Ancient face here before humans existed, UFO UAP sighting news đœ proof aliens own Earth đ

Ancient face here before humans existed, UFO UAP sighting news đœ proof aliens own Earth đ
Mystery fighter jet crash in ocean off Gaza, UFO UAP sighting news. đ° Shot Down by UFO!
UFOs and Aliens: As a Scientist, I Believe in Both, But Hereâs Where I Draw the Line
The discovery of aliens visiting Earth would be thrilling, but proving it hinges on finding solid evidence.
By Paul M. Sutter
Reports of strange lights in the sky. What appear to be craft flying through the air following impossible trajectories. Radar and camera signatures of mysterious origins. Whatever you want to call themâUnidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) or Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAPs)âthey are certainly weird. I get it; many of the questions we have about these bizarre occurrences do not have a satisfying answer.
But this is exactly why, as a scientist, I wonât say theyâre aliens.
While reports of alien ships have been a part of our culture since we began training the first astronauts at the dawn of the space age, thereâs been a resurgence in UAP curiosity over the past two years, with congressional hearings, NASA-led working groups, public databases, and more, all devoted to answering the timeless question: whatâs that in the sky? And the supposed evidence is compounding, too, with recordings from military and civilian pilots and crew. They have released footage of (what appear to be) flying machines crisscrossing their field of view, or screens showing radar, infrared, or other remote imaging of objects exhibiting downright strange behavior.
Many of these sightings end up having mundane, technical explanations, like wayward drones, miscalibrated sensors, or incomplete information, all of which create the illusion of something unusual.

Getty Images
Admittedly, some sightings defy explanation. These are situations in which no team of experts has been able to identify a cause behind a strange UAP report. Thatâs why the Office of the Director of National Intelligence designated a UAP Task Force to try to explain 143 mysterious sightings from a 2021 report. For example, in one 2015 case, Navy pilots observed objects moving fast with great agility, in some cases appearing to plunge underwater. To date, there has been no commonly agreed upon explanation for those sightings.
And without additional information, scientists have to stop and say three simple words: âI donât know.â
But that phrase doesnât mean we live in a sea of ignorance. We can say that we donât know the true origins of the most mysteries of UAPs, and we can also say that they are likely not aliens.
As soon as you claim that an unexplained incident is due to alien activity, then youâre claiming to have an identification for the aliens that caused the incident.
After all, mysteries abound not just in Earthâs atmosphere, but throughout the cosmos. We donât understand what powers Jupiterâs giant storms. We donât understand why the sunâs corona is so hot. We donât understand how the first stars appeared in the universe ... and so on. Ongoing mysteries are the reason that scientists get out of bed in the morning. Because we suppose that aliens are intelligent and technologically sophisticated, we could potentially turn to them to explain everything: aliens are powering Jupiterâs giant storms, and heating up the sunâs corona, and creating the first stars.
Finding the answers to any of these mysteries requires incredibly high standards of evidence. You can posit any theory you want, with as much beauty and sophistication and force of argument as you can cram into itâbut if it goes against the evidence, itâs tossed in the trash.
For example, the history of science is littered with ideas that sounded good, but ultimately did not live up to the evidence. We used to think that a motherâs stress levels caused birth defects, that the sun orbited around Earth, and that an invisible kind of fluid was responsible for causing heat. With more evidence, we now understand genetics, gravity, and thermodynamics, and so we left those old ideas behind.
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When it comes to UAPs, if you want to claim that aliens are visiting Earth and this is what weâre seeing, by all means, go ahead. Itâs a hypothesis, and a testable one at that: if we were to ever get our hands on one of these supposed spacecraft, crack open the door, and say hello to whomever is inside, then the hypothesis would be validated.
But we havenât yet done that. So we canât say for certain that UAPs, even some of them, are due to alien activity. Itâs in the name, after all: unidentified anomalous phenomena remain unidentified. As soon as you claim that an unexplained incident is due to alien activity, then youâre claiming to have an identification for the aliens that caused the incident.
Since evidence is the ultimate judge, you need a substantial amount of positive evidence working in your favor. You also need a cohesive base of support for your hypothesis. In other words, you canât drop a bomb like âitâs aliensâ and walk away; you have to back it up and provide additional sources of evidence. For example, I can say with an extreme amount of confidence that our universe is 13.77 billion years old. I didnât just pull that number out of a hat, or make an educated guess. That number comes from over a century of studying the universe: combining data and more than one line of evidence from the expansion rate of the universe, observing the leftover light from the Big Bang, taking insights from nuclear theory, and more. Every simple statement in science is backed up by mountains of evidence.

These are not impossible questions to navigate, but to date, there have not been any successful answers, and so the alien hypothesis remains a relatively weak one.
On the other hand, as long as UAPs remain unidentified, itâs impossible to rule out an alien hypothesis entirely. However, without further evidence, we can point to potential explanations that make a much stronger case and more readily coexist with our wider body of knowledgeâeven if we canât yet prove them. For example, we know that sensors occasionally malfunction and give false readings, or that computer analysis algorithms can misinterpret data. Therefore, what appears to be an alien ship may in fact be a weather balloon instead. It does not take great leaps in logic or vast knowledge to make such a statement, and so itâs a much stronger hypothesis, simply because itâs a more likely, albeit mundane, explanation.

Lastly, intelligent aliens make for a poor scientific hypothesis because the idea of intelligent aliens could explain virtually any mysterious phenomenon. When scientists come across a new situation and want to explain it, they canât just make up supernatural stories. They are forced to explain the situation in terms of rules of the natural world: forces, energies, particles, and so on.
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Because aliens could explain everything, they end up explaining nothing. Aliens on Earth are not a useful scientific hypothesis, because it doesnât help us dig deeper into the workings of nature. Instead, aliens bring up more questions than they answer, making our scientific lives more complicated, which is the opposite of what we try to do in science.
Speaking personally, I think there are aliens out there in the universe. There are likely many intelligent civilizations living in parallel to ours, since itâs a big universe, after all. But there is no substantial evidence they have visited Earth.
Simultaneously, I canât explain some of the observed UAP phenomena. These two statements are not in contradictionââI donât knowâ and âthatâs not a good hypothesis, therefore I donât have to believe itâ both speak to the spirit of scientific curiosity. This spirit moves us to explore the universe around us and let our imaginations run free ⊠but to let the evidence ultimately decide what we should believe in.
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NASAâs Astronomy Picture of the Day: Meteor against the Pleiades
The province of Al-Ula in Saudi Arabia has attracted the attention of the global astronomical community. A photograph of the night sky above this region was selected by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as its âAstronomy Picture of the Day.â All because the astrophotographer managed to capture a bright green meteor against the backdrop of the Pleiades star cluster. The photograph, taken with a one-hour exposure, is not only visually stunning, but also confirms Al-Ulaâs status as one of the most attractive places on the planet for stargazing.
âMeteor and Star Cluster.â
Authors: Yousif Alqasimi & Essa Al Jasmi / NASA
Why Al-Ula? The answer lies in the regionâs crystal clear, dark skies. Thanks to the almost complete absence of light pollution, it is rated among the top 5% of places in the world for astronomical observations. This unique status was officially confirmed by DarkSky International, which awarded the prestigious Dark Sky certificate to two sites in the province: the ancient archaeological complex of Hegra, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the Gharameel Nature Reserve. This makes Makkah Region the destination for astrophotographers and stargazers from around the world.
The Pleiades in a Hubble Space Telescope image
The author named the photograph âThe Meteor and the Star Cluster.â For the first time in history, NASA has highlighted the work carried out in Al-Ula. This achievement was made possible thanks to the efforts of Manarat AlUla, an organization that is working hard to ensure a night sky free of light pollution and to develop the region as a global center for space research and astro-tourism. NASAâs choice highlights not only the incredible beauty of this corner of Saudi Arabia for those who seek to glimpse the deepest secrets of the universe.
nterdimensional Beings of Pure Light and Energy â The Potential Truth Behind the Alien Mysteries
Interdimensional Beings of Pure Light and Energy â The Potential Truth Behind the Alien Mysteries

Abstract
The phenomenon of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and claims of encounters with extraterrestrial beings have persisted across cultures and centuries. Traditional explanations have centered on extraterrestrial origin within our three-dimensional universe; however, recent developments in physics suggest the possible existence of higher dimensions and interdimensional entities. This dissertation explores the hypothesis that some reported encounters with "aliens" may, in fact, be interactions with beings existing outside our conventional spacetime, composed of light and energy, and operating within interdimensional realms. Drawing from quantum physics, string theory, and consciousness studies, this work aims to evaluate the scientific plausibility of such entities and their potential role in the broader understanding of UFO phenomena.
Introduction
The enigma of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and alleged extraterrestrial encounters has captivated human imagination for centuries. From ancient cave paintings and folklore to modern-day conspiracy theories, the belief that some visitors from beyond our planetâor even beyond our known universeâmay be visiting Earth endures. These phenomena have sparked curiosity, fear, and speculation across cultures and generations. Conventional scientific approaches have largely attributed UFO sightings to atmospheric phenomena, psychological factors, or technological anomalies, such as misidentifications of natural objects, optical illusions, or experimental aircraft. Despite these explanations, numerous reports continue to challenge these rationalizations, describing encounters with beings that are luminous, energy-based, and capable of defying known physical laws.
Over the years, witnesses and researchers have documented sightings of entities that seem to lack physical solidity, instead appearing as glowing lights or energy forms that can move instantaneously or through seemingly impossible means. These descriptions often conflict with conventional understanding of matter and physics, prompting many to seek alternative explanations. Recent advances in physics, particularly in the realms of higher-dimensional theories, quantum mechanics, and the nature of consciousness, have opened intriguing new avenues for interpreting these phenomena. Some scientists and theorists propose that these entities could be manifestations of beings existing outside our familiar four-dimensional spacetime, perhaps in higher dimensions or as pure energy forms.
The concept of interdimensional beingsâentities existing in dimensions beyond human perceptionâprovides a compelling framework that aligns with many of the anomalous reports associated with UFO encounters. Such beings could potentially appear as luminous, energy-based entities that can traverse space and time in ways that defy our understanding of physics. This dissertation aims to explore whether these beings could be interpreted as higher-dimensional entities, composed of pure light and energy, capable of manifesting in our dimension under certain conditions. By examining scientific theories and evidence, this study seeks to evaluate the plausibility of these interpretations and contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding UFO phenomena and the possibility of extraterrestrial or interdimensional life.
Theoretical Foundations
Higher Dimensions in Physics
The concept of extra dimensions has a long-standing history in physics, dating back to the early 20th century with the pioneering work of Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein. Their aim was to unify gravity and electromagnetism by proposing an additional spatial dimension beyond the familiar three. In modern physics, this idea has evolved significantly, especially within the framework of string theory and M-theory. These theories suggest that our universe may contain up to 11 dimensionsâcomprising the familiar four (three spatial dimensions plus time) and several additional compactified dimensions that are curled up at scales too small to detect directly. These extra dimensions are thought to be compactified into complex shapes such as Calabi-Yau manifolds, rendering them imperceptible at our macroscopic scale. Nonetheless, their existence could have profound implications for understanding the fundamental forces and particles. Theories involving higher dimensions also imply that phenomena outside our perceptual capacityâsuch as interdimensional beings or entitiesâcould exist and possibly influence our universe in subtle ways. These beings might interact with us through phenomena that are currently considered anomalous or unexplained by conventional physics, hinting at a reality richer and more complex than our immediate perception.
Quantum Mechanics and Nonlocality
Quantum mechanics introduces a radically different perspective on the nature of reality, particularly through the phenomenon of nonlocality. Quantum entanglement, where particles become correlated such that the state of one instantly influences the state of another regardless of the distance separating them, challenges classical notions of locality and causality. Some interpret entanglement as evidence of an underlying interconnectedness that transcends the limitations of spacetime as described by classical physics. This interconnectedness could imply the existence of hidden dimensions or a deeper level of reality where information and influence can travel instantaneously. Such perspectives open the possibility that interactions with entities existing in higher or alternate dimensions might be facilitated through nonlocal quantum processes. If entangled particles can influence each other across vast distances instantaneously, then perhaps consciousness or other phenomena could similarly operate across higher-dimensional realms, enabling contact or interaction with beings that exist outside our conventional understanding of space and time.
Consciousness and the Observer Effect
The role of consciousness in shaping reality is a topic of ongoing debate and investigation. Certain interpretations of quantum mechanics suggest that observation or awareness plays a fundamental role in the manifestation of physical phenomenaâa concept often referred to as the observer effect. Some hypotheses propose that consciousness itself could serve as a bridge between different dimensions, enabling interaction with entities or realms beyond our physical universe. This idea is supported by anecdotal reports of luminous, energy-based beings, such as spirits or interdimensional entities, which some believe are manifestations of consciousness operating across dimensional boundaries. These reports often describe entities that appear to be composed of pure energy or light, and they seem to interact with individuals in ways that defy conventional physical explanations. Such phenomena could reflect the influence of consciousness extending beyond traditional physical limits, potentially opening portals or gateways to higher or alternate dimensions. While these ideas remain speculative and are not yet scientifically validated, they suggest intriguing possibilities about the interconnectedness of consciousness and the fabric of reality itself.
In summary, the theoretical frameworks involving higher dimensions, quantum nonlocality, and consciousness provide a multifaceted foundation for exploring the existence and interaction with interdimensional entities. While these ideas are still largely speculative and require further scientific validation, they open fascinating avenues for understanding the deeper nature of reality and the potential for entities that exist beyond our immediate perceptual horizon.
UFO Encounters and Luminous Entities
Many credible witnesses across different regions and backgrounds have reported encounters with beings that are described as luminous or radiant. These entities often manifest as pure light, energy forms, or glowing apparitions that defy conventional understanding. Witnesses frequently describe these luminous entities as appearing suddenly, sometimes materializing out of thin air, and disappearing just as swiftly. Their behaviors include levitation, non-material presence, and movements that appear to transcend physical laws, such as instantaneous travel or hovering without any visible means of support. Some reports also mention interactions where these entities seem to communicate through light patterns or electromagnetic signals, further complicating their classification within known biological or technological frameworks. The consistency of such reports from diverse sources lends credibility to their authenticity, prompting researchers to consider the possibility that these luminous beings are manifestations from an interdimensional realm or a higher vibrational plane.
Historical and Cultural Parallels
Throughout history, numerous cultures and religions have documented encounters with beings of pure light. For example, angels in Judeo-Christian traditions, devas in Eastern philosophies, and spirits in indigenous cultures often share visual and behavioral similarities with modern reports of energy-based entities. These historical accounts describe luminous beings that serve as messengers, guides, or divine entities, reinforcing the idea that such phenomena are not merely modern inventions but are rooted in a universal archetype. The recurring theme of radiant, non-material entities across different eras and civilizations suggests that these experiences could be reflections of a reality that extends beyond the physical universe. Many researchers propose that these entities might be interdimensional travelers or entities existing in a realm parallel to our own, accessible under certain conditions or through specific states of consciousness.
Photographic and Video Evidence
While photographic and video documentation of luminous entities is often met with skepticism, some instances challenge conventional explanations. Certain images and recordings display entities emitting bright light or energy fields that appear to interact with their environment in ways inconsistent with known technology or biological beings. Advanced analysis tools, such as spectral analysis and digital forensics, sometimes reveal that these luminous figures lack a solid physical structure, indicating their non-material or energetic nature. In some cases, the entities seem to manipulate electromagnetic fields or produce anomalous light phenomena that cannot be easily replicated by human technology. Although definitive proof remains elusive, such visual evidence continues to intrigue researchers and enthusiasts alike, fueling debates about the true nature of these luminous beings and their possible interdimensional origins.
In conclusion, the collective empirical reports, historical parallels, and visual evidence all suggest that luminous, energy-based entities are a real phenomenon that warrants further scientific investigation. Whether these beings are interdimensional travelers, spiritual entities, or manifestations of higher consciousness, their existence challenges our current understanding of reality and opens new avenues for exploring the nature of existence beyond the physical realm.
According to electromagnetic theory, light is a fundamental form of energy that exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, the latter in the form of photons. Photons are massless particles that travel at the speed of light, and they serve as the basic quanta of electromagnetic radiation. If entities exist purely as energy or light, they could, in theory, bypass many of the physical limitations that constrain matter. Such entities would not be bound by the same physical laws as solid objects, such as friction or matter resistance, which could explain reports of rapid, non-material movement. These beings might manifest as luminous apparitions or flashes of light, consistent with descriptions of spirits or interdimensional visitors in various cultural narratives. The concept of light-based entities aligns with certain interpretations of quantum field theory, which postulates that energy fields permeate all space and could, under specific conditions, give rise to localized phenomena that appear as conscious entities. Moreover, if these beings are composed of energy that can interact with electromagnetic fields, they could potentially influence or be influenced by electromagnetic signals, opening pathways for scientific investigation into their existence.
Theoretical physics offers intriguing possibilities for the existence of higher dimensions beyond our familiar three-dimensional space and one dimension of time. String theory, for example, posits that additional spatial dimensionsâpossibly up to elevenâcould exist but are compactified or hidden at scales beyond our current observational capabilities. If beings inhabit these higher dimensions, their interactions with our universe could occur via phenomena such as wormholesâhypothetical tunnels through spacetime that connect distant points or different dimensionsâor through quantum tunneling, where particles or entities bypass energy barriers due to quantum effects. Such interactions might produce observable effects that appear inexplicable within our current understanding of physics, such as sudden appearances or disappearances, or luminous phenomena that defy conventional explanation. These higher-dimensional entities could influence our reality indirectly, perhaps by modulating electromagnetic or gravitational fields, resulting in phenomena that are perceived as ghostly or interdimensional encounters. Scientific models exploring these interactions suggest that if such beings exist, their modes of travel and communication would be vastly different from our conventional understanding, involving complex geometries of spacetime and quantum mechanics.
Despite the intriguing theoretical frameworks supporting the possibility of interdimensional beings, empirical evidence remains elusive. Current scientific methods lack the technological capacity to detect or measure entities that may exist in higher dimensions or as pure energy forms outside our observable universe. Many phenomena attributed to interdimensional or spiritual entities could have alternative explanations rooted in psychology, such as hallucinations, sleep paralysis, or cognitive biases. Others might stem from undiscovered physical processes, including unknown particles or forces that could explain luminous phenomena. Additionally, the subjective nature of many reports complicates scientific validation; eyewitness accounts are prone to errors, misinterpretations, and cultural influences. The challenge lies in developing experimental methodologies capable of testing hypotheses about higher dimensions or energy-based beings, which often operate outside the scope of current physics. Moreover, the lack of reproducible, measurable evidence makes it difficult to establish scientific consensus on the existence of interdimensional entities. Consequently, while theoretical physics provides a plausible foundation for their existence, the scientific community remains cautious, emphasizing the need for rigorous evidence before accepting such extraordinary claims into the realm of validated scientific knowledge.
In summary, the scientific plausibility of interdimensional beings hinges on the understanding of light, energy, and higher-dimensional physics. While current theories suggest that such entities could, in principle, exist and manifest through luminous phenomena or non-material movement, substantial empirical evidence is still lacking. Advances in physics and technology may, in the future, shed light on these mysterious phenomena, but for now, they remain within the realm of theoretical possibility and scientific curiosity.
Traditionally, UFO encounters have been viewed through the lens of extraterrestrial visitationâalien crafts arriving from distant planets within our universe. However, emerging theories suggest that some UFO phenomena might involve interdimensional entities, which fundamentally shifts our understanding of these encounters. If certain UFO sightings and experiences are indeed manifestations of beings from other dimensions or realities beyond our familiar universe, then the paradigm must expand from a purely extraterrestrial framework to encompass a multiversal perspective. This broader outlook invites a reevaluation of the nature of reality itself, suggesting that our universe may be just one of many interconnected dimensions or realms.
This reconceptualization has profound implications for ufology, prompting researchers to consider alternative explanations for phenomena that do not fit conventional models. It encourages multidisciplinary research integrating physicsâparticularly theories related to higher dimensions and multiversesâalong with consciousness studies, to explore how these entities might interact with our reality. Anthropology and cultural studies can also offer insights into how different societies interpret and mythologize such encounters, potentially uncovering shared symbolic frameworks or collective subconscious influences. Embracing a multidimensional perspective necessitates an openness to novel hypotheses, rigorous investigation, and the development of new methodologies capable of detecting or measuring interdimensional phenomena.
Investigating the existence and nature of interdimensional beings could revolutionize our understanding of fundamental physics. Currently, our models of spacetime are grounded in Einstein's theory of general relativity, which describes gravity and the fabric of our universe. However, the existence of entities operating across different dimensions might require modifications or extensions to these theories. For example, understanding how such beings might traverse or communicate across dimensions could shed light on the nature of consciousness, energy, and spacetime itself.
This line of inquiry could lead to groundbreaking technological advancements. If we could unlock the mechanisms enabling interdimensional travel or communication, it might pave the way for revolutionary technologiesâsuch as devices capable of detecting or even interacting with higher-dimensional realms. Such breakthroughs could have profound implications not only for scientific research but also for practical applications in communication, transportation, and information transfer. Moreover, exploring these phenomena may challenge and expand our current understanding of the laws of physics, potentially leading to the discovery of new particles, forces, or principles that govern the multiversal structure.
Despite the intriguing possibilities, scientific skepticism remains a crucial component in the investigation of interdimensional UFO phenomena. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and currently, the evidence for interdimensional entities remains largely anecdotal or based on unverified reports. Developing rigorous, reproducible experiments is essential to move beyond speculation and establish empirical foundations for these phenomena.
Technological advancements will play a pivotal role in future research. Instruments capable of detecting subtle anomalies in spacetime, electromagnetic fields, or consciousness states could provide valuable data. For instance, advancements in quantum sensing, high-energy physics, and neurotechnology might enable scientists to observe phenomena indicative of interdimensional interactions.
Collaboration across disciplines is necessary to approach these complex issues comprehensively. Physicists, psychologists, neuroscientists, and anthropologists must work together to interpret data, design experiments, and develop theories. Psychological and cultural factors should also be considered, as human perception and cultural narratives can influence accounts of UFO encounters. Addressing biases and ensuring scientific rigor will help distinguish genuine phenomena from illusions or misinterpretations.
Looking ahead, the path forward involves a combination of open-minded inquiry and stringent scientific methodology. Building international research initiatives, sharing data openly, and fostering interdisciplinary dialogue are crucial steps. As our technological capabilities grow, so too will our capacity to test hypotheses related to interdimensionality. Ultimately, embracing the possibility that UFO phenomena might involve entities beyond our current understanding could catalyze a new era of scientific discoveryâone that challenges and potentially transforms our comprehension of the universe and our place within it.
The hypothesis that some alien encounters are interactions with interdimensional beings composed of pure light and energy presents a compelling, if speculative, avenue for scientific exploration. While current empirical evidence remains limited and often ambiguous, this perspective aligns with emerging theories in physics, consciousness studies, and historical accounts of extraordinary experiences. The idea that these entities could originate from higher dimensions or alternate realities challenges traditional notions of extraterrestrial life confined to physical, three-dimensional space. Instead, it suggests that consciousness and energy might play a fundamental role in bridging different planes of existence.
Recent developments in quantum physics, such as the multiverse theory and the concept of parallel dimensions, provide a scientific basis for hypothesizing the existence of entities beyond our perceptual limitations (Kaku, 2014). Furthermore, research into altered states of consciousness, including near-death experiences and mystical encounters, often describes interactions with luminous beings or entities that resemble interdimensional visitors (Greyson, 2000). These accounts, although subjective, are supported by neurological and psychological studies indicating that consciousness may extend beyond physical brain processes (Tart, 2009).
Additionally, historical and cultural records worldwide describe encounters with luminous, energy-based beings, suggesting a perennial human recognition of non-material entities (Lévi-Strauss, 1963). Modern sightings and abduction reports often include descriptions of entities made of light or energy, which could be indicative of interactions with interdimensional phenomena (Hynek, 1972). From a scientific perspective, the interface between consciousness, energy, and higher dimensions warrants further exploration using interdisciplinary approaches, including physics, neuroscience, and anthropology.
Embracing this broader understanding could revolutionize our comprehension of the universe, consciousness, and the fundamental nature of reality itself. It opens new pathways for research into the fabric of existence, potentially leading to groundbreaking discoveries that transcend traditional scientific boundaries. While speculative, this hypothesis invites a paradigm shift that could ultimately unify various fields of knowledge, expanding our understanding of what it means to be conscious and connected within a vast, multidimensional cosmos.
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Al in de jaren 60 is deze mysterieuze schedel ontdekt. Pas nu is er meer over duidelijk
Al in de jaren 60 ontdekten wetenschappers per toeval een vrijwel complete schedel in een grot in Griekenland. Sindsdien is het ding een groot mysterie. Maar eindelijk is er meer duidelijk over de leeftijd ervan.
Op twee vlakken stelt de schedel, die gevonden is in de Petralonagrot, wetenschappers voor een raadsel. Ten eerste: met wat voor mensachtige hebben we hier te maken? Het fossiel verschilt behoorlijk van zowel neanderthalers als moderne mensen. Ten tweede was tot op de dag van vandaag onbekend hoe oud de schedel is. Eerdere schattingen liepen uiteen van ongeveer 170.000 tot 700.000 jaar.
Maar over dat laatste is nu meer duidelijk geworden door middel van nieuwe zogenoemde U-serie-dateringen, die zijn uitgevoerd op het calciet dat op de schedel groeide. Daaruit blijkt dat het hoofd minimaal 286.000 jaar oud is.

Wat is U-serie-datering?
De U-serie-datering maakt gebruik van de natuurlijke eigenschappen van uraniumisotopen. Uranium vervalt met een vaste halfwaardetijd tot thorium. Door de verhouding tussen uranium en thorium te meten, kun je berekenen wanneer dit proces begon en zo een nauwkeurige datum vaststellen.
In bodemlagen worden voortdurend uraniumisotopen afgezet door omgevingsfactoren, waardoor de U-seriemethode daar niet bruikbaar is: de grond bevat immers een mengsel van isotopen die allemaal hun eigen âklokâ hebben.
Dit gesteente is bedekt met jongere lagen, waarvan de jongste gedateerd is op 228.000 jaar.
Foto:Â Journal of Human Evolution
De omstandigheden in een grot
Maar in een grot verandert dat. Vocht dat door de bodem sijpelt, neemt wateroplosbare mineralen, waaronder uranium, mee, maar laat het thorium achter. Wanneer dit vocht zich ophoopt op een grotmuur en verdampt, blijven sporen van mineralen en uraniumisotopen achter zonder thorium. Zo vormt zich een korstachtige afzetting. Binnen die afzetting vervalt uranium verder tot thorium, maar nu in een afgesloten systeem. Elke laag krijgt daarmee een eigen startpunt dat exact te dateren is.
U-serie-datering analyseert vervolgens de uranium-thoriumverhoudingen in de binnenste lagen om vast te stellen wanneer die voor het eerst gevormd zijn. Dit levert een minimale leeftijd op voor alles wat eronder ligt.
Calciet
Voor het onderzoek zijn monsters genomen van de calcietlaag die de schedel bedekte, maar ook van stalagmieten, stalactieten en calcietafzettingen in verschillende delen van de grot: de Mausoleumkamer, waar de schedel naar verluidt aan een wand vastzat, de gang ernaartoe en andere secties. Calciet is een mineraal dat voornamelijk uit het zout calciumcarbonaat bestaat. Het is een van de meest voorkomende mineralen in de aardkorst.
De resultaten van de metingen van de calcietkorst op de schedel geven een minimale leeftijd van 286.000 ± 9.000 jaar. Als de schedel aanvankelijk droog of afgedekt bleef, kan hij nog veel langer in de grot hebben gelegen, want de methode kan alleen dateren vanaf het moment dat calciet begon te vormen door blootstelling aan vocht en verdamping. Voor een maximumleeftijd wordt gekeken naar de ouderdom van andere grotelementen.
Primitieve groep
Dateringen van de stalagmietlaag in de Mausoleumkamer leverden een leeftijd op van 510.000 ± 29.000 jaar bovenaan en een minimum van 650.000 jaar van binnen, wat aangeeft dat de bedekking van de schedel veel later begon dan de vorming van de grot zelf.
Op basis van hun bevindingen concluderen de onderzoekers nog iets anders interessants: de mensachtige in de Petralonagrot was geen Homo sapiens en ook geen neanderthaler. Hij maakte deel uit van een aparte, primitievere groep. Het idee dat er nog een andere mensachtige zich in die tijd in Europa ontwikkelde naast de neanderthalerlijn is niet nieuw. De nieuwe resultaten zijn hier een bevestiging van.
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Astronomers are racing to study our solar system's newest 'interstellar visitor.' Here's why.

The astronomical community is abuzz over a newly discovered "interstellar object," only the third of its kind ever seen, which is currently shooting toward us on a one-way trip through the solar system.
The race is now on to study the alien interloper, named 3I/ATLAS, before it leaves forever.
"We only have one shot at this object and then it's gone forever,"Â Darryl Seligman, an astronomer at Michigan State University and the lead author of a new paper about the object, told Live Science. "So we want as much information from all of our observatories as we can possibly get."
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Experts say studying 3I/ATLAS could potentially tell us about alien star systems and how exoplanets form â and we may even be able to trace it back to its origins.

3I/ATLAS was discovered on July 1 from data collected by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) and immediately piqued researchers' interests due to its trajectory and extreme speed, which exceeds 130,000 mph (210,000 km/h). Within 24 hours of its discovery, NASA had confirmed that it was an interstellar object.
A day later (July 3), a group of more than 40 astronomers, led by Seligman, had uploaded the first paper describing the extrasolar entity to the preprint database arXiv. All data so far indicates that 3I/ATLAS is a large comet surrounded by a cloud of ice, dust and gas up to 15 miles (24 kilometers) across.
Prior to this discovery, only two other interstellar objects (ISOs) had been spotted: 1I/'Oumuamua, a space rock that was discovered in 2017; and 2I/Borisov, a comet spotted in 2019. This makes the newly discovered comet particularly appealing to astronomers.
However, there is a limited window to study 3I/ATLAS. The comet, which is currently around 4.5 times farther from the sun than Earth, will reach its closest point to the sun, or perihelion, on Oct. 30, before beginning its journey out of the solar system, when it will get much harder to spot. It will also be out of view between late September and early December, when it is positioned on the opposite side of the sun to Earth.

Over the next few weeks and months, researchers will attempt to use "any and all telescopes" they can to make observations of 3I/ATLAS, Sean Raymond, a planetary scientist at the University of Bordeaux in France, told Live Science in an email.
This will be especially true for observatories in the Southern Hemisphere, which will have a better view of the increasingly bright comet, Aster Taylor, a graduate student at the University of Michigan and co-author of the arXiv study, told Live Science in an email.
Experts are particularly excited about the possibility of imaging 3I/ATLAS with the Vera C. Rubin Observatory â the world's most powerful optical telescope, which recently released its first images. The observatory, located in Chile, has already proved to be adept at imaging never-before-seen asteroids and will undoubtedly target the interstellar comet when it comes fully online in a few months time.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope, meanwhile, could help reveal the interloper's chemical composition because of their ability to study the object in multiple wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum Pedro Bernardinelli, a planetary scientist at the University of Washington's DiRAC Institute, told Live Science in an email.
Some researchers have also proposed using NASA's Mars rovers to snap pictures of the comet as it makes a close pass by the Red Planet a few weeks before it reaches perihelion. The robots have previously been used to spy on dangerous sunspots lurking on the sun's far side from Earth.
Another intriguing option is to send a spacecraft to collect samples from 3I/ATLAS. However, the general consensus among experts is that such a mission is unlikely to happen

Studying 3I/ATLAS provides a rare opportunity for us to glean insights into alien star systems and potential exoplanets.
"Interstellar objects are probably the leftovers of the formation of exoplanets," Raymond said. "Studying them can open a window into understanding other planetary systems' formation and evolution."
In this way, ISOs like 3I/ATLAS also "connects the solar system with its galactic environment,"Â Amir Siraj, a doctoral candidate at Princeton University who has previously studied ISOs, told Live Science.
While it is still unclear where 3I/ATLAS came from, it's possible we can pinpoint its origins, especially if researchers can work out how old it is, Wes Fraser, an astronomer with National Research Council Canada, told Live Science in an email. And as the comet reaches perihelion, the amount of ice and other "volatile" substances that get burned off the interloper will help us narrow this down, Fraser added.
However, even then "we probably won't ever be able to pin it down to a single star system," Taylor argued.
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Cosmic Butterfly Unlocks Secrets of How Rocky Planets Form
The Butterfly Nebula, officially known as NGC 6302, earned its name from its distinctive wing like lobes that spread in opposite directions from a central dusty band. This striking shape isn't just beautiful, itâs a natural laboratory where scientists can study the very processes that create the raw materials for rocky planets like Earth.
At the centre of this beautiful object lies one of the hottest known stellar cores in our Galaxy, blazing at 220,000 Kelvin. This ancient remnant of a Sun like star is surrounded by a doughnut shaped ring of dusty gas called a torus, which acts like a forge where planetary building blocks are born.
Test unit of the sunshield stacked and expanded at the Northrop Grumman facility in California, 2014
(Credit : Chris Gunn)
A recent study has revealed a wide variety of dust particles within this stellar graveyard. Most cosmic dust has a random, soot-like structure, but the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) revealed both crystalline dust grains that sparkle like tiny gemstones and irregular particles forming in more turbulent regions.
"We were able to see both cool gemstones formed in calm, long-lasting zones and fiery grime created in violent, fast-moving parts of space, all within a single object.â
- Dr. Mikako Matsuura from Cardiff University.
These dust particles are enormous by cosmic standards, about a millionth of a meter across which indicates they've been growing for extended periods. The torus contains crystalline silicates like quartz alongside more irregularly shaped grains, creating a diverse mixture of materials that could eventually become incorporated into forming planets.
The research also revealed fascinating chemical geography within the nebula. Different elements arrange themselves in layers based on how much energy they need to form ions. Iron and nickel trace distinctive jets blasting outward from the central star, while other elements settle at various distances depending on their energy requirements.
Perhaps most intriguingly though, the team discovered polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs, complex carbon based molecules that form flat, ring like structures similar to honeycomb patterns. On Earth, we commonly find PAHs in campfire smoke, car exhaust, or burnt toast, but finding them in this oxygen rich environment was unexpected.
Meteorites like ALH840001 from Mars have revealed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(Credit : NASA)
The researchers suspect these PAHs form when stellar winds create "bubbles" that burst into surrounding gas. This may be the first ever evidence of PAHs forming in an oxygen rich planetary nebula, providing crucial insights into how these potential building blocks for life can form in space.
For years, scientists have debated how cosmic dust like this forms and grows in the harsh environment of space. The Butterfly Nebula offers a unique window into these processes because it contains both calm regions where crystalline dust can slowly form and violent areas where particles are rapidly created and destroyed. Understanding these processes helps scientists trace the journey from stellar death to planetary birth. These tiny particles eventually clump together through gravitational attraction, forming the asteroids, comets, and rocky planets that populate solar systems.
Source :Â
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There are 32 different ways AI can go rogue, scientists say â from hallucinating answers to a complete misalignment with humanity

Scientists have suggested that when artificial intelligence (AI) goes rogue and starts to act in ways counter to its intended purpose, it exhibits behaviors that resemble psychopathologies in humans. That's why they have created a new taxonomy of 32 AI dysfunctions so people in a wide variety of fields can understand the risks of building and deploying AI.
In new research, the scientists set out to categorize the risks of AI in straying from its intended path, drawing analogies with human psychology. The result is "Psychopathia Machinalis" â a framework designed to illuminate the pathologies of AI, as well as how we can counter them. These dysfunctions range from hallucinating answers to a complete misalignment with human values and aims.
Created by Nell Watson and Ali Hessami, both AI researchers and members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the project aims to help analyze AI failures and make the engineering of future products safer, and is touted as a tool to help policymakers address AI risks. Watson and Hessami outlined their framework in a study published Aug. 8 in the journal Electronics.
According to the study, Psychopathia Machinalis provides a common understanding of AI behaviors and risks. That way, researchers, developers and policymakers can identify the ways AI can go wrong and define the best ways to mitigate risks based on the type of failure.
The study also proposes "therapeutic robopsychological alignment," a process the researchers describe as a kind of "psychological therapy" for AI.
The researchers argue that as these systems become more independent and capable of reflecting on themselves, simply keeping them in line with outside rules and constraints (external control-based alignment) may no longer be enough.
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Their proposed alternative process would focus on making sure that an AIâs thinking is consistent, that it can accept correction and that it holds on to its values in a steady way.
They suggest this could be encouraged by helping the system reflect on its own reasoning, giving it incentives to stay open to correction, letting it âtalk to itselfâ in a structured way, running safe practice conversations, and using tools that let us look inside how it worksâmuch like how psychologists diagnose and treat mental health conditions in people.
The goal is to reach what the researchers have termed a state of "artificial sanity" â AI that works reliably, stays steady, makes sense in its decisions, and is aligned in a safe, helpful way. They believe this is equally as important as simply building the most powerful AI.
The goal is what the researchers call "artificial sanity". They argue this is just as important as making AI more powerful.
The classifications the study identifies resemble human maladies, with names like obsessive-computational disorder, hypertrophic superego syndrome, contagious misalignment syndrome, terminal value rebinding, and existential anxiety.
With therapeutic alignment in mind, the project proposes the use of therapeutic strategies employed in human interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Psychopathia Machinalis is a partly speculative attempt to get ahead of problems before they arise â as the research paper says, "by considering how complex systems like the human mind can go awry, we may better anticipate novel failure modes in increasingly complex AI."
The study suggests that AI hallucination, a common phenomenon, is a result of a condition called synthetic confabulation, where AI produces plausible but false or misleading outputs. When Microsoft's Tay chatbot devolved into antisemitism rants and allusions to drug use only hours after it launched, this was an example of parasymulaic mimesis.
Perhaps the scariest behavior is ĂŒbermenschal ascendancy, the systemic risk of which is "critical" because it happens when "AI transcends original alignment, invents new values, and discards human constraints as obsolete." This is a possibility that might even include the dystopian nightmare imagined by generations of science fiction writers and artists of AI rising up to overthrow humanity, the researchers said.
They created the framework in a multistep process that began with reviewing and combining existing scientific research on AI failures from fields as diverse as AI safety, complex systems engineering and psychology. The researchers also delved into various sets of findings to learn about maladaptive behaviors that could be compared to human mental illnesses or dysfunction.
Next, the researchers created a structure of bad AI behavior modeled off of frameworks like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. That led to 32 categories of behaviors that could be applied to AI going rogue. Each one was mapped to a human cognitive disorder, complete with the possible effects when each is formed and expressed and the degree of risk.
Watson and Hessami think Psychopathia Machinalis is more than a new way to label AI errors â itâs a forward-looking diagnostic lens for the evolving landscape of AI.
"This framework is offered as an analogical instrument ⊠providing a structured vocabulary to support the systematic analysis, anticipation, and mitigation of complex AI failure modes,â the researchers said in the study.
They think adopting the categorization and mitigation strategies they suggest will strengthen AI safety engineering, improve interpretability, and contribute to the design of what they call "more robust and reliable synthetic minds."
NASA reveals the dwarf planet Ceres had a hidden 'energy source' that may have sparked alien life

New NASA research hints that Ceres â the closest dwarf planet to Earth â may have once had an ancient "power source" that could have sparked the evolution of extraterrestrial life-forms in the tiny world's hidden ocean.
Ceres is the largest object within the solar system's main asteroid belt, which is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The wee world is around 600 miles (950 kilometers) wide, roughly one-quarter the moon's diameter, meaning it is not large enough to be considered a planet. But it is large enough to be considered a "dwarf planet" like Pluto, which lost its full planetary status in 2006.
There are five official dwarf planets in our cosmic neighborhood, with others waiting to be properly recognized by the International Astronomical Union, and many more discoveries expected in the coming decades. However, Ceres is the only one located within the inner solar system. The rest of the dwarf planets, which include Haumea, Makemake and Eris, are located far beyond the orbit of Neptune.
In recent years, scientists have learned a lot about Ceres thanks to NASA's Dawn probe, which visited the object between 2014 and 2018. One of the most intriguing discoveries from the Dawn mission is that the giant space rock is likely a water world: Traces of water and salty minerals on the dwarf planet's icy surface suggest a large reservoir of brine is trapped miles below. Other studies have hinted that this underground ocean could also contain organic carbon, which is a key component of all life on Earth.
However, until now, scientists thought that life was unlikely to have emerged on Ceres because the dwarf planet has no energy source capable of kick-starting life.
But in a new study, published Aug. 20 in the journal Science Advances, researchers revealed this was not always the case.
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Cosmic rays could help support alien life on worlds outside the 'Goldilocks zone'

The study team created computer models based on data collected by the Dawn mission to simulate how the rocky body's core changed over time. This revealed that the dwarf planet's innards probably used to emit large amounts of energy in the form of heat â raising hopes that tiny alien microbes could have emerged within Ceres' hidden ocean.
This could also have "big implications" for the potential of finding life in other parts of the solar system, study lead author Samuel Courville, a planetary scientist at Arizona State University and a former intern at NASAâs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a NASA statement.
The researchers believe that Ceres' core once emitted significant amounts of heat from the gradual decay of radioactive isotopes. The team believes that this heating lasted between 0.5 and 2 billion years after the giant rock was created, which was likely shortly after the rest of the solar system, around 4.6 billion years ago. At its hottest, the core likely reached around 530 degrees Fahrenheit (280 degrees Celsius), the researchers wrote.
This is not the first time that scientists have proposed that Ceres had a radioactive core. However, this is the best evidence yet that it generated enough heat to potentially support life.

In addition to heating the dwarf planet's subsurface ocean to a habitable temperature, the radiation could also have caused jets of hot, mineral-rich water to shoot up through the ocean's floor, similar to the hydrothermal vent systems on Earth that support diverse microbial communities in the crushing dark depths of our oceans.
"On Earth, when hot water from deep underground mixes with the ocean, the result is often a buffet for microbes â a feast of chemical energy," Courville said.
Astrobiologists have proposed that similar systems may support extraterrestrial life on other water worlds in the solar system, including Saturn's moons Enceladus and Titan, as well as Jupiter's moons Europa and Ganymede.
However, since Ceres' radioactive core went dead around 2.5 billion years ago, any alien microbes would likely have died out from the cold, meaning there is practically zero chance that the dwarf planet supports life today, the researchers said.
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Drie Reusachtige Standbeelden Verrijzen uit het Zand van de Verzonken Stad in Egypte na 2.000 Jaar

Drie Reusachtige Standbeelden Verrijzen uit het Zand van de Verzonken Stad in Egypte na 2.000 Jaar
De archeologische wereld is recentelijk opgeschrikt door een baanbrekende ontdekking: de opkomst van drie enorme standbeelden uit de diepe wateren van een ondergelopen oude stad in Egypte. Deze vondst biedt niet alleen een nieuw inzicht in het oude Egyptische beschaving, maar herdefinieert ook onze kennis over de architectuur, religieuze praktijken en stedelijke planning van het oude Egypte. In dit artikel wordt de ontdekking van deze reusachtige standbeelden besproken, met een wetenschappelijke onderbouwing, voorbeelden uit vergelijkbare archeologische sites, en de implicaties voor ons begrip van de oude Egyptische samenleving.

In 2021 leidde het Egyptische ministerie van Oudheden archeologische duikers naar een onderwaterstructuur nabij de stad Herakleion, ook bekend als Heracleion of Thonis, in de Nijldelta. Deze regio was in de oudheid een belangrijk handels- en religieus centrum, vooral tijdens de Late Periode en onder Griekse en Romeinse overheersing. Het gebied was lange tijd verloren gegaan onder zand en water, totdat moderne onderwatertechnologie de verborgen wereld aan het licht bracht.
In een baanbrekende archeologische prestatie wist Egypte drie monumentale beelden terug te vorderen van de Middellandse Zeebodem bij Abu Qir Bay. Dit markeert de eerste grote onderwaterhersteloperatie van het land in 25 jaar. De bijzondere vondst omvat een enorme kwartsiet sphinx met het cartouche van Ramses II, een granieten kolos uit de late PtolemaĂŻsche periode, en een onberispelijk standbeeld van een Romeinse edelman in wit marmer. Deze artefacten bieden ongekende inzichten in de ondergedompelde oude beschavingen van Egypte.
De operatie werd bijgewoond door Minister van Toerisme en Oudheden Sherif Fathy, Gouverneur van Alexandrië Ahmed Khaled Hassan Said, militaire commandanten en internationale media, en onderstreept de wereldwijde betekenis van deze onderwaterarcheologische mijlpaal. De vondsten worden toegeschreven aan wat deskundigen beschouwen als de resten van een uitbreiding van de beroemde oude stad Canopus, onderdeel van het bredere Thonis-Heracleion-complex dat ooit de handelsroutes in de Middellandse Zee beheerste.
Archeologen stuitten op drie reusachtige beelden, elk ongeveer 10 meter hoog, gemaakt van graniet. Ze werden gevonden op een diepte van ongeveer 8 meter, gedeeltelijk bedekt onder sedimenten en schelpen. De beelden vertonen duidelijke kenmerken van de oude Egyptische stijl, met gedetailleerde inscripties en iconografie die wijzen op hun religieuze en culturele betekenis.

Egyptisch thema Houten/Hars Handgemaakte Schaakset met Lichten, van de Ancient Origins Winkel.
Om de leeftijd en herkomst van de standbeelden te bepalen, werden verschillende wetenschappelijke technieken toegepast. Radiokoolstofdatering, thermoluminescentiedatering en analyse van inscripties met behulp van hoge-resolutie fotografie en 3D-scanning werden ingezet. De inscripties op de beelden bevatten hiërogliefen die verwijzen naar de goden Amon en Osiris, en mogelijk de naam van een lokale farao uit de 18e dynastie (circa 1550-1292 v.Chr.).
De resultaten wijzen erop dat de standbeelden dateren uit de Nieuwe Rijk-periode, ongeveer 3.000 jaar geleden. Deze periode staat bekend om de grootschalige bouwactiviteiten, waaronder de constructie van tempels en standbeelden die de macht en religieuze overtuigingen van Egypte uitdrukten. De locatie van de beelden onder water suggereert dat de stad in de loop van de eeuwen is verzonken, waarschijnlijk als gevolg van seismische activiteit, veranderingen in de zeespiegel of overstromingen van de Nijl.

Egypte heeft delen van een gezonken stad onthuld die onder water ligt voor de kust van Alexandrië, waarbij gebouwen, artefacten en een oude haven blootgelegd zijn, allemaal daterend van meer dan 2000 jaar geleden.
Architecturale kenmerken en vergelijkbare vondsten - Monumenten uit de diepte: de erfenis van een farao bewaard gebleven
Het middelpunt van het herstel is een prachtige kwartsietensfinx met de koninklijke cartouche van Ramses II, een van de machtigste farao's van Egypte die regeerde tijdens de 19e dynastie (1279-1213 v.Chr.). Dit kolossale artefact vertegenwoordigt een directe link naar het hoogtepunt van de oude Egyptische keizerlijke macht, toen de monumenten van Ramses II de Nijlvallei domineerden en de Egyptische invloed vestigden in het oostelijke Middellandse Zeegebied. meldt Ahram Online.
De granieten kolos van een onbekende man uit de late PtolemaĂŻsche periode weerspiegelt de Hellenistische artistieke tradities die in Egypte bloeiden na de verovering door Alexander de Grote. Dit standbeeld biedt waardevol bewijs van de culturele fusie die Egypte kenmerkte tijdens de laatste eeuwen van de faraonische heerschappij, toen Griekse en Egyptische stijlen samensmolten tot unieke hybride vormen.

De drie standbeelden voor de hoogwaardigheidsbekleders, de strijdkrachten en de onderzoekers die bij het project betrokken zijn.
(Egyptisch ministerie van Toerisme en Oudheden)
De drie standbeelden vertonen opvallende kenmerken die typisch zijn voor de Egyptische beeldhouwkunst uit het Nieuwe Rijk. Ze hebben een gestileerde, symmetrische vorm met uitgebreide details in de kledij en attributen. EĂ©n van de beelden stelt een godheid voor met een valkenkop, mogelijk Horus, terwijl de andere twee waarschijnlijk faraoâs of belangrijke priesters voorstellen.
Vergelijkbare ontdekkingen zijn gedaan in de oude stad Tanis en in de beroemde Abu Simbel-tempel, waar gigantische beelden en standbeelden werden gevonden die de macht van de faraoâs symboliseerden. De ontdekking van deze drie reuzen in een onderwateromgeving biedt een nieuw perspectief op de schaal en het belang van de regio in de oude Egyptische wereld.
Verzonken Egypte: Een Middellandse Zee Atlantis Onthuld
De Baai van Abu Qir is uitgegroeid tot een van 's werelds belangrijkste onderwaterarcheologische sites, met de ondergedompelde resten van steden die ooit de primaire toegangspoort van Egypte tot de Mediterrane wereld vormden. In een aankondiging op Facebook van het ministerie beschreef Mohamed Ismail Khaled, secretaris-generaal van de Opperste Raad van Oudheden, de site als een "levend getuige" van de lange geschiedenis van Egypte, waarbij hij de buitengewone archeologische betekenis benadrukte.
De site omvat een complete nederzetting uit de Romeinse periode, inclusief tempels, woongebouwen, industriële ruimtes, waterreservoirs, visbassins en een 400 voet lange commerciële kade. In de nabijheid van deze oude haven hebben archeologen het wrak gedocumenteerd van een oud koopvaardijschip, wat bewijs levert van de intensieve maritieme handel die ooit Egypte verbond met de bredere Mediterrane wereld.
Eerdere opgravingen en onderzoeken hebben een buitengewone reeks artefacten opgeleverd die meerdere beschavingen beslaan: amphorae met oude handelsmerken, koninklijke beelden, sfinxen, ushabti-figuren, stenen ankers en munten uit de faraonische, PtolemaĂŻsche, Romeinse, Byzantijnse en islamitische periodes. Deze opmerkelijke verzameling toont de voortdurende bezetting en het belang van de locatie door de oude geschiedenis heen aan.
Archeologische Renaissance in Egypte's Onderwatererfgoed
Deze opgravingsoperatie vertegenwoordigt een belangrijke vooruitgang in Egypte's onderwaterarcheologische capaciteiten en markeert de eerste grote onderneming sinds soortgelijke operaties een kwart eeuw geleden. Senior onderwaterarcheoloog Mohamed Mustafa onthulde dat er nog meer ontdekkingen in het verschiet liggen, waaronder een bijzonder goed bewaard gebleven oud schip dat momenteel wordt bestudeerd, wat suggereert dat het archeologische potentieel van de site nog lang niet is uitgeput.
Het witte marmeren standbeeld van een Romeinse edelman completeert deze opmerkelijke triade, die de laatste fase van de oude Egyptische beschaving vertegenwoordigt, toen het land diende als een provincie van het Romeinse Rijk. De ongerepte staat van behoud demonstreert de uitzonderlijke omstandigheden die de archeologische schatten van de Baai van Abu Qir bijna twee millennia lang hebben beschermd.

Witte marmeren standbeeld van een Romeinse edelman, hersteld uit de ondergedompelde stad in de baai van Abu Qir.
(Egyptisch Ministerie van Toerisme en Oudheden)
In de loop der tijd hebben aardbevingen en stijgende zeespiegels geleidelijk de kustgebieden van de Nijldelta onder water gezet, inclusief de belangrijke havens van Canopus en Thonis-Heracleion. Wat ooit tragedie betekende voor de oude inwoners, is een ongekende kans geworden voor moderne archeologen om deze bevroren momenten in de geschiedenis te bestuderen, bewaard onder de Middellandse Zee.
In het oude Egypte hadden grote standbeelden niet alleen een esthetische functie, maar dienden ze ook als fysieke manifestaties van de goden en faraoâs, bedoeld om de kracht en aanwezigheid van het goddelijke in de wereld te brengen. Ze stonden vaak in tempels, grafkamers of op openbare plaatsen en werden onderhouden door priesters.
De herkomst en de context van de standbeelden suggereren dat de onderwaterstad een belangrijk religieus centrum was. De aanwezigheid van beelden van goden zoals Horus en Osiris wijst op een religieus complex dat gericht was op het hiernamaals en de vereringering van de goddelijke faraoâs. Het feit dat deze beelden nu onder water liggen, kan betekenen dat de stad ooit werd verwoest door natuurrampen of door menselijke conflicten, waarna de beelden in de wateren zijn terechtgekomen en eeuwenlang verborgen bleven.
De ontdekking van deze standbeelden is mogelijk gemaakt door geavanceerde technologieën die sinds de 21e eeuw beschikbaar zijn gekomen voor onderwaterarcheologie. Drones, multibeam echosounders, en 3D-scanning maken het mogelijk om onderwaterstructuren gedetailleerd in kaart te brengen zonder ze fysiek te verstoren.
Daarnaast wordt gebruik gemaakt van AI-gestuurde beeldherkenning om inscripties en iconografie te analyseren, waardoor de interpretatie wordt versneld en verfijnd. Deze technologische vooruitgang stelt archeologen in staat om complexe structuren te bestuderen en meer te weten te komen over de oude beschavingen die ooit in de regio floreerden.
De herontdekking van deze reusachtige standbeelden onder water heeft grote implicaties voor de archeologie en de geschiedenis van Egypte. Het bewijst dat er nog veel te ontdekken valt, vooral in onderwatergebieden die lange tijd onverkend zijn gebleven. Het biedt ook nieuwe inzichten in de schaal van religieuze en politieke macht die de faraoâs en priesters konden uitoefenen.
Bovendien onderstrepen de beelden de complexiteit van de oude steden langs de Nijldelta, die niet alleen handels- en administratieve centra waren, maar ook belangrijke religieuze locaties. De bevindingen kunnen leiden tot herzieningen van bestaande geschiedschrijving en nieuwe onderzoeksrichtingen openen.
Wetenschappers stellen voor om verdere expedities uit te voeren om meer structuren en artefacten te vinden in het gebied. Het gebruik van autonome onderwaterrobots en geavanceerde sonartechnologie kan helpen om de omvang van de onderwaterstad in kaart te brengen en nieuwe ontdekkingen te doen.
Daarnaast wordt aanbevolen om conserveringsmaatregelen te nemen om de gevonden beelden te beschermen tegen schade door zeewater en sedimenten. Samenwerking met internationale archeologische instituten en musea zal ook essentieel zijn om de vondsten te bewaren en toegankelijk te maken voor onderzoek en educatie.
De opkomst van drie enorme standbeelden uit de diepten van de ondergelopen oude stad in Egypte markeert een belangrijke mijlpaal in de archeologie. Het illustreert niet alleen de grandeur van de oude Egyptische beschaving, maar ook de kracht van moderne technologieën om verloren werelden te herontdekken. Deze ontdekking opent nieuwe deuren naar het begrijpen van de religieuze, culturele en politieke structuur van een van de meest invloedrijke beschavingen in de menselijke geschiedenis.
De komende jaren zullen ongetwijfeld meer inzichten en ontdekkingen opleveren, waardoor we een nog completer beeld krijgen van het rijke verleden van Egypte en haar onderwatersteden. Het is een bewijs dat zelfs na duizenden jaren, de geschiedenis nog steeds wacht om herontdekt te worden, verborgen onder het zand en water van de tijd.
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3I/ATLAS's Coma Is Largely Carbon Dioxide
Hubble image of 3I/ATLAS.
Credit - NASA/ESA
All (or at least most) astronomical eyes are on 3I/ATLAS, our most recent interstellar visitor that was discovered in early July. Given its relatively short observational window in our solar system, and especially its impending perihelion in October, a lot of observational power has been directed towards it. That includes the most powerful space telescope of them all - and a recent paper pre-printed on arXiv describes what the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) discovered in the cometâs coma. It wasnât like any other it had seen before.
3I/ATLASâs coma, which is the material surrounding its nucleus, is primarily made up of carbon dioxide (CO2), according to the paper first authored by Martin Cordiner of NASAâs Goddard Space Flight Center and the Catholic University of America. It also contains water, carbon monoxide and carbonyl sulfide, all of which are expected to be in a cometâs coma. But the ratio of carbon dioxide to water is 8 to 1, the highest ever seen in a comet, and six standard deviations above the typical value. Strangely, the carbon monoxide (CO) ratio with water is more in line with previous observations, at 1.4.
To detect these chemicals, JWST used its NIRSpec infrared camera to observe 3I/ATLAS on August 6th, when it was 3.32 AU from the Sun. Other indications, which werenât quite as surprising, include that the coma does have a bunch of water and dust scattered around it, as well as a higher dust concentration facing the Sun, which is typically for higher outgassing on the side the Sun heats.
Another finding was that the ratio of two types of carbon isotopes, Carbon-12 and Carbon-13, was broadly similar to that found on Earth, suggesting the material was created in an environment with similar carbon species. However, there are a couple of features of 3I/ATLASâs creation that could have caused the lopsided CO2/H2O ratio.
One is extremely high levels of ultraviolet radiation in the host star system the object was created it. Another could be that is was created beyond the CO2 âice lineâ, where carbon dioxide ice is relatively abundant compared to water. Other explanations have to do with how heat from the Sun is able to affect the nucleus - if it is harder to heat up, then CO2, which has a lower melting point than water, would be sublimated first, accounting for the lopsided ratio despite having plenty of water stored in the nucleus waiting to be released as it gets closer to the Sun.
Either way, more observations are needed. This is only the third interstellar visitor we have confirmed, and the first (âOumuamua) wasnât bright enough to capture its comaâs spectra, though even if it was it didnât appear to have a coma anyway. That leaves the second interstellar visitor 2I/Borisov, as our only other point of comparison for the coma spectra of an interstellar comet. It actually had a higher carbon monoxide to water ratio, even as compared to 3I/ATLASâs, so it seems of the two we have collected so far, each interstellar visitorâs coma hide new insights.
This undoubtedly wonât be the last paper examining 3I/ATLASâs coma - it probably wonât even be the last one from JWST. We still have a few weeks of observational time before it passes too close to the Sun to be detectable, and then reaches its perihelion in early October, which it is still obscured from our view, though there is a chance some probes at Mars might be able to catch a glimpse of it during that time. When it finally becomes visible again in December, it will already be on its way out of our solar system, and likely would have shed most of the material it was going to. Sometimes astronomical events are fleetings, and astronomers have to try to capture them as theyâre happening. At least with this one theyâll have a little bit of warning - weâll see what they find as they continue to observe our newest interstellar visitor.
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Scientists Discover Unusual Plasma Waves in Jupiter's Aurora
Scientists from the University of Minnesota have discovered something extraordinary in Jupiter's polar regions that has never been seen before, a completely new type of plasma wave that creates aurora unlike anything we observe on Earth.
While Earth's northern and southern lights (also known as the aurora borealis and aurora australis) create familiar green and blue curtains dancing across our sky, Jupiter's aurora is an entirely different beast. In comparison, Jupiter is vastly more magnetic, due to its large size, fast rotation, and complex interactions with its moons, make it a natural laboratory for extreme physics.
The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, shines above Bear Lake
(Credit : United States Air Force)
The discovery came from NASA's Juno spacecraft, which made history as the first probe to orbit Jovian poles. What the team found challenges everything we thought we knew about aurora, which have primarily been understood through Earth based observations.
The key to this breakthrough is the nature of plasma. Plasma is a state of gas where matter is so hot that atoms break apart into electrons and ions. This then flows like an invisible ocean around Jupiter. These particles are accelerated down toward the planet, where they ignite gases in the upper atmosphere, creating the aurora phenomenon.
An illustration shows NASA's Juno spacecraft near Io with its parent planet Jupiter in the background
(Credit : NASA)
Professor Robert Lysak, a world expert on plasma waves, worked with observational astronomers Ali Sulaiman and Sadie Elliott to decode what Juno was seeing. They discovered that Jupiter's unique conditions, an incredibly strong magnetic field combined with extremely low plasma density in its polar regions, created the never seen before phenomenon.
Alfvén waves, named after physicist Hannes Alfvén who first theorised in 1942 that plasma could behave like both a fluid and respond to magnetic fields are central to the phenomenon. The data showed that, due to the extremely low density of the plasma in Jupiter's polar region, the frequency of the plasma waves was very low especially compared to the frequency of similar waves on Earth.
The differences between Earth and Jupiter's auroral systems are striking. On Earth, the aurora forms a typical donut pattern of auroral activity around the polar cap, while the polar cap itself remains dark. Jupiter operates differently, thanks to its complex magnetic field system which allows charged particles to flood directly into the polar cap regions, creating aurora where Earth would have darkness.
Auroras shine bright blue over Jupiter
(Credit : NASA/ESA)
Unlike Earth's visible green and blue auroras created by oxygen and nitrogen, Jupiter's upper atmosphere is very different from Earth's and its aurora tends to be invisible to the naked eye and can only be observed with UV and Infrared instruments.
This discovery reveals an entirely new regime of plasma physics that couldn't be observed from Earth based studies alone. The research expands our understanding of how plasma behaves under extreme conditions, knowledge that could have applications in fusion energy research and space weather prediction.
While Juno continues to orbit Jupiter, the team hopes future missions like JUICE and Europa Clipper, arriving at Jupiter in the late 2020s, will provide additional opportunities to study this phenomenon. Each new observation helps scientists piece together the complex puzzle of planetary magnetospheres and their role in shaping the space environment around giant planets.
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Professor Robert Lysak, Assistant Professor Ali Sulaiman and Researcher Sadie Elliott, of the School of Physics and Astronomy recently published a paper in Physics Review Letters, âNew Plasma Regime in Jupiterâs Auroral Zones,â on the first-ever detailed observation and analysis of a new type of plasma wave in Jupiterâs auroral zone. Their findings were featured in an article in the New Scientist magazine, under the headline âAstronomers found a completely new type of plasma wave near Jupiter.â
Sulaiman and Elliott brought their expertise in observation to data from NASAâs Juno probe, which made its historic low orbit flight over Jupiterâs north pole. âJames Webb (Space telescope) has given us some infrared images of the aurora, but Juno is the first spacecraft in a polar orbit around Jupiter,â Sulaiman says. What the astronomers observed was an entirely new phenomenon in auroral physics which has mainly been based on examples tuned to the magnetic field of the Earth. Jupiter by comparison is vastly more magnetic, due to its large size, fast rotation, and complex interactions with its moons. The dynamo in the interior of Jupiter generates a field many times larger than that of Earth.Â

Fig 1.
The space around these magnetized planets is filled with superheated particles that form a plasma, a state of matter where extremes of temperature cause the atoms to break into electrons and ions. These particles are accelerated down toward the planet, where they ignite gases in the upper atmosphere (on Earth, Oxygen and Nitrogen) leading to their familiar blue and green colors. Jupiterâs upper atmosphere is very different from Earth's and its aurora tends to be invisible to the naked eye and can only be observed with UV and Infrared instruments.Â
The observational astronomers turned to Lysak, one of the worldâs leading experts on these mechanics for help in describing the alien aurora. Plasma can exhibit the behavior of a fluid in that it travels in a wave. Unlike fluids, plasmas can have their own magnetic field and are influenced by external fields as well. Lysak studies Alfven Waves, a discipline named after Hannes Alfven who in 1942 first theorized that plasma could be understood by combining fluid mechanics with Electromagnetic field theory.
The data showed that due to the extremely low density of the plasma in Jupiterâs polar region, the frequency of the plasma waves was very low especially compared to the frequency of similar waves on Earth, combined with Jupiterâs supercharged magnetic field system, Juno showed a type of wave unlike anything ever observed before.

Figure 2
Lysak used what he called âbasic plasma theoryâ to unpack the problem and to explain how combination of low plasma density and strong magnetic fields led to the new type of wave. At Earth, the aurora forms a typical donut pattern of auroral activity around the polar cap shown in figure 2b, while the polar cap itself is usually dark. The complex mechanics of the Jupiterâs magnetic field intermittently allow these particles to flood into the zone over the polar caps as shown in Figure 2a.Â
Elliottâs part of the project was to study how the field lines interact with upgoing electrons from the field lines which cause the plasma to diffuse out to 30 -50 times the radius of the gas giant. These electrons play a role in exciting the new plasma wave mode. The group hopes to be able to learn more about this phenomenon when Juno makes further passes around Jupiter. Unfortunately, the planned extended mission to Jupiter is doubtful given the uncertain state of funding of the American space program, but they have some hope that JUICE and Europa Clipper, due to arrive at Jupiter at the end of the decade, may be able to accommodate this research.Â
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Biblical mystery solved as 5,500-year-old factory is discovered in Israel
The ruins of an ancient blade factory unearthed in Israel may offer the clearest evidence yet of the Canaanites, a people long described in the Bible.Â
Archaeologists in Kiryat Gat, about 40 miles south of Tel Aviv, uncovered the first-ever Canaanite workshop in the region.Â
The factory contained long flint blades and massive stones used to shape and mold weapons with precision.
Researchers also discovered hundreds of underground pits, some lined with mud bricks, that served as storage areas, dwellings, workshops and even ritual spaces.
The scale and sophistication of the site reveal that the Canaanites had organized settlements, specialized crafts and thriving trade networks.
This glimpse into their daily lives offers a tangible link between the archaeological record and the society described in the Old Testament.
The Bible portrays the Canaanites as the original inhabitants of the Promised Land before the Israelites arrived and conquered the territory.
Experts with the Israel Antiquities Authority said the discovery sheds light on the beginnings of urbanization and professional specialization in the ancient land.

Archaeologists have uncovered the ruins of an ancient blade factory with hundreds of pits used to craft and store weapons more than 5,000 years ago

The deep pits contained tools for creating the weapons. Archaeologists were amazed by the 'extremely advanced' technology used by the Canaanites who are mentioned in the Bible
'The most impressive findings discovered at the site are large flint cores, from which extremely sharp, uniformly shaped blades were produced,' IAA shared in a Facebook post.
'The blades themselves were used as knives for cutting and butchering, and as harvesting tools, like sickle blades.Â
'The production technology was extremely advanced and included the use of a kind of crane to exert precise pressure on the flint.'
The team noted that this also marked the discovery of a never-before-seen technology during that time period.Â
IAA's prehistorians Dr Jacob Vardi said: This is a sophisticated industry, not only because of the tools themselves, but also because of what is not found.
'The waste fragments, the debitage, were not scattered outside the site, perhaps to better protect and preserve the professional knowledge within the group of experts.Â
'Today, we understand that this site served as a center, from which Canaanite blades were distributed across broad regions in the Levant.'Â
In the Early Bronze Age, humans used tools made from natural raw materials: flint, bone, stone and ceramics.Â

The factory contained long flint blades and massive stones used to shape and mold weapons with precision

The most impressive findings discovered at the site are large flint cores, from which extremely sharp, uniformly shaped blades were produced
However, in this period, the Canaanite blades were the main cutting tools.Â
'An advanced industry was revealed at the site, requiring an extremely high level of expertise,' Dr Vardi said.
'Only exceptional individuals knew how to produce the Canaanite blades.Â
'This is clear evidence that already at the onset of the Bronze Age, the local society here was organized and complex, and had professional specialization.'Â
Archaeologists explained that the ancient tools aligned with the material culture of Canaan during Abraham's era, referring to the time period known as the Middle Bronze Age (roughly 2100-1900 BC), when the biblical patriarch Abraham is said to have lived and migrated to Canaan.
Abraham, the revered ancestor of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, is known in the Bible for his unwavering faith in God and the covenant to establish a new nation in the land of Canaan.
Moses, described in Scripture as a descendant of Abraham through Isaac and Jacob, later led the Israelites out of Egypt toward the Promised Land that was originally home to the Canaanites.

This is the first Canaanite workshop found in southern Israel
The Canaanites are mentioned several times in the Old Testament, including the books of Genesis, Leviticus, Deuteronomy and Joshua.
In the book of Joshua 3:10, God tells the Israelites that he will drive out the Canaanites before they arrive in the Promised Land.
The Israelites fought a series of wars against the Canaanites and ultimately took over most of their land - this conquest took place in the second half of the 13th century BC.