THE WEIRDEST SWANSEA UFO SIGHTINGS THAT DEFY EXPLANATION

The truth could be out there in Swansea on Saturday.

Swansea UFO Network (SUFON) is holding it’s summer Conference on Saturday at the New Lodge, Alexandra Road, in Gorseinon, with an invitation to come along and hear about some local mysteries.

There will be three visiting speakers, David Cayton, David Hodrien and Colin Woolford, all of whom are well known in the UFO field, and who will be speaking on a variety of subjects, from UFOs seen over Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope, cases involving UFOs and the RAF, how the subject and personal experiences has influenced notable names in the music industry, and the controversial alien autopsy film.

Tickets for the conference, which runs from 11am to 5pm, are £10 each and available on the door.

Emlyn Williams, a spokesman for SUFON, said there would be plenty of local sightings to discuss.

He said: “This year sees the 40th anniversary of one of the most famous UFO flaps in Britain, that coined the Welsh Triangle, and SUFON organised a conference last February at Broad Haven in Pembrokeshire , site of one of the best known cases during that flap when a group of school children saw a landed craft just outside the school playground.”

HERE ARE SOME OF THE UNEXPLAINED UFO CASES IN SWANSEA:

The Night of the Triangles:

“One case which is being looked at by SUFON is the one which occurred on the evening of January 19, 1983, when dozens of witnesses in the Swansea and Port Talbot area (over 60 recorded so far), saw huge black triangular-shaped craft, some the size of jumbo jets, some the size of a family car, hovering silently just over roof-tops, two of which moved slowly and silently over Swansea Bay, and one possibly causing a power failure in Bishopston.”

“We call it The Night of the Triangles and we are tracking down many of the witnesses, and filming interviews which have been put on SUFON’s YouTube channel. Two witnesses were CID inspectors making a house call in the Trallwn area of Swansea who saw a huge craft ‘about the size of a football pitch’ moving over the valley and heading towards the coast.”

The refinery incident:

“Another sighting that evening, from a family at home in Skewen , was of a gigantic triangle – which moved from Kilvey Hill to Llandarcy in an instant, and which then hovered over the BP oil refinery. The size was truly huge, covering much of the refinery!”

The vanishing cigar:

“Another large and very strange case was of a massive black cigar-shaped object which hovered silently over the newly-built Singleton Hospital in Swansea, on a November evening in 1965, causing the lights on all the floors to flash on and off. A green line appeared in the middle of the object, which spread right around it, and the whole thing just disappeared in an instant in front of witnesses’ eyes.”

Mr Williams added: “It is safe to say that there have been and still are, very strange things going on in our skies.”

Anyone who can’t make it but has a sighting they wish to share is invited to get in touch with SUFON.

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Worm Grows 2 Heads in Space, Surprising Scientists

An amputated flatworm fragment sent to space regenerated into a double-headed worm, a rare spontaneous occurrence of double-headedness.

Credit: Junji Morokuma/Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University

The regenerative power of flatworms — which can regrow into complete individuals after they've been cut into pieces — is well-known among scientists. But a group of flatworms that recently visited the International Space Station (ISS) had a few surprises to share when they returned to Earth.

Scientists sent the worms into space to observe how microgravity and fluctuations in the geomagnetic field might affect the worms' unusual ability to regenerate. This was done to better understand how living in space could affect cell activity.

Compared with a group of flatworms that never left Earth, the spacefaring worms showed some unexpected effects from their time off the planet: most notably, the rare sprouting of a second head in an amputated piece of a worm, the researchers documented in a new study. [In Photos: Worm Grows Heads and Brains of Other Species]

Planarian flatworms (Dugesia japonica) are very flat and tiny, measuring about 0.2 to 0.4 inches (0.5 to 1 centimeter) in length, study co-author Michael Levin, a professor of biology at Tufts University in Massachusetts, told Live Science in an email. (Levin is also the director of the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts and the Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology.)

One flatworm could result in multitudes, under the right conditions. Individuals can perform fission — dividing to form two distinct individuals — and severed flatworms can grow new heads or tails, depending on where the body was cut. To find out how factors such as gravity and Earth's magnetic field affect the worms' ability to regrow themselves, scientists sent sets of whole worms and amputated worms to the ISS for five weeks, the study authors wrote. Researchers sealed the worms inside tubes with varying ratios of air and water, and then observed the animals when they came back, the authors wrote.

Return of the regenerating space worms

After the worms returned, the researchers tracked changes in the animals' bodies and in their microbes, comparing the test worms with flatworms that had never left Earth. And the researchers continued observing the worms over 20 months, to see whether any changes were long-lasting.

The scientists found several significant differences between the flatworms that went to space and the Earth-bound worms. For instance, during the first hour of immersion in containers of fresh spring water, the spacefaring worms appeared to experience "water shock"; they curled up and were "somewhat paralyzed and immobile," the researchers wrote, suggesting that the worms underwent metabolic changes while in space. The space-y flatworms exhibited normal behavior after about 2 hours, but further analysis revealed that their microbial communities had changed, hinting at metabolic shifts caused by the unusual conditions the worms encountered on the ISS, the study authors wrote.

Worms returning from five weeks in space curled up and were immobile when transferred to petri dishes containing fresh spring water. By contrast, stay-at-home control worms moved rapidly and fully extended themselves.

Credit: Junji Morokuma/Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University

Spacefaring worms also demonstrated a change in behavior. When both groups were introduced to illuminated "arenas" in petri dishes, the worms that went to space were less inclined to seek out the dish's darker portion, the scientists found.

But the most dramatic difference was a type of regeneration observed in one of the 15 worm fragments sent to the ISS. That worm returned to the scientists with two heads (one on each end of its body), a type of regeneration so rare as to be practically unheard of — "normal flatworms in water never do this," Levin told Live Science. When the researchers snipped both heads off back on Earth, the middle portion regenerated into a two-headed worm again.

"And these differences persist well over a year after return to Earth!" Levin said. "Those could have been caused by loss of the geomagnetic field, loss of gravity, and the stress of takeoff and landing — all components of any space-travel experience for living systems going to space in the future," he said.

At first glance, these tiny regenerating worms may not appear to share much in common with the human astronauts currently on board the ISS. But the worms offer valuable insights into how living in space can affect cells and microbial communities in organisms, which could help scientists understand the impacts of space travel on human bodies, Levin explained.

"Scientists know a lot about biochemical signals that allow cells to cooperate to build and repair a complex body. However, the physical forces involved in this process are not well-understood," he said.

Studying flatworms could offer insights into how biological systems in living creatures interact with gravity and the geomagnetic field, "which in turn will not only help us optimize future space travel, but will [also] shed light on basic mechanisms that will have implications for regenerative medicine therapies on Earth and in space," Levin added.

The findings were published online today (June 13) in the journal Regeneration.

Original article on Live Science.

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This massive 780-foot (238 meters) crop circle appeared in 2001 in the remote area of Milk Hill in Wiltshire, England. The elaborate design is composed of 409 circles that form a pattern called a double, or six-sided, triskelion, which is a motif consisting of three interlocking spirals.

Credit: Handy Marks | public domain

Crop circles — strange patterns that appear mysteriously overnight in farmers' fields—provoke puzzlement, delight and intrigue among the press and public alike. The circles are mostly found in the United Kingdom, but have spread to dozens of countries around the world in past decades. The mystery has inspired countless books, blogs, fan groups, researchers (dubbed "cereologists") and even Hollywood films. 

Despite having been studied for decades, the question remains: Who — or what — is making them? 

Early crop circles

Many people believe that crop circles have been reported for centuries, a claim repeated in many books and websites devoted to the mystery. Their primary piece of evidence is a woodcut from 1678 that appears to show a field of oat stalks laid out in a circle. Some take this to be a first-hand eyewitness account of a crop circle, but a little historical investigation shows otherwise. 

A woodcut pamphlet that some claim represents an early crop circle.

The woodcut actually illustrates what in folklore is called a "mowing devil" legend, in which an English farmer told a worker with whom he was feuding that he "would rather pay the Devil himself" to cut his oat field than pay the fee demanded. The source of the harvesting is not unknown or mysterious; it is indeed Satan himself, who — complete with signature horns and a tail — can be seen in the woodcut holding a scythe. 

Some claim that the first crop circles (though they were not called that at the time) appeared near the small town of Tully, Australia. In 1966, a farmer said he saw a flying saucer rise up from a swampy area and fly away; when he went to investigate he saw a roughly circular area of debris and apparently flattened reeds and grass, which he assumed had been made by the alien spacecraft (but which police investigators said was likely caused by a natural phenomena such as a dust devil or waterspout). Referred in the press as "flying saucer nests," this story is more a UFO report than a crop circle report. 

As in the 1678 mowing devil legend, the case for it being linked to crop circles is especially weak when we consider that the impression or formation was not made in a crop of any kind but instead in ordinary grass. A round impression in a lawn or grassy area is not necessarily mysterious (as anyone with a kiddie pool in the back yard knows). Indeed, mysterious circles have appeared in grass throughout the world that are sometimes attributed to fairies but instead caused by disease. 

Modern crop circles

In fact, the first real crop circles didn't appear until the 1970s, when simple circles began appearing in the English countryside. The number and complexity of the circles increased dramatically, reaching a peak in the 1980s and 1990s when increasingly elaborate circles were produced, including those illustrating complex mathematical equations. 

In July 1996, one of the world's most complex and spectacular crop circles appeared in England, across a highway from the mysterious and world-famous Stonehenge monument in the Wiltshire countryside. It was astonishing fractal pattern called a Julia Set, and while some simple or rough circles might be explained away as the result of a strange weather phenomenon, this one unmistakably demonstrated intelligence. The only question was whether that intelligence was terrestrial or extra-terrestrial. 

Making the design all the more mysterious, it was claimed that the circle appeared in less than an hour and during the daytime — which, if true, would be virtually impossible for hoaxers to accomplish. The circle became one of the most famous and important crop circles in history. 

It was later revealed that the circle had in fact been made in about three hours (by three hoaxers) very early that morning. It simply hadn't been noticed until the following afternoon when spotted from an airplane overhead. 

People inspect crop circles within a golden wheat field in Switzerland. The photo was taken on July 29, 2007.

Credit: Jabberocky public domain

Theories & explanations

Unlike other mysterious phenomenon such as psychic powers, ghosts, or Bigfoot, there is no doubt that crop circles are "real." The evidence that they exist is clear and overwhelming. The real question is instead what creates them — and there are ways to investigate that question.

We can look at both internal and external evidence to evaluate crop circles. Internal information includes the content and meaning of the designs (is there anything that indicates that any information contained in the "messages" is of extraterrestrial origin?), and external information, including the physical construction of the crop designs themselves (is there anything that indicates that the designs were created by anything other than humans?)

Crop circle enthusiasts have come up with many theories about what create the patterns, ranging from the plausible to the absurd. One explanation in vogue in the early 1980s was that the mysterious circle patterns were accidentally produced by the especially vigorous sexual activity of horny hedgehogs. Some people have suggested that the circles are somehow created by localized and precise wind patterns, or by scientifically undetectable Earth energy fields and meridians called ley lines. 

Others, such as molecular biologist Horace Drew, suggest that the answer lies instead in time travel or alien life. He theorizes that the patterns could be made by human time travelers from the distant future to help them navigate our planet. Drew, working on the assumption that the designs are intended as messages, believes he has decoded crop circle symbols and that they contain messages such as "Believe," "There is good out there," "Beware the bearers of false gifts and their broken promises," and "We oppose deception" (all, presumably, in English).

However, these odd, pseudo-biblical messages undermine the credibility of the crop circles, or at least the meaning read into them. Of all the information that an extraterrestrial intelligence might choose to convey to humanity — ranging from how to contact them to engineering secrets of faster-than-light travel — these aliens chose to impart intentionally cryptic messages about false gifts, broken promises, and hope for mankind (along with what seems to be a reference to a popular "The X-Files" slogan). 

Many who favor an extraterrestrial explanation claim that aliens physically make the patterns themselves from spaceships; others suggest that they do it using invisible energy beams from space, saving them the trip down here. Still others believe that it is human, not extraterrestrial, thought and intelligence that is behind the patterns — not in the form of hoaxers but some sort of global psychic power that manifests itself in wheat and other crops. 

Another triskelion crop circle. The symbol can be used to represent cycles, progress or competition.

Credit: Thomas J. Sutter, Jr. public domain 

While there are countless theories, the only known, proven cause of crop circles is humans. Their origin remained a mystery until September 1991, when two men confessed that they had created the patterns for decades as a prank to make people think UFOs had landed (they had been inspired by the 1966 Tully UFO report). They never claimed to have made all the circles — many were copycat pranks done by others — but their hoax launched the crop circle phenomena. 

Most crop circle researchers admit that the vast majority of crop circles are created by hoaxers. But, they claim, there's a remaining tiny percentage that they can't explain. The real problem is that (despite unproven claims by a few researchers that stalks found inside "real" crop circles show unusual characteristics), there is no reliable scientific way to distinguish "real" crop circles from man-made ones. 

Crop circle features

While there are always a few exceptions, virtually all crop circles share a set of common characteristics. 

Circles. Crop circles, as the name implies, almost always involve circles — rarely triangles, rectangles, or squares, though some designs contain straight or curved lines. Perhaps not coincidentally, a circle is the easiest pattern for hoaxers to create. 

This design of three flying birds was created on Aug. 3, 2003, in the county of Wiltshire in southern England. The birds, which resemble swallows, have ever-diminishing circles trailing behind their wing tips.

Credit: public domain

Nocturnal creation. Crop circles are formed overnight, often sighted by farmers or passersby the next morning. Though there seems no logical reason for extraterrestrials or earth energies to only create patterns at night, it is obviously a great advantage for hoaxers to create the designs under the cover of darkness; full moon nights are especially popular. 

Camera shyness. Crop circles have never been recorded being made (except, of course, for those created by hoaxers). This is a very suspicious trait; after all, if mysterious earthly forces or aliens are at work, there's no reason to think that they wouldn't happen when cameras are recording. 

Access to roads. Crop circles usually appear in fields that provide reasonably easy public access, close to roads and highways. They rarely appear in remote, inaccessible areas. Because of this, the patterns are usually noticed within a day or two of their creation by passing motorists. 

There are many theories about what creates crop circles, including aliens, mysterious vortices, time travelers and wind patterns, but they all lack one important element: good evidence. The only known cause of crop circles is humans. Perhaps one day a mysterious, unknown source will be discovered for crop circles, but until the perhaps they are best thought of as collective public art. 

Additional resources

• Ken Amis (Lock Haven University): The Truth About Crop Circles
• Smithsonian magazine: The Art of the Crop Circle
• Weather Channel: 30 Incredible Photos of Crop Circles

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SCIENTISTS SHOCKED AS WORM GREW 'TWO HEADS' WHILE IN SPACE!

Something truly unusual happened in space a while ago, and no it's not about aliens or rough planets. Scientists have been experimenting with all sorts of things in space, and some results of these experiments have been quite fascinating.

One of these experiments was taking flatworms on board a space station to study how their regeneration would react in low gravity. But the most unusual thing happened!  

A flatworm was sliced at one end, but the regeneration process went on a little different than expected, as the intact end had a head and then the other regenerated end grew a second head. The two-headed worm shock scientists when it came back to Earth, and it still remains a mystery on how it happened.

“The process of regeneration is normally 100 per cent accurate – they never make two-headed worms in the wild.”  

Scientists cut the worms new head off and by their surprise it grew back again, therefore, the effects persisted even after arriving on Earth. What could have caused this? Low gravity? Some sort of cosmic radiation?

“Remarkably, amputating this double-headed worm again, in plain water, resulted again in the double-headed phenotype. Moreover, even when tested 20 months after return to Earth, the space-exposed worms displayed significant quantitative differences in behavior and microbiome composition.”

Watch the following video to know more!  

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SCIENTISTS SAY OUR SOLAR SYSTEM ONCE HAD TWO SUNS

When the sun was born 4.5 billion years ago it had a twin, but this was not an identical twin. This was the same with every other star in the universe says new analysis from a theoretical physicist from UC Berkeley along with a Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory at Harvard University, radio astronomer.  

It seems that many stars do have companions and this includes one of the nearest neighbors to Earth, Alpha Centauri, which is a system with triplets. Astronomers have been trying to find an explanation and have been asking questions such as whether binary and triplet star systems are born that way and whether one star had captured another and even if binary stars split up and turn into single stars.

ASTRONOMERS HAVE SEARCHED FOR COMPANION TO EARTHS SUN

Astronomers have in the past looked for a companion to the sun of Earth, this is a star with the name of Nemesis and it was said to have kicked an asteroid into the orbit of Earth that had collided with our planet and this is what had exterminated the dinosaurs, but it has not been found.

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In Our Solar System There is now a new assertion that has been based on a radio survey that a huge molecular cloud that was filled with stars that have recently formed with the name of constellation Perseus. A mathematical model that is able to explain the observations of Perseus only if all stars that are sun-like have been born with a companion.

Steven Stahler, a research astronomer from UC Berkeley said that there probably was a Nemesis a long time ago. He went on to say that they had run a statistical model to try to find out if they could account for relative populations of single young stars along with the binaries of separations in the molecular cloud Perseus. He went on to say that the only model that was able to reproduce the data had been the one where all of the stars formed as wide binaries initially. The systems then either broke apart or shrank in a million years.

Stahler went on to explain that the term wide in the study applied to when two stars became separated by 500 astronomical units or more, or AU, which is one astronomical unit being the average distance between the Earth and the sun, around 93 million miles. He said that a wide binary companion to the sun would need to be more than17 times further away from the sun that Neptune, the most distant planet.

Based on the model the sibling of the sun is more than likely to have escaped and then mixed with other stars in the Milky Way’s region and never seen again.

SCIENTISTS ASK HOW MANY STARS FORM WITH A COMPANION

Sarah Sadavoy, first author and NASA Hubble Fellow at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory said that this is not the first time that the idea that stars form with a companion has been suggested. But one of the biggest questions is how many. She went on to say that based on a simple model they said that almost all stars do form with a companion. The Perseus cloud is thought to be a typical loss-mass star-forming region, but she said that their model would need to be checked in other clouds.

Stahler and Sadavoy posted what they had found in April and a paper is going to be published in the Royal Astronomical Society. Astronomers have been speculating about the binary and multiple star systems origins for hundreds of years and only in more recent years have they created computer simulations of masses of gas that collapse, to help them understand just how they condense under the gravity into stars. A simulation has also been made of young stars that have been freed from gas clouds. Several years ago a computer simulation was made by Pavel Kroupa at the University of Bonn and this led him to reach the conclusion that all of the stars are born as binaries.  

However, direct evidence from observations has been scarce and astronomers have looked at stars that are younger and younger and have found a large proportion of binaries, but they have no idea why. Stahler said that the key was that no one had looked in a systematic way at any relation between the young stars and the clouds that they had come from. He went on to say that their work had been a step forward towards understanding how binaries are able to form and the role that they had played during stellar evolution. Stahler said that they were now of the belief that most of the stars, which are similar to the Sun, form as binaries and admitted that they have the strongest evidence yet.

RADIO TELESCOPES CAN BE USED TO PROBE CLOUDS

Astronomers have known for decades that any star that is born in a cocoon that is egg shaped, which is called dense cores, and they are sprinkled through the large clouds of molecular cold hydrogen, which play nursery for the young stars. Using an optical telescope, the clouds do look like they are a hole in the starry sky due to the fact that the dust that accompanies the gas is blocking the light from the stars that form inside and those that form behind. Radio telescopes may be used to probe the clouds as the cold dust grains emit at the same radio wavelengths and the dust does not block the radio waves.   

PERSEUS MOLECULAR CLOUD WAS STUDIED 600 LIGHT YEARS FROM EARTH

The Perseus molecular cloud is a stellar nursery and it is around 600 light-years away from the Earth and perhaps 50 light years long. A team of astronomers recently undertook a survey and made use of the Very Large Array, to take a look inside the cloud at the star formations. The survey had the name of VANDAM and it was the first survey to be completed of all of the young stars in the molecular cloud. This is stars that are less than 4 million years old and which include multiple and single stars, right down to separations of 15 astronomical units. It was able to capture multiple stars that had a separation of more than the radius of 19 AU, the orbit of Uranus, in the solar system.

The mathematically modeled scenarios of Stahler and Sadavoy explain the stars distribution, taking into account the typical formation, the breakup and orbital shrinking times. They reached the conclusion that the only way they are able to explain the observations was to assume that all of the masses of the stars around the sun begin as wide Class 0 binaries, in dense egg shaped cores, then some of them, around 60% split over time, with the remainder shrinking to make tight binaries.

Stahler went on to say that while the new data and the model are the first steps, more work has to be done to understand the physics. He also said that studies would come along soon thanks to the new capabilities of the VLA and ALMA telescopes in Chile, which have been upgraded. He also mentioned the SCUBA-2 survey in Hawaii and said that it is giving them the statistics along with data that is needed and it would change how scientists and astronomers understand dense cores and the stars that are embedded in them.

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Musk zet stappenplan voor kolonisatie van Mars nu ook op papier

Caroline Kraaijvanger

In een paper – verschenen in het blad New Space – onthult hij nauwgezet hoe we miljoenen mensen op de rode planeet kunnen krijgen.

Het paper heeft de veelzeggende titel ‘Making Humans a Multi-Planetary Species‘ gekregen en is tot begin juli gratis te lezen. Musk doet in het paper uit de doeken waarom hij naar Mars wil en wat er allemaal bij komt kijken. Maar wat de multimiljardair vooral duidelijk wil maken, is een boodschap die door het hele paper resoneert: miljoenen mensen naar Mars sturen is mogelijk.

OVER HET PAPER

Musk deed zijn plannen voor een interplanetaire bemande ruimtereis vorig jaar al uit de doeken tijdens een conferentie in Mexico. Het paper – voor iedereen inzichtelijk – kan gezien worden als een gedetailleerde samenvatting van zijn toespraak.

Waarom Mars?
“Soms vragen mensen zich af: ‘Er zijn toch nog andere plekken in het zonnestelsel? Waarom Mars?’,” zo schrijft Musk. Simpel: omdat er eigenlijk geen andere opties zijn. Venus is dichtbij, maar allesbehalve prettig om te wonen en werken. “Dan is er nog Mercurius, maar dat is veel te dicht bij de zon. We zouden naar één van de manen van Jupiter of Saturnus kunnen gaan, maar die zijn ver weg, veel verder van de zon, en veel lastiger te bereiken. Dus er blijft eigenlijk maar één optie over als we een multi-planetaire soort willen worden en dat is Mars. We zouden ook naar de maan kunnen gaan en ik heb echt niets tegen de maan, maar ik denk dat het lastig is om een multi-planetaire soort te worden op de maan, omdat deze veel kleiner is dan een planeet. De maan heeft geen atmosfeer. En is niet zo rijk aan grondstoffen als Mars. De dag duurt er 28 dagen, terwijl de Marsdag 24,5 uur duurt. Over het algemeen is Mars veel geschikter om op te schalen naar een zelfvoorzienende beschaving.”

De financiën
Dat diverse ruimtevaartorganisaties al uitgebreid onderzoek gedaan hebben naar Mars helpt natuurlijk ook mee. Zo is er reeds onderzoek gedaan naar de atmosfeer van de rode planeet, de locatie van ijs en andere belangrijke grondstoffen, geschikte landingsplaatsen, enzovoort. Die kennis is heel waardevol als we een kolonie op Mars willen stichten, maar het is niet genoeg. Want de grootste hindernis als het gaat om het stichten van een kolonie op Mars is volgens Musk…geld. “Neem het Apollo-programma als voorbeeld: de kosten ervan liggen tussen de 100 en 200 miljard hedendaagse dollars en we stuurden 12 mensen naar het oppervlak van de maan.” Dat betekent dat die tickets een slordige 10 miljard kosten. Dat is niet goedkoop. En een ticket naar Mars zou waarschijnlijk nog iets duurder zijn. Maar weinigen kunnen zich zo’n ticket veroorloven. Dus dan lijkt het stichten van een miljoenen hoofden tellende kolonie al onmogelijk. De grootste uitdaging begint zich af te tekenen: de kosten moeten omlaag. “Als we de kosten van de verhuizing naar Mars grofweg gelijk kunnen maken aan de kosten van een gemiddeld huis in de VS – dat rond de 200.000 dollar kost – dan denk ik dat het heel waarschijnlijk is dat we een zelfvoorzienende samenleving op Mars kunnen stichten.”

“ER ZIJN HEEL VEEL RISICO’S. HET GAAT VEEL GELD KOSTEN”

Lagere kosten
Maar ja, hoe breng je die kosten omlaag? “Dat is niet gemakkelijk. Het klinkt onmogelijk, maar dat is het niet.” Musk somt een aantal maatregelen op die genomen moeten worden om Mars toegankelijk te maken voor een groot publiek:

– Hergebruik
Alles moet hergebruikt worden: van raketten tot ruimteschepen. Hij illustreert het effect dat dat heeft op de kosten aan de hand van een voorbeeldje. Stel je vliegt van Los Angeles naar Vegas. Dat kost je 43 dollar. Die kosten zijn laag, omdat het vliegtuig nog tal van deze ritjes gaat maken. Zou het vliegtuig na één rit worden gesloopt, dan zou datzelfde ritje je 500.000 dollar kosten. Natuurlijk is het veel gemakkelijker om de kosten van een vliegtuig terug te verdienen dan het is om de kosten van bijvoorbeeld een ruimtevaartuig terug te verdienen. Want een ruimtevaartuig zal, omdat je niet op elk moment naar Mars kunt vliegen, veel minder vaak – hooguit elke 2 jaar – passagiers vervoeren.
– Tanken in een baan rond de aarde
Hierdoor is het geheel van raket en ruimtevaartuig lichter bij lancering. En daardoor is de lancering goedkoper.
– Brandstof produceren op Mars
Dan kunnen de ruimtevaartuigen weer terugkeren naar aarde, noodzakelijk als we ze willen hergebruiken.
– Een slimme keuze maken als het gaat om de brandstof
De opslag en productie van die brandstof moet zo goedkoop mogelijk.

Uiteindelijk zou het met deze maatregelen mogelijk moeten zijn om mensen voor een bedrag lager dan 200.000 dollar te lanceren. En op termijn kan een ticket zelfs rond de 100.000 dollar gaan kosten. “Er is echt een manier om ervoor te zorgen dat iedereen die wil gaan, kan gaan.”

Het ruimteschip
In het paper doet Musk verder uit de doeken hoe het interplanetaire ruimteschip en de raket die deze naar Mars moet brengen er ongeveer uit zou moeten zien. Hij verwacht het ruimteschip met een jaar of vier wel gebouwd te hebben. En als het allemaal echt meezit, zou het mogelijk moeten zijn om dat ruimteschip met een jaar of tien op een geschikte raket te plaatsen. “Er zijn heel veel risico’s. Het gaat veel geld kosten. En er is een grote kans dat het ons niet gaat lukken, maar we gaan ons best doen om zoveel mogelijk vooruitgang te boeken,” schrijft Musk.

De tijdlijn die Musk voor ogen heeft.

Wanneer het eerste met mensen gevulde ruimtevaartuig van Musk naar Mars vertrekt, is dus niet helemaal helder. Dat het hoogstwaarschijnlijk wel ergens de komende decennia gaat gebeuren, lijkt als een paal boven water te staan. Uiteindelijk hoopt Musk zeker 1000 ruimtevaartuigen te bouwen die met 100 mensen of meer aan boord elke twee jaar naar Mars vliegen. Het moet zo mogelijk zijn om in een tijdsbestek van 40 tot 100 jaar een zelfvoorzienende kolonie van 1 miljoen mensen of meer op Mars te krijgen.

Bronmateriaal:

"Making Humans a Multi-Planetary Species" - New Space

{ https://www.scientias.nl/ }

A 3D-Printed Rocket Engine Just Launched a New Era of Space Exploration

Credit: RocketLab

This article was originally published at The Conversation. The publication contributed the article to Space.com's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.

The rocket that blasted into space from New Zealand on May 25 was special. Not only was it the first to launch from a private site, it was also the first to be powered by an engine made almost entirely using 3D printing. This might not make it the "first 3D-printed rocket in space" that some headlines described it as, but it does highlight how seriously this manufacturing technique is being taken by the space industry.

Members of the team behind the Electron rocket at US company Rocket Lab say the engine was printed in 24 hours and provides efficiency and performance benefits over other systems. There's not yet much information out there regarding the exact details of the 3D-printed components. But it's likely many of them have been designed to minimise weight while maintaining their structural performance, while other components may have been optimised to provide efficient fluid flow. These advantages – reducing weight and the potential for complex new designs – are a large part of why 3D printing is expected to find some of its most significant applications in space exploration, with dramatic effect.

One thing the set of technologies known as additive manufacturing or 3D printing does really well is to produce highly complicated shapes. For example, lattice structures produced in exactly the right way so that they weigh less but are just as strong as similar solid components. This creates the opportunity to produce optimised, lightweight parts that were previously impossible to manufacture economically or efficiently with more traditional techniques.

Boeing's microlattice is an example of taking this to the extreme, supposedly producing mechanically sound structures that are 99.9 percent air. Not all 3D printing processes can achieve this, but even weight savings of a few percent in aircraft and spacecraft can lead to major benefits through the use of less fuel.

3D printing tends to work best for the production of relatively small, intricate parts rather than large, simple structures, where the higher material and processing costs would outweigh any advantage. For example, a redesigned nozzle can enhance fuel mixing within an engine, leading to better efficiency. Increasing the surface area of a heat shield by using a patterned rather than a flat surface can mean heat is transferred away more efficiently, reducing the chances of overheating.

The techniques can also reduce the amount of material wasted in manufacturing, important because space components tend to be made from highly expensive and often rare materials. 3D printing can also produce whole systems in one go rather than from lots of assembled parts. For example, NASA used it to reduce the components in one of its rocket injectors from 115 to just two. Plus, 3D printers can easily make small numbers of a part – as the space industry often needs – without first creating expensive manufacturing tools.

In orbit

3D printers are also likely to find a use in space itself, where it's difficult to keep large numbers of spare parts and hard to send out for replacements when you're thousands of kilometres from Earth. There's now a 3D printer on the International Space Station so, if something breaks, engineers can send up a design for a replacement and the astronauts can print it out.

The current printer only deals with plastic so it's more likely to be used for making tools or one-off replacements for low-performance parts such as door handles. But once 3D printers can more easily use other materials, we're likely to see an increase in their uses. One day, people in space could produce their own food items and even biological materials. Recycling facilities could also enable broken parts to be reused to make the replacements.

Astro printing.

Credit: Barry Wilmore/NASA

Looking even further ahead, 3D printers could prove useful in building colonies. Places like the moon don't have much in the way of traditional building materials, but the European Space Agency has proven solar energy can power the production of "bricks" of lunar dust, which would be a good start. Researchers are now looking at how to use 3D printing to take this idea further and develop complete printed buildings on the moon.

To make many of these applications a reality, we'll need to research more advanced materials and processes that can manufacture components to withstand the extremely harsh conditions of space. Engineers also need to work on developing optimised designs and find ways of testing 3D printed parts to prove they're safe. And then there's the irritating issue of gravity, or rather the lack of it. Many current processes use powders or liquids as their raw materials so we're likely to need some clever tricks in order to make these function safely in a low or microgravity environment.

Some of these barriers may even require entirely new materials and techniques. But as research goes on, 3D printing is likely to be used more and more in space, even if a fully printed space vehicle isn't going to launch any time soon. The sky is no longer the limit.

Candice Majewski, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article. Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook, Twitter and Google +. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on Space.com.

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{ https://www.space.com/ }

UFO spotted over Bannockburn - with woman claiming it was 100 foot long

The 'spaceship' was spotted over Hillpark by a local resident.

BY STIRLING OBSERVER

A Bannockburn woman who spotted a UFO flying over the town says she has been left unable to sleep at night.

The Stirling Observer reported last week that the eagle-eyed stargazer spotted the unfamiliar craft hovering between houses on Thursday, March 16 this year and reported it to UFO authority the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) — an American-based non-profit organization that investigates cases of alleged UFO sightings.

The 42-year old contacted the Observer to detail her jaw-dropping sighting in Hillpark, Bannockburn.

She said: “The size of it was unreal. It was about 20ft away from and I’d say it was about 100ft in diameter.

“I love looking at the sky, I do it all the time.

“For about a week, I could see lights in the sky. I could see that it had windows and had red lights flashing.

“Even if it was a military thing, why was it coming down a quiet street?

“I know it sounds crazy, but I would say it was a spaceship.

“I thought it was an aeroplane at first but when it tilted forwards it was a circular shape.

“I could see writing on the top of it as well, like Egyptian hieroglyphs.

“It has been a few sleepless nights for me since it.

“I was kind of in to UFOs and that sort of thing a bit before.

“When I saw it in between the two houses, I had to run in to the house because I was a bit scared.

“I went back out for another look and it wasn’t moving very fast and there was no noise coming from it.”

Photos submitted by a Stirling Observer reader which she claims shows a UFO.  (Photo: stirling observer)

A second man contacted the Observer to say that he too has spotted an unexplained sight in the sky over Stirling.

He says that he spotted a black triangular shaped object in the sky looking north from Stirling.

Another sighting was spotted in Carron near Falkirk in April this year.

The eyewitness told the Observer: “Almost immediately I saw two lights which appeared in a slight ‘puff’ of something. They were quickly joined by another three of the same,and started to fly erratically in a southerly direction. They flew like swallows do at their most agile, ducking and diving, and looked like they were having fun. They did not look like they were here to take over the planet or impose any threat.

“They were squashed horseshoe shaped with a translucence around the horseshoe shape with yellowish light.

“I’d estimate they were about a kilometre away — perhaps above the Kelpies. I watched them for about 12 seconds until they disappeared beyond the range of my vision and may have been joined by a sixth craft from seemingly out of nowhere but by that time it was difficult to tell because they were moving so fast and weaving in and out of each other, then they were gone.

“I picked up the binoculars in case they came back. I waited for a while and then left them on the window ledge to remind me that it wasn’t a dream.”

{ http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ }

World’s deepest zoo harbors clues to extraterrestrial life

Life can be found even deep underground. For instance, these Monhystrella parvella worms (blue) were discovered living inside a stalactite almost a mile underground in South Africa’s Beatrix gold mine.

G. BORGONIE

Maggie Lau works in a gold mine. But what she seeks here, more than a kilometer and a half (a mile) below the South African surface, may be more precious than gold. She’s looking for life.

It’s not easy work, lit only by headlamps. At times, it can feel as hot and humid as a sauna. Some spots smell like rotten eggs, due to sulfide gas emanating from holes dug in the rock.

Until about 20 years ago, scientists weren’t even sure if life existed deep below Earth’s surface. Then in 1992, Tullis Onstott and his colleagues discovered bacteria growing on the rocks retrieved from some 3 kilometers underground. Those rocks were more than 200 million years old, at least as old as the earliest dinosaurs. And the bacteria they analyzed may have survived from that time, Onstott now says.

He’s a geomicrobiologist — a scientist who studies how microbes interact with rocks and minerals. He heads the lab at Princeton University, in New Jersey, where Lau is now a graduate student.

Scientists like Lau and Onstott now travel the world over in search of deep life. They go deep underground in mines or caverns. They drill beneath the ocean floor and in oil fields. Some of these places are near-freezing; others are hotter than Death Valley.

“The challenge is in the hunt,” says Onstott. “It’s a fantastic journey.”

And these hunts are turning up a whole zoo of microscopic creatures. Some of the deeply buried critters feed on toxic chemicals such as arsenic and uranium. One day, other scientists might tap them to clean up toxic waste. Other microbes might produce useful substances, such as new types of germ-killing medicines known as antibiotics. And perhaps most intriguing, these organisms could also help biologists learn about life beyond Earth — true extraterrestrials.

This time lapse shows researchers looking for life deep inside a South African gold mine.

GAETAN BORGONIE

Life in the depths

To reach her research site in South Africa, Lau has to drop down a mine shaft in a cage. It descends the nearly mile down in about a minute. That’s so quick that Lau’s ears pop, making it feel like she’s on an amusement park ride.

Next, Lau may walk or even crawl another 1.5 kilometers through narrow corridors. Some are flooded with water, which she’ll have to wade through. Through it all, Lau and her colleagues carry heavy backpacks and wear knee-high boots and overalls. “Some of my friends joke that we look like the Ghostbusters,” she says.

In her search for new life, Lau collects water from bore holes. These are narrow holes drilled deep into the ground, usually to explore for minerals, natural gas or oil. Sometimes these bore holes tap into underground water. That water can be as hot as 54 degrees Celsius (130 degrees Fahrenheit). At some sites, even the rocks can be warm to touch.

Maggie Lau collects borehole water in South Africa’s TauTona gold mine far below the Earth’s surface.

Image courtesy of Francois Vermeulen (Geosciences Manager, AngloGold Ashanti Limited)

As she sits on the hard, rocky ground and collects water in different-sized bottles, Lau can get splashed anywhere and everywhere with the hot water. “As you collect it,” she says, “you get wet, and you feel like you have been through a water fight.” After this tiring work, “You’re physically and mentally exhausted.” Although “intense,” Lau adds that it also is “very rewarding.”

This water once flowed on the planet’s surface. Although the ground looks solid, it’s more like Swiss cheese. Tiny holes all over allow the water to flow through and down, down, down. But this is a very slow process. Water from the surface may take thousands of years to trickle down to where Lau now works. Some of the water she studies is more than 50,000 years old. And on its travels, that water may have collected living creatures.

There’s very little life in this extreme environment. But Lau leaves equipment to filter thousands of liters (gallons) of water over weeks or even months. She needs to filter all that water to collect as many living cells as possible. Each teaspoon of water contains just a few thousand cells. That may be only a millionth as many cells as exist in every pinch of backyard soil.

Researchers have now identified many types of bacteria in underground water. Many of them stick to each other and to rocks in a slimy community called a biofilm. To study these microbes, scientists try to grow them in the lab. But so far, they have been successful with only about one out of every 100 bacterial species from down here.

Scientists also chemically identify the pattern of building blocks — known as sequences — that make up the bacteria’s genetic material. Those chemical sequences have let them identify most of the bacteria, based on their DNA and RNA. (DNA encodes the instructions for building a cell. RNA is a related messenger molecule. It’s needed to carry out those instructions.)

Lau isn’t just identifying the bacteria that live down here, though. She’s also trying to identify their diet. If scientists learn what these bacteria eat, they might be able to feed it to them in the lab, in what’s called a growth, or culture, medium. That would let researchers study these bacteria more closely, learn what makes them tick and see if they might be useful to us. But food is hard to come by deep underground. There is no sunlight and no plants. What’s more, the water that the bacteria live in contains very little oxygen.

At this depth, any microbes must get all of their energy — food — from the rocks and water around them. Reactions between rocks and water can produce different substances, including hydrogen, methane and sulfates. Scientists initially expected that these extremely deep-dwelling bacteria must feed mainly on these three materials.

To her surprise, Lau discovered, many don’t.

Indeed, fewer than half of the bacteria feed on them, she reports. This minority of bacteria produce other chemicals that the rest of the bacteria feed on. “That’s kind of new to us,” says Lau. “We expect to see more of this kind of cooperation, especially in these environments where it is difficult,” she says.

Knowing on what these bacteria dine might also inform the search for alien life. How? Scientists often look for the chemicals that living things feed on when they can’t find the living things themselves. From what they’ve learned about the new deep microbes, researchers know they might have to expand what kinds of menu items to scout for.

A whole lot of worms

Most of the first research on deep life focused on bacteria. But they’re far from the only species down here. Take nematodes.

These tiny worms usually live in the soil and feed on bacteria. When Gaetan Borgonie  heard there were bacteria deep underground, he wondered if there were also worms feeding on them. Borgonie is a zoologist at Extreme Life Isyensya in Gentbrugge, Belgium.

Roundworms on a biofilm almost a mile below the surface in South Africa’s Kopanang gold mine.

Gaetan Borgonie

“After 20 years working on worms, you realize these animals are incredibly resistant,” he says. “I wondered if they could actually go very deep down.” To find out, he went looking for worms in the same gold mines Onstott studied. “It’s always an experience,” he says. Down in these mines, “I feel like an astronaut who walks on another planet.”

On Earth’s surface, nematodes are everywhere. “If I take an ordinary coffee cup and I go out and take a soil sample,” Borgonie says, “you will have hundreds of thousands of nematodes.” But deep underground, these worms are quite rare. Borgonie had to look through about 60 bathtubs worth of water to find a single worm. But he succeeded. And by doing so, he became the first to identify any kind of multicellular life deep beneath Earth’s surface. And once he spied nematodes, Borgonie started wondering what else might live at such depths.

So he sampled the underground water for two years. Along the way, “We found this whole zoo of animals,” he says, “much more than I anticipated.” These animals, though, were all too small to be seen with the naked eye. Many looked like little worms or caterpillars. Others were related to crabs and lobsters and resembled tiny shrimp. Some were in 12,000-year-old water from bore holes. Others lived in the stalactites hanging from the mine ceiling.

A Monhystrella parvella worm found inside a stalactite almost a mile underground in South Africa’s Beatrix gold mine.

Gaetan Borgonie

The worms and other creatures deep underground were mostly the same species found atop Earth’s surface, Borgonie showed. Almost all were feeding on the deep-living bacteria. Indeed, he now suspects, living so deep underground might actually be a good thing for these critters. Unlike at the surface, there are no predators down there to gobble them up. “For them, it’s like a summer camp,” quips Borgonie.

He never suspected he’d find such a wide variety of deep life. “This is actually very good news for people searching for life on Mars or [Jupiter’s Moon] Europa,” he says.  Conditions deep beneath the surface of those space worlds could be similar to those deep inside the Earth. Maybe we’ll find a similar microscopic zoo beneath these other worlds.

Looking for alien life

Science may not have to wait long to apply the lessons learned from these underground creatures. Over the next several years, space missions will be exploring the solar system searching for signs of life.

Other planets and moons have much harsher conditions on their surface than those on Earth. “This means that if we were to find life elsewhere in the solar system, it’s going to be below the surface,” says Tori Hoehler. He works at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center. As an atrobiologist there, he studies life on Earth and in space.

This artist’s illustration shows what a mission to Europa might look like and the path that the spacecraft might take around Jupiter and its moons.

NASA/JPL-Caltech

Life that would die on the surface of other planets or moons might be able to survive deep below. And reactions between underground rocks and water might provide the food needed to sustain them. Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus may host rocks and water. But first scientists need a closer look. NASA will launch a mission to fly by Europa in the next five to 10 years. That could probe whether it might be able to support life.

Onstott also wonders if there might be creatures living deep below the Martian surface. Right now, it’s hard for life to survive on that planet’s surface. After all, it has almost no atmosphere. It’s also really cold and has no liquid water. But a long time ago, water may have flowed across the Martian landscape. And a thick atmosphere might have blanketed the planet. If there was Martian life on the surface then, maybe it trickled underground as critters have on Earth. “Down below they would have been nice and warm with plenty of water and plenty of energy,” says Onstott. That life could still be holed up there, captured in something like a time-capsule, waiting for us to dig it out.

Rovers have been exploring Mars for years. So far, none have ever done more than scrape the surface of the Red Planet. In 2018, though, the European Space Agency’s ExoMars Mission will get a deeper look. It won’t spy anywhere near as far below the surface as Lau and other scientists have searched back home. ExoMars plans to drill only about 2 meters (6.5 feet) down. That’s probably not deep enough to find life. But it might find signs that life once existed.

Onstott can’t wait. He imagines a time when humans might set up a base on Mars. Then we could drill deep below the surface, looking for water and life. Think about it, he says: “It would be an awesome undertaking.”

Power Words

(for more about Power Words, click here)

alien     A non-native organism. (in astronomy) Life on or from a distant world.

antibiotic     A germ-killing substance, usually prescribed as a medicine (or sometimes as a feed additive to promote the growth of livestock). It does not work against viruses.

arsenic     A highly poisonous metallic element. It occurs in three chemically different forms, which also vary by color (yellow, black and gray). The brittle, crystalline (gray) form is the most common. Some manufacturers tap its toxicity by adding it to insecticides.

astronaut     Someone trained to travel into space for research and exploration.

atmosphere     The envelope of gases surrounding Earth or another planet.

bacterial     Having to do with bacteria, single-celled organisms. These dwell nearly everywhere on Earth, from the bottom of the sea to inside animals.

bacterium     (plural bacteria) A single-celled organism. These dwell nearly everywhere on Earth, from the bottom of the sea to inside animals.

biofilm     A gooey community of different types of microbes that essentially glues itself to some solid surface. Living in a biofilm is one way microbes protect themselves from stressful agents (such as poisons) in their environment.

bore hole     A narrow hole drilled deeply into ice or the surface of the Earth, often to sample or extract natural gas, crude oil or other mineral resources.

cell     The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Typically too small to see with the naked eye, it consists of watery fluid surrounded by a membrane or wall. Animals are made of anywhere from thousands to trillions of cells, depending on their size. Some organisms, such as yeasts, molds, bacteria and some algae, are composed of only one cell.

chemical     A substance formed from two or more atoms that unite (become bonded together) in a fixed proportion and structure. For example, water is a chemical made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Its chemical symbol is H₂O. Chemical can also be an adjective that describes properties of materials that are the result of various reactions between different compounds.

colleague     Someone who works with another; a co-worker or team member.

culture     (in biology) The community of cells or tissue that is intentionally grown outside the body (or the wilds) for research purposes, usually in a laboratory. (in social science) The sum total of typical behaviors and social practices of a related group of people (such as a tribe or nation). Their culture includes their beliefs, values, and the symbols that they accept and or use. It’s passed on from generation to generation through learning. Once thought to be exclusive to humans, scientists have recognized signs of culture in several other animal species, such as dolphins and primates.

dinosaur     A term that means terrible lizard. These ancient reptiles lived from about 250 million years ago to roughly 65 million years ago. All descended from egg-laying reptiles known as archosaurs. Their descendants eventually split into two lines. They are distinguished by their hips. The lizard-hipped line became saurichians, such as two-footed theropods like T. rex and the lumbering four-footed Apatosaurus (once known as brontosaurus). A second line of so-called bird-hipped, or ornithischian dinosaurs, led to a widely differing group of animals that included the stegosaurs and duckbilled dinosaurs.

DNA     (short for deoxyribonucleic acid) A long, double-stranded and spiral-shaped molecule inside most living cells that carries genetic instructions. It is built on a backbone of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon atoms. In all living things, from plants and animals to microbes, these instructions tell cells which molecules to make.

Enceladus     The sixth largest of Saturn’s more than 50 moons. Enceladus is bright white and covered with a thick shell of ice. Deep beneath that ice sits what appears to be a global ocean of salty liquid water. Enceladus is a round sphere, 500 kilometers (310 miles) across. It is a little less than one-third the width of Earth's moon.

encode     (adj. encoded) To use some code to mask a message.

environment     The sum of all of the things that exist around some organism or the process and the condition those things create for that organism or process. Environment may refer to the weather and ecosystem in which some animal lives, or, perhaps, the temperature, humidity and placement of components in some electronics system or product.

Europa     One of the moons of Jupiter and the sixth-closest satellite to the planet. Europa, 1,951 miles across, has a network of dark lines on a bright, icy surface.

extraterrestrial     Anything of or from regions beyond Earth.

filter     (in chemistry and environmental science) A device which allows some materials to pass through but not others, based on their size or some other feature. (in physics) A screen, plate or layer of a substance that absorbs light or other radiation or selectively prevents the transmission of some of its components.

genetic     Having to do with chromosomes, DNA and the genes contained within DNA. The field of science dealing with these biological instructions is known as genetics. People who work in this field are geneticists.

germ     Any one-celled microorganism, such as a bacterium, fungal species or virus particle. Some germs cause disease. Others can promote the health of higher-order organisms, including birds and mammals. The health effects of most germs, however, remain unknown.

graduate student     Someone working toward an advanced degree by taking classes and performing research. This work is done after the student has already graduated from college (usually with a four-year degree).

hydrogen     The lightest element in the universe. As a gas, it is colorless, odorless and highly flammable. It’s an integral part of many fuels, fats and chemicals that make up living tissues.

Jupiter     (in astronomy) The solar system’s largest planet, it has the shortest day length (10 hours). A gas giant, its low density indicates that this planet is composed of light elements, such as hydrogen and helium. This planet also releases more heat than it receives from the sun as gravity compresses its mass (and slowly shrinks the planet).

liquid     A material that flows freely but keeps a constant volume, like water or oil.

Mars     The fourth planet from the sun, just one planet out from Earth. Like Earth, it has seasons and moisture. But its diameter is only about half as big as Earth’s.

methane     A hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH₄ (meaning there are four hydrogen atoms bound to one carbon atom). It’s a natural constituent of what’s known as natural gas. It’s also emitted by decomposing plant material in wetlands and is belched out by cows and other ruminant livestock. From a climate perspective, methane is 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide is in trapping heat in Earth’s atmosphere, making it a very important greenhouse gas.

microbe     Short for microorganism. A living thing that is too small to see with the unaided eye, including bacteria, some fungi and many other organisms such as amoebas. Most consist of a single cell.

microscopic     An adjective for things too small to be seen by the unaided eye. It takes a microscope to view such tiny objects, such as bacteria or other one-celled organisms.

mineral     The crystal-forming substances, such as quartz, apatite, or various carbonates, that make up rock. Most rocks contain several different minerals mish-mashed together. A mineral usually is solid and stable at room temperatures and has a specific formula, or recipe (with atoms occurring in certain proportions) and a specific crystalline structure (meaning that its atoms are organized in certain regular three-dimensional patterns). (in physiology) The same chemicals that are needed by the body to make and feed tissues to maintain health.

moon     The natural satellite of any planet.

multicellular     Having or consisting of many cells. This includes all animals and plants, and many types of fungus.

NASA     Short for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Created in 1958, this U.S. agency has become a leader in space research and in stimulating public interest in space exploration. It was through NASA that the United States sent people into orbit and ultimately to the moon. It has also sent research craft to study planets and other celestial objects in our solar system.

natural gas     A mix of gases that developed underground over millions of years (often in association with crude oil). Most natural gas starts out as 50 to 90 percent methane, along with small amounts of heavier hydrocarbons, such as propane and butane.

nematode     A type of roundworm, usually found in soil, that can also live within other creatures as a parasite. It is very small, with no eyes, ears or nose.

organism     Any living thing, from elephants and plants to bacteria and other types of single-celled life.

oxygen     A gas that makes up about 21 percent of the atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their metabolism.

planet     A celestial object that orbits a star, is big enough for gravity to have squashed it into a roundish ball and it must have cleared other objects out of the way in its orbital neighborhood. To accomplish the third feat, it must be big enough to pull neighboring objects into the planet itself or to sling-shot them around the planet and off into outer space. Astronomers of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) created this three-part scientific definition of a planet in August 2006 to determine Pluto’s status. Based on that definition, IAU ruled that Pluto did not qualify. The solar system now includes eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

predator     (adjective: predatory) A creature that preys on other animals for most or all of its food.

RNA     A molecule that helps “read” the genetic information contained in DNA. A cell’s molecular machinery reads DNA to create RNA, and then reads RNA to create proteins.

Saturn     The sixth planet out from the sun in our solar system. One of the four gas giants, this planet takes 10.7 hours to rotate (completing a day) and 29 Earth years to complete one orbit of the sun. It has at least 53 known moons and 9 more candidates awaiting confirmation. But what most distinguishes this planet is the broad and flat plane of seven rings that orbit it.

sequencing     Technologies that determine the order of nucleotides or letters in a DNA molecule that spell out an organism’s traits.

solar system     The eight major planets and their moons in orbit around the sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of dwarf planets, asteroids, meteoroids and comets.

solid     Firm and stable in shape; not liquid or gaseous.

species     A group of similar organisms capable of producing offspring that can survive and reproduce.

sulfate     A family of chemical compounds that are related to sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Sulfates occur naturally in drinking water.

toxic     Poisonous or able to harm or kill cells, tissues or whole organisms. The measure of risk posed by such a poison is its toxicity.

uranium     The heaviest naturally occurring element known. It’s called element 92, which refers to the number of protons in its nucleus. Uranium atoms are radioactive, which means they decay into different atomic nuclei.

waste     Any materials that are left over from biological or other systems that have no value, so they can be disposed of as trash or recycled for some new use.

Readability Score:

6.6

Citation

Journal: M. Lau et al. An oligotrophic deep-subsurface community dependent on syntrophy is dominated by sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrifiers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 113, December 6, 2016, p. E7927. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1612244113.

Journal: G. Borgonie et al. Eukaryotic opportunists dominate the deep-subsurface biosphere in South Africa. Nature Communications. Published online November 24, 2015. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9952.

Journal: G. Borgonie et al. Deep subsurface mine stalactites trap endemic fissure fluid Archaea, Bacteria, and Nematoda possibly originating from ancient seas. Frontiers in Microbiology. Vol. 6, August 11, 2015. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00833.

Journal: G. Borgonie et al. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature. Vol. 474, June 2, 2011, p. 79. doi: 10.1038/nature09974

Further Reading

Questions for ‘World’s deepest zoo harbors clues to extraterrestrial life’

Wordfind (click here)

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'ROSWELL HAPPENED' - alleged US leak confirms 'UFO crash, dead aliens and cover-up'

A FLYING saucer did crash in the desert near Roswell, New Mexico, and four dead aliens were found, before the world's biggest ever cover up began nearly 70 years ago - according to an allegedly leaked US top-secret document.

Obama’s Final Comment On Aliens – And It’s Importance To Humanity

Did you know that in one of Obama’s final ever live public announcements, he made a rather direct comment about ‘the Aliens’.  At first it appears that he is just fooling around, but when you look deep into his eyes, the expression on his face and the potential reasons WHY he decided to leave on the word ‘Aliens’  – stating that “he shouldn’t have mentioned the ALIENS”

That final look he gives, wasn’t only a dramatic pause; his mind seized up about one thing, you possibly can see it in his eyes.. even his face looked like it instantly lost all expression, almost like he was somewhere else and not speaking in front of millions of people live on TV. 

Perhaps one of his final regrets was never getting round to disclosing the TRUTH about the ET’s and why they are visiting planet earth.  Obama has hinted and joked about UFO’s and Aliens far more than any other president has ever done before!

Please check out the intriguing video below which is on Youtube.  Look at Obama’s face and tell me that this is not a man with either serious regrets in his head, or serious concerns:

U.I.P Summary

Please remember this was NOT the first time that Obama ever raised the subject matter about the ‘Aliens’ or ‘UFO’s, as stated above in our article, Obama has hinted and been questioned about this subject matter far more than any other president – suggesting that he is very much the man in the know and may even at one stage wanted to be the US president that discloses the TRUTH about the ET’s!

Even Obama’s former adviser stated publicly on Twitter that his biggest regret whist in his position, was not disclosing the truth about the ET’s – please check our previous article below on this subject matter:

‘Biggest failure’? Obama aide regrets not securing UFO files disclosure!

BREAKING NEWS: Outgoing senior US presidential adviser John Podesta has revealed that the main regret of the past year of his service at the White House was keeping Americans away from learning the truth about UFOs. Law professor Podesta, 66 … Continue reading‘Biggest failure’? Obama aide regrets not securing UFO files disclosure!

UFO International Project

 

And lets not forget Obama’s previous two now famous interviews were he is quizzed on the ET’s (one of them being a child) and how he nervously, yet in some very strange deep reverse psychology way jokes about how he knows more than he makes out about the ET’s.

Please check out below or two previous articles on Obama’s ‘Alien interviews’:

Obama’s NERVOUS Discussion About Aliens With a Child – The Build Up To Disclosure?

Obama’s NERVOUS Discussion About Aliens With a Child – The Build Up To Disclosure?   Yet again US PRESIDENT Barack Obama has refused to deny the existence of aliens giving hope to millions of truth seekers around the world that 2016 will … Continue readingObama’s NERVOUS Discussion About Aliens With a Child – The Build Up To Disclosure?

UFO International Project

Obama’s ‘confession’ about the Aliens! (U.I.P’s Verdict)

Obama’s ‘confession’ about the Aliens! (U.I.P’s Verdict) When I recently heard that Obama was recorded live on TV discussing about Aliens and the UFO’s in the sky I initially just sighed to myself and had NO great expectations as to what … Continue readingObama’s ‘confession’ about the Aliens! (U.I.P’s Verdict)

UFO International Project

It appears that Obama wanted to be the man who informs the world about the ET’s but became too anxious and perhaps too scared about the consequences that he would have to deal with.

MWV

{ http://www.ufointernationalproject.com/ }

If we want to get to Mars, we need to learn how to have sex in space, scientist warns

Rob Waugh for Metro.co.uk

Not at all phallic (Picture Getty)

They say that in space, no one can hear you scream – but that may not be the case if you’re having sex in a tiny space capsule, right next to other astronauts.

But if we want to get to Mars, we have to get serious – and work out how to bonk where no man has come before.

Sex in space is something that hasn’t actually been studied much – although there have been a fair few zero-gravity pornos filmed on planes doing parabolic flights.

Kris Lehnhardt of The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences says, ‘This is something that we, frankly, have never studied dramatically, because it’s not been relevant to date.

‘But if we want to become a spacefaring species and we want to live in space permanently, this is a crucial issue that we have to address that just has not been fully studied yet.

If we want to get here, we have to learn how to bonk in space  Photo credit: Getty

Mouse experiments on the Space Station suggest that conception might be possible – but Lehnhardt says we don’t even know how a human embryo would fare off Earth.

How an embryo would grow on Mars, where the surface gravity is just 38% of Earth’s remains a mystery, Lehnhardt says.

The artist who had sex with a big-boobed alien

Picture David Huggins

A new film opens with artist David Huggins saying, simply, ‘When I was 17 I lost my virginity to a female extraterrestrial.’

It’s a bold claim, explored in a new film ‘Love and Saucers’ – where Huggins shows off his often sexually explicit paintings inspired by a life of unbridled sex with a being from another world.

Huggins is married, by the way.

Huggins claims that sex with Crescent was initially painful – but then they became lovers, and he fathered an alien child with ‘her’.One is simply titled, ‘Virginity lost’ – and many feature explicit scenes with Crescent, who resembles Gene Simmons from Kiss, but with breasts.

David Huggins says he has fathered several half-human, half-alien children – and has shown off a painting with alien women holding up weird hybrid babies he claims are his.

‘I just lay down on the ground and she got on top of me. I have no idea why me. I just don’t know.’

‘I don’t know much, but I do know for sure I lost my virginity to an extra terrestrial woman.’

Huggins  has chronicled his often X-rated alien experiences as part of an exhibition of paintings, which depict no-holds-barred alien-on-human sex with merciless realism.

Huggins claims he was first abducted by aliens aged eight, but that his relationship with the sultry alien took off later.

Huggins claims he also met little hairy aliens, grey aliens and insectoid aliens, who he did not have sex with.

Nigel Watson, author of ‘The Haynes UFO Investigations Manual’ says, ‘David’s experiences are very detailed, and his works of art show they have had a powerful influence on him throughout his life. Yet, he is not the only one to claim such experiences, which haunt people from childhood onwards. In his book Communion, Whitley Strieber famously described being abducted by aliens who inserted a 1ft (0.3m)-long anal probe inside him. It seemed to be a living entity, so when it was taken out he was surprised to see it was a mechanical device.’

‘Many of these type of cases came to light in the 1960s but were largely ignored by ufologists, who just wanted to prove that UFOs were robot craft from outer space. Alien encounters and abductions only began being seriously considered and researched in the 1970s.’

‘In this period, the case of Antonio Villas Boas was the most outstanding. As he claimed that he was dragged inside a flying saucer and forced to have sexual intercourse with a beautiful alien woman. When he left, she pointed at her stomach, at him and then at the sky, implying she would have his child somewhere in outer space.’

‘To some ufologists these reports and many other similar cases seem to indicate that the aliens are conducting a hybrid breeding program to create a race of super beings, for what purpose we can only imagine. Sceptics claim these experiences are likely to be the product of sleep paralysis, where people are unable to discern the difference between fantasy and reality during the period between sleeping and waking.’

{ http://metro.co.uk/ }

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Wetenschappers ‘bewijzen’ dat de ziel niet sterft: Het keert terug naar het universum

BY KRAVEN 

Volgens twee vooraanstaande wetenschappers, is het menselijk brein in feite een ‘biologische computer’ en het ‘bewustzijn van de mens’ een programma van de kwantumcomputer die zich in de hersenen bevindt en die nog blijft bestaan nadat we sterven. ‘Zoals experts het uitleggen; nadat mensen sterven, gaat hun ziel terug naar het universum, en het zal niet sterven ‘.

Het debat over het bestaan van de ziel en of het onsterfelijk is of sterft met de persoon is een eindeloos verhaal dat al eeuwenlang de grote denkers van de universele geschiedenis heeft bezig gehouden. Haar mysterieuze natuur blijft op verschillende gebieden van de wetenschap fascineren, maar nu heeft een groep onderzoekers een nieuwe waarheid over de ziel ontdekt: de “ziel” sterft niet; ze keert terug naar het universum.

Sinds 1996, hebben Dr. Stuart Hameroff, een Amerikaanse fysicus en emeritus in de afdeling Anesthesiologie en psychologie, en Sir Roger Penrose, een wiskundig natuurkundige aan de Universiteit van Oxford, gewerkt aan een Quantum Theory of Consciousness, waarin zij stellen dat de ziel wordt gehandhaafd in microtubuli van de hersencellen.

Hun ‘provocerende’ theorie stelt dat de menselijke ziel wordt opgenomen door de hersencellen in de structuren binnen hen genaamd microtubules.

De twee onderzoekers geloven dat het menselijk brein in feite een ‘biologische computer’ is en het ‘bewustzijn van de mens’ een programma van de kwantumcomputer die zich in de hersenen bevindt en die nog blijft bestaan nadat we sterven. ‘

Bovendien beweren beide wetenschappers dat wat mensen zien als ‘bewustzijn’ in feite het resultaat is van ‘kwantumgravitatie “effecten zich in de zogenaamde microtubuli bevinden. Dit proces wordt door de twee wetenschappers” georchestreerde objectieve reductie “(Orch- OF) genoemd.

De theorie geeft aan dat wanneer men een fase genaamd “klinische dood in gaat, de microtubuli in de hersenen hun kwantumtoestand verliezen, maar de daarin vervatte informatie behouden blijft. Met andere woorden, zoals deskundigen het uitleggen; nadat mensen sterven, keert hun ziel terug naar het heelal, en sterft niet’.

Sprekend met Science Channel’s Through the Wormhole documentary, zei Dr. Hameroff:

“Laten we zeggen dat het hart stopt met kloppen, het bloed stopt met stromen; de microtubules verliezen hun kwantumtoestand. De quantum informatie binnen de microtubuli wordt niet vernietigd, kan niet worden vernietigd, en het wordt gewoon gedistribueert en verdwijnt in het universum in het algemeen. Als de patiënt is gereanimeerd, nieuw leven ingeblazen, kan deze quantum informatie terug gaan in de microtubuli en de patiënt zegt dan: “Ik had een bijna-dood-ervaring.” Als ze niet nieuw leven ingeblazen krijgt, en de patiënt sterft, is het mogelijk dat deze quantum informatie kan bestaan buiten het lichaam, misschien zelfs voor onbepaalde tijd als ziel.”

Volgens deze theorie, zijn de menselijke zielen meer dan alleen ‘interacties’ van neuronen in onze hersenen en zouden al aanwezig kunnen zijn sinds het begin der tijden.

Bron

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LIFE ON MARS? NASA FINDS EVIDENCE RED PLANET COULD HAVE BEEN TEEMING WITH ALIENS

NASA has found some of the best evidence yet that Mars probably once had habitable conditions like Earth that could have supported alien life.

GETTY

Mars may have once been as habitable as Earth, says new NASA data.

The space rover is a 4WD droid exploring the planet remotely and taking samples of the surface for any sign of alien life.

The rover examined a mudstone outcrop area called “Pahrump Hills” on lower Mount Sharp, in 2014 and 2015.

In a paper published recently in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, scientists in the Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) Division at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston report on the first four samples collected from the lower layers of Mount Sharp.

Elizabeth Rampe, the first author of the study and a NASA exploration mission scientist at Johnson, said: “We went to Gale Crater to investigate these lower layers of Mount Sharp that have these minerals that precipitated from water and suggest different environments.

“These layers were deposited about 3.5 billion years ago, coinciding with a time on Earth when life was beginning to take hold.

“We think early Mars may have been similar to early Earth, and so these environments might have been habitable.”

Curiosity landed near Mount Sharp in Gale Crater in August 2012 and reached the base of the mountain in 2014.

NASA’s stuning images of Mars

Mars in pictures: NASA shares stuning images of red planet.

Layers of rocks at the base of Mount Sharp accumulated as sediment within ancient lakes around 3.5 billion years ago.

Orbital infrared spectroscopy had shown that the mountain’s lowermost layers have variations in minerals that suggest changes in the area have occurred.

The minerals found in the four samples drilled near the base of Mount Sharp suggest several different environments were present in ancient Gale Crater.

There is evidence for waters with different pH and variably oxidising conditions. The minerals also show that there were multiple source regions for the rocks in “Pahrump Hills” and “Marias Pass”.

The paper primarily reports on three samples from the Pahrump Hills region. This is an outcrop at the base of Mount Sharp that contains sedimentary rocks scientists believe formed in the presence of water.

A NASA spokesman said: “Studying such rock layers can yield information about Mars’ past habitability, and determining minerals found in the layers of sedimentary rock yields much data about the environment in which they formed. “Data collected at Mount Sharp with the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument on Curiosity showed a wide diversity of minerals.”

HUGE hole discovered on the surface of Mars

We went to Gale Crater to investigate these lower layers of Mount Sharp that have these minerals that precipitated from water and suggest different environments.

Elizabeth Rampe

At the base are minerals from a primitive magma source; they are rich in iron and magnesium, similar to basalts in Hawaii.

Moving higher in the section, scientists saw more silica-rich minerals.

In the “Telegraph Peak” sample, scientists found minerals similar to quartz. In the “Buckskin” sample, scientists found tridymite.

Tridymite is found on Earth, for example, in rocks that formed from partial melting of Earth’s crust or in the continental crust – a strange finding because Mars never had plate tectonics.

In the “Confidence Hills” and “Mojave 2” samples, scientists found clay minerals, which generally form in the presence of liquid water with a near-neutral pH, and therefore could be good indicators of past environments that were conducive to life.

The other mineral discovered here was jarosite, a salt that forms in acidic solutions.

There are different iron-oxide minerals in the samples as well.

Hematite was found near the base; only magnetite was found at the top. Hematite contains oxidised iron, whereas magnetite contains both oxidised and reduced forms of iron.

The type of iron-oxide mineral present may tell scientists about the oxidation potential of the ancient waters.

The authors discuss two hypotheses to explain this mineralogical diversity. The lake waters themselves at the base were oxidising, so either there was more oxygen in the atmosphere or other factors encouraged oxidation.

Conspiracy theorists believe a ‘martian tree stump’ is on Mars

SIGNS we’re sure there are ALIENS

MIND-BLOWING signs that aliens exist.

GETTY IMAGES

The Crop Circles are often believed to be created by aliens, as there is no proper explanation behind this phenomenon.Another hypothesis – the one put forward in the paper – is that later-stage fluids arose.

After the rock sediments were deposited, some acidic, oxidising groundwater moved into the area, leading to precipitation of the jarosite and hematite.

The spokesman added: “In this scenario, the environmental conditions present in the lake and in later groundwater were quite different, but both offered liquid water and a chemical diversity that could have been exploited by microbial life.”

Ms Rampe said: “We have all this evidence that Mars was once really wet but now is dry and cold.

“Today, much of the water is locked up in the poles and in the ground at high latitudes as ice.

“We think that the rocks Curiosity has studied reveal ancient environmental changes that occurred as Mars started to lose its atmosphere and water was lost to space.”

Express

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The 18 Top Secret UFO files that UK is still hiding

The UK government told us that the top secret UFO files would be released after June 8… but until now… nothing. The 18 files are kept hidden. Why?

The National Archives have confirmed the UFO document dubbed the “real life X-files” would be released after the General Election on June 8. Until this date, nothing in their site.

The UFO dossier is understood to contain around 18 files detailing alleged encounters and experiences involving alien life.

Conspiracy theorists have claimed the delays in releasing the files have been a cover-up – but archivists have been unable to publish them due to the election. Documents were meant to be released in 2013 (together with this already released documents: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ufos/), but a number of the files were withheld for release in March, with no plausible explanation.

But their release has been delayed again due to Prime Minister Theresa May calling an election.

Fake Disclosure

The famous Nick Pope, an expert who worked as the Ministry of Defence’s UFO investigator for 15 years, said:

“There’s no smoking gun in these files that will confirm the existence of aliens, but there are plenty of fascinating UFO reports and MoD policy documents, so these really are the real-life X-Files.”

“The delay has been a comedy of errors though, I think it’s more bureaucracy than conspiracy.”

Nevertheless, one can expect great details in this files. Know many of the cases here http://ancientufo.org/tag/uk/

{ http://ancientufo.org/ }

Erich Von Daniken concludes: Aliens Will RETURN to Planet Earth in 20 years

During the ‘Erich Von Daniken Legacy Night’ which celebrates 50 years of one of his bestseller books, Erich used a number of images, video clips, computer animations and other crucial pieces of evidence in order to back up his claims that thousands of years ago, before written history, Earth was visited by beings, not from Earth. Now, he claims, our ‘makers’ will return since mankind is almost ready to finally meet them.

The E.T.’s know about us because we are part of their DNA. The Bible speaks of the daughters of men having intercourse with these visitors, and many worldwide myths and legends repeat the same story. These stories always say the E.T.s will return to us.

Erich Von Daniken claims that in the distant past, alien beings played an extremely important role in the development of modern civilization. According to the author, there are worldwide myths, legends and ancient texts that are clear indicators of the role ‘the Gods’ played in the development of mankind. All of these stories and tales repeat the same outcome: One day, aliens will return to Earth.

From a safe hiding-place the inhabitants of the planet watch our space travellers, who wear strange hats with rods on their heads (helmets with antennae); they are amazed when the night is made bright as day (searchlights); they are terrified when the strangers rise effortlessly into the air (rocket-belts); they bury their heads in the ground again when weird unknown ‘animals’ soar in the air, droning, buzzing and snorting (helicopters, all-purpose vehicles), and lastly they take flight to the safe refuge of their caves when a frightening boom and rumble resounds from the mountains (a trial explosion). Undoubtedly our astronauts must seem like almighty gods to these primitive people, says Erich von Daniken.

I believe that at the moment we are under observation. This is based on conversations with very intelligent people, who have been told officially that UFOs are reality, and we are being watched, added the author.

During the presentation, where Erich was presented with the Stella Citizen Award by Ancient Aliens TV regular Giorgio A. Tsoukalos, the author said that ancient texts like the Christian Bible, religious texts from India and other make reference to heaven which according to him is in fact nothing other than a reference to outer space. Von Daniken claims that the so-called angels where nothing other that Alien visitors who came from elsewhere in the cosmos.

Now, after thousands of years have passed since the visitors touched down on Earth for the first time, we are approaching the time where society is ready to ‘meet’ our alien cousins.

Furthermore, alien contact has become something that millions around the world are already expecting. Our scientific achievements, social acceptance derived from continuous “bombardment” by Hollywood movies and series on alien life in the universe has allowed us to be prepared–as a race— to finally meet Alien civilizations without causing social unrest.

Von Daniken’s work has been translated into over 32 languages.

Source: ancient-code

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