. The blinking could then denote an attempt to alter the altitude or the orientation of the space ship. After about two minutes, one of the lights shut off and disappeared from the screen while the other still stay on for about 1 more minute before completely vanishing into the darkness.

Witness report: 

Two orange lights flying in what seemed to be in formation then disappearing possibly into the clouds. Two orange lights flying in what seemed to be in formation then disappearing possibly into the clouds. Lasted about three minutes from when I first saw them.

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Solid UFO over Mexican-USA border / Eagle Pass, Texas |2020

Solid UFO over Mexican-USA border / Eagle Pass, Texas |2020

texas-ufos.jpg

This UFO was filmed over Eagle Pass, Texas on 24th January 2020. A College student from Texas recored a rather mysterious object sailing through the skies. He spotted it just as he was approaching his school to attend his class.

At first glance, he thought it was a bird, but when he looked carefully, the object seemed nothing like a bird but was perfectly round in shape. It could have been a balloon left loose by someone, but the way it moved without being deflected by the wind proved that it was something heavier than the balloon, perhaps a Metal balloon.

The denizens of this planet have never even imagined, let alone witness, a flying balloon. When this video went viral, many people were flabbergasted at having seen such a bizarre thing floating in their little town, which does not get a lot of Air traffic.

Witness report: 

I was on my way to class already late by 2-3 minutes when I saw this egg shaped object hovering in straight path SE. Object seemed to not make any sound and appeared to be distant from my location around the height I’d normally see helicopter. No commercial traffic flies by as I’m in a small town on the Mexican-American border.

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Salty water might exist on Mars, but it’s probably too cold for life

Salty water might exist on Mars, but it’s probably too cold for life

Inhospitable conditions may ease some planetary protection protocols

Mars

Salty liquid water could persist for several consecutive hours across much of Mars, though the brine would be too cold for known life, a new study suggests.

JPL-CALTECH/NASA

Liquid brine can hang around on Mars’ surface, a new study suggests, but conditions may not be great for life as we know it.

That’s bad news for any Earth-based microorganisms determined to colonize the Red Planet, but good news for humans who don’t want to contaminate Mars with microbes hitching a ride on robot explorers.

Pure liquid water can’t last on Mars’ frigid surface. But mix in some salts, and H2O might stick around for a bit. NASA’s Curiosity and Phoenix landers have detected salts known as perchlorates in the Martian soil, and researchers have suggested that such salts might make transient brines possible (SN: 3/20/09).

No salty liquid water has been definitively found on Mars. But there have been hints of water dribbling out from underground (SN: 9/28/15), and a controversial report of a buried lake near the Red Planet’s south pole (SN: 12/17/18).

To learn more about how brines would behave in contemporary Martian conditions, Edgard Rivera-Valentín, a planetary scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, and colleagues ran computer simulations. They found that one type of brine could remain liquid on the planet’s surface and a few centimeters below for up to six consecutive hours across 40 percent of the planet, mostly at middle to high northern latitudes. However, those brines would never get warmer than about –48° Celsius, about 25 degrees below the known tolerance for life on Earth, the team reports online May 11 in Nature Astronomy.

This finding is useful for anyone planning a mission to Mars, the researchers say. Expeditions to locales with the potential for liquid water are subject to strict protection protocols (SN: 10/29/19) to reduce the risk of contamination from Earth. If Martian brines are truly uninhabitable by any known organism from our planet, that may ease restrictions on future exploration.

  • Christopher Crockett is a freelance science writer and editor based in Arlington, Va. He has a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of California, Los Angeles.

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Cool! A Hubble photo translated to music

Cool! A Hubble photo translated to music

There’s no sound in space. But – working with NASA – musicians and scientists turned a Hubble Space Telescope image of a galaxy cluster into music.

We stumbled on this video via a May 3, 2020, re-post at ScienceAlert. Matt Russo and Andrew Santaguida of System Sounds in Toronto – which calls itself “a sci-art outreach project” – created the video. It’s part of NASA’s Astrophysics Visualizations series.

NASA explained the video this way:

Space becomes sonified in this visualization of a cluster of galaxies imaged by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. Time flows left to right, and the frequency of sound changes from bottom to top, ranging from 30 to 1,000 hertz. Objects near the bottom of the image produce lower notes, while those near the top produce higher ones. Most of the visible specks are galaxies housing countless stars. A few individual stars shine brightly in the foreground. Stars and compact galaxies create short, clear tones, while sprawling spiral galaxies emit longer notes that change pitch. The higher density of galaxies near the center of the image – the heart of this galaxy cluster, known as RXC J0142.9+4438 – results in a swell of mid-range tones halfway through the video. Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3 acquired this image on August 13, 2018.

Cool!

Hubble image of galaxy cluster RXC J0142.9+4438.

Here’s the original Hubble image of galaxy cluster RXC J0142.9+4438, later “sonified” by Russo and Santaguida. NASA wrote: “Galaxies abound in this spectacular Hubble image; spiral arms swirl in all colors and orientations, and fuzzy ellipticals can be seen speckled across the frame as softly glowing smudges on the sky. Each visible speck of a galaxy is home to countless stars. A few stars closer to home shine brightly in the foreground, while a massive galaxy cluster nestles at the very center of the image; an immense collection of maybe thousands of galaxies, all held together by the relentless force of gravity.” 

Read more about this image, which is via ESA/ Hubble & NASA, RELICS.

  • Bottom line: Musicians and scientists turned a Hubble Space Telescope image – of galaxy cluster RXC J0142.9+4438 – into music.
  • Via ScienceAlert

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

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Russian Scientists Warn the Return of the Fallen Angels

Russian Scientists Warn the Return of the Fallen Angels

The Military and Scientific Committee reports reveal that Russia’s allies, which are India, China, and Brazil, need to defend the Earth because some extraterrestrial entities disguising as Fallen Angels are coming back to the planet.

During World War 2, sources suggest that Soviet Intelligence Services confirmed the strange relationship of Nazis with the so-called “fallen angels or demons.” However, in our oldest records, these entities are known as “gods.”

Fallen Angels have been defeated during the great revolution that wiped out the city-state called Atlantis some 5000 years ago. The devastating event has been recorded in religion and myths as “the great flood.”

Any news related to a series of mysterious craters in Siberia has been classified as a national threat by Vladimir Putin. Also, don’t forget the Chelyabinsk meteorite from 2013.

It appears that the US, with the support of Europe, is making its best effort to demonize Putin and entrap Russia into a battle to invade Siberia and control the old defense system that has been designed to protect Earth from the invasion of these “fallen angels”, that could also be alien beings.

Please watch the video for more detailed information and share your opinions with us.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

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Archaeologists Have Dates Wrong for North American Indigenous History

For centuries, indigenous history has been largely told through a European lens.         Source: John White, circa 1585-1593, © The Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA

Archaeologists Have Dates Wrong for North American Indigenous History

Columbus famously reached the Americas in 1492. Other Europeans had made the journey before, but the century from then until 1609 marks the creation of the modern globalized world.

This period brought extraordinary riches to Europe , and genocide and disease to indigenous peoples across the Americas.

Table: The Conversation. Source: Sturt Manning

Table: The Conversation.

Source: Sturt Manning

The European settlement dates and personalities are known from  texts and sometimes  illustrations, to use the failed colony on what was then Virginia’s Roanoke Island as an example.

But one thing is missing. What about indigenous history throughout this traumatic era? Until now, the standard timeline has derived, inevitably, from the European conquerors, even when scholars try to present an indigenous perspective.

This all happened just 400 to 500 years ago – how wrong could the conventional chronology for indigenous settlements be? Quite wrong, it turns out,  based on radiocarbon dating  my collaborators and I have carried out at a number of Iroquoian sites in Ontario and New York state. We’re challenging existing – and rather colonialist – assumptions and mapping out the correct time frames for when indigenous people were active in these places.

Dating Iroquoia project member Samantha Sanft excavating at White Springs, New York. (Samantha Sanft and Kurt Jordan, CC BY-ND / Author provided)

Dating Iroquoia project member Samantha Sanft excavating at White Springs, New York. 

(Samantha Sanft and Kurt Jordan,  CC BY-ND / Author provided)

Refining dates based on European goods

Archaeologists estimate when a given indigenous settlement was active based on the absence or presence of certain types of European trade goods, such as metal and glass beads . It was always approximate, but became the conventional history.

Since the first known  commercial fur trading missions were in the 1580s , archaeologists date initial regular appearances of scattered European goods to 1580-1600. They call these two decades Glass Bead Period 1. We know some trade occurred before that, though, since indigenous people Cartier met in the 1530s  had previously encountered Europeans, and were ready to trade  with him.

16th-century European copper alloy beads from two sites in the Mohawk Valley. (Image: New York State Museum, CC BY-ND / Author provided)

16th-century European copper alloy beads from two sites in the Mohawk Valley. 

(Image: New York State Museum,  CC BY-ND / Author provided)

Archaeologists set Glass Bead Period 2 from 1600-1630. During this time, new types of glass beads and finished metal goods were introduced, and trade was more frequent.

The logic of dating based on the absence or presence of these goods would make sense if all communities had equal access to, and desire to have, such items. But these key assumptions have not been proven.

That’s why the  Dating Iroquoia Project  exists. Made up of researchers at Cornell University, the University of Georgia and the New York State Museum, we’ve used radiocarbon dating and statistical modeling to date organic materials directly associated with Iroquoian sites in  New York’s Mohawk Valley  and Ontario in Canada .

First we looked at two sites in Ontario: Warminster and Ball. Both are long argued to have had direct connections with Europeans. For instance, Samuel de Champlain likely stayed at the Warminster site in 1615-1616. Archaeologists have found large numbers of trade goods at both sites.

Centuries-old maize sample, ready to be radiocarbon dated. (Image: Eva Wild / CC BY-ND )

Centuries-old maize sample, ready to be radiocarbon dated. 

(Image: Eva Wild / CC BY-ND )

When my colleagues and I examined and radiocarbon dated plant remains ( maize, bean, plum) and a wooden post, the calendar ages we came up with are entirely consistent with historical estimates and the glass bead chronology. The three dating methods agreed, placing Ball circa 1565-1590 and Warminster circa 1590-1620.

However, the picture was quite different at several other major Iroquois sites that lack such close European connections. Our radiocarbon tests came up with substantially different date ranges compared with previous estimates that were based on the presence or absence of various European goods.

For example, the Jean-Baptiste Lainé, or  Mantle, site  northeast of Toronto is currently the largest and most complex Iroquoian village excavated in Ontario. Excavated between 2003–2005, archaeologists dated the site to 1500–1530 because it lacks most trade goods and had just three European-source metal objects. But our radiocarbon dating now places it  between about 1586 and 1623, most likely 1599-1614 . That means previous dates were off the mark by as much as 50 to 100 years.

Other sites belonging to this same ancestral Wendat community are also more recent than previously assumed. For example, a site called Draper was conventionally dated to the second half of the 1400s, but radiocarbon dating places it at least 50 years later, between 1521 and 1557. Several other Ontario Iroquoian sites lacking large trade good assemblages vary by several decades to around 50 years or so from conventional dates based on our work.

Sturt Manning examining a sample in the Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory. (Image: Chris Kitchen/Cornell University/CC BY-ND )

Sturt Manning examining a sample in the Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory. 

(Image: Chris Kitchen/Cornell University/ CC BY-ND )

My colleagues and I have also investigated a number of sites in the Mohawk Valley, in New York state. During the 16th and early 17th centuries, the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers formed a key transport route from the Atlantic coast inland for Europeans and their trade goods. Again, we found that radiocarbon dating  casts doubt on the conventional time frame  attributed to a number of sites in the area.

Biases that led to misguided timelines

Why was some of the previous chronology wrong?

The answer seems to be that scholars viewed the topic through a pervasive colonial lens. Researchers mistakenly assumed that trade goods were equally available, and desired, all over the region, and considered all indigenous groups as the same.

To the contrary, it was Wendat custom, for example, that the lineage whose members first discovered a trade route claimed rights to it. Such “ownership” could be a source of power and status. Thus it would make sense to see uneven distributions of certain trade goods, as mediated by the controlling groups. Some people were “in,” with access, and others may have been “out.”

Ethnohistoric records indicate cases of indigenous groups rejecting contact with Europeans and their goods. For example, Jesuit missionaries described an  entire village no longer using French kettles  because the foreigners and their goods were blamed for disease.

Dating Iroquoia Project member Megan Conger excavating at White Springs, New York. Some locations have been under-explored, so far, by archaeologists. (Image: Megan Conger, Kurt Jordan/CC BY-ND)

Dating Iroquoia Project member Megan Conger excavating at White Springs, New York. Some locations have been under-explored, so far, by archaeologists.

(Image: Megan Conger, Kurt Jordan/ CC BY-ND )

There are other reasons European goods do or do not show up in the archaeological record. How near or far a place was from transport routes, and local politics, both within and between groups, could play a role. Whether Europeans made direct contact, or there were only indirect links, could affect availability. Objects used and kept in settlements could also vary from those intentionally buried in cemeteries.

Above all, the majority of sites are only partly investigated at best, some are as yet unknown. And sadly the archaeological record is affected by the looting and destruction of sites.

Only a direct dating approach removes the Eurocentric and historical lens, allowing an independent time frame for sites and past narratives.

Effects of re-dating indigenous history

Apart from changing the dates for textbooks and museum displays, the re-dating of a number of Iroquoian sites raises major questions about the social, political and economic history of indigenous communities.

For example, conventionally, researchers place the start of a shift to larger and fortified communities, and evidence of increased conflict, in the mid-15th century.

However, our radiocarbon dates find that some of the key sites are from a century later, dating from the mid-16th to start of the 17th centuries. The timing raises questions of whether and how early contacts with Europeans did or did not play a role. This period was also  during the peak of what’s called the Little Ice Age , perhaps indicating the changes in indigenous settlements have some association with climate challenge.

Our new radiocarbon dates indicate the correct time frame; they pose, but do not answer, many other remaining questions.

VIDEOS, selectected by peter2011

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

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Newfound Comet SWAN could soon fizzle out of view

Newfound Comet SWAN could soon fizzle out of view

Amateur astronomer and Comet SWAN discoverer Michael Mattiazzo of Castlemaine, Australia, captured this image of the comet on May 7, 2020.  (Image credit: Courtesy of Michael Mattiazzo)

During the next couple of weeks we'll have a chance of seeing a new comet as it sweeps past the sun. 

The comet's name is SWAN, an acronym for the Solar Wind Anisotropies camera on NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). Officially designated as C/2020 F8, the comet was discovered by Australian amateur astronomer, Michael Mattiazzo, while exploring SWAN imagery on March 25. 

Comet SWAN initially caught Mattiazzo's attention because it apparently was undergoing a sudden outburst of hydrogen gas — something that SOHO's SWAN instrument is particularly well adapted to picking up. Water ice from the comet's nucleus evaporates as the comet approaches the sun. Solar ultraviolet radiation splits up water molecules, and the liberated hydrogen atoms glow in ultraviolet light. 


This composite image shows Comet SWAN's track across the night sky on May 1-3, 2020.  (Image credit: Courtesy of Stephen James O'Meara)

The comet was 135 million miles (217 million kilometers) from the sun when Mattiazzo first saw it, but it will ultimately come to within 40.2 million miles (64.6 million km) of our star when it arrives at its perihelion, its closest point to the sun, on May 27. 

In scanning the Internet I've seen comments about Comet SWAN describing it as (potentially) putting on a "splendid" show in the coming days, and how it could be the "best comet in years" or the "brightest in decades." 

Well ... don't count on that.

Sorry if I sound like the wet blanket at the party, folks, but it seems to me that many who are ballyhooing Comet SWAN as a possible celestial showpiece are forgetting some of the old basics of forecasting what a lot of comets tend to do: Tease us, and more often than not end up underperforming and disappointing. 

Comet SWAN@c2020f8

This is how comets greet: by wagging the tail! Hi Earthlings!#FollowTheComet! https://twitter.com/AvatarDomy/status/1257196552331956225 …

Domenico@AvatarDomy

#Comet C/2020 F8 SWAN

Credit 🔭📸 by Esposito Raffaele on May 3, 2020 ITelescope Siding Spring Australia

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In recent days, some very impressive images of Comet SWAN have been making the rounds on different astronomy sites, all showing a comet with a large glowing head (called the "coma"), trailed by a long and beautiful gossamer tail. 

I'm sure that one look at those photographs, combined with the promise that viewers could see such a spectacle with their own eyes, will have many making a special effort to go out and see it for themselves.

But what you see in those photographs, is not what you're going to get.

Is it a dusty comet, or a gassy one? 

Comets are composed of frozen gases — methane, ammonia, water vapor and many others — that are heated as they approach the sun and made to glow by the sun's light, much in the same manner as phosphorescent paint glows under an ultraviolet lamp. Mixed within the gas are particles of mostly fine-grained and dusty material. 

Now the best comets — the ones that put on a good show — contain a lot of dust. Dust, you see, is a very good reflector of sunlight. As the gasses warm and expand, the solar wind (a stream of subatomic particles rushing out from the sun) blows the expanding material out into space to form the comet's beautiful tail. 

Mattiazzo captured this image of Comet SWAN on May 4, 2020. (Image credit: Courtesy of Michael Mattiazzo)

If the comet is a dusty one, the coma and resulting tail will be bright and easy to see. On occasion you may even perceive a slight yellow or pinkish tint. The dust may actually lag behind the comet head and impart the shape of a gentle arc. Comet Bennett (1970), Comet West (1976), Comet Hale-Bopp (1997) and Comet McNaught (2007) are all examples of bright and dusty comets. 

But if the comet is primarily composed of gas, it will generally appear much dimmer; more "ghostly" than anything else. Such comets usually appear as nothing more than a fuzzball to the eye, and the resulting tail will tend to be a faint and narrow appendage, stretching straight out from behind the coma. 

Moreover, to the naked eye and even through binoculars or a small telescope, the gas tail (usually of a bluish tint) tends to be so faint that it is hardly evident at all. Ironically, long-exposure photographs will bring out the gaseous tail quite nicely. Such tails can be rather long and stretch for many degrees across the sky, although what the camera sees is deceptive, for visually with your eyes, only a fraction of that length tends to be evident, again because of the faintness of the gas projected against the background of the sky.

Now, guess what type of comet SWAN happens to be? If you said "gas" you're (unfortunately) correct.

It's also a "newbie."

Initially, Comet SWAN looked like it was traveling in a very elongated ellipse with an orbital period in the tens of millions of years; a comet that had been here at least once before. But that doesn't appear to be the case now.  

Rather, Comet SWAN appears to be a "new" comet; a "virgin" from out of the Oort Cloud, a shell of icy bodies at the outskirts of the solar system that is considered the "breeding ground" of comets. New comets, or comets that have not swept around the sun before, travel in parabolic orbits because they literally fall from the depths of space toward the sun in a straight line, swing around the sun and are then flung back out into space. 

Such first-timers have never interacted with the sun before and are covered with very volatile materials such as frozen nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. These ices vaporize far from the sun, giving a distant comet a rapid surge in brightness that can raise unrealistic expectations. But once those ices are gone, the comet's rapid brightening dramatically slows.

Once sizzling ... now fizzling?

And that drop in brightness is exactly what has appeared to have happened to Comet SWAN, based on observations taken from the Comet Observation Database (COBS). 

On April 24, the comet was shining at magnitude +7.2, which is too faint to be seen with the naked eye and only accessible with binoculars or telescopes. Magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a star or other celestial body. The brighter the object, the lower the number assigned as a magnitude. The brightest stars are magnitude 0 or +1; the faintest stars visible without optical aid are +6. 

Less than a week later, on April 30, the comet's brightness had surged more than six-fold, reaching magnitude +5.2. By that time, the comet was faintly visible in a dark sky with the unaided eye. But ever since then, the comet's brightening has stalled and even has appeared to dim a little, hovering at around magnitude +5.6. 

A light curve of Comet SWAN from the Comet Observation Database (COBS) clearly illustrates the rapid rise in the comet's brightness from a few weeks ago, followed by the current downturn in recent days.  (Image credit: COBS Comet Observation Database/CC BY-NA-SA 4.0)

"I don't like what I'm seeing in F8 SWAN's light curve," Robert Pickard, a member of the International Comet Quarterly (ICQ), noted in a post to the ICQ Facebook group. "I see an outburst, followed by fading, then some recovery, then more constant fading."

The comet's fuzzy coma appears around 7 arc minutes in diameter — that's roughly one-quarter the apparent size of the moon. In terms of a linear size, that's roughly 107,000 miles (172,000 km) in diameter. 

At perihelion on May 27, early forecasts had the comet reaching a peak brightness of magnitude +3.5 or about as bright as a star of medium brightness. It might still do that if it undergoes another surge, but if not, it could remain at the same level of brightness — or get even dimmer — compared to now.

In a word: faint.

"Now there are two tails, both faint. We will be losing the comet and handing it over to more northerly horizons," longtime skywatcher Stephen O'Meara, who has been observing Comet SWAN from Maun, Botswana, told Space.com. "Hopefully, the dustiness will continue to increase as the comet nears the sun and give you guys a decent dust tail, rather than a domino tail. Fingers crossed."

Where and when to look

This animation shows the position of Comet C/2020 F8 SWAN in the morning sky from May 15 to May 24, looking northeast about one hour before sunrise.  (Image credit: SkySafari)

From now through early June, Comet SWAN will track north and east from the constellation Triangulum, into Perseus and will enter Auriga on June 1. From now through May 24, your best chance of catching a view of the comet will be in the morning sky. 

Start looking about 60 to 70 minutes before sunrise. Your clenched fist held at arm's length measures roughly 10 degrees. The comet should appear roughly 10 degrees above the northeast horizon; not likely immediately evident to the unaided eye, so scan the sky with binoculars. 

What you'll be looking for is a diffuse, circular glow, possibly accompanied by a faint tail pointing upward and to the right. 

This animation shows the position of Comet C/2020 F8 SWAN in the evening sky from May 25 to May 31, looking northwest about one hour after sunset.   (Image credit: SkySafari)

Then starting on May 25, best chances of seeing the comet will transition to the evening sky. About 60 to 70 minutes after sunset, the comet will be positioned about 10 degrees above the north-northwest horizon, with any semblance of a tail pointing upward and to the left. Perhaps your best shot at getting a glimpse of Comet SWAN will come on the evening of June 2nd to the lower left of the brilliant yellow star Capella. 

Clear skies and good luck! 

Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, the Farmers' Almanac and other publications. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

{ https://www.space.com/news }

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These lava tubes could be the safest place for explorers to live on Mars

These lava tubes could be the safest place for explorers to live on Mars

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Africa’s biggest collection of ancient human footprints has been found

Africa’s biggest collection of ancient human footprints has been found

Hundreds of fossilized impressions are providing a glimpse into ancient human behavior

Ol Doinyo Lengai

This volcano in East Africa, called Ol Doinyo Lengai, erupted long ago and produced a mudflow that preserved the biggest collection of ancient human footprints (some shown in the foreground) found in Africa so far.

CYNTHIA LIUTKUS-PIERCE

More than 400 human footprints preserved in hardened volcanic sediment are providing a rare peek at social life among ancient East African hunter-gatherers.

These impressions, found in northern Tanzania near a village called Engare Sero, add up to the largest collection of ancient human footprints ever found in Africa, say evolutionary biologist Kevin Hatala of Chatham University in Pittsburgh and his colleagues.

People walked across a muddy layer of volcanic debris that dates to between around 19,100 and 5,760 years ago, the researchers report May 14 in Scientific Reports. Dating of a thin rock layer that partly overlaps footprint sediment narrows the age range for the footprints to between roughly 12,000 and 10,000 years ago, the team says.

Engare Sero lies in the vicinity of two much older hominid footprint sites — nearly 3.7-million-year-old Laetoli (SN: 12/16/16) in Tanzania and 1.5-million-year-old Ileret (SN: 4/16/12) in Kenya.

At Engare Sero, Hatala’s team analyzed foot impression sizes, distances between prints and which way prints pointed. One collection of tracks was made by a group of 17 people walking southwest across the landscape, the researchers found. Comparisons with modern human footprint measurements indicate that this group consisted of 14 women, two men and one young boy.

The women may have been foraging for food, while a few males visited or accompanied them, the researchers speculate. Some present-day hunter-gatherers, including Tanzania’s Hadza people, form largely female food-gathering groups.

In another set of six tracks, the footprints point northeast. Those tracks probably weren’t made by people traveling in a group. Instead, the impressions suggest that two women and a man had ambled along leisurely, a woman and a man had walked briskly, and another woman had run across the area, the researchers say.

Hatala’s new study is “a nice piece of work,” although it’s hard to specify what ancient Engare Sero people were doing based on their foot impressions, says geologist Matthew Bennett of Bournemouth University in Poole, England.

Many sets of footprint tracks — not just the one set of 17 tracks at Engare Sero — would be needed to argue convincingly that hunter-gatherers at that time formed female foraging groups, Bennett says. Even then, researchers wouldn’t know if such groups had been gathering plant foods or hunting prey.

Other footprint sites present especially promising opportunities for studying ancient human behavior, Bennett says. He is involved in ongoing work at White Sands National Park in New Mexico that has uncovered tens of thousands of footprints of humans, mammoths, giant sloths and other creatures from around 12,000 years ago. Early results suggest that humans hunted giant sloths (SN: 4/25/18), and Bennett expects that research there will yield many more insights into Stone Age hunting.

{ https://www.sciencenews.org/ }

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The Weird World of Robotic Insect Drones

105543107-1541004554602roboflyinhand-999x540.jpg

The Weird World of Robotic Insect Drones

Imagine you are out at an outdoor event, perhaps a BBQ or camping trip and a bug keeps flying by your face. You try to ignore it at first, perhaps lazily swat at it, but it keeps coming back for more. This is nothing unusual, as bugs have a habit of ruining the outdoors for people, but then it lands on your arm. Now you can see it doesn’t exactly look like a regular fly, something is off about it. You lean in, peer down at the little insect perched upon your arm, and that is when you notice that it is peering right back at you, with a camera in place of eyes. Welcome to the future of drone technology, with robotic flies and more, and it is every bit as weird as it sounds.

Everyone is familiar with drones nowadays. They seem to be everywhere, and they are getting smaller and cooler as time goes on, but how small can they really get, some may wonder. Well, looking at the trends in the technology these days, it seems that they can get very small, indeed. One private research team called Animal Dynamics has been working on tiny drones that use the concept of biomechanics, that is, mimicking the natural movements of insects and birds in nature. After all, what better designer is there than hundreds of millions of years of evolution? A prime example of this is one of their drones that aims to copy the shape and movements of a dragonfly, a drone called the “Skeeter.” The drone is launched by hand, its design allows it to maintain flight in high winds of up to more than 20 knots (23mph or 37km/h) due to its close approximation of an actual dragonfly, and its multiple wings give it deft movement control. One of the researchers who helped design it, Alex Caccia, has said of its biomechanical design:

The way to really understand how a bird or insect flies is to build a vehicle using the same principles. And that’s what we set up Animal Dynamics to do. Small drones often have problems maneuvering in heavy wind. Yet dragonflies don’t have this problem. So we used flapping wings to replicate this effect in our Skeeter. Making devices with flapping wings is very, very hard. A dragonfly is an awesome flyer. It’s just insane how beautiful they are, nothing is left to chance in that design. It has very sophisticated flight control.

In addition to its small size and sophisticated controls, the Skeeter also can be equipped with a camera and communications links, using the type of miniaturized tech found in mobile smartphones. Currently the Skeeter measures around 8 inches long, but of course the team is working on smaller, lighter versions. As impressive as it is, Skeeter is not even the smallest insect drone out there. Another model designed by a team at the Delft University of Technology is called the “Delfly,” and weighs less than 50 grams. The Delfly is meant to copy the movements of a fruit fly, and has advanced software that allows it to autonomously fly about and avoid obstacles on its four cutting edge wings, fashioned from ultra-light transparent foil. The drone has been designed for monitoring agricultural crops, and is equipped with a minuscule camera. The team behind the Delfly hope to equip it with dynamic AI that will allow it to mimic the way an insect erratically flies about and avoids objects, and it seems very likely someone could easily mistake it for an actual fly. The only problem it faces at the moment is that it is so small that it has limited battery life, only able to stay aloft for 6 to 9 minutes at a time.

Indeed, this is the challenge that any sophisticated technology faces; the limitations of battery life. There is only so small you can make a battery before its efficiency is compromised, no matter how light and small the equipment, and it is a problem we are stuck with until battery technology is seriously upgraded. In fact, many of the prototype insect drones currently rely on being tethered to an external power source for the time being. But what if your drone doesn’t need batteries at all? That is the idea behind another drone designed by engineers at the University of Washington, who have created a robotic flying insect, which they call the RoboFly, that does not rely on any battery or external power source at all. Instead, the drone, which is about the same weight as a toothpick, rides about on a laser beam. This beam is invisible, and is aimed at a photovoltaic cell on the drone, which is then amplified with a circuit and is enough to power its wings and other components. However, even with such a game changing development, the RoboFly, and indeed all insect-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are usually referred to as micro aerial vehicles (MAVs), still face some big challenges going ahead. Sawyer Fuller, leader of the team that created the RoboFly and director of the slightly ominous sounding Autonomous Insect Robotics Laboratory, has said of this:

A lot of the sensors that have been used on larger robots successfully just aren’t available at fly size. Radar, scanning lasers, range finders — these things that make the perfect maps of the world, that things like self-driving cars use. So we’re going to have to use basically the same sensor suite as a fly uses, a little camera.

However, great progress is being made, and these little drones are becoming more sophisticated in leaps and bounds, with the final aim being a fully autonomous flying insect robot that can more or less operate on its own or with only minimal human oversight. Fuller is very optimistic about the prospects, saying, “For full autonomous I would say we are about five years off probably.” Such a MAV would have all manner of applications, including surveillance, logistics, agriculture, taking measurements in hostile environments that a traditional drone can’t fit into or operating in hazardous environments, finding victims of earthquakes or other natural disasters, planetary exploration, and many others. Many readers might be thinking about now whether the military has any interest in all of this, and the answer is, of course they do.

The use of these MAVs is seen as very promising to the military, and the U.S. government has poured in over a billion dollars of funding into such research. Indeed, Animal Dynamics has been courted by the military with funding, and the creators of the RoboFly have also received generous funding for their research. The U.S. government’s own Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been pursuing the technology for years, as have other countries. On the battlefield MAVs have obvious applications, such as spying and reconnaissance, but they are also seen as having other uses, such as attaching to enemies to serve as tracking devices or very literal “bugs,” attaching tags to enemy vehicles to make targeting easier, taking DNA samples, or even administering poisons or dangerous chemical or biological agents. There are quite a few world governments who are actively pursuing these insect drones, and one New Zealand based strategic analyst, Paul Buchanan, has said of this landscape:

The work on miniaturization began decades ago during the Cold War, both in the USA and USSR, and to a lesser extent the UK and China. The idea then and now was to have an undetectable and easily expendable weapons delivery or intelligence collection system. Nano technologies in particular have seen an increase in research on miniaturized UAVs, something that is not exclusive to government scientific agencies, but which also has sparked significant private sector involvement. That is because beyond the military, security and intelligence applications of miniaturized UAVs, the commercial applications of such platforms are potentially game changing. Within a few short years the world will be divided into those who have them and those who do not, with the advantage in a wide range of human endeavor going to the former.

While so far all of this is in the prototype stages and there are no working models in the field yet as far as we know, some conspiracy theorists believe that this is not even something for down the line in the future, but that the technology is already perfected and being used against an unsuspecting populace at this very moment. For instance, there was a report in 2007 in the Washington Post of several witnesses at an anti-war rally who claimed to have seen tiny drones like dragonflies or bumblebees darting about. One of these witnesses would say:

I look up and I’m like, ‘what the hell is that?’ They looked like dragonflies or little helicopters, but I mean, those are not insects. They were large for dragonflies and I thought, ‘is that mechanical or is that alive?

Such supposed sightings of these tiny drones have increased in recent years, leading to the idea that the technology is already being used to spy on us, but of course the government and research institutes behind it all insist that working models are still a thing of the future. Yet it is still a scary thought, scary enough to instill paranoia, which is only fueled by these reports and others like them. One famous recent meme that caused a lot of panic in 2019 was a post from Facebook user in South Africa, which shows an eerily mosquito-like robot perched on a human finger, accompanied by the text:

Is this a mosquito? No. It’s an insect spy drone for urban areas, already in production, funded by the US government. It can be remotely controlled and is equipped with a camera and a microphone. It can land on you, and may have the potential to take a DNA sample or leave RFID tracking nanotechnology on your skin. It can fly through an open window, or it can attach to your clothing until you take it home.

The post went viral, with rampant speculation on whether it was true or not. The debunking site Snopes came to the conclusion that the photo was fake and it was just a fictional meme, but others are not so sure, igniting the debate again on whether this is or will be a reality, or whether it ever should be. Regardless of the ethical and privacy concerns of having insect sized spy drones flying around, with all of the money and effort being put into this technology, the question of whether we will really have mosquito sized robots buzzing about seems to be not one of if, but of when. Perhaps they are even here already. So the next time you are out at a BBQ and that annoying fly keeps buzzing past your head, you might just want to take a closer look. Just in case.

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Freaky Fog, Mysterious Mist, and the World of the Paranormal

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Freaky Fog, Mysterious Mist, and the World of the Paranormal

Stephen Wagner, writing at liveabout.com says: “One of the most mysterious examples of paranormal phenomena is strange fog or smoke. The appearance of such an unusual cloud – especially if it is strangely colored or has no apparent natural cause – may signal the presence of something otherworldly such as a ghost or a spirit. Mysterious fog and smoke are also associated with vanishings.” He continues: “Such experiences, surprisingly, are not as uncommon as many people might think.” Wagner is not wrong. There are numerous such examples. And, it’s this issue of mysterious fog and mist that I’m taking a look at today. We’ll begin with the eerie story of Anne Owen, who I interviewed on August 11, 2000. Anne had a very strange experience while living in North Wales. It was the night of January 23, 1974. Anne told me the following:

“We had bought two, derelict, four-hundred-year-old cottages which we were converting. This was on a mountain above Trefriw and Llanrwst near the River Conwy. We’d taken a caravan up and a horse, as well, and our two children. We were in the caravan with the children, as we couldn’t move into the cottages yet. That night – January twenty-three – the horse was very restless, so we put him near our caravan. But later in the night he started rocking the caravan and was in a terrible state. Then we suddenly saw this thing outside the window. It was like a white ball, very slow-moving. It was difficult to know how far away from us it was as it was pitch black outside, but it looked about two or three feet wide. Then suddenly there was an enormous bang, absolutely colossal.”

Anne continued: “The only other person who was local to us was an old lady who was staring at it too. Well, she came up to me and said that she’d been woken by the bang. She also lived on the mountain and had gone to her bedroom window and had seen these ‘little men’ that were very small and all dressed in black – about three to four foot tall. She thought, because she’d seen the military on the mountain before that this was something to do with them. But she found it rather odd that they were so small! She described a ‘little gathering’ of them, about four or five, very, very early in the morning and near where the tree was. But she said that they didn’t look too different, only smaller.” Rather notably, Anne added that: “The day before, and the day after, this happened a weird mist came down out of nowhere. This was nothing like a normal mist and I still remember it now [italics mine].”

Howstuffworks wrote an article titled “The Rendlesham Forest Incident.” They say: “…after observers reported strange lights, the deputy base commander, Lt. Col. Charles Halt, led a larger party into Rendlesham. There, Halt measured abnormal amounts of radiation at the original landing site. Another, smaller group, off on a separate trek through the forest, spotted a dancing red light inside an eerily pulsating ‘fog’ [italics mine].” Researcher and writer Brian Dunning says of what was seen at Rendlesham Forest six years later: “Base personnel described the craft they pursued as metal and conical, with a bright red light above and a circle of blue lights below, and suspended in a yellow mist [italics mine].”

Moving away from UFOs: over the course of more than two decades, Linda Godfrey has written a number of excellent books on what many might call werewolves, but which are popularly known as Dogmen. Linda’s books include The Beast of Bray Road, Hunting the American Werewolf, The Michigan Dogman, Werewolves, and Real Wolfmen.In my opinion, Linda’s book Monsters Among Us: An Exploration of Otherworldly Bigfoots, Wolfmen, Portals, Phantoms, and Odd Phenomena is her most ambitious and thought-provoking. Section four of her book is titled “Creatures of Shadows, Mists, and Lights.” And it has that title for a very good reason. As Linda demonstrates on many occasions, where Dogmen are often seen, so are strange and usually small balls of light and mysterious mist. Attempts to photograph the man-wolves are foiled time and again by weird mists and fog that seem to envelop and cloak the locations – thus preventing anything of supernatural significance from being captured for posterity. Some of those mists are of an eerie green color and, on occasion, seem to be the cause of noticeable amounts of “missing time” on the parts of the witnesses. Or, as Ufologist Jenny Randles words it, the Oz-Factor. At times, the witnesses report being plunged into a different reality – an unreality, some might suggest. An almost dream-like world completely lacking in sound and normal surroundings, but filled to the brim with high-strangeness.

UFOs, ghosts, Dogmen, paranormal phenomena, and alien encounters: they all have connections to mysterious mist and strange fog. Does that mean all of those phenomena are somehow interconnected? Maybe. John Keel came to believe that numerous types of supernatural entities – Bigfoot, MIB, ghosts, lake-monsters, phantom black dogs, Djinn, and more – were all part of a bigger picture that we were (and still are) unable to understand or penetrate. In other words, things remain foggy (apologies for the terrible joke!).

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How Newborn Stars Prepare for the Birth of Planets

How Newborn Stars Prepare for the Birth of Planets

An international team of astronomers used two of the most powerful radio telescopes in the world to create more than three hundred images of planet-forming disks around very young stars in the Orion Clouds. These images reveal new details about the birthplaces of planets and the earliest stages of star formation.

ALMA and the VLA observed more than 300 protostars and their young protoplanetary disks in Orion. This image shows a subset of stars, including a few binaries. The ALMA and VLA data compliment each other: ALMA sees the outer disk structure (visualized in blue), and the VLA observes the inner disks and star cores (orange).

Newswise: How Newborn Stars Prepare for the Birth of Planets
Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), J. Tobin; NRAO/AUI/NSF, S. Dagnello
Most of the stars in the universe are accompanied by planets. These planets are born in rings of dust and gas, called protoplanetary disks. Even very young stars are surrounded by these disks. Astronomers want to know exactly when these disks start to form, and what they look like. But young stars are very faint, and there are dense clouds of dust and gas surrounding them in stellar nurseries. Only highly sensitive radio telescope arrays can spot the tiny disks around these infant stars amidst the densely packed material in these clouds.

For this new research, astronomers pointed both the National Science Foundation’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to a region in space where many stars are born: the Orion Molecular Clouds. This survey, called VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM), is the largest survey of young stars and their disks to date.

Very young stars, also called protostars, form in clouds of gas and dust in space. The first step in the formation of a star is when these dense clouds collapse due to gravity. As the cloud collapses, it begins to spin – forming a flattened disk around the protostar. Material from the disk continues to feed the star and make it grow. Eventually, the left-over material in the disk is expected to form planets.

Many aspects about these first stages of star formation, and how the disk forms, are still unclear. But this new survey provides some missing clues as the VLA and ALMA peered through the dense clouds and observed hundreds of protostars and their disks in various stages of their formation.

Young planet-forming disks

“This survey revealed the average mass and size of these very young protoplanetary disks,” said John Tobin of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Charlottesville, Virginia, and leader of the survey team. “We can now compare them to older disks that have been studied intensively with ALMA as well.”

This image shows the Orion Molecular Clouds, the target of the VANDAM survey. Yellow dots are the locations of the observed protostars on a blue background image made by Herschel. Side panels show nine young protostars imaged by ALMA (blue) and the VLA (orange).

This image shows the Orion Molecular Clouds, the target of the VANDAM survey. Yellow dots are the locations of the observed protostars on a blue background image made by Herschel. Side panels show nine young protostars imaged by ALMA (blue) and the VLA (orange).

Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), J. Tobin; NRAO/AUI/NSF, S. Dagnello; Herschel/ESA

What Tobin and his team found, is that very young disks can be similar in size, but are on average much more massive than older disks. “When a star grows, it eats away more and more material from the disk. This means that younger disks have a lot more raw material from which planets could form. Possibly bigger planets already start to form around very young stars.”

Four special protostars

Among hundreds of survey images, four protostars looked different than the rest and caught the scientists’ attention. “These newborn stars looked very irregular and blobby,” said team member Nicole Karnath of the University of Toledo, Ohio (now at SOFIA Science Center). “We think that they are in one of the earliest stages of star formation and some may not even have formed into protostars yet.”

It is special that the scientists found four of these objects. “We rarely find more than one such irregular object in one observation,” added Karnath, who used these four infant stars to propose a schematic pathway for the earliest stages of star formation. “We are not entirely sure how old they are, but they are probably younger than ten thousand years.”

This schematic shows a proposed pathway (top row) for the formation of protostars, based on four very young protostars (bottom row) observed by VLA (orange) and ALMA (blue). Step 1 represents the collapsing fragment of gas and dust. In step 2, an opaque region starts to form in the cloud. In step 3, a hydrostatic core starts to form due to an increase in pressure and temperature, surrounded by a disk-like structure and the beginning of an outflow. Step 4 depicts the formation of a class 0 protostar inside the opaque region, that may have a rotationally supported disk and more well-defined outflows. Step 5 is a typical class 0 protostar with outflows that have broken through the envelope (making it optically visible), an actively accreting, rotationally supported disk. In the bottom row, white contours are the protostar outflows as seen with ALMA.

This schematic shows a proposed pathway (top row) for the formation of protostars, based on four very young protostars (bottom row) observed by VLA (orange) and ALMA (blue). Step 1 represents the collapsing fragment of gas and dust. In step 2, an opaque region starts to form in the cloud. In step 3, a hydrostatic core starts to form due to an increase in pressure and temperature, surrounded by a disk-like structure and the beginning of an outflow. Step 4 depicts the formation of a class 0 protostar inside the opaque region, that may have a rotationally supported disk and more well-defined outflows. Step 5 is a typical class 0 protostar with outflows that have broken through the envelope (making it optically visible), an actively accreting, rotationally supported disk. In the bottom row, white contours are the protostar outflows as seen with ALMA.

Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), N. Karnath; NRAO/AUI/NSF, B. Saxton and S. Dagnello

To be defined as a typical (class 0) protostar, stars should not only have a flattened rotating disk surrounding them, but also an outflow – spewing away material in opposite directions – that clears the dense cloud surrounding the stars and makes them optically visible. This outflow is important, because it prevents stars from spinning out of control while they grow. But when exactly these outflows start to happen, is an open question in astronomy.

One of the infant stars in this study, called HOPS 404, has an outflow of only two kilometers (1.2 miles) per second (a typical protostar-outflow of 10-100 km/s or 6-62 miles/s). “It is a big puffy sun that is still gathering a lot of mass, but just started its outflow to lose angular momentum to be able to keep growing,” explained Karnath. “This is one of the smallest outflows that we have seen and it supports our theory of what the first step in forming a protostar looks like.”

Combining ALMA and VLA

The exquisite resolution and sensitivity provided by both ALMA and the VLA were crucial to understand both the outer and inner regions of protostars and their disks in this survey. While ALMA can examine the dense dusty material around protostars in great detail, the images from the VLA made at longer wavelengths were essential to understand the inner structures of the youngest protostars at scales smaller than our solar system.

“The combined use of ALMA and the VLA has given us the best of both worlds,” said Tobin. “Thanks to these telescopes, we start to understand how planet formation begins.”

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

Contacts and sources:

  • Iris Nijman
    National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)

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Solar Minimum is Coming

Solar Minimum is Coming

High up in the clear blue noontime sky, the sun appears to be much the same day-in, day-out, year after year.

But astronomers have long known that this is not true. The sun does change. Properly-filtered telescopes reveal a fiery disk often speckled with dark sunspots. Sunspots are strongly magnetized, and they crackle with solar flares—magnetic explosions that illuminate Earth with flashes of X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation. The sun is a seething mass of activity.

Until it’s not. Every 11 years or so, sunspots fade away, bringing a period of relative calm.

“This is called solar minimum,” says Dean Pesnell of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. “And it’s a regular part of the sunspot cycle.”

The sun is heading toward solar minimum now. Sunspot counts were relatively high in 2014, and now they are sliding toward a low point expected in 2019-2020.

While intense activity such as sunspots and solar flares subside during solar minimum, that doesn’t mean the sun becomes dull. Solar activity simply changes form.

For instance, says Pesnell, “during solar minimum we can see the development of long-lived coronal holes.”

Coronal holes are vast regions in the sun’s atmosphere where the sun’s magnetic field opens up and allows streams of solar particles to escape the sun as the fast solar wind.

Pesnell says “We see these holes throughout the solar cycle, but during solar minimum, they can last for a long time - six months or more.” Streams of solar wind flowing from coronal holes can cause space weather effects near Earth when they hit Earth’s magnetic field. These effects can include temporary disturbances of the Earth’s magnetosphere, called geomagnetic storms, auroras, and disruptions to communications and navigation systems.

During solar minimum, the effects of Earth’s upper atmosphere on satellites in low Earth orbit changes too.

Normally Earth’s upper atmosphere is heated and puffed up by ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Satellites in low Earth orbit experience friction as they skim through the outskirts of our atmosphere. This friction creates drag, causing satellites to lose speed over time and eventually fall back to Earth. Drag is a good thing, for space junk; natural and man-made particles floating in orbit around Earth. Drag helps keep low Earth orbit clear of debris.

But during solar minimum, this natural heating mechanism subsides. Earth’s upper atmosphere cools and, to some degree, can collapse. Without a normal amount of drag, space junk tends to hang around.

There are unique space weather effects that get stronger during solar minimum. For example, the number of galactic cosmic rays that reach Earth’s upper atmosphere increases during solar minimum. Galactic cosmic rays are high energy particles accelerated toward the solar system by distant supernova explosions and other violent events in the galaxy.

Pesnell says that “During solar minimum, the sun’s magnetic field weakens and provides less shielding from these cosmic rays. This can pose an increased threat to astronauts traveling through space.”

Solar minimum brings about many changes to our sun, but less solar activity doesn’t make the sun and our space environment any less interesting.

For more news about the changes ahead, stay tuned to science.nasa.gov

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Poleshift Grand Solar Minimum Here! Dark Winter Coming!

Poleshift Grand Solar Minimum Here! Dark Winter Coming!

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Our sun’s sunspots follow an 11-year cycle. When people see a high number of spots, the climate stays warm and sunny, like back in the 1940s and ’50s.

In 2018, the sunspots have almost completely disappeared. Has this newspaper ever mentioned the Grand Solar Minimum?

Historically, GSM’s correlate with periods of very cold weather on Earth, like the Little Ice Age (circa 1500-1850), which occurred during the Maunder Minimum (1645-1715 AD), when the sun showed zero to very few sunspots, like now.

During a GSM, more galactic cosmic rays enter Earth’s atmosphere, acting as nucleation for raindrops — just like Earth has been having these last two years.

No sunspots equals more cosmic rays. More cosmic rays equals more clouds. More clouds equals more rain and snow. More clouds, Earth’s surface can get cooler. Mauinews

Solar minimum is the period of least solar activity in the 11-year solar cycle of the Sun. During this time, sunspot and solar flare activity diminishes, and often does not occur for days at a time. The date of the minimum is described by a smoothed average over 12 months of sunspot activity.

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Metal Orb UFO Seen In Two Shuttle Atlantis Missions! UFO Sighting News.

Metal Orb UFO Seen In Two Shuttle Atlantis Missions! UFO Sighting News.

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strange%252C%2Bodd%252C%2B%25D0%259D%25D0%259B%25D0%259E%252C%2Bovni%252C%2Borb%252C%2Borbs%252C%2B%2B%2BUFO%252C%2BUFOs%252C%2Bsighting%252C%2Bsightings%252C%2Balien%252C%2Baliens%252C%2B%2Bshuttle%252C%2Bnasa%252C%2Bwaarneming%252C%2Bvreemdelinge%252C%2B%2B%2B.png
Date of sighting: February 15, 2008
Location of discovery: Space Station
Mission: STS-122 Shuttle Atlantis at ISS
Photo: 
These photos were taken during the STS-122 mission back in February of 2008. This is an alien orb and similar orbs have been seen around the shuttle Atlantis before and broadcasted on live CNN around the world a few years ago. Notice the mist around this orb. If this was the moon it would be in total focus like the Earth, but you need to click on the large photo to see this fact. This is the exact same type of UFO seen back in 2006 Atlantis mission!
 
On Sept 20, 2006 the world had a treat...CNN announced live that the Shuttle Atlantis would be delayed for its landing due to a UFO following it...Unidentified Flying Object, which does not necessarily mean alien object. When CNN showed the live feed from the shuttle...the world saw not one, but 5-7 grey metallic orbs floating around behind and around the shuttle. I will put the video of a close up of an orb from that mission at the intro of my video below. Its the same footage I saw on CNN years ago. The orbs are the same, 100% identical. The same UFOs seen at the same shuttle on two different missions! 
Scott C. Waring
 

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UFO filmed over Denver, Colorado 16-May-2020

UFO filmed over Denver, Colorado 16-May-2020

Denver-UFO-1.jpg

In another bizarre UFO sighting that came only yesterday from Colorado, USA, a black coloured and grotesquely shaped object was seen hovering in the sky. In the first glance, it looked like some bird or maybe a hot air balloon stuck in the wind current. However, it remained stuck there for more than 3 minutes, and this feat couldn’t haven’t been performed by a hot air balloon or bird, which change their direction of flight or lower their altitude almost immediately when faced with such a problem. Whatever it was, it stayed hovering in the same location until the cloud in the backdrop passed it completely.

There are two theories which can be used define this event:

  1. The object belonged to some another world and was awestruck at the magnificence of the cloud, and it hovered at the same spot as it gasped at the lofty cloud passing by it.
  2. The cloud was maybe blocking its path and in the three minutes it hovered there, it was trying to push the cloud of its way. This fact can be corroborated by the video evidence, which shows that the cloud immediately started moving a few seconds after the object stopped in its flight.

There are many explanations, apart from the above two, that can explain this sighting, but almost all of those are based on the assumption that the object was not from this side of the cosmos

Witness report:

Dark object moving steadily across the sky. Object started in the East of the sky, high but below clouds. Seemed to either change color from black to white/white to black or the sun seemed to change color. Moved steady across the sky at a slow pace in a straight line, seemed Ike it was following a direct path. At one point it seemed to completely stop in the sky and not move for several minutes. No sound, no trail, seemed to have an aura. 3 witnesses, all saw the same thing.

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Did Secret Space Expert Say Too Much When an Interviewer Asked About Our Moon?... Very Shocking!

Did Secret Space Expert Say Too Much When an Interviewer Asked About Our Moon?... Very Shocking!

56_176_moon_2018-04-23-Tom_Campbell_1600.jpg

Our moon is one of the biggest mysteries we know. As to how it got there, why it is seemingly hollow, mysterious constructions and an E.T presence there are the hottest topics, but how much truth is there too them. Expert and genius rocket engineer speaks out in regards what he believes the moon constitutes.

Did Expert David Adair Say Too Much When An Interviewer Asked About Our Moon?… SHOCKING!

All content on this channel is licensed, and or produced by Zohar Entertainment Group/Awakening Expo/Phenomena Magazine.

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This brown dwarf might look a lot like Jupiter

This brown dwarf might look a lot like Jupiter

The cloud bands on brown dwarf Luhman 16A were found via instruments known as polarimeters. An astronomer said they’re like “… an astronomer’s polarized sunglasses. But instead of trying to block out that glare, we’re trying to measure it.”

Colored globes of different sizes with text annotations on black background.

The quality of mass is what separates planets from brown dwarfs from stars. Here’s a general comparison of the masses of each.

Image via NASA/ Caltech/ R. Hurt (IPAC).

Scientists studying the closest-known brown dwarf – an object much heavier than a planet but lighter than a star – have found that it has bands of clouds reminiscent of those on our solar system’s largest planet, Jupiter. As reported by Caltech, while evidence for cloud bands on brown dwarfs has been seen before, this discovery represents the first time that these features have been inferred using an observing technique known as polarimetry. The researchers used the NaCo instrument on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile to make the discovery.

  • The peer-reviewed findings were published in The Astrophysical Journal on May 5, 2020.

Polarimetry works in a way related to the way polarized sunglasses block out bright sunlight. Maxwell Millar-Blanchaer, a scientist at Caltech and lead author of the new study, said in a statement:

I often think of polarimetric instruments as an astronomer’s polarized sunglasses. But instead of trying to block out that glare we’re trying to measure it.

Reddish globe with a wide dark band, and stars in the background.

Of course, we don’t really know what brown dwarfs look like. They’re far away, and we’ve never seen one up close. But here’s an artist’s concept of the brown dwarf called Luhman 16A, basd on recent evidence of Jupiter-like bands on its surface.

Image via Caltech/ R. Hurt (IPAC).

Astronomer Dimitri Mawet, also of Caltech, described the use of polarimetry this way:

Polarimetry is receiving renewed attention in astronomy. Polarimetry is a very difficult art, but new techniques and data analysis methods make it more precise and sensitive than ever before, enabling groundbreaking studies on everything from distant supermassive black holes, newborn and dying stars, brown dwarfs, and exoplanets, all the way down to objects in our own solar system.

The brown dwarf Luhman 16A is actually one of a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system, similar to a system of binary stars. It is the closest such system known, only 6.5 light-years away from Earth. Each brown dwarf in this system is similar in size to Jupiter, but 30 times more massive. Both have similar temperatures of about 1,900 degrees Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius).

Scientists had previously found evidence for patchy clouds on the other brown dwarf of the pair, Luhman 16B, but not bands. How and why the other brown dwarf may be different is as yet unknown. Study co-author Julien Girard of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, said:

Like Earth and Venus, these objects are twins with very different weather.

The researchers ruled out other possibilities before determining that Luhman 16A really did have a banded atmosphere. Theodora Karalidi of the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida, said:

To determine what the light encountered on its way [from the brown dwarf to Earth], we compared observations against models with different properties: brown dwarf atmospheres with solid cloud decks, striped cloud bands, and even brown dwarfs that are oblate due to their fast rotation. We found that only models of atmospheres with cloud bands could match our observations of Luhman 16A.

NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope previously found banding on three other brown dwarfs. The difference between all the previous observations and the new one is that the old measured changing brightness but not polarized light.

This time, though, NaCo observed polarized light from both of the Luhman brown dwarfs. Millar-Blanchaer said:

Polarimetry is the only technique that is currently able to detect bands that don’t fluctuate in brightness over time. This was key to finding the bands of clouds on Luhman 16A, on which the bands do not appear to be varying.

Foreground: a globe with multi-colored bands and large red oval spot. Solid black background.

Jupiter as seen by NASA’s Juno spacecraft on April 1, 2018. How much more detail would we see in Luhman 16A, if we could see it up close like this?

Image via NASA/ JPL-Caltech/ SwRI/ MSSS/ Gerald Eichstäd/ Seán Doran © CC NC SA.

Polarimetry doesn’t image the brown dwarfs per se, but rather simply measures the amount of polarized light they emit. Scientists then use atmospheric modeling to infer the presence of the cloud bands.

Right now, scientists don’t know how many bands there are on Luhman 16A, but the data suggest at least two.

On Luhman 16A’s brother brown dwarf – Luhman 16B – the study shows that the cloud patches are probably very active and stormy, similar to storms on Jupiter. According to Girard:

We think these storms can rain things like silicates or ammonia. It’s pretty awful weather, actually.

Brown dwarfs are enigmatic objects; they are often referred to as failed stars, since they don’t have enough mass to ignite and shine as full-fledged stars. But they are also more massive than any known planets. They’re sometimes referred to as hybrid objects, between large planets and small stars.

Brown dwarfs are not the only objects that can be studied with polarimetry. The technique is also useful for observing exoplanets – planets orbiting other stars – especially giant, hot planets like hot Jupiters. It’s not easy, though, since hot Jupiters orbit very close to their stars, and so are relatively faint. Other planets are even fainter.

Smiling, bearded young man in dress shirt in front of trees.

Maxwell Millar-Blanchaer at Caltech, lead author of the new study.

Image via Caltech.

Millar-Blanchaer said:

Polarimetry is very sensitive to cloud properties, both in brown dwarfs and exoplanets. This is the first time that it’s really been exploited to understand cloud properties outside of the solar system.

According to Millar-Blanchaer, polarimetry is sensitive enough that it might even be able to detect surface liquid water on exoplanets. Now that would be exciting!

NASA’s upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) will also be able to observe brown dwarfs like Luhman 16A and look for signs of clouds. WFIRST will be equipped with a coronagraph instrument to conduct polarimetry, and may even be able to detect giant exoplanets in reflected light, as well as evidence of clouds in their atmospheres. With missions like these in the near future, scientists will be able to learn much more about brown dwarfs and their variously decorated atmospheres.

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

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Mars is wetter than initially thought (but still not wet enough for life)

Mars is wetter than initially thought (but still not wet enough for life)

Pockets of salty water can appear on the surface of Mars more often and across more of the planet than previously expected.

Scientists modeled the climate of Mars to understand if hydrated salts or brines on the surface of the Red Planet could harbor life. The results suggest that hydrated salts and brines on Mars are not supportive of life. For example, if the dark streaks shown here are formed by the flow of briny water, then that briny water would be too cold to support life.  Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

In 2015, NASA made a breathtaking announcement: Mars had liquid water flowing on its surface. But there’s a catch — this is water mixed with brine. This composition allowed the liquid to flow as dark streaks seen by overhead satellites despite the frigid temperatures experienced on the Red Planet.

Now, researchers say that these briny dark streaks may be much more common than initially thought.

Using measurements recorded by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, researchers affiliated with the Southwest Research Institute, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), and the University of Arkansas devised a model that predicts where liquid brine can form on the surface of Mars.

They were stoked to find that up to 40% of the Martian surface could support liquid water on its surface for perhaps six hours at a time.

However, conditions that can enable the dark streaks to form are pretty strict. As such, brine flows in each location are possible during just 2% or so of the year, highlighting their seasonal nature.

Surprisingly, the subsurface is likely much wetter than the surface itself. The model suggests that brines could exist during 10% of the Martian year at a depth of just 3 inches (8 centimeters).

Because saltwater is liquid at lower temperatures than pure water, scientists modeled the climate of Mars to understand if pockets of brine on its surface could harbor life. NASA has found evidence of brine on the Red Planet, including these droplets on the strut of the Phoenix lander, which may have formed in the warmed spacecraft environment.  Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona.

These findings seem to be in accordance with news from 2018 of a massive 20-km-wide underground lake beneath Mars’ south pole.

Although Mars seems to be wetter than originally thought, there are many caveats for those of you bristling with excitement at the thought that some Martian microbes might be lurking inside the brines.

Aside from the fact that carbon-based life — the kind we’re accustomed to here on Earth — doesn’t enjoy living in hydrated salt systems, the temperature is also far too cold.

Measurements performed by satellites orbiting Mars suggest that the brines have a maximum temperature of around -44°C (-55°F).

“Our results indicate that (meta)stable brines on the Martian surface and its shallow subsurface (a few centimetres deep) are not habitable because their water activities and temperatures fall outside the known tolerances for terrestrial life. Furthermore, (meta)stable brines do not meet the Special Region requirements, reducing the risk of forward contamination and easing threats related to the exploration of the Martian surface,” the authors wrote in the journal Nature Astronomy.

On the upside, the fact that it seems virtually impossible for these brines to sustain life gives NASA the green light to plan missions meant to investigate them without fear of contamination.

“These new results reduce some of the risk of exploring the Red Planet while also contributing to future work on the potential for habitable conditions on Mars,” co-author Alejandro Soto, a senior research scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado,

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

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Pluto's wispy atmosphere may be surprisingly robust

Pluto's wispy atmosphere may be surprisingly robust

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“The Search for Techno-Artifacts” From an Earlier Civilization in the Solar System

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“The Search for Techno-Artifacts” From an Earlier Civilization in the Solar System

Image credit: With thanks to Pixabay.com

One of the primary open questions of astrobiology is whether there is extant or extinct life elsewhere the Solar System. Astrophysicists Avi Loeb at Harvard and Penn State’s Jason Wright have both explored the question, with Loeb suggesting that ancient technological artifacts from beyond the Solar System may exist on Earth’s Moon amounting to a letter from an alien civilization saying, “We exist.”

Wright, a member of  the Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, has considered the possibility that a technological species could have existed in the Solar System prior to humanity’s rise on Earth in his study, Prior Indigenous Technological Species.

In 2016, Wright authored a paper that discussed possible origins and locations for “technosignatures” of such a civilization while other astronomers have suggested looking for lights on Kuiper Belt Objects that “may serve as a lamppost which signals the existence of extraterrestrial technologies and thus civilizations.”

“Milky Way’s Higher Probability to Harbor Advanced Technological Civilizations”

  “The evolution of elliptical galaxies is totally different than the Milky Way,” says astrophysicist Daniel Whitmire. “These galaxies went through an early phase in which there is so much radiation that it would just completely have nuked any habitable planets in the galaxy and subsequently the star formation rate, and thus any new planets, … 

Continue reading“Milky Way’s Higher Probability to Harbor Advanced Technological Civilizations”

The origins and possible locations for technosignatures of such a prior indigenous technological species might have arisen on ancient Earth or another body, such as a pre-greenhouse Venus or a wet Mars. In the case of Venus, the arrival of its global greenhouse and potential resurfacing might have erased all evidence of its existence on the Venusian surface. In the case of Earth, erosion and, ultimately, plate tectonics may have erased most such evidence if the species lived a billion years ago. Remaining indigenous technosignatures, observes Wright, might be expected to be extremely old, limiting the places they might still be found to beneath the surfaces of Mars and the Moon, or in the outer Solar System.

“The most obvious answer is a cataclysm, whether a natural event, such as an extinction-level asteroid impact, or self-inflicted, such as a global climate catastrophe,” Wright asserts. “In the case of a prior space-faring species that had settled the Solar System, such an event would only permanently extinguish the species if there were many cataclysms across the Solar System closely spaced in time (a swarm of comets, or interplanetary warfare perhaps), or if the settlements were not completely self-sufficient. Alternatively, an unexpected nearby gamma ray burst or supernova might produce a Solar-System-wide cataclysm.”

From a purely scientific standpoint, observes Wright, it’s a perfectly reasonable question to ask whether life may have existed elsewhere in the Solar System, or does today.

Remaining indigenous technosignatures might be expected to be extremely old, suggests Wright, limiting the places they might still be found to beneath the surfaces of Mars and the Moon, or in the outer Solar System.

“Technological Civilizations in the Cosmos May Collapse from the Climate Change They Trigger”

  Astronomers have inventoried a sizable share of the universe’s stars, galaxies, comets, and black holes. But are planets with sustainable civilizations also something the universe contains? Or does every civilization that may have arisen in the Cosmos last only a few centuries before it falls to the climate change it triggers?   In the … 

Continue reading“Technological Civilizations in the Cosmos May Collapse from the Climate Change They Trigger”

In a later, 2019 study, Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb, suggested that Earth’s Moon might yield traces of technological equipment that crashed on the lunar surface a billion years ago, amounting to a letter from an alien civilization saying, “We exist.”

A 2019 paper Loeb wrote with Manasvi Lingam answers this question with a resounding “yes”, suggesting to consider the moon’s surface for interstellar objects collected over time and potentially deliver building blocks of life from the habitable environments around other stars.

“The absence of a lunar atmosphere,” writes Loeb in “The Moon as a Fishing Net for Extraterrestrial Life”, “guarantees that these messengers would reach the lunar surface without burning up. In addition, the geological inactivity of the moon implies that the record deposited on its surface will be preserved and not mixed with the deep lunar interior. Serving as a natural mailbox, the lunar surface collected all impacting objects during the past few billions of years. Most of this “mail” comes from within the solar system.”

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{ https://dailygalaxy.com/ }

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