Diamond UAP Over Buffalo Ridge, Arizona 10-14-2023, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: 10-14-2023

Location of sighting: Buffalo Ridge, Arizona, USA
Source: MUFON

 

Wow, check this UFO out. I really had to watch this video many times close up to truly see that this is not a sphere or disk, but actually diamond shaped. It's not often you get to see a craft like this one and without using infrared cameras too. This object was flying over the desert and probably came from the mountains in the area. It's just a lucky chance that this person went outside at the exact moment the UAP was passing and caught sight of it. This video shows us its shape, size (1 meter), its speed about 5mph and its hight from the ground. Excellent raw footage, and it's similar to many of the UAP videos the gov recently released. 

Scott C. Waring 

Eyewitness states:

 { https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

The UFO Movie They Don’t Want You to See

Documentary review: It's a master class in critical thinking.

{  https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl }

MUFON OCTOBER 2023 UFOS Sightings Statistical Report

COUNTRIES  OF THE WORLD UNITED STATES 594 UNITED KINGDOM 34 CANADA 26 FRANCE 9 AUSTRALIA 4 BRAZIL 4 NETHERLANDS 3 RUSSIAN FEDERATION 3 INDIA 3 NEW ZEALAND 3 GERMANY 3 MEXICO 2 HUNGARY 2 FINLAND 2 IRELAND 2 JAPAN 2 BELGIUM 2 SPAIN 2 SWEDEN 2 PORTUGAL 1 TUNISIA 1 AUSTRIA 1 DENMARK 1 NORWAY 1 SOUTH AFRICA 1 PERU 1 SWITZERLAND 1 AFGHANISTAN 1 CUBA 1 GREECE 1 TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS 1 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1 PALESTINIAN TERRITORY 1 CHILE 1 ISRAEL 1 PHILIPPINES 1 THAILAND 1 CZECH REPUBLIC 1 GUATEMALA 1 KUWAIT 1 SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 1 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 1 ECUADOR 1 INDONESIA 1 PARAGUAY 1 VIET NAM 1 COSTA RICA 1 ITALY 1    TOTAL: 731 BY SHAPE Circle 137 Sphere 94 Triangle 63 Other 50 Unknown 48 Star-like 38 Disc 38 Oval 37 Square/Rectangular 18 Cylinder 17 Tic Tac 17 Cigar 16 Fireball 14 N/A 10 Diamond 10 Boomerang 8 Flash 8 Saturn-like 6 Egg 4 Chevron 3 Blimp 3 Cone 3 Bullet/Missile 3 Cross 2 Teardrop 2

STATES OF THE USA California 64 Texas 52 Florida 43 Missouri 28 Arizona 28 New York 28 Ohio 22 Michigan 22 Washington 20 Colorado 19 Oregon 17 Tennessee 17 Pennsylvania 15 Arkansas 14 Illinois 14 Georgia 13 Oklahoma 12 Maryland 12 New Jersey 12 North Carolina 12 Minnesota 11 Massachusetts 10 New Mexico 10 Indiana 10 Wisconsin 9 Virginia 8 Louisiana 7 New Hampshire 7 South Carolina 7 Alabama 5 Nevada 5 Idaho 5 Utah 4 Kansas 4 Maine 4 Iowa 3 Delaware 3 Hawaii 3 West Virginia 3 Alaska 2 Wyoming 2 Connecticut 1 Montana 1 Vermont 1 South Dakota 1 District of Columbia 1 DISTANCE FROM THE WITNESS < 100 ft 89 101-500 ft 92 501 ft - 1 Mile 123 Over 1 Mile 147 Unknown 56 NO VALUE 25 Most impressively there were 18 Landings, Hovering, or Takeoffs reported and 40 Entities observed. Number of abduction (ERT) cases were 55.

{ https://mufon.com }

ANCIENT CRASH THAT FORMED THE MOON LEFT PIECES OF AN ALIEN PLANET INSIDE EARTH

Almost-planet Theia lives on.

BY  DORIS ELÍN URRUTIA

Hernán Cañellas

Astronomers have long suspected that the Moon formed roughly 4.5 billion years ago when a hefty planet-in-the-making called Theia collided with a young Earth. Now, researchers have found evidence that massive blobs deep within Earth are actually relics from long-lost Theia. If true, other planets may also be filled with parts of their ancient foes.

Scientists call Theia’s strike the Giant Impact. This was probably the last major event during Earth’s accretion phase when it was growing larger and regularly getting bombarded by space material. The Giant Impact is time zero on the clock for Earth and the Moon. This is why Qian Yuan, a geodynamicist at the California Institute of Technology who is interested in what makes some planets friendly to life, led a team of researchers to look into this ancient phase.

“So far, Earth is still the only habitable planet, but we do not know why Earth is habitable and others are not. As a modeler, I believe that the initial condition is crucially important, and it is widely believed that the Moon's formation set the initial condition of Earth,” Yuan tells Inverse.

The Giant Impact would have infused parts of Theia’s mantle into Earth’s mantle. 

HONGPING DENG, HANGZHOU SPHERE STUDIO, CHINA

The middle layer of our planet, called the mantle, is an important part of the habitability question. It’s intrinsic to the carbon cycle, for instance, which is required to form complex molecules like proteins and DNA. Carbon is continually exchanged between the ocean’s surface waters and the atmosphere and can also be released in grand displays like volcanic eruptions. Sitting atop the mantle is the crust, which has evolved over time from supercontinents to the seven land masses where you find humans and many other terrestrial creatures living today.

Just below the mantle, there’s Earth’s outer liquid core. This powers the magnetic field that cocoons our planet from cosmic radiation that would pose a threat to life. Two blobs near the boundary between the mantle and the outer core, some 2,900 km below the surface, maybe Theia relics, according to simulations run by the team of astronomers. They published their findings on Wednesday in the journal Nature.

A previous study, published in Nature in 2016, showed these two continent-sized anomalies at the base of the mantle via seismic images. To create these images, seismologists use waves generated from earthquakes, which have traveled through the center of Earth, Edward Garnero, a geophysicist at Arizona State University, who was the lead author of the 2016 Nature study and a co-author of the new work, tells Inverse.

“In a similar way to ultrasound or MRI machines, we study recordings of the waves after they have traveled through structures or reflected off of them to identify anomalies. In this way, ‘pictures’ of the interior are computed, just like X-ray images,” Garnero says.

Another study, published in the journal Geochemistry in 2019, suggests that Theia’s collision would not have mixed ancient isotopes effectively due to its “hit-and-run” or “merger” nature.

Qian Yuan and team’s simulation. This shows the 24 hours following Theia’s impact.

In the new study, researchers simulated how the mantle would have sloshed about over the last 4.5 billion years and what the cataclysmic 24 hours looked like after the Giant Impact.

Theia was a protoplanet, so its abundance of material would have separated into layers. Theia also had a mantle, and the simulation work shows that Theia’s mantle material (TMM) could have sunk into Earth’s own mantle after the Giant Impact. The “mostly molten” TMM may have later solidified and sunk down to Earth’s lowermost mantle, the study says. Other work, like a study published in Nature in 2012, suggests that some ancient accreted material, which predates the 4.5 billion year benchmark that usually serves as the start of Earth’s clock, may have survived the convection of Earth’s mantle.

Some of this material may have been what Theia captured from the protoplanetary disk, the dusty puff where the entire Solar System originated.

On the left: Theia’s impact with Earth 4.5 billion years ago. On the right, a modern understanding of the two blobs Theia left behind. 

HERNÁN CAÑELLAS

Yuan is still researching these relics, looking into the subsequent influences of the deep Theia blobs on the tectonic evolution of Earth's surface. And by doing so, aims to tie the epic past to the modern day.

RELATED

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

A weird incident captured on a security camera in Mexico has raised eyebrows, depicting a mysterious transformation from an animal to a human-like figure. The peculiar event supposedly took place in a Nava residence's garage and was shared on TikTok. 

In the video, a man is seen cleaning chairs while his dog roams around. Suddenly, the dog becomes fixated on the garage door, where a dark, four-legged shaped entity seemingly materializes. Upon investigating, the form appears to shrink and morph into an entirely different entity. 

Despite the unclear nature of the sighting, the man appears visibly disturbed and hurries inside through a side door. During his absence, the creature undergoes a transformation into what resembles a person, who then departs. 

Upon the man's return with his wife, the mysterious entity has vanished. 

The paranormal event has sparked speculation, with some suggesting the being might be a shapeshifter called a nahual. 

While tales of shapeshifters, beings who have the ability to physically transform themselves through unnatural means, are commonly disregarded as myths, one might ponder the thin line between myth and potential firsthand encounters with supernatural entities.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

Vertical UAP Watches deer on cam, Arkansas 10-31-2023, UFO Sighting News. Video.

Date of sighting: 10-31-2023

Location of sighting: Arkansas, USA (city known)
Source: MUFON

Date on cam says 2022, but is not set correctly is actually 2023. This looks like an alien drone, possibly a single craft that breaks into 6 observing the deer. I believe this UAP breaks apart to scan a larger area then unites before returning to the mothership. Very rare and unique UFO body style. 

Scott C. Waring 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Alien Crash SURVIVOR Works With the Government (Special)

The Intriguing Tale of J-Rod: Area 51’s Alleged Alien Collaborator

The vast deserts of Nevada hide more than just tumbleweeds and cacti. Deep within this barren terrain lies a story so fascinating, it’s almost hard to believe. Area 51, one of America’s most mysterious military installations, is rumored to have had a unique resident, one not of this world.

The Mystery Begins: The 1953 Kingman UFO Crash

On May 19th, 1953, just as dawn broke over Nevada, a nuclear test was conducted under the code name “upshot knole.” Moments after the blast, witnesses reported seeing a disc-shaped object rapidly descending from the sky. This UFO was said to have headed towards Las Vegas before disappearing into the mountains.

Only two days later, a team of 40 engineers was discreetly summoned to Kingman, Arizona, about 175 miles from the nuclear test site. Their mission? Investigate the crash of an unidentified flying object. By the time they arrived under the cover of night, military personnel had already secured the crash site, revealing a 40-foot diameter disc-shaped craft that looked remarkably undamaged. Alongside the craft were four beings, leading to a myriad of questions.

From Kingman to Area 51: The Secret Transfer

The craft and its otherworldly occupants were transported to Groom Lake, better known today as Area 51. Situated deep within a ring of mountains in the Nevada desert, Area 51 was, at that time, a sparse establishment. It was the isolation of this facility, surrounded by miles of uninhabited desert, that made it the perfect location to study the intriguing findings of the Kingman crash.

J-Rod: The Alien Whistleblower

Among the beings found at the crash site, one, in particular, stood out — an entity later known as “J-Rod.” This extraterrestrial being was not only a survivor of the Kingman crash but, astonishingly, collaborated with the U.S. government for several years.

Captain Bill U house, a former Navy pilot and later an experimental tester for the U.S. Air Force, claimed to have had direct contact with J-Rod. Describing their interaction, U house recounted that J-Rod communicated much like humans, offering invaluable engineering and scientific advice.

Dan Beish, another whistleblower, asserted his role as a microbiologist responsible for ensuring J-Rod’s well-being. According to both U house and Beish, J-Rod resided in a special underground chamber at Area 51. Over the years, multiple other sources have hinted at the possibility of extraterrestrials collaborating with the U.S. government.

Video:

• Ancient Aliens: Alien Crash SURVIVOR Works With the Government (Special)

While the secrecy surrounding Area 51 makes it difficult to ascertain the entire truth, the narrative of J-Rod provides an enthralling glimpse into the potential interstellar connections the U.S. might have fostered. Whether folklore or reality, the story of J-Rod and Area 51 continues to captivate our imaginations, reminding us of the mysteries the universe holds.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

UFO Sightings: Pentagon’s New Portal Encourages Whistleblowers and Government Insiders

In a world buzzing with tales of mysterious lights and unidentified aircraft, the Pentagon is stepping into the limelight with an unexpected initiative. If you’ve ever Googled “UFO sightings” out of pure curiosity or genuine belief, this latest move by the U.S. government will undoubtedly pique your interest.

UFO sightings have long captured the imagination of enthusiasts and skeptics alike. From grainy videos on YouTube to firsthand accounts from pilots, the mystery surrounding unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) remains largely unsolved. Now, in a groundbreaking move, the Pentagon is extending an invitation to those in the know.

Pentagon’s UAP Reporting Website:

Late last October, amidst swirling speculations and decades of reported sightings, the Pentagon unveiled its official UFO reporting platform (link: https://www.aaro.mil/AARO-Reporting-Information/). Designed for U.S. government insiders, the website seeks to gather reliable information regarding UAP encounters and any covert programs related to them.

A Special Call for Whistleblowers:

Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, spearheading the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), emphasized the platform’s focus. “We strongly encourage any current or former U.S. government employees, military or civilian, or contractors with firsthand UAP knowledge to come forward,” he stated. This intriguing call-out places an emphasis on the importance of credible sources, suggesting that the government is keen on sifting fact from fiction.

Privacy, Confidentiality, and Accountability:

The AARO assures that all reports will remain confidential. However, in an age where misinformation can spread like wildfire, the Pentagon is taking no chances. A stern warning accompanies the reporting form, reminding users of the severe consequences of falsifying information. With potential repercussions like imprisonment or termination of federal service, the message is clear: only genuine, verifiable information is welcome.

A Spotlight on Whistleblower David Grusch:

Among the many names associated with UFO sightings, David Grusch stands out. Claiming intimate knowledge of hidden government UFO projects, Grusch has caught the attention of UAP enthusiasts worldwide. Kirkpatrick, however, offered a fresh perspective. Despite multiple outreach attempts, Grusch has yet to discuss his claims with the AARO. Yet, the very mention of Grusch’s name indicates the Pentagon’s proactive approach in seeking the truth.

Deciphering the Mysteries of the Sky:

Beyond seeking whistleblower accounts, the AARO is diligently working to distinguish genuine UAP sightings from identifiable objects. Efforts are underway to understand how common objects appear on military equipment sensors, aiming to minimize misidentifications. Kirkpatrick explained, “We want to reduce the number of UAP reports that are merely balloons or drones.”

Why Trust the AARO? 

In an age of skepticism, trust is hard-earned. So, why should insiders confide in the AARO? Kirkpatrick’s answer is straightforward: “It’s in law that we are the authorized reporting authority.” Coupled with the Whistleblower Act’s protection and the promise of anonymity, the AARO seems poised to become a pivotal entity in the world of UFO sightings.

Conclusion:

As tales of mysterious lights continue to fill the skies and online forums, the Pentagon’s initiative is a beacon for those seeking answers. With a focus on veracity and a commitment to uncovering the truth, this new portal may just hold the key to some of the world’s most enigmatic mysteries.

“The truth is out there; but, the establishment exists to destroy it. What is the point of seeking truth when truth is annihilated in the efforts to find it?”

 – Suzy Kassem

The skies have always held mysteries, and it seems the Pentagon is now actively joining the quest to decode them.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Has the mystery of how the moon formed finally been solved? Our lunar satellite was propelled into orbit IMMEDIATELY after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized planet 4.5 billion years ago, study claims

• Scientists suspect moon was created when a planet called Theia struck Earth
• But the nature of collision and what happened after has been subject to debate
• Some believe collision created debris which coalesced into the moon over time
• In a new study, researchers ran the most detailed supercomputer simulations yet
• Findings suggest the moon was placed into orbit around Earth immediately 

By SHIVALI BEST FOR MAILONLINE 

It's a question that has puzzled scientists for hundreds of years – how exactly did our moon form?

Since the 1970s, astronomers have suspected that the moon was created when a giant protoplanet called Theia struck Earth.

However, the nature of this collision and what happened immediately after has been subject to debate.

Some scientists believe that the collision created a vast cloud of debris, which coalesced into the moon over time.

However, in a new study, researchers from the University of Durham claim that the giant impact immediately placed the moon into orbit around Earth.

Vincent Eke, co-author of the study, said: 'This formation route could help explain the similarity in isotopic composition between the lunar rocks returned by the Apollo astronauts and Earth's mantle.

'There may also be observable consequences for the thickness of the lunar crust, which would allow us to pin down further the type of collision that took place.'

In a new study, researchers from the University of Durham claim that the giant impact immediately placed the moon into orbit around Earth (artist's impression pictured)

The Moon theories 

About 4.45 billion years ago, 150 million years after the solar system formed, Earth was hit by a Mars-sized object called Theia.

The collision created the moon, but debate has raged about exactly what happened during this event - and the question of why the moon and Earth are so similar in their composition has remained a mystery.

In the study, the researchers set out to explain the Moon's origin story once and for all.

The team used the SWIFT open-source simulation code, run on the DiRAC Memory Intensive service ('COSMA'), to create the most detailed supercomputer simulations yet.

This allowed them to simulate hundreds of different impacts, varying the angle and speed of the collision as well as the masses and spins of the two colliding bodies.

While previous studies have used lower-resolution simulations, the extra computational power revealed important new aspects.

For example, only the high-resolution simulations produced the Moon-like satellite, and the extra detail showed how its outer layers were richer in material originating from Earth.

If much of the Moon formed immediately following the giant impact, this could mean that less material became molten during formation than previously thought, according to the researchers.

Depending on how this molten rock solidified, these theories should predict different internal structures for the Moon.

The researchers suggest that the moon formed following a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized planet

The computer simulations indicate that the collision formed the moon almost immediately, and went straight into orbit around Earth 

Jacob Kegerreis, who led the study, said: 'This opens up a whole new range of possible starting places for the Moon's evolution'

The simulations also revealed that even when a satellite passes so close to the Earth that it might be expected to be torn apart by tidal forces from Earth's gravity, the satellite can not only survive, but also be pushed into a wider, safer orbit.

Jacob Kegerreis, who led the study, said: 'This opens up a whole new range of possible starting places for the Moon's evolution.

'We went into this project not knowing exactly what the outcomes of these very high-resolution simulations would be.

So, on top of the big eye-opener that standard resolutions can give you wrong answers, it was extra exciting that the new results could include a tantalisingly Moon-like satellite in orbit.'

The researchers hope the findings will encourage further research into the Moon's composition and internal structure.

'The many upcoming lunar missions should reveal new clues about what kind of giant impact led to the Moon, which in turn will tell us about the history of Earth itself,' the team concluded.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

Two Fragments of Protoplanet Theia Lie Deep within Earth, Geoscientists Say

by Enrico de Lazaro

 

A giant collision between the ancient protoplanet Theia and the proto-Earth about 4.5 billion years ago may have formed Earth’s Moon as well as two continent-sized regions — formally known as large low-velocity provinces — within Earth’s mantle, according to a research team led by Caltech scientists.

Yuan et al. suggest that LLVPs are remnants of the ancient protoplanet Theia that violently collided with Earth billions of years ago in the same giant impact that created our Moon.

Image credit: Hernán Cañellas.

In the 1980s, scientists discovered two continent-sized blobs of unusual material deep near the center of the Earth: one beneath the African continent and one beneath the Pacific Ocean.

Each blob is twice the size of the Moon and likely composed of different proportions of elements than the mantle surrounding it.

Where did these strange blobs — formally known as large low-velocity provinces (LLVPs) — come from?

“Terrestrial planet formation concludes with a number of giant impacts among Moon- and Mars-sized planetary embryos,” said Caltech researcher Qian Yuan and colleagues.

“The well-studied giant-impact scenario involves a protoplanet, Theia, colliding with proto-Earth.”

In the study, the authors used computer simulations to propose an explanation for LLVPs.

The material in these regions has been suggested to be between 2.0 and 3.5% denser than the surrounding mantle.

The simulations show that LLVPs may represent buried relics of Theia mantle material that was preserved in proto-Earth’s mantle after the Moon-forming giant impact.

These Theia relics are proposed to have been tens of kilometers across, and the authors suggest that they sunk to the lower region of the mantle and accumulated to form dense blobs above the Earth’s core.

“A logical consequence of the idea that the LLVPs are remnants of Theia is that they are very ancient,” said Dr. Paul Asimow, also of Caltech.

“It makes sense, therefore, to investigate next what consequences they had for Earth’s earliest evolution, such as the onset of subduction before conditions were suitable for modern-style plate tectonics, the formation of the first continents, and the origin of the very oldest surviving terrestrial minerals.”

“Our findings challenge the traditional notion that the giant impact led to the homogenization of the early Earth,” said Professor Hongping Deng, a researcher at the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory.

“Instead, the Moon-forming giant impact appears to be the origin of the early mantle’s heterogeneity and marks the starting point for the Earth’s geological evolution over the course of 4.5 billion years.”

“The Moon appears to have materials within it representative of both the pre-impact Earth and Theia, but it was thought that any remnants of Theia in the Earth would have been ‘erased’ and homogenized by billions of years of dynamics (e.g., mantle convection) within the Earth,” said Arizona State University’s Professor Steven Desch.

“This is the first study to make the case that distinct ‘pieces’ of Theia still reside within the Earth, at its core-mantle boundary.”

“It appears that Earth’s blobs are remnants of a planetary collision that formed our Moon,” said Arizona State University’s Professor Ed Garnero.

“In other words, the massive blobs currently inside Earth, deep beneath our feet, are extraterrestrial. Earth not only has ‘blobs,’ Earth has extraterrestrial blobs!”

“Through precise analysis of a wider range of rock samples, combined with more refined giant impact models and Earth evolution models, we can infer the material composition and orbital dynamics of the primordial Earth, Gaia, and Theia,” Dr. Yuan said.

An illustration of Earth's layers. The mantle is in bright red. 

Shutterstock

“This allows us to constrain the entire history of the formation of the inner Solar System.”

“This research even provides inspiration for understanding the formation and habitability of exoplanets beyond our Solar System,” Professor Deng said.

The study was published in the journal Nature.

• Q. Yuan et al. 2023. Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth’s basal mantle anomalies. Nature 623, 95-99; doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1

{ https://www.sci.news/ }

Woman Abducted by Reptilian Alien

In the quaint town of Hove, England, 2008, the eerie silence of the night was pierced by an incident that might sound like the stuff of science fiction but was claimed as a lived experience by 20-year-old Charmaine D’Rozario-Saytch. This experience raises thought-provoking questions about our world and our place in the universe.

Charmaine’s story begins like any other night, with her deep in sleep, nestled comfortably in her bed. But as the night progressed, she encountered what she describes as a chilling sight – a reptilian humanoid figure looming over her. This wasn’t a figment of her imagination nor a dream. It was her reality.

She recounts being led to an underground cave, surrounded by a group of these reptilian beings. What followed was an extraordinary transformation. Charmaine claims she underwent a physical metamorphosis, watching in bewilderment and astonishment as her smooth skin turned to scales, and she grew a tail, changing from a human into a reptilian form. The very essence of her human identity seemingly altered in those moments.

But the story doesn’t end here. Charmaine asserts that her abductors revealed a startling piece of information: humans might be the result of extraterrestrial genetic manipulation. Not all, but specific groups, throughout our history, have been visited and genetically altered by different extraterrestrial races. If this assertion holds any weight, it leads us to wonder, are we truly alone in this vast universe?

Linda Moulton Howe, a noted investigator in the realm of unexplained phenomena, believes the presence of these alien entities might be tied to territorial conflicts among different extraterrestrial civilizations. These conflicts might have repercussions that impact not just these advanced beings but also the very life they’ve supposedly created or manipulated.

Video:

• Woman Abducted by Reptilian Alien (Season 14) | Ancient Aliens | The UnXplained Zone

The very nature of these stories and theories challenges our preconceived notions about religion and ancient prophecies. Ancient texts from various religious traditions speak of divine figures returning to Earth. Could these be misinterpretations or signs pointing towards the return of extraterrestrial entities? Giorgio Tsoukalos, a prominent figure in the study of ancient astronauts, posits that these promises of return might not be of divine nature, but extraterrestrial.

As we stand at the cusp of possibly one of the most transformative eras in human history, the question that looms large is whether we’re prepared for the potential revelation of our cosmic neighbors. Will they emerge from the shadows, or are they just figments of our collective imaginations, fueled by our innate desire to not be alone in this vast expanse of the universe?

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

NASA’s Juno-missie detecteert organische stoffen op de gigantische maan Ganymede van Jupiter

 Claudia Vogel 

Gegevens verzameld door NASAJuno’s missie suggereert dat het zoute verleden mogelijk aan de oppervlakte komt JupiterDe grootste maan.

NASA’s Juno-missie ontdekte minerale zouten en organische verbindingen op het oppervlak van Jupiters maan Ganymede. Gegevens voor deze ontdekking werden verzameld door de Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) spectrometer aan boord van het ruimtevaartuig tijdens een vlucht langs de ijzige maan. De resultaten, die wetenschappers zouden kunnen helpen de oorsprong van Ganymede en de samenstelling van zijn diepe oceanen beter te begrijpen, werden op 30 oktober in het tijdschrift gepubliceerd. Natuur astronomie.

Ganymedes, groter dan de planeet Mercurius, is de grootste manen van Jupiter en is lange tijd van groot belang geweest voor wetenschappers vanwege de enorme binnenoceaan van water verborgen onder de ijskoude korst. Eerdere spectroscopische waarnemingen door NASA’s Galileo-ruimtevaartuig, de Hubble-ruimtetelescoop en de Very Large Telescope van het European Southern Observatory hebben de aanwezigheid van zouten en organische materialen aangetoond, maar de ruimtelijke resolutie van die waarnemingen was te laag om vast te stellen.

Op 7 juni 2021 kwam NASA’s Juno-ruimtevaartuig dichter bij Jupiters met ijs bedekte maan Ganymede dan enig ruimtevaartuig in meer dan twintig jaar. Minder dan een dag later maakte Juno zijn 34ste scheervlucht langs Jupiter. Deze animatie biedt een ‘ruimtevaartuigkapitein’-weergave van elke vlucht. Voor beide werelden werden JunoCam-beelden orthografisch geprojecteerd op een digitale bol en gebruikt om vluchtanimaties te maken. Er zijn kunstmatige frames toegevoegd om benaderings- en vertrekbeelden van zowel Ganymede als Jupiter te bieden. Krediet: NASA/Laboratorium voor straalaandrijving-California Institute of Technology/SwRI/MSSS

Juno’s nauwe benadering en de resultaten ervan

Op 7 juni 2021 vloog Juno over Ganymede (zie video hierboven) op een hoogte van minstens 650 mijl (1.046 kilometer). Kort na het tijdstip van de dichtste nadering maakte het JIRAM-instrument infraroodbeelden en infraroodspectra (in wezen chemische vingerafdrukken van materialen, gebaseerd op de manier waarop ze licht reflecteren) van het oppervlak van de maan. JIRAM, gebouwd door de Italiaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, is ontworpen om infrarood licht (onzichtbaar voor het blote oog) op te vangen dat diep uit Jupiter komt, om de weerlaag te onderzoeken tot een diepte van 30 tot 45 mijl (50 tot 70 mijl). kilometer) hieronder. Gasreuzenwolken. Maar het instrument is ook gebruikt om inzicht te geven in de topografie van de manen Io, Europa, Ganymede en Callisto (gezamenlijk bekend als Satelliet). Manen van Galilea Voor hun ontdekker Galileo).

Ontdek andere Joviaanse werelden

Eerdere modellen van het magnetische veld van Ganymedes hebben vastgesteld dat het equatoriale gebied van de maan, tot ongeveer 40 graden noorderbreedte, beschermd is tegen energetische elektronen- en zware ionenbombardementen veroorzaakt door Het helse magnetische veld van Jupiter. Het is bekend dat de aanwezigheid van deze deeltjesstromen een negatieve invloed heeft op zouten en organisch materiaal.

Tijdens de vlucht van juni 2021 besloeg JIRAM een smal bereik van breedtegraden (10°N tot 30°N) en een groter bereik van lengtegraden (35°O tot 40°O) op het naar Jupiter gerichte halfrond.

“We vonden de grootste overvloed aan zouten en organische materialen in Donker en helder terrein “Op breedtegraden waar het magnetische veld beschermt”, zegt hoofdonderzoeker Scott Bolton van de Juno-missie van het Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. “Dit suggereert dat we de overblijfselen zien van een diepe oceaanpekel die de oppervlakte van deze bevroren wereld heeft bereikt.”

Verwerkte gegevens van de Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) spectrometer aan boord van NASA's Juno-missie worden over een mozaïek van optische beelden van de Galileo- en Voyager-ruimtevaartuigen van het agentschap heen gelegd die gegroefd terrein op Jupiters maan Ganymede tonen.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/ASI/INAF/JIRAM/Brown University

Ganymedes is niet de enige ondergrondse wereld waar Juno doorheen ging. De maan Europa, waarvan men denkt dat deze een oceaan onder zijn ijskoude korst heeft, kwam ook onder de aandacht van Juno, eerst in oktober 2021 (zie afbeelding hierboven) en vervolgens in september 2022. En nu krijgt Io de flyby-behandeling. De volgende nadering van deze met vulkanen gevulde wereld is gepland voor 30 december, wanneer het ruimtevaartuig een bereik zal bereiken van binnen 932 mijl (1.500 kilometer) van het oppervlak van Io.

Referentie:

• “Zouten en organische stoffen op het oppervlak van Ganymede gecontroleerd door de JIRAM-spectrometer aan boord van Juno” door Federico Tosi, Alessandro Mora, Alessandra Cofano, Francesca Zambon, Christopher R. Glenn, Mauro Ciarniello, Jonathan I. Lunin, Giuseppe Piccione, Cristina Bellacci, Roberto Sordini, Alberto Adriani, Scott J. Bolton, Candace J. Hansen, Tom A. Nordheim, Alessandro Moirano, Livio Agostini, Francesca Altieri, Sean M. Brooks, Andrea Cicchetti, Bianca Maria Dinelli, Davide Grassi, Alessandra Migliorini, Maria Luisa Morricone, Raffaella Nochesi, Pietro Scarica, Giuseppe Sindoni, Stefania Stefani en Diego Torini, 30 oktober , 2023, Natuur astronomie.
  doi: 10.1038/s41550-023-02107-5

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), een divisie van het California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Californië, beheert de Juno-missie voor hoofdonderzoeker Scott Bolton van het Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. Juno maakt deel uit van NASA’s New Frontiers Program, dat wordt beheerd in het Marshall Space Flight Center van NASA in Huntsville, Alabama, voor het Science Mission Directorate van het agentschap in Washington. De Italiaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie (ASI) financierde de Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper. Lockheed Martin Space in Denver bouwde en exploiteert het ruimtevaartuig.

{ https://koninkrijksrelaties.nu/ }

NASA’s Sonde Detecteert Zouten en Organische Verbindingen op de Grootste Maan van Jupiter

NASA’s Sonde Detecteert Zouten en Organische Verbindingen op de Grootste Maan van Jupiter

(NASA/JPL- Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kalleheikki Kannisto (CC BY))© Aangeboden door Tech Break

In een nieuwe verkenning heeft Juno, een sonde van de NASA, een belangrijke ontdekking gedaan door mineralen en organische verbindingen op het oppervlak van de grootste maan van Jupiter en de grootste in ons zonnestelsel, Ganymedes, te observeren.

Deze gegevens werden verzameld tijdens een scheervlucht van de sonde dicht bij de bevroren maan en onthulden de aanwezigheid van ammoniumzouten, gehydrateerd natriumchloride, natriumbicarbonaat en mogelijke alifatische aldehyden, wat suggereert dat Ganymedes deze materialen tijdens zijn vorming heeft kunnen accumuleren. Deze ontdekking biedt waardevolle inzichten in de oorsprong van de maan en de samenstelling van zijn diepe oceaan.

Informatie verzameld door Juno onthulde ook dat gebieden beschermd door het magnetische veld van Jupiter de hoogste concentraties van zouten en organische verbindingen vertoonden. Deze bevinding draagt bij aan het begrip van de processen die Ganymedes in de loop van de tijd hebben gevormd en aan mogelijke oceanische omgevingen op andere hemellichamen.

Ganymedes is de grootste maan van Jupiter en staat bekend om het herbergen van een intern oceaan onder zijn bevroren korst, wat het tot een interessant onderzoeksobject maakt voor wetenschappers.

•  post NASA’s Sonde Detecteert Zouten en Organische Verbindingen op de Grootste Maan van Jupiter apareceu primeiro em TechBreak.

{ http://techbreak.ig.com.br/ }

Asteroid Impact-Generated Dust Played Key Role in Dinosaur-Killing Mass Extinction

About 66 million years ago, a massive asteroid crashed into Earth near the site of the small town of Chicxulub in what is now Mexico. The impact eradicated roughly 75% of the animal and plant species on Earth, including whole groups like non-avian dinosaurs and ammonites. Fine silicate dust from pulverized rock generated by the impact played a dominant role in global climate cooling and the disruption of photosynthesis following the event, according to new research.

This painting depicts an asteroid slamming into tropical, shallow seas of the sulfur-rich Yucatan Peninsula in what is today southeast Mexico. The aftermath of this immense asteroid collision, which occurred approximately 65 million years ago, is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species on Earth. Shown in this painting are pterodactyls, flying reptiles with wingspans of up to 50 feet, gliding above low tropical clouds.

Image credit: Donald E. Davis / NASA.

The Chicxulub impact has long been thought to have triggered a global winter 66 million years ago, which led to the demise of the dinosaurs and around 75% of species on Earth.

However, what effect the various types of debris ejected from the crater had on the climate is debated, and exactly what caused the mass extinction remains unclear.

Previous research has suggested that sulfur released during the impact and soot from post-impact wildfires constituted the main drivers of an impact winter, but the size of silicate dust particles ejected into the atmosphere has not been considered to be a major contributor.

“The Chicxulub asteroid impact event 66 million years ago showcases a unique opportunity to examine the rate, magnitude and mechanisms of extreme and abrupt climate change in Earth’s history,” said Dr. Cem Berk Senel, a researcher at the Royal Observatory of Belgium and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and his colleagues.

“The 45-60° inclined impact of a 10- to 15-km-sized carbonaceous chondrite on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico triggered a chain reaction of events ultimately responsible for the end-Cretaceous mass extinction and the demise of 75% of species, including the iconic non-avian dinosaurs.”

“Yet the climatic consequences of the various debris injected into the atmosphere following the Chicxulub impact remain unclear, and the exact killing mechanisms of the mass extinction remain poorly constrained.”

To evaluate the roles of sulfur, soot and silicate dust on the post-impact climate, Dr. Senel and co-authors produced paleoclimate simulations based on an analysis of fine-grained material emplaced at a well-preserved impact deposit from a site in North Dakota, the United States.

They found that the size distribution of silicate debris (approximately 0.8-8 micrometers) revealed a larger contribution of fine dust than previously appreciated.

They inputted the measured size distribution into a climate model and estimated that such fine dust could have remained in the atmosphere for up to 15 years after the event, contributing to global cooling the Earth’s surface by as much as 15 degrees Celsius.

They suggest that dust-induced changes in solar radiation may also have shut down photosynthesis for almost two years post-impact.

“Our simulations of the atmospheric injection of such a plume of micrometer-sized silicate dust suggest a long atmospheric lifetime of 15 years, contributing to a global-average surface temperature falling by as much as 15 degrees Celsius,” the authors said.

“Simulated changes in photosynthetic active solar radiation support a dust-induced photosynthetic shut-down for almost 2 years post-impact.”

“We suggest that, together with additional cooling contributions from soot and sulfur, this is consistent with the catastrophic collapse of primary productivity in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact.”

The results appear in the journal Nature Geoscience.

• C.B. Senel et al. Chicxulub impact winter sustained by fine silicate dust. Nat. Geosci, published online October 30, 2023; doi: 10.1038/s41561-023-01290-4

{ https://www.sci.news/ }

The Intriguing Tales Behind UFO Sightings: Real Accounts from Abductees

UFO sightings have fascinated humans for decades. From mysterious lights in the night sky to tales of alien abductions, these unexplained phenomena continue to capture our imagination. In an age of technology and extensive space exploration, the stories behind UFO sightings have become more compelling than ever.

Drawing Insights from the Abductees:

The documentary “Abductees” by Paul Vester delves deep into the experiences of those who claim to have been abducted by extraterrestrial beings. These aren’t just mere tales but are accounts formed from interviews, hypnotic regression tapes, and the original drawings of abductees like Linda Cortile and Rusty Hudson.

Visual Representations of the Encounters:

A striking element of these tales is the artwork that originates from the very individuals who experienced these encounters. Often, therapists and investigators ask abductees to sketch what they witnessed, and these drawings serve as the primary means to visualize their experiences. These aren’t just rudimentary sketches but vivid portrayals of their memories. The emphasis on the eyes of the extraterrestrial beings is a recurring theme. Many describe them as akin to 1950s Italian wraparound sunglasses. These depictions aren’t just for investigators; they offer a therapeutic outlet for the abductees.

Beyond the Visual – The Emotional Depth:

The emotional depth of these accounts is haunting. One abductee recounted the sheer force of telepathic communication, likening it to a radio turned too loud. Another speaks of the terrifying ordeal, describing the feeling of pressure around the kidneys and the strange sensation that followed.

The Power of Memory:

These memories, often suppressed or distorted, sometimes need hypnotic regression to surface. Some abductees remember certain aspects of the experience clearly, while others recall their encounters in fragmented sequences. The struggle between distinguishing reality from dreams becomes a significant aspect of their tales.

VIDEO:

• Five tales of alien abduction: “Abductees” (Paul Vester, 1995)

In a world increasingly driven by logic and science, stories of UFO sightings and alleged abductions offer a tantalizing glimpse into the unknown. As we continue our quest for understanding, it is essential to listen, analyze, and respect these narratives. After all, in the vast expanse of the universe, can we truly claim to be alone?

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS (VIDEOS) - 31/10/2023

anomalous lights

The Most Spectacular UFO Photo Ever Captured

Two young chefs decided to go out for a walk after a tiresome shift at the Pitlochry Hotel on the outskirts of Cairngorms National Park in Scotland.
It was 9:00pm. The air was fresh, and the light was dwindling steadily. The two mates drove some miles to Calvine, close to the edge of the Cairngorms, where they began a walk across the hills.

Suddenly, up in the skies, they saw a strange-looking, diamond-shaped object over 100 feet long. It hovered above them as if searching for something.

The puzzled men went straight to the bushes to hide, but they kept watching. The mysterious flying object stayed there. Then, two British fighters passed through the area as if nothing had happened.

Strangely enough, one returned as if the pilot had seen that strange flying object. The frightened chefs desperately took some pictures of the flying object with a camera.

The UFO violently flew vertically and disappeared above the sky.
It was never seen again, but the two cooks had evidence of what they had witnessed. And it would take a long time to unravel the mystery of what it was.

RELATED

NEW: Gov't UFO report finds 'concerning high speeds' & 'unusual maneuverability' in recovered crafts

Ancient Aliens: UFO Witnesses THREATENED By Men in Black (Season 2)

A pilot flies alongside flying saucers, but is threatened by mysterious men to keep quiet about his experience. See more in this scene from Season 2, Episode 4, "Extraterrestrial Close Encounters."

Did Bob Lazar Work On Restricted Alien Spacecrafts

Did Bob Lazar work on restricted alien spacecrafts? Or was he just a sensational fake who made up stories about secret government projects? In this video, we'll investigate the mystery surrounding Bob Lazar and see what evidence exists to support or refute his claims.

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

Despite being the target of many, many observations, there are still plenty of unanswered questions about the nature of the star that exploded, the mechanics of the explosion itself, and the composition of the ejecta.  Using JWSTs infrared capabilities, the image of the Crab reveals red/orange filaments of dust around the central region. The filaments weave an intricate pattern over the whole nebula, but it’s the core that has received more attention. 

It has been known that there is a pulsar at the core of the nebula, and it’s this pulsar that is the true remains of the progenitor star.  When it went ‘supernova,’ the core collapsed to form the ultra-dense rotating object that, if you happen to be in the right place in space (hey, that rhymes), then you will see a pulse of radiation as it rotates. The infrared images from JWST reveal synchrotron emissions, which are a direct result of the rapidly rotating pulsar.  As the pulsar rotates, the magnetic field accelerates particles in the nebula to astonishingly high speeds such that they emit synchrotron radiation. As a fabulously lucky quirk of nature, the radiation is particularly obvious in infrared, making it ideal for JWST. 

Not only has JWST detected synchrotron radiation, but it has also mapped out locations of dust particles and even… locations where dust particles are forming. It’s fabulous to think that an object that was discovered almost a thousand years ago is still surprising us. That’s one of the things I love about astronomy: you think you have seen it all, but there is always more to learn.  Over the coming years, teams of astronomers using both HST and JWST will continue to probe the depths of the Crab Nebula, and maybe one day, all of its secrets will finally be revealed. 

Source:

•  ESA JWST News Release

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

EXCLUSIVE: FBI agents visit scientists building flying saucer at Falcon Space lab in New Jersey - and reveal they are part of 'X-Files like' government UFO investigation

• Mark Sokol, 35, told DailyMail.com FBI agents showed up at his New Jersey lab last Friday and revealed they had been 'tasked with investigating' UFOs
• The scientist, the founder of Falcon Space Lab in Hawthorne, said the feds told them they had received a tip about 'enriched uranium' being used at the site
• CCTV shared with DailyMail.com shows the two FBI agents flashing their badges and interviewing the inventor as well as pacing outside with a Geiger counter 

By JOSH BOSWELL FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

FBI agents visited a New Jersey lab where scientists are trying to build a flying saucer – after they received a report of dangerous uranium being used on site.

Mark Sokol, founder of the Falcon Space laboratory in Hawthorne, New Jersey, told DailyMail.com he was shocked when two federal agents showed up at his shop last Friday.

Sokol said the more senior of the two agents told him they had been tasked by Bureau bosses with looking into Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), the government term for UFOs – making him a kind of real-life Fox Mulder from the classic show The X-Files.

They didn't find any dangerous uranium, Sokol said, but were intrigued by the experiments going on at Falcon Space.

Sokol, 35, and his colleagues are attempting to use nuclear physics to make objects weightless, the first step towards building a functioning flying saucer.

CCTV shared with DailyMail.com shows two FBI agents grilling scientist Mark Sokol during a surprise visit to his lab in Hawthorne, New Jersey on October 20 

Scientists and inventors are trying to build their own gravity-defying flying saucer in the Falcon Space laboratory in New Jersey

Sokol explained he and his colleagues have been working on experiments to make objects weightless – the first step towards building a functioning flying saucer – using this foil-lined Faraday cage that managed to reduce an object's weight by 17.8%

They are inspired by verified reports of strange unidentified objects flying in extraordinary ways in our skies, seas and space, which are now being openly investigated by the government. 

Sokol told DailyMail.com his goal is to figure out the technology behind these objects, which some believe to be extraterrestrial craft.

CCTV shared with DailyMail.com shows the two FBI agents flashing their badges and interviewing the inventor as well as pacing outside with a Geiger counter – a device used to detect radiation – which showed no harmful radiation at the lab, he said.

'They showed up on Friday right around noon,' Sokol said. 'They flashed their badges, said ''FBI'', and asked if we had any enriched uranium.

'I laughed and told them no. One said that we're not in trouble and he wanted to come back at some point and pick my brain about UAPs because he's been tasked by the FBI, in investigating UAPs or UFOs.'

But if the senior agent is a real-life version of David Duchovny's Mulder, his partner didn't quite measure up to Gillian Anderson's Dana Scully.

Sokol said the more junior of the pair was fresh-faced and ‘probably in his early 20s’. 

'They said they got a tipoff that I have enriched uranium. The only uranium we have here is a little piece that I got off Amazon to check our Geiger counter to make sure it's working.'

A spokeswoman for the FBI field office in Newark, New Jersey, told DailyMail.com: 'We receive information from the public each day through various reporting mechanisms. 

Left to right: Jatin Parmar, Tom Butler, Mark Sokol, Wayne Ojala all working on an experiment at their lab in Hawthorne

Members of the Falcon Space laboratory plot their experiments to replicate UFO technology such as anti-gravity

Falcon Space was founded by Mark Sokol, who turned his battery manufacturing laboratory into a hub for scientists and inventors trying to crack the problem of anti-gravity

'In general, when we get information about a situation involving illegal and dangerous radiological or hazardous materials, our agents investigate it.'

The spokeswoman did not comment on whether their FBI office had a designated agent for UFO-related cases.

Sokol described his lab as a bootstrapped community of scientists, engineers, and inventors hoping to crack anti-gravity, warp drives, and other futuristic technologies.

They are funded by donations and a few private investors passionate about the topic.

'We're researching UFO propulsion, trying to figure out propellant-less propulsion concepts that have been theorized to work throughout the years,' he said.

'There's lots of papers and patents that have been put out. But we're a lab where we actually put those theories to the test.'

Some of their experiments test the theory that objects' mass comes from the jumbled directions in which the subatomic particles of their atoms spin. 

If you can get those tiny parts to spin in the same direction, it will make them weightless, so the theory goes.

'We've seen up to 17.8% weight loss in one experiment,' Sokol said. 

He believes once they can get above 90%, they'll be able to make a floating saucer.

Lab cofounder Jeremy Rys runs their YouTube channel Alien Scientist, where they post videos of their experiments and scientific discussions at their regular online 'Alternative Propulsion Engineering Conference'. 

Lab cofounder Jeremy Rys said he was skeptical of the FBI visitors, noting that the senior agent had a background in financial crime investigations unrelated to X-Files-type probes

The agents appeared to be real-life versions of FBI special agents Fox Mulder, played by David Duchovny and Dana Scully, played by Gillian Anderson, from the hit sci-fi series The X-Files

Rys was skeptical of the FBI visitors, noting that the senior agent had a background in financial crime investigations unrelated to X-Files-type probes.

'They said they were interested in UAP and the kind of stuff he was doing at the lab. It could be a shoe in the door,' he said.

'Maybe they're trying to trick Mark into opening up more because they know it's his passion.

'If you lie to federal investigators in any way, even just telling them the time on a broken clock, they can later put charges against you.'

Though the government has not officially confirmed it is using FBI agents to conduct UFO-related investigations on the ground X-Files-style, there are several hints that this is the case.

In a presentation by Sean Kirkpatrick, director of the Pentagon's All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in January, the DOJ was listed as one of the agency's 'key partners' 

A 2021 law which created the latest incarnation of the Pentagon's UFO investigation office 'AARO' also ordered it to 'rapidly respond to, and conduct field investigations of, incidents involving unidentified aerial phenomena under the direction of the head of the Office'.

At a conference on January 11 this year, AARO director Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick presented a slide deck which listed the Department of Justice, ultimately responsible for the FBI, as one of its 'key partners and stakeholders'.

Kirkpatrick, a decorated physicist and intelligence official, also included one intriguing bullet point on his slides suggesting that AARO aimed to 'recover' downed UAP.

The slide said his office is involved in 'UAP detection, tracking, mitigation, and recovery'.

The US government has itself tried to build craft resembling classic flying saucers, though official records show it achieved little success.

In the 1950s the US Air Force hired a Canadian contractor to help it try to build a supersonic flying saucer.

DailyMail.com obtained a slides from Kirkpatrick's January 11 presentation which showed the steps AARO was taking to ensure UAP 'are effectively and efficiently detected, tracked, analyzed, and managed'

Kirkpatrick's presentation warned of 'threats to the immediate safety of US citizens and Government facilities'

Documents from the venture, codenamed Project 1794, were declassified in 2012, and include schematics that look like they come right out of a science fiction movie.

According to papers published by the National Archives, the saucer was designed to fly 'between Mach 3 and Mach 4, a ceiling of over 100,000 ft. and a maximum range with allowances of about 1,000 nautical miles'.

Despite indications of initial success at a relatively low cost, the project fizzled out after engineers apparently failed to get the craft flying higher than a few feet.

From 2015 to 2017 the US Navy filed for a series of patents for futuristic inventions including a triangular-shaped 'hybrid aerospace underwater craft' and a 'craft using an inertial mass reduction device' – or anti-gravity.

The supposed inventor, Dr. Salvatore Pais, boasted in the patent of possible 'extreme speeds' by his vehicle and the potential to 'engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level'.

But other physicists criticized the filings for their lack of specific technical details and allegedly nonsensical pseudoscience terms – fueling theories that the patents could just be propaganda to confuse America's adversaries.

The Navy told US engineering news site The Drive that they spent three years and $508,000 on the project, but ended it in September 2019 after failing to prove Dr. Pais' proposed science.

'No further research has been conducted, and the project has not transitioned to any other government or civilian organization,' a spokesperson for the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division told the site in 2021.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

What's the best evidence we've found for alien life?

Nikku Madhusudhan, a professor of astrophysics and exoplanetary science at the University of Cambridge, gave a similar response, saying, "I don't think we have clear evidence just yet of any kind for alien life."

There is, however, good reason to hold out hope that the evidence will eventually come, even if it isn't personally delivered by a little green man.

Related: What would colors look like on other planets?

Madhusudhan told Live Science that "there are hints here and there" and "there is evidence for habitable conditions." In other words, there are signs that certain planets and moons could harbor life, but we haven't found evidence of life in these places yet.

There may be hundreds of millions of habitable planets in our galaxy alone. Scientists consider planets capable of hosting life if they sit in the so-called habitable zone, the distance from a star where it's possible for a rocky planet to have liquid water on the surface, an essential ingredient for life on Earth. Planets and moons outside of the habitable zone aren't necessarily inhospitable to life either. For example, Jupiter's moon Europa isn't in the sun's habitable zone, but has a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust that may be able to host life.

Researchers are looking inside and outside of our solar system for signs of life. Madhusudhan led a study, published in October 2023 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, that detected hints of an ocean on a planet called K2-18 b, located more than 100 light-years away. Their data also suggested "potential signs" of dimethyl sulfide, a chemical that, as far as we know, is produced only by life on Earth.

"That is very tentative," he said. "We don't know if it is present or not, but we do see it in the data at some level."

That potential sign of alien life will be subject to further studies and may be refuted. Regardless, Madhusudhan said he wouldn't be surprised if we found evidence for extraterrestrial microbial life within the next decade. "I'd be very surprised if there is no life out there of any kind," he added.

Seager believes we'd confirm the existence of alien life only with sample-return missions — collecting samples from another planet or moon and bringing them back to Earth for study, in-situ measurements or "incredibly futuristic" technology, like a solar gravitational lens telescope, a theoretical instrument that would use the sun's gravity to magnify light from distant planets.

"With all the tools we have now, or that we could build with enough money, it's sample return, because I don't see anything else being definitive," Seager said.

Seager was part of a 2020 study published in the journal Nature Astronomy that reported the "apparent presence" of phosphine gas — a potential signature of life — on Venus. The research has been debated in the scientific community since.

Researchers will argue about whether potential life signatures detected on other planets are real, and then whether those signatures are accurate, and then whether those signatures are actually caused by life, which they currently won't be able to prove without collecting samples, according to Seager.

However, she's confident that scientists will find more signs of water and oceans that could indicate habitability, as well as gases that might be due to life. "I think that's enough to keep this generation's long search moving forward," she said.

Keep in mind that space is incredibly vast. It would take humans more than a million years to visit K2-18 b with traditional rocket propulsion. Even sending our fastest probe to the nearest known exoplanet, Proxima Centauri b, would take thousands of years. The planets and moons within our solar system are right on our doorstep by comparison, with probe travel times ranging from some years to mere months.

{ https://www.livescience.com/ }