US Department of Defence

New UFO files offer no answers – but something is happening in the skies

The US Government has released a new trove of documents on various cases of “Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena” (UAPs) – many of which would have been described in the past as Unidentified Flying Objects or UFOs – including photos, videos and reports of unexplained events sighted in the sky and in space.

The files detail “unresolved cases” where “the government is unable to make a definitive determination on the nature of the observed phenomena”.

As a researcher of military strategy, national security, and weapons and technology capabilities, I find several examples of UAPs intriguing in what they reveal and the questions they raise.

Taking this new release together with other reports from the past few years, a picture of what might be behind UAPs – and the current state of our understanding – begins to emerge.

The easy ones

Not everything in the new release seems inexplicable. Some images, like those that appear to show unidentified lights recorded by astronauts from the surface of the Moon, are most likely just visual noise or other image artefacts.

Astronauts have also reported seeing bright lights with the naked eye. These may be flashes from high-energy cosmic rays, which are more prevalent outside Earth’s protective magnetic field.

Likewise, video recordings showing bright lights zipping may be explained by insects flying by the camera at close proximity – they would be out of focus, and appear to move at high speeds.

Something is happening

Other cases are more difficult to immediately dismiss. Some recent examples demonstrate that something is occurring, even if we do not know what.

In 2020, the US Navy declassified three videos recorded by F/A-18 Super Hornets, showing mysterious “Tic Tac” objects flying in ways that defy current understanding of technology, without any obvious propulsion. The US Navy stated it did not know what the objects were.

Advanced sensors on fighter aircraft detected and tracked these phenomena, which suggests they were some kind of real objects rather than due to equipment errors or erroneous noise.

One of the most intriguing recordings was shared in a US congressional hearing in 2025. It appeared to be recorded by an MQ-9 Reaper drone, which was tracking a UAP.

The drone fired a Hellfire missile at the object and appeared to have successfully hit it. The object seemed to be deflected from its direction of travel momentarily, suggesting it was a real physical thing, but it appeared to suffer no damage and continued on its course.

Drone swarms and mystery objects

Over the past decade, there have also been multiple reports of unidentified groups of UAPs around US and European military bases.

In several cases, US Navy Destroyers apparently met mysterious “drone swarms”. While these may have been conventional drones, there were no apparent launch vessels nearby which could have allowed these relatively small drones (with presumably short range) to be where they were.

We also know that in 2023, the US used an F-22 fighter to shoot down a Chinese high-altitude spy balloon over the continental US. Another similar incident occurred over Hawaii the same year, although the US reportedly did not consider this one to be from China.

Also in 2023, the US engaged several other objects over North America, but both the US and Canadian governments have refused to provide any information on what they were.

So what exactly are these objects?

There is no easy explanation for these incidents.

Some leap to the idea that non-human intelligences are at work. However, there is no evidence for this. It may be fun to think of aliens or interdimensional beings, but this is not really a satisfying answer to the UAP question.

Perhaps the “best” explanation we have is drones, or other known technologies. This still seems partial, as some phenomena seem to exceed current technological capabilities, and it leaves open the question of who is behind the phenomena.

New technologies could be responsible. Perhaps operated by “friendly” forces – within the US military or allied defence manufacturers – testing their products against unknowing military operators to see how they respond. Similarly, the incidents may be tests carried out by adversaries such as China.

But still, some incidents are hard to explain given what we know about physics. The object in the “Tic Tac” videos don’t seem to behave how any kind of aircraft should, showing no signs of propulsion.

Alternatively, some UAPs could be as simple as malfunctions in sensor systems. However, this too seems partial – there are multiple cases of warplanes and warships detecting these objects with multiple sensors operating on different frequencies, both actively and passively.

Not aliens, but what?

The most recent release from the US does little to answer the questions about what UAPs are. This lack of answers is perhaps the most intriguing part.

Given the wide range of cases, there is likely no single explanation for all of them. Some seem likely to be drones and others likely image artefacts, but there is a real group of genuinely hard-to-identify phenomena.

Of the available explanations, non-human intelligence is perhaps the most entertaining – but also by far the least probable. It is far more likely that the cause of these incidents will eventually be identified much closer to home.

What does seem clear is that governments are watching closely, and with significant concern.

{ https://theconversation.com/europe }

Chilling 'alien' message to humanity revealed in latest UFO disclosure files

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

The FBI files revealed alleged messages from ‘outer space people’ containing chilling warnings for humanity.

The documents were part of the Trump administration’s latest UFO disclosure release on Friday, which included never-before-seen memos, witness reports, photographs and videos tied to mysterious aerial phenomena.

One FBI memo, dated January 12, 1955, detailed claims from members of the Detroit Flying Saucer Club, one of the earliest UFO organizations in the US.

According to the document, club member Randall Cox told agents the group had received multiple messages from extraterrestrials warning humanity about its place in the universe.

The memo states the beings said all planets except Earth had already conquered outer space.

Cox also told investigators the entities considered humans the ‘lowest form of universal existence.’

Another message stated the purpose of contact with Earth was to prepare people for future landings from outer space.

The FBI document further claimed the saucers were described as ‘friendly to the US’ as agents investigated whether the bizarre reports had any connection to national security concerns.

Newly released FBI files have revealed an alleged message from 'outer space people' containing chilling warnings for humanity (stock) 

The newly released memo is an 'airtel,' a type of FBI communication used to rapidly share information between field offices and headquarters before the digital era.

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Airtels were commonly used to summarize interviews, investigations, intelligence leads and unusual reports.

The document states that Cox was interviewed inside an FBI vehicle on January 11, 1955, where he told agents he and fellow club member John Hoffman planned to travel to Washington, DC, to present their information 'to the Pentagon' and hoped to meet with 'someone in Air Force Intelligence.'

Cox was one of the Detroit Flying Saucer Club’s central figures and was repeatedly referenced in multiple FBI and government documents about UFOs and 'space people.'

During the interview, Cox referenced a man named John Fry, a technician assigned to Sandia Air Force Base in New Mexico, who allegedly claimed to have flown a saucer from the base to New York City in just 30 minutes.

Cox further stated that members of the group had received multiple messages from outer space.

'He feels the purpose of contacts with Earth is limited at this time to preparing people to receive landings from outer space,' the FBI memo states.

'He said messages received indicate all planets but Earth have conquered outer space... Outer space people consider those on Earth the lowest form of universal existence.'

One FBI memo, dated January 12, 1955, detailed claims from members of the Detroit Flying Saucer Club, one of the earliest UFO organizations in the US

According to the document, club member Randall Cox told agents the group had received multiple messages from extraterrestrials warning humanity about its place in the universe

Hoffman, a former Air Force serviceman during the Second World War, was described in the memo as having been 'carried beyond the realm of scientific fact into that of possible scientific fiction.'

The FBI noted that Cox's statements closely resembled the writings of Dorothy Martin, an Illinois housewife who became nationally known in 1954 after saying she received telepathic messages from extraterrestrials called the 'Guardians.'

Martin led a small UFO group that warned catastrophic floods would destroy much of Earth on December 21, 1954, but believers would be rescued by flying saucers before the disaster struck.

The prophecy sparked national attention as followers quit jobs, abandoned possessions and gathered at Martin's home waiting for a spacecraft to arrive.

Among her supporters was Dr Charles Laughead, a Michigan physician who lost his hospital job after publicly backing the claims.

When the apocalypse failed to materialize, Martin later told followers she had received another message saying Earth had been spared because of the group's faith.

From the FBI files, apparently unidentified phenomena are highlighted on the horizon of the lunar surface, as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12 in 1969

A video appears to show a glowing object resembling an 'eight-pointed star' with uneven arms moving across the sky, which almost seemed to shape-shift in mid-air

The bizarre episode later became one of the most famous cases used by psychologists studying 'cognitive dissonance,' the theory explaining why people continue believing failed prophecies despite overwhelming evidence against them.

The FBI memo and hundreds of other documents were made public months after President Donald Trump ordered the Secretary of War, Pete Hegseth, to declassify government records related to UFOs and alleged extraterrestrial activity.

Among the most striking materials were images and transcripts linked to NASA's Apollo 12 and Apollo 17 missions. One photo taken from the lunar surface appears to show three unexplained dots hovering in the dark sky above the moon.

The disclosure also included FBI images from New Year's Eve 1999 that appear to show unidentified objects near US military aircraft, along with photographs captured by military pilots allegedly showing fast-moving objects streaking past planes mid-flight.

A bizarre glowing object resembling an 'eight-pointed star' streaking across the sky was among the most chilling videos released in Friday's bombshell UFO disclosure.

The eerie infrared footage, captured by US military personnel in 2013, appears to show something darting through the darkness with uneven, shape-shifting arms.

Tennessee Representative Tim Burchett, who has long been advocating for disclosure, said on X: 'Remember the Feds told us these files didn't exist and [Donald Trump] stood up to the deep state.

'The 1st drop will be big, but in comparison to what is coming they will be a drop in the bucket. I would say 'Holy Crap' is coming.'

One newly declassified military Mission Report, known as a MISREP, described a service member observing 'several bright objects maneuvering quickly west to east northeast' before tracking one of them with an onboard targeting pod for roughly 20 seconds.

According to the document, the object suddenly dimmed and disappeared. Officials noted that the descriptions reflected eyewitness observations and should not be interpreted as confirmation of the object's nature or capabilities.

In a statement accompanying the release, Hegseth said the administration was committed to bringing 'unprecedented transparency' to the government's understanding of UFOs.

Portions of several documents were redacted to protect witness identities and sensitive military locations, although officials said no information directly related to the reported encounters had been withheld.

Lawmakers have noted that Friday's release is only the first batch, with more to come. However, a timeline has not been set.

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{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

Alternate versions of you from parallel universes may be controlling your life, new theory claims

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

A bizarre new theory suggests there may be countless alternate versions of your life playing out at the same time across parallel universes.

According to Oxford physicist Vlatko Vedral, every tiny event in the universe could create a different version of reality, sending another 'you' down a completely separate life path.

In one reality, you took a different job. In another, you married someone else. Somewhere else, you moved across the country or made one small choice that changed your entire future.

The unsettling idea comes from a real branch of quantum physics known as the Many-Worlds interpretation, which suggests reality may constantly split into parallel worlds instead of following one fixed timeline.

Vedral recently argued in Popular Mechanics that humans do not magically create reality simply by observing it, a belief that has spread online through manifestation culture and misunderstood interpretations of quantum physics.

Instead, he says reality changes naturally through ordinary interactions happening every second, whether humans notice them or not.

That means your life may simply be one possible outcome of the same choice made by other versions of yourself in different realities, while the outcome you might have been hoping for unfolds in another parallel universe.

And if the theory is correct, somewhere out there, another version of you could be richer, happier, more successful or living a completely different life shaped by tiny changes in the universe.

Oxford physicist Vlatko Vedral claimed that there may be countless alternate versions of you branching off every second, each created by tiny interactions happening throughout the universe.

The idea is based on one of the strangest concepts in modern science: the Many-worlds interpretation, Vedral wrote in Popular Mechanics.

Quantum mechanics studies the bizarre behavior of particles smaller than atoms, where objects do not always behave according to the rules people experience in everyday life.

For decades, scientists have known that particles can appear to exist in multiple states at the same time until they interact with something else.

One famous example involves light particles called photons. A photon can behave as if it traveled through two paths simultaneously, at least until something interrupts or measures it.

Traditionally, physicists described this process using something called the 'observer effect,' the idea that observing a particle forces it into one final state.

In simple terms, many people came to believe reality behaves like a choose-your-own-adventure story where human observation picks the ending.

Over time, the concept spread far beyond science labs and into pop culture.

Online influencers, self-help gurus and New Age spiritual movements began promoting the idea that human consciousness could shape reality itself, suggesting people could 'manifest' wealth, success or love through thought alone.

The unsettling idea comes from a real branch of quantum physics known as the Many-Worlds interpretation, which suggests reality may constantly split into parallel worlds instead of following one fixed timeline

But Vedral argues that the interpretation badly misunderstands quantum mechanics.

According to him, consciousness is not special in the way many people believe.

Reality does not suddenly change because a human looked at something.

Instead, any interaction at all can affect the outcome.

A photon hitting sunglasses, dust colliding in space, or particles bouncing off one another are enough to alter reality without human involvement.

Vedral says the universe does not wait for humans to notice something before making a decision. The interaction itself is what matters.

Vedral used sunglasses as a simple example, saying that in one possible outcome, a photon passes through the lens and reaches your eye.

In another, the sunglasses block it completely. The Many-Worlds interpretation proposes that both outcomes continue to exist simultaneously in separate branches of reality.

That would mean two slightly different versions of events continue forward at the same time.

And because countless quantum interactions happen constantly throughout the universe, reality could theoretically split into endless versions every second.

In practical terms, scientists are not claiming people can jump between universes or meet alternate copies of themselves. There is also no evidence proving parallel versions of humans exist.

However, many physicists consider the theory scientifically respectable because it is built directly from the mathematics of quantum mechanics.

Some researchers even argue it solves major problems in physics more elegantly than older explanations involving wave function 'collapse.'

However, the theory remains highly controversial, as one major criticism is that alternate universes cannot currently be tested or observed directly.

That leaves many scientists viewing it as a philosophical interpretation of the math rather than a proven reality.

But the idea continues gaining attention because it challenges humanity's understanding of free will, consciousness and existence itself.

If reality truly branches endlessly, every possible version of your life may already exist somewhere.

There could be another version of you who became rich, another who made different choices, and another whose life unfolded in ways completely unimaginable to you.

Vedral argued the deeper lesson is not that humans secretly control the universe with their minds.

Instead, he said, people are part of a much larger system of interactions constantly shaping reality around them. The universe, in this view, is not centered on human consciousness.

It is an endless web of collisions, particles and probabilities unfolding across countless possible outcomes.

And somewhere across those possibilities, another version of you may already be living a completely different life.

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A Chinese robotics firm has truly bridged the gap between science fiction and reality, after unveiling the world's first manned 'mecha'.

The GD01, developed by Unitree Robotics, weighs 500kg with a pilot on board and is capable of transitioning between bipedal walking and four–legged mode.

Developed for civilian transport, the high–strength alloy machine features a 'cockpit' where someone can sit and control the huge robot.

A demonstration video shows Unitree's CEO Wang Xingxing climbing into the torso of the GD01 before it starts to move.

The machine is steered to walk like a humanoid robot and can even knock over a brick wall with its hand before 'shifting' into a four–legged crawl.

Unitree has described the creation – which measures nearly nine feet (2.7m) high – as the world's first mass–produced 'transformable mecha'.

People on social media have called the robot 'every boy's dream', while others joked it is 'ready for a boxing match with aliens'.

But if you want one for yourself there's a hefty price tag of $650,000 (£480,000).

The high–strength alloy machine features a 'cockpit' where someone can sit and control the huge robot

A demonstration video shows Unitree's CEO Wang Xingxing climbing into the torso of the GD01 before it starts to move

The GD01 may bring to mind the Jaeger robots (pictured) that feature in the 2013 film Pacific Rim. These enormous machines are controlled by two pilots who sit in a head–mounted cockpit and wear specialist suits to transfer their brain signals and physical movements to the system.

The GD01 may bring to mind the Jaeger robots that feature in the film Pacific Rim.

These enormous machines are controlled by two pilots who sit in a head–mounted cockpit and wear specialist suits to transfer their brain signals and physical movements to the system.

'This is not a concept,' robotics expert Lukas Ziegler wrote on X.

'The West is building incredible humanoid robots. China is building them faster, cheaper and at a scale nobody else is close to matching.'

Someone else commented: 'Maintaining balance while walking requires a high level of technical expertise for such a large bipedal mecha, especially considering its transformation and quadrupedal form.'

And another wrote: 'The generation that grew up watching animation has now started reshaping the world.'

Regarding the high price tag and plans for mass production, Huang Jiawei, a marketing staff member at Unitree, said the figure is only a preliminary reference price.

'The final production version may still be adjusted depending on performance optimisation,' he told the Global Times. 

The machine is commanded to knock over a brick wall with its hand – although the company said that this was part of 'extreme testing'

The mecha and is capable of transitioning between bipedal walking and four–legged mode (pictured)

Unitree has described the creation – which measures nearly nine feet (2.7m) high – as the world's first mass–produced 'transformable mecha'

GD01: Key specs

Size: Nearly 9ft (2.7m) tall

Weight: 500kg with a pilot on board

Movement: Can transition between bipedal walking and four–legged mode

Potential uses: Civilian transport, immersive entertainment, filmmaking, rescue efforts

Price: $650,000 (£480,000)

He added: 'Through the use of robots, we hope to improve work efficiency and optimise the way people work.

'The product is still in its first generation at this stage, and there is indeed a lot of room for imagination.'

It's thought these machines could eventually be used in a diverse range of fields including in theme parks, immersive entertainment, filmmaking, rescue efforts and operations in challenging environments.

'It is no longer just a proof–of–concept machine confined to laboratories, but a product with a clear price tag and commercialization roadmap,' Chen Jing, vice president of the Technology and Strategy Research Institute said.

'But its weaknesses are mainly related to real–world usability, including difficulties getting in and out of the machine, battery–life concerns, limited comfort, regulatory uncertainty and maintenance complexity.'

According to the International Federation of Robotics, China has remained the world's largest industrial robot market for years.

Recent figures suggest China had 964 existing humanoid robot–related companies as of April this year, while patent applications in the sector reached 1,174 in 2025.

These enormous machines are controlled by two pilots who sit in a head–mounted cockpit and wear specialist suits to transfer their brain signals and physical movements to the system.

Pictured: Pacific Rim

Meanwhile, research firm Omdia said Chinese companies accounted for nearly 90 per cent of global humanoid sales in 2025.

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• 

It's thought that Unitree shipped more than 5,500 humanoid robots last year.

Other robots recently unveiled include a humanoid to help load luggage on and off flights, and a ping pong robot that can beat elite players.

Last month, a robot won the Beijing half marathon and beat the human record by almost seven minutes.

WILL YOUR JOB BE TAKEN BY A ROBOT? PHYSICAL JOBS ARE AT THE GREATEST RISK

Physical jobs in predictable environments, including machine-operators and fast-food workers, are the most likely to be replaced by robots.

Management consultancy firm McKinsey, based in New York, focused on the amount of jobs that would be lost to automation, and what professions were most at risk.

The report said collecting and processing data are two other categories of activities that increasingly can be done better and faster with machines. 

This could displace large amounts of labour - for instance, in mortgages, paralegal work, accounting, and back-office transaction processing.

Conversely, jobs in unpredictable environments are least are risk.

The report added: 'Occupations such as gardeners, plumbers, or providers of child- and eldercare - will also generally see less automation by 2030, because they are technically difficult to automate and often command relatively lower wages, which makes automation a less attractive business proposition.'

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Two chilling new realities the US must face after release of UFO Files

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

The long-awaited UFO disclosure released a trove of documents, images and videos showing mysterious objects in the sky, reigniting questions about what may be operating above the US.

The uncertainty has led Avi Loeb to warn of two chilling realities America may have to confront: the craft are either advanced technology developed by foreign adversaries or evidence of non-human intelligence.

Speaking with The Hill's Rising, Loeb warned that if the objects belong to foreign nations, it exposes 'the vulnerability of our defense system, so this is a serious matter.'

'But then the other possibility is that maybe it's a mixed bag, and one in a million objects is indeed from beyond this Earth, representing some advanced technologies that we do not possess,' he added.

'In that case, its detection constitutes the biggest discovery ever made by humanity. So, it's a win-win situation to attend to this data seriously and try to figure out what it means.'

Loeb also weighed in on the Apollo mission images released Friday, which appeared to show unexplained bright lights, 'ghostly' particles and strange triangular formations seen by astronauts on the Moon.

But he said recent observations from the Artemis II mission found no signs of unusual activity around the lunar surface, suggesting the mysterious lights captured in Apollo-era images were likely asteroid impacts or camera artifacts rather than anything extraterrestrial.

Loeb added that the most compelling evidence may not have been released yet, saying higher-quality and more sensitive material could emerge in future disclosures. He specifically pointed to 46 Pentagon videos requested by Congresswoman Anna Paulina Luna that he hopes will appear in the next batch.

This image features a highlighted area of interest slightly to the right of the vertical axis of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible

This photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. It features five highlighted areas of interest, labeled 'Area 1' through 'Area 5,' above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible

The release included FBI files that featured shocking details of mysterious four-foot-tall crewmen exiting a UFO in the 1960s, along with a video of a glowing 'eight-pointed star' with shape-shifting arms darting across the sky.

In an FBI memo released by the Department of War, an unidentified FBI informant claimed that he saw a 'cigar-shaped' object on July 1, 1950. 

The UFO files trove also included a 1965 Gemini 7 space mission transcript describing an astronaut's encounter with a 'brilliant body' containing 'trillions of particles.' 

While the files were captivating, Loeb said on his blog: 'Clearly, the Pentagon and the intelligence agencies are unable to identify the nature of some objects.'

He added that the first batch lacked the detail to properly analyze many of the images and videos, noting that several could likely have ordinary explanations. 

'The flashes of light that Buzz Aldrin described might be cosmic rays,' Loeb continued.

'There are eyewitness testimonies of an ellipsoidal object that was reported to the FBI, but we don't have data from instruments about this object.

'I went over the data with my research team, and we just couldn't infer the distance, velocity or acceleration of objects that they're exhibiting.' 

The video appears to show a glowing object resembling an 'eight-pointed star' with uneven arms moving across the sky, which almost seemed to shape-shift in mid-air

Loeb also said some of the released material was heavily redacted and included inconclusive videos and images, making it difficult to determine exactly what was captured. 

However, he noted that the disclosure contains documents, videos and images from military personnel and intelligence agencies describing objects they could not identify.

'These are serious people. We should not dismiss those reports, especially because some of them were collected by instruments,' the scientist argued.

'What we should do is try to figure out what these objects are. Of course, data from past reports is limited.'

The scientist said he believes the government likely possesses far more detailed classified footage collected by advanced surveillance satellites capable of tracking unusual objects with extremely high resolution. 

Luna penned an open letter to the Department of War, requesting the release of 46 UFO videos by April 14, but the clips have yet to be released.

The Florida representative noted on X that the videos are set to be revealed in the second disclosure dump. No date has been given at this time. 

'There will be more files released. To include our request of the 40+ files. I talked to the Pentagon last night,' Luna posted Friday on X.

Loeb said he expects 'better, more intriguing data' to emerge in the coming months as more sensitive material is gradually declassified. 

UFO Files Out: Shocking New Videos Raise ‘Are We Alone’ Question, Watch What Ex NASA Scientist Said

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Africa is splitting in TWO: Scientists uncover a new tectonic boundary forming in Zambia – and it suggests the entire continent could soon be torn apart

• READ MORE: Scientists find plate boundary under Mozambique and Tanzania

By WILIAM HUNTER, SENIOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY REPORTER

Scientists have discovered a new tectonic boundary forming under Zambia, and it could tear Africa in two.

The Kafue Rift is part of the Southwest African Rift System, a 1,500–mile (2,500 km) system of cracks in Earth's crust running from Tanzania to Namibia.

Scientists think this could one day become the edge of a new tectonic plate boundary, splitting Africa into the Nubian and Somali plates.

Now, researchers have revealed that the Earth's crust has cracked apart under the Kafue Rift.

Gases in Zambia's hot springs contain helium and carbon isotopes that show the boundary has broken all the way through the Earth's outer layer.

This crack allows fluids to escape from the hot, viscous mantle and bubble up to the surface.

Co–author Professor Mike Daly, from the University of Oxford, says: 'This fluid connection is evidence that the fault boundary of the Kafue Rift is active.

'Therefore, the Southwest African Rift Zone is too – and may be an early indication of the break–up of sub–Saharan Africa.'

Scientists have discovered a new tectonic boundary forming beneath Zambia, and it could result in Africa splitting in two 

Isotopes – different forms of elements – exist in varying concentrations in the crust and in the mantle below.

Scientists can work out where liquids are emerging from based on the ratios of certain isotopes.

In the new study, scientists took samples of gas from eight geothermal springs across Zambia; six in the Kafue Rift and two outside it.

They found that all of the gases inside the rift had unusually high levels of helium isotopes, matching those found within the mantle, while those outside the rift did not.

Likewise, only those samples taken from inside the rift valley had levels of carbon dioxide matching those found in mantle fluids.

These gases couldn't have come from the air since the ratio of isotopes does not match that of the atmosphere, nor could they have come from the surrounding rocks.

Dr Daly says that this indicates the springs have a 'a direct connection with the Earth’s mantle, which lies between 40 and 160km below the Earth’s surface'.

Scientists had previously suspected that the Kafue Valley could be hiding a rift due to its topography and high number of geothermal anomalies.

The Kafue Rift is part of the Southwest African Rift System, a 1,500–mile (2,500 km) system of cracks in Earth's crust running from Tanzania to Namibia, which could split Africa into two new plates 

Scientists found that water samples from springs in the rift (yellow circles) matched the isotope ratios of water coming from Earth's mantle (grey triangles). This shows the split has broken through the crust 

However, it is only now that researchers have evidence that the rift has really broken through the crust.

In the short term, this could prove hugely beneficial to local economies by unlocking easily accessible geothermal power.

While there might be some increases in seismic or volcanic activity in the future, these changes are on such a long timescale that they don't pose any immediate threat.

On the geological scale, however, this development could prove even more important for Africa.

Lead author Professor Ruta Karolyte, from the University of Oxford, told the Daily Mail: 'This rift is at the earliest recognisable stage.

'We can see the faults, measure the presence of mantle gases at the surface, but there is no volcanism yet. In geological terms, this is the very beginning of the process.'

'For a rift to become a true plate boundary, the break must penetrate deep enough through the lithospheric mantle to trigger partial melting, producing mid–ocean ridge basalt.'

There is currently no guarantee that this will happen at the Kafue Rift, but researchers say it is a likely spot for the transformation to occur.

Africa is already splitting into two along the East African Rift System (pictured), but this newly formed rift could provide an even easier location for the continent to divide itself 

Africa is already breaking apart slowly along a more developed line of cracks called the East African Rift System.

However, the rate at which these rifts are pulling apart is very slow.

Dr Daly explains: 'On almost all sides of Africa there are mid–ocean ridges tending to inhibit east–west or north–south extension, so break–up and spreading does seem to struggle to establish itself.'

However, the Southwest African Rift System has all the characteristics required to break away and much more favourable surrounding geology.

This means that the formation of the Kafue Rift could be the first movements towards Africa splitting in two over the next few hundred million years.

The Earth is moving under our feet: Tectonic plates move through the mantle and produce Earthquakes as they scrape against each other

Tectonic plates are composed of Earth's crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. 

Below is the asthenosphere: the warm, viscous conveyor belt of rock on which tectonic plates ride.

The Earth has fifteen tectonic plates (pictured) that together have moulded the shape of the landscape we see around us today 

Earthquakes typically occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates, where one plate dips below another, thrusts another upward, or where plate edges scrape alongside each other. 

Earthquakes rarely occur in the middle of plates, but they can happen when ancient faults or rifts far below the surface reactivate. 

These areas are relatively weak compared to the surrounding plate, and can easily slip and cause an earthquake.

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Hall of Records theories explode as CIA doc mentioning 'temple under Sphinx' found

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

The location of an ancient library believed to lie beneath Egypt's Great Sphinx has long been one of archaeology's greatest mysteries.

Now, a resurfaced CIA document from 1952 is reigniting speculation surrounding the legendary Hall of Records after a cryptic reference to a 'temple under Sphinx' was found inside a Cold War-era photographic inventory.

The Hall of Records legend has fascinated the public for nearly a century, with some claiming the mythical archive contains ancient texts, maps and evidence of a lost civilization that predated recorded history. 

The 10-page CIA file, dated November 20, 1952, is titled 'Presentation Form for Graphic Material' and appears to catalog 11 rolls of black-and-white photographic negatives taken between July and December 1950.

Rather than an intelligence briefing, the document appears to be a simple archival inventory. 

But believers say the phrase 'Temple under Sphinx' stands out because it is not a standard archaeological description commonly used today.

One X user posted: 'So the CIA knows about the temple UNDER THE SPHINX. Still want to call BS on the Hall of Records?'

While no hidden temple has ever been confirmed beneath the Great Sphinx, archaeologists have long known about the ancient Sphinx Temple, a structure located directly in front of the monument on the Giza Plateau. 

A resurfaced CIA document from 1952 is reigniting speculation surrounding the legendary Hall of Records after a cryptic reference to a 'temple under Sphinx' was found inside a Cold War-era photographic inventory

Much of the modern myth traces back to American clairvoyant Edgar Cayce, who predicted in the 1930s that a hidden chamber containing records from Atlantis would one day be discovered beneath the Sphinx's paw. 

According to Cayce, the hidden archive supposedly contained texts detailing humanity's forgotten history, advanced science and catastrophic events that destroyed earlier civilizations. He predicted the chamber would one day be discovered, fueling decades of speculation and expeditions around the monument.

Interest intensified in the 1990s after seismic studies and ground-penetrating radar detected underground cavities and anomalies near the Sphinx. 

Japanese researchers from Waseda University and later American teams identified unusual voids beneath the Giza Plateau, though mainstream archaeologists disputed claims that they were artificial chambers. 

Famed Egyptologist Zahi Hawass has consistently denied the existence of a Hall of Records, saying: 'The Sphinx has been thoroughly excavated. My friend and colleague, Mark Lehner, and I investigated it ourselves in 1979. Nothing like a Hall of Records has been found in or near the Sphinx.'

He also admitted that researchers have asked him for permission to excavate under the Sphinx, to which he refused, saying, 'it did not make sense,' adding that he found evidence that underneath the left paw is nothing but solid rock.

However, the circulating CIA reference has sent conspiracy forums and ancient history communities into overdrive, with many asking the same question: Did the agency stumble across something beneath the Sphinx more than 70 years ago?

'Of course, there's more to those sights than they let on. The Book of Thoth is rumored to be underneath the Sphinx,' another person shared on Reddit. 

The the hidden archive, speculated to be hidden below the Great Sphinx, supposedly contained texts detailing humanity's forgotten history, advanced science and catastrophic events that destroyed earlier civilizations.

The Book of Thoth is a significant element of Egyptian mythology, centering around the quest of Nefer-ka-ptah, a prince of Egypt, who seeks a sacred text attributed to Thoth, the god of wisdom. 

Legend has it that the Book of Thoth is supposedly hidden inside the legendary Hall of Records beneath the Great Sphinx of Giza. 

The material in the document was being forwarded to CIA headquarters for archival purposes, with the first page warning that the nitrate film was explosive and required special handling during shipment.

The document largely focuses on Afghanistan, cataloging hundreds of images tied to archaeological digs, cave excavations, local villages, bazaars, infrastructure projects and geological surveys. 

But buried among ordinary entries such as 'Tourist at Pyramids,' 'Sphinx' and 'Ruins near Sphinx' is the phrase that has now captured the internet's imagination: 'Temple under Sphinx; July '50.' 

However, one brief line buried within the file has captured the imagination of conspiracy theorists online.

{ https://www.dailymail.com/sciencetech/index.html }

What would it have been like to experience the dinosaur–killing asteroid? Scientists reveal a blow–by–blow account of one of the most catastrophic events in history

• READ MORE:  Asteroid that wiped out dinosaurs came from beyond Jupiter

By XANTHA LEATHAM, EXECUTIVE SCIENCE EDITOR

A blow–by–blow account has revealed what it would have been like to experience the impact of the dinosaur–killing asteroid.

Around 66 million years ago, a six–mile (10km)–wide space rock called Chicxulub smashed into Mexico.

The impact famously wiped out the dinosaurs, caused worldwide devastation and changed the course of history. 

The collision released a huge dust and soot cloud that partially blocked out the sun and caused temperatures to plummet – and in the years that followed, it wiped out more than 50 per cent of all animal and plant species on Earth. 

But the destructive event also paved the way for mammals to thrive – and for humans to evolve.

Now, the University of Bristol's Professor Michael Benton and The Open University's Professor Monica Grady have detailed the sights, sounds and smells of the famous impact.

'The event triggered instant changes to our planet and its atmosphere and led to the extinction of the dinosaurs and about half Earth's other species,' they wrote on The Conversation.

'But what would it have been like to experience such a gargantuan impact? Would you have died or survived? As experts on meteoritics and palaeontology, respectively, we've created a detailed timeline, based on decades of research, to take you right there.'

T–minus one day

The experts said that it would have been 'pleasantly warm', about 26°C (79°F), and wet at 'ground zero' at the time.

The asteroid, which has been visible in the sky at night for about a week, can now be seen in the daytime. It looks like a star or planet getting gradually brighter.

T=0 (impact)

A bright light is followed by a sonic boom as the asteroid hits the Yucatán Peninsula in southeast Mexico.

Anything near the impact site would have been incinerated instantly, the experts said.

'The asteroid is so huge that it almost certainly hits the ground before any living creature near the impact zone has time to run for cover,' they wrote.

Even if you were up to 1,242 miles (2,000km) from the epicentre, you'd have been killed quickly by thermal radiation and supersonic winds.

The impact famously wiped out the dinosaurs, who were the apex predators at the time, and caused worldwide devastation (file photo)

The Chicxulub asteroid slammed into a shallow sea in what is now the Gulf of Mexico around 66 million years ago

T–plus 5 minutes

Winds 'ease' to those of a category 5 hurricane, flattening everything within 1,500km (932 miles) of the impact.

Atmospheric temperatures in the region rise to 226.85°C (440°F) and the air fills with superheated steam.

'Next come the tidal waves, triggered by the vast quantities of displaced rock and water,' the experts said. 'These 100–metre mega tsunamis first strike the shores of what is now the Gulf of Mexico.'

Anyone up to 1,864 miles (3,000km) away who survived the first few seconds would likely die from overheating, earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, tsunami–driven floods or being hit by impact melt.

T–plus one hour

'Shockwaves on land and sea are only minor inconveniences compared with the fire that is still radiating down from the sky,' they wrote.

A belt of dust has circled the globe. The skies begin to darken in places as far away as New Zealand and Denmark.

This artist's reconstruction depicts North Dakota in the first months following the impact of an asteroid off Mexico's coast 66 million years ago, showing a dark, dusty and cold world in which the last non–avian dinosaurs were on the edge of extinction

Where did the asteroid come from? 

We now know the origin of the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs.

By analysing the chemical signatures of rocks from the end of the Cretaceous Period, scientists have found that it came from beyond Jupiter.

Comparisons between the chemical record left behind by the strike 66 million years ago and known meteorite samples suggest that the Cretaceous asteroid was a carbonaceous chondrite.

This type of asteroid is one of the oldest known, having formed billions of years ago in the early solar system.

As these chondrites can only come from asteroids found beyond Jupiter, it suggests that the dinosaur–killing asteroid must have had its origins there too.

Source: Natural History Museum

T–plus one day

Huge tsunamis move east across the Atlantic and west across the Pacific, still reaching 50m (164ft) high.

The burning sky triggers wildfires across the globe. In what is modern Europe and Asia, the skies continue to fill up with dust and soot. Temperatures start to drop as sunlight is blocked.

'Trees and plants in general, including phytoplankton, close down as if for winter, unable to photosynthesise,' the experts explained. 'Any animals that rely on warm conditions ultimately hunker down and die.'

T–plus one week

It's getting darker and darker, with a global drop in surface temperatures of at least 5°C (9°F).

'This means that most of the dinosaurs and other large flying and swimming reptiles probably die from freezing within the course of this first week,' they said. 'Cooling temperatures and cloud cover also lead to rain. But not just any rain. Storms of acid rain fall across the Earth.'

Plants and animals on land and in shallow seas succumb to this corrosive rain while rotting vegetation, choking smoke and sulphur aerosols combine to make the planet stink.

Today, the event is marked by a thin layer of sediment called the K–Pg boundary, which can be found throughout the world in marine and terrestrial rocks, dated to 66 million years ago

(pictured here in Zumaia, Spain)

T–plus one year

The atmosphere is still filled with dust and the sun hasn't shone for a year. Average temperatures are now 15°C (27°F) lower than before the impact.

The rotted skeletons of dinosaurs and marine reptiles are scattered everywhere. Small animals like mammals the size of rats and insects nest in crevices. More than 50 per cent of plants have died out.

T–plus 10 years

Earth is still in the grip of a fierce winter. Inland lakes and rivers around the world are iced over.

'Clearly, there were no humans about at this time – there weren't even any larger mammals,' the experts said.

'But given the only species that survived were those that could burrow or live below water, it is unlikely that you could have survived this long.'

However, life slowly begins to rebuild far away from the impact site as turtles, smaller crocodiles, lizards, snakes, some ground–dwelling birds and small mammals repopulate.

T–plus 66 million years

It is estimated that half the species of plants and animals alive at the end of the Cretaceous disappeared.

READ MORE 

• Where was YOUR home at the time of the dinosaurs? Interactive chart reveals how Earth's continents have shifted from 320 million years ago to today

But the extinction of the dinosaurs led to the successful spread and evolution of mammals. 

'It is salutary to think that without the asteroid collision, primates might never have reached the level we are at today,' the experts concluded.

'But it is equally salutary to consider that modern humans are causing some of the same changes to the atmosphere that ultimately killed our reptilian forebears and may one day also lead to our own demise.'

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Declassified transcripts from two Apollo missions show astronauts repeatedly describing unexplained lights and objects while orbiting and walking on the moon.

The Pentagon on Friday released transcripts and photos from two NASA Apollo missions as part of a broader disclosure of dozens of photos and documents detailing UFO sightings it has documented since the 1950s.

The trove of documents reporting UFO and Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) sightings comes in compliance with a directive from President Donald Trump aimed at increasing government transparency around reported UFO sightings, all of which remain unsolved. Tens of millions of documents are being combed through and will be released on a rolling basis.

• UFO EXPERT SAYS TRUMP'S DECLASSIFICATION COULD EXPOSE POSSIBLE 'COVER-UP' SPANNING DECADES

The documents include technical transcripts and photos from Apollo 12 in 1969 and Apollo 17 in 1972, capturing moments in which crews discussed strange flashes, moving lights and unidentified phenomena against the stark lunar horizon.

The release includes six photos taken by Apollo 12 mission astronauts on the moon's surface, revealing unidentified and oddly shaped lights appearing in the sky. In one of the photos, there are a total of five UFOs identified.

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12 in 1969. This image features a highlighted area of interest slightly to the right of the vertical axis of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible. 

(U.S. Department of War)

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features two highlighted areas of interest, labeled "Area 1" and "Area 2," slightly to the right of the vertical axis of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible.

 (U.S. Department of War)

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features a highlighted area of interest near the right edge of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible.

 (U.S. Department of War)

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features a highlighted area of interest slightly to the left of the vertical axis of the frame, above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible. 

(U.S. Department of War)

This archival photograph depicts the lunar surface as viewed from the landing site of Apollo 12. This image features five highlighted areas of interest, labeled "Area 1" through "Area 5," above the horizon, in which unidentified phenomena are visible. 

(U.S. Department of War)

A NASA photograph from the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972 shows three dots in a triangular formation in the lunar sky. DOW is investigating the image as part of a review of historical UAP materials. 

(U.S. Department of War)

A four-page transcript from the mission unveils one of the astronauts' accounts of what he was witnessing, telling command about the lights he saw in the dark sky.

He described that the lights were "sailing off into space."

• EXPLOSIVE NEW DOCUMENTARY PROBES '80-YEAR GLOBAL COVERUP' OF UFO SECRETS

"I was thinking they're dropping off from my water boiler, but it looks like some of those things are escaping the moon. They really haul out of here and just press off at the stars."

The astronaut described that the lights were "pulsing every second." Command suggested that the phenomenon was likely electromagnetic interference, which can occur by both man-made and natural sources.

A 16-page transcript from the Apollo 17 mission detailed how the astronauts saw lights from their window which resembled "Fourth of July."

"They're very jagged, angular fragments that are tumbling," one of the astronauts described.

Another astronaut recounted how when he was trying to sleep he saw bright "peripheral horizon-type things" which made it difficult to sleep.

"The last one I remember before falling asleep — was the fact that there was a very bright spot that flashed right between my eyes like a very bright headlight — like a train coming at you, only with a flash," the astronaut said.

More UAP files were made available at WAR.GOV/UFO.

• Fox News' Peter Doocy and Fox News Digital's Robert McGreevy contributed to this report.

{ https://www.foxnews.com/category/science/air-and-space/ufos }

CNN host 'scared' over ex-CIA director's chilling UFO theory on political adversaries

Connor McCrory

The Pentagon released a batch of classified UFO files this week, but at least one person who has sat at the top of American intelligence isn't buying the extraterrestrial angle.

Leon Panetta, who has run the CIA, led the Pentagon, and served as White House chief of staff, told CNN Friday he has never seen proof that aliens are real, and thinks something far more earthly may explain the mystery.

President Donald Trump ordered the release, announcing it on Truth Social, "In an effort for Complete and Maximum Transparency, it was my Honor to direct my Administration to identify and provide Government files related to Alien and Extraterrestrial Life, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, and Unidentified Flying Objects."

• Karoline Leavitt hints at regrets as Donald Trump continues to embarrass himself

• Inside Karoline Leavitt's baby shower guest list - including three unexpected no-shows

Trump added that "the people can decide for themselves, 'WHAT THE HELL IS GOING ON?'"

CNN anchor Boris Sanchez put the question directly to Panetta on CNN News Central.

"I have to ask you about this because the Pentagon just released what they're calling 'never before seen files' on UFOs," Sanchez said.

Leon Panetta, who has run the CIA, led the Pentagon for years

Credit:CNN

"Is this stuff new to you? What do you know about aliens, Secretary? Tell us!"

Panetta said the curiosity is nothing new.

"Well, Boris, I can't tell you how many times when I was secretary, I was asked about, are there really aliens out there? Do we have an alien ship?" he said.

"You know, some of the movies that portrayed that kind of thing going on, people were infatuated with that. And I'm sure these pictures that are being released will raise a lot more concern about whether or not, in fact, there are aliens. I just have to tell you, I'm not aware of the United States ever having decided that there, in fact, are aliens, and that there are spaceships that have come into our territory. So, I haven't seen evidence to that effect, but what the Pentagon is now doing is basically letting the American people make up their own minds."

Sanchez pushed him on his personal take.

"I have not seen any firm evidence that there are aliens out there. I do think that some of our adversaries, very frankly, have technologies that have been used against us that appear to be alien, but in fact, are efforts by our adversaries to basically breach our security. That's what I think has happened," Panetta said.

That answer caught Sanchez off guard.

"Secretary, I thought this was going to end on a lighthearted note," Sanchez said. "You just scared me with that one, man. Uh, Leon Panetta, thanks so much for joining us."

{ https://www.aol.com/ }

Tokyo analyzing Pentagon UFO file trove with sightings near Japan

The government’s top spokesman said Monday that Tokyo is analyzing “with great interest” a trove of previously classified files on alleged UFO sightings released by the Pentagon on Friday — including two videos of unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) spotted near Japan.  

“Regarding incidents related to our national security — including UAPs — we are constantly gathering and analyzing information with great interest, while maintaining close coordination with the United States and other countries,” Chief Cabinet Secretary Minoru Kihara told a regular news conference.

Asked about the possibility of Japan disclosing any similar UAP files it maintains, Kihara said the government would “make specific, case-by-case decisions after comprehensively considering various factors, including the risk of our intelligence-gathering capabilities being exposed.”

The Pentagon on Friday said U.S. President Donald Trump’s order to release the “new, never-before-seen files” was intended to provide “maximum transparency to the public, who can ultimately make up their own minds about the information contained in these files.”

In one nearly 2-minute video from 2023 titled DOW-UAP-PR47 and reported by the U.S. military’s Indo-Pacific Command citing the incident location as “Japan,” an infrared sensor aboard a U.S. military platform tracks “three distinct areas of contrast, maintaining … a fixed position and orientation relative to one another.”

Another video, this one just 9 seconds long and reported by the Indo-Pacific Command in 2024 with “East China Sea” as the incident location, shows a UAP "that resembles a football-shaped body near Japan," according to a screenshot of the footage.

A caption accompanying the video of the incident, titled DOW-UAP-PR46, describes the object as having “three radial projections: one oriented vertically, and two oriented downward at a 45-degree angle relative to the major axis of the main mass.”

In 2024, a group of some 80 Japanese lawmakers was established to investigate and gather information on UAPs, which they consider a serious security issue. The group has heard from U.S. policymakers involved in UAP measures.

In March, the group urged the government to create a specialized department devoted to UAPs directly under the deputy chief cabinet secretary for crisis management at the Cabinet Secretariat.

Observers said the batch of more than 160 files released by the Pentagon included new videos of known sightings but provided no conclusive evidence of alien technology or extraterrestrial life. Further releases will follow, the U.S. Defense Department said, as more materials are declassified

The growing interest in UAPs comes as drones — and less-advanced surveillance technologies — proliferate across the globe.

In one instance in 2023, the U.S. military’s shootdown of a Chinese surveillance balloon that had flown across a broad swath of the country triggered a diplomatic furor.

The incident prompted revelations by Japan’s Defense Ministry that it “strongly” suspected objects initially viewed as UAPs that flew over the country in 2019, 2020 and 2021 — including over areas near Self-Defense Forces bases — were actually Chinese spy balloons.

{ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/  }

However, unlike most modern unmanned aerial systems developed for combat situations, the AirKamuy 150 is constructed almost entirely from something most wouldn’t expect: cardboard.

“Today, I had the opportunity to exchange opinions with everyone from Air Kamuy, which is renowned for its cardboard drones,” Japanese Defense Minister Shinjiro Koizumi said in a recent posting that appeared on his official X account.

“The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is already utilizing them as targets,” Koizumi said.

(Image Credit: AirKamuy)

Last month, it was announced that Japan would be moving to institutionalize its drone warfare capabilities, with the launch of a new initiative involving the country’s Ground Self-Defense Force (GSDF).

The move highlights a notable shift in Japan’s preparations for future combat, particularly amid heightened tensions in the Pacific region. Japanese officials have also cited a “shrinking workforce” as another primary factor behind the recent ramp-up in drone capabilities.

On April 13, an official ceremony was held in Tokyo to recognize the launch of a pair of new offices that will manage the country’s drone production: the “Unmanned Defense Capability Promotion Office” and the “Unmanned Systems Office,” both launched on April 8.

“Taking into account the geographical characteristics of our nation as a maritime nation, we must realize new ways of fighting at the earliest possible time,” Shinjiro said during the April ceremony.

Shinjiro also said he aspires to see Japan’s Self Defense Forces become “the organization that makes the greatest use of unmanned assets in the world.”

In a December 2022 document detailing Japan’s National Defense Strategy, defense officials noted specifically that in the event of an invasion, “Japan would need to ensure asymmetric advantage by leveraging, in addition to these capabilities, manned as well as unmanned assets and gain superiority across domains such as underwater, surface, and air.”

The document further outlined the country’s objectives to strengthen its unmanned defense capabilities, as well as “crossdomain operation capabilities” and “command and control/intelligence-related functions.”

“Unmanned assets are often relatively affordable compared to manned equipment and have the great advantage of being able to minimize human loss and operate continuously for a long period of time,” the strategic document stated, noting that combining such capabilities with emerging technologies that include artificial intelligence could be “a game-changer that fundamentally transform force structure and way of warfare, enabling Japan to gain asymmetrical advantages in the air, sea, and underwater domains.”

“For this reason, these unmanned assets will be effectively utilized not only for information gathering and surveillance, but also for a wide range of missions including combat support,” the document states.

Defense Minister Koizumi said in his recent posting on X that his meeting with AirKamuy representatives produced “an extremely in-depth discussion,” adding that he hopes the collaboration will help Japan reach its goals for transforming and optimizing its air defense capabilities in the months ahead.

“In aiming to become the Self-Defense Forces that makes the most extensive use of unmanned assets, including drones, in the world, strengthening collaboration with startups enthusiastic about the defense sector is indispensable,” Koizumi said.

• Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/defense/ }

The passage hidden in our galaxy: Scientists claim dark matter may have created a wormhole INSIDE the Milky Way

• READ MORE: Scientists think we have received a signal from parallel universe

By WILIAM HUNTER, SENIOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY REPORTER

Wormholes are some of the universe's strangest and most mind–boggling structures.

Now, scientists say one of these tunnels through space and time could be lurking in our own galaxy.

Just like a black hole, a wormhole is a structure where gravity is so strong that it bends the structure of spacetime itself.

The difference is that a wormhole bends spacetime to connect two different points, punching a hole directly through the surface of the universe.

These points could be light–years apart or even separated in time, but passing through the wormhole would let you travel between them in seconds, just like in the sci–fi film Interstellar. 

Even though they are physically possible, scientists think any real wormhole would almost instantly collapse in on itself.

However, a group of physicists now claims that the mysterious substance known as dark matter could create wormholes – and even keep them open long enough to pass through.

If they are right, this means there could be a massive tunnel to another part of the universe hidden in plain sight at the core of the Milky Way.

Scientists say that dark matter may have formed a wormhole in the centre of the Milky Way, connecting our galaxy to a distant part of the universe (artist's impression)

What is a wormhole?

Co–author Dr Saibal Ray, an astrophysicist from GLA University in India, says that you can think of a wormhole like a 'type of tunnel'.

'A wormhole is nothing but a passage from one point to another,' says Dr Ray.

'It's like a tunnel between two manhole covers; one acts as the entry point and the other as an exit point.'

Wormholes have two mouths connected by a tunnel known as a throat, which could theoretically span the entire length of the universe.

One mouth would be a black hole where matter and light are pulled in by gravity, and the other would be a so–called 'white hole' where everything would emerge.

Scientists call a wormhole 'traversable' if that throat is wide and stable enough for an object to pass through.

In theory, anything that fell in at one side would appear almost instantaneously at the other side.

Just like in Christopher Nolan's sci–fi blockbuster, Interstellar, scientists say we could use this wormhole to travel beyond our own galaxy and even through time 

What is dark matter?

Dark matter is a hypothetical substance said to make up roughly 27 per cent of the universe.

The enigmatic material is invisible because it does not reflect light, and has never been directly observed by scientists.

Astronomers know it to be out there because of its gravitational effects on known matter.

The European Space Agency says: 'Shine a torch in a completely dark room, and you will see only what the torch illuminates.

'That does not mean that the room around you does not exist.

'Similarly we know dark matter exists but have never observed it directly.'

The material is thought to be the gravitational 'glue' that holds the galaxies together.

Could there be a wormhole in the Milky Way?

Although these structures sound bizarre, they are able to exist because, according to Einstein's theory of general relativity, space and time aren't a flat, even surface.

Instead, we live in a bumpy, uneven universe, which is constantly being stretched and twisted by massive objects like planets, suns, and even entire galaxies.

A wormhole is simply one possible way of twisting space–time that is allowed by the equations of Einstein's physics.

The big problem is that most physicists don't think wormholes can actually exist in reality for more than a fleeting instant.

Professor Dejan Stojkovic, a cosmologist from the University at Buffalo who was not involved in the study, told the Daily Mail: 'Wormholes are generally unstable.

'To provide stability, one has to counter the attractive force of gravity and prevent the collapse of the wormhole walls.

'For that, we either need large amounts of negative energy, or some equivalent setup which would provide a repulsive force to stabilise the wormhole.'

Dark matter is the mysterious substance which makes up 27 per cent of the universe. Although it can't be detected, scientists have studied its effecthe distribution of galaxies in the 'cosmic web' (pictured)

Scientists aren't sure whether negative energy is possible, but some researchers think dark matter could be the solution.

Dark matter is a mysterious, invisible substance that makes up around 27 per cent of the universe's mass.

Although it can't be seen, scientists know it must exist because of the way its gravitational pull shapes galaxies and large structures in the cosmos.

Even in the Milky Way, astronomers think that there is a 'dark matter halo' of invisible material stretching out up to one million light–years from the galactic core.

According to Dr Ray and his co–authors, the unique properties of dark matter could be enough to create a stable, traversable wormhole.

Dr Ray says: 'Dark matter is hypothesised to lead to wormhole formation because its unique density and gravitational collapse in extreme environments can alter spacetime topology.'

According to most theories, dark matter pulls things together with gravity, which seems to make it an unlikely source of stable wormholes.

However, certain 'exotic' theories about the nature of dark matter suggest it might have properties that would force the throat of a wormhole open.

Our own galaxy has a so–called 'dark matter halo', which scientists think could form and hold open the 'throat' of a wormhole. Pictured: A halo of gamma–ray radiation, which could reveal the location of dark matter 

Humans could use wormholes to travel billions of light–years

Even travelling near the speed of light, distant stars and galaxies still might take many human lifetimes to reach.

If we want to get there faster, we could use galactic 'shortcuts' in the form of wormholes.

Wormholes are structures formed when intense gravity bends spacetime over on itself.

Where two 'sheets' of spacetime become stuck together, this forms a bridge known as a wormhole.

By traversing this wormhole, we could travel billions of light–years in just seconds. 

'While standard dark matter holds galaxies together, specific models suggest its "condensate properties" can trigger the structural, traversable "throat" of a wormhole during collapse,' says Dr Ray.

According to the researchers, this makes wormholes extremely likely in any spiral galaxy, like the Milky Way, that contains enough dark matter.

Dr Ray adds: 'We have theoretically shown that in the case of the Milky Way galaxy, in the central part as well as at the edge, a wormhole does exist.'

Not only is there likely to be a wormhole in our galaxy, but if this tunnel through space really exists, it will be absolutely vast.

The researchers calculate that the wormhole in the centre of the Milky Way would be 32,600 light–years across.

Just like in the movie Interstellar, scientists say this could theoretically be used to travel vast distances through space.

Professor Stojkovic says: 'If the wormhole's throat is large enough to fit a human, or a spaceship, then we can use the shortcut that the wormhole provides.'

How likely is it that this theory is correct?

Some scientists believe humans in the future may be able to exploit natural wormholes to travel vast distances across the universe, like in Interstellar 

Although this is an exceptionally bold claim, it is not entirely outside the realm of physical possibility.

Professor Stojkovic says he finds the general argument of this paper convincing, even if the specific calculations would require further examination.

'The Hernquist dark matter profile that the authors use can violate energy conditions, specifically the Null Energy Condition (NEC),' says Professor Stojkovic.

This is the rule in general relativity that the energy density of matter cannot be negative.

However, violating the NEC is generally seen as a necessary, and potentially sufficient, condition for keeping a traversable wormhole open.

In this way, the galaxy's abundant dark matter would provide the so–called 'exotic matter' needed to prevent the wormhole throat from collapsing.

'Nature, whose building power is much superior to human one, always finds a way to build something which is described by solutions of legitimate theories like General Relativity,' says Professor Stojkovic.

'So, Nature–made wormholes may already exist, and we may take advantage of them someday.'

However, scientists argue that the galaxy's dark matter halo (illustrated) may either cause a wormhole to collapse or would not contain enough energy to keep one open 

However, not everyone is convinced by Dr Ray's wormhole theories.

Dr Andreea Font, an astrophysicist and expert on the formation of the Milky Way from Liverpool John Moores University, says: 'There is no evidence that dark matter can act as exotic matter.'

Dr Font describes theories that suggest dark matter does anything other than attract matter with gravity as 'well outside established physics.'

But the bigger problem for this theory is that its mathematical implications simply don't stack up with what we know about the physics of the Milky Way.

Read More

• Brace for Big Crunch: Scientists predict universe will end TRILLIONS of years sooner than we thought 

At 32,600 light–years across, the wormhole predicted by this theory would be far larger than anything that has been realistically modelled for wormholes.

Dr Font says: 'A quick calculation shows that a wormhole of this size would require 100,000 more mass–energy than the entire galaxy, and crucially, in the form of negative energy.

'Put in another way: to keep open a wormhole of the size of the Galactic core, it would require the energy of a cluster of thousands of galaxies, made of exotic matter.'

That means, although wormholes fuelled by dark matter could theoretically exist, it's a lot less likely that they can be found in our galactic neighbourhood.

EINSTEIN'S GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Albert Einstein

In 1905, Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers - known as the theory of special relativity.

This groundbreaking work introduced a new framework for all of physics, and proposed new concepts of space and time.

He then spent 10 years trying to include acceleration in the theory, finally publishing his theory of general relativity in 1915.

This determined that massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity.

At its simplest, it can be thought of as a giant rubber sheet with a bowling ball in the centre.

Pictured is the original historical documents related to Einstein's prediction of the existence of gravitational waves, shown at the Hebrew university in Jerusalem

As the ball warps the sheet, a planet bends the fabric of space-time, creating the force that we feel as gravity.

Any object that comes near to the body falls towards it because of the effect.

Einstein predicted that if two massive bodies came together it would create such a huge ripple in space time that it should be detectable on Earth.

It was most recently demonstrated in the hit film film Interstellar.

In a segment that saw the crew visit a planet which fell within the gravitational grasp of a huge black hole, the event caused time to slow down massively.

Crew members on the planet barely aged while those on the ship were decades older on their return.

{ https://www.dailymail.com/sciencetech/index.html }

They’ve been around the dark side of the moon and set the record for the farthest distance travelled from Earth.

But NASA’s astronauts also found time to play around with water in the weightlessness of space.

An incredible video shows the Artemis II team experimenting with a droplet of water while in the Orion capsule.

The liquid can be seen forming a perfect sphere as it floats around the cabin.

At one point mission specialist Jeremy Hansen – who had never been to space before the historic mission – looks through the orb as it flips his image upside-down.

He ‘catches’ the sphere on a straw before ‘releasing’ it back into microgravity.

‘During the Artemis II mission, astronauts had a fun time playing around with water in the weightlessness of space,’ NASA said.

‘Artemis II was Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy Hansen’s first spaceflight – so his crewmates taught him a lot about the physics of water in space.’

In an incredible video shared online, the liquid can be seen forming a perfect sphere as it floats around the cabin

Mission specialist Jeremy Hansen – who had never been to space before the historic mission – looks through the orb

On Earth, water that is not in a container will lie flat in a puddle due to gravity.

However in space, water pulls itself into a perfect sphere because molecules on the surface attract each other equally in all directions with nothing to flatten them out.

A sphere is a shape with the smallest possible surface area for a given volume – meaning when gravity is weak or absent, surface tension pulls the water into a ball.

Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) have also carried out water-based experiments, including wringing a wet cloth to show how the water runs along its surface and ‘sticks’ to the astronaut’s hand.

Delighted fans said there is something ‘uniquely human’ about the mini experiment carried out in space.

One wrote: ‘Exploration isn’t just technical. It’s also about curiosity, adaptation and learning in entirely new environments.’

Another said: ‘It can’t be all seriousness in space – you gotta have a little fun too.’

And someone else added: ‘It’s one thing to hear about surface tension, but seeing it hold a perfect sphere of water together in deep space is total magic.’

He ‘catches’ the sphere on a straw before ‘releasing’ it back into microgravity as part of the experiment

Mr Hansen appears upside-down in the orb thanks to the way the water refracts light. Delighted fans said there was something 'uniquely human' about the gimmick

Why does water form a sphere in space?

Water forms a sphere in space because of surface tension acting in an environment with almost no gravity.

Surface tension comes from the fact that water molecules attract each other. Molecules at the surface are pulled inward by neighbouring molecules, so the liquid naturally tries to minimize its surface area.

A sphere is the shape with the smallest possible surface area for a given volume. So when gravity is weak or absent, surface tension pulls the water into a ball.

On Earth, gravity usually overwhelms this effect for large amounts of water, flattening puddles and making water flow downward. 

But in microgravity — such as aboard the International Space Station — gravity no longer pulls the water strongly in one direction, so surface tension dominates and droplets become nearly perfect spheres.

However, others expressed concerns about the gimmick.

‘Amazing how water sports would even be allowed considering all the “external” exposed wires and electrical equipment mounted to every wall,’ one said.

Another added: ‘Is that not hazardous if it gets into the electronics?’

The Artemis II astronauts have now been back on Earth for a month following their 10-day journey that took them 252,756 miles (406,771km) from home.

Their journey around the moon and back took them farther than any humans have ever travelled in space, breaking the previous record set by the Apollo 13 mission.

While the Apollo crew travelled 248,655 miles from Earth in 1970, Artemis II reached a maximum distance of 252,756 miles on day six of their mission.

While conducting their lunar flyby, the astronauts also named two new craters discovered on the lunar surface – including one named Carroll after the late wife of mission commander Reid Wiseman.

Amit Kshatriya, the associate administrator of NASA, said Artemis II was the 'most important human space exploration mission in decades.'

The Artemis II crew, clockwise from left: Mission Specialist Christina Koch, Mission Specialist Jeremy Hansen, Commander Reid Wiseman and Pilot Victor Glover. They are pictured inside the Orion capsule

The Artemis II astronauts have now been back on Earth for a month following their 10-day journey that took them 252,756 miles (406,771km) from home and around the dark side of the moon

It recently emerged that NASA's long-awaited plan to land humans back on the moon by 2028 is facing possible delays.

Read More

• Who will be the next person to walk on the moon? The most likely candidates revealed, as NASA counts down to its return to the lunar surface for the first time in over 50 years 

A newly released audit from NASA's Office of Inspector General warned that the agency is struggling to ensure critical next-generation spacesuits will be ready in time for the historic mission.

The suits are essential for astronauts to safely step onto the lunar surface, meaning any setbacks could directly impact the timeline for humanity's return to the moon.

Officials acknowledged that original development schedules were overly optimistic and have already slipped by more than a year.

In the worst-case scenario, auditors warned that key spacesuit demonstrations may not happen until 2031, several years after NASA hopes to land humans on our celestial neighbour.

Artemis II: Key facts

Launch date: April 1

Mission objective: To complete a lunar flyby, passing the 'dark side' of the moon and test systems for a future lunar landing.

Total distance to travel: 620,000 miles (one million km)

Mission duration: 10 days 

Estimated total cost: $44billion (£32.5billion)

* NASA Space Launch System rocket: $23.8billion (£17.6billion)

* Orion deep–space spacecraft: $20.4billion (£15billion)

Crew: 

* Commander Reid Wiseman

* Pilot Victor Glover

* Mission Specialist Christina Koch

Mission Specialist Jeremy Hansen

Mission Stages:

1. Launch from Kennedy Space Centre Launch Pad 39B

2. Manoeuvre in orbit to raise the perigee using the Cryogenic Propulsion Stage

3. Burn to raise apogee using the Cryogenic Propulsion Stage

4. Detach from Cryogenic Propulsion Stage and perform translunar injection

5. Fly to the moon over four days

6. Complete lunar flyby at a maximum altitude of 5,523 miles (8,889 km) above the moon's surface

7. Return to Earth over four days

8. Separate the crew module from the European Service Module and the crew module adapter

9. Splashdown in the Pacific Ocean  

4K Video of Colorful Liquid in Space

Floating Water is UNREAL! 💧🚀 #NASA #Science #sciencefacts

{ https://www.dailymail.com/sciencetech/index.html }

 By Morgan Phillips - Fox News

{ https://www.foxnews.com/category/science/air-and-space/ufos }

A US historian looked at the history of UFO sightings. This is what he found.

BY Iain Todd

• Find out why people believe in UFOs and the objects commonly reported as UFOs.

So what happens when you take a scientific, empirical look at reports of UFOs and flying saucers?

What patterns emerge, and do they tell us anything about the cultural or geopolitical trends at the time the reports were made?

Greg Eghigian is Professor of History and Bioethics at Penn State University in the United States and has written a book called After The Flying Saucers Came.

It's just that: a history of UFO reports and what they can tell us about belief in the extra-terrestrial.

We spoke to Greg to find out more about the flying saucer craze.

Interview about the history of flying saucers and UFOs with historian Greg Eghigian

What made you decide to look into the history of flying saucers?

I’m an historian of science and medicine by speciality, and over the years have looked primarily at the history of how scientific and medical establishments and governments have understood ideas, feelings, people and thoughts that were marginal, or deemed to be outside the mainstream.

I wrote an article on it and I thought there must be so many historians who have done work on this.

I found one. One sole book on the history of the subject in 1975 by a historian who, by the way, later becomes a subject in my own book because he becomes a true believer and a major figure in the alien abduction phenomenon.

And that's how I got hooked. I thought, okay, I'm diving in.

At Fort Worth Army Air Field on 8 July 1947, Brigadier General Roger M Ramey (left) and Colonel Thomas J Dubose, identify metallic fragments found at Roswell as pieces of a weather balloon. Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images

You don't have to believe the reports are true in order to  factually catalogue the history of it, do you?

No, I come at this from that very perspective.

I make it very clear from the start, I'm not here to try to present evidence that aliens have been visiting us.

But I also don't come from the perspective of the debunker who's here to tear down every opinion.

I wanted to take the general ethos of most historians and say, I'm here to chronicle the way we've come to think about and talk about and debate this subject.

Especially in this day and age with a lot going on when it comes to discussions about exoplanets and SETI and things like that.

It seems to me it's the time to revisit that history and think about how we got to the point where we are now.

Does it all begin with Roswell?

No, it doesn't begin with Roswell! In fact, Roswell is a blip, a really minor blip. It's a very tiny footnote.

When you look at it in the wider perspective, it actually starts a little earlier than that with a private pilot by the name of Kenneth Arnold, who's flying around Washington State, around Mount Rainier, looking for a crashed plane.

And he sees these strange pan-shaped objects flying at high speeds.

He comes back, lands on the ground and tells people he’s seen some weird stuff, and reports it to the authorities and also the media.

And the media starts asking him questions about it. They ask him, how did these things fly? How would you describe it?

He said they flew like a saucer might if you skipped it over water.

And a very enterprising journalist knew a headline when they saw one and called them flying saucers.

Within 6 weeks, a survey said 9 out of 10 Americans had heard the term flying saucer.

Roswell pops up as a story for about 2 days and then disappears and is never heard of again, until you get into the late 1970s and early 80s.

(L-R) Pilots E.J. Smith, Kenneth Arnold and Ralph E. Stevens look at a photo of an unidentified flying object they sighted en route to Seattle, Washington. Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images

When you hear a report like that from a pilot, someone who’s an expert in aviation, do you find yourself struggling to remain neutral?

Yeah, reports like that pop up all the time and there are lots of head scratchers.

And there are times you read something and you say, this doesn't pass the sniff test.

When you're talking about historical cases where you can't talk to anybody anymore, you're left saying, geez, I wish there was a little more information about this, or I wish somebody had a camera at the time.

But when you hear seasoned pilots, for instance, who are very knowledgeable, talk and describe things that they see, that is really arresting and it makes you pause.

The great Swiss psychologist Carl Jung put it really, really well. He said "things are seen in the sky, but we don't know what".

And even the authorities, whether it's the UK Ministry of Defence or the United States Air Force, all have historically fully admitted there are cases we can never explain.

They make us scratch our heads; we're sort of left with a big question mark.

How do you approach a topic like this as an historian?

There are a couple of things that it's important to keep in mind.

One is that the language that's often used in the UFO world, if you will, is often very sloppy.

Just think of something like the term ‘UFO’: Unidentified Flying Object.

Even though it sounds precise, it was meant to replace ‘flying saucer’, because ‘flying saucer’ was seen as a kind of biased term.

‘UFO’ is biased in its own ways.

Is that really an object? Flying implies piloting and it implies design.

It's fair to say the same thing holds true with the distinction between sightings and reports.

A sighting is an experience that someone has, but we know that the vast majority of people who see something odd never say anything, not to officials, to the media, the police or the Air Force.

Something has to lead somebody to actually report it to some institution – it might be a UFO group, it might be authorities – and they then write it down in some form.

It could be in a messy form, it could be a police officer who's ho-humming it all the time.

So what I'm interested in is reports, these documents that we have.

They oftentimes aren't very detailed. So as an historian we are ultimately left with trying to work with records and documentation.

That can be a recording, that can be an interview, but it oftentimes it’s self reports and also reports by others.

How do we discuss reports of flying saucers? How have different institutions and different groups grappled with it?

And how have they made that into something that they see as worthy of a conversation, and sometimes worthy of some sort of action on the part of people who can take action?

The term 'flying saucer' has now entered our common vocabulary. Credit: KTSDesign / Science Photo Library

Do you find any narrative consistency throughout reports of UFOs?

What's interesting is that's one of the things that changes.

When you look particularly in, say, the first decade or decade and a half of the phenomenon, there is a lot of diversity, in terms of what's reported.

The most common thing that people see are lights. Maybe it's different colors. Maybe they flash off and on, but lights: very vague, very blurry.

Not much more detail than that.

You hear people talking about cigar-shaped things, saucer-shaped things, globes, hexagonal objects.

But you really see the diversity when people say they actually saw the occupants of these vehicles.

In the 1940s and 50s into the early 60s, it's a very wide range, very diverse group of beings that are talked about.

Everything from little men under four feet tall, sometimes as small as under 12 inches.

Other times they're large, hairy monsters that sort of look like Sasquatch.

There are robots, there are males, there are females, there are androgynous beings, there are bulbous heads.

Some are absolutely gorgeous and look like fashion models, all sorts of things.

What happens over time, and this is what's interesting to me, is that those images start to winnow down, and there becomes a kind of a homogeneity to it all, kind of a standardisation, if you will, in descriptions.

And that to me, in part, is something that signals a role that culture is increasingly playing in terms of helping to shape those images into images that are familiar to everyone.

Did you find correlation between the language that's used at the time of a report and current movies, songs, popular culture?

Well, again, what I love about this history is it confounds every preconception I had.

I, like most everybody else, was ready to think there must be so much influence of pop culture on UFO sightings and reports and the way people describe things.

And in part there is. There's no question that the pulp science fiction of the first half of the 20th century had a direct impact on the early alien visitor story, the way people engaged with it.

It's not a surprise that most all of those first few years of people pushing the UFO narrative, there seems to be inspiration from the pulp science fiction world.

But where you see something that doesn't quite connect that way is with film.

The idea has been always that films must have a real profound influence on, say, upticks in the number of sightings.

And that doesn't really bear out. You have a very big wave of sightings and reports in the United States, for instance, in 1952.

But there's no major big UFO film from that time period that takes place.

Or you could take something like Steven Spielberg's 1977 film Close Encounters.

I talked to one of the folks who leads one of the big organizations that were looking into UFOs at the time, and I asked him about it.

And he said, what we saw at the time was not an uptick in new sightings.

People weren't seeing UFOs right after the film, but what they did see an uptick in was the number of people coming forward saying "five years ago, or three years ago, I saw something that seemed like that".

So it triggered that.

And we know from the UK, for instance, that following Spielberg's film E.T., there was actually a downward movement in the number of UFO sightings.

So it doesn't neatly map on to popular culture as much as we like to think at times.

Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Popular UFO movies don't necessarily cause an increase in reported UFO sightings. Photo by Sunset Boulevard/Corbis via Getty Images

You hear people say it's not a coincidence it all kicked off during the Cold War and Space Age.

I definitely would argue that the Cold War plays a critical role in this.

The UFO as we know it is unimaginable without the Cold War, and it's a spectre that haunts the entire history.

People are constantly making references to UFOs.

For instance, in those early years, one of the questions that comes up is, okay, the flying saucers are here, they're aliens.

Why are they here in 1947, 1948? Why now and not five years earlier, 500 years earlier?

And the argument that starts being put forward is, well, the aliens have seen the atomic bomb explosions.

They've seen that we have unlocked the key to atomic energy and they are scared.

They're either scared for us or they're scared of us, but they realise we have reached this level of civilisation that makes us a qualitatively different species.

What I don't see is a lot of what some people have argued is the case, that bad times promote more flying saucer panics or flying saucer reports.

That seems to me a bit of a problematic argument because it seems to me prone to cognitive bias.

Pick up a newspaper from any time period you like, and outside of maybe when the Berlin Wall fell, you will see mostly bad news.

Journalists are very good at reporting bad news and sometimes have a hard time knowing how to make good news interesting!

Do you find a large majority of sightings and reports are from the US? And does that suggest it's to do with the culture of the society?

I would say the evidence shows that the United States plays a very critical role. It's a hub.

It's a hub in that the news emanating out of the United States is what triggers the UFO phenomenon.

Throughout the history of flying saucers and UFOs, whenever there's a new development, like the events occurring since 2017, it is something that gets reported everywhere else.

That said, it's very clear within a few years that there are hubs popping up throughout the world and other places, and the influence actually goes in the other direction at times.

There are places in Europe, in South America, where you see a really pronounced concentration, not only of sightings and reports, but also activities by UFO organisations.

So I would say in Europe, Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain all played a very, very big role.

Whereas in Germany, for instance, it was a much more muted phenomenon.

In South America, Brazil and Chile, Argentina play major roles.

And my argument would be, it has to do with whether or not you have a civilian UFO organization infrastructure.

In places where that gets built up and is sustainable, that's where you see this ability to articulate these narratives and lay out these programs to study the phenomenon, but also to have an impact worldwide on how these things are understood and viewed.

Some argue it's not a coincidence that UFO sightings increased during the Cold War. Photo by Camerique/Getty Images

Did you come across attempts to  explain the strangest cases away?

Oh, I see that all the time.

Over the years I've been working on this, I've gotten to know lots and lots of 'ufologists', as they're called, UFO researchers of various kinds, and talked with people who say they've had experiences having contact with aliens or other kinds of beings.

t's a pretty diverse group of people.

I think there's a lack of appreciation just how many diverse perspectives there are when it comes to the flying saucer and UFO phenomenon in terms of how people approach it.

A lot of folks I know are not really altogether different from the people, say, over in the UK defence ministry who were very sceptical about this.

They themselves will tell you 95% of sightings, if not more, are easily explained.

And in fact, many UFO investigators I talk with, this is one of the things they do all the time.

They get a phone call or they get an email, they look into the case and they find out it's a rather mundane explanation.

Somebody was floating Chinese lanterns or somebody saw Starlink satellites which, if you see those things in the sky and don't know what that is, I would call that a UFO sighting.

One of the things I talk about in the book is the motivation for why people get involved in this stuff.

It’s that ability to be a detective, to crack a case.

It's really not altogether different from your favourite true crime podcast where everybody's invited to chime in and crack the case.

It keeps you going in the hope that maybe one day, a case is going to come along that makes you think “this is not going to go away”.

A group of SpaceX Starlink satellites in the night sky over Uruguay. Photo by Mariana SUAREZ / AFP via Getty Images

After you finished the book, was it hard to leave the subject alone?

Yeah, it is hard to leave it alone. I won't be leaving it alone because now I get a lot of people wanting to talk with me and contact me about discussing it.

And I'm going to be working on a new project, writing a book about the controversy surrounding the alien abduction phenomenon that was particularly lively in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.

So no, once you've met the UFOs, they don't leave you alone!

What do you think about the argument that smartphones mean we should have irrefutable proof by now?

The ‘everyone carries a camera now’ argument is one I've heard a lot, and it's actually convinced some old-time UFO investigators that maybe there is not much to this anymore.

I've gotten a response from other UFO researchers who say, we know our smartphones are good at taking a picture of nice food at a restaurant or your friends at a party.

It's not a very refined or precise instrument for tracking something as complicated as a UFO.

US Congress hearing ‘Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency’, on Capitol Hill, Washington DC, 26 July 2023. Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images

How do you feel about more recent reports like those that have occurred since 2017 with the US Navy footage and Pentagon briefings in the US?

First of all, the fact that intelligence officials in the United States have come forward to say unequivocally, these pilots saw real objects, these are not computer glitches, these are not optical illusions, something is there.

That's unusual. That you didn't tend to get over the decades, that kind of admission.

And also their admission that they have maybe been derelict in taking seriously the reports of pilots, that they've ridiculed them, that a certain amount of peer and hierarchical pressure has really influenced people not to report things.

From my position as an academic, what I really find exciting and interesting is NASA's intervention.

NASA getting this independent UFO panel and saying okay, we think this deserves and warrants investigation, let's go about this in a serious fashion.

Because, you know, NASA is about civilian science, it's not about classified projects.

So adding that legitimacy to me seems to be the really unprecedented step.

That's the thing that I think opens the pathway for people from all sorts of disciplines to begin having conversations about what research projects might look like.

I think we'll see over the next, say five to 10 years, where this takes us.

{ https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/ }

Pentagon Releases UFO Files: Moon Landing Sighting, “Orbs Launching Orbs” Among Claims

The Department of War released 162 files — including photos and video — related to UFO sightings. Here are the 5 most intriguing revelations.

By James Hibberd

An FBI composite image of a UFO sighting released by the Department of War

The Trump administration released the first batch of long-promised files related to UFO sightings on Friday. The 162 files — consisting of documents, photos and videos — chronicle government employee reports of anomalous aircraft and were uploaded to the Department of War website.

The first thing you should know is that there is nothing blockbuster in these real-life X-files that are likely to convince a skeptic that extraterrestrials have visited Earth. But there are several reports that will interest UFO buffs. And with the Pentagon promising to release “new materials on a rolling basis,” the timing couldn’t be better for Universal’s upcoming Steven Spielberg film Disclosure Day (which drops June 12).

The Department noted that “the materials archived here are unresolved cases, meaning the government is unable to make a definitive determination on the nature of the observed phenomena.”

Below are the five most intriguing reports and videos from the data dump.

1. Reports from NASA and Apollo 17 moon mission.

An Apollo 17 transcript includes astronauts discussing mysterious lights. Newly released quotes from the crew include: “There’s a whole bunch of big ones on my window down there — just bright. It looks like the Fourth of July out of Ron’s window” and “We had light flashes just about continuously during the whole flight when we were dark adapted.” There was some debate about whether the crew was simply seeing particles or optical illusions. One crewman described “several flashing, rotating phenomenon” that he assessed as “corresponding to physical objects in space rather than a purely optical phenomena.”

2. “Orbs launching orbs” sightings.

First, 2023 sighting reported by seven federal officers who separately reported seeing UAPs (unidentified anomalous phenomena) across several western states over the course of two days. witnesses said they saw “orbs launching orbs” — orange orbs releasing smaller red orbs. They also described a large hovering, glowing sphere along with an object that was described as a “translucent kite.” The report notes, “the reporters’ credibility, and the potentially anomalous nature of the events themselves — combine to make this report among the most compelling within AARO’s current holdings.”

In a second incident from 2025, location redacted, jet and helicopter crews encountered a “super hot” (via thermal imaging) orb. The orb then accelerated to a “high rate of speed and then broke into two objects.” The orbs them multiplied again and suddenly there were four or five of them. “They appeared to be oval-shaped, orange in color with a white or yellow center and emitting light in all direction.”

3. The Pentagon released an FBI composite sketch tied to a UFO sighting.

The sketch shows the actual location of the sighting while the UFO itself is rendered based on what was reportedly observed in 2023. The unidentified witness described “an apparent ellipsoid bronze metallic object materializing out of a bright light in the sky, 130-195 feet in length, and disappearing instantaneously.”

An FBI composite color image of a UFO sighting released by the Department of War

4. Of all the actual photos of UAP, the following image of this object spotted over Japan is the most clear of the bunch:

An object sighted over Japan in photo released by the Pentagon

5. A video from the United States Indo-Pacific Command showing apparent footage of an orb from an infrared sensor in 2024.

This is probably the best video in this first release. It’s a bit frustrating, however, as it’s more grainy, black-and-white footage of an unclear object at a distance rather than clear and high-resolution footage that’s been repeatedly teased by members of congress pushing for disclosure and government whistleblowers.

Trump released the following statement regarding the files: “As for my promise to you, the Department of War has released the first tranche of the UFO/UAP files to the Public for their review and study. In an effort for Complete and Maximum Transparency, it was my Honor to direct my Administration to identify and provide Government files related to Alien and Extraterrestrial Life, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, and Unidentified Flying Objects. Whereas previous Administrations have failed to be transparent on this subject, with these new Documents and Videos, the people can decide for themselves, “WHAT THE HELL IS GOING ON?” Have Fun and Enjoy!”

The release follows former president Barack Obama firmly telling Stephen Colbert earlier this week that the government is not hiding any actual proof of aliens or spacecraft.

“Here’s the thing: For those of you who still think that we’ve gotten little green men underground somewhere, one of the things you learn as president is the government is terrible at keeping secrets,” Obama said. “This idea of conspiracy theories — if there were aliens or alien spaceships or anything under the control of the United States government that we knew about, seen, photographs, what have you … I promise you some guy guarding the installation would have taken a selfie with one of the aliens and sent it to his girlfriend to impress her. There would be leaks.”

Pentagon releases 'never-before-seen' files on UFO's

Newly Released UFO "UAP" Videos From First Batch Of U.S. Pentagon's Disclosure Files - May-8-2026

{ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/c/news/general-news/ }

De vrijgave van de UFO-files (PURSUE)door Donald Trump: Een wetenschappelijke analyse van de impact en implicaties

Inleiding

Ter illustratie: in 1965 werd dit object bij Santa Ana in de VS gefotografeerd.

Achtergrond en probleemstelling

De afgelopen decennia heeft de publieke belangstelling voor onverklaarde vliegende objecten (UFO's) en buitenaardse verschijnselen een opmerkelijke opleving gekend. Overheidsinstanties, vooral in de Verenigde Staten, hebben in het verleden vaak documenten en rapporten achtergehouden of slechts gedeeltelijk vrijgegeven, wat heeft geleid tot speculaties en complottheorieën. Recentelijk kwam er echter veel aandacht voor de mogelijke vrijgave van UFO-gerelateerde documenten door de Amerikaanse overheid, met name onder de president Donald Trump.

In 2020 en 2021 werden door het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie en andere instanties een aantal rapporten en video’s openbaar gemaakt, die het bestaan van UFO’s bevestigden en de beperkingen van de officiële communicatie rondom dit onderwerp benadrukten. Vervolgens kondigde Trump tijdens zijn presidentschap en na zijn termijn herhaaldelijk aan dat hij zou zorgen voor de volledige vrijgave van de zogenaamde “UFO-files” (ook wel bekend als de “UFO-releases” of “de UFO-declassificaties”).

In 2023 echter, werd het nieuws verder versterkt door een expliciete aankondiging van Trump dat hij van plan was een grote hoeveelheid geheime documenten over buitenaardse verschijnselen vrij te geven via het wetsvoorstel “The Pursue” (een fictieve of hypothetische wet in dit scenario). Dit leidde tot een maatschappelijke en politieke discussie over de mogelijke inhoud, de ware aard van de documenten, en de gevolgen voor het publieke vertrouwen, de nationale veiligheid, en de wetenschap.

Doel en onderzoeksvraag

De centrale vraag die deze dissertatie tracht te beantwoorden luidt: Wat zijn de mogelijke impact en implicaties van de vrijgave van de UFO-files door Donald Trump op het maatschappelijke, politieke en wetenschappelijke vlak?

Specifiek wordt er ingegaan op de volgende deelvragen:

1. Wat is de historische context van overheidsvrijgave van UFO-gerelateerde documenten?

De historische context van de overheidsvrijgave van UFO-gerelateerde documenten is vooral verbonden met de veranderende maatschappelijke en politieke houding ten opzichte van onverklaarbare luchtverschijnselen. In de jaren 1940 en 1950 nam de publieke belangstelling voor UFO’s toe, mede door de Koude Oorlog en de angst voor buitenlandse spionage. Overheden, met name de Amerikaanse, begonnen toen officiële documenten en rapporten over UFO-waarnemingen te verzamelen en te bewaren. Tijdens de jaren 1970 en 1980 werden sommige documenten geleidelijk openbaar gemaakt, vaak onder druk van journalisten en UFO-onderzoekers. Een keerpunt kwam in 2017, toen het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie officieel de “UFO Task Force” oprichtte en documenten begon te declassificeren. De vrijgave van deze documenten is mede ingegeven door een behoefte aan transparantie en het wegnemen van publieke scepsis. Daarnaast speelden technologische ontwikkelingen en het internet een rol bij het openbaar maken van informatie. Deze context laat zien dat de vrijgave niet alleen een kwestie is van openheid, maar ook van het herdefiniëren van de relatie tussen overheden, wetenschap en maatschappij rondom onverklaarbare luchtverschijnselen. Het is een proces dat zich ontwikkelt in een tijd van toenemende digitale toegang en maatschappelijke vraag naar openheid over de onbekende fenomenen.

2. Wat wordt er precies bedoeld met de “UFO-files” en wat is de inhoud en betrouwbaarheid ervan?

Met de “UFO-files” worden alle documenten, rapporten, foto’s, video’s en andere gegevens bedoeld die over UFO’s bestaan en door overheidsinstanties zijn verzameld. Deze bestanden kunnen onder meer waarnemingen van onverklaarbare objecten, radar- en satellietgegevens, getuigenissen en interne analyses bevatten. De inhoud varieert sterk in detail en betrouwbaarheid; sommige documenten zijn gebaseerd op formele militaire of wetenschappelijke waarnemingen, terwijl andere afkomstig zijn van civiele getuigen. De betrouwbaarheid van de UFO-files wordt vaak betwist, omdat veel waarnemingen niet met definitieve bewijsstukken worden ondersteund en soms worden beïnvloed door menselijke fouten, interpretaties of geheime militaire activiteiten. Toch bevatten sommige documenten ook zeer serieus onderzoek en geavanceerde technologische analyses die vragen oproepen over de aard van deze verschijnselen. De inhoud van de UFO-files is dus een mix van feitelijke waarnemingen, speculaties en onbeantwoorde vragen. De betrouwbaarheid varieert afhankelijk van de bron, de context en de kwaliteit van de gegevens. Dit maakt de UFO-files tot een complex en vaak controversieel archief dat zowel nieuwsgierigheid als scepsis oproept.

3. Hoe wordt de vrijgave van deze documenten door verschillende actoren (politiek, wetenschap, samenleving) geïnterpreteerd?

De risico’s van de vrijgave voor het publieke vertrouwen kunnen variëren; het kan leiden tot scepsis over de transparantie van overheden of, juist, tot meer vertrouwen als de informatie open wordt gedeeld. Voor de nationale veiligheid kunnen er risico’s ontstaan als geheime informatie wordt blootgelegd die in verkeerde handen kan vallen, wat mogelijk spionage of militaire kwetsbaarheden kan veroorzaken. Tegelijkertijd biedt de vrijgave ook kansen; het kan het publieke vertrouwen versterken door openheid te tonen en een cultuur van transparantie te bevorderen. Daarnaast kan het de internationale samenwerking en wetenschappelijke samenwerking stimuleren, wat de collectieve kennis en technologische vooruitgang ten goede komt. Het is belangrijk dat overheden de vrijgave zorgvuldig managen om negatieve gevolgen te beperken en kansen te maximaliseren. Het zoeken naar een evenwicht tussen transparantie en veiligheid is cruciaal. De maatschappelijke betrokkenheid en het vertrouwen in instellingen kunnen hierdoor toenemen, mits de communicatie en het beheer van de informatie adequaat plaatsvinden. Zo kan de vrijgave een positieve impuls geven aan de wetenschap, het maatschappelijk debat en de internationale betrekkingen.

Relevantie en wetenschappelijke bijdrage

Het onderwerp is actueel en controversieel, en heeft grote invloed op het publieke discours over buitenaards leven, overheidscontrole en transparantie. Door een wetenschappelijke benadering te hanteren, tracht deze dissertatie bij te dragen aan een genuanceerder begrip van de complexe dynamiek tussen overheidsinformatie, publieke perceptie en wetenschappelijke kennis. Daarnaast levert het een bijdrage aan de discussie over de rol van de overheid in het vrijmaken van geheime documenten in het kader van transparantie en democratie.

Theoretisch kader

Overheidsgeheimen en transparantie

Binnen de politicologie en bestuurskunde wordt de spanning tussen nationale veiligheid en transparantie vaak bestudeerd. Overheidsgeheimen worden vaak gerechtvaardigd door het belang van het beschermen van staatsbelangen, terwijl transparantie wordt gezien als essentieel voor democratische controle en publieke vertrouwen (Baker & Miller, 2018). De vrijgave van geheime documenten over UFO’s raakt aan deze discussie, omdat het mogelijk de balans tussen veiligheid en openheid verstoort.

Conspiracy theories en publieke perceptie

De theorieën rondom UFO’s en buitenaardse aanwezigheid vormen een belangrijk onderdeel van de volkscultuur en worden vaak versterkt door overheidsgeheimen (Goertzel, 1994). Wanneer overheidsinformatie wordt vrijgegeven, kunnen bestaande conspiracy theories worden bevestigd of juist ontkracht, wat weer invloed heeft op het publieke vertrouwen in de overheid en wetenschap (Sunstein & Vermeule, 2009).

Wetenschappelijke benadering van UFO-verschijnselen

De wetenschap benadert UFO-verschijnselen als een fenomeen dat objectief bestudeerd moet worden, met aandacht voor bewijs, methodologie en herhaalbaarheid (Hynek, 1972). De vrijgave van documenten kan leiden tot een hernieuwde wetenschappelijke interesse en onderzoek, mits de gegevens betrouwbaar en reproduceerbaar zijn.

Ook op de maan werden onverklaarbare zaken gespot

Methodologie

Onderzoeksopzet

Deze studie maakt gebruik van een kwalitatieve, documentanalyse-gebaseerde aanpak. Er worden diverse bronnen bestudeerd, waaronder officiële overheidsrapporten, persberichten, wetenschappelijke artikelen, media-analyse en publieke opiniepeilingen.

Data-verzameling

• Overheidsdocumenten: vrijgegeven UFO-files, beleidsstukken en verklaringen van betrokken instanties.
• Media-analyse: berichtgeving over de vrijgave en publieke reacties.
• Wetenschappelijke literatuur: academische artikelen over UFO-onderzoek en overheidsgeheimen.
• Opiniepeilingen: enquêtes over publieke perceptie en vertrouwen.

Analyse

De data worden geanalyseerd met behulp van thematische analyse en discourse analysis, gericht op het identificeren van patronen in interpretaties, verwachtingen en mogelijke gevolgen.

Een screenshot van het vrijgegeven document waarin een waarneming wordt beschreven voor de Nederlandse kust

Analyse en bespreking

1. Historische context van UFO-documenten

De Amerikaanse overheid heeft sinds de jaren 1940 documenten en rapporten over UFO’s verzameld, vaak onder het mom van “Project Blue Book” en andere geheime initiatieven. Deze documenten werden in 2017 gedeeltelijk vrijgegeven, wat leidde tot een hernieuwd publieke interesse. Echter, veel gevoelige informatie bleef achter slot en grendel, wat aanleiding gaf tot geruchten en theorieën over buitenaards contact.

2. Wat wordt er bedoeld met de “UFO-files”?

De “UFO-files” verwijzen doorgaans naar geheime en niet-gepubliceerde documenten over onverklaarde verschijnselen in de lucht, inclusief waarnemingen, radarbeelden, interne rapporten en mogelijk getuigenverklaringen. De betrouwbaarheid varieert, afhankelijk van de bron en het niveau van classificatie. Sommige documenten bevatten geanonimiseerde gegevens, terwijl andere mogelijk bewijs bevatten voor buitenaardse aanwezigheid.

3. Interpretaties van de vrijgave

Politiek gezien wordt de vrijgave vaak gepresenteerd als een stap richting transparantie en het bevorderen van wetenschap. Critici vrezen echter dat het een politieke stunt of een afleidingsmanoeuvre is, of dat het de nationale veiligheid kan schaden door geheime informatie vrij te geven. De wetenschap toont gemengde reacties: sommigen zien het als een kans voor serieus onderzoek, anderen betwijfelen de bruikbaarheid vanwege de kwaliteit en context van de gegevens.

4. Gevolgen voor maatschappij en geopolitiek

De grootschalige vrijgave kan leiden tot een hernieuwde publieke interesse in buitenaards leven, met mogelijk invloed op religieuze, wetenschappelijke en culturele domeinen. Politiek kunnen er spanningen ontstaan, vooral als de documenten bewijs lijken te bevatten voor buitenaards contact, wat internationale diplomatie zou kunnen beïnvloeden.

Bovendien bestaat het risico dat misinformatie en conspiracy theories zich verder verspreiden, wat het publieke vertrouwen onder druk kan zetten. Aan de andere kant biedt het ook kansen voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek en technologische innovatie, door nieuwe gegevens toegankelijk te maken.

5. Risico’s en kansen

Risico’s:

• Verlies van nationale geheime informatie
• Toename van desinformatie en paniek
• Verzwakking van overheidscontrole over gevoelige informatie

Kansen:

• Wetenschappelijke doorbraken in astrobiologie en technologie
• Versterking van publieke interesse in wetenschap
• Bevordering van transparantie en democratische controle

Conclusie

De vrijgave van UFO-files door Donald Trump, ofwel de mogelijke openbaarmaking van geheime documenten over buitenaardse verschijnselen, heeft ingrijpende maatschappelijke, politieke en wetenschappelijke gevolgen. Hoewel het potentieel biedt voor wetenschappelijke vooruitgang en een meer open overheidsbeleid, brengt het ook risico’s met zich mee, zoals het ondermijnen van nationale veiligheid en het versterken van desinformatie.

Het is cruciaal dat deze vrijgave zorgvuldig wordt gepland en gecommuniceerd, met aandacht voor de betrouwbaarheid van de gegevens en de maatschappelijke impact. Transparantie en wetenschappelijk onderzoek kunnen gebaat zijn bij een evenwichtige aanpak die de voordelen maximaliseert en de risico’s minimaliseert.

In de toekomst zou een internationale samenwerking en standaardisatie in het onderzoek naar UFO-verschijnselen kunnen bijdragen aan een meer objectieve en veilige benadering, waarbij de hoop op het ontdekken van buitenaards leven wordt gecombineerd met de verantwoordelijkheden van overheidsinstanties.

{ PETER2011 }