Scientists are gathering in Puerto Rico today (May 18) to discuss the many forms alien intelligence could take.
Can We Talk to E.T.? Workshop Mulls Alien Intelligence
Scientists are gathering in Puerto Rico today (May 18) to discuss the many forms alien intelligence could take.
This effort will draw upon the incredible diversity of life on Earth, conference organizers and participants said.
"Philosophical questions aside, from a pragmatic perspective, if we are to send a message, we must design it in a way that it can be understood and used by the broadest range of forms that intelligent life could take," University of Washington biologists Dominic Sivitilli and David Gire said in a statement. "We can make substantial progress toward this goal by understanding the diversity of forms that intelligent life has taken on this planet."
For example, it's possible that sexual selection — which drives the evolution of traits that don't aid survival but do impress potential mates — has played a larger role in the development of human intelligence than "normal" natural selection, said biologist Anna Dornhaus of the University of Arizona.
"If this is true, then we should expect cognitive ability — i.e., learning, memory, abstraction and many other elements of intelligence — to be commonplace in the galaxy as they are among organisms on Earth," Dornhaus said in the same statement. "But 'exaggerated' intelligence, as in humans, may be a rare accident of chance, as rare as a peacock's tail."
The SETI workshop is part of the National Space Society's International Space Development Conference (ISDC), which takes place from today through Sunday (May 22) in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
"By launching ISDC 2016 with a daylong meeting on the nature of intelligence in the universe, we set the stage for an engaging conference that includes sessions on the habitability of other worlds, the latest research from Arecibo Observatory and updates on cutting-edge space missions like Breakthrough Starshot to Alpha Centauri (Pete Worden) and New Horizons to Pluto (Alan Stern)," said Dave Dressler, ISDC 2016 program chairman.
Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.
Send Astronauts to Mars to Find Evidence of Life, NASA's Top Scientist Says
Send Astronauts to Mars to Find Evidence of Life, NASA's Top Scientist Says
The chances are good that microbial life existed on Mars long ago, and sending astronauts to the Red Planet is the best way to find the evidence, NASA's chief scientist said.
"Those conditions on Mars, we know, were not that different from the conditions on Earth from when life evolved," she said. "And life evolved so quickly here on Earth, and in the oceans, that it gives the scientific community a fair amount of confidence that the same conditions did exist on Mars, and that life did evolve there. So how are we going to find it?" [The Search for Life on Mars (A Photo Timeline)]
Scientists know that life had evolved on Earth by 3.8 billion years ago, and a recent study suggested that the first microbes actually might have appeared by 4.1 billion years ago — just 440 million years after the planet formed.
Earth life-forms stayed simple for a long time after that; complex, multicellular organisms didn't get a firm foothold here until 800 million years ago or so. By that time, the Red Planet had long since lost most of its atmosphere, as well as its stable surface water. So the hunt for life on Mars should think small, Stofan said.
"We're not looking for skeletons; we're looking for fossil microbes — if [Mars] life did indeed go extinct," she said. "And those are going to be hard to find."
Indeed, field geologists here on Earth can study rocks rich in fossil microbes but never see the tiny structures, said Stofan, who is a geologist. Therefore, she thinks robots won't be able to do the job by themselves on Mars, especially considering how high the burden of proof will be for such an epochal discovery.
"I strongly believe we will never settle this question of determining whether or not there's life on Mars unless we get human scientists down onto the surface of the Red Planet," Stofan said.
The search for Mars life is, therefore, a strong motivation for putting boots on the Red Planet, which NASA aims to do by 2040. But there are other drivers as well, Stofan said.
"Every time I go out into a classroom — whether it was a D.C. high school I went to last week, elementary schools around the world — you ask those kids, 'Do you want to go to Mars?' And over half the room raises their hand," she said. "So let's get this done. Let's go to Mars."
Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.
Naar de rand van het waarneembare heelal

UFO News 2016: Obama White House Responds To Hillary Clinton's Promise To Disclose Area 51 And UAP Documents

Steven Spielberg - 30 Years of Close Encounters (part 1 + part 2)Published on Apr 24, 2012
"Steven Spielberg: 30 Years of 'Close Encounters'" is simply a one-on-one chat with the director. Comes in two parts running around 22 minutes in length.
"Steven Spielberg: 30 Years of 'Close Encounters'" is simply a one-on-one chat with the director. Comes in two parts running around 22 minutes in length.
The Keeper of The Sanctuary Tells Us of Ancient Giants and UFOs




The Reptilians – Why they are so obsessed with Bloodline and Ritual
BIZARRE UFO VERSCHIJNT OP FLIGHT TRACKER ( VIDEO )
BIZARRE UFO VERSCHIJNT OP FLIGHT TRACKER ( VIDEO )
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Voor mensen die graag de routes en voortgang van vliegtuigen willen volgen, is het programma Flight Tracker een bekende naam. Op 14 mei 2016 's morgens vroeg was er iets bijzonders aan de hand in de stad Auckland in Nieuw Zeeland. Iemand had daar op z'n Flight Tracker app gekeken naar de bewegingen van vliegtuigen en zag tot zijn stomme verbazing een object met een enorme snelheid van Nieuw Zeeland naar de kust van Australië vliegen. Vergeleken met de normale snelheid van de vliegtuigen ging dit object zo'n 100 keer sneller.
Daar bleef het niet bij want dit vreemde object werd diezelfde ochtend ook waargenomen door de weercamera’s die staan opgesteld in Auckland.
Hieronder volgen twee video’s waarin de gebeurtenissen van die morgen uitgebreid worden beschreven en getoond en daaronder staat een link naar de nieuwsuitzending zoals die op die bewuste ochtend te zien zien. |
Secretary Josh Earnest Talks About Alien Disclosure In May 17, 2016, White House Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Seen Over Peru For Over Three Hours, May 2016, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Conspiracy Theorists Suggest Supervolcano Eruption Is Near As Alien Activity Increases

UFO believers raised alarm after an increase in number of mysterious activities involving UFOs near the Yellowstone Supervolcano at Wyoming National Park. They predicted that a major eruption of it will soon to happen as aliens are preparing for it.
Kat Martin2016 uploaded a video to YouTube on April 28, Thursday, that seemed to show a UFO for a few minutes as it passed in front of a live cam at the Elk Refuge near Yellowstone.
According to the uploader, she noticed a mysterious light at live cams travelling over the Elk Refuge in the middle of the night. Kat Martin2016 thought that it might have been the headlights of a vehicle near the area that caused a reflection. However, she gave a hint in the description that one might think it was alien, and the reflection was a small spaceship.
Some members of the UFO community who saw the footage suggested that the light might also be an alien UFO drone performing surveillance flight over Yellowstone for the volcano’s activity.
According to them, UFOs are common on live wildlife cams, so Kat Martin2016 was wrong in her assumption that it was just a light reflection.
Some observers spotted shadows on the side of the alleged object in the latest sighting at Yellowstone National Park, so they argued it was a three-dimensional object, and not a reflection.
Another speculation about the sighting is that aliens are monitoring the Yellowstone Supervolcano because they are worried about its impending eruption.
Active volcanoes are considered UFO hotspots because, according to conspiracy theorists, aliens often build bases beneath as it is inaccessible to humans.
NASA just found even more evidence that Europa could host alien life

Let's go!!!
Scientists just found even more evidence that Europa - one of Jupiter's 67 known moons - might host alien life deep within its icy oceans. The little moon has long been labelled by NASA as "the most likely place to find life in our Solar System today", thanks to the deep, salty oceans that are strongly suspected to be hidden beneath its frozen crust.
And now a new study has shown that the chemical balance of those oceans would be very similar to the ones here on Earth, suggesting there'd be enough hydrogen and oxygen there for life to form - even without volcanic activity.
"We're studying an alien ocean using methods developed to understand the movement of energy and nutrients in Earth's own systems," said lead researcher Steve Vance, from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). "The cycling of oxygen and hydrogen in Europa's ocean will be a major driver for Europa's ocean chemistry and any life there, just as it is on Earth."
To understand how that might work, the team compared Europa's potential for producing hydrogen and oxygen to that of Earth.
For the purposes of this study, they only looked at processes that didn't involve volcanism - volcanic activity is thought of as a kickstart for the formation of life, but the team wanted to see if passive processes on the moon could do the same thing.
And, to their surprise, they calculated that they could. Published in Geophysical Research Letters, the study showed that the amounts of both hydrogen and oxygen would be comparable in scale, and on both worlds, oxygen production is about 10 times higher than hydrogen production.
On Earth, our oceans make hydrogen through something calledserpentinisation. That's where salty seawater soaks into cracks in Earth's crust and reacts with the minerals there to produce hydrogen and heat - two important ingredients for life.
The potential for this to happen on Europa was the first thing the researchers focussed on, and based on how the moon has cooled down since its formation, they calculated that it might have fractures in its rocky interior as deep as 25 kilometres (15 miles) - roughly five times deeper than the cracks here on Earth.
In other words, plenty of room for hydrogen to be formed as the ocean water percolates into those cracks.
The team then looked at the potential for oxygen to form. This could happen when the frozen water molecules on the icy surface of the oceans are split apart by cosmic radiation, and the team predicts that these elements would then be cycled back into the depths of the ocean.
So we've got the hydrogen and we've got the oxygen - the missing link now is life. "Whether or not life and biological processes complete the circuit is part of what motivates our exploration of Europa," said one of the researchers, Kevin Hand.
NASA is planning a fly-by mission to Europa in the 2020s, and until we actually send a probe there to scan what's going on under the ice, we can't say for sure whether or not the moon could be suitable for life - or even whether the suspected oceans exist.
There's also a lot more involved in the formation of life than just those two elements - the team now wants to model the cycling of other important elements on Europa, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulphur.
Either way, this latest research just adds weight to the argument that we need to get out there sooner rather than later to test the waters - literally and figuratively - for ourselves.
We can't wait.
“Mogelijke ontdekking oude Mayastad door Canadese tiener is indrukwekkend, sceptici zijn jaloers”
Op 9 mei kreeg de wereld te horen dat een Canadese tiener een Mayastad had ontdekt op basis van de theorie dat de Maya’s hun steden bouwden aan de hand van sterrenbeelden.
William Gadoury, amper 15 jaar oud, had gezien dat sommige reeds ontdekte Mayasteden bijzonder ver van een rivier waren gebouwd, in moeilijk toegankelijke bergen, of op vruchtbare grond. Niet logisch, vond hij. Daar moest een verklaring voor zijn.
Hij analyseerde 22 sterrenbeelden van de Maya’s. Toen hij alle sterren met elkaar verbond op een kaart, zag hij dat de contouren overeenkwamen met liefst 117 Mayasteden. Iets wat geen enkele wetenschapper voordien bedacht had.
Toen hij het 23e sterrenbeeld bestudeerde, werd het nog interessanter. Hij verbond de sterren met elkaar, maar merkte dat er een stad ontbrak. Met satellietfoto’s van de NASA slaagde hij er vervolgens in de ontbrekende stad te ontwaren in de zone van het sterrenbeeld. Wetenschappers waren diep onder de indruk.
Voorlopig is nog niemand de jungle ingegaan om de stad in werkelijkheid te gaan bekijken. William heeft zijn werk overhandigd aan twee Mexicaanse archeologen, maar die zijn nog niet afgereisd naar de plek waar de onontdekte Mayastad zou moeten staan.
Na de ontdekking kwamen verschillende wetenschappers aan het woord in de media die zeiden dat het nieuws op een misvatting berust. De Amerikaanse astronoom Anthony Aveni stelt dat het leggen van een verband tussen moderne sterrenkaarten en een groot aantal door de mens gerealiseerde bouwwerken niets meer is dan hersenspinsels van creatieve geesten.
“De geografische locaties van bouwwerken op aarde bepalen middels sterrenkaarten is een typisch modern westers concept,” aldus Aveni, toevoegende dat de kosmos zeker een rol speelde in de locatiekeuze van bepaalde bouwwerken, maar niet met de nauwkeurigheid zoals Gadoury nu claimt.
Aveni durft alleen niet hardop te zeggen dat de tiener fout zit. De astronoom prijst het initiatief van de tiener en zei te hopen dat hij subsidie krijgt om zijn werk verder te ontwikkelen.
William Gadoury op bezoek bij de Canadese ruimtevaartorganisatie in 2014 (Facebook)
Ook Francisco Estrada-Belli van de National Geographic Society, die gespecialiseerd is in Maya-archeologie, zei dat er op basis van de huidige satellietbeelden nog geen uitsluitsel is te geven. Hij voegde toe geen piramides te kunnen ontwaren.
De specialist sluit ook niet uit dat Gadoury de stad puur per toeval vond. “Ik ben ervan overtuigd dat er nog honderden Mayasteden ontdekt moeten worden,” zei hij. “Ze bevinden zich overal. Als je je vinger op een willekeurige plek op de kaart van het gebied legt, is de kans aanzienlijk dat zich in de buurt een stad bevindt.”
Hoe dan ook is duidelijk geworden dat de positie van de overige 117 Mayasteden precies overeenkomt met de vorm van de sterrenbeelden van de Maya’s, schrijft Alejandro Azcárate voor de Yucatan Times. De experts die de jonge Canadees in diskrediet brengen zijn volgens hem vooral jaloers en komen niet met wetenschappelijke argumenten.
( opmerking Peter2011 : Het is altijd hetzelfde liedje dat die sceptici spelen... De sceptici moeten hun naam van "twijfelaar" (= betekenis scepticus) immers eer aan doen! Ze kunnen enkel maar afbreken en leveren zelden positieve, opbouwende kritieken. Maarja, zoals het spreekwoord zegt : de beste stuurlui staan aan wal... Je vindt ze terug bij elk onderwerp en ik heb geleerd om het meteen te negeren. Volg steeds jou eigen oordeel, want zij weten ook niet alles!!! )
Researcher receives FAA’s latest UFO reporting procedures

John Greenewald runs TheBlackVault.com, a website where he posts the millions of pages of government files he has received via FOIA requests. He began seeking these files when he was still a high school student in 1996.
John Greenewald speaking at the International UFO Congress. (Credit: OpenMinds.tv)
In April, Greenewald sent a FOIA request asking for their UFO files.
Specifically, Greenewald wrote: “I respectfully request a copy of records, electronic or otherwise, of ALL FAA manuals, regulations and publications – that deal with, or mention, Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) and/or Unidentified Aerial Phenomena and/or Unexplained Phenomena, and/or any other derivative that may be used the your agency. This would include, but not be limited to, all manuals, publications and/or instructions that pertain to pilots (commercial or otherwise), Air Traffic Controllers, or employees of the FAA.”
A few days later, on April 18, Greenewald got a reply. He received a portion of a document called theAeronautical Information Manual: Official Guide to Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures. Apparently, it is the latest version of these instructions, and it took effect on December 10, 2015.
The first page provided comes from the “Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports” section of the manual. Section 7-6-4, deals with reporting UFOs.
A section of the AIM document. (Credit: FAA)
It states:
a. Persons wanting to report UFO/unexplained phenomena activity should contact a UFO/unexplained phenomena reporting data collection center, such as the National UFO Reporting Center, etc.
b. If concern is expressed that life or property might be endangered, report the activity to the local law enforcement department.
Another page of the manual is also included. Section 8 of the manual appears to be dedicated to UFO reports. However, it just repeats the same verbiage found in 7-6-4.
AIM Section 8 on UFO reporting. (Credit: FAA)
Incidentally, a “Section 8” is also the term for a military discharge due to being deemed mentally unfit for service. I was once told by a man claiming to have worked for the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) at Cheyenne Mountain while in the Air Force, they also called UFOs caught on radar a “Section 8s.”
Either way, these few pages from the AIM document are all Greenewald was sent.
In the past, the FAA also has referred people Bigelow Aerospace to report UFO sightings (including myself), and the National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP). The prior, Bigelow Aerospace, has since been preoccupied with an inflatable space module that is now being tested on the International Space Station. So it is no surprise they are not listed anymore. However, the later, NARCAP, still focuses on pilot reports.
The UFO reporting organization mentioned, the National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC), is a one man show ran out of Davenport, Washington. NUFORC was founded in 1974, and is currently ran by Peter Davenport, who took over in 1994.
There are many stories of the FAA receiving UFO reports, so it is a little strange that these few pages are all that Greenewald received. I asked Greenewald if he was disappointed.
“It is a little disappointing, but not necessarily a surprise,” Greenewald responded. “Just because the term ‘UFO’ does not appear in a manual or regulation, that doesn’t necessarily mean that a pilot or FAA official has not reported anything of substance. I don’t take the outcome of this FOIA request as the final answer, and I am still pursuing other avenues to see if that agency has any other documents that we should know about.”
FAA headquarters in Washington, D.C. (Credit: Matthew G. Bisanz/Wikimedia Commons)
Greenewald, an experienced, and persistent, FOIA user, plans to pursue other avenues to attempt to ferret out more UFO secrets from the FAA.
“I think it is very likely that there are other records to be found, but what is very difficult about the Freedom of Information Act, and the FAA specifically, is that there are quite a few regional offices and locations that the documents could exist at,” Greenewald explained. “It is not uncommon for an agency that large, with so many places to look, to make it very difficult to find records. You essentially have to file a request to each and every regional location or branch. That does not mean I haven’t, or won’t, just saying that it does make it that much more difficult.”
Greenewald points out that although the FAA seems to have no interest in UFOs, they probably should.
“It’s concerning that the FAA is not interested in a ‘UFO’ report. Why wouldn’t they be? In this day and age we live in, I would think that something unidentified in the sky would, and should, be of great interest.”
Especially, if pilots are reporting UFOs over one of the busiest airports in the United States, like in one of the most famous, and credible, UFO sightings related to commercial air travel. Watch the videos below for more on that.
Texas witness recalls triangle UFO near Air Force Base

A Texas witness at White Settlement recalled a UFO encounter from 1965 near Carswell Air Force Base, according to testimony in Case 75096 from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness reporting database.
The witness was outside lying on a blanket “less than two miles west of the centerline of what was then Carswell AFB” on July 7, 1965.
Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base is the former Carswell Air Force Base located near White Settlement, TX. (Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
“I noticed an object approaching from the south just above the treetops,” the witness stated.“The object was triangular in shape and that shape was defined by the three lights…one located at each angle of the triangle.”
Three things caught the witnesses’ attention.
“The lights were in no configuration of any of the conventional aircraft I was accustomed to seeing fly into and out of the AFB. The object made no noise at all. Its size was enormous.”
The witness noticed that the flight path was going to take the object directly overhead.
“It was moving slowly, much more slowly than any conventional aircraft could fly if on final approach for a landing at the AFB. I estimate it could have been traveling no more than 30 mph. As it approached I was trying to see details. I could discern nothing beyond the general shape confirmed by the stars that were masked behind the object’s triangular shape and the unusual pattern the lights were flashing.”
The object moved overhead and made no sound. Pictured: White Settlement, TX. (Credit: Google)
The witness described the lights.
“Each light was round and each of the three flashed one of three colors…red, blue or white. The lights weren’t brilliant, but somewhat diffuse as if they were contained in some kind of domed housing with a frosted lens similar to an incandescent light bulb one would use in their house. The lights flashed randomly with the only actual pattern being that no two lights were ever the same color and there was no discernible sequence to the colors the lights flashed. When I use the word flash, it was not an instantaneous change, but a short term fade from one color to another. I had never seen lighting change color or flash on conventional aircraft in a similar manner.”
The witness had seen strange lights in the sky previously.
“I had seen strange lights and ‘green flashes’ in and around the AFB all my life, but this phenomenon was completely different from anything I had seen before. I was excited while I waited for the object to pass directly overhead.”
The object finally moved directly overhead.
“It passed slowly over my head with the complete passage of the craft from the forward ‘point’ (the object never wavered or rotated,but kept the same angle of its shape pointed due north as near as I could tell without consulting a compass) to the base taking about two seconds.”
The witness wondered about the object’s altitude.
“I tried to get a feeling for its altitude, but there was no helpful frame of reference except the treetops. I mentally established 500 feet, but that was arbitrary. There was absolutely no noise. Even the night insects and creatures that I’d heard prior to the passage of the object made no sounds. There was no feeling of static electricity or electromagnetic interference present when the object flew over me or at any other time.”
The object was estimated at 500 feet overhead. Pictured: White Settlement, TX. (Credit: Google)
The witness was not alone.
“Even though I was with others during the encounter, I did not alert anyone else on the off chance they might interfere with my complete attention while observing the object. I also didn’t mention the observation to anyone else that night. Having read the reports of previous year’s sightings I thought I would wait until I saw the papers the next day to see if anyone else reported any unusual sightings. The next day sightings were reported throughout the southwest. I never wrote anything down until now and only wanted to insure MUFON had this information to use in its work. Thank you for permitting me to finally report my observations.”
Texas Field Investigator Tom Morgan is investigating. White Settlement is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, population 16,116. Please remember that most UFO sightings can be explained as something natural or man-made. The above quotes were edited for clarity. Please report UFO activity to MUFON.com.
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Stash of Nuclear Weapons Links To British UFO Encounter

A former police officer has come forward saying that aliens in the famous British UFO encounter were curious to know the secret stash of nuclear weapons.
Gary Heseltine has made the revelations after officers claimed to have spotted a UFO at RAF Bentwaters travelling around 120 miles in eight seconds.
The astonishing information came from a former cop, who believes he can shed new light on Britain’s infamous UFO case.
Gary Heseltine, 56, claimed a UFO activity took place at RAF Bentwaters as space aliens were interested at the American airbase because of a secret stash of nuclear weapons in there.
The strange event, which eventually known as the British Roswell, has sparked several books and documentaries after it had made the front page of the now-defunct News of the World.
Gary, who worked for nearly 24 years in the British Transport Police, claimed deputy base commander Colonel Charles Halt told him the airbase in Suffolk had the biggest arsenal of Europe’s nuclear weapons.
In late December 1980, UFOs allegedly visited Rendlesham Forest and the USAF base nearby.
Staff Sergeant Jim Penniston said he touched a small triangular craft and described it as smooth to touch with Egyptian hieroglyphs-like symbol before it went away.
Col Halt formed a small team of experts and went into the woods when the unidentified flying object came back two nights later. He then created a 20-minute tape recording describing the thing as like a red winking eye.
Halt also filed a memo stating the details of the incident to the British Ministry of Defence, which was released years later under the Freedom of Information Act.
The UFO reportedly fired beams of light into the weapons storage area, a military term to refer nuclear bunkers.
Retired detective Gary claimed Col Halt told him that RAF Bentwaters had the largest weapons storage area in the entire Europe.
Column: Will the next president open the X-Files?If "the truth is out there," as they say on "The X-Files" TV show, Hillary Clinton says she's eager to expose it.
No, she's not talking about her controversial email server, although an FBI investigation is looking into that too.
She's talking about UFOs or, as she corrected Jimmy Kimmel when he recently asked her on his late-night TV show about possible visitors from other planets, "unexplained aerial phenomena" — or UAP.
"That's the latest nomenclature," she said, scoring points, no doubt, with UFO — or UAP — enthusiasts.
Barring any threats to national security, the former secretary of state said, she would open up government files on little green visitors or whoever else may have paid us a visit from other planets.
It would be easier, I suppose, than opening up the texts to her high-priced speeches to Goldman Sachs, as requested by her Democratic rival for the presidency, Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont.
She also has been more excited about UFOs — or UAPs — than President Barack Obama, who tends to treat the subject as a rich source of amusement.
That's just how Josh Earnest, White House press secretary, treated the subject in a recent media briefing. Citing a New York Times story about Clinton's vow to "get to the bottom" of the "UFO and the Area 51 conspiracy," CBS News correspondent Mark Knoller asked whether the president would "beat her to the punch" by showing some transparency on this issue "which is of concern to a lot of Americans."
Area 51, in case you also just arrived from Mars (welcome, by the way, and please don't eat us), is a remote, supersecret section of an Air Force base in Nevada rumored to be the resting place of captured flying saucers, alien corpses and other wonders depicted in sci-fi movies such as "Independence Day" (1996) or "Paul" (2011).
"I have to admit," Earnest said earnestly, "I don't have a tab in my briefing book for Area 51."
"Because it has been taken out?" one reporter asked.
"Maybe it has," said Earnest with a smile. "Part of a grand conspiracy."
Conspiracy theorists will have to wait. Earnest said he was "not aware of any plans the president has to make public any information about" extraterrestrial life forms.
But Obama has noted cheerfully that access to the so-called UFO files was one of the more attractive perks of the presidency. When Kimmel asked Obama about former President Bill Clinton's claims to have found nothing of note in the UFO files, Obama responded with a grin and said, "That's what we're instructed to say."
Polls give a hint as to why this president and those who would like to have his job are reluctant to be skunks at the picnic of UFO conspiracy theorists. A survey commissioned by the National Geographic Channel in 2012, for example, found 80 million Americans — or slightly more than a third of the nation's adult population — who said they believed UFOs are real.
More than a third of those who were surveyed said they believed aliens have visited Earth and almost half were not sure. Only 17 percent said they did not believe so.
And asked whether they had made up their minds about the question, 77 percent thought there were signs that suggest aliens have visited Earth.
That's a large enough group to be worth wooing by presidential candidates — even if, as Kimmel pointed out to the former first lady, Bill Clinton says he already checked the UFO files and found nothing there.
"Well," she responded defiantly, "I'm gonna do it again."
Again? Maybe she thinks her husband has been keeping secrets from her. I suppose it wouldn't be the first time.
Yet as much as I favor full government transparency whenever it is possible, I don't think that opening the government's legendary UFO files will make much of a difference in this cynical age.
If secret flying saucers and alien corpses do not really exist at Area 51, I believe it still would be necessary for humanity to invent them. The prospect of being alone in this universe is too gloomy for many of us to bear.
As we have seen with various other conspiracy theories, people will believe what they want to believe, especially when the truth is far enough "out there."
Clarence Page, a member of the Tribune Editorial Board, blogs atwww.chicagotribune.com/pagespage.
NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision
NASA astronomers announced Thursday they can now predict with certainty the next major cosmic event to affect our galaxy, sun, and solar system: the titanic collision of our Milky Way galaxy with the neighboring Andromeda galaxy.
The Milky Way is destined to get a major makeover during the encounter, which is predicted to happen four billion years from now. It is likely the sun will be flung into a new region of our galaxy, but our Earth and solar system are in no danger of being destroyed.
This illustration shows a stage in the predicted merger between our Milky Way galaxy and the neighboring Andromeda galaxy, as it will unfold over the next several billion years. In this image, representing Earth's night sky in 3.75 billion years, Andromeda (left) fills the field of view and begins to distort the Milky Way with tidal pull. (Credit: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas; and A. Mellinger)
› Larger image
"Our findings are statistically consistent with a head-on collision between the Andromeda galaxy and our Milky Way galaxy," said Roeland van der Marel of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore.
The solution came through painstaking NASA Hubble Space Telescope measurements of the motion of Andromeda, which also is known as M31. The galaxy is now 2.5 million light-years away, but it is inexorably falling toward the Milky Way under the mutual pull of gravity between the two galaxies and the invisible dark matter that surrounds them both.
"After nearly a century of speculation about the future destiny of Andromeda and our Milky Way, we at last have a clear picture of how events will unfold over the coming billions of years," said Sangmo Tony Sohn of STScI.
The scenario is like a baseball batter watching an oncoming fastball. Although Andromeda is approaching us more than 2,000 times faster, it will take 4 billion years before the strike.
Computer simulations derived from Hubble's data show that it will take an additional two billion years after the encounter for the interacting galaxies to completely merge under the tug of gravity and reshape into a single elliptical galaxy similar to the kind commonly seen in the local universe.
Although the galaxies will plow into each other, stars inside each galaxy are so far apart that they will not collide with other stars during the encounter. However, the stars will be thrown into different orbits around the new galactic center. Simulations show that our solar system will probably be tossed much farther from the galactic core than it is today.
To make matters more complicated, M31's small companion, the Triangulum galaxy, M33, will join in the collision and perhaps later merge with the M31/Milky Way pair. There is a small chance that M33 will hit the Milky Way first.
This illustration shows the collision paths of our Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy. The galaxies are moving toward each other under the inexorable pull of gravity between them. Also shown is a smaller galaxy, Triangulum, which may be part of the smashup. (Credit: NASA; ESA; A. Feild and R. van der Marel, STScI)
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The universe is expanding and accelerating, and collisions between galaxies in close proximity to each other still happen because they are bound by the gravity of the dark matter surrounding them. The Hubble Space Telescope's deep views of the universe show such encounters between galaxies were more common in the past when the universe was smaller.
A century ago astronomers did not realize that M31 was a separate galaxy far beyond the stars of the Milky Way. Edwin Hubble measured its vast distance by uncovering a variable star that served as a "milepost marker."
Hubble went on to discover the expanding universe where galaxies are rushing away from us, but it has long been known that M31 is moving toward the Milky Way at about 250,000 miles per hour. That is fast enough to travel from here to the moon in one hour. The measurement was made using the Doppler effect, which is a change in frequency and wavelength of waves produced by a moving source relative to an observer, to measure how starlight in the galaxy has been compressed by Andromeda's motion toward us.
Previously, it was unknown whether the far-future encounter will be a miss, glancing blow, or head-on smashup. This depends on M31’s tangential motion. Until now, astronomers had not been able to measure M31's sideways motion in the sky, despite attempts dating back more than a century. The Hubble Space Telescope team, led by van der Marel, conducted extraordinarily precise observations of the sideways motion of M31 that remove any doubt that it is destined to collide and merge with the Milky Way.
"This was accomplished by repeatedly observing select regions of the galaxy over a five- to seven-year period," said Jay Anderson of STScI.
"In the worst-case-scenario simulation, M31 slams into the Milky Way head-on and the stars are all scattered into different orbits," said Gurtina Besla of Columbia University in New York, N.Y. "The stellar populations of both galaxies are jostled, and the Milky Way loses its flattened pancake shape with most of the stars on nearly circular orbits. The galaxies' cores merge, and the stars settle into randomized orbits to create an elliptical-shaped galaxy."
This series of photo illustrations shows the predicted merger between our Milky Way galaxy and the neighboring Andromeda galaxy.
First Row, Left: Present day.
(Credit: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas, and A. Mellinger)
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The space shuttle servicing missions to Hubble upgraded it with ever more-powerful cameras, which have given astronomers a long-enough time baseline to make the critical measurements needed to nail down M31's motion. The Hubble observations and the consequences of the merger are reported in three papers that will appear in an upcoming issue of the Astrophysical Journal.
For more images, video and information about M31's collision with the Milky Way, visit:http://hubblesite.org/news/2012/20