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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES

UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
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Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie! Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek! België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch. Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen! Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie. Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen. Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek! Blijf Op De Hoogte! Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren! Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.

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The Reptilian Encounters: Shapeshifting Entities, Lizardmen, and Supernatural Beings!

The Reptilian Encounters: Shapeshifting Entities, Lizardmen, and Supernatural Beings!

The Reptilian Encounters: Shapeshifting Entities, Lizardmen, and Supernatural Beings!

There is little doubt that the notion of encounters with reptilians, whether an indigenous species, supernatural entities, or alien creatures from another world, are some of the most controversial, even within conspiracy and UFO circles; they are also some of the most persistent and intriguing. Can they really shapeshift in and out of human form, and do they walk among us? Have they managed to negotiate themselves into positions of power, including presidents, prime ministers, and even monarchs, and discreetly rule over us? And have they done so since antiquity, perhaps arriving here tens, maybe hundreds of thousands of years ago from another world?

Indeed, while these questions could (and almost certainly will do so in the near future) form the basis for an article in their own right, what we will concentrate on here is just some of the many reported encounters with reptilian entities from across the decades and around the world.

Before we explore just some of the many encounters on record with apparent reptilian entities, it is worth our time to examine the 1982 thought experiments of paleontologist Dale Russell from the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. Russell theorized what might happen if one or more of the dinosaurs had managed to survive the extinction event and then developed in a similar way that mammals had, eventually evolving into an upright-walking humanoid being – essentially, a reptilian humanoid.

Russell and his team looked at dinosaurs that would have had the best chance of surviving the event and then evolving in such a way. They named their speculative evolved being a Troodon, and speculated just how it would have developed. They suggested, for example, that it would have semi-manipulative fingers that would have evolved over time into hands – with fully-working thumbs – similar to human beings that would allow them to grasp and manipulate. The creature would have a larger than usual head to contain its increased-sized brain, and would, ultimately, be highly intelligent. It wouldn’t, however, have mammary glands, and, as such, would likely have nourished its offspring through the regurgitation of food, similar to how birds feed their young. Perhaps the most interesting detail of all, though, was Russell’s theories as to just how these creatures would sound, suggesting that they would have voices or speech with a bird-like quality to it, similar to a bird’s song. It is interesting to note that many people who have claimed to have encountered these strange entities state that their speech – even though they couldn’t understand the language – sounded bird-like.    

Arguably one of the earliest accounts that hints at what we would recognize as a reptilian being dates back to 1770 in Staffordshire, England, and can be found in the book The Rosicrucians: Their Rites and Mysteries by Hargrave Jennings. According to the account, while digging in a field, a laborer uncovered a bizarre, stone staircase heading deep into the ground. Immediately curious, the man began down the steps, venturing several hundred feet below the ground until he found himself inside a “large underground chamber!” He looked around him, noting that the room was full of “strange objects and large machines!” Even stranger, the room was lit up by a “strange, ever-luminous sphere!” (we might imagine this ever-luminous sphere is some kind of electric light!).

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It was at this point that the man suddenly became aware of a figure wearing a hooded robe and sitting in a throne-like chair at the other side of the chamber, watching him. As trivial as this detail might sound, there are many accounts from the modern era of people finding themselves in underground locations with reptilian entities wearing hooded robes. Was this the case here?

Suddenly, without warning, this robed figure stood from the chair and swung a bat-like object that was in one of his hands at the glowing sphere, smashing it to pieces and casting the entire chamber into thick, black darkness. The laborer immediately turned and ran the way he had come, clambering up the stone steps as quickly as he could. After what felt like an eternity, he emerged from the secret tunnel and out into the field. Incidentally, it didn’t take long for word to get around the village of the man’s discovery, and rumors began to swirl that what had been found was a hideout of high-ranking Rosicrucians who “hoarded their scientific secrets” and other advanced technology in such underground lairs. Of course, whether this was the case or whether the figure the laborer happened upon was a reptilian entity remains open to debate.

There are also many accounts of reptilian entities from the modern era. At just after midnight on March 3rd, 1972, in Loveland, Ohio, for example, police officer Ray Shockey was on patrol when he noticed what he thought was a stray dog at the side of the road. He pulled his car to the roadside and went to get out. However, before he could do so, the creature in front of his vehicle jumped to its feet and leaped over a barrier at the side of the road. When the ground where the creature had been seen was investigated a short time later, there were clear signs of “scrape marks” on the embankment. Officer Mark Matthews reported seeing what is presumed to be the same creature – referred to as the Loveman Frogman – two weeks later on the evening of March 17th in almost identical circumstances.

According to an account in the book Unknown Creatures by Robert Benjamin, a decade and a half later, in 1988 in Bishopville, South Carolina, Christopher Davis was driving along a road alongside the Scape Ore Swamp when he realized he had a flat tire and so pulled his vehicle to the side of the road to change it. As he was doing so, he noticed a monstrous reptile-like creature suddenly emerge out of the nearby woodland. He later described this creature as being around seven feet in height with green, scaly skin and hands that were like sharp claws. Davis immediately forgot about changing the tire, got back in the car, and sped away as quickly as he could.

One of the most (relatively speaking) recent encounters surfaced in January 2015 in the San Doong Cave in Vietnam. The cave system in question was first discovered in 1995 and has taken decades to explore, with some regions still largely unexplored by the time it was opened to the public in 2013. These unexplored regions remain off-limits to all but those with specific permission, but a little under two years after the opening, these unexplored regions were thrust into the spotlight. A video appeared on YouTube that appeared to show a reptilian-looking creature lurking in the darkness of the cave. The person who took the video footage claimed that the bizarre-looking entity appeared like a “devil creature” and had a human stance but the face of a “dragon or lizard!”

Even more interesting, around a month after the video appeared, another report appeared online, this time from a former United States soldier who had served in the same region of the country during the Vietnam War. He claimed that at some time in 1970, near the same cave system as shown in the recently released video showing the reptilian entity, he and several members of his unit witnessed an almost identical creature. He described the figure as an “upright lizard humanoid” that stood at least seven feet high. They all opened fire on the menacing creature, but it seemed to disappear into thin air. They made an immediate report to their superiors, but it was, essentially, swept under the carpet, and none of them heard anything more of the incident.  

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A particularly intriguing encounter unfolded sometime in late 1999 in Connecticut in the United States. According to an article in the November 7th, 1999 edition of The Hartford Courant-Connecticut News by Christine Dempsey, on the night in question, five young men - 19-year-old Jeremy Sander, 18-year-old Shaun Cyr, 18-year-old Paul Poniatowski, 18-year-old Joseph Robinson, and 23-year-old Todd Silber – were practicing martial arts at Devil’s Hopyard State Park after having just finished a martial arts class in nearby Tolland. The location presented them with clear “open spaces” that allowed them to practice complicated moves away from other people. The evening progressed without incident, to begin with. Then, Poniatowski claimed to have suddenly heard someone “whispering” his name. Of more concern, this strange voice also stated that they should “leave now or join us forever!”

Several moments later, another of the group heard the whispered warnings, and a short time after that, the group decided to leave. As they did so, much to their concern, they heard an ominous, disturbing laughter. The strangest recollection of all, though, was that of Robinson, who claimed that he witnessed a “beast-like demon” sitting on a fence close to where they had been practicing only moments earlier. Poniatowski seemingly backed this up somewhat, claiming that saw a “shadow with a jagged edge!” Then, things turned even stranger. Silber suddenly rose into the air as if he was picked up by a pair of powerful arms before he was thrown through the air as if he were nothing but a rag doll. Only a tree broke his momentum, causing him to crash to the ground. A moment later, he got to his feet, four claw marks clearly visible through his (now) slashed jeans.

The group ran as fast as they could to their car. Once they were on the road, Cyr urged Sander, who was driving, to head to the nearby town of Manchester so that they could visit Reverend David Bowser in light of what they had just seen. He did so, and they arrived at Bowser’s home a little after 2 am. Cyr and Silber immediately got out of the vehicle and raced to the front door of the property. Unfortunately, the evening was about to take an even stranger turn.

Unaware of who was knocking at his door, and why, at such a late hour, Bowser called the police. Officer Scott Ventura arrived a short time later and, understandably, questioned the group as to what they were doing at the reverend’s house so late at night. Unfortunately for them, when the police searched their vehicle, they discovered several of the items they used for their training – items such as a samurai sword, baseball bats, and several knives, all of which could also be viewed as weapons. Ultimately, in part due to the obvious discomfort of Bowser, not to mention the late hour, as well as their unlikely story and Cyr’s increasingly agitated state, Ventura arrested all five of the men. During the exchange, Cyr had even lost consciousness, which his friends attributed to diabetic shock. However, he would later state that Ventura, albeit briefly, appeared identical to the shadowy figure he had seen earlier. They were eventually charged with carrying weapons and disturbing the peace. Just what they had witnessed in the park that night remains a complete mystery.

More recently, in an ancient cave system in northern Austria in 2011, a witness referred to only as “Gregor” was investigating a salt mine when he suddenly found himself in the middle of a surreal situation. He was at a depth of around 150 feet below the ground and was removing chippings from one of the walls for later study when he heard the sound of strange voices close by. He stopped the chipping for a moment and listened in an attempt to locate where the voices were coming from. After several moments, the voices seemed to stop, and Gregor decided to move on to a small chamber in the mine a short distance from where he was standing.

As soon as he stepped inside the chamber, a pungent smell of “something rotting” confronted him. A moment later, the voices began once more. This time, though, they appeared much closer. He instinctively turned to leave the chamber. Before he did, though, he took one last glance toward the other entrance, noticing a light coming from it, as if someone was approaching the room. He quickly made sure he was out of sight but was able to peer around the corner undetected. He was more than shocked to see several “lizard-like creatures” standing upright, exactly as a human would. Even stranger, each of these figures wore the same uniform, from which a large lizard-like tail protruded and trailed behind them. He further recalled that although the language these creatures spoke was “human-like,” it was a language unknown to him. Ultimately, he backed out of the chamber as quickly and quietly as he could, and then left the salt mine.

Another fascinating encounter with underground reptilian entities comes to us from the personal research files of author Cherry Hinkle, whose son, Marc Brooks, 13 years old at the time, found himself in a bizarre and surreal situation in the cave systems around Black Mountain just outside of Henderson in Nevada in 1977. On the day in question, Marc and a friend – “Harry” – were hiking near the cave systems around Black Mountain – and we should remember that this was when the land in the region had no highways or businesses, and was nothing but desert land. As they ventured into one of these caves, though, they suddenly found themselves in a strange, circular chamber. As they examined this chamber, they stumbled upon another opening, one that led somewhere that was so dark the lights from their flashlights could barely penetrate the blackness. Moreover, upon closer examination, although there was a branch ladder on the side of this entrance, it was essentially a shaft that led to an almost vertical drop. Despite all of this, curiosity got the better of the two boys, and they decided to explore further.  

They descended the shaft and began down a deep tunnel. It wasn’t long before they could hear the sound of voices, as well as what sounded like the “distant humming of machines!” Each believing they had stumbled onto some kind of secret mining operation, they continued on, eventually coming to a large, rusty, metal door. Of more immediate concern to the boys was a strange, metallic rod that they found next to the door. It was around a foot in length and had a cap on one end with a strange symbol carved into it. Marc picked up the rod. He expected it to be heavy, but much to his surprise, he found it was very lightweight. He turned the rod over in his hands, intrigued with it, and then placed it through his belt buckle.

At this point, Marc and Harry turned their attention back to the large door. Marc reached for the doorknob, twisting and rattling it several times in an attempt to open it, but it remained steadfastly in place. Moments later, the two boys heard the sound of approaching footsteps as well as bizarre animalistic voices coming from the other side of the door, causing a surge of fear to rise up in each of them. They turned and ran as fast as they could, the sound of the metal door opening coming from behind them. They clambered up the shaft and back into the circular chamber. At this point, both of the boys ran toward the entrance as fast as they could, eventually breaking out of the darkness and into the light of the afternoon. They weren’t sure how far they ran before they stopped to rest and look back. When they did, though, they realized that Marc still had the strange rod they had found near the metal door. It was as they were examining it in awe that a sudden growl-like roar reached their ears.

They quickly spun round to face the way they had just run from. There in the cave entrance was a “large greenish humanoid” – and what’s more, it was heading in their direction. The two boys turned and ran as fast as they could once more. Eventually, Marc’s backyard came into view, and they slowed slightly. However, when they turned around, the humanoid creature was still in pursuit – and was getting closer.  The two boys sped up once more and didn’t slow down until they burst through the door of Marc’s house. As soon as they were inside, Marc turned and locked the door, calling out as he did so, “He’s going to get us – don’t open the door!”

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At this point, Marc’s mother, Cherry, ran into the room, gasping when she saw the state of terror both boys were clearly in. As she was taking in the scene before her, Harry suddenly blurted out that the creature outside was “big and looked mean,” also imploring Marc’s mother not to open the door. Still thinking the boys had been spooked by something – or someone – perfectly rational, Cherry told the two boys to get a drink of water while she went to “speak with the man” outside. Each of them insisted that “he’s not a man” and that he would kill them all if she opened the door. Cherry was about to protest once more before Marc stated that the figure outside “looks like a man but his face looks like a snake – like a lizardman!” He also stated that this creature was “naked except for a wide belt with stuff on it!” This last detail of a strange belt is worth highlighting. Not only does it come up a lot in apparent encounters with reptilians, but there are legends of a similar belt (often referred to as a wolfstrap) that can be found in accounts of alleged werewolves. Might we consider if these two creatures – if indeed they do exist in reality – are the same if different manifestations of the same supernatural source? It is certainly something worth keeping on the mental backburner.

Although Cherry now halted her advance to the door, she continued to insist that the creature the two boys had seen was likely someone – perhaps an older boy – wearing a costume as part of a joke or prank. It was only when the two boys admitted they had been in the cave systems of Black Mountain – a location, incidentally, that Cherry had forbidden the boys from visiting – that Cherry ceased her protests, and instead went to the window and peered out. As she did so, Marc continued that the creature had emerged from one of the caves and was so large that it could barely squeeze out of the entrance. Cherry could see no one outside and turned around to speak to the boys once more. When she did, she immediately caught sight of the strange rod the boys had found earlier. She asked the boys what it was, which seemingly reminded Marc that it was attached to his belt. He immediately reached for it and threw it down in fear.

Cherry moved forward to pick up the rod, causing Harry to warn her that it might be dangerous. She reasoned with the boys that they had carried it from the cave to the house and come to no harm, so it was unlikely to be dangerous, before reaching for it and picking it up. She examined it closely, particularly the strange symbols engraved in it. They were seemingly random combinations of circles, triangles, and spirals, although their meaning was beyond any of their comprehension. The metal cap on the top of the rod was rigid and didn’t move, and there was no other obvious “on” switch. Cherry later wrote that she “knew it was not a toy, but (it was) nothing I recognized!”

By this time, it was beginning to get dark outside, and Cherry decided that she and Marc would walk Harry home to ensure he arrived there safely. They did so, and by the time they returned, it was almost midnight. Marc, Cherry noted, was still clearly anxious, repeatedly returning to the window and peering outside. Eventually, the pair retired to bed for the night. The bizarre events, however, were far from over.

At just after 2 am, Marc entered his mother’s bedroom and woke her up, claiming that there was someone – or something – trying to get into his room through his window. At this point, Cherry suddenly felt scared and vulnerable, and the realization that she was alone with Marc and three other children in the house suddenly grew clearer. As quietly and calmly as she could, she reached for a flashlight and made her way to Marc’s bedroom. She crept to the window and reached for the curtain. When she drew it back, she was confronted with a sight she was not prepared for.

There, on the other side of the glass, was a monstrous figure with “a large head with ridges on the top” and “other ridges on his cheekbones!” Moreover, the creature’s eyes were glowing a sickly golden-yellow color. She realized Marc was standing beside her, and each of them stared at the beastly figure as it stared directly back at them. They noticed that one of its large hands was on the glass, noting that it appeared “large, with webbed, rough, gnarly-looking fingers with powerful claws!”

Cherry realized that she was shining the beam of the flashlight directly at the creature’s face. She began to feel even more fright run through her and began looking around the room in an attempt to locate something she could use as a weapon. Although she didn’t know how she knew, she got the impression that the creature realized what her intentions were. It suddenly “turned its head a little as if asking a question!” As it did so, Cherry could clearly see “four pointed teeth” protruding from its mouth. Just as she thought the creature would attempt to crash through the window and launch an attack, it turned and ran from the house, disappearing into the night.

After gathering their thoughts, Cherry and Marc made their way from room to room, checking every window and door as they did so. Cherry noted that the windows in Marc’s bedroom (where they had seen the creature) were particularly high from the ground, telling her that the creature must have been at least seven feet in height.  

They agreed that the creature had likely returned to the house in an attempt to retrieve the metal rod Marc and Harry had brought from the cave. As soon as it was light outside, they drove to the cave in question, and Marc left the rod near the entrance, fearing that if they didn’t return the device, the creature would likely return. Although it isn’t known if the creature retrieved the rod from the entrance, neither Marc nor Cherry had any further encounters with this particular lizard-like humanoid again. Unfortunately, Marc passed away in 1999, but Cherry still lives close to Black Mountain. Although she hasn’t had any further encounters with the apparent reptilian entity, there have been persistent claims from local residents of a strange and bizarre rumbling noise coming from under the ground in the area around Black Mountain.    

Without a doubt, one of the most thought-provoking accounts of apparent reptilian entities can be found in the book A Look Through The Secret Doors by John Macklin. In it, an account is relayed that unfolded in Manila in the Philippines in May 1951 and was a series of incidents that were witnessed by multiple people. On the evening in question, as there had been for several weeks, there was an increased police presence in the city of Manila due to the expectation of “trouble” and general public disturbances. Because of this increased police presence, when Clarita Villanueva experienced one of the most terrifying events of her life, several on-duty police officers were there to witness it after receiving a call to their respective patrol cars about some kind of disturbance in the city.

Several officers made their way to the location and quickly noticed a crowd had gathered on the street. The officers exited their vehicles and made their way to the crowd, fully expecting to find a street brawl underway. However, upon arrival, they could see the events were altogether stranger. As they pushed their way through the crowd, they could see that they were gathered around a young girl who was writhing around in pain on the ground, and making motions as if she were being attacked by an invisible entity. As the officers looked on, they all heard the terrified girl exclaim, “Keep it away from me,” quickly followed by, “Someone help me!” The officers looked on at the bizarre scene in front of them in complete shock as the girl then screamed that her attacker was “biting me to death!”

Then, as if to underscore just how bizarre the events they were witnessing were, claw and bite marks began appearing on the young woman’s arms and neck right before their eyes. After several moments, two of the officers came to their senses, stepped toward the young woman, and reached out to her. They swiftly pulled her from the ground and, uncertain of what to do, they handcuffed her and placed her in their police car. They set off immediately for their police station. Only moments later, the woman once more began to move in a way that suggested, at least to her, an invisible attacker was unleashing another assault. Once they reached the station, they requested that the police doctor examine the young lady, convinced that she must be under the influence of some kind of mind-altering, hallucination-inducing drug.

Dr. Marianna Lara carried out this medical assessment, with her initial conclusion being that Clarita had likely suffered an “epileptic fit!” She advised that they hold the young woman in custody overnight for her own protection, and so she could continue to assess her. The officers took Clarita to a cell and locked the door, leaving her alone inside. To begin with, she sobbed miserably, almost in an attempt to comfort herself. After several moments, however, she suddenly began to scream out loud: “The thing is coming at me. It’s coming through the cell door as if it weren’t there!” She continued that this “thing” looked like a man but had “big, bulging eyes” and appeared to “float in midair!”

Officers rushed to the cell. However, when they opened the cell door, all they found was Clarita alone. They attempted to calm her and then watched in shock as the claw and bite marks appeared on the young woman’s skin as if being made by some kind of invisible beast. Realizing that these already strange events were getting even stranger, the officers requested that Dr. Lara return to the cell, which she duly did. Perhaps as a testament to how strange the officers found the events they were confronted with, they also requested the chief of police, as well as the city’s mayor, Arsenio Lascon, attend the police station. After examining these newly appeared claw and bite marks, Dr. Lara noted that many of them were in places on Clarita’s body that she simply couldn’t have inflicted on herself. All those in attendance agreed that they were witnessing something completely out of the ordinary.  

By this time, Clarita had calmed somewhat, even falling asleep for a short time. Despite the truly surreal nature of the events, and perhaps bizarrely, the police decided to take Clarita to the courthouse the following morning, where she would be charged with vagrancy (a charge of being homeless or of traveling without means of financially supporting oneself – essentially, hitchhiking and sleeping rough). It was during the journey to the courthouse that the bizarre events began once more.

Suddenly, from the back of the police car, Clarita screamed that “the thing” was back. From the front of the vehicle, the officers could see new bite and claw marks appearing on the young woman’s arms and neck; in fact, on any part of her body that was exposed. These unsettling events continued once Clarita was in the courthouse, with several newspaper reporters witnessing them. As this apparent attack reached a climax, Clarita lost consciousness and collapsed to the courthouse floor. She was immediately examined by a doctor, who concluded without doubt that the wounds were authentic and genuine and were not self-inflicted.

It was at this point, with several newspaper reporters already preparing to run a story on these bizarre events in their next respective editions, that the police decided to take Clarita to the hospital so she could be examined more extensively. Dr. Lara and Mayor Lascon, who had been at the courthouse and had seen the events in their entirety, insisted on riding in the same ambulance as Clarita – and during the journey, the disturbing events continued. Now, however, instead of claiming there was one attacker, Clarita stated that a second identical attacker was in the ambulance with the first one. And as if to back up what she was saying, the now familiar claw and bite marks continued to appear on the young girl’s body in front of all those present. Incidentally, both Dr. Lara and Mayor Lascon publicly swore on oath as to what they had seen, with Dr. Lara stating that the events were a “complete mystery” and “something which defies explanation!” She further stated that she was “scared stiff” while witnessing the unnerving events.

Bizarrely, at the very moment Clarita entered the hospital, the attacks suddenly stopped. Despite this, the police remained on guard outside her hospital room in case the strange activity began again. It never did. Clarita remained in the hospital for around six weeks while her wounds were treated and she made a full recovery. Her experience, though, remains largely unexplained.

That said, there is still a lot to contemplate regarding these bizarre and disturbing events. Perhaps the most obvious would be whether Clarita could have somehow caused the wounds to appear on her body herself, perhaps through the power of her subconscious mind, like a bizarre and extreme form of stigmata. Might we consider, for example, that Clarita did indeed hallucinate a monstrous creature attacking her in the street, but her mind believed the hallucination to such a degree that it resulted in genuine wounds? Might this have been why the attacks suddenly ceased once she reached the hospital, simply because she believed she was safe? While that is possible, it is perhaps unlikely.

If not some form of hallucination and consequential stigmata, then, might we consider that Clarita was genuinely attacked by some kind of bizarre, unseen entity, perhaps one that was invisible or even one that attacked from another realm or dimension and, as such, remained unseen by all but its victim. We might also consider that the fear Clarita undoubtedly felt during the episodes helped to feed and strengthen this mysterious entity’s presence, perhaps even resulting in the second creature's appearance.

Perhaps above all else, just what might this brutal and unseen creature have been? The claw and bite marks suggest something beast-like, with many descriptions of reptilians suggesting clawed hands and sharp teeth. It is also interesting to note that many researchers suggest that reptilian creatures – whether through some kind of ability (altering their vibratory rate or frequency) or advanced technology – have the ability to render themselves invisible. Was that the case here? Was Clarita attacked by an invisible reptilian entity in full view of police officers, medical staff, and reporters? It is certainly something we have to consider.

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Undoubtedly, one of the most controversial and interesting claims of encounters with reptilian entities is those of Jim Sparks, whose encounters were seemingly connected to an alien abduction he had suffered several years previously. During the early hours one morning in 1988, at around 3:30 am, Sparks suddenly found himself wide awake even though he had no idea what had awoken him. He suddenly became aware of a strange, low-pitched sound – a sound that seemed to be coming from inside his head. It was then that he realized that he couldn’t move and was completely paralyzed. Before he could contemplate this inability to move his arms or legs, he felt a sudden sensation of being pulled downward. Then, he lost consciousness.

He did his best to put the encounter out of his mind – that was, until several years later, in May 1995, when he found himself in the middle of the same kind of encounter. Once more, he blacked out. This time, however, when he awoke, he found himself seemingly floating around 1000 feet above the ground, looking down on what looked to be an abandoned amusement park. He realized he was slowly descending, and when he finally touched down on the ground, he could see several reptilian humanoids standing around him. Each was at least seven feet in height with red, shining diamond-shaped eyes and heads that were between a lizard and a snake.  The creature closest to him, though, sported a grotesque hologram-like human face that had clearly been superimposed.

The next thing Sparks knew, voices began appearing in his head, seemingly from the creature with the hologram-like face. He later recalled that this voice told him that they were a reptilian civilization and that they had been on Earth for a very long time. Moreover, certain government leaders from around the world were aware of their presence and remained in constant contact with their leaders, even reaching agreements regarding their presence on the planet and the decision to keep this presence secret. This communication continued, telling Sparks that part of this agreement was that the reptilian race would hand over advanced technology to world leaders so that they could use it to improve the environment, something they had failed to do on several occasions. There were, though, further revelations.

Sparks claimed that he was informed that much of the planet’s water was contaminated to such a level that plants and wildlife had already been significantly affected. Of more concern, several “significant breaks” had appeared in the human food chain because of “nuclear and biological contamination!” These events, combined with an eventual overpopulation of Earth, would lead to the “end of humanity!” Despite these grim predictions and warnings, this reptilian entity went on to offer details that could lead humanity down a different, more beneficial path. They further stated that certain government leaders were aware of this technology and how it could be used for the betterment of humanity. They also said, however, that most of these government leaders believed that “abundant food” and “clean energy” would be a “security threat” to humanity – make of that what you will.     

Perhaps a last encounter to explore is one that was investigated by David Hodrien of the Birmingham UFO Group in England, which featured a young girl named “Julie” who encountered something truly chilling and strange in 2000. According to the report, at around 9 pm on the night in question, Julie – then only 12 years old – was at home in her bedroom reading a book. As she was doing so, she noticed a sudden movement out of the corner of her eye at the bottom of the bed. She instinctively looked up from her book and was shocked to find herself looking at a black, scaly arm with claws with white talons where the hand should have been. Although she couldn’t see the creature the arm belonged to, she knew that something was at the bottom of the bed, and she knew she wasn’t imagining it. The monstrous arm continued to move across the bed. Then, to her absolute shock, it disappeared into thin air as she was looking at it.

She remained where she was for several moments, not daring to move. Then, when she was certain she was indeed alone, she let out a long breath of air in relief. Despite the truly bizarre nature of the events that had just unfolded, she didn’t feel any fear and simply went back to reading her book. In the days that followed, however, Julie began to increasingly feel a strange presence seemingly waiting outside her room, so much so, that she repositioned her bed so that it faced the door.

Hodrien immediately noticed several interesting details. As soon as he spoke to her, for example, he immediately got the impression that she had definitely seen “something” as opposed to having imagined the encounter – after all, she had stared at the arm for several seconds. Perhaps of more interest was the bizarre positioning of the creature, something which resonates nicely with many other reptilian encounters. The creature was seemingly kneeling at the bottom of Julie’s bed, reaching up with its arm. There are many reports of these strange creatures crouching or lying in an “unusual way” and reaching up towards the respective witness.

We might also consider the notion that there could have been more to the encounter than Julie can remember. Was this a case of alien abduction, for example, one that she could only recall the last several seconds of (when the strange arm was visible at the bottom of the bed)? Might this explain why she was so unnaturally calm despite the surreal nature of the events? Whatever the truth of the strange events that evening, it would be only the first of several that Julie would experience over the coming years.

In 2001, for example, Julie began experiencing many strange, paranormal-like encounters. She began hearing strange footsteps around the house, even though there was no one there. She also regularly heard strange clattering noises that came from nowhere, and doors would often open of their own accord. More unsettling, she often saw strange shadowy figures out of the corner of her eye – figures that always disappeared by the time she turned in their direction. She noticed that these dark figures appeared to be extremely tall, a characteristic often attributed to reptilian entities.

reptilian-7.jpg

What is further interesting is that Julie was far from the only witness to these bizarre events. Moreover, rather than being confined to the family home, these events could seemingly happen anywhere Julie or her family happened to be. One particular evening, for example, with her mother unable to find replacement childcare, Julie and her brother, Steve, were at the nursing home where she worked. As this was a night shift, Julie’s mother made a bed for the pair on the settee in one of the back rooms and then left them to go about her duties. During the night, Julie woke up to hear her mother comforting Steve, who was crying profusely. When Julie asked what had happened, her mother told her that she had heard Steve screaming in fright, stating that the hoover was moving by itself. When she entered the room, she too had seen the appliance moving even though it wasn’t plugged in. When she nudged it with her foot, it simply stopped. This wasn’t the only strange event connected to the nursing home that Julie experienced.

Several weeks later, a resident of the nursing home that both Julie and Steve were friendly with – Dorothy – passed away. One afternoon in the days that followed, Steve was making his way to the bathroom when he claimed to have seen Dorothy sitting clear as day at their dining room table in the kitchen. Although Julie didn’t see Dorothy, in the days that followed Steve’s sighting of her, she began seeing disturbing shadowy figures in the room, figures that caused her to feel such fear that she didn’t enter the room unless she absolutely had to. As it turned out, as part of Hodrien’s investigation, Julie passed a long recent (2022) text exchange between herself and Steve, during which it became clear that paranormal incidents were rife and they were not limited to just Julie.

He recalled, for example, that he often saw their grandfather in the house, even though he had been dead for many years, as well as, like Julie, hearing strange footsteps coming from rooms in the house that he knew were empty. Of more concern to him, though, and of particular interest to us here, he recalled often seeing a “large, shadowy creature” that wore some kind of “hat or hood!” On one occasion, he even claimed to have seen an unsettling, black, clawed arm, almost identical to the arm that Julie witnessed that evening in 2000.

Another particularly ominous encounter came to light during this text exchange, one that Julie had previously been unaware of. Steve recalled that he had woken early one morning, and could immediately hear their father speaking to someone downstairs. He continued to listen for around 10 minutes when the conversation came to a sudden stop. At this point, Steve got out of bed and made his way downstairs. When he walked into the room where his father was sitting, he could see the look of confusion on his face. He asked Steve why he was back in the room, claiming he had just been speaking to him for the last 20 minutes. Was this “other Steve” the reptilian entity, and had it assumed his form? There are many accounts that state reptilians can do exactly that. Taking this further, could this explain the sightings of Dorothy, as well as Steve and Julie’s grandfather?

On another occasion, Steve was at home watching television while their father was sitting at the family computer. Suddenly, random items started landing near where he was sitting on the settee, and he began hearing his name being whispered. He thought it was his father playing a prank on him and told him to stop. It was immediately clear to him, though, that his father didn’t know what he was talking about, and had not thrown items at him, or whispered his name. Then, the sound of his name being called came again, and this time, his father heard it also, causing him to “turn white” with fear.  

Although several strange events occurred in other locations, as the years went on, Julie began to question if the family home was somehow crucial in understanding the strange events, not least when she learned that other people had had strange encounters on the property before she or her family had lived there. Several years after the incidents began, with Julie now a young woman and working as a barmaid in a local pub, she learned of such a person. Moreover, this person told Julie that all the while they lived there, they witnessed “strange goings-on!”

She also had another friend named Timothy, and by chance, discovered that his mother had also lived in the house years previously. Timothy recalled that she also experienced many strange events and happenings while living there, including seeing a strange, shadowy figure standing in her bedroom one evening. All she could recall of the incident was feeling sheer terror and that the figure watched her for a significant amount of time.

A mutual friend of Julie and Steve’s – Rob, who had recently passed away at the time the report was made – also became intertwined in the strange activity at the house, seemingly from beyond the grave. In the weeks following their friend’s passing, Julie began to experience strange, intense dreams. They were always the same and featured Rob walking into her bedroom and sitting on the bed. Julie had these dreams so often that she began to consider if they were not dreams at all but some kind of visitation. Once more, we might consider if this apparent reptilian entity had assumed the form of Rob following his death. One evening, she asked Steve to stay awake and sit in her room while she slept to see if a ghostly apparition did indeed walk in. In another bizarre twist, during the night, Steve was amazed when Rob did indeed walk into the bedroom and sit on the bed before disappearing. In a similar way to Julie’s first encounter, rather than being scared, Steve simply turned his attention back to the computer following the sighting.

In the summer of 2002, however, things took a much more ominous turn. She began to have a different recurring dream, even more intense than those involving Rob. This time, she could see two young girls who appeared to be in a warehouse, tied to a radiator. On some occasions, she even dreamt that the girls were on fire. She eventually spoke to her mother about the disturbing dreams. Between them, and it is important to note that this is pure speculation on Julie and her mother’s part, they contemplated whether the dreams were connected to the (then) missing Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman (who were eventually discovered murdered). It is claimed that following their murders, their bodies were partially burned in an effort to destroy evidence. Whether this connection is accurate or not (both Julie and her mother were fully aware of the missing girls at the time) remains open to debate.

By 2016, with Julie now in her 20s and working at a local hospital, the bizarre events would follow her there. One particular evening, Julie was on shift when one of the patients in her ward passed away. It was around 2 am by the time family members who had been at the recently deceased patient’s bedside had left. Julie and another member of staff began wrapping the body, ready for collection, so it could be taken to the morgue. As they were doing so, Julie happened to glance at the mirror on the wall. She almost physically recoiled in horror when she saw her reflection with a tall, shadowy figure behind her, moving from one side to the other. Moreover, she could hear a “shuffling sound” coming from the floor behind her, suggesting that something was physically moving.  

Julie instinctively moved back away from the movement. As she did, she caught the look on the other nurse’s face – a look that told her she could also see the shadowy figure. A moment later, both of them stopped what they were doing and ran out of the room. They stood in the corridor for around 15 minutes, not daring to go back into the room. When they eventually plucked up the courage to do so, the figure, whatever it was, was no longer there. They quickly finished preparing the patient’s body as quickly as they could, and then rushed out of the room to fill out the necessary paperwork. However, they soon discovered that one of the forms they required had been left in the room with the deceased. Julie returned to the room to retrieve it and was more than shocked to find that the wrapping had been torn away from the dead patient’s body, leaving his head fully exposed. Although no further incidents occurred that evening, both Julie and her fellow nurse were left unsettled by the events.

Several years later, in 2021, yet another bizarre encounter occurred, once more at the hospital where Julie worked. It was around 1 am on the night in question, and Julie was transferring a patient from one ward to another when she suddenly noticed a strange, shadowy form of a young woman with startling blond hair moving towards the sink in the room. At first, Julie believed it was one of the patients currently on the ward who had a similar appearance. When she turned around to face the figure fully, however, it was no longer there. She turned to face the other nurses in the room – each of them had seen the mysterious apparition also. What’s more, all agreed that the figure looked like the patient on their ward. Was this another case of this reptilian entity assuming the form of a person Julie would recognize? And if so, for what purpose? Perhaps one thing to consider is whether this reptilian entity – if that is what it was – was somehow using the fear it caused in Julie to nourish or feed itself. While that might sound bizarre to some, many researchers have suggested that reptilians, like poltergeists and other spirits, require fear and other negative emotions to build strength and manifest. Whatever the truth, the events have continued for over two decades.

As we can see, then, while the subject of reptilian entities is problematic for many people – even those inside conspiracy and UFO circles – the fact is there are so many documented encounters from people around the world and across the decades that it would be bordering on irresponsible to dismiss such claims without further research and investigation. While it might be a leap too far to imagine V-like beings walking among us, considerations of a subterranean indigenous reptilian species sharing the planet discreetly are perhaps more realistic, if, ultimately, unlikely. As long as reports of these reptilian creatures continue to surface – whether contemporary reports or ones made public retrospectively – we should continue to document, research, and investigate them in the hope that one day we will gain a collective understanding of just what lies at the heart of such fascinating, if bizarre, incidents and reports

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Top secret US spy drone gets deadly laser that MELTS missiles mid-air amid fears of World War III

Top secret US spy drone gets deadly laser that MELTS missiles mid-air amid fears of World War III

A US weapons company has unveiled a first-of-its-kind laser that can be mounted onto spy drones, allowing them to melt missiles in mid-air. 

General Atomics unveiled the new defense technology at the Sea Air Space 2025 event in National Harbor, Maryland this month.

The company equipped its MQ-9B SkyGuardian — an autonomous intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) drone — with this laser. 

It currently emits about 25 kilowatts of energy, enough to disable or destroy small targets. This system could help the US military take down large groups of low-cost, disposable drones.

But General Atomics claims it could be scaled up to as much as 300 kilowatts, which could take down large aircraft and missiles by melting or burning through their critical infrastructure. 

What's more, the laser can emit both pulsed and continuous bursts of energy and is capable of operating in all types of environments. 

At the event, video footage showed the MQ-9B using the laser to shoot down incoming attack drones similar to Iran's Shahed 'kamikaze' drones, which were heading toward a navy ship for the purposes of this demonstration. 

Using a laser-equipped drone to destroy small attack drones or cruise missiles would save the military thousands of dollars, as expensive, non-reusable missiles are currently used to conduct this type of defense.  

A US weapons company has unveiled a first-of-its-kind laser that can be mounted onto spy drones, allowing them to melt missiles in mid-air

A US weapons company has unveiled a first-of-its-kind laser that can be mounted onto spy drones, allowing them to melt missiles in mid-air

A laser beam can't be directly destroyed, and it will keep inflicting damage as long as it has power. 

But the biggest caveat to this technology is that a drone's power supply is limited, which means the laser could falter in the field. 

The MQ-9B drone is capable of flying for more than 40 hours on a single charge, but the addition of the laser will likely reduce its battery life, though its unclear by how much.

Still, the development of this system marks an important step toward operationalizing airborne high-energy lasers (HEL) for defense.  

The US military has been working toward this goal for years, but faced numerous  technological, logistical and financial hurdles that staunched progress. 

The Air Force's Self-protect High Energy Laser Demonstrator (SHiELD) program, which aimed to develop technologies that could protect aircraft from incoming missiles, was scrapped in 2024 without a prototype or test flights to show for their efforts. 

But the Air Force Research Lab, which launched the project, said it had made 'significant advances in the readiness of airborne HEL technology.'

It's possible that some of these gains informed the design of MQ-9B's new laser, though General Atomics' technology is the result of an entirely separate research and development effort. 

The MQ-9B drone is capable of flying for more than 40 hours on a single charge, but the addition of the laser will likely reduce its battery life, though its unclear by how much

The MQ-9B drone is capable of flying for more than 40 hours on a single charge, but the addition of the laser will likely reduce its battery life, though its unclear by how much

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The company's breakthrough comes at a time when the need for this system may be greater than ever, as swarming drones and kamikaze-style attacks like the ones seen in Ukraine and the Middle East are becoming cheaper, faster and more common.

In recent months, Russia has doubled down on its use of Iranian-made Shahed kamikaze drones against Ukraine, using them to target civilian infrastructure and residential areas.

From August 1, 2024 to March 1, 2025, Ukraine recorded that Russia launched 15,011 Shahed-type strike drones, according to the Institute for Science and International Security. 

Traditional defense mechanisms like missiles are too expensive and too slow to handle a multitude of small, fast-moving threats. 

But a laser can tackle this type of assault efficiently, precisely and cost-effectively. 

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The sun as you've NEVER seen it: Scientists reveal the most detailed photo of our home star yet

The sun as you've NEVER seen it: Scientists reveal the most detailed photo of our home star yet

It’s the super-hot, churning ball of plasma whose surface reaches temperatures of 5,500°C (10,000F).

Now, scientists have released the most detailed photo of our sun yet – and it gives a close-up glimpse of its intense magnetic energy.

The image was captured by the world’s most powerful solar telescope, which takes 2D snapshots of the sun at a range of wavelengths.

Several hundred images are taken in just a few seconds by three synchronised cameras using different settings – similar to taking a series of photographs using different filters.

Combining these images allows for a 3D view of the sun’s structures – as seen in this remarkable picture.

The newly released image reveals a cluster of sunspots on the Sun’s surface, measuring approximately 25,000km by 25,000km.

Sunspots - areas of intense magnetic activity - often lead to solar flares and coronal mass ejections, which are what is responsible for our Northern Light displays on Earth.

The image achieves a spatial resolution of 10km per pixel – showing the sunspots in unprecedented detail.

The incredible image shows a cluster of sun spots - areas of intense magnetic energy. Each pixel in the original version of the image corresponds to 10 km (or 6.2 miles) on the Sun

The incredible image shows a cluster of sun spots - areas of intense magnetic energy. Each pixel in the original version of the image corresponds to 10 km (or 6.2 miles) on the Sun

The Visible Tunable Filter¿s (VTF) optical device, called an etalon, is pictured here. It consists of two reflecting plates which can measure small differences in the flux of light for different wavelengths

The Visible Tunable Filter’s (VTF) optical device, called an etalon, is pictured here. It consists of two reflecting plates which can measure small differences in the flux of light for different wavelengths

The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope was first installed at the National Solar Observatory (NSO) near the summit of Maui’s Haleakalā volcano in 2022.

It has now achieved ‘first light’ – used to describe the first time a telescope lens is exposed to the night sky – with its most advanced instrument, the new Visible Tunable Filter (VTF).

Designed and built in Germany, the VTF arrived at the observatory last year and has since been carefully installed.

It weighs 5.6 tons and has a footprint roughly the size of a small garage, occupying two floors.

While it is not yet fully operational, science verification and commissioning are expected to begin in 2026.

‘Seeing those first spectral scans was a surreal moment,’ said Dr. Stacey Sueoka, Senior Optical Engineer at the observatory.

‘This is something no other instrument in the telescope can achieve in the same way.

‘It marked the culmination of months of optical alignment, testing, and cross-continental teamwork.

Near the summit of Maui¿s Haleakal¿, the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope - and its set of cutting-edge solar instruments, such as the Visible Tunable Filter - is set to pave the way for a deeper understanding of our home star

Near the summit of Maui’s Haleakalā, the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope - and its set of cutting-edge solar instruments, such as the Visible Tunable Filter - is set to pave the way for a deeper understanding of our home star

Engineers and scientists work on the Visible Tunable Filter (VTF) inside the Coudé Lab at the Inouye Solar Telescope, preparing the instrument for its first light

Engineers and scientists work on the Visible Tunable Filter (VTF) inside the Coudé Lab at the Inouye Solar Telescope, preparing the instrument for its first light

‘We’re already seeing the instrument’s potential. This is only the beginning, and I’m excited to see what’s possible as we complete the system, integrate the second etalon [optical device], and move toward science verification and commissioning.’

The team said their new instrument may help reveal hidden details about the solar magnetic field, which is crucial for understanding solar flares and space weather.

The sun regularly displays powerful eruptions that hurl particles and radiation into space.

On Earth, this solar bombardment can trigger spectacular auroras – Northern Lights - but can also disrupt technical infrastructure and satellites.

Carrie Black, NSF program director, said: ‘When powerful solar storms hit Earth, they impact critical infrastructure across the globe and in space.

‘High-resolution observations of the sun are necessary to improve predictions of such damaging storms.’

On our increasingly technological Earth, sudden solar storms can cause devastating damage to critical infrastructure, and disable large portions of the electrical power grid, communications networks, or space systems.

This new instrument can analyse crucial properties such as plasma flow velocity, magnetic field strength, pressure and temperature.

A solar superstorm, strong enough to cause an 'internet apocalypse', knock out satellites and cripple clean water supplies could hit Earth 'at any moment', experts have warned (stock image)

A solar superstorm, strong enough to cause an 'internet apocalypse', knock out satellites and cripple clean water supplies could hit Earth 'at any moment', experts have warned (stock image)

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‘The commissioning of VTF represents a significant technological advance for the Inouye Solar Telescope,’ said Matthias Schubert, VTF project scientist. 

‘The instrument is, so to speak, the heart of the solar telescope, which is now finally beating at its final destination.’

 Dr. Thomas Kentischer, KIS Co-Principal Investigator and key architect behind the instrument’s optical design, said: 'After all these years of work, VTF is a great success for me. 

'I hope this instrument will become a powerful tool for scientists to answer outstanding questions on solar physics.'

SUN: THE BASICS 

The sun is the star at the heart of the Solar System, a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, radiating energy.

It has a diameter of 1.39 million km, and is 330,000 times the mass of the Earth. 

Three quarters of the star is made of hydrogen, followed by helium, oxygen, carbon, neon and iron.

It is a G-type main sequence star and is sometimes called a yellow dwarf. 

The Sun formed from the gravitational collapse of matter in a large molecular cloud that gathered in the centre. 

The rest flattened into an orbiting disc that formed everything else.

Facts and Figures 

Name: Sun 

Known planets: Eight

Spectral type: G2

Distance to Earth: 150 million km

Distance from galactic center: 25,800 light-years 

Mass: 1.9885×10^30 kg

Radius: 696,342 km

Luminosity: 3.828×10^26 W

Temperature: 9,929 F

Age: 4.6 billion years 

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Breakthrough as nuclear batteries could power weapons of mass destruction for 50 years

Breakthrough as nuclear batteries could power weapons of mass destruction for 50 years

In a technological breakthrough that could threaten US national security, a Chinese company has begun mass producing tiny nuclear batteries that can last for decades. 

The BV100 battery, created by BetaVolt, is smaller than a coin, but is capable of powering a device for up to 50 years, the company claims. 

That's because it gets its power from a radioactive isotope called Nickel-63, which releases energy as it slowly decays. 

Nuclear batteries have been around since the 1950s, and are used to power pacemakers, space technologies, sensors and monitoring equipment, and more.

But this is the first time one has ever been mass produced. In its current state, it only delivers 100 microwatts of power — suitable for running low-power technologies like medical devices and sensors. 

BetaVolt plans to roll out a one-watt version sometime this year, which could power future weapons of mass destruction like war drones that never need to land and recharge. 

While this marks a significant achievement in the world of energy technology, there are also risks associated with this new battery, especially because it is currently controlled by one of America's biggest foreign adversaries. 

As the capabilities of the BV100 expand, China could harness its power in alarming ways, potentially gaining an edge over the US in surveillance, combat and even space exploration. 

The BV100 battery, created by BetaVolt, is smaller than a coin. But it's capable of powering a device for up to 50 years, the company claims

The BV100 battery, created by BetaVolt, is smaller than a coin. But it's capable of powering a device for up to 50 years, the company claims

For example, the Chinese military could use these extremely long-lasting batteries to power surveillance or combat drones that can fly ceaselessly, provide continuous power to military satellites or run cyber-warfare tools.

Any one of these advancements would significantly enhance the country's military capabilities. 

What's more, China's leadership in nuclear battery technology could give it a leg up in the new space race, potentially helping it gain control of the moon before the US.

NASA is currently racing against China, Russia and several other nations to land astronauts on the moon and establish a lunar base for research, resource extraction and future military strategic operations. 

The US is the current front runner, with NASA making strides towards its goal to put Americans back on the lunar surface by 2027. 

But China isn't far behind, and if it gets there first, it wouldn't just be a blow to NASA's reputation as the world's leading space agency. 

It could also pose a threat to US national security, as cislunar space (the region between Earth and the moon) is now viewed as 'the ultimate high ground.'

Lawmakers on both sides of the political aisle have argued that ceding control of cislunar space to China could shift the balance of geopolitical power.

The Chinese military could theoretically use these extremely long-lasting batteries to power surveillance or combat drones that can fly ceaselessly (STOCK)

The Chinese military could theoretically use these extremely long-lasting batteries to power surveillance or combat drones that can fly ceaselessly (STOCK) 

For one thing, lunar dominance would allow China to track and interfere with US satellites (and therefore our communication and GPS systems) more easily — a major advantage over the US if conflict broke out. 

Some believe China could go as far as to militarize the moon, establishing bases on the surface for surveillance and potential weaponry.

Last April, then-NASA Administrator Bill Nelson told US legislators: 'We believe that a lot of [China's] so-called civilian space program is a military program.' 

This issue came up repeatedly during NASA Administrator nominee Jared Isaacman's Senate confirmation hearing earlier this month, during which he warned that the US 'can't be second' in getting to the moon. 

The BV100 battery's energy-generating capacity will have to be scaled up before it can be used to power lunar base infrastructure or high-power spaceflight technologies. 

But China could eventually harness its longevity to continuously power technology on the moon and in space, make landers and rovers more autonomous, simplify lunar base design and more. 

As the battery's power source (Nickel-63) decays over time, it continuously releases energy in the form of beta particles (a type of radiation).

China's leadership in nuclear battery technology could also give it a leg up in the new space race, potentially helping it gain control of the moon before the US

China's leadership in nuclear battery technology could also give it a leg up in the new space race, potentially helping it gain control of the moon before the US

It takes 100 years for half of the Nickel-63 atoms to be depleted, which is why this battery can last for roughly 50 years before the power source becomes insufficient to power a device. 

article image

The energy density of nuclear batteries is 10 times greater than that of conventional lithium batteries, according to BetaVolt. But due to the volatility of its radioactive power source, it can be difficult to harness the their full energy potential. 

This means that scaling the BV100 battery up from its current 100-microwatt configuration could prove challenging.

But with its site set on bringing a one-watt BV100 to market sometime this year, it's clear that China is currently leading the charge towards a future where nuclear batteries power everything from smartphones to electric vehicles and more. 

That wasn't always the case. The US actually created the world's first nuclear battery in the 1950s, and paved the way for this technology over the past 70 years.

In the 21st century, however, China's progress on this front has surpassed the US, and that doesn't appear to be changing anytime soon. 

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Scientist says Big Bang theory is wrong... as they reveal how universe REALLY began

Scientist says Big Bang theory is wrong... as they reveal how universe REALLY began

A controversial new theory about how the universe began rejects the widely-held belief that it started with a giant cosmic eruption known as the Big Bang.

One scientist suggests that the cosmos grew through numerous rapid-fire bursts rather than a single, massive explosion. 

This alternative explanation, published by professor Richard Lieu of The University of Alabama in Huntsville, challenges one of the most foundational, long-standing theories in all of cosmology. 

Lieu argues that each of these bursts, known as 'temporal singularities,' blasted new matter and energy out into space, which become planets, stars, galaxies, and everything in-between. 

The Big Bang theory, by comparison, proposes that the universe began as an infinitely small, hot point of densely packed matter and energy. 

That point then exploded into a flood of matter and energy that rapidly expanding, and is still expanding today, though the cause of the initial explosion remains unknown. 

This has been the prevailing explanation for the origin of the universe since the 1960s. But despite its prominence, this theory is challenged by new investigations into concepts like dark matter and dark energy, which invisible particles scientists believe fill the universe. 

The Big Bang model cannot work without the presence of these elusive particles. But so far, scientists have not been able to prove that they exist. 

Lieu believes his theory overcomes this limitation, offering a new framework for the birth of the universe that does not require dark matter or dark energy. 

A new theory about how the universe began rejects the widely-held belief that it started with the Big Bang (STOCK)

A new theory about how the universe began rejects the widely-held belief that it started with the Big Bang (STOCK) 

The temporal singularities proposed in his new paper, published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity, aren't confined to a single explosive beginning (like the Big Bang).

Rather, they have continued sending bursts of energy and matter out into the cosmos throughout history.

Their collective impact has pushed the universe to expand and flooded it with the materials that make up all the cosmic structures we see today.  

These random bursts happen rarely and quickly, dissipating before they can be detected by current technologies like telescopes, according to Lieu. 

This theory could explain the structure of the universe we see today, and why it's expanding rapidly, without the need for dark matter or dark energy. 

According to the Big Bang theory, dark matter is the invisible scaffolding that holds all the structures of the cosmos in place, while dark energy is the undetectable force that is pushing the universe to expand faster and faster.

Unless we assume that these mysterious substances exist, this theory begins to fall apart.

Without dark matter, the early universe wouldn't have had enough gravitational pull for galaxies and galaxy clusters to form so soon after the Big Bang, as modern observations suggest they did. 

The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as an infinitely small, hot point of densely packed matter and energy that then exploded, rapidly expanding

The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as an infinitely small, hot point of densely packed matter and energy that then exploded, rapidly expanding

Dark energy is needed to explain why observations show the universe's expansion rate is increasing, with scientists theorizing that it acts as a repulsive force pushing the cosmos to stretch out faster and faster.

To sum up, assuming these pulling and pushing forces exist is essential to making the Big Bang theory match what we actually see in the universe. 

Lieu has attempted to rework the model of the universe so that it aligns with the known laws of physics and the observable universe without relying on forces we have not been able to directly prove. 

article image

But while his temporal singularities offer an intriguing alternative, this theory comes with its own limitations. 

For one, these fleeting bursts are, by definition, unobservable. Much like dark matter and dark energy, there's no direct evidence to support their existence. 

What's more, there is far more indirect evidence to support dark matter and dark energy than temporal singularities. 

Lieu's theory also fails to explain what causes temporal singularities, and it still needs to be validated with experimental evidence.

To accomplish the latter, he plans to use ground-based telescopes to look for 'jumps' in redshift, a phenomenon where light from a distant object shifts toward the red end of the visible light spectrum as it moves further away.

Astronomers use redshift to calculate the expansion rate of the universe, and 'jumps' in redshift could support Lieu's claim that brief bursts of energy are driving the universe's expansion.

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'Godfather of AI' reveals the startling odds that artificial intelligence will take over humanity

'Godfather of AI' reveals the startling odds that artificial intelligence will take over humanity

Scientist and physicist Geoffrey Hinton believes there could be a one in five chance that humanity will eventually be taken over by artificial intelligence.

Hinton, a Nobel laureate in physics who's been dubbed the 'godfather of AI', made the startling prediction in an April 1 interview with CBS News that was aired on Saturday morning.

'I'm in the unfortunate position of happening to agree with Elon Musk on this, which is that there's a 10 to 20 percent chance that these things will take over, but that's just a wild guess,' Hinton said.

Besides his cost-cutting responsibilities in the federal government, Musk is the chief executive of xAI, the company that made the AI chatbot Grok.

Musk has said AI will become smarter than the entire human race by 2029. He's also described a future where everyone will be pushed out of their jobs by AI who can do the tasks more efficiently.

Hinton agreeing with Musk's warnings is alarming, largely because Hinton has arguably contributed more to the birth of artificial intelligence than anyone else.

'The best way to understand it emotionally is we are like somebody who has this really cute tiger cub. Unless you can be very sure that it's not gonna want to kill you when it's grown up, you should worry,' Hinton said. 

The 77-year-old researcher won his Nobel prize last year based on his decades of extraordinary work on neural networks, machine learning models that mimic the reasoning processes done by the human brain.

Geoffrey Hinton, the 'godfather of AI', said this month that there's a 10 to 20 percent chance that artificial intelligence takes over humanity

Geoffrey Hinton, the 'godfather of AI', said this month that there's a 10 to 20 percent chance that artificial intelligence takes over humanity

Pictured: A humanoid AI-powered robot developed by a Chinese car company that's capable of pouring drinks and conversing with people

Pictured: A humanoid AI-powered robot developed by a Chinese car company that's capable of pouring drinks and conversing with people

He proposed this idea in 1986, and it's now been integrated into the most popular AI products. That's why when you converse with ChatGPT or any other AI model, it can eerily feel like you're talking to another human being. 

For the most part, AI models remain disembodied tools trapped in people's phones and computers that exist only to answer our mundane questions.

But now, some scientists are making the additional leap of lending robot bodies to AI, so they're able to do physical activities in the real world beyond just being a online repository of knowledge.

Chinese automaker Chery designed a humanoid robot with the appearance of a young woman and showed it off at Auto Shanghai 2025 on Thursday.

The robot was seen pouring orange juice into a glass at the event. It is designed to consult with people buying cars and give entertainment performances, according to Chinese state media. 

And Hinton believes AI will be soon be able to do a lot more than serve drinks. Like Bill Gates, he thinks it will revolutionize the fields of education and medicine.

'In areas like healthcare, they will be much better at reading medical images, for example,' he said. 'I made a prediction some years ago that they'd be better by now and they're about comparable with the experts. They'll soon be considerably better.'

'One of these things can look at millions of X-rays and learn from them. And a doctor can't,' he said.

Hinton (pictured accepting his Nobel prize for physics last December) believes that artificial general intelligence - a term for when AI is officially smarter than humans - will come in as little as five years

Hinton (pictured accepting his Nobel prize for physics last December) believes that artificial general intelligence - a term for when AI is officially smarter than humans - will come in as little as five years

Max Tegmark, a physicist at MIT who's been studying AI for about eight years, told DailyMail.com in February that artificial general intelligence will be possible before the end of the Trump presidency

Max Tegmark, a physicist at MIT who's been studying AI for about eight years, told DailyMail.com in February that artificial general intelligence will be possible before the end of the Trump presidency

He went as far as to say that AI models will eventually be 'much better family doctors' that will be able to learn from patients' familial medical history and diagnose them with greater accuracy.

When it comes to education, Hinton said AI will at some point become the best tutor money can buy.

'We know that if you have a private tutor, you can learn stuff about twice as fast,' he said.

'These things, eventually, will be extremely good private tutors who know exactly what it is you misunderstand and exactly what example to give you to clarify it so you understand. So maybe you'll be able to learn things three or four times as fast,' he added. 'It's bad news for universities, but good news for people.'

Hinton also believes AI will have a role in mitigating climate change by designing better batteries and contributing to carbon capture technology.

For any of this to come to fruition, AI will need to reach a point experts typically call artificial general intelligence (AGI).  

Max Tegmark, a physicist at MIT who's been studying AI for about eight years, told DailyMail.com in February that AGI is defined as an artificial intelligence that is vastly smarter than humans and can do all work that was previously done by people.

Tegmark thinks humans will be able to make an AGI model before the end of the Trump presidency. Hinton has a more conservative estimate, putting it between five and 20 years from now.

Pictured: Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAiPictured: Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Alphabet, Google's parent company
Hinton criticized OpenAI, led by Sam Altman, and Google, whose CEO is Sundar Pichair, for not doing enough to ensure that their AI development is done in a safe way that doesn't risk humanity's future

Despite the possible benefits of attaining AGI, there still remains the threat of what an independently intelligent creation like this could be capable of.

Hinton criticized companies like Google, xAI and OpenAI of prioritizing profits over safety.

'If you look at what the big companies are doing right now, they're lobbying to get less AI regulation. There's hardly any regulation as it is, but they want less,' he said.

Hinton believes AI companies should be devoting far more of its resources to safety research, up to a third of their computing power. 

The heads of all three of those companies have acknowledged the danger of AI in one form or another, but Hinton said simply stating their concerns and not taking action won't cut it.

Hinton was particularly disappointed in Google, where he used to work, for going back on its word to never support military applications for AI. 

Beyond discarding its pledge to not use AI for weapons of war, Google also provided Israel's Defense Forces will greater access to its AI tools after the attacks on October, 7, 2023, The Washington Post reported in January.

There are some who are aware of AI's destructive potential, and many of them have signed the 'Statement on AI Risk' open letter.

The 2023 statement reads: 'Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war.'

Hinton is the top signatory on that letter, alongside OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei and Google DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis.

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How humans could travel millions of light years to distant planets in SECONDS

How humans could travel millions of light years to distant planets in SECONDS

From Interstellar to Star Wars, science fiction is filled with stories of how humans might travel through the universe to visit distant worlds.

But even with our most advanced modern rockets, travelling to the edges of our own solar system might take most of a human lifetime.

However, scientists say that there is a way humanity could travel millions of light years in seconds.

By passing through wormholes in the fabric of space and time itself, we might be able to travel to the most distant stars with ease.

A wormhole, much like a black hole, is a structure which arises when gravity is so strong that it bends the fabric of the universe.

Einstein's theories about the universe predict that spacetime can be bent in such a way that it creates a 'bridge' between two different points in the spacetime.

Professor Dejan Stojkovic, a cosmologist from the University at Buffalo, told MailOnline: 'Theoretically, there is no limit on how far we could travel that way.

'Two distant points could be billions of light years away along the regular space, and only a few seconds away along the wormhole.'

Science fiction films like Star Wars (pictured) often imagine how travellers might leap from star to star in just seconds. Now, scientists say this really could be possible using wormholes

Science fiction films like Star Wars (pictured) often imagine how travellers might leap from star to star in just seconds. Now, scientists say this really could be possible using wormholes 

What are wormholes?

Dr Andreea Font, a theoretical astrophysicist from Liverpool John Moores University, told MailOnline: 'Wormholes are “tunnels” in the fabric of space and time that can shortcut the normal path between two far-away regions in our universe.'

According to Einstein, an object with mass warps the fabric of spacetime like a weight being dropped onto a rubber sheet. These curves are what create the force of gravity.

But Einstein's equations also have some extremely weird solutions when gravity starts to become extremely strong.

'For example, we know that black holes can bend the space around them under the influence of gravity,' says Dr Font.

'In principle, the geometry of space-time can be folded and bent in such a way that a tunnel can be established between two massive black holes at faraway places.'

The connection between these distant points is what scientists call a wormhole.

Where this tunnel emerges into space is called the mouth and the tunnel is called the throat.

A wormhole is a structure formed when intense gravitational forces fold spacetime over on itself and make a bridge connecting two points

A wormhole is a structure formed when intense gravitational forces fold spacetime over on itself and make a bridge connecting two points

A wormhole is made up of two mouths which could be anywhere in the universe, and a throat which connects them.

Can wormholes be used to travel through space?

In Einstein's view, spacetime isn't flat, but curved, crumpled, and bent by the forces of gravity.

Professor Stojkovic explains that wormholes take advantage of these folds, punching right through from one point to another.

Instead of taking the long journey over the curving surface of spacetime from one point to another, we can just take the direct route through the throat of the wormhole.

It doesn't even matter how far apart the mouths are in conventional space, with enough folding from gravity they can be almost touching in spacetime.

In theory, humans might be able to exploit this fact to travel enormous distances in just seconds.

Professor Stojkovic says: 'If the wormhole's throat is large enough to fit a spaceship, then we can use the shortcut that the wormhole provides.'

Like falling into a black hole as imagined by Interstellar (pictured), a wormhole's intense gravity could allow you to travel billions of light years across the universe in seconds or even travel through time

Like falling into a black hole as imagined by Interstellar (pictured), a wormhole's intense gravity could allow you to travel billions of light years across the universe in seconds or even travel through time 

How can humans travel billions of light-years

Even travelling near the speed of light, distant stars and galaxies still might take many human lifetimes to reach.

If we want to get there faster, we could use galactic 'shortcuts' in the form of wormholes.

Wormholes are structures formed when intense gravity bends spacetime over on itself.

Where two 'sheets' of spacetime become stuck together, this forms a bridge known as a wormhole.

By traversing this wormhole, we could travel billions of light-years in just seconds. 

Provided there is a wormhole mouth at your starting point and another at your destination, you could travel anywhere in the universe faster than the speed of light.

How to build a warp drive

Although this is fantastic in theory, the difficult part is keeping a wormhole open long enough for you to safely pass through it.

Dr Font explains: 'Wormholes come in two categories, some are traversable and some are not.

'Of those that are traversable, meaning that the path between the two ends remains open, it is not always possible to keep it open long enough for actual travel to take place.'

Because of the intense gravitational forces involved in folding spacetime, wormholes are very unstable and the throat is likely to collapse in on itself.

To get around this any future 'warp drive' technology would need a way of holding the wormhole's mouth open for long enough to traverse it.

Professor Stojkovic says: 'To provide stability one has to counter the attractive force of gravity and prevent the collapse of the wormhole walls.

But if we want to have a warp drive like in Star Trek, this will require finding a way to hold a wormhole open for long enough to pass through
But if we want to have a warp drive like in Star Trek, this will require finding a way to hold a wormhole open for long enough to pass through 
Because of the strong gravity involved, wormholes will naturally collapse in on themselves. To avoid this an advanced civilisation could use 'negative energy' to hold the tunnel open

Because of the strong gravity involved, wormholes will naturally collapse in on themselves. To avoid this an advanced civilisation could use 'negative energy' to hold the tunnel open

'For that, we either need large amounts of negative energy, or some equivalent setup which would provide repulsive force to stabilize the wormhole.

In physics, 'negative energy' occurs when a region of space has less energy than the surrounding empty void of space.

Although this sounds like something out of science fiction, negative energy is a consequence of quantum physics and scientists have managed to make small amounts under laboratory conditions.

However, the amount of negative energy required to stabilise a traversable wormhole far exceeds anything humanity is able to produce.

Professor Stojkovic says: 'Currently we have such capabilities. But this does not mean that we will not have them in a distant future, nor that some alien civilization does not have them now.

'Finally, human building power is hardly capable of competing with the building power of nature. So nature-made wormholes may already exist, and we may take advantage of them someday.'

Are wormholes real?

However, if we want to build a warp drive out of natural wormholes we might encounter a pretty major problem.

While we don't have any evidence for wormholes right now, like black holes they are predicted by Einstein's theories of relativity. Just as we have now observed black holes for the first time, scientists hope we might one day be able to observe wormholes. Pictured: An image of the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way

While we don't have any evidence for wormholes right now, like black holes they are predicted by Einstein's theories of relativity. Just as we have now observed black holes for the first time, scientists hope we might one day be able to observe wormholes. Pictured: An image of the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way 

While wormholes are theoretically possible, scientists don't have any direct evidence that they exist.

That could be because wormholes are extremely difficult to detect, or it might just be because they don't exist in our universe.

Since wormholes are so inherently unstable, some scientists think they couldn't possibly exist in reality.

This has led some scientists to suggest that wormholes might be nothing more than a useful theoretical tool to help think about Einstein's equations.

article image

However, scientists are now developing the tools to find wormholes if they are out there, and Professor Stojkovic is optimistic that the evidence will arrive someday.

'Nature, whose building power is much superior to human one, always finds a way to build something which is described by solutions of legitimate theories like General Relativity.

'The Schwarzschild solution describing black holes was derived in 1916, and leading scientists for the next 50 years simply refused to believe there is anything in nature which is that strange.

'Today, we see black holes everywhere in the universe. I believe something similar will happen with wormholes.'

EINSTEIN'S GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein

In 1905, Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers - known as the theory of special relativity.

This groundbreaking work introduced a new framework for all of physics, and proposed new concepts of space and time.

He then spent 10 years trying to include acceleration in the theory, finally publishing his theory of general relativity in 1915.

This determined that massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity.

At its simplest, it can be thought of as a giant rubber sheet with a bowling ball in the centre.

Pictured is the original historical documents related to Einstein's prediction of the existence of gravitational waves, shown at the Hebrew university in Jerusalem

Pictured is the original historical documents related to Einstein's prediction of the existence of gravitational waves, shown at the Hebrew university in Jerusalem

As the ball warps the sheet, a planet bends the fabric of space-time, creating the force that we feel as gravity.

Any object that comes near to the body falls towards it because of the effect.

Einstein predicted that if two massive bodies came together it would create such a huge ripple in space time that it should be detectable on Earth.

It was most recently demonstrated in the hit film film Interstellar.

In a segment that saw the crew visit a planet which fell within the gravitational grasp of a huge black hole, the event caused time to slow down massively.

Crew members on the planet barely aged while those on the ship were decades older on their return.

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NASA scientists are BAFFLED after spotting a mysterious 'Skull Hill' on Mars

NASA scientists are BAFFLED after spotting a mysterious 'Skull Hill' on Mars

It employs some of the best scientists in the world. 

But even NASA's top experts have been left baffled by the latest discovery. 

NASA's Perseverance rover has spotted a mysterious rock on the Red Planet, which the space agency has named 'Skull Hill'. 

The rock was discovered in the Port Anson region, which lies on the rim of the Jezero Crater. 

Initial analysis suggests it may be a 'float' - a type of neat rock that may have originated from elsewhere before being transported to its current location. 

'This float rock uniquely contrasts the surrounding light-toned outcrop with its dark tone and angular surface, and it features a few pits in the rock,' NASA said. 

'If you look closely, you might even spot spherules within the surrounding regolith!'

However, the space agency admits that its true origin remains a mystery. 

NASA's Perseverance rover has spotted a mysterious rock on the Red Planet, which the space agency has named 'Skull Hill'

NASA's Perseverance rover has spotted a mysterious rock on the Red Planet, which the space agency has named 'Skull Hill'

Skull Hill was snapped by Perseverance's Mastcam-Z instrument earlier this month, as the rover continued its journey down lower Witch Hazel Hill

Skull Hill was snapped by Perseverance's Mastcam-Z instrument earlier this month, as the rover continued its journey down lower Witch Hazel Hill

Skull Hill was snapped by Perseverance's Mastcam-Z instrument earlier this month, as the rover continued its journey down lower Witch Hazel Hill. 

'The rover stopped along a boundary visible from orbit dividing light and dark rock outcrop (also known as a contact) at a site the team has called 'Port Anson',' NASA said. 

'In addition to this contact, the rover has encountered a variety of neat rocks that may have originated from elsewhere and transported to their current location, also known as float.'

The rock contains dark pits, which resemble the eye sockets of a skull.  

'The pits on Skull Hill may have formed via the erosion of clasts from the rock or scouring by wind,' NASA suggested. 

'We've found a few of these dark-toned floats in the Port Anson region. 

'The team is working to better understand where these rocks came from and how they got here.'

While its origin remains unknown, NASA has two main theories. 

Initial analysis suggests it may be a 'float' - a type of neat rock that may have originated from elsewhere before being transported to its current location

Initial analysis suggests it may be a 'float' - a type of neat rock that may have originated from elsewhere before being transported to its current location


Firstly, its dark colour suggests that it may be a meteorite. 

'Skull Hill’s dark color is reminiscent of meteorites found in Gale crater by the Curiosity rover,' NASA explained. 

'Chemical composition is an important factor in identifying a meteorite, and Gale’s meteorites contain significant amounts of iron and nickel.'

However, the rover recently analysed similar rocks nearby, and found that the composition was inconsistent with a meteorite origin. 

Alternatively, NASA suggests that Skull Hill could be an igneous rock eroded from a nearby outcrop or ejected from an impact crater. 

article image

'On Earth and Mars, iron and magnesium are some of the main contributors to igneous rocks, which form from the cooling of magma or lava,' the space agency said. 

'These rocks can include dark-colored minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite.'

Thankfully, the mystery of the rock's origin should soon be solved, as Perseverance has the right instruments to measure the chemical composition of rocks. 

'Understanding the composition of these darker-toned floats will help the team to interpret the origin of this unique rock!' NASA added.  

MARS: THE BASICS

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun, with a 'near-dead' dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin atmosphere. 

Mars is also a dynamic planet with seasons, polar ice caps, canyons, extinct volcanoes, and evidence that it was even more active in the past. 

It is one of the most explored planets in the solar system and the only planet humans have sent rovers to explore.

One day on Mars takes a little over 24 hours and a year is 687 Earth days.

Facts and Figures 

Orbital period: 687 days

Surface area: 55.91 million mi²

Distance from Sun: 145 million miles

Gravity: 3.721 m/s²

Radius: 2,106 miles

Moons: Phobos, Deimos

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Will the Vatican release the truth? Will the next Pope open the secret archives? UFO Sighting News.

Will the Vatican release the truth? Will the next Pope open the secret archives? UFO Sighting News.

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Is the Vatican holding back UFO information? Yes absolutely yes! But thats thinking small and really underestimating the power of the Vatican and how much they have tried to hold back many history changing discoveries...always stealing them using and storing them away so that they will never be seen until hundreds of years in the future. This storage area of secrets is actually called 'Vatican Apostolic Archive' formerly known as the 'Vatican Secret Archive." I guess the word secret was to obvious so they took that out. The big thing in the archive...historically significant documents, most pertaining to the Catholic church, to keep back information that could make the church look bad in the eyes of the public. All churches have these but they also have proof of alien life there, and to top it off, they actually have possession of crashed alien craft. Of course they hid this and more all in order to protect their religious doctrine and keep control of its congregations. 

Here is something most don't know...in the head of the Egyptian sphinx was a green tablet, also known as one of the emerald tablets which is a legendary artifact attributed to Herms Trismegistus, a ancient figure who was believed to be a fusion of the Egyptian god Thoth and the Greek god Hermes. The tabled is said to contain the secrets of the universe...a young Russian boy named Boris Kipriyanovich predicted that the head of the Egyptian sphinx held an object which has the answers to the universe in this small object. He also said there is a big button behind one of its ears to release the chamber and make it open. I did investigate and yes, there is such a square stone protruding from next to one ear. But thats not what gave it away. It was an old photo from the time when they were digging out areas of the sphinx and pyramids...a photo arose...of a man on the head of the sphinx, and there was a hole about half a meter across in the top of its head near his feet. This was it, they found it, and it was shipped to the Vatican where it has not been seen yet. So yeah...the Vatican is holding something powerful, something all powerful, something with god-like powers all in a iPad size emerald computer tablet. 

Scott C. Waring 

Below is my personal discovery I made and the Internet has stollen my credit from me. SCW

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Thousands of alien structures on planet Mercury In NASA Photo, UFO UAP Sighting News. April 27, 2025.

Thousands of alien structures on planet Mercury In NASA Photo, UFO UAP Sighting News. April 27, 2025.

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Date of discovery: April 27, 2025
Location of discovery: Mercury
Source photo: 
 
Guys check this out. I made this video last night. Its new. I was going through the NASA index of Mercury and found this old photo which has thousands of visible structures in it. The only reason this photo was released is because the person editing out alien structures at NASA didn't know what alien structures look like, so he blurred out the areas that had structures that humans would identify with, but he really missed out on the others that many humans would not recognize as alien structures. But my many decades of experience is at your disposal so here they are in the video. 
Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily
 

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Shape-Shifting Materials: Evidence of Lockheed Martin's Hidden UFO Technology?

Shape-Shifting Materials: Evidence of Lockheed Martin's Hidden UFO Technology?

Shape-Shifting Materials are advanced, adaptive materials capable of changing their physical form, embedding sensors and circuits directly into their structure, and even storing energy,  all without traditional wiring. Lockheed Martin is at the forefront of developing these futuristic materials, raising questions about the possible extraterrestrial origin of this technology. 
Shape-Shifting-Materials-%20Hidden%20UFO%20technolgy.jpg

In a previous article, we discussed why suppressed exotic technologies are suddenly being disclosed. One company that frequently comes up in this conversation is Lockheed Martin, the American defense and aerospace giant known for pushing the boundaries of aviation and space innovation. 
Imagine an aircraft that can grow its own skin, embed sensors into its body, store energy without wires, and even shift its shape mid-flight to adapt to changing conditions. This isn’t science fiction anymore, Lockheed Martin’s cutting-edge research is turning these futuristic concepts into reality. 
But where is all this coming from? 
The rapid development and creativity behind Lockheed Martin’s projects raise intriguing questions. Whistleblowers like David Grusch have recently alleged that Lockheed Martin has had access to recovered UFO materials for decades. Supporting this, Don Phillips,  a former Lockheed engineer,  confirmed years ago that exotic materials have been held and studied by the company since at least the 1950s. 
This suggests that for over half a century, Lockheed has secretly been engaged in researching and reverse-engineering off-world technologies. It's possible that the breakthroughs we’re seeing today are the result of this hidden legacy. Ben Rich, former head of Lockheed’s Skunk Works division, famously hinted at this when he said, "We now have the technology to take ET home." 
One particularly stunning development involves "smart" materials that behave almost like muscles, allowing aircraft structures to morph in real-time. These materials enable a craft to fine-tune its aerodynamics on the fly, adjusting instantly to turbulence, speed shifts, or mission-specific demands. 
Lockheed’s innovations go even further. By embedding carbon nanotubes, extremely strong and highly conductive microscopic structure, directly into the material, they have created surfaces that can transfer information and power without traditional wiring. In these next-generation aircraft, the "skin" itself acts as the nervous system, the energy grid, and the sensor network all at once. 
You can only imagine the kinds of technologies that have been developed over the years through the reverse engineering of exotic materials and recovered extraterrestrial craft. Yet, governments and space agencies remain tight-lipped about the existence of advanced alien civilizations, who likely introduced these techniques to Earth unintentionally.
  

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Amazing Humanoid and Alien Entity Encounters in Argentina

Amazing Humanoid and Alien Entity Encounters in Argentina

Amazing Humanoid and Alien Entity Encounters in Argentina

The country of Argentina is a land steeped in mystique, culture, and deep history. It is also a place of great mysteries, and for years the country has been considered to be a hotspot for UFO and alien activity. Here we will delve into some strange reports of encounters with various humanoid and alien entities ranging from the odd to the downright outlandishly bizarre. 

In May of 1950, Architect Enrico Carotenuto Bossa, 46, was driving home from a business trip in the region of Epu Pel La Pampa when his attention was captured by a silvery metallic object on the ground ahead. As he approached it, he noticed strange details, such as portholes and a translucent cupola, and when he got nearer he decided to stop his car and examine the thing. He got out of the car and as he approached on foot he could see that the object was saucer-shaped and that it had an open portal on its side. Now most people would have backed out of there at this point, but not Bossa. He instead made the brash decision to climb in through the doorway, and it was a decision he would probably live to regret. 

Within the saucer-like craft, he was immediately hit with a strong odor like ozone and garlic pervading the gloom. As he inched his way into the dim interior he realized that he was in a circular room lined with a row of portholes, very thick, glazed with some transparent material resembling Plexiglas. At the center of the cabin, which was about 3.5m in diameter, was a strange kind of chair occupied by a man around 1.2 to 1.4 m tall, dressed in a lead-gray coverall; his round head, with sparse light-colored hair resting on his chest. Bossa warily approached and could now see that the being’s well-formed hands were “a light tobacco-brown color,” and were tightly gripping two handles that emerged from a black box in front of it. The body looked human, but the eyes were very large and glassy-looking, with dilated pupils that took up almost the whole eye. 

Further proving that he just didn’t know when to get out of there, Bossa reached out and poked the thing’s arm, finding it to be cold and rigid, and he also ran his hand along the being’s suit, which seemed to be made of a material akin to leather. It was only after examining the consoles in front of this dead creature that Bossa noticed there were two others slumped against the walls, both dead as well. He also noticed that there were four chairs in the room, so he began to wonder where the fourth alien was, assuming that it had probably survived and left via the open portal doorway. It was at this point that he was seized by an ill-defined sense of dread, and he backed back out of the craft to the ground below.

Once on the ground, Bossa felt dizzy from breathing normal air again, realizing how difficult to breathe and how heavy the air had been inside the object. Back at his car, he found that the motor wouldn’t start and that the car’s battery had inexplicably been drained dry. With much effort, he was able to finally get it started and went back to tell his friends what he had seen. Interestingly, rather than telling him to lay off the grappa, they went back to the site with him but the craft was no longer there, in its place a pile of smoking silver-red ashes. At that moment the men looked up to see a saucer identical to the one Bossa had encountered, flying over them at an estimated height of 600 meters, with a second identical object hovering above it. Both of these UFOs then headed towards a larger cigar-shaped ship not far away, which they entered and which then made its way out of sight. Bossa claimed to have taken a photo of this, although it is not clear what happened to this picture. Was there any truth to any of this?

In that same year, we have the case of a respected doctor by the name of Enrique Caretenuto Botta. As a seemingly reliable witness, Dr. Enrique Caretenuto Botta has impeccable credentials. A decorated ex-war pilot with a sterling educational history and research record in aeronautical engineering, he was highly sought after by many firms in his native land of Venezuela. In 1950, the then 40-year-old Botta was working at an architectural engineering firm based in Caracas, which had sent him on a business trip to Argentina to work on an ambitious construction project out in the countryside of Buenos Aires. To get to and from the project, he commuted through the sparse rural landscape outside of what at the time was the fairly small city of Bahía Blanca, and it was during one of these drives that he would have a bizarre experience that would change his life forever.

The drive was typically mundane, the area only sparsely inhabited and not much to see out past the windshield and the hypnotizing repetitive landscape flashing by, making it easy to get lost in one’s thoughts. Yet on this evening, his thoughts would be intruded upon by something very anomalous out on a field along the empty road ahead. It appeared to be some sort of metallic, disc-shaped object sitting right on the grass of the field, and it was such an unexpected enough site that Botta slowed down and then stopped his vehicle to get a closer look. His first thought was that it was somehow an aircraft that had come down to land out in that remote expanse, but as he drew closer he could see that it was no ordinary helicopter or plane. When curiosity compelled him to get out of the car and walk closer, he could see that the object was made of a very strange material that appeared metallic but was somewhat spongey and “rubbery” to the touch. After circling the bizarre thing for a few minutes and gliding his hand along this weird surface, Botta claims that he then came to an opening. At this point, he was more curious than scared and decided to go inside.

Once within the mysterious craft, he allegedly saw just a plain metal corridor with a lone blinking red light at the top of the domed top above. As he continued, that flickering red light illuminated a room that had control panels adorned with various blinking lights, knobs, meters, buttons, and switches, the whole of it hovering over a transparent sphere, but this dancing light also outlined what appeared to be a curved divan with four seats. Botta warily approached until the blinking lights revealed to him the outlines of what appeared to be three small, almost child-sized figures only about four feet tall sitting there in the seats motionless. At this point Botta could not see them clearly because of the wavering lighting and the fact that he was behind them, so he crept closer to the figures, wondering who they could possibly be, and as he did he could see that whoever they were they were dressed in some sort of tight-fitting grey coveralls. Botta called out to them but got no response, so he gave into the overwhelming urge to reach out and touch the shoulder of one of them. When he did, he claims that he could feel that the body was rigid and that their skin had a “charred texture.” It seemed that these individuals, whoever or whatever they were, were dead. This was enough to strike Botta with a jolt of fear that sent him scurrying back outside to get into his car and speed off.

When Botta got back to the hotel that he had been staying at, he excitedly told two of his associates about what had happened, and they decided to head back out there the next morning to check it out. When they arrived, the strange craft was gone, and in its place was a large pile of what appeared to be ash. When one of Botta’s companions touched this ash, his hand supposedly turned promptly purple much to the man’s alarm, and that’s when they saw a strange display in the sky above. According to Botta, there were three unidentified objects up there, two discs and a larger cigar-shaped object. These strange objects hovered above them for a few minutes, before suddenly seeming to merge into one, after which this single object emanated a red light and sped off at breathtaking speed to leave them standing there dumbfounded. Botta would claim that for several days after this bizarre incident, his friend’s hand would remain purple where he had touched the pile of ash, and that he himself was plagued by fever and unexplainable blisters and what was like a sunburn on his skin. Doctors were allegedly unable to find any rational cause for these physical symptoms. Dr. Botta would keep the bizarre incident to himself for years before telling it to a man named Horacio Gonzales G., who in turn passed it along to UFO researcher Leon Stringfield, and the report would feature in Stringfield’s book Situation Red.

It is frustrating that this is where the case stands. Only one witness, no matter how seemingly reliable, just doesn't seem to cut it in this day and age. We are left to ask, just what happened to him out there? What were those creatures he saw, and were they really dead? Did their friends perhaps come to retrieve them, and perhaps that is what Botta and his friends saw? How did they end up dead to begin with? What was the pile of ash left behind? Did any of this happen in any sense at all? It is a rather eerie and spooky account, and as with many others like it, there are no real answers.

In 1962 there were several odd reports of alien encounters in quick succession. On May 26, 1962, a woman in the sparsely populated rural province of la Pampa, claimed to have seen a strange bright disc land, out of which lumbered a hulking “robot-like apparition.” The robot seemed to be collecting samples of soil, and when it realized it was being watched it stared at the woman with an inscrutable gaze for some time before entering its craft and shooting off into the sky. The woman’s husband witnessed the disc depart as well, and the woman was supposedly so traumatized by the incident that she was taken to a mental institution for treatment. 

In July of that same year, a 17-year-old youth by the name of Ricardo Limeres was riding his motorcycle along a lonely rural dirt road at night in the vicinity of Parana, Argentina, when out of the gloom a strange-looking figure appeared in the glow of his headlight. Ricardo was startled and tried to swerve and ride away, but apparently, his motorcycle would not obey him, instead being drawn towards the mysterious stranger. The vehicle stopped right in front of the enigmatic being, which the witness could now see stood over six feet tall and had a head “in the shape of a melon” with three eyes. This bizarre entity reportedly tried to grab Ricardo, before ambling off in a robotic manner that was “scarcely human” towards a bright white light in the distance, leaving deep tracks in its wake. The following month there was another strange encounter from the same area, when on August 21 a medical doctor saw a disc with a halo in the sky as he was driving towards the city of Parana with his wife. Right after he saw this UFO he noticed two beings over six feet tall, with light hair and huge eyes, which were carrying “luminous objects” on their foreheads, with which they made signals for the car to halt. The doctor did not halt, instead tearing off into the night in a panic, as most people in their right minds probably would. What exactly was going on here? In October of that year, there was yet another weird alien encounter reported from Argentina, this time from an area between a place called Isla Verde and Monte Maiz. The report was given to police by truck driver Ernesto Donles, who would say of what happened:

“I was driving my truck to Isla Verde when a luminous object – apparently a spaceship – surrounded by light of blinding brilliance, came down near me. Three very tall beings, dressed in strange clothes and carrying unknown kinds of weapons, came down out of it towards me. I lost control of my vehicle and drove into a ditch, but I finally got back onto the road and kept on driving at high speed. The three creatures kept coming after me. A blinding red light came out of their craft. The creatures followed me for about a mile and a half. When I finally arrived in the outskirts of the town of Monte Maiz, they suddenly stopped the persecution. They then got back into their craft, which disappeared into the distance.”

The report was corroborated by several residents of the area, who also claimed to have seen a flying object that had let off a blinding bright light that had dazzled them. Argentina certainly isn’t the only place where such encounters were going on in the 1960s. On December 12, 1962, a peace officer in Milan, Italy by the name of Francesco Piania was doing his rounds of inspection when he suddenly heard a whistling sound behind him. He would say of what happened next:

“At first I thought it was my ears, but the noise grew louder. As I was going to leave the courtyard I saw a silver-aluminum disc, shining under the moon’s rays, landing. I turned abruptly and stood paralyzed with emotion. I saw a strange being about one meter (3’3″) tall coming out of the disc. His space suit looked silver- fluorescent and emitted a bluish light. He was wearing a black helmet and made a gesture toward the dome or turret rising above the disc. Another person appeared at a porthole. The first man looked at me and then signaled for me to come toward him. At that moment the other being signaled him, and he reboarded the disc and the engine flew off.”

Strange, indeed. We also have the tale of Orlando Jorge Ferraudi, who a few years later in 1965 was out fishing on the northern coast of Argentina when he had an experience he would never forget. He claims that he suddenly felt as if he were being watched, and when he turned around he saw a very tall humanoid entity, standing 7 feet tall, with pale skin, light-colored eyes, and wearing some sort of shiny, yellowish one-piece outfit. The being seemed to know that Farraudi was scared, and tried to ease him through telepathic messages. Farraudi would say:

“It was a very dark night. This being was telling me mentally ‘Take it easy. Don’t be afraid. You mustn’t be scared.’ Then he turned around, taking my arm, and placed some kind of powder box on top of the wall. When opened, this box gave off a phosphorescent luminosity which enabled me to see more details. The entity’s garb was of a yellow-mustard color, had no wrinkles, zippers, or buttons, and it had a hood at the back of the head. He was repeating ‘Don’t be afraid, you will come with me, we will take a long trip..”

The being then fiddled with his box for a moment and a large craft like “an inverted saucer” approached from the water, coming closer until it was hovering right in front of them. A door then opened and a ramp distended to them, upon which the tall entity gestured towards the opening. He found himself almost in a trance as he obediently entered the craft to find a young human woman about 18 years of age within, who also told him not to be afraid and that the alien was their friend. She told him that her name was Elena and that she too had been whisked away aboard this ship not long before. The being then had them change clothes into a type of jumpsuit, and they were told that they would be going underwater to travel across the ocean to Africa.

Farraudi claims that along the way they stopped off at an immense underwater dome, which housed some sort of base, which he was told was for “reconditioning the ships,” and he was also told that there were various experiments carried out here. According to the alien, Earth was a sort of zoo, and most life on Earth had come from them doing genetic experiments. They were fed some sort of tasteless red, yellow, brown and green eggs, after which they were placed on some kind of stretchers and both fell into a profoundly deep sleep. When they woke up, they were told that the “results of the test” were good. They were informed that their pineal glands had been “reactivated,” and that this would enable them to receive mental messages from the aliens. They were then given loads of information on the alien home planet and how the ship worked, as well as various philosophical musings, and then Farraudi woke up back on the beach where he had started, at first without any memory of what had happened.

On October 28, 1973, a truck driver by the name of Dionisio Llanca was driving in the vicinity of  Bahia Blanca along with a load of construction equipment to be delivered to Rio Gallegos, a two-day trip. At some point on his drive, one of his tires ran out of air along a cold, windswept road in remote territory and Llanca grudgingly climbed out into the frigid night to change it. This is where things would get weird, and he would later explain what happened next as follows:

“I braked the truck on the shoulder, got down, took out the jack and the tools, and began to change the tire. The road was completely deserted. All at once, the road was illuminated with an intense yellow light that seemed to be about 2,000 meters distant. Because of the color, I thought that they might be the headlights of a Peugeot and continued with my work. A few seconds passed and I had my shoulder to the light but it became so bright that it lighted the whole area.

Now the light had changed to a bluish color similar to an electric arc welder. I tried to get up but could not rise; I had no strength, and a strange thing – – my legs would not respond. I was on my knees. I wanted to get up and look towards the woods that grew along one side of the road. Then I saw a great thing in the form of a plate suspended in the air at some seven meters altitude, and three persons at my shoulders looking at me. I tried once more to get up but could not. The paralysis became total and I could not even talk. The three beings stood looking at me for a long time, perhaps five minutes. They were two men and a woman. The woman was between the two men. I believed it was a woman because of the form of the breast and the long hair, blonde, reaching to the middle of her shoulders.

The men were also blond with shorter hair in the back. The three were about the same height, one meter and 70 or 75 centimeters, and dressed in the same manner: single piece smoky gray coverall suits well fitted to the figure, % yellow boots and long gloves reaching to the middle of the arm of the same color. They had no belts, nor weapons, nor helmets nor anything else. Their faces were like ours except for high foreheads and elongated eyes, like the Japanese and a little tilted.

They talked among themselves in a language impossible for me to understand. They had no vocal inflections but sounded like a…… like a radio badly tuned with chirps and buzzes. One of them grabbed me by the neck of my sweater and lifted me firmly but without violence. I tried to talk but my voice would not come out. While the one held me up another put an apparatus in the base of my index finger on the left hand. They looked closely at the apparatus. It was like a razor but had a small tube. They applied it to me for several seconds. It did not hurt. When they left I had two drops of blood on my finger. I believe I then passed out because I can remember anything else.”

When he snapped awake he was unsure of how long he had been unconscious. When he looked around was was surprised to see that he was now among the rail cars in the yard of the Sociedad Rural de Bahia Blanca, exactly 9 kilometers 600 meters from the point where the bizarre encounter had taken place. He could remember nothing, not even his name, nor the episode, nor the truck, nor his home. He stumbled along towards the road and a Doctor Ricardo Smirnoff would recall:

“I am a forensic surgeon. I had rotating duty on Sunday the 28th. About 9:30 Dr. Altaperro at the Spanish Hospital called me and said that he had a curious case. I arrived at the hospital about 10:15 and saw a young man of about 25 or 26 years of age in a state of total amnesia. He could remember nothing of his past. He did not know who he was, where he was born, who his parents were or anything about his past. He cried continually and asked what town he was in. The doctor told me that a man had left him at the hospital after encountering him wandering in the center of the city, like a robot, and asking everyone he met where a police box was. At first, he thought that he had had an automobile accident on the road. He changed this as he had no injuries. When I touched his head or came near his hand he drew back instinctively as though it would produce pain. He had a bad headache in the right parietal temporal area. I notified the police and had him admitted to the Municipal Hospital.”

There he would wake the next morning with a full memory of his identity and what had happened to him. He quickly realized that some odd items were missing from his pockets, such as his watch, cigarette lighter, and cigarettes, which the medical staff denied taking. When he asked about his truck he was told that the police had found it parked on a shoulder in Villa Bordeu, some 18 kilometers from Bahia Blanca, with the jack still in place and one tire ready to change as if nothing had happened. It is still unknown what happened to Llanca during his bout of missing time, and after this, he was mostly reticent to give interviews about his experience, so it will likely always remain a mystery.

On January 4, 1975, a man by the name of Carlos Alberto Diaz was walking home from work in Bahia Blanca on a route that took him through a large and desolate railroad yard. As he walked he was suddenly blinded by a brilliant light shooting down from the overcast sky, which was enough to disorient him and render him unable to see anything. Scared, he stumbled towards his nearby home but found his movements getting slower and slower, as if he were moving through water until he was completely paralyzed and unable to move at all. At that point, Mr. Diaz heard a humming sound which he compared to the sound of rushing air or wind, and his strange experience continued.

He would claim that he had been lifted off the ground by an unseen force, and as he rose higher he lost consciousness. When he came to, he was inside a smooth, bright sphere that appeared to be semi-transparent plastic. There was no furniture or devices and the illumination seemed to come from the walls. As he sat there trying to process what was happening, a procession of three completely outlandish creatures entered the room. They appeared to be 1.75-1.80 meters in height (approximately 5 feet, 10 inches), their heads half the size of a human head and completely devoid of features – no ears, nose, mouth, or eyes. The head was mossy green in color and the body which was rather thin, was covered with something Diaz defined as rubber – light cream colored and very soft, and the creatures were completely hairless. The arms were almost straight and very flexible and ended in “stumps” with suckers attached rather than hands and fingers.

These entities gathered around him and began pulling clumps of hair from his head, which seemed to make them so happy that they were practically jumping up and down in joy. Oddly, the hair-pulling seemed to cause no pain. Diaz continually tried to fight back against these outlandish creatures but was completely helpless and unable to move at all. When the beings were done pulling his hair, Diaz began to feel dizzy and once again lost consciousness. 

When he woke, he was lying on the grass near a highway with his bag and his belongings lying beside him. Diaz looked at his watch which had stopped at 3:50, the time he last noted before his experience began. A concerned driver soon pulled over to ask him if he needed any help, and after hearing Diaz’s surreal story, he was taken to the Ferroviaro Hospital in Buenos Aires. For the next four days, Diaz was questioned and purportedly examined again and again by 46 different doctors, which turned up no evidence of physiological or psychological problems in Diaz, except the illness described as dizziness, upset stomach, lack of appetite, and the missing hair. Considering that he would talk very little about his strange experience, it is hard to know just what is going on here, although it has been suggested that this was likely a hoax. Whatever the case may be, it is damn strange all the same.

Moving along to 1978, we have the case of Mrs. Leonor Beatriz, of La Dulce, Argentina. On August 31 of that year, Leonor was taking a shower when there was a sudden blackout. After getting dressed the blackness was then intruded upon by a bright light coming from outside, which was so intense that she would explain it as “going right through my body.” The phenomenon was like a compact beam of light, iridescent white that poured through the window blinding her. She would even describe the light as actually phasing through the walls of the house. When she was able to regain some of her vision she looked outside to see a large dark object suspended, oscillating, over a group of 6 silos located some 30 meters away from the house. 

Leonor decided to wake up her husband, who also saw the spectacle and the two noticed that the object was moving away from the silos to pause over a grove of trees. They could see that the object was around 8 meters in diameter, with a row of 10 luminous rectangular windows that surrounded the object’s central section, each of them emitting brilliant light. As they looked on, two objects resembling lightbulbs broke away from the larger ship and moved towards the two astonished witnesses. They could see that these were some sort of amorphous entities that came down to hover just over the ground. Their movements were continuous but rigid. When they reached the barbed wire fence, the beings avoided it by rising in the air and descending on the other side, continuing their march. The entities came close to a shed that contained machinery and vehicles. They made a 90-degree turn and entered a space between the shed and wire fencing. They disappeared for a few moments and then reappeared, dodging other obstacles such as the eucalyptus tree stand and a timber chute with a brick floor, measuring 2 meters wide and 13 meters long.

The creatures proceeded to circle the same route several times, seemingly focusing mostly on the shed. The entities then ascended into the air to rejoin the craft before speeding away into the night. An examination of the area turned up no footprints or physical traces of the strange intruders. Interestingly, this encounter would coincide with several other UFO sightings in the same area on the same day. What was going on here?

Also from 1978 is a case that started in a rural ranching area of Venado, Tuerto, where on the morning of September 6th, 1978, 12-year-old Juan Pérez went out to gather up some of their grazing horses that were wandering out in the fields. The boy dutifully rode his horse out into the nearby field where the horses were, passing some uncommonly thick fog along the way, and as he rode he would claim that he saw several silver, disc-shaped craft suddenly fly overhead. Not only this, by the strange objects then began illuminating the fog with beams of multicolored light and an eerie glow, which caused Juan’s horse to panic and buck, threatening to throw him off. This was all weird enough that the frightened boy returned home, but his father was angry with him for not fulfilling his duty and so sent him out again into that mist, and here is where things would get even weirder still.

Juan managed to get out to the field again without incident, but it was here that he would come across quite a strange sight, in the form of a large flying saucer sitting right there in the field as if it had every business in the world being there. The large disc was described as being domed, with round portholes lining its side, and although Juan was scared, he could not take his eyes off the otherworldly sight before him. As he stood there dumbfounded and gawking at the alien object, a door slid open to extend a ladder and then disgorge a huge, 7-foot-tall entity from within. This entity was wearing a metallic suit, oversized gloves, and a cylindrical helmet, with a tube extending from it to the craft behind it, possibly some sort of breathing apparatus, and it raised an arm to gesture for Juan to approach.

Amazingly, Juan did not run away, but rather got off his horse and approached the strange humanoid figure, with which he ascended into the bowels of the craft itself. The first thing the boy noticed was that everywhere he looked was covered with blinking and flashing instrument panels, and while this didn’t scare him at first that would change as he went deeper into the ship. He came across a room in which there seemed to be a dead animal lying sprawled out upon a table, either a cow or a horse, Juan couldn’t be sure which, half gutted, and hunched over this macabre carcass there was some sort of mechanized being, seemingly hard at work dissecting it. This was shocking enough that Juan ran back outside, where he was once again confronted with that tall humanoid figure. The being then offered one of his gloves as proof of the encounter, taking it off to reveal a clawed, reptilian hand, and as Juan took the glove it pricked his arm to draw blood.

This seemingly aggressive action by the creature and the revelation that its hand was so freakishly inhuman caused Juan to freak out, hopping on his horse and riding back home as fast as he could. As he did so, the ship reportedly detached some sort of metallic orb, which chased the boy, hovered over him, and sucked the glove up into itself, after which it flew off. When Juan returned home, he did so without that physical evidence, but he nevertheless told his family all about what had happened. The mention of the dead animal was very odd, as the father had found a dead and mutilated cow on the property not even a week before, and making it even more mysterious was that the horse Juan had been riding would inexplicably fall ill and die just a few days later.

No one ever would really believe Juan’s story, and he would become the object of ridicule, ending up a recluse living out on his farm alone and with only some dogs to keep him company. However, it made the rounds in the news enough that it caught the attention of famed UFO researcher Jacques Vallee, who would investigate it all, interview the witness, and write of the case in his 1990 book Confrontations – A Scientist’s Search for Alien Contact. It would also become the main subject for a documentary by Argentinian filmmaker Alan Stivelman, entitled Witness of Another World (Testigo de Otro Mundo ), which has been widely touted as one of the best UFO documentaries out there. Stivelman would say of his film:

“In the beginning, I proposed to make this film in order to decode the mystery behind the UFO phenomenon. This mission was overshadowed by the acute sadness that Juan brought with him and the desire to understand why he had to have lived through that supernatural experience that marked him for the rest of his life. It was there, as a filmmaker, that I had to make a crucial decision for the rest of the shooting. To continue with the investigation of the UFO phenomenon, to stay only in the phenomenological aspect, or to attend to Juan, to his suffering, and to look for a way to help him.”

The case of Juan Pérez is especially interesting not only in its bizarre elements but also in who it happened to. This was a simple rancher out in Argentina, who was mostly illiterate and who just wanted to work hard in his own little world away from the big cities of civilization. He was far removed from the world of UFOs and all of that strangeness had no reason to make up such an absurd tale, and indeed it caused him a great amount of trouble and ridicule, which made him pretty much a hermit for life. Why would he do this? It must be noted that despite the hardships it caused him, Juan has never deviated from his story and insists it is all true, and Vallee notably proclaimed that he found Juan to be a very sincere and reliable witness who at least truly believed what he was saying of his otherworldly experience. What happened to Juan Pérez on that strange evening? We may never know for sure, but it remains a remarkable case in the realm of alien abduction cases.

In later years we come to the year 2007, with a report from the town of Irene, in the Coronel Dorrego district of Argentina. On November 7, 2007, two police officers, Luis Bracamonte, a first lieutenant, and Osvaldo Orellano, a sub-lieutenant from the same police station were on patrol in a rural area outside of town at one and a half hours past midnight. At some point, they stopped and Orellano got out of the police pickup truck to take a look around when an odd series of events unfolded. Bracamonte would say of what happened:

“At that time I was loading a telephone calling card into my cellphone, and for that reason, I remained in the vehicle. While I stared at the phone in my hand, I saw a small light, like that of a pickup truck approaching, but when I saw that it was closing in quickly, the light became larger as though from a large gray pickup truck. I wasn’t disturbed by the scene, but at a distance of 10 meters I saw a shape moving and my first thought was that it was a dog. Then I saw that it was a silhouette, like that of a little man, standing approximately 80 centimeters tall, with a large head, large prominent gray eyes, and a greenish cast. I then tried to dial my fellow officer’s cell phone, but when I pressed the 1 and the 5, my hand remained sort of static. I could see that three more creatures came out of that vehicle or craft, two similar to the first and a fourth with a slightly more robust appearance. At that time, my partner was seeing the same thing I was seeing and shouted, “what’s going on?!” In a flash, the four little men boarded that craft again and it took off swiftly toward the north, scattering a white light that extinguished itself, leaving behind a green halo and a strong odor of sulfur or gunpowder, making a sound like a thunderclap.”

Several residents would confirm the police officers' testimony, claiming having seen a strange glow that surrounded the towns of Irene and Aparicio at the time in question. Considering this account was given by police officers, considered to be traditionally reliable witnesses, could there be anything to this?

In 2009, there was a report from an unnamed young woman, 23, who lives in a house in Florencio Varela along with her husband and child. The woman claims that one evening they went to bed as usual only for her to wake up to the sight of 14 aliens surrounding their bed staring at them silently. These aliens were described by the witness:

“They were practically alike. The only difference was the height of one of their number. They were skinny, with long necks and small heads. Their eyes were black, like almonds, slanted, and their mouths were also small. They had little wrinkles on their face and the head was oval. They had shoulders; their fingers were long and had no nails. The tall one was looking at my husband all the time. His head was slightly smaller than the others because the small ones had rather larger heads. It felt like touching a baby’s skin – they had little wrinkles, but I couldn’t feel them when I touched one of them. The skin was cold and the color was odd, neither white nor gray. They had a skin tone that doesn’t exist here.”

The woman would describe what happened next as follows:

“I never had an experience of this sort. It happened two and a half months ago. We were in bed – my husband, my baby and me. They were asleep and I was trying to fall asleep. Suddenly I felt lights, and when I opened my eyes there was nothing there. I closed my eyes again, and the same thing happened. Like a flash of light. I opened my eyes, but all I could see was the [pilot light] on the stove. The fourth time that this happened, I felt it closer. I opened my eyes and saw the beings standing beside me. I was lying between my husband and my daughter. I uncovered myself and sat up. They were around the bed, fourteen of them, all of them short except for one: this last one was beside my husband, staring at him fixedly. The small ones were all around and measured 1.30 meters or so. They were slightly taller than my bed’s sommier, which is rather tall.

I tried to wake my husband up. I even dug my nails into him, but nothing. The baby was on the other side, on her stomach, but neither of them reacted. At that time, one of the beings told me not to wake up my husband, because he was not ready. I  realize that they spoke to me telepathically, and I could answer them in the same way.”

These aliens then proceeded to telepathically tell her, among other revelations, that the aliens visit our planet on six-month rotations, and are replaced by a new group, that the circles and shapes that appear on the fields are signals they employ among themselves, and finally they explained that there are dozens of civilizations from other planets that come down and interact on Earth to study it. The witness continues:

“Five of them were on the left, four facing me and five on the right side of the bed. I was the only one who wasn’t paralyzed. We communicated for some 40 minutes, mouths closed. That is to say, I spoke by my mouth didn’t move. I managed to touch one of the little ones, and he touched my face. I just felt the need to touch him, and in fact, I felt peaceful in their company. I never had the impression that they could harm my daughter or anyone of us. Suddenly he made a movement. He touched me with two fingers, and finally brushed a finger along my forehead. They told me they had come to give me answers about a black book (the Bible) and that what I was thinking was in fact true. When I asked them a question, they told me everything, with details.”

What are we to make of reports like this? Are these cases really alien encounters? Are they perhaps interdimensional interlopers? Or are they merely figments of the imagination? We will probably never know for sure, but they certainly add to the strange files of one of the world's big UFO hotspots. 

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{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

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Atlantic ocean currents are weakening — and it could make the climate in some regions unrecognizable

Science Spotlight

Atlantic ocean currents are weakening — and it could make the climate in some regions unrecognizable

An illustration of a melting Earth with its ocean currents outlined

Atlantic ocean currents regulate the climate, and they may be weakening, emerging research suggests. 
(Image credit: Nicholas Forder)

Amysterious patch of water in the North Atlantic has baffled scientists for decades. Located to the southeast of Greenland, this blob of seawater was colder between 1901 and 2021 than during the late 1800s, even as the seas around it became ever warmer.

Some scientists linked this "warming hole" to an inflow of frigid Arctic meltwater; others blamed pollution from shipping, which can bounce the sun's rays back into space. But a growing body of evidence suggests the hole has a more sinister origin — one whose impacts, if unleashed, would reach much farther than a small region of the North Atlantic.

The warming hole might be a sign that Atlantic Ocean currents are slowing down. This network of currents regulates Earth's climate, moving heat from the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere. The currents, which include the Gulf Stream, form a huge and seemingly permanent loop known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)

Science Spotlight takes a deeper look at emerging science and gives you, our readers, the perspective you need on these advances. Our stories highlight trends in different fields, how new research is changing old ideas, and how the picture of the world we live in is being transformed thanks to science.

The AMOC has weakened before, ancient sediments reveal, and some past changes in circulation have been extremely abrupt. But human societies will struggle to adapt to the rapid rate of change that many researchers predict over the coming century, said Robert Marsh, a professor of oceanography and climate at the University of Southampton in the U.K. Weaker currents could unleash freezing weather in parts of Europe, exacerbate sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast, and trigger droughts around the equator in ways that scientists are racing to predict.

Whether the AMOC has already weakened and whether the currents could collapse completely are contentious questions. But what is clear is that "we're interrupting the system," Marsh told Live Science.

A giant heater

The AMOC is part of Earth's biggest conveyor belt, the thermohaline circulation, which pushes water around the world's oceans. Waters flowing north from the tip of South Africa ride on the surface of the ocean, absorbing heat from the atmosphere as they glide through the tropics and subtropics. They release this heat into the North Atlantic near Greenland, leading to a warming effect that is particularly strong in Northwest Europe.

"Right now, the Northern Hemisphere is warmer than it would be" if the currents that make up the AMOC were weaker, Maya Ben-Yami, an early-stage researcher who specializes in climate tipping points at the Technical University of Munich, told Live Science. For instance, the AMOC makes air temperatures in countries like Norway 18 to 27 degrees Fahrenheit (10 to 15 degrees Celsius) warmer, on average, than they would be otherwise.

Related: A long-lost ice sheet could predict the future of New York City — one in which Lower Manhattan and Coney Island are 'perpetually submerged'

To travel back south, surface waters in the North Atlantic must plunge down the water column and merge with bottom currents. Climate scientists say this sinking step is where the circulation is slowing down, because surface waters have to be very salty, and therefore very dense, to sink. But growing rivers of meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Arctic are diluting the salt concentrations of surface waters, preventing them from plunging to the seafloor.

a map showing the ocean currents in the Atlantic

A map of the ocean currents in the Atlantic. These ocean currents are weakening due to a "warming hole" in the waters southeast of Greenland.  (Image credit: Adapted from PeterHermesFurian, via Getty Images)

The warming hole that worries scientists is in a spot where the AMOC releases heat. Ocean temperatures there are lower than researchers would expect to see, given current global temperatures, if the AMOC were still going strong. That suggests heat transport from south to north has already declined.

And with climate change cooking the planet, there is a risk that more fresh water will pour into the North Atlantic, triggering a feedback loop that would accelerate the weakening of the AMOC. As ocean currents slow, the amount of salt reaching the North Atlantic may decrease, making it harder for already-diluted surface waters to sink.

"When you have a strong AMOC, it draws in salty water," David Thornalley, an ocean and climate scientist at University College London, told Live Science. "If you start to weaken the AMOC, less salty water gets drawn into the North Atlantic, and that then weakens the AMOC, and then it's a runaway process."

Defining "collapse"

The warming hole is one piece of evidence suggesting the AMOC has already weakened, but not everyone agrees.

The problem is that direct measurements of the AMOC's strength only go back to 2004, so researchers rely on indirect "fingerprints" — climate parameters they think are linked to the AMOC — to identify long-term trends in Atlantic circulation.

The trouble with fingerprints is that they give variable — and sometimes contradictory — results. For instance, a 2018 study suggested weakening, while research published in January suggests Atlantic currents have not declined over the past 60 years, though some scientists criticized the January study's data.

Regardless of whether Atlantic currents have already slowed, most scientists think they will in the future.

A photo of the ice sheet in Greenland

Melting ice from the Greeland ice sheet is affecting ocean currents throughout the Atlantic.  (Image credit: Ashley Cooper via Getty Images)

Should the circulation weaken significantly, "some pretty major changes are going to happen," Thornalley said, "and they're going to happen gradually over the 21st century."

For one, dwindling ocean currents will carry less heat to countries like Norway, Sweden and the U.K., leading to cooler temperatures in these regions. The amount of cooling will depend on how much strength the AMOC loses.

Climate models generate varying predictions, depending on what assumptions are baked into them, how sensitive they are to certain climate factors, and the data researchers feed the models. Some show a 10% reduction in the AMOC's strength, while others predict a decline closer to 50%, Marsh said.

"A 50% reduction would be far more substantial of an impact on our regional climate," Marsh said, adding that the resulting drop in temperature would disrupt industries that depend on the weather, such as farming. By comparison, "A 10% weakening of the AMOC would be noticeable, but manageable," he said. "It probably would make our weather a little less mild in the wintertime, in particular."

A complete collapse is unlikely, a study published in February found. Even if surface waters stop plunging in the North Atlantic, there are relatively constant factors, such as the wind, that drive the movement of water, Marsh said.

"A collapse, which is some hypothetical 100% failure of the [AMOC], just doesn't feel plausible to me," Marsh said. But the AMOC doesn't need to collapse to throw human lives and systems into chaos, he added.

"Really wild things"

Cooling in the North Atlantic and Northwest Europe could offset some of the warming from climate change — but that may not be a good thing, Marsh said. A drop in temperatures may alter atmospheric processes that drive storms and other weather events in these regions, he said.

Cooling in the North Atlantic won't directly make the U.S. East Coast colder, Marsh said. That's because weather in the Northeast is dictated more by the Arctic polar vortex, a ring of cold wind that circles the North Pole and traps frigid air near the Arctic. If this band becomes deformed or expands, which it sometimes does in the winter, chilly air escapes and sweeps over the Midwest and as far south as the Gulf.

But a weaker AMOC could alter the Arctic polar vortex, which would, in turn, affect the Northeast, Marsh said. The vortex is vulnerable to changes in climate, and recent evidence suggests the structure is already behaving strangely.

Direct impacts on the East Coast and Northwest Europe could also result from sea level rise. Sea levels in parts of the North Atlantic are currently 2.3 feet (70 centimeters) lower than they would be if the AMOC were weaker, because strong currents create uneven sea levels. If the AMOC weakens, water may redistribute itself and add to the sea level rise caused directly by global warming.

A man walks in a snowstorm in a town

Changes in AMOC could alter the Arctic polar vortex, which has caused major winter storms in recent years.  (Image credit: DenisTangneyJr via Getty Images)

As the Northern Hemisphere cools, tropical and subtropical regions could also be thrown into chaos. Studies indicate that a colder North Atlantic would alter Earth's energy balance and trigger a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a band of clouds that encircles the globe near the equator.

The moisture-laden ITCZ bobs up and down depending on Earth's position relative to the sun, bringing heavy rainfall and storms. It is responsible for monsoons — weather patterns with distinct wet and dry seasons — in South America, West Africa, India and East Asia.

Should the ITCZ shift southward, research suggests it would throw monsoons out of whack for at least 100 years. "Right now, we have these regions that are used to getting this very intense rainfall in their wet seasons," said Ben-Yami, the lead author of this research. Ecosystems are adapted to these downpours, and people depend on rainfall for agriculture, she said.

A southward shift of the ITCZ would lead to shorter and drier wet seasons in places like West Africa. These effects could persist for decades and severely disrupt life around the equator, Ben-Yami said. "Farmers somewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, they need that rainfall," she said.

Shifts in rainfall would affect the Amazon rainforest, too. The effects may differ between the Northern and Southern parts, because the rainforest is so big that the southern part would still receive significant rainfall even if the ITCZ were to shift southward, Ben-Yami said.

But the northern Amazon rainforest — including parts of Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana and Brazil — would experience longer and more intense dry seasons, which would be devastating for the region, she said.

Combined, the effects of a weakened AMOC could cost hundreds of billions, if not trillions, of dollars, Thornalley said. "It's a pretty global shift in climate — it would be very, very expensive," Thornalley told Live Science.

What's more, North Atlantic sediments from the last ice age (120,000 to 11,500 years ago) suggest that abrupt shifts in climate linked to the AMOC have occurred in the past.

"We know the climate can do really wild things," Thornalley said. "We know that really, really, really well."

Making predictions

Researchers say the AMOC will weaken significantly before 2100, but pinpointing exactly when the biggest change will happen is tricky.

Because direct measurements go back only 20 years, scientists often extrapolate from historical data to estimate when Atlantic currents might reach a tipping point. Tipping points are thresholds in some of Earth's systems that, once exceeded, can flip these systems from one stable state into a profoundly different one.

A good analogy to explain tipping points is a chair, Ben-Yami said. A chair is stable when it is standing on four legs or lying down; any position between these two is unstable. A person sitting on the chair can tip it backward slightly, but past a certain threshold, the chair tumbles to the ground.

An attention-grabbing study in 2023 concluded that the AMOC could reach a tipping point as early as this year. The authors used sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre between 1870 and 2020 to calculate fluctuations in the AMOC's resilience and strength. Their model suggested Atlantic currents are growing less resilient and weaker, to the point of possibly tipping before mid-century.

In a 2024 paper, however, Ben-Yami and other experts argued that there is too much uncertainty in data from before 2004 to predict when the AMOC might tip. "Once you take all these uncertainties into account, you don't get a practical prediction," she said.

"We're getting more and more worried."

UU Research Portal E.J.V. (Emma) Smolders, Utrecht University

Not having robust predictions is perhaps worse than knowing when the system will fail, because the future is so unclear, Ben-Yami said. "We should be even more careful" in the face of this uncertainty, she cautioned.

While some researchers are looking to the past for answers, others are searching for early warning signals that hold clues about future changes in the AMOC. One of these signals is the amount of fresh water flowing into the Atlantic at a latitude of 34 degrees south, near the tip of South Africa. Models suggest fresh water transport there will hit a minimum about 25 years before the AMOC reaches a tipping point, meaning experts could accurately predict shifts in the AMOC before the biggest changes occur.

But knowing about this minimum won't help anyone prevent the AMOC from weakening significantly, because it will be too late to reverse the driver — human-caused climate change — by the time the minimum is reached, said E.J.V. (Emma) Smolders, a doctoral student who specializes in AMOC early warning signals at Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

"We're getting more and more worried," Smolders told Live Science, adding that her research group is trying to find other warning signals that will help scientists make predictions with more lead time to act.

Her group described one of these alternative signals in a study published to the preprint database arXiv in June 2024. The study, which has not been peer-reviewed yet, found that salinity in the Atlantic near the tip of South Africa may be a better indicator than fresh water of when the AMOC will weaken.

Based on patterns in this salt transport, Smolders and colleagues estimated that the AMOC will "collapse" around 2050, which agrees with previous, peer-reviewed research.

Looking for early warning signals is important, because "it could be that we need as much advanced knowledge as possible to prepare civilian, even military, assets" to deal with the consequences of AMOC weakening, Marsh said. These assets may be needed to shield infrastructure and communities from unpredictable weather, he said.

Ultimately, regardless of whether we know exactly when the AMOC will decline, the takeaway is the same, Marsh and others said: Stop global warming by slashing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere.

The possibility that the AMOC could be approaching a tipping point "should be enough incentive, alongside knowing what the impact would be, for us to want to stop what we're doing," Thornalley said. "We might not be able to say exactly how long we've got left, but [the evidence] suggests we could have a tipping point, and we really want to avoid that."

  • Editor's note: This article was updated at 5:14 E.D.T on April 25 to correct an error in the introduction. The blob in the North Atlantic is cold, not warm.
  • This story is part of The 89 Percent Project, an initiative of the global journalism collaboration Covering Climate Now.


{ https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth }

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Microplastics have been in 'pristine streams' for half a century — what could that mean for human health?

Microplastics have been in 'pristine streams' for half a century — what could that mean for human health?

a close-up of a material with microplastics embedded in it

Caddisfly larvae built protective casings around themselves using materials available in the environment. This casing, from 1986, has blue microplastic in it. 
(Image credit: Auke-Florian Hiemstra)

Microplastic pollution from industrial waste has been contaminating freshwater ecosystems for decades, with evidence pointing to this run-off starting in the 1950s to 1970s. Now, though, new evidence suggests the extent of that pollution might be even broader than once thought.

In a study published April 25 in the journal Science of The Total Environment, scientists examined the larvae of caddisflies, small insects that build protective casings around themselves using plant material, sand and small stones in their environment. These casings, gathered in the 1970s and 1980s, came from clear, spring-fed streams in the Netherlands that were considered pristine at the time.

However, the study revealed that the larvae were incorporating plastic particles into their protective casings as early as 1971 — in other words, microplastics had infiltrated even these seemingly untouched ecosystems.

"The inclusion of plastic in the casing of a caddisfly means plastic is entering the food chain," said lead study author Auke-Florian Hiemstra, a doctoral candidate in evolutionary ecology at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center.

"Many birds and fish eat these caddisfly larvae, and some swallow them including their casing," Hiemstra told Live Science in an email. "If caddisflies have been affected by microplastics for over half a century, that means the broader ecosystem is affected too."

Related: 

The casing specimens in the study are part of the natural history collections at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands. The researchers used a technique called energy dispersive X-ray analysis to reveal chemical elements and additives commonly associated with plastics inside the casings.

This provided a rare snapshot into the impact of microplastics on freshwater systems, which represent less than 4% of current studies on microplastics, Hiemstra said. Generally, the presence of microplastics in the 2000s is well documented, but the historical timeline of microplastic pollution has remained vague. This lack of historical data has made it difficult to assess how long ecosystems and human populations have been exposed to microplastics, thus complicating risk assessments and epidemiological studies.

So, how might this study change our understanding of the history of microplastic exposure and its potential impacts on human health?

Microplastics in nature and the body

a box with a specimen inside of it

This caddisfly casing from 1971 has microplastic in it, the researchers found.  (Image credit: Auke-Florian Hiemstra)

Microplastics are tiny fragments of synthetic polymers that can take anywhere from hundreds to thousands of years to degrade. They're defined as being between 1 micrometer and 5 millimeters long. Today, they seem to be found virtually everywhere: in clouds, the air we breathe, food, drinking water, and human blood and breast milk. These particles stem from the breakdown of larger plastics, and in some cases, they are intentionally manufactured for use in certain cosmetics and cleaning products.

Research suggests that the human body clears out some larger microplastics measuring up to 150 micrometers long, while fragments smaller than 10 micrometers may be absorbed into tissues. But recent research suggests that some plastics in our bodies are even tinier than that.

While what qualifies as "nanoplastic" is still under debate, these ultrasmall particles are typically considered to be any plastic fragments smaller than 1 micrometer (or 1,000 nanometers) in diameter. A human hair, by comparison, is around 80,000 nanometers wide. Nanoplastics are small enough to potentially pass through cell membranes, studies suggest.

Matthew Campen, a toxicologist at the University of New Mexico, recently led a study that pointed to the presence of nanoplastics in human tissues. Using advanced, high-resolution imaging techniques, his team identified plastic fragments measuring no more than 200 nanometers in length — thin enough that they were translucent — in brain tissue from a few dozen organ donors.

After its publication, some of the analytical techniques used in the study were criticized, so the exact quantities of different types of plastic may be off, experts told Live Science. But by detecting nanoplastics, the findings expand upon previous work that relied on microscopes that could only detect particles up to 25 times larger.

That study, which included samples collected between 2016 and 2024, also suggested that later samples carried higher concentrations of plastics, and that the brains of individuals who died with dementia contained more plastic than healthy brains. These results raised questions about whether the public's plastic exposure has been increasing over time.

Hiemstra's new findings feed into that broader discussion and may have implications for how we understand the health risks of microplastics. If the pollutants have been present throughout the environment — not only near industrial sites — since the 1970s, that might reframe our understanding of where people have been exposed and for how long. Plastics not only accumulate in the environment, but also in the body, so better understanding the timeline and extent of exposure can help scientists unpack its long-term health outcomes.

As Hiemstra's study was focused on only the Netherlands, though, other work will need to be done to understand the history of microplastic pollution on a global scale.

Related: 

What do microplastics do to our bodies?

Scientists are still working to understand exactly how microplastics and the chemicals within plastics — such as phthalates and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) — might affect our bodies, Tracey Woodruff, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) who studies how pollutants affect reproductive and developmental health, told Live Science.

Early research has linked plastic exposure to the risk of various health conditions, including heart disease, lung disorders, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In each of these cases, the link is correlative, so it's not clear if or how the plastics might be contributing to the diseases. In addition, in lab-dish studies, some types of plastics appear to be relatively harmless, while others have been shown to kill human cells in vitro.

In 2024, Woodruff and her team at UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment published a systematic review of nearly 2,000 studies on the health effects of microplastics as part of a California state-commissioned report aimed at guiding policy decisions. The review identified potential health effects on respiratory, digestive and reproductive health, and particularly on sperm.

"While a link between chemicals in plastics and chronic diseases is clear, it's hard to separate the effects of the microplastic from its chemical additives," Woodruff noted.

Our understanding of the potential harms of microplastic exposure is very preliminary at this stage.

Bernardo Lemos, University of Arizona and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

She added that, "with rising cancer rates among younger people and increasing exposure [to microplastics] from early life, the potential long-term health risks — especially for those exposed in utero — remain a major concern," Woodruff said. Exposure to pollution is one of several competing theories for why the rates of certain cancers are rising in people under 50.

"More data will help address the uncertainty in the findings, but we're being exposed to [microplastics] right now, so it would be prudent to reduce exposures," Woodruff said.

While it's suspected that microplastics have negative impacts on human health, the World Health Organization emphasizes that the evidence for these effects is still limited and inconclusive.

"Our understanding of the potential harms of microplastic exposure is very preliminary at this stage," said Bernardo Lemos, a professor of pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Arizona and an adjunct professor of environmental epigenetics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Lemos has led research to document the effects of microplastic exposure in humans and in model organisms, such as fruit flies, mice and fish.

"I am sure there will be many more studies documenting an abundance of microplastics in historical samples," Lemos told Live Science in an email. "It will be interesting to document how microplastics' abundance and quality change over decades." The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, an intergovernmental organization, predicts that plastic production may triple by 2060.

Related: 

Is it possible to avoid microplastics?

A close-up of material embedded with with microplastics

A close-up of a caddisfly casing from 1986.  (Image credit: Pasquale Ciliberti and Isabel van der Velden)

While Woodruff noted it would be prudent to reduce microplastic exposure, it's unclear what levels of micro- and nanoplastics we're realistically taking in on a daily basis. "Plastics can degrade into smaller fragments, but they persist, so we're going to be exposed to them for a very long time," Woodruff said.

She suggested that, at the individual level, people can reduce their exposure to microplastics and the chemicals in them by consuming fewer ultraprocessed foods, which are more likely to come into contact with plastic than whole or less-processed foods. She also suggested that it may help to avoid plastic containers, bottles and packaging where possible.

"There is still so little known about the history of microplastics," Hiemstra said. But thanks to collections that include specimens like the caddisfly casings, we may have unknowingly collected more evidence than we thought about the early days of this pollutant.

Other natural history collections around the world may harbor even older casings with microplastics, he suggested, highlighting the untapped value of such collections as tools for environmental science. They may offer a way to establish historical baselines of microplastic pollution, which are still largely missing from the record and could help us trace the true health impact of plastics.

{ https://www.livescience.com/health }

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Exploring the Moon’s Subsurface with LunarLeaper

Exploring the Moon’s Subsurface with LunarLeaper

mare_tranquillitatis_pit_crater-750.jpg Moon pit identified in Mare Tranquillitatis that could potentially be a lava cave entrance. (Credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)

What kind of spacecraft can be used to explore and study the subsurface lunar environment? This is what a recent study presented at the 56th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) hopes to address as an international team of researchers discussed the benefits of a mission concept called LunarLeaper, which will be designed to traverse and analyze the various aspects of the lunar subsurface environment, including moon pits and lava tubes.

Here, Universe Today discusses this incredible research with Dr. Anna Mittelholz, who is a lecturer in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at ETH Zurich and lead author of the study, regarding the motivation behind the study, significant takeaways, next steps in developing LunarLeaper, and the importance of exploring the subsurface lunar environment. Therefore, what was the motivation behind the study?

Dr. Mittelholz tells Universe Today, “The primary motivation behind LunarLeaper was to enable agile and versatile access to challenging lunar terrain—particularly regions that traditional rovers struggle to reach, like steep slopes, rugged ejecta fields, and skylights leading to lava tubes. Paired with this outstanding science questions around subsurface lava tube was motivation enough!”

For the study, the researchers discussed several aspects of the LunarLeaper mission concept, including mission objectives, detailed breakdown of data collection, and how LunarLeaper could lay the foundation for future lunar exploration missions. For mission objectives, LunarLeaper will explore and analyze lunar lava tubes for their robotic and human exploration potential, specifically regarding if they could be used for human habitation. Additionally, LunarLeaper will investigate lunar volcanic and geologic history and how the lunar regolith (dust) played a role in the Moon’s evolutionary history.

Most importantly, the researchers analyzed how LunarLeaper could operate on the Moon, specifically navigating the uneven subsurface terrain of lava caves. While the lunar surface has uneven regions from craters, boulders, volcanic fields, and mountains, the environment of lava caves is even more unpredictable from collapsed channels, loose rocks, or sharp edges. This occurs when lava cools and is frozen in place in awkward locations, creating an environment that is difficult to navigate for humans or robots. Therefore, what are the most significant takeaways from this study?

“One key takeaway is that legged locomotion—or in our case, leaping—on the Moon is not only feasible but potentially game-changing for planetary exploration,” Dr. Mittelholz tells Universe Today. “Our simulations show that a hopping robot can navigate uneven terrain much more effectively than wheeled systems. Additionally, we’ve highlighted our specific mission architectures where this approach could provide unique scientific returns, especially in subsurface exploration.”

Mission concepts often take years to go from an idea to reality, comprised of a myriad of steps to ensure all mission aspects are fully operational and capable of performing in a space-based environment. This includes designs, tests, re-designs, more tests, system integrations to ensure each system can communicate with each other, more tests, countless meetings regarding funding and timetables, even more tests, until it’s finally ready for launch. NASA uses their Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) system to gauge progress on a mission plan and rate this progress, accordingly. Therefore, what are the next steps in developing LunarLeaper?

Dr. Mittelholz tells Universe Today, “We just passed our mission concept review and are now mostly focused on increasing the TRL of key systems, such as the locomotion and autonomous navigation.”

While NASA’s Apollo program proudly conducted the most in-depth surface exploration of the Moon, robotic and human exploration of the Moon’s surface began with missions conducted by NASA and the Soviet Union with the Luna and Ranger missions, respectively. As NASA geared up for Apollo, they conducted the Surveyor missions to better understand landing on the Moon’s surface.

After Apollo 17 in 1972, NASA entered a decades-long lull in lunar surface exploration but has still successfully conducted orbital exploration that has helped scientists gain immense insight into the Moon’s formation and evolution, and specifically its geologic and volcanic history. These orbital missions have identified more than 200 moon pits that could potentially lead to lava caves on the Moon while enabling future missions to explore the subsurface lunar environment. But what is the importance of exploring the subsurface lunar environment?

“From an exploration perspective, subsurface lava tubes are of incredible importance as they provide natural shelter for humans, protecting against harsh lunar conditions such as extreme temperature fluctuations, solar radiation, and micrometeorite impacts,” Dr. Mittelholz tells Universe Today. “These environments could serve as safe havens for long-duration missions, offering a potential foundation for sustainable lunar habitation. From a science perspective, the pits provide direct access to the Moon’s subsurface stratigraphy, potentially exposing pristine geological layers that have remained unaltered for billions of years. Studying these layers could yield critical insights into the Moon’s volcanic history, thermal evolution, and the broader processes that shaped the early solar system.”

How will LunarLeaper help scientists better understand the subsurface lunar environment in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!

As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

Links:

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

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Is This the First Hint of Planet Nine?

Is This the First Hint of Planet Nine?

planet9.jpeg artistic impression of the proposed Planet Nine in distant orbit of the Sun. (Credit : Tom Ruen)

The Solar System consists of our star, the Sun, and everything bound to it by gravity; the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, along with dwarf planets like Pluto, dozens of moons, and millions of asteroids and comets. The planets orbit the Sunin elliptical paths, with the inner four being rocky terrestrial worlds and the outer four being gas and ice giants many times larger than Earth.

960px-solar_system_true_color.jpg

Artist impression of our Solar System

(Credit : Cacti Staccing Crane)

Our fascination with hunting down more planets in the Solar System has until now not revealed any strong candidates. With Pluto having been classed as the 9th planet for many years, the hunt was on for Planet X. With the demotion of Pluto in 2006, the idea of Planet Nine was first proposed in 2016 by astronomers Batygin and Brown. Its existence is inferred from unusual orbital clustering of several trans-Neptunian objects, suggesting they're being influenced by a large, unseen planetary body. Despite extensive searches using powerful telescopes, Planet Nine has remained theoretical as direct observation has proven elusive.

In a study led by Terry Long Phan and published in Cambridge University Press, the team searches for Planet Nine candidates by using two far-infrared all-sky surveys, IRAS and AKARI, whose 23-year separation allows detection of Planet Nine’s expected orbital motion (~3′/year). The search uses the AKARI Far-Infrared Monthly Unconfirmed Source List (AKARI-MUSL), which is better suited for identifying faint, moving objects than the standard AKARI Bright Source Catalogue. Researchers estimated Planet Nine’s expected flux and motion based on assumed mass, distance, and temperature, then applied positional and flux criteria to match sources between IRAS and AKARI. They identified 13 candidate pairs with angular separations corresponding to heliocentric distances of 500–700 AU and masses of 7–17 Earth masses.

iras.jpeg

Infrared Astronomical Satellite in space simulator at JPL

(Credit : NASA)

After a rigorous analysis and selection process, including visual inspection of images, the team identified one strong candidate pair, where the IRAS and AKARI sources showed the expected angular separation (42′–69.6′) and were not detected at the same position in each survey. The AKARI detection probability map confirmed the candidate’s consistency with a slow-moving object, showing two detections on one date and none six months earlier. However, IRAS and AKARI data alone are insufficient to determine a precise orbit so there will need to be follow-up observations with DECam, which can detect faint moving objects within about an hour of exposure, are suggested to confirm the candidate and fully determine its orbit, aiding in understanding the solar system’s evolution and structure.

The search for Planet Nine continues to push the boundaries of astronomical discovery using advanced survey techniques and paring it with careful analysis. While the identification of a promising candidate is an exciting step forward, confirmation will require further observations and continued collaboration across the astronomical community. If Planet Nine is ultimately detected, it would mark a monumental addition to our understanding of the Solar System.

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Hubble Spots a Magnetar Zipping Through the Milky Way

Hubble Spots a Magnetar Zipping Through the Milky Way

An artist’s impression of a magnetar, which is a special type of neutron star with an incredibly strong magnetic field. Courtesy ESA. An artist’s impression of a magnetar, which is a special type of neutron star with an incredibly strong magnetic field. Courtesy ESA.

Magnetars are among the rarest - and weirdest - denizens of the galactic zoo. They have powerful magnetic fields and may be the source of fast radio bursts (FRBs). A team of astronomers led by European Space Agency researcher Ashley Chrimes recently used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to track one of these monsters called SGR 0501+4516 (SGR0501, for short, and SGR stands for Soft Gamma Repeater). It's whipping through the Milky Way at a rate as high as 65 kilometers per second. The big challenge was to find its birthplace and figure out its origin.

At first, astronomers thought it could be related to a supernova remnant called HB9. After a great deal of study, it turns out SGR0501 is not the product of a massive core-collapse supernova, but Chrimes and her colleagues aren't completely sure of its origin, which makes it even more rare and strange.

“Magnetars are neutron stars — the dead remnants of stars — composed entirely of neutrons. What makes magnetars unique is their extreme magnetic fields,” said Chrimes. "Our definite conclusion is that SGR0501 did not originate in HB9. However, since there is no other clear birth site or smoking gun for a different origin, the alternatives are all plausible and we can’t yet say which is the most likely."

Unraveling the Track of the Traveling Magnetar

There are only about 30 known magnetars in the Milky Way Galaxy. These dense balls of neutrons aren't very big - only about 20 km (12 miles) across. Their tiny sizes belie the incredibly strong magnetic fields that they generate. As the folks at NASA like to say, those fields are strong that if one flew by Earth at the distance of the Moon, all our credit cards would be wiped out. Even worse, if we flew out to visit the magnetar on its way, our ship and astronauts would be torn apart.

Luckily, we only observe them from a distance. Chrimes estimates that it most likely lies about 2,000 parsecs (~6520 light-years) away from us. SGR0501 was originally spotted in 2008 when the Swift Observatory detected brief but bright flashes of gamma rays in its direction. It also looked like it was close to the supernova remnant HB9. Naturally, astronomers assumed the two might be related, since known magnetars are the result of core collapse supernova explosions.

The separation between the magnetar and the center of the supernova remnant on the sky is just 80 arcminutes, or slightly wider than your pinky finger when viewed at the end of your outstretched arm. However, things didn't add up after astronomers studied the magnetar with HST. A decade-long set of Hubble observations resulted in images that helped astronomers figure out the magnetar's path as it travels. By tracking its position, the team charted the object’s apparent motion across the sky. Both the speed and direction of SGR 0501+4516’s movement showed that it could not be associated with the nearby supernova remnant. Tracing the magnetar’s trajectory thousands of years into the past showed that there were no other supernova remnants or massive star clusters that could have produced it.

So, What Formed It?

So, if SGR0501 didn't form in a supernova explosion, what else could form a tiny ball of neutrons with a super-strong magnetic field? That was the challenge the team faced next. It turns out that there are a couple of non-supernova ways to make magnetars. One is by merging two lower-mass neutron stars. That would create the larger, stronger SGR0501.

An artist's conception of the merger of two neutron stars to form a more massive one. Such a collision would also emit radio bursts and other emissions. Courtesy ESO/University of Warwick/Mark Garlick

An artist's conception of the merger of two neutron stars to form a more massive one. Such a collision would also emit radio bursts and other emissions.

Courtesy ESO/University of Warwick/Mark Garlick

The other way is by something called accretion-induced collapse. For that, you need a binary star system with a white dwarf as one of the components. As it pulls in gas and material from its companion, it can get greedy and take too much. That destabilizes the white dwarf and leads to a massive explosion. “Normally, this scenario leads to the ignition of nuclear reactions, and the white dwarf exploding, leaving nothing behind. But it has been theorized that under certain conditions, the white dwarf can instead collapse into a neutron star. We think this might be how SGR 0501 was born,” added co-investigator Andrew Levan of Radboud University in the Netherlands and the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom.

How are Fast Radio Bursts Connected to Magnetars?

The birth of a magnetar is a pretty powerful event that gives off the kind of brief but strong emissions that characterize fast radio bursts. If SGR0501 formed from a marger or accretion-induced collapse, that might explain the phenomenon of FRBs. These are very short (on the order of less than a millisecond) that don't always re-occur (in other words, they're transient flashes in the sky). Many FRBs occur outside our Milky Way, but some are also detected within the Galaxy.

“Magnetar birth rates and formation scenarios are among the most pressing questions in high-energy astrophysics, with implications for many of the universe’s most powerful transient events, such as gamma-ray bursts, super-luminous supernovae, and fast radio bursts,” said Nanda Rea of the Institute of Space Sciences in Barcelona, Spain. Magnetars that form through accretion-induced collapse could provide the kinds of short, powerful bursts of radio waves that characterize FGBs. In particular, that could explain the FRBs seen in ancient stellar populations too old to have massive stars that could explode as supernovae. Since there are other magnetars to study, the team is planning to use HST for further observations of these weirdly magnetic stellar remnants.

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Super Earth's are Pretty Common. We Just Don't Have One.

Super Earth's are Pretty Common. We Just Don't Have One.

super-earth.jpeg Caption: This artist's concept illustrates the results of a new study that measured the masses of many planets relative to the stars that host them, leading to new information about populations of planets in the direction of the bulge of the Milky Way. This study, published in the journal Science, shows that super-Earths are common and places them in context with gas giant planets. (Credit: Westlake University)

The discovery of exoplanets has transformed astronomy since the early 1990s. Using methods like transit photometry and radial velocity measurements, scientists have identified over 5,000 planets beyond our Solar System, revealing an incredible range of worlds from scorching gas giants to potentially habitable Earth-sized worlds. Space telescopes like Kepler, TESS, and James Webb have increased these discoveries, allowing us to study distant planetary atmospheres.

jwst.jpg

The James Webb Space Telescope has revolutionised our view of exoplanets

(Credit : NASA)

One particular type of exoplanet, the super-Earths have masses between Earth and Neptune, typically 2-10 times Earth's mass. They are absent from our Solar System but seem to be common elsewhere. Even within this classification, these worlds display remarkable diversity; some rocky with thin atmospheres, others with thick gaseous envelopes. Many orbit in their stars' habitable zones, raising possibilities for liquid water, though their stronger gravity and often tidally locked rotation would create distinctly alien conditions.

A recent study published in Science reveals that super-Earths are common throughout our Galaxy. The international research team, including astronomers from the Center for Astrophysics at Harvard & Smithsonian, discovered a particularly notable super-Earth orbiting its star at a distance greater than Saturn is from our Sun, a region where previously only massive planets had been found.

960px-exoplanet_comparison_corot-7_b.png

Illustration of the inferred size of the super-Earth CoRoT-7b (center) in comparison with Earth and Neptune

"We found a 'super Earth'... in a place where only planets thousands or hundreds of times more massive than Earth were found before," explained CfA Fellow Weicheng Zang, the study's lead author. This discovery highlights how dramatically different other planetary systems can be from our own Solar System and contributes to a broader investigation measuring planetary masses relative to their host stars, enhancing our understanding of planetary populations across the Milky Way.

This groundbreaking discovery of a distant super-Earth is part of a comprehensive study that has revealed new insights about planetary populations across the Milky Way by measuring planet masses relative to their host stars. Using microlensing (a technique where light from distant objects is amplified by intervening bodies) researchers could detect planets at large distances from their stars, comparable to the Earth-Saturn orbital range. This represents the largest study of its kind, examining about three times more planets and including worlds approximately eight times smaller than previous microlensing-detected samples.

This study also reveals super-Earths are at least as common as Neptune-sized planets throughout our galaxy, significantly advancing planetary science through advanced observational techniques. As instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope continue characterizing exoplanet atmospheres, astronomers edge closer to understanding planetary formation and the potential for extraterrestrial life. The discovery of such diverse planetary systems challenges our assumptions and suggests a Universe filled with planets of varied sizes and compositions in unexpected orbital arrangements. This expanding cosmic census not only deepens our astronomical knowledge but helps us better understand Earth's place in the Cosmos.

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Found On Mars! Alien figure carved in stone, New Discovery Today! April 27, 2028, UFO UAP Sighting News.

Found On Mars! Alien figure carved in stone, New Discovery Today! April 27, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

Alien_Mars_scott%20Waring.JPG

Mars_Skull_Scott%20Waring.JPG

Date of discovery: April 27, 2025
Location of discovery: Mars
Source photo used: 
 
Guys I found this on Mars this morning while having my coffee. I can't imagine what I will find by my second coffee. 
 
This figure carved in stone is similar to another figure I found long ago, the woman on Mars. Maybe you remember, but how is it similar you ask? Well, the woman on mars is wearing a green toga like robe. Here again we have a bipedal species, clearly not human, but wearing a robe or toga. Similar to those worn in Ancient Greece and Rome. 
 
The eyes of this creature are very large and round, its ears smaller but visible on the side of its head. Its mouth is round and a little long like that of a small dog, but not as long. It's wearing a robe that really is unique, you see its sleeves are so long they touch the ground. One arm is bent at the elbow at waist level with its fingers in a certain position which has meaning in the species culture. The folds of the toga are visible as well as the belt area around the waist. 
There is also a large skull nearby, which has similarities to that of a prehistoric creature...like a pterodactyl. 
 
Wow, just undeniable proof of a non human species living on Mars thousand or millions of years ago. 
Scott C. Waring - Utah, USA
 

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Alien Orb Followed By US Military Helicopter! April 23, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

Alien Orb Followed By US Military Helicopter! April 23, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

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Date of sighting: April 23, 2025
Location of sighting: Flagstaff, Arizona
Source: Email report, scwaring @ yahoo.com
 
This just sent in last night, a person caught a glowing orb being followed by a US military helicopter passion over his neighborhood in Flagstaff. He said the object had a strange smell left behind as if something was on fire. Similar reports of strange smells exist in eyewitness reports from the MJ12 files. Often an ionized iron...often called ozone, past reports said that such powerful odors is produced by the high voltages interaction between the UFO and static electricity in the atmospheric oxygen. Basically smells like fireworks. This smell is absolute evidence of an alien craft flying low and bold over Flagstaff. 
Scott C. Waring - Utah, USA
 

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30 misconceptions that have become modern-day 'facts'

30 misconceptions that have become modern-day 'facts'

30 misconceptions that have become modern-day 'facts'

©Getty Images

30 misconceptions that have become modern-day 'facts'

Coffee is made from beans, penguins mate for life, and chameleons change color to match their surroundings... These are all 'facts' you probably believe to be true. After all, most people believe them to be so. However, experts have pointed out that many so-called 'facts' are simple misconceptions. Then there are some that are just downright myths!

The Earth revolves around the Sun

©Getty Images

The Earth revolves around the Sun
Technically, the Sun, Earth, and all the other planets are orbiting around the center of the solar system.

Mount Everest is the

©Getty Images

Mount Everest is the "tallest" mountain in the world
While Mount Everest is deemed the tallest mountain in the world, experts claim that, in technical terms, this isn't true. The summit of Mount Everest is officially higher above sea level than the summit of any other mountain. However, Mauna Kea is the tallest when measured from base to summit.

Vikings wore horned helmets

©Getty Images

Vikings wore horned helmets
While this may well be true, historians say there's actually no evidence to suggest that Vikings ever wore horned helmets.

One human year is equivalent to seven dog years

©Getty Images

One human year is equivalent to seven dog years
While it may be true for some dogs, it's not a rule of thumb. It all depends on the size and breed of the dog.

A goldfish has a memory span of three seconds

©Getty Images

A goldfish has a memory span of three seconds
This isn't true, as goldfish have very good memories for fish. They can be trained to respond in various ways to certain colors of light and different kinds of music.

©Getty Images

Sushi means

Sushi means "raw fish"
Although one of the common ingredients may be raw fish, sushi actually translates from Japanese to "sour tasting."

You lose your body heat the fastest through your head

©Getty Images

You lose your body heat the fastest through your head
While this is widely believed to be true, some experts say it's just a myth, and that humans would be just as cold if they went without a hat as if they went without pants.

Different parts of your tongue detect different tastes

©Getty Images

Different parts of your tongue detect different tastes
This was scientifically disproven, as researchers found that all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue. However, different parts are more sensitive to certain tastes, which may be where this popular belief comes from.

 People use just 10% of their brain

©Getty Images

People use just 10% of their brain
Neurologists say this is entirely untrue. Humans use nearly every part of their brain, and most of the brain is active all the time.

Coffee is made from beans

©Getty Images

Coffee is made from beans
While many assume that coffee comes from coffee beans, experts say they're actually made from seeds called a bean.

Chameleons change color to match their surroundings

©Getty Images

Chameleons change color to match their surroundings
The truth is chameleons actually change color as a response to mood, temperature, communication, and light, instead of the object they're touching.

Fortune cookies are a Chinese tradition

©Getty Images

Fortune cookies are a Chinese tradition
Fortune cookies were originally a Japanese-American invention before being widely adopted by Chinese culture.

There's a dark side of the Moon

©Getty Images

There's a dark side of the Moon
As the Moon is constantly rotating on its own axis, there's no area of the satellite that's in permanent darkness.

Blood is blue before it's oxygenated

©Getty Images

Blood is blue before it's oxygenated
While many believe that deoxygenated blood is blue, it's actually a myth because human blood is always red. However, the level of redness differs depending on how oxygenated it is.

Handling a baby bird will make its mother reject it

©Getty Images

Handling a baby bird will make its mother reject it
Most birds have a very poor sense of smell, so in most cases they are unable to even notice human scent on a baby bird.

Alcohol keeps you warm

©Getty Images

Alcohol keeps you warm
Alcohol causes your blood vessels to dilate, moving warm blood closer to the surface of the skin. This can make you feel warmer temporarily. However, those same veins pumping blood closer to the skin's surface also cause you to lose core body heat.

The Great Wall of China can be seen from space

©Getty Images

The Great Wall of China can be seen from space
The Apollo astronauts confirmed that you can't see the Great Wall of China from the Moon. In fact, all you can see from the Moon is the white and blue marble of Earth.

Waking sleepwalkers harms them

©Getty Images

Waking sleepwalkers harms them
Waking a sleepwalker won't cause them any physical harm, but it could leave them startled or disoriented.

Penguins mate for life

©Getty Images

Penguins mate for life
Penguins are mostly monogamous, but there are some species, such as the emperor penguin, which are only serially monogamous. They'll mate with one penguin for a season, then move onto another penguin the following season.

Shaving your leg hair will make it grow back quicker

©Getty Images

having your leg hair will make it grow back quicker
Many believe shaving body hair makes it grow back quicker, but shaving hair doesn't change its thickness, color, or rate of growth. It might just feel coarse for a period of time as it grows out.

Caffeine dehydrates you

©Getty Images

Caffeine dehydrates you
While caffeinated drinks do have a mild diuretic effect, experts say they don't appear to increase the risk of dehydration.

Eating cheese before bed will give you nightmares

©Getty Images

Eating cheese before bed will give you nightmares
Cheese is believed to give you more emotionally charged dreams, but not necessarily nightmares.

Peanuts are a type of nut

©Getty Images

Peanuts are a type of nut
Actually, peanuts, along with beans and peas, belong to the single plant family leguminosae.

Bulls are enraged by the color red

©Getty Images

Bulls are enraged by the color red
It's a proven fact that bulls only see blue and yellow. They only react to the red cape during bullfights because of the movements.

Fingernails continue to grow after you die

©Getty Images

Fingernails continue to grow after you die
The dehydration of the body after death can cause retraction of the skin around hair and nails, giving the illusion that they've grown. However, all tissues require energy to sustain their functions, which isn't possible when dead.

Eating lots of chocolate will give you spots

©Getty Images

Eating lots of chocolate will give you spots
There's no concrete evidence that suggests eating more chocolate can cause spots.

Vitamin C is an effective treatment for a cold

©Getty Images

Vitamin C is an effective treatment for a cold
Flu sufferers are often encouraged to increase their vitamin C dosage, but most experts have stated that there's little to no evidence that the vitamin can help with treatment of a cold. Instead, it's believed to help build up the immune system to ward off potential flu viruses.

Ostriches bury their head in the sand when they're scared

©Getty Images

Ostriches bury their head in the sand when they're scared
Ostriches swallow sand and pebbles to help grind up food in their stomachs. This means they have to bend down and briefly stick their heads in the earth to collect the pebbles. It has nothing to do with them being scared.

Microwave radiation can cause cancer

©Getty Images

Microwave radiation can cause cancer
Most experts believe that microwave ovens don't give off enough energy to damage the genetic material in cells, so they can't cause cancer.

Houseflies only live for around 24 hours

©Getty Images
Houseflies only live for around 24 hours

The adult housefly can actually live up to one month in the wild.

Sources:

  • (Daily Mail)

See also:  Popular misconceptions about each American president

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How Were the Pyramids Built? Engineers Suggest a New Theory

How Were the Pyramids Built? Engineers Suggest a New Theory

Story byTheo Burman 

The pyramids may have been built using a sophisticated hydraulic system, according to a new study in Egypt.

Evidence of ancient Egyptians using water pressure to lift stone blocks was discovered at the Step Pyramid of Djoser, with a research team concluding its architecture matched that of a "hydraulic elevation mechanism."

The theory could be the earliest evidence of hydraulic engineering in monumental architecture, and provides an explanation of how the pyramids were erected with tools previously thought unavailable at the time. If correct, it means that the Egyptians had a far greater understanding of hydraulic technology than previously thought.

What To Know

Most mainstream theories propose that the Egyptians used ramps and brute manpower as the primary methods for lifting the limestone blocks that make up the pyramids.

However, the study argues that the internal layout of the Step Pyramid, combined with the surrounding landscape, suggests that engineers may have used a volcano-style mechanism in which water-driven pressure helped elevate stones from within the structure.

The system would have operated in tandem with natural topography and artificially created reservoirs, potentially linking to a tributary of the Nile to create a temporary lake.

Stock Image: General view of the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara on February 9, 2024 in Giza, Egypt. Getty Images
Stock Image: General view of the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara on February 9, 2024 in Giza, Egypt.
Getty Images© Getty Images

The main pieces of evidence supporting the hydraulic theory were the discovery of a "dry moat" surrounding the pyramid, as well as a massive stone structure known as the Gisr el-Mudir. These features resemble components of a modern water treatment system, including sedimentation and purification basins.

The Gisr el-Mudir could have functioned as a check dam to trap and regulate water flow, which in turn could have powered the lifting mechanism inside the pyramid. However, this setup implies a level of hydraulic sophistication way beyond all prior assumptions about how advanced ancient Egyptian engineering was.

What People Are Saying

In the abstract of the report, the researchers said: "The Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqâra, Egypt, is considered the oldest of the seven monumental pyramids built about 4,500 years ago. From transdisciplinary analysis, it was discovered that a hydraulic lift may have been used to build the pyramid.

"Based on our mapping of the nearby watersheds, we show that one of the unexplained massive Saqqâra structures, the Gisr el-Mudir enclosure, has the features of a check dam with the intent to trap sediment and water.

"The ancient architects may have raised the stones from the pyramid centre in a volcano fashion using the sediment-free water from the Dry Moat's south section. Ancient Egyptians are famous for their pioneering and mastery of hydraulics through canals for irrigation purposes and barges to transport huge stones."

What Happens Next

Researchers continue to investigate how the pyramids were built, with more focus being put into the possibility of hydraulic power.

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Panicking Over AI? What 2,000 Years of Chinese History Can Teach Us (Part I)

Collection of Han Dynasty tomb bricks, featuring statue of Han stonecutter, on display at Nanyang Museum of Han Dynasty Stone Carving, Henan Province, China

Panicking Over AI? What 2,000 Years of Chinese History Can Teach Us (Part I)

In the sweltering summer of 18 AD, a desperate chant echoed across China’s sun-scorched plains: “Heaven has gone blind!” Thousands of starving farmers, their faces smeared with ox blood, marched toward the opulent vaults held by the Han dynasty’s elite rulers.

As recorded in the ancient text Han Shu (book of Han), these farmers’ calloused hands held bamboo scrolls – ancient “tweets” accusing the bureaucrats of hoarding grain while the farmers’ children gnawed tree bark. The rebellion’s firebrand warlord leader, Chong Fan, roared: “Drain the paddies!”

Within weeks, the Red Eyebrows, as the protesters became known, had toppled local regimes, raided granaries and – for a fleeting moment – shattered the empire’s rigid hierarchy.

The Han Dynasty of China (202 BC-AD 220) was one of the most developed civilisations of its time, alongside the Roman Empire. Its development of cheaper and sharper iron ploughs enabled the gathering of unprecedented harvests of grain.

But instead of uplifting the farmers, this technological revolution gave rise to agrarian oligarchs who hired ever-more officials to govern their expanding empire. Soon, bureaucrats earned 30 times more than those tilling the soil.

handy2.jpg?itok=nynWCtAh

Revolutionary iron ploughs from the Han dynasty.

(Windmemories/CC BY-SA 4.0).

And when droughts struck, the farmers and their families starved while the empire’s elites maintained their opulence. As a famous poem from the subsequent Tang dynasty put it: “While meat and wine go to waste behind vermilion gates, the bones of the frozen dead lie by the roadside.”

Two millennia later, the role of technology in increasing inequality around the world remains a major political and societal issue. AI-driven “technology panic” – exacerbated by the disruptive efforts of Donald Trump’s new administration in the US – gives the feeling that everything has been upended. New tech is destroying old certainties; populist revolt is shredding the political consensus.

And yet, as we stand at the edge of this technological cliff, seemingly peering into a future of AI-induced job apocalypses, history whispers: “Calm down. You’ve been here before.”

The Link Between Technology and Inequality

Technology is humanity’s cheat code to break free from scarcity. The Han Dynasty’s iron plough didn’t just till soil; it doubled crop yields, enriching landlords and swelling tax coffers for emperors while – initially, at least – leaving peasants further behind. Similarly, Britain’s steam engine didn’t just spin cotton; it built coal barons and factory slums. Today, AI isn’t just automating tasks; it’s creating trillion-dollar tech fiefdoms while destroying myriads of routine jobs.

Technology amplifies productivity by doing more with less. Over centuries, these gains compound, raising economic output and increasing incomes and lifespans. But each innovation reshapes who holds power, who gets rich – and who gets left behind.

As the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter warned during the second world war, technological progress is never a benign rising tide that lifts all boats. It’s more like a tsunami that drowns some and deposits others on golden shores, amid a process he called “creative destruction”.

A decade later, Russian-born US economist Simon Kuznets proposed his “inverted-U of inequality”, the Kuznets curve. For decades, this offered a reassuring narrative for citizens of democratic nations seeking greater fairness: inequality was an inevitable – but temporary – price of technological progress and the economic growth that comes with it.

The Kuznets Curve.

(Кривая Кузнеца/CC0).

In recent years, however, this analysis has been sharply questioned. Most notably, French economist Thomas Piketty, in a reappraisal of more than three centuries of data, argued in 2013 that Kuznets had been misled by historical fluke. The postwar fall in inequality he had observed was not a general law of capitalism, but a product of exceptional events: two world wars, economic depression, and massive political reforms.

In normal times, Piketty warned, the forces of capitalism will always tend to make the rich richer, pushing inequality ever higher unless checked by aggressive redistribution.

So, who’s correct? And where does this leave us as we ponder the future in this latest, AI-driven industrial revolution? In fact, both Kuznets and Piketty were working off quite narrow timeframes in modern human history. Another country, China, offers the chance to chart patterns of growth and inequality over a much longer period – due to its historical continuity, cultural stability, and ethnic uniformity.

Unlike other ancient civilisations such as the Egyptians and Mayans, China has maintained a unified identity and unique language for more than 5,000 years, allowing modern scholars to trace thousand-year-old economic records. So, with colleagues Qiang Wu and Guangyu Tong, I set out to reconcile the ideas of Kuznets and Piketty by studying technological growth and wage inequality in imperial China over 2,000 years – back beyond the birth of Jesus.

To do this, we scoured China’s extraordinarily detailed dynastic archives, including the Book of Han (111 AD) and Tang Huiyao (961 AD), in which meticulous scribes recorded the salaries of different ranking officials. And here is what we learned about the forces – good and bad, corrupt and selfless – that most influenced the rise and fall of inequality in China over the past two millennia.

Chinese dynasties and their most influential technologies. Black text denotes historical events in the west; grey text denotes important interactions between China and the west.

(Peng Zhou/CC BY-NC-SA).

China’s Cycles of Growth and Inequality

One of the challenges of assessing wage inequality over thousands of years is that people were paid different things at different times – such as grain, silk, silver and even labourers.

The Book of Han records that “a governor’s annual grain salary could fill 20 oxcarts”. Another entry describes how a mid-ranking Han official’s salary included ten servants tasked solely with polishing his ceremonial armour. Ming dynasty officials had their meagre wages supplemented with gifts of silver, while Qing elites hid their wealth in land deals.

To enable comparison over two millennia, we invented a “rice standard” – akin to the gold standard that was the basis of the international monetary system for a century from the 1870s. Rice is not just a staple of Chinese diets, it has been a stable measure of economic life for thousands of years.

While rice’s dominion began around 7,000 BC in the Yangtze river’s fertile marshes, it was not until the Han dynasty that it became the soul of Chinese life. Farmers prayed to the “Divine Farmer” for bountiful harvests, and emperors performed elaborate ploughing rituals to ensure cosmic harmony. A Tang Dynasty proverb warned: “No rice in the bowl, bones in the soil.”

Using price records, we converted every recorded salary – whether paid in silk, silver, rent or servants – into its rice equivalent. We could then compare the “real rice wages” of two categories of people we called either “officials” or “peasants” (including farmers), as a way of tracking levels of inequality over the two millennia since the start of the Han Dynasty in 202 BC. This chart shows how real-wage inequality in China rose and fell over the past 2,000 years, according to our rice-based analysis.

Official-peasant wage ratio in imperial China over 2,000 years. The ratio describes the multiple by which the ‘real rice wage’ of the average ‘official’ exceeds that of the average ‘peasant’, giving an indication of changing inequality levels over two millennia. 

(Peng Zhou /CC BY-SA).

The chart’s black line describes a tug-of-war between growth and inequality over the past two millennia. We found that, across each major dynasty, there were four key factors driving levels of inequality in China: technology (T), institutions (I), politics (P), and social norms (S). These followed the following cycle with remarkable regularity.

1. Technology triggers an explosion of growth and inequality

During the Han dynasty, new iron-working techniques led to better ploughs and irrigation tools. Harvests boomed, enabling the Chinese empire to balloon in both territory and population. But this bounty mostly went to those at the top of society. Landlords grabbed fields, bureaucrats gained privileges, while ordinary farmers saw precious little reward. The empire grew richer – but so did the gap between high officials and the peasant majority.

Even when the Han fell around 220 AD, the rise of wage inequality was barely interrupted. By the time of the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD), China was enjoying a golden age. Silk Road trade flourished as two more technological leaps had a profound impact on the country’s fortunes: block printing and refined steelmaking.

Block printing enabled the mass production of books – Buddhist texts, imperial exam guides, poetry anthologies – at unprecedented speed and scale. This helped spread literacy and standardise administration, as well as sparking a bustling market in bookselling.

Meanwhile, refined steelmaking boosted everything from agricultural tools to weaponry and architectural hardware, lowering costs and raising productivity. With a more literate populace and an abundance of stronger metal goods, China’s economy hit new heights. Chang’an, then China’s cosmopolitan capital, boasted exotic markets, lavish temples, and a swirl of foreign merchants enjoying the Tang Dynasty’s prosperity.

While the Tang Dynasty marked the high-water mark for levels of inequality in Chinese history, subsequent dynasties would continue to wrestle with the same core dilemma: how do you reap the benefits of growth without allowing an overly privileged – and increasingly corrupt – bureaucratic class to push everyone else into peril?

2. Institutions slow the rise of inequality

Throughout the two millennia, some institutions played an important role in stabilising the empire after each burst of growth. For example, to alleviate tensions between emperors, officials and peasants, imperial exams known as “Ke Ju” were introduced during the Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD). And by the time of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) that followed the demise of the Tang, these exams played a dominant role in society.

They addressed high levels of inequality by promoting social mobility: ordinary civilians were granted greater opportunities to ascend the income ladder by achieving top marks. This induced greater competition among officials – and strengthened emperors’ authority over them in the later dynasties. As a result, both the wages of officials and wage inequality went down as their bargaining power gradually diminished.

However, the rise of each new dynasty was also marked by a growth of bureaucracy that led to inefficiencies, favouritism and bribery. Over time, corrupt practices took root, eroding trust in officialdom and heightening wage inequality as many officials commanded informal fees or outright bribes to sustain their lifestyles.

As a result, while the emergence of certain institutions was able to put a break on rising inequality, it typically took another powerful – and sometimes highly destructive – factor to start reducing it.

Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy (circa AD601-670). This famous Chinese painting depicts the expansion of Chinese influence during the Tang Dynasty. 

(Public Domain).

3. Political infighting and external wars reduce inequality

Eventually, the rampant rise in inequality seen in almost every major Chinese dynasty bred deep tensions – not only between the upper and lower classes, but even between the emperor and their officials.

These pressures were heightened by the pressures of external conflict, as each dynasty waged wars in pursuit of further growth. The Tang’s three century-rule featured conflicts such as the Eastern Turkic-Tang war (AD626), the Baekje-Goguryeo-Silla war (666), and the Arab-Tang battle of Talas (751).

The resulting demand for more military spending drained imperial coffers, forcing salary cuts for soldiers and tax hikes on the peasants – breeding resentment among both that sometimes led to popular uprisings. In a desperate bid for survival, the imperial court then slashed officials’ pay and stripped away their bureaucratic perks.

The result? Inequality plummeted during these times of war and rebellion – but so did stability. Famine was rife, frontier garrisons mutinied, and for decades, warlords carved out territories while the imperial centre floundered.

So, this shrinking wage gap cannot be said to have resulted in a happier, more stable society. Rather, it reflected the fact that everyone – rich and poor – was worse off in the chaos. During the final imperial dynasty, the Qing (from the end of the 17th century), real-terms GDP per person was dropping to levels that had last been seen at the start of the Han Dynasty, 2,000 years earlier.

4. Social norms emphasise harmony, preserve privilege

One other common factor influencing the rise and fall of inequality across China’s dynasties was the shared rules and expectations that developed within each society.

A striking example is the social norms rooted in the philosophy of Neo-Confucianism, which emerged in the Song dynasty at the end of the first millennium – a period sometimes described as China’s version of the Renaissance. It blended the moral philosophy of classical Confucianism – created by the philosopher and political theorist Confucius during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) – with metaphysical elements drawn from both Buddhism and Daoism.

Neo-Confucianism emphasised social harmony, hierarchical order and personal virtue – values that reinforced imperial authority and bureaucratic discipline. Unsurprisingly, it quickly gained the support of emperors keen to ensure control of their people, and became the mainstream school of thought in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Statue of Confucius, in Parque Rodó in Montevideo.

(Ezarate/CC BY-SA 4.0).

However, Neo-Confucianist thinking proved a double-edged sword. Local gentry hijacked this moral authority to fortify their own power. Clan leaders set up Confucian schools and performed elaborate ancestral rites, projecting themselves as guardians of tradition.

Over time, these social norms became rigid. What had once fostered order and legitimacy became brittle dogma, more useful for preserving privilege than guiding reform. Neo-Confucian ideals evolved into a protective veil for entrenched elites. When the weight of crisis eventually came, they offered little resilience.

To be continued …

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/science-space }

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Panicking Over AI? What Chinese, British, and American History Can Teach Us (Part 2)

Photo of an early IBM 7030 computer, in the 1960s, on display at National Cryptologic Museum.

Panicking Over AI? What Chinese, British, and American History Can Teach Us (Part 2)

China’s final dynasty experienced severe difficulties based on its internal contradictions, and was unable to absorb the introduction of important new technologies without disruption. The historical experiences of Britain and the United States also have lessons to teach us about the impact of significant new technologies, and about how those impacts can be managed—or mismanaged—to promote the greater good, or to harm it.

The Last Dynasty

China’s final imperial dynasty, the Qing, collapsed under the weight of multiple uprisings both from within and without. Despite achieving impressive economic growth during the 18th century – fuelled by agricultural innovation, a population boom, and the roaring global trade in tea and porcelain – levels of inequality exploded, in part due to widespread corruption.

The infamous government official Heshen, widely regarded as the most corrupt figure in the Qing dynasty, amassed a personal fortune reckoned to exceed the empire’s entire annual revenue (one estimate suggests he amassed 1.1 billion taels of silver, equivalent to around US$270 billion (£200bn), during his lucrative career).

Imperial institutions failed to restrain the inequality and moral decay that the Qing’s growth had initially masked. The mechanisms that once spurred prosperity – technological advances, centralised bureaucracy and Confucian moral authority – eventually ossified, serving entrenched power rather than adaptive reform.

When shocks like natural disasters and foreign invasions struck, the system could no longer respond. The collapse of the empire became inevitable – and this time there was no groundbreaking technology to enable a new dynasty to take the Qing’s place. Nor were there fresh social ideals or revitalised institutions capable of rebooting the imperial model. As foreign powers surged ahead with their own technological breakthroughs, China’s imperial system collapsed under its own weight. The age of emperors was over.

A grandfather and grandson beg for food amid the collapse of China’s Qing dynasty in the late 19th century. 

(UtCon Collection/Alamy Stock Photo).

The world had turned. As China embarked on two centuries of technological and economic stagnation – and political humiliation at the hands of Great Britain and Japan – other nations, led first by Britain and then the US, would step up to build global empires on the back of new technological leaps.

In these modern empires, we see the same four key influences on their cycles of growth and inequality – technology, institutions, politics and social norms – but playing out at an ever-faster rate. As the saying goes: history does not repeat itself, but it often rhymes.

Rule Britannia

If imperial China’s inequality saga was written in rice and rebellions, Britain’s industrial revolution featured steam and strikes. In Lancashire’s “satanic mills”, steam engines and mechanised looms created industrialists so rich that their fortunes dwarfed small nations.

In 1835, social observer Andrew Ure enthused: “Machinery is the grand agent of civilisation.” Yet for many decades, the steam engines, spinning jennies and railways disproportionately enriched the new industrial class, just as in the Han dynasty of China 2,000 years earlier. The workers? They inhaled soot, lived in slums – and staged Europe’s first symbolic protest when the Luddites began smashing their looms in 1811.

A spinning jenny.

(Elcapito22/CC BY-SA 3.0).

During the 19th century, Britain’s richest 1% hoarded as much as 70% of the nation’s wealth, while labourers toiled 16-hour days in mills. In cities like Manchester, child workers earned pennies while industrialists built palaces.

But as inequality peaked in Britain, the backlash brewed. Trade unions formed (and became legal in 1824) to demand fair wages. Reforms such as the Factory Acts (1833–1878) banned child labour and capped working hours.

Although government forces intervened to suppress the uprisings, unrest such as the 1830 Swing Riots and 1842 General Strike exposed deep social and economic inequalities. By 1900, child labour was banned and pensions had been introduced. The 1900 Labour Representation Committee (later the Labour Party) vowed to “promote legislation in the direct interests of labour” – a striking echo of how China’s imperial exams had attempted to open paths to power.

Slowly, the working class saw some improvement: real wages for Britain’s poorest workers gradually increased over the latter half of the 19th century, as mass production lowered the cost of goods and expanding factory employment provided a more stable livelihood than subsistence farming.

And then, two world wars flattened Britain’s elite – the Blitz didn’t discriminate between rich and poor neighbourhoods. When peace finally returned, the Beveridge Report gave rise to the welfare state: the NHS, social housing, and pensions.

Income inequality plummeted as a result. The top 1%’s share fell from 70% to 15% by 1979. While China’s inequality fell via dynastic collapse, Britain’s decline resulted from war-driven destruction, progressive taxation, and expansive social reforms.

Wealth share of top 1% in the UK, inequality before 1895 is not well documented; dotted curve is conjectured based on Kuznets curve. Sources: Alvaredo et al (2018), World Inequality Database. 

(Peng Zhou/CC BY-SA).

However, from the 1980s onwards, inequality in Britain has begun to rise again. This new cycle of inequality has coincided with another technological revolution: the emergence of personal computers and information technology — innovations that fundamentally transformed how wealth was created and distributed.

The era was accelerated by deregulation, deindustrialisation and privatisation — policies associated with former prime minister Margaret Thatcher, that favoured capital over labour. Trade unions were weakened, income taxes on the highest earners were slashed, and financial markets were unleashed. Today, the richest 1% of UK adults own more 20% of the country’s total wealth.

The UK now appears to be in the worst of both worlds – wrestling with low growth and rising inequality. Yet renewal is still within reach. The current UK government’s pledge to streamline regulation and harness AI could spark fresh growth – provided it is coupled with serious investment in skills, modern infrastructure, and inclusive institutions geared to benefit all workers.

At the same time, history reminds us that technology is a lever, not a panacea. Sustained prosperity comes only when institutional reform and social attitudes evolve in step with innovation.

The American Century

While China’s growth-and-inequality cycles unfolded over millennia and Britain’s over centuries, America’s story is a fast-forward drama of cycles lasting mere decades. In the early 20th century, several waves of new technology widened the gap between rich and poor dramatically.

By 1929, as the world teetered on the edge of the Great Depression, John D. Rockefeller had amassed such a vast fortune – valued at roughly 1.5% of America’s entire GDP – that newspapers hailed him the world’s first billionaire. His wealth stemmed largely from pioneering petroleum and petrochemical ventures including Standard Oil, which dominated oil refining in an age when cars and mechanised transport were exploding in popularity.

Yet this period of unprecedented riches for a handful of magnates coincided with severe imbalances in the broader US economy. The “roaring Twenties” had boosted consumerism and stock speculation, but wage growth for many workers lagged behind skyrocketing corporate profits. By 1929, the top 1% of Americans owned more than a third of the nation’s income, creating a precariously narrow base of prosperity.

When the US stock market crashed in October 1929, it laid bare how vulnerable the system was to the fortunes of a tiny elite. Millions of everyday Americans – living without adequate savings or safeguards – faced immediate hardship, ushering in the Great Depression. Breadlines snaked through city streets, and banks collapsed under waves of withdrawals they could not meet.

Unemployed men queued outside a Great Depression soup kitchen in Chicago, 1931.

 (National Archives at College Park/Public Domain). 

In response, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal reshaped American institutions. It introduced unemployment insurance, minimum wages, and public works programmes to support struggling workers, while progressive taxation – with top rates exceeding 90% during the second world war. Roosevelt declared: “The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much – it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.”

In a different way to the UK, the second world war proved a great leveller for the US – generating millions of jobs and drawing women and minorities into industries they’d long been excluded from. After 1945, the GI Bill expanded education and home ownership for veterans, helping to build a robust middle class. Although access remained unequal, especially along racial lines, the era marked a shift toward the norm that prosperity should be shared.

Meanwhile, grassroots movements led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr. reshaped social norms about justice. In his lesser-quoted speeches, King warned that “a dream deferred is a dream denied” and launched the Poor People’s Campaign, which demanded jobs, healthcare and housing for all Americans. This narrowing of income distribution during the post-war era was dubbed the “Great Compression” – but it did not last.

As oil crises of the 1970s marked the end of the preceding cycle of inequality, another cycle began with the full-scale emergence of the third industrial revolution, powered by computers, digital networks and information technology.

The first personal computer, made by IBM. 

(Photographing Travis/CC BY-SA 2.0). 

As digitalisation transformed business models and labour markets, wealth flowed to those who owned the algorithms, patents and platforms – not those operating the machines. Hi-tech entrepreneurs and Wall Street financiers became the new oligarchs. Stock options replaced salaries as the true measure of success, and companies increasingly rewarded capital over labour.

By the 2000s, the wealth share of the richest 1% climbed to 30% in the US. The gap between the elite minority and working majority widened with every company stock market launch, hedge fund bonus and quarterly report tailored to shareholder returns.

But this wasn’t just a market phenomenon – it was institutionally engineered. The 1980s ushered in the age of (Ronald) Reaganomics, driven by the conviction that “government is not the solution to our problem; government  is the problem”. Following this neoliberalist philosophy, taxes on high incomes were slashed, capital gains were shielded, and labour unions were weakened.

Deregulation gave Wall Street free rein to innovate and speculate, while public investment in housing, healthcare and education was curtailed. The consequences came to a head in 2008 when the US housing market collapsed and the financial system imploded.

The Global Financial Crisis that followed exposed the fragility of a deregulated economy built on credit bubbles and concentrated risk. Millions of people lost their homes and jobs, while banks were rescued with public money. It marked an economic rupture and a moral reckoning – proof that decades of pro-market policies had produced a system that privatised gain and socialised loss.

Inequality, long growing in the background, now became a glaring, undeniable fault line in American life – and it has remained that way ever since.

Wealth share and income share of top 1% in the US: World Inequality Database; income share: Picketty & Saez (2003). Dotted curves are conjectured based on Kuznets curve. 

(Peng Zhou/CC BY-SA).

So is the US proof that the Kuznets model of inequality is indeed wrong? While the chart above shows inequality has flattened in the US since the 2008 financial crisis, there is little evidence of it actually declining. And in the short term, while Donald Trump’s tariffs are unlikely to do much for growth in the US, his low-tax policies won’t do anything to raise working-class incomes either.

The story of “the American century” is a dizzying sequence of technological revolutions – from transport and manufacturing to the internet and now AI – crashing one atop the other before institutions, politics or social norms could catch up. In my view, the result is not a broken cycle but an interrupted one. Like a wheel that never completes its turn, inequality rises, reform stutters – and a new wave of disruption begins.

Our Unequal AI Future?

Like any technological explosion, AI’s potential is dual-edged. Like the Tang dynasty’s bureaucrats hoarding grain, today’s tech giants monopolise data, algorithms and computing power. Management consultant firm McKinsey has predicted that algorithms could automate 30% of jobs by 2030, from lorry drivers to radiologists.

Yet AI also democratises: ChatGPT tutors students in Africa while open-source models such as DeepSeek empower worldwide startups to challenge Silicon Valley’s oligarchy.

The rise of AI isn’t just a technological revolution – it’s a political battleground. History’s empires collapsed when elites hoarded power; today’s fight over AI mirrors the same stakes. Will it become a tool for collective uplift like Britain’s post-war welfare state? Or a weapon of control akin to Han China’s grain-hoarding bureaucrats?

The answer hinges on who wins these political battles. In 19th-century Britain, factory owners bribed MPs to block child labour laws. Today, Big Tech spends billions lobbying to neuter AI regulation.

Meanwhile, grassroots movements like the Algorithmic Justice League demand bans on facial recognition in policing, echoing the Luddites who smashed looms not out of technophobia but to protest exploitation. The question is not if AI will be regulated but who will write the rules: corporate lobbyists or citizen coalitions.

The real threat has never been the technology itself, but the concentration of its spoils. When elites hoard tech-driven wealth, social fault-lines crack wide open – as happened more than 2,000 years ago when the Red Eyebrows marched against Han China’s agricultural monopolies.

To be human is to grow – and to innovate. Technological progress raises inequality faster than incomes, but the response depends on how people band together. Initiatives like “Responsible AI” and “Data for All” reframe digital ethics as a civil right, much like Occupy Wall Street exposed wealth gaps. Even memes – like TikTok skits mocking ChatGPT’s biases – shape public sentiment.

There is no simple path between growth and inequality. But history shows our AI future isn’t preordained in code: it’s written, as always, by us.

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/science-space }

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Quality Of 3D Printing With Lunar Regolith Varies Based On Feedstock

Quality Of 3D Printing With Lunar Regolith Varies Based On Feedstock

bpy-simulant-structures.jpg Some of the 3D printed BPY objects that were tested. Credit - J. Garnier et al.

Lately, there's been plenty of progress in 3D printing objects from the lunar regolith. We've reported on several projects that have attempted to do so, with varying degrees of success. However, most of them require some additive, such as a polymer or salt water, as a binding agent. Recently, a paper from Julien Garnier and their co-authors at the University of Toulouse attempted to make compression-hardened 3D-printed objects using nothing but the regolith itself.

Getting things into space is expensive, so it should be no surprise that any 3D printing technology that requires shipping large amounts of things from Earth is at a disadvantage. Various projects, like one being run by a company called AI Spacefactory, utilize additives like polymers that must be made on Earth and then shipped to the Moon before being combined with regolith in situ.

Dr. Garnier hoped to get around that requirement by using selective laser melting (SLM) on a specific type of regolith analog. Known as Basalt of Pic d'Ysson (BPY), this volcanic rock is collected from the Pic d'Ysson, an ancient, extinct volcano in France. It started growing in popularity as a lunar regolith simulant in the early 2000s due to its chemical and mineral composition similarity to basaltic rocks found on the Moon itself.

Lunar regolith will also be a massive pain for explorers in the beginning, as Fraser discussed with Dr. Kevin Cannon

BPY has already been the target of several studies in lunar 3D printing. ESA researchers have published a paper detailing a "solar sintering" technique that uses the Sun's power to fuse PBY powder. Project MOONRISE, which we've reported previously, also used BPY as a feedstock in its zero-gravity 3D printing applications.

However, most of those studies have found that the BPY wasn't up to snuff when 3D printed, at least in terms of the compression strength of the resultant material. Despite the Moon's lower gravity, there are still stresses on the structures of buildings and equipment on the Moon. If a material's compressive strength can't handle that weight, even in the lower gravity, then it's not much use as a building material.

Measurements for the compressive strength of 3D printed BPY vary dramatically based on the type of 3D printing technique used. Powder Bed Fusion processes, which are regularly used to print metals on Earth, had a compressive strength of 4.2 MPa, slightly more than a standard masonry brick. However, that was with a porosity of almost 50% - meaning nearly half the structure was full of holes. Combining 3D printed BPY with a geopolymer binder can increase its strength, but at the cost of requiring the geopolymer to be shipped from Earth.

What might we manufacture on the Moon? Fraser discusses that question with Dr. Alex Ignatiev

The researcher DR. Garnier and his co-authors focused on trying to uncover what properties of the BPY could lead to better mechanical properties. They varied characteristics like whether the powder was primarily "crystalline" or "amorphous". Crystalline powder has a very ordered structure, with some properties, such as compressive strength, varying widely depending on the direction the ordered crystal structure points. On the other hand, amorphous powder is much more disordered, with its physical properties being the same in all directions.

Experiments showed a doubling in the compressive strength of powder that was 100% crystalline compared to powder that was 100% amorphous, highlighting the importance of the regolith structure selected to build the building materials of any future lunar base. 

Optimizing that mix between amorphous and crystalline structure remains on the list of things to do for future work, as well as optimizing the size of particles in the feedstock and the parameters used in the SLM process to create the final material. There's still a long way to go before astronauts can print something usable on the surface of the Moon. But as the date for humanity's return draws closer, it's probably only a matter of time before a mission does make use of the resources available on our lunar neighbor - and they might do so by melting it with a laser.

Learn More:

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

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200 Solar Orbiter Photos Turned into a High-Resolution Image of the Sun

200 Solar Orbiter Photos Turned into a High-Resolution Image of the Sun

solar_orbiter_s_widest_high-res_view_of_the_sun-(1).jpg

There's no better word for this image of the Sun than Spectacular, which means something impressive, dramatic, or remarkable that creates a spectacle or visual impact. It comes from the Latin word spectaculum, which means a show, spectacle, or public exhibition. Ancient Romans would agree with the word choice if you could somehow show the image to them.

This composite image of the Sun was constructed from 200 individual images captured by the ESA's Solar Orbiter. It shows the Sun's corona, its million-degree atmosphere, in UV. The spacecraft captured the photos on March 9th, 2025, when it was about 77 million km from the Sun.

The Solar Orbiter pointed at different regions of the Sun in a 5x5 grid. During each pointing, the spacecraft captured six high-resolution and two wide-angle images with its Extreme Ultraviolet Imager, an instrument designed to study the Sun's chromosphere and Corona.

solar-orbiter-5x5-grid.jpg

The grey region shows the 5x5 grid in one position on the Sun's surface.

Image Credit: ESA & NASA/Solar Orbiter/EUI Team, D. Berghmans (ROB) LICENCE CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

The image shows coronal loops, solar prominences, and filaments. Interested readers can download a high-resolution image, allowing them to zoom in on incredible detail.

solar-orbiter-zoom-1.jpg

It's easy to lose yourself in the incredible details of the image. The looping structures on the Sun's limb are prominences. They're plasma and magnetic field structures that have their roots in the photosphere and extend into the corona. They can last weeks and even months, extending for hundreds of thousands of kilometres. Sometimes, they detach from the Sun and become coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

solar-orbiter-zoom-2.jpg

When CMEs strike Earth, they can trigger geomagnetic storms that, if strong enough, can damage power grids and cause other mayhem. That's one of the primary reasons scientists study the Sun. CMEs and the constant solar wind are collectively called space weather.

solar-orbiter-zoom-3.jpg

Studying the Sun also helps scientists understand stellar physics and stellar evolution. Many of the Sun's processes, like nuclear fusion and plasma dynamics, are present elsewhere in the Universe, making the Sun a natural laboratory for observing those processes.

If you'd like to download the large, high-res image, visit this.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

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Two UFOs Over Arlington, Illinois On April 22, 2025, NUFORC, UAP Drone Sighting News.

Two UFOs Over Arlington, Illinois On April 22, 2025, NUFORC, UAP Drone Sighting News.

UFO,%20illinois.png

UAP_illinois.png

Date of sighting: April 22, 2025
Location of sighting: Arlington, Illinois, USA
Source: from NUFORC website
 
A new report just came into NUFORC, a glowing object was seen with another smaller one seeming coming out of it. This larger craft has only a huge flashing light, so powerful we cannot see the shape of the craft, but I put it through a few filters until I found a yellow one that shows its true shape. This is 100% an alien craft. Very rare close up catch.
Scott C. Waring - Utah, USA
 
Eyewitness states: 
Two lights observed in the sky from Arlington Heights station—one large and bright, the other smaller and dimmer. This morning, while at the Arlington Heights station, I observed two lights in the sky—one larger and brighter, the other smaller and dimmer. The larger light had greater intensity, and both lights moved very slowly at first, then began rotating rapidly. I opened the FlightRadar app to check for aircraft in the area, but none were visible on the radar at that time.

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

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Structure With Three Spheres On Planet Mercury, April 25, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

Structure With Three Spheres On Planet Mercury, April 25, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

Aliens_Mercury.png

Base_Mercury.png
 
Date of discovery: April 25, 2025
Location of discovery: Planet Mercury
Source photo: 
While searching over some NASA photos, I found on on Mercury that really caught my eye. There is a structure with three huge spheres on its top and a center tower that goes down to the ground. The object is big, I mean a mile high and a mile wide, but it's blocked by a black wall structure that goes 360 degrees around it to prevent it from being seen from far away. However the NASA satellite caught it. Proof of life? Mercury has more life on it than any planet in our solar system, including Earth. 
Scott C. Waring - Utah
 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

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Fantastic Historical Accounts of Sea Monsters, Mermaids, and Dead Specimens

Fantastic Historical Accounts of Sea Monsters, Mermaids, and Dead Specimens

Brent Swancer

Fantastic Historical Accounts of Sea Monsters, Mermaids, and Dead Specimens

It seems like sea serpents and various monsters of the deep have been spotted for centuries. Reports of such things go way back, and in addition to sightings, there were even news stories at the time that described sea monsters and mermaids being subdued and killed as well. Here we will go back through the ages to look at early accounts of sea monster sightings, and some that go even further. 

Reports of sea monsters go pretty far back into history. One such report is recorded in the thirty-eight volume Natural History, which was published around 77 AD by the Roman author Pliny the Elder. In addition to chronicling Roman culture and the cultures of faraway lands, there are also some odd accounts buried away within its pages. In one such account, Pliny recorded that in the ancient town of Carteia, which was once located near the Strait of Gibraltar in Spain, there was a problem with someone stealing fish from the pickling tubs fishermen were processing their catches in. The fishermen took measures to prevent this, but the thefts continued unabated. They then decided to use guard dogs, and this is where things would get weird.

Apparently one day the dogs started going nuts, and when the fishermen ran to see what was happening rather than a human thief they spotted quite the unusual sight. There coiled around a fish tub was a giant octopus-like monster covered in dried brine and exhaling a hideous and rank stench. The dogs would not go near the thing, so the fishermen approached only for the creature to whip around its tentacles and lash out at them. They were only able subdue the beast after employing the use of long, three-pronged spears, with which they killed it. A report of the aftermath reads:

“The 'head' of this creature alone was said to be equivalent in size to a cask of fifteen aphorae (equivalent to 135 gallons of fluid), and could hardly be encircled by a man with both arms. The tentacles were upwards of thirty feet long, covered with knots -- "like those upon a club" -- and the suckers were said to be as large as an urn with equally large teeth (which implies a squid, as they have a tooth in each sucker). The body was carefully preserved as a curiosity, and weighed seven hundred pounds. Pliny noted that the author of this account stated that other squids and octopai of an equal size were known to occasionally wash ashore, and that these animals did not live beyond two years.”

What in the world was this thing? The Bahamian island known as Isabela is also home to a rather curious historical oddity. It seems that during his journey to the New World, Christopher Columbus himself killed a mysterious serpent here. Columbus's diary entry for October 21, 1492 described how the explorer killed and later skinned a 5 foot long creature described as a "serpent," that he had seen in a lake on the island.  The next day, a similar serpent was reportedly killed in another lake on the island by Martin Alonso Pinzon, who was captain of one of the ships under Columbus's command.

Sadly, both specimens were never properly preserved so it is impossible to know just what kind of animals were killed. Further complicating matters is the rather loose definition of the word "serpent" in the vernacular of the era. In Columbus's day, the term "serpent" could be applied not only to large snakes, but to practically anything large and reptilian. Crocodilians, lizards, and even mythical dragons were all equally known to be referred to as serpents. This muddies the waters a bit when searching for an answer to the mysterious diary entry because Columbus could have killed an actual serpent by our understanding of the word, which is to say a giant snake, or it could have been a large type of lizard, a crocodile or alligator, or who knows what else. Considering that the entry offers frustratingly few details, it is impossible to say.

An expedition led by Florida State Museum's assistant curator, Bill Keegan, in 1987 uncovered the remains of an alligator in the ruins of a village on Isleta believed to have been visited by Columbus. It was suggested that the serpent described by Columbus may have been an alligator, which were previously unknown to have ever inhabited the Bahamas and so making it a rather interesting find in its own right. If alligators existed at one time n the Bahamas, it could mean that they were merely imported from elsewhere, but could also represent an unknown population of the animal's historical range or even a new species. However, the presence of alligator bones in a village that Columbus just happened to have visited is far from concrete evidence to link the alligator remains to the diary entry, and so what exactly was killed on that day long ago remains a mystery.

Columbus would later go on to log yet another mysterious sighting in the Caribbean when in September 1494, while sailing along the east coast of the Dominican Republic, he and his crew apparently sighted what was described as a gigantic turtle the size of a whale, with a long tail and fins on its sides. The enormous creature was keeping its head out of the water. Is there any truth to these historical accounts?

Another case takes us to 1639, when a large serpentine beast was said to have been seen gliding through the waters off the coast of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, with witness accounts of the Beast of Cape Ann recording that the animal was not only seen swimming out at sea, but soon also approaching land, where it was said to have slithered onto the shore and coiled itself like a snake. The creature would allegedly be seen by hundreds of people and was all over the news at the time, with headlines like “A Monstrous Sea Serpent, The largest ever seen in America,” and other similarly spectacular titles. The creature was typically described as being an enormous serpent around 100 feet in length, which carried its head about 8 feet above the surface. Was any off this real or was it just ab hoax or a slow news day?

Moving up in years to 1830 we have a report of an actual mermaid that was supposedly killed on the island of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. An account of the incident reads:

“Some seventy years ago, people were cutting seaweed at Sgeir na Duchadh, Grimnis, Benbecula. Before putting on her stockings, one of the women went to the lower end of the reef to wash her feet. While doing so she heard a splash in the calm sea, and looking up she saw a creature in the form of a woman in miniature, some few feet away. Alarmed, the woman called to her friends, and all the people present rushed to the place. The creature made somersaults and turned about in various directions. Some men waded into the water to seize her, but she moved beyond their reach. Some boys threw stones at her, one of which struck her in the back. A few days afterwards, this strange creature was found dead at Cuile, Nunton, nearly two miles away.

“The upper portion of the creature was about the size of a well-fed child of three or four years of age, with an abnormally developed breast. The hair was long, dark, and glossy, while the skin was white, soft, and tender. The lower part of the body was like a salmon, but without scales. Crowds of people, some from long distances, came to see this strange animal, and all were unanimous in the opinion that they had gazed on the mermaid at last. Mr Duncan Shaw, factor for Clanranald, baron-bailie and sheriff of the district, ordered a coffin and shroud to be made for the mermaid. This was done, and the body was buried in the presence of many people, a short distance above the shore where it was found. There are persons still living who saw and touched this curious creature, and who give graphic descriptions of its appearance.”

It is unclear what happened to the body, or if any of this even happened at all. In 1852, a letter stated to be from a Captain Jason Seabury of the ship “Monongahela” outlined a very peculiar encounter at sea. In the letter Captain Seabury stated that on the morning of January 13, 1852, the man on look out reported 'white water', a sign of sea-life activity. Thinking that it might be a sperm whale, the Captain took a closer look through his telescope but could not determine if it was a whale or a pod of porpoises. He then saw a patch of black skin, and at that moment the man on the lookout tower proclaimed that whatever it was was no whale, as it was too large. Seabury ordered his men to be prepared to launch, then waited to see if the creature would surface again. They would not be disappointed.

After around an hour of carefully watching the waves, the Captain could see a body that moved slowly with a motion 'like the waving of a rope when shaken and held in the hand.'Silently the crew watched in amazement as more of the body surfaced, exposing its enormous length, and then the tail began to “vibrate,” agitating the water, and the head of the strange beast rose and lifted above the surface. Captain Seabury, realizing they were looking at a legendary sea-serpent, ordered his men to the boats, which they grudgingly did, afraid of pursuing the mystery beast. The chase was on, and continued until the creature slowed down and eventually came to a stop. At this point they managed to harpoon it, but it put up such a fierce fight that two additional harpoons were sunk into it. All of this was being done as bad weather threatened them, but they continued with their task. The monster continued its fight, diving deep down into the water, but the lines held onto it until the lines suddenly went slack.

Just when they thought they had lost it, one of the crewmen shouted that the beast had surfaced and appeared to be in its thrashing death throes before lying still. The crew warily pulled the creature in, and they were finally able to get a closer look at it. It was apparently 103 feet 7 inches long, 19 feet 1 inch around the neck, 24 feet 6 inches around the 'shoulders', and 49 feet and 4 inches around at the fullest part of the body. The head was long and flat with ridges, and the tongue "had its end like the head of a heart.” The tail ran almost down to a point, terminating instead in a flat, firm cartilage. The serpent's back was black, fading to brown on the sides, then yellow; along two-thirds of its belly was a white streak. In addition, there were random dark spots scattered all across its skin. Upon examining the head closer it was found the jaws contained 94 teeth, very sharp and with an exposed section as large as a man's thumb above the gum line. The teeth pointed backward into the mouth. In addition, the serpent had two spiracles -- breathing holes on top of its head much as whales' possess -- so the beast had to surface to breath. The serpent also had four 'swimming paws' which were like lumps of hard loose flesh. The joints in the serpent's back were very loose, and it seemed as if it could move each vertebrae separately from the others, allowing for smooth motion when it swam. The creature was dismantled, with its head preserved and its heart and one of its eyes preserved in large jars of liquor. Nobody knows what happened to these pieces of evidence after that, and it is certainly a wild ride. 

On January 18, 1875, the Pauline was sailing roughly twenty miles off Cape São Roque, on the northeastern side of Brazil, when, at around 11:00 a.m., something bizarre happened that the crew would never forget. Captain George Drevar would write a report on what happened as follows:

“The weather fine and clear, the wind and sea moderate. Observed some black spots on the water, and a whitish pillar, about thirty-five feet high, above them At the first glance I took all to be breakers, as the sea was splashing up fountain-like about them, and the pillar, a pinnacle rock bleached with the sun; but the pillar fell with a splash, and a similar one rose. They rose and fell alternately in quick succession, and good glasses showed me it was a monster sea-serpent coiled twice round a large sperm whale.

The head and tail parts, each about thirty feet long, were acting as levers, twisting itself and victim around with great velocity. They sank out of sight about every two minutes, coming to the surface still revolving, and the struggles of the whale and two other whales that were near, frantic with excitement, made the sea in this vicinity like a boiling cauldron; and a loud and confused noise was distinctly heard.

This strange occurrence lasted some fifteen minutes, and finished with the tail portion of the whale being elevated straight in the air, then waving backwards and forwards, and lashing the water furiously in the last death-struggle, when the whole body disappeared from our view, going down head-foremost towards the bottom, where, no doubt, it was gorged at the serpent’s leisure; and that monster of monsters may have been many months in a state of coma, digesting the huge mouthful.

Then two of the largest sperm whales that I have ever seen moved slowly thence towards the vessel, their bodies more than usually elevated out of the water, and not spouting or making the least noise, but seeming quite paralyzed with fear; indeed, a cold shiver went through my own frame on beholding the last agonizing struggle of the poor whale that had seemed as helpless in the coils of the vicious monster as a small bird in the talons of a hawk. Allowing for two coils round the whale, I think the serpent was about one hundred and sixty or one hundred and seventy feet long, and seven or eight in girth. It was in color much like a conger eel, and the head, from the mouth being always open, appeared the largest part of the body. I think Cape San Roque is a landmark for whales leaving the south for the North Atlantic.”

Amazingly, Driver would see something similarly strange not long after, of which he would write:

“I wrote thus far, little thinking I would ever see the serpent again; but at 7 A.M., July 13th, in the same latitude, and some eighty miles east of San Roque, I was astonished to see the same or a similar monster. It was throwing its head and about forty feet of its body in a horizontal position out of the water as it passed onwards by the stern of our vessel. I began musing why we were so much favored with such a strange visitor, and concluded that the band of white paint, two feet wide above the copper, might have looked like a fellow-serpent to it, and, no doubt, attracted its attention.

While thus thinking, I was startled by the cry of 'There it is again,' and a short distance to leeward, elevated some sixty feet in the air, was the great leviathan, grimly looking towards the vessel. As I was not sure it was only our free board it was viewing, we had all our axes ready, and were fully determined, should the brute embrace the Pauline, to chop away for its backbone with all our might, and the wretch might have found for once in its life that it had caught a Tartar. This statement is strictly true, and the occurrence was witnessed by my officers, half the crew, and myself; and we are ready, at any time, to testify on oath that it is so, and that we are not in the least mistaken. A vessel, about three years ago, was dragged over by some sea-monster in the Indian Ocean.”

In 1883, a man known only as “Mr. Hoad” was taking a stroll along a rural place called Brungle Creek, in New South Wales, Australia, when right after a flood he stumbled cross something very bizarre, indeed. According to the witness, he found there on the shore a weird creature measuring around 30 feet in length, with a lobster-like curved tail and in the place of where a head should be merely what looked like an elephant’s trunk. At the time, newspaper reports were making it out to be the body of a creature from Australian lore called a “Bunyip,” and the author Charles Fort would say of the discovery in his book Lo!:

Remains of a strange animal, teleported to this earth from Mars or the moon -- very likely, or not so likely -- found on a bank of a stream in Australia. See the Adelaide Observer, Sept. 15, 1883 -- that Mr. Hoad, of Adelaide, had found on a bank of Brungle Creek, a headless trunk of a pig-like animal, with an appendage that curved inward, like the tail of a lobster.

Another descriptions reads:

“The body was a headless trunk of a strange animal covered with short, strong hair and an overall pig-like appearance. The terminal appendage curls inward, and resembles the tail of a huge lobster. There was damage on the corpse where it was felt the head and feet should be, and it was assumed these had been eaten away by animals. The flesh in these damaged spots was described as looking like dried ling fish, and the body overall was in a similar state of preservation and shows no sign of decay.”

Making matters even more confusing is that there are also reports that another man by the name of Henry Wilkinson, who also reportedly came across the “headless trunk of a strange animal,” with a pig-like appearance and a “terminal appendage that curls inward, and resembles the tail of a huge lobster,” also along the shore of Brungle Creek. What is sometimes called “Hoad’s Monster” was claimed by the newspapers to be sent to the Sydney Museum for further scientific analysis, but there is no further word on it after that, and no known physical evidence remaining. This was likely just a sensationalized newspaper account with nothing behind it, and making it even murkier is that subsequent retellings of the story over the years have added details such as hair covering the body or flippers, but we will probably never know for sure.

Another report from the 19th century comes from the crew of the British steamer the Emu, which made a stop at the south Pacific atoll known as Suwarrow Island on their way to Sydney, Australia. While they were there, natives excitedly told them of a type of large and mysterious creature they had seen off the coast, which they called the “Devil Fish,” and they even claimed that one had washed ashore. They were led to the carcass and saw that it was 60-feet long, covered with brownish hair, and had the head of a horse, with two formidable tusks jutting from its lower jaw. It was massive, weighing about 70 tons, so they were unable to move it, but the Emu crew secured as many of the remains as they could, including the beast’s skull. It is unknown what became of these remains, but the most common explanation was that they had misidentified a beaked whale. What did they really find out there at that island? Who knows?

As we can see, reports of strange things in the sea go way back, and some of these are even more spectacular in that there was actual physical evidence gained, making it frustrating that these alleged specimens have disappeared into the mists of time to fall into the cracks of history. Indeed, all of these reports have sort of been forgotten to time, and it is good to every once in a while dig them back up and look at them with fresh eyes. 

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

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What Makes These Mysterious Moons the Most Puzzling in Our Solar System?

What Makes These Mysterious Moons the Most Puzzling in Our Solar System?

Here’s what makes some of the most mysterious moons in our solar system so captivating — and why they’ve become prime targets in the search for life beyond Earth.

They’re not planets, yet they may be more intriguing. Moons like Europa and Enceladus have oceans beneath their icy crusts, Phobos is slowly falling toward Mars, and Triton orbits backward. These aren’t just barren satellites — they are worlds with geologic activity, strange orbits, and potential for life. And scientists are only beginning to understand what secrets these mysterious moons may be hiding.

Here’s what makes some of the most mysterious moons in our solar system so captivating — and why they’ve become prime targets in the search for life beyond Earth.

Europa and Enceladus: Oceans Beneath Ice

Among all the moons in the solar system, Europa (orbiting Jupiter) and Enceladus (orbiting Saturn) stand out as the most promising places to search for alien life.

1. Europa

Europa’s smooth, icy surface is crisscrossed with brownish lines — likely fractures in its outer shell. Below that ice lies a global ocean that may contain twice as much water as Earth. Scientists believe the ocean is kept warm by tidal forces created by Jupiter’s gravity, which flex the moon’s interior and generate heat.

What makes Europa so fascinating?

  • Evidence of a subsurface saltwater ocean

  • Active geological resurfacing, possibly from erupting water

  • Oxygen and other materials on the surface that may mix with the ocean below

NASA’s Europa Clipper mission will fly by the moon dozens of times to investigate whether it could support life.

2. Enceladus

Enceladus is smaller than Europa but just as mysterious. In 2005, NASA’s Cassini spacecr

aft captured stunning images of plumes of water vapor erupting from its south pole — shooting ice particles and organic molecules into space.

Key discoveries:

  • Cryovolcanic geysers that erupt through surface cracks

  • Organic compounds, silica particles, and salt — all signs of an underground ocean

  • Detection of phosphates, essential for life as we know it

The presence of heat, water, and organic material make Enceladus one of the most exciting candidates for extraterrestrial life in the solar system.

Phobos and Deimos: Mars’s Mysterious Moons

Talking about mysterious moons, Mars has two tiny ones, Phobos and Deimos, and both present puzzles that still don’t have clear answers.

Phobos, the larger of the two, is slowly spiraling toward Mars and may eventually crash into the planet or break apart and form a ring. It’s oddly shaped, heavily cratered, and appears to be made of carbon-rich rock, not unlike certain asteroids.

Theories about its origin include:

  • A captured asteroid from the outer solar system

  • A re-accreted fragment from a massive impact on Mars

Deimos is even smaller and more distant, with a smoother appearance. Both moons challenge traditional models of how natural satellites form, and Japan’s upcoming Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission hopes to return samples from Phobos to help solve the mystery.

A photograph of Titan. Image Credit: Space Science Institute. A photograph of Titan. Image Credit: Space Science Institute.

Triton and Titan: Outliers with Odd Behavior

Two other moons, mysterious moons — Triton (Neptune’s largest moon) and Titan (Saturn’s largest) — are full of strange surprises.

1. Triton

Triton is the only large moon in the solar system that orbits in the opposite direction of its planet’s rotation. This retrograde motion suggests it was once a captured object, possibly a dwarf planet from the Kuiper Belt.

It’s geologically active, with ice volcanoes, nitrogen geysers, and a frozen crust. Triton may also harbor a subsurface ocean.

NASA is currently studying potential flyby missions to Triton under its Trident concept, which would aim to investigate its active surface and interior.

2. Titan

Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, is the only moon with a dense atmosphere and features rivers, lakes, and seas — of liquid methane and ethane.

Despite the frigid temperatures, Titan’s chemistry is considered a potential analog for early Earth. NASA’s upcoming Dragonfly mission will send a rotorcraft to fly across Titan’s surface and explore its complex organic chemistry in the 2030s.

These moons aren’t just rocks in orbit — they are worlds in their own right, with active geology, unique atmospheres, and potential habitats for life. What makes them mysterious moons isn’t just their strange behaviors, but how little we still know about them.

In the coming decades, space agencies will focus on missions to these moons to answer questions that could reshape our understanding of planetary formation — and perhaps even the origin of life.

Each of these mysterious moons represents a new frontier in the search for answers about the solar system’s past — and our place in it.

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Why haven’t we found alien life despite billions of planets out there

Why haven’t we found alien life despite billions of planets out there

Why haven't we found alien life? From the Great Filter to the dark forest hypothesis, scientists explore possible answers to the cosmic silence.

For decades, scientists have searched the sky, scanned radio signals, and sent probes across the solar system in hopes of answering a haunting question: Why haven’t we found alien life? Given the sheer number of planets orbiting distant stars, it seems unlikely that Earth is the only place where life emerged. So what’s going on?

This mystery, known as the Fermi Paradox, is named after physicist Enrico Fermi who famously asked, “Where is everybody?” While the universe should be teeming with life, the silence remains unbroken. Today, researchers have proposed several compelling ideas that could explain why we still haven’t made contact.

The Great Filter: Are We Already Past It, or Is It Still Ahead?

One of the most unsettling explanations is the Great Filter. This theory suggests that somewhere along the path from simple chemistry to advanced space-faring civilizations, there is a step that’s incredibly unlikely. If the filter is behind us — perhaps the leap from single-celled to complex organisms — that’s good news. It would mean life is rare, but we’ve already overcome the hardest part.

But if the filter lies ahead — say, in the form of self-destruction through war, climate collapse, or runaway artificial intelligence — then humanity might be racing toward a wall that most civilizations never survive.

So why haven’t we found alien life? Another popular idea is the simulation hypothesis, which argues that we might not be living in the base reality at all. If an advanced civilization could simulate consciousness, they might create entire digital worlds — including ours. In that case, we wouldn’t find alien life simply because the simulation wasn’t designed to include it.

This theory has gained traction in philosophical circles and among some physicists, but it opens up more questions than answers. Who created the simulation? Could we break out of it? And what would finding extraterrestrial life mean in such a scenario?

The Dark Forest Hypothesis: Everyone Is Hiding

In a universe where unknown threats could lurk in any corner, broadcasting your location might be a fatal mistake. That’s the premise behind the dark forest hypothesis, a chilling idea popularized by author Liu Cixin. According to this view, every civilization is both hunter and prey, hiding in silence to avoid being noticed — or eliminated.

If true, then maybe other civilizations are out there but choose to stay quiet. They might have observed us already and decided it’s safer not to interact.

Why haven’t we found alien life . Credit: Shutterstock Shutterstock.

Could We Be Looking the Wrong Way?

It’s also possible that alien life simply doesn’t resemble what we expect. Life could be based on elements or chemistry unfamiliar to us. We might be scanning the wrong frequencies, or even missing signs that are right under our noses. Some researchers have suggested that alien probes could be lurking in our own solar system — hidden in places we haven’t fully explored, like the Moon’s far side or inside near-Earth asteroids.

Are We Too Early — Or Too Late?

Timing could be everything. The universe is nearly 14 billion years old. Human beings have only been around for a tiny fraction of that. Civilizations could have risen and fallen before Earth even formed. Or we might be early bloomers, among the first to reach this level of development.

Either way, our timing might explain the silence. We may be shouting into a void that hasn’t had time to echo back — or where the echoes have long faded.

As our tools improve — with missions to distant moons like Europa and Titan, and powerful telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope — we may finally catch a glimpse of something that answers this age-old question. But for now, the mystery remains unsolved. And maybe that’s the point. Perhaps the search itself is what defines us. What do you think is the most likely explanation? Are we truly alone, or just not looking in the right way?

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Almost a Quarter of all Lunar Ejecta Eventually Hits Earth

Almost a Quarter of all Lunar Ejecta Eventually Hits Earth

lunar-crater.jpeg Lunar crater

The Moon's surface is covered by impact craters, ranging from microscopic pits to massive basins over 1,000 kilometres across. These craters formed primarily during the Late Heavy Bombardment period about 4 billion years ago, when the inner Solar System experienced an intense period of asteroid and comet impacts. Unlike Earth, where weathering, erosion, and tectonic activity continually reshapes the surface, the Moon lacks an atmosphere and significant geological activity, allowing these impact features to remain preserved for billions of years. This remarkably preserved cratering record serves to capture crucial history of the formation and evolution of our Solar System.

lunar-craters.gif

Lunar craters over the South Pole

(Credit : NASA)

During the formation of craters a significant quantity of the ejected lunar material achieves the Moon’s escape velocity and reaches Earth. Studying these rocks helps us to understand how material moves between the two bodies. A team of researchers have turned their attention to this study and their paper has recently been published. The research, led by Jose Daniel Castro-Cisneros utilises better computer models than previous studies to track how Moon debris reaches Earth.

The study uses simulations to examine more starting conditions over longer time periods to better estimate how much lunar material reaches Earth and whether it contributes to near Earth objects. The team also hoped that by studying Moon debris trajectories, they would be able to piece together Earth's impact timeline and how it affected life and geology. They are also especially interested in objects like Kamo'oalewa, believed to be between 36-100 metres in diameter orbiting near Earth that might actually be a piece of the Moon.

Previous studies of lunar ejecta were improved upon by using the REBOUND simulation package to track particles from the Moon for 100,000 years. Unlike earlier work that used separate phases, the team simultaneously model Earth and the Moon using a more realistic ejection velocity distribution. They recorded data every five years and collision events defined as ejecta reaching 100 km above Earth's surface, providing a more comprehensive picture of how material transfers from the Moon to Earth.

tycho_crater.jpg

Crater Tycho displaying its wonderful system of rays thought to be lunar ejecta.

The model employed, used simplified vertical impacts, though natural oblique impacts would direct more material toward Earth at lower angles, the approach simplified the process. Current environmental conditions were assumed but historically, when the Moon was closer and experiencing heavier bombardment (over 1.1 billion years ago), even more lunar material would have reached Earth. Future research should incorporate oblique impact models and ancient orbital configurations to better understand early Earth-Moon material exchange.

The team were able to conclude that, following lunar impacts, Earth collects about 22.6% of the ejected material over 100,000 years, with half of these collisions occurring within the first 10,000 years. The collision rate follows a power-law distribution over time (a relationship where a change in one quantity results in a proportional relative change in another) independent of the initial size of those quantities. Material launched from the Moon's trailing side has the highest Earth collision probability, while the leading side produces the lowest. When hitting Earth, lunar ejecta travel at 11.0-13.1 km/s and predominantly strike near the equator (with 24% fewer impacts at the poles). These impacts are nearly symmetrically distributed between morning and evening hours, peaking around 6 AM/PM.

This research significantly advances our understanding of lunar-Earth material exchange, showing that nearly a quarter of lunar impact ejecta reaches Earth—half within just 10,000 years. The findings about equatorial impact concentration and the importance of lunar launch location reveal previously unknown patterns in this process. These results enhance our understanding of the Earth-Moon system's shared impact history while supporting the lunar origin hypothesis for objects like Kamo’oalewa.

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{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

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We Need a Rapid Asteroid Response Mission

asteroid-yr4.jpeg Artist Illustration of NEO Asteroid YR4

Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) are rocky bodies orbiting our Solar System that pass relatively close to Earth's orbit. Scientists have identified over 30,000 NEOs ranging from small boulders to massive rocks spanning several kilometres in diameter. These celestial bodies are of particular interest to astronomers not only for their scientific value in understanding the formation of our Solar System but also because they pose potential impact hazards to our planet. Space agencies like NASA continuously monitor these objects through programs such as the Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission, calculating their trajectories to provide early warnings of possible collisions.

comet_hartley_2.jpeg

Near Earth Object Comet Hartley-2 captured by NASA's EPOXI mission

(Credit : NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD)

Despite significant advances in asteroid detection technology in recent decades, important gaps remain. Ground-based survey programs like the Catalina Sky Survey and Pan-STARRS have collectively discovered over 90% of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 kilometre, significantly reducing the risk from globally devastating impacts. However, detection rates drop dramatically for smaller objects, with less than 40% of potentially hazardous asteroids in the 140-meter range currently cataloged. Detection challenges include limitations of ground-based telescopes (affected by weather, daylight, and atmospheric interference), blind spots near the sun, and the inherently dark, low-albedo nature of many asteroids.

960px-catalina_sky_survey_observatory_at_dusk.jpg

A Catalina Sky Survey Observatory at dusk at Mount Lemmon Observatory in the Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson, Arizona

(Credit : Daniel Oberhaus)

International and U.S. defence protocols have identified the urgent need for rapid-response spacecraft reconnaissance capabilities, particularly for asteroids around 50 meters in diameter—objects large enough to cause significant regional damage yet small enough to evade detection until they're dangerously close. Even after the completion of advanced survey initiatives like NEO Surveyor and the Rubin Observatory, approximately half of these 50-meter objects will remain undiscovered until they're nearly upon us. This sobering reality means that for many potential impact scenarios, a quickly deployed flyby mission may represent our only chance to gather critical data before impact.

960px-rubin_observatory_and_its_target.jpg

The Rubin Observatory against the Milky Way

(Credit : Rubin Observatory/NSF/AURA/B)

In a recent paper authored by Nancy L. Chabot and team from Johns Hopkins University, they assert that a planetary defence flyby reconnaissance mission must demonstrate capabilities to quickly reach a small ~50-meter NEO, determine its Earth impact probability, and gather essential physical data to inform decision makers. This presents significant technical challenges, including managing flyby speeds up to 25 km/s and high solar phase angles while collecting crucial data from such a small target.

The core principle of planetary defence is that we don't choose which asteroids threaten us—we must be prepared to respond to whatever object presents a danger. Therefore, the team argues that the mission's true purpose isn't simply demonstrating asteroid flyby technology, but developing robust capabilities specifically tailored for the small, short-warning-time objects most likely to require rapid space-based studies, an essential advancement in our planetary defence readiness.

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Glowing Craft Over Roswell, New Mexico April 12, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

Glowing Craft Over Roswell, New Mexico April 12, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

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Date of sighting: April 12, 2025
Location of sighting: Roswell, New Mexico, USA
Source: Email report at scwaring @ yahoo.com 
 
Wow something over Roswell caught the attention of some people last week. The object was glowing and moving fast, but then suddenly ejected itself from the glowing sphere and a long craft exits outward but continues to travel the same direction. Now this almost looks like a rocket launch, but there are no launches near Roswell, also aliens themselves may have thought about hiding from humans by disguising their ships to mimic rocket launches. It's not redicuoulous, it's actually ingenious of them. You see, UFOs have been known to change shape, sometimes from a disk into a plane and have even been seen creating a cloud around itself to disappear. Aliens pride themselves on being smarter than humans, but the truth is...they are not. They only have greater tech advantages. This is a UFO disguising itself as a rocket where no rocket launches exist. Aliens logic is flawed. 
Scott C. Waring - Utah
 
 

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Amazing Glowing Objects Over Phoenix, Arizona April 22, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

Amazing Glowing Objects Over Phoenix, Arizona April 22, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.

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Date of sighting: April 22, 2025
Location of sighting: Phoenix, Arizona USA
Source: Email to scwaring @ yahoo.com
 
This just in. Some UFO lights were seen over Phoenix a few days ago and wow, one of them is so big! I was just in the CIA files yesterday and they noted UFO often having up to four different flashing colors, so bright that the hull of the craft could not be seen by the jet pilots intercepting them. This video shows similar UFOs and one of them is massive is size and looks to me to be 100 meters across. This is 100% proof that the aliens that caused the Phoenix lights...never left, they live there in an underground base about 5 miles below the surface. 
 
Now I made a short clip of a close up and another similar but in a different color which I did in order to help the viewers truly see the shape of the alien craft.
Scott C. Waring - Utah...email me your reports. 
 
Eyewitness states: 
We saw blinking lights circling each other, and they started forming a triangle; and then stopped mid-air! I ran in to get my phone to record it, and one had moved away. You can still see two blinking dots… when one, out of nowhere, gets SUPER bright! No idea why?

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Why haven’t we found alien life despite billions of planets out there

Why haven’t we found alien life despite billions of planets out there

Why haven't we found alien life? From the Great Filter to the dark forest hypothesis, scientists explore possible answers to the cosmic silence.

For decades, scientists have searched the sky, scanned radio signals, and sent probes across the solar system in hopes of answering a haunting question: Why haven’t we found alien life? Given the sheer number of planets orbiting distant stars, it seems unlikely that Earth is the only place where life emerged. So what’s going on?

This mystery, known as the Fermi Paradox, is named after physicist Enrico Fermi who famously asked, “Where is everybody?” While the universe should be teeming with life, the silence remains unbroken. Today, researchers have proposed several compelling ideas that could explain why we still haven’t made contact.

The Great Filter: Are We Already Past It, or Is It Still Ahead?

One of the most unsettling explanations is the Great Filter. This theory suggests that somewhere along the path from simple chemistry to advanced space-faring civilizations, there is a step that’s incredibly unlikely. If the filter is behind us — perhaps the leap from single-celled to complex organisms — that’s good news. It would mean life is rare, but we’ve already overcome the hardest part.

But if the filter lies ahead — say, in the form of self-destruction through war, climate collapse, or runaway artificial intelligence — then humanity might be racing toward a wall that most civilizations never survive.

Simulation Hypothesis: Are We Living in a Construct?

So why haven’t we found alien life? Another popular idea is the simulation hypothesis, which argues that we might not be living in the base reality at all. If an advanced civilization could simulate consciousness, they might create entire digital worlds — including ours. In that case, we wouldn’t find alien life simply because the simulation wasn’t designed to include it.

This theory has gained traction in philosophical circles and among some physicists, but it opens up more questions than answers. Who created the simulation? Could we break out of it? And what would finding extraterrestrial life mean in such a scenario?

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Dazzling Pictures Celebrate Hubble Space Telescope's 35 Years in Orbit

Dazzling Pictures Celebrate Hubble Space Telescope's 35 Years in Orbit

250423-hubble.jpg The Hubble Space Telescope's 35th-birthday presents include pictures of Mars, the Rosette Nebula, planetary nebula NGC 2899 and the barred spiral galaxy NGC 5335. Credits: NASA, ESA, STScI; Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI), Alyssa Pagan (STScI)

This week brings the Hubble Space Telescope's 35th birthday — but instead of getting presents, the Hubble team is giving out presents in the form of four views of the cosmos, ranging from a glimpse of Mars to a glittering picture of a far-out galaxy.

It’s the latest observance of a tradition that goes back decades, in which NASA and the Space Telescope Science Institute release pictures to celebrate the anniversary of Hubble’s launch into Earth orbit aboard the space shuttle Discovery on April 24, 1990.

“Hubble opened a new window to the universe when it launched 35 years ago,” Shawn Domagal-Goldman, acting director of the Astrophysics Division at NASA Headquarters, said today in an image advisory marking the occasion.

“The fact that it is still operating today is a testament to the value of our flagship observatories, and provides critical lessons for the Habitable Worlds Observatory, which we plan to be serviceable in the spirit of Hubble.”

Hubble didn’t get off to a smooth start. After the 24,000-pound observatory was deployed, scientists discovered that its nearly 8-foot-wide mirror had a manufacturing flaw. In 1993, during the first of five servicing missions, astronauts installed hardware that greatly improved the sharpness of Hubble’s images.

Since then, Hubble’s observations have revolutionized astronomy, contributing to discoveries related to exoplanets, black holes, the nature of the early universe, the existence of dark energy and the accelerating expansion of the cosmos. NASA says Hubble has made nearly 1.7 million observations so far, focusing on about 55,000 astronomical targets and resulting in more than 22,000 research papers.

All those discoveries, and all those images, endeared Hubble to the general public. The loss of the shuttle Columbia and its crew in 2003 led NASA to suspend plans for much-needed repairs, but because of the resulting outcry over the telescope’s potential demise, the space agency agreed to a final servicing mission that took place in 2009.

At the time, NASA expected the telescope to provide dazzling views for an additional five or 10 years. Once again, Hubble exceeded expectations, racking up 16 years of operation without on-orbit repairs.

The images released today illustrate the breadth of Hubble’s range:

  • Pictures of Mars were captured between last Dec. 28 and 30, near the time when Mars came closest to Earth in its orbit. The images show the planet’s bright orange Tharsis plateau and its dormant volcanoes, the north polar ice cap and wispy water-ice clouds.

  • Another Hubble image from last December focuses on a small portion of the Rosette Nebula, a huge star-forming region 5,200 light-years from Earth. Dark clouds of gas, laced with dust, are silhouetted across the image. The Hubble team also released a wider-scale image of the nebula to add cosmic context.

  • In January, Hubble snapped a picture of the planetary nebula NGC 2899, seemingly fluttering like a cosmic moth 4,500 light-years from Earth. The colorful clouds of dust and gas have been shaped by the radiation and stellar winds blasting out from the star at the image’s center.

  • Hubble produced a new view of the spiral galaxy NGC 5335 in March. The picture reveals a bar-shaped structure that slices across the galaxy and channels gas inward toward the center, fueling the production of new stars. Patchy streamers of star formation swirl around the edges of the galaxy.

Hubble pictures of Mars in oppositionMars near opposition. Image: NASA, ESA, STScI; Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

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Planetary nebula NGC 2899.

Image: NASA, ESA,  STScI; Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

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Spiral galaxy NGC 5335.

Image: NASA, ESA, STScI; Image Processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI)

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Clouds in the Rosette Nebula.

Image: NASA, ESA, STScI; Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

In recent years, Hubble has been experiencing periodic hiccups, and it's only a matter of time before a glitch puts it out of commission permanently. Meanwhile, the spotlight has been shifting to NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, which was launched in 2021 and has seven times as much light-gathering capability as Hubble does.

Unlike Hubble, JWST sees the universe primarily in infrared light. It doesn't have Hubble's capability to make observations in a wide spectrum ranging from infrared to ultraviolet. And because JWST is positioned at a gravitational balance point a million miles from Earth, it can't be serviced in space, as Hubble was.

In contrast, the Habitable Worlds Observatory would study the universe in visible and ultraviolet light, producing images that would be significantly sharper than Hubble's views. A major goal of that future mission would be to identify potentially habitable Earthlike planets orbiting distant stars. The HWO would also be designed with robotic servicing in mind.

NASA's current plans call for launching the Habitable Worlds Observatory by as early as the 2040s, but those plans — and more immediate plans to launch the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope next year — have been thrown into doubt by a proposal from the Trump administration to make deep cuts in NASA's science budget.

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Ten Types of UFOs Seen In China From 1965-1980, In CIA File, With Detailed Description Of Appearance! UFO UAP Drone Sighting News.

Ten Types of UFOs Seen In China From 1965-1980, In CIA File, With Detailed Description Of Appearance! UFO UAP Drone Sighting News.

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CIA file: 

Ever wanted to have better descriptions of the UFOs? Well this CIA file has them and they seem to be similar to some to the things we have seen over the last few months around the world, and they include UFOs partly making clouds to hide in, editing different color lights that will blow your mind...too many naive people think such colors of lights flashing are always planes...but no...this CIA document counters that with so much truth its a little hard to swallow, but wow, I just love it! So here are those ten UFO sightings summarized with the details of the shape, color, etc of the craft. 

Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily

🛸 UFO Report Summary – China (1965–1980)

📍 Scope

  • Covers ~100 eyewitness reports from 15 provinces and cities in China.

  • Data collected between 1976–1980, with some historic cases back to 1965.


📅 Key Sightings and Dates

  1. 13 Nov 1978 – Wuhan, Hubei Province

    • Orange-red glowing object, size of full moon.

    • Slowly drifting west-northwest with cloud around its top.

    • Silent, visually intense, observed for ~10 minutes.

  2. 9 Sept 1976 – Yichun, Jiangxi Province

    • Disk-shaped, like two cymbals joined.

    • Rotating, emitted silver vapor, ~2000m altitude.

    • Seen flying E to NW over 5 minutes.

  3. 9 Sept 1979 – Jianli County, Hubei Province

    • Round object, red/yellow light, blue outer ring.

    • Emitted an awl-shaped tail, rapidly flying NE to SW.

    • Suddenly changed direction mid-air.

  4. 9 Sept 1979 – Changde County, Hunan Province

    • Oval object, intense orange-red head, gas-emitting tail.

    • Silent, flew from north to SW, observed by a crowd during an outdoor movie.

  5. Summer 1965 – Beijing

    • Two glowing points (one green oval) “chased” each other in the sky, collided, and vanished.

  6. Late Jan 1979 – Fujian Province

    • Low-altitude object hovered over road with a blinding light.

    • Scared several local women.

  7. Feb 1979 – Shanxi Province

    • Extremely bright object darted over an airfield, "lit up half the sky."

  8. 1 July (Year unspecified) – Beijing

    • 10m-wide dark gray sphere with 5m-long vertical tail.

    • Flew silently southeast to northeast.

  9. 23 Oct 1978 – Gansu Province

    • Huge object (~1000m long), spanned half the sky.

    • Seen by airbase personnel, had bright lights at head and tail.

  10. 26 July 1977 – Chengdu, Sichuan Province

    • Spiral nebula-type UFO with glowing core and radiating arms.

    • Observed across a 180 km stretch.


🛸 UFO Shapes Identified

  1. Disks / Globes / Ovals

    • 80% of reports.

    • Often silver by day, orange-red at night.

    • Sometimes emitted smoke or light beams.

  2. Cylindrical or Long Craft

    • Rare.

    • Extremely large, sometimes over 1,000 meters in length.

  3. Spiral Nebula Objects

    • Bright core with spinning arms of light.

    • Massive in appearance.


✨ Patterns and Observations

  • UFO activity peaked around major international incidents (e.g., 1976 Tehran encounter).

  • Multiple objects changed direction mid-flight, flew silently, or emitted beams.

  • Sightings often involved groups of witnesses, including scientists, technicians, and military staff.

  • No photos, physical evidence, or encounters with beings reported.


👽 Conclusion

Chinese analysts concluded that:

  • Many cases are credible and unexplained by current science.

  • Some may be natural or man-made, but others suggest unknown technologies or phenomena.

  • They stress the need for open-minded scientific investigation without dismissing extraterrestrial possibilities.

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1976 Tehran Diamond UFO Dropped Probe, Landing Site And Probe Found! Based On CIA Documents and Google Maps, UAP Drone Sighting News.

1976 Tehran Diamond UFO Dropped Probe, Landing Site And Probe Found! Based On CIA Documents and Google Maps, UAP Drone Sighting News.

UFO_Tehran_1976_object.png

After analyzing CIA declassified documents and following a 150° magnetic bearing from Tehran’s Mehrabad Air Base — I found it. The exact landing site of the UFO involved in the 1976 Tehran incident.

Location: 34°27'4.62"N, 51°20'33.65"E
Size of Object: 29 meters across
Surface: Dry lake bed in the middle of nowhere, perfectly flat — except for one massive, dark, oval-shaped anomaly.
CIA Documents:
CIA Site: 
 
The object is partially embedded, casting shadows, and appears metallic or possibly scorched. There's no road to it, no buildings, no signs of construction. It’s the only thing in the entire basin.

This perfectly matches what the Iranian F-4 pilots reported: an object that glowed, knocked out their weapons and comms, then landed gently without an explosion. Days later, a U.S. debrief confirmed this—back when we were still pretending UFOs were just "weather balloons."

Now we’ve got the coordinates. We've got visual proof. And we’ve got a crater in the middle of Iran that doesn’t belong to anything man-made or natural.

This was not a crash. This was a controlled landing. And whatever came down in 1976... it wanted to be found, but it's been sitting there for 49 years in the desert partly buried in the dry lake bed floor! The object which looks visible and is the size of a wingspan of a Boeing 737 could contain all answers to all the questions in the universe.

Scott C. Waring, UFO Sightings Daily

                    📌 Location:

      1. Meteorite?

        • But there’s no recorded impact of that size in the area.

        • Lack of explosion or ejecta rules that out.

      2. Man-made?

        • Unlikely. Nothing in Iran's known infrastructure justifies placing a 29-meter object in the center of a dried lake.

      3. UFO Landing Site?

        • Fits the Tehran incident description exactly:

          • Landed softly

          • Emitted light over 2–3 km

          • Caused UHF, radar, weapons, and inertial navigation failure

          • Interacted with nearby home electronics/beeper

          • Pilot visually confirmed the landing

            • Coordinates: 34°27'4.62"N, 51°20'33.65"E

            • A remote dry lake bed east of Qom, perfectly aligned with the 150° magnetic bearing from Mehrabad Air Base

            • Inside the Tehran FIR (Flight Information Region), the same airspace the F-4 pilots patrolled


            🪨 The Object:

            • Roughly 29.3 meters across (that’s nearly the wingspan of a Boeing 737)

            • Isolated, no other objects nearby

            • Appears metallic or composite, with light reflection on part of the surface

            • Possibly half-buried or partially melted into the surface

            • Surrounded by a slight depression or impact ring, resembling what you'd expect from a controlled landing or soft crash


            🔬 Possible Explanations:

            1. Meteorite?

              • But there’s no recorded impact of that size in the area.

              • Lack of explosion or ejecta rules that out.

            2. Man-made?

              • Unlikely. Nothing in Iran's known infrastructure justifies placing a 29-meter object in the center of a dried lake.

            3. UFO Landing Site?

              • Fits the Tehran incident description exactly:

                • Landed softly

                • Emitted light over 2–3 km

                • Caused UHF, radar, weapons, and inertial navigation failure

                • Interacted with nearby home electronics/beeper

                • Pilot visually confirmed the landing


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CIA File Says NASA Apollo Missions Spied On Countries! UFO UAP Sighting News.

CIA File Says NASA Apollo Missions Spied On Countries! UFO UAP Sighting News.

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CIA documents say NASA Apollo Missions Spied On China and Russia, UFO UAP Sighting News. 🚀🚀🚀 I would bet money SpaceX is spying too. 🤣 I found these documents and made this video, please hit like and share...link here, 4 page doc.
 
CIA Source: 
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Vreemde en bizarre feiten over het zonnestelsel

Vreemde en bizarre feiten over het zonnestelsel

Vreemde en bizarre feiten over het zonnestelsel

©Shutterstock

De veranderende vorm van de binnenkern van de aarde

In februari 2025 publiceerde een groep geofysici een onderzoek dat suggereert dat er veranderingen gaande zijn in de binnenkern van de aarde. In 2023 kwamen we er al achter dat de draairichting van de binnenkern van onze planeet rond 2009 veranderd of zelfs omgekeerd kan zijn. Het nieuwe onderzoek suggereert echter dat niet alleen de rotatie van de aardkern aan verandering onderhevig is. De vorm van de binnenste laag van de aarde staat misschien ook niet vast.

Recent onderzoek

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Recent onderzoek
Begin februari 2025 publiceerden onderzoekers een studie in het tijdschrift Nature die suggereert dat de vorm van de mysterieuze binnenkern van de aarde mogelijk aan het veranderen is.

Eerder onderzoek

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Eerder onderzoek
Wetenschappers ontdekten al in 2023 dat ongeveer 15 jaar daarvoor de rotatie van de binnenkern van de aarde zo sterk vertraagde dat deze mogelijk is gepauzeerd of zelfs omgekeerd.

Kennis uitbreiden

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Kennis uitbreiden
De meest recente studie bouwt voort op dat onderzoek en suggereert dat als het gaat om de binnenkern van de aarde, niet alleen de draairichting kan veranderen, maar ook de vorm.

Geen directe waarnemingen

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Geen directe waarnemingen
Gezien de extreme omstandigheden in het centrum van de aarde is het natuurlijk niet mogelijk om deze veranderingen direct te observeren en te volgen.

Hoe de waarnemingen worden gedaan

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Hoe de waarnemingen worden gedaan
Wetenschappers gebruiken daarom aardbevingsgolven om aannames te doen over wat er in het binnenste van de aarde gebeurt.

De verschillende lagen van onze planeet

©Shutterstock

De verschillende lagen van onze planeet
Van alle aardlagen weten wetenschappers het minst over de binnenste kern. Het is zelfs de meest afgelegen laag en daarom het moeilijkst te observeren.

Massieve bol van metaal

©Shutterstock

Massieve bol van metaal
Wat we wel weten is dat de binnenkern van de aarde een massieve bol van metaal is en dat deze een straal heeft van ongeveer 1.221 kilometer.

Temperaturen

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Temperaturen
Temperaturen in de binnenkern kunnen oplopen tot 5.400°C en de druk kan oplopen tot 365 gigapascal (GPa).

Gigapascal?

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Gigapascal?
Ter vergelijking: dat is ongeveer drie miljoen keer zo hoog als de gemiddelde atmosferische druk op het land.

Veranderende staat

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Veranderende staat
Lange tijd geloofden wetenschappers dat de binnenste kern in een permanente staat verkeerde. Maar deze overtuiging komt nu door dit onderzoek op losse schroeven te staan.

Kijken naar seismische golven

©Shutterstock

Kijken naar seismische golven
Zoals eerder vermeld, gebruiken onderzoekers de seismische golven d

De Zuidelijke Sandwicheilanden

©Shutterstock

De Zuidelijke Sandwicheilanden
Meestal gebruiken ze golven van aardbevingen die plaatsvinden op de Zuidelijke Sandwicheilanden bij Antarctica en door de planeet naar Alaska reizen.

Van Antarctica tot Alaska

©Shutterstock

Van Antarctica tot Alaska
De golven reizen door de aarde zoals sonargolven door water en sommige golven passeren de kern van de aarde op hun reis naar Alaska.

Belangrijke kanttekening

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Veranderingen detecteren
Om veranderingen in het binnenste van de aarde betrouwbaar te kunnen detecteren, vergelijken wetenschappers aardbevingen van vergelijkbare grootte die op dezelfde plaats maar op verschillende tijdstippen plaatsvinden.

Doubletten

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Doubletten
Als de trajecten van deze tweelingbevingen - ook wel doubletten genoemd - identiek zijn, zouden ze dezelfde golfvormen moeten genereren.

Belangrijke opmerking

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Belangrijke opmerking
Bij het bekijken van tientallen jaren aan gegevens hebben wetenschappers echter opgemerkt dat sommige doubletten in de Zuidelijke Sandwicheilanden andere golfvormen genereren in Alaska.

De resultaten interpreteren

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De resultaten interpreteren
Dit suggereert dat er iets aan de binnenkern van de aarde is veranderd in de periode vóór de eerste en tweede beving van het doublet.

Rotatieverandering

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Rotatieverandering
De eerste verandering die geofysici rapporteerden, had te maken met de richting van de rotatie van de binnenkern van de aarde.

Bestaande kennis

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Bestaande kennis
Wetenschappers weten al enige tijd dat de binnenkern van de aarde onafhankelijk van en sneller dan de rest van de planeet ronddraait.

Openbaringen van 2023

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Openbaringen van 2023
In 2023 rapporteerden wetenschappers echter dat het draaien van de binnenkern zo sterk was vertraagd dat het leek alsof het volledig stopte of zelfs omkeerde.

De gegevens opnieuw bekijken

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De gegevens opnieuw bekijken
Toen, in 2024, leidden een nadere beschouwing van de gegevens ertoe dat onderzoekers de vermoede omkering bevestigden.

Ongeveer 200 paar bevingen

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Ongeveer 200 paar bevingen
Voor het onderzoek dat in februari 2025 werd gepubliceerd, keken onderzoekers naar gegevens van ongeveer 200 paar aardbevingen die plaatsvonden tussen 1991 en 2024.

Subtiele verschillen waargenomen

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Subtiele verschillen waargenomen
Ze namen subtiele verschillen waar in 10 doubletten en concludeerden dat de eenvoudigste verklaring een vervorming van de ondiepe binnenkern zou zijn.

Hoe de veranderingen kunnen plaatsvinden

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Hoe de veranderingen kunnen plaatsvinden
Wat betreft de manier waarop de binnenkern verandert, zijn er twee mogelijkheden. De eerste is dat de hele binnenkern wordt vervormd.

Nuttige metafoor

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Nuttige metafoor
Stel je een voetbal voor die een nieuwe vorm krijgt zodat de twee uiteinden nu in twee nieuwe richtingen wijzen.

Kleine vlekken

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Kleine vlekken
De andere mogelijkheid is dat kleine stukjes van de binnenkern van de aarde opzwellen en samentrekken. Als dit het geval is, zou de metaforische rugbybal dezelfde algemene vorm hebben, maar hij zou ook verschillende kleine deuken en bulten hebben.

Derde mogelijkheid

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Derde mogelijkheid
Het is ook heel goed mogelijk dat beide veranderingen tegelijkertijd plaatsvinden.

Aansturen van de veranderingen

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Aansturen van de veranderingen
Als het gaat om de oorzaak van deze veranderingen, denken wetenschappers dat het de zwaartekracht van de mantel kan zijn of materiaal dat in de buitenste kern stroomt.

Onbekenden

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Onbekenden

Het is niet bekend wat het effect zal zijn van deze veranderingen op de rest van de planeet aarde en het leven. 

Zie ook:

Bronnen:

  • (CNN)
  • (Science News)
  • (Live Science)

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«Presque de la science-fiction»… les scientifiques estiment que la forme du noyau interne de la Terre change

«Presque de la science-fiction»… les scientifiques estiment que la forme du noyau interne de la Terre change

Les chercheurs qui avaient récemment découvert l’inversion de la rotation du noyau interne de la Terre ont mis en lumière un autre phénomène surprenant : des changements dans la forme de ce noyau.

Depuis longtemps, il était supposé que cette partie de la Terre se déforme lentement pendant sa rotation. Cette nouvelle étude, basée sur des données sismiques collectées entre 1991 et 2023, offre la première preuve de ces modifications. Les scientifiques ont constaté des variations dans les ondes sismiques, indiquant des déformations à la surface du noyau interne.

Le noyau interne est une sphère métallique solide et chaude, entourée d’un noyau externe liquide. Ces déformations pourraient fournir des informations sur les « forces profondes » à l’intérieur de la Terre, responsables de notre champ magnétique. Si ce mouvement cessait, la Terre deviendrait une planète morte, comme Mars, qui a perdu son champ magnétique.

Les chercheurs précisent que ces modifications de la forme du noyau interne sont difficiles à observer directement. Cependant, l’étude apporte une nouvelle perspective aux recherches sur la dynamique terrestre, en complément des découvertes récentes concernant la rotation du noyau. Les experts estiment que ces déformations pourraient être plus fréquentes qu’on ne l’imagine, mais il reste difficile de savoir si elles représentent une anomalie ou une caractéristique normale.

Cette découverte des changements de forme du noyau interne ouvre de nouvelles pistes de réflexion sur des propriétés physiques encore inconnues, comme la viscosité de ce noyau. De telles recherches approfondissent notre compréhension des processus internes de la Terre et des forces qui la façonnent, avec des implications importantes pour notre compréhension de la géodynamique.

{ https://entrevue.fr/category/sciences-tech/ }

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The oldest structures on Earth were built before history began — And they don’t match the history books

The oldest structures on Earth were built before history began — And they don’t match the history books

Before cities or writing, ancient builders carved massive stone sites with cosmic precision. Some are over 10,000 years old—and they don’t match the history books.

Long before the birth of cities, kings, or written language, someone was carving monuments out of stone with uncanny precision. These weren’t simple shelters or scattered rocks. They were massive, organized, astronomically aligned structures—built by hands we still don’t understand. And in many cases, long before we were supposed to be capable of building anything at all.  In this article, I will take you across some of the oldest structures on Earth.

What we’ve found at sites like Göbekli Tepe, Karahantepe, Nabta Playa, Gunung Padang, and the deepest layers of Baalbek doesn’t align with the timeline printed in textbooks. If the dates are correct—and mounting evidence suggests they are—then our timeline of civilization is off by thousands of years. Despite this overwhelming evidence, history is not being corrected or updated. We continue to tach the same outdated information in school. Despite physical evidence that suggests that history as we know it is far more complex than what we believed only a couple o decades ago. In this article, I will take you across some of my favorite ancient sites and explain why they don’t match history as we are being told.

Göbekli Tepe Was Buried on Purpose—But Why?

The oldest structures on Earth were built before history began . A view of the megalithic stones at Göbekli Tepe. Most of the site still remains buried beneath the surface. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons. A view of the megalithic stones at Göbekli Tepe. Most of the site still remains buried beneath the surface. 7Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

Tthis is, I think, one of my favorite ancient sites and literally one of the oldest strcutres on Earth, and I have written about it on various oacacions where I have outlined why this site is such a history breaker. Tucked beneath a dusty hill in southeastern Turkey, Göbekli Tepe stunned the archaeological world when it was first excavated in the 1990s. Carbon dating placed the site at least 11,500 years old, making it not only older than the pyramids, but older than agriculture, pottery, or any form of writing.

Carved T-shaped megaliths, each weighing up to 20 tons, stand in circular formations. They’re decorated with reliefs of wild animals, abstract symbols, and possibly mythological beings. The stonework is not rough or experimental—it’s precise. Intentional. Studies have demonstrated that he builders of this ancient site used advanced geometrical reasoning. And then there’s the strangest part: the entire complex was deliberately buried in antiquity. Someone not only built it—they entombed it. No one knows why.

What purpose did it serve? A temple? A place of ritual gathering? A sky-watching observatory? Nothing about Göbekli Tepe fits the narrative of primitive nomads just learning how to sow seeds. Tis site breaks history because sites like it should not have been possible according to mainstream experts. Yet there it is. Göbekli Tepe is truly a history changer and not many people know about it.

Karahantepe Adds Depth—Literally and Figuratively one of the Oldest Strcutures on Earth

Human depictions and 3D sculptures in the 11,000-year-old Karahantepe complex. Credit: Anadolu Agency Human depictions and 3D sculptures in the 11,000-year-old Karahantepe complex. Credit: Anadolu Agency

And a short distance away from Göbekli Tepe we have another shocker.

Just 35 kilometers from Göbekli Tepe lies Karahantepe, a site of the same age that may be even more complex. Unlike Göbekli’s open-air circles, Karahantepe includes deep, carved chambers—entire rooms built into the bedrock. More than 250 stone pillars have been uncovered so far, along with stylized human heads and abstract sculptures embedded in the walls. Who could have built these gigantic strcutres over 11,000 years ago? Where they really hunter-gatherers as mainstream experts suggest, or is there something more complex about these ancient people?

The complexity and site of this site was not a one-off anomaly. I believe that whoever built Göbekli Tepe was part of a broader cultural world—possibly a network of sacred or ceremonial sites. Karahantepe expands the story, suggesting the region was teeming with early symbolic architecture. And yet, just like Göbekli, it appears and disappears with no clear lineage, no gradual development, and no evolutionary trail. It’s as if it came from nowhere.

Nabta Playa May Have Tracked the Stars Before Egypt Had a Name

This is what some of the stone cricles of Nabta Playa look like. Reddit. This is what some of the stone cricles of Nabta Playa look like. Reddit.

We cannot go through an article mentioning the oldest structures on Earth without mentioning this incredible acient site. In the Nubian Desert of southern Egypt, Nabta Playa looks at first like a scatter of rocks in the sand. But its alignment tells another story. Dating back 7,000 to 9,000 years, the stones were arranged to mark the rising of Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky—an event that would later become central to Egyptian calendar systems.

Long before pharaohs, this site may have served as both a ceremonial ground and a celestial clock. Buried cattle remains suggest ritual sacrifice, possibly tied to early pastoralist religion. This hints at a connection between astronomy, myth, and seasonal survival long before formal religion or kingdoms took shape. Though smaller in scale than Göbekli or Karahantepe, Nabta Playa reveals something similar: a deep concern with time, sky, and cosmic order. All from people we call “prehistoric.”

Gunung Padang Could Be the Oldest of Them All

The top of Gunung Padang. This ancient site is one of the most controversial. Credit: Wikimedia Commons. The top of Gunung Padang. This ancient site is one of the most controversial. Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

Indonesia’s Gunung Padang might be the most controversial site on this list—but it could also be the most astonishing. On the surface, it looks like a stepped hill made of volcanic stone. But excavations in the last decade have revealed terraces, chambers, and layers of construction that extend 20 meters deep. Some geologists argue the deepest layers could date to as early as 20,000 BCE—a time when the Earth was still in the grip of the last Ice Age.

If proven true, it would be the oldest known human-built structure on Earth by a wide margin. But mainstream archaeologists remain skeptical. The core question is whether the deeper layers are artificial or natural. The debate is ongoing. Regardless of the final verdict, the site challenges our assumptions. At the very least, it shows human activity at the site far earlier than previously believed. At most, it suggests a lost chapter of human development buried—literally—beneath layers of time and earth.

Baalbek’s Megastones Hint at a Forgotten Foundation

Another one of my favorite sites.

High in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, the ruins of Baalbek are often credited to the Romans, who built temples to Jupiter and Bacchus atop its massive stone platform. But beneath those classical columns lies a deeper mystery—one that predates Roman engineering by millennia. At the heart of the platform are the Trilithon stones: three limestone blocks each weighing over 800 tons. Nearby, an unfinished stone known as the Stone of the Pregnant Woman weighs more than 1,000 tons. Even with today’s technology, moving and placing these megaliths would be a challenge.

No one knows how they were transported, lifted, or aligned with such precision—and the builders left no inscriptions, no clear cultural fingerprints. Some researchers argue the deepest layers of Baalbek’s foundation could stretch back to the pre-pottery Neolithic, possibly linked to the same horizon as Göbekli Tepe and Karahantepe. If that’s true, then Roman temples were built atop something far older—a platform whose origins remain undocumented. Baalbek’s base may not yet be as precisely dated as the others on this list, but it raises the same unsettling question: Who built the foundation—and when?

Why Were They Building at All?

This is the question that lingers. Why were people with no cities, no writing, no metallurgy, and supposedly no organizational complexity carving massive stones and aligning them to the stars? Some researchers believe these were spiritual centers. Others think they were calendars—designed to track the solstices, lunar cycles, or stellar movements crucial to seasonal survival. Still others suggest they were gathering places where ideas, stories, and collective memory were shared in symbolic form.

But here’s the problem: none of this fits with how we define “prehistory.” We were taught that humans built monuments after developing agriculture and complex societies. These sites flip that script. Maybe, just maybe, the desire to build came first—and everything else followed.

If even one of these sites is as old as the evidence suggests, then the timeline of human history needs serious revision. The builders were capable of organizing labor, understanding celestial cycles, and shaping stone on a massive scale. These weren’t scattered efforts. They show patterns — of intent, of knowledge, and of memory we no longer share. There’s still too much we don’t know. But it’s clear we’ve been starting the story too late.

{ https://curiosmos.com/category/ancient-civilizations/ }

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Did lost civilizations before history vanish in a forgotten global disaster?

Did lost civilizations before history vanish in a forgotten global disaster?

Did lost civilizations before history disappear in a global catastrophe? From sunken cities to ancient monuments, new clues suggest we’ve barely scratched the surface.

The official story of human civilization begins around 6,000 years ago, with the rise of early city-states in Mesopotamia and Egypt. But new discoveries are challenging that timeline. What if we’ve overlooked an entire chapter—an era of lost civilizations before history, wiped out by a global catastrophe and forgotten beneath layers of earth, myth, and rising seas?

The mysterious climate crash that changed everything

Roughly 12,800 years ago, the Earth experienced a sudden, violent cooling event known as the Younger Dryas. Within decades, global temperatures dropped, megafauna went extinct, and entire ecosystems unraveled. No one knows exactly what caused it.

One of the most controversial theories—the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis—suggests that fragments of a massive comet struck Earth, triggering wildfires, floods, and atmospheric collapse. If such an impact occurred, it could have erased entire cultures in one swift blow.

But is there any trace of what may have existed before that disaster?

Göbekli Tepe wasn’t alone

Did lost civilizations before history vanish in a forgotten global disaster? Gobekli Tepe is, by far, the oldest temple in the world and apparently, it is connected to a massive comet impact from around 13,000 years ago. Gobekli Tepe is, by far, the oldest temple in the world and apparently, it is connected to a massive comet impact from around 13,000 years ago.

The discovery of Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey stunned archaeologists. This is wihtout a doubt one of my favorite sites, for many reasons. Dated to around 9600 BCE, it predates Stonehenge and the pyramids by millennia. Its massive stone pillars, many over 5 meters tall and weighing up to 20 tons, were arranged in circular enclosures—carved with animals and symbols whose meanings are still unknown.

And yet, Göbekli Tepe is not alone.

  • Karahan Tepe (Turkey), just 35 km away, is even older and features human-like statues and T-shaped pillars similar in style.

  • Nevalı Çori, buried under a modern dam, showed early megalithic architecture from around 8500 BCE.

  • Wadi Faynan (Jordan) and Ain Ghazal (Amman), both Neolithic sites, reveal complex social structures and large-scale building from 8500–7500 BCE.

  • Tassili n’Ajjer (Algeria), though harder to date precisely, holds cave paintings of beings in strange suits, possibly over 10,000 years old.

These discoveries raise a serious question: How did people with no known agriculture or writing build such monuments? Did they inherit knowledge from an earlier culture—one wiped clean from the record?

Cities beneath the sea

During the last Ice Age, sea levels were more than 100 meters lower than today. As the glaciers melted, coastlines vanished. Much of humanity’s early settlements—always near water—would now lie submerged, often beyond reach of standard archaeological tools.

And yet, some of them have been found.

  • Dwarka, off the coast of India, is an underwater city with stone walls, grids, and anchors, dated by some researchers to at least 7500 BCE.

  • Pavlopetri (Greece), a sunken Bronze Age city, features streets, buildings, and a central square—submerged around 1000 BCE, but possibly older.

  • Atlit Yam (Israel), buried beneath the Mediterranean, contains stone houses, graves, and a stone circle—dated to 7000 BCE.

These cities suggest an entire world of early human habitation may now lie underwater—unmapped, unstudied, and forgotten. We know more about the surface of Mars then the surface of our oceans. And that is a fact.

Gaps too large to ignore

Archaeology is often focused on what can be confirmed. But it’s the missing pieces that tell another story. There is a gap of thousands of years between the Ice Age and the rise of “official” civilizations like Sumer and Egypt. Yet in that gap, we find stunning stonework, monumental architecture, and sudden cultural shifts.

Even the Sphinx at Giza has been reexamined by some geologists, who point to weathering patterns consistent with heavy rainfall—rain that Egypt hasn’t seen since at least 7000 BCE. Of course this is a massive controversy and this timeline is not acepted in mainstream science.

If these structures predate what we call history, who built them?

Are myths memory?

Ancient cultures from every corner of the world carry stories of floods, sunken lands, and golden ages lost to time. The Greeks had Atlantis. The Hindus speak of long cycles of destruction and rebirth. The Sumerians recorded kings reigning for thousands of years before the flood.

For decades, such stories were dismissed as metaphor. But as more evidence comes to light, researchers are beginning to ask: Were these myths rooted in real events—the fading memories of a civilization that fell beneath the waves?

The future of the past

Advances in LIDAR scanning, satellite imagery, and underwater exploration are rapidly transforming our view of the past. New sites are being discovered in the Amazon, under jungles in Cambodia, and possibly even beneath the sands of Egypt.

As our tools improve, so do the odds of finding proof—of cities that came before, of cultures lost to sea and flame, and of a history far deeper than textbooks allow.

What if we’re the second or third version of civilization?

What if everything we’ve built rests on the bones of a world we’ve already lost? The clues are mounting—and the silence between them might be the loudest signal of all. Did lost civilizations before history disappear in a global catastrophe? From sunken cities to ancient monuments, new clues suggest we’ve barely scratched the surface. And what if we are just a second or ever thrid version of civilization. But more on that, in a different article.

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 { https://curiosmos.com/category/ancient-civilizations/ }

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What Do Famous Astronomical Objects Look Like... in 3D?

What Do Famous Astronomical Objects Look Like... in 3D?

3dmodels.jpg Simulations of four classic deep-sky objects. Credit: NASA/MSFC/Chandra X-ray Center/Smithsonian Astrophysical Center

A recent analysis gives us new views of key deep-sky objects.

It’s a cosmic shame, that we tend to only see flat-looking, 2-dimensional views of deep-sky objects. And while we can’t just zoom out past the Andromeda galaxy for another perspective, or see the Crab Nebula from another vantage point in space, we can use existing data to simulate objects in 3D.

A recent collection released by Marshall Space Flight Center’s Chandra X-ray Center and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics shows us familiar objects in a new way. These models combine information from space-borne observatories, including the Chandra X-ray observatory. Released from the payload bay of Space Shuttle Columbia on STS-93, Chandra has proven itself over the last two decades as NASA’s flagship X-ray observatory in space.

chandra-3d.jpg

Chandra, shortly after deployment from shuttle Columbia's payload bay.

Credit: NASA

The 3D renderings were made using a combination of observational data and computer simulations. The technique not only allows armchair observers to see old objects in new ways, but it also gives astronomers a method to study these familiar targets from all sides.

“These 3D models allow people to explore—and print—examples of stars in the early and end stages of their lives,” states a recent Chandra X-ray Center (NASA) press release. “They also provide scientists with new avenues to investigate scientific questions and find insights about the objects they represent.”

NASA is even providing users with the files to 3D print these deep-sky objects, free to download. This gives a tactile dimension to the sky, something the user can hold and feel. This is an important factor when it comes to science outreach… after all, none of us can see the sky at x-ray wavelengths.

Here’s the highlighted object-by-object breakdown:

Cassiopeia A: Located about 11,000 light-years distant, Cassiopeia A or Cas A is a well-studied supernovae remnant. A prodigious x-ray and radio source, Cas A hosted the last known galactic supernovae about 340 years ago, although no definitive observations of the event exist.

3dmodels_casa_monster.jpg

Cas A, to include the 'Green Monster' loop.

Credit: INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo/Salvatore Orlando.

More recently, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has documented what’s become known as the ‘green monster’, a long oxygen-rich filament extending from Cas A. This may provide more insight into this young and evolving remnant.

3dmodels_testprint_casa_2025.jpg

A 3D printed rendition of Cas A.

Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO/A. Jubett & N. Wolk/Modeled by Sal Orlando.

BP Tauri: This is a young T Tauri star surrounded by a dust ring, just 10 million years old. T Tauri stars are crucial to our understanding of stellar and solar system formation, as they provide a snapshot of the early stages of the process. These are also very energetic and active stars, with flares that sculpt the surrounding cocoon of dust that the stars are embedded in. BP Tauri and the x-ray flares it produces are of primary interest to Chandra researchers.

The Cygnus Loop: This is a familiar target for deep-sky imagers located in the constellation of Cygnus, the Swan. Another, more ancient supernovae remnant, the Cygnus Loop has since undergone a complex interaction with the interstellar medium, allowing Chandra to probe this domain as the residual blast wave is heated to millions of degrees. The Cygnus Loop is an extended object visually extending over three degrees across, about six times the angular diameter of the Full Moon.

screenshot-2025-04-21-123801.jpg

The location of the Cygnus Loop in the sky.

Credit: Stellarium.

G 292.0+1.8: The last selected object is an obscure but crucial one. G 292.0+1.8 is another supernovae remnant, located in the constellation Centaurus the Centaur. Astronomers are interested in this remnant for two main reasons: One, it is usually rich in molecular oxygen. Two, it exhibits a rare, reverse shock wave rebounding back towards the original explosion, giving the remnant an asymmetrical shape.

These 3D models were also highlighted in studies out of the Italian Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) in Palermo Italy by Salvatore Orlando and cited in papers from the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, The Astrophysical Journal and Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Who doesn’t want a 3D rendition of the Cygnus Loop on their desktop? For now, it’s the next best thing to going there in person.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

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Jupiter's Atmosphere is a Wild Place

Jupiter's Atmosphere is a Wild Place

A cross section of the upper atmosphere, or troposphere, of Jupiter, showing the depth of storms in a north-south swath that crosses the planet’s equator, or equatorial zone (EZ). Blue and red represent, respectively, higher and lower than normal abundances of ammonia gas. Chris Moeckel, UC Berkeley A cross section of the upper atmosphere, or troposphere, of Jupiter, showing the depth of storms in a north-south swath that crosses the planet’s equator, or equatorial zone (EZ). Blue and red represent, respectively, higher and lower than normal abundances of ammonia gas. Chris Moeckel, UC Berkeley

The weather gets a little wild and weird on Jupiter. How wild? Spacecraft instruments have measured strong winds, tracked fierce lightning, and found huge methane plume storms rising from deep beneath the clouds. How weird? Think: mushballs raining down like hailstones. They're made of ammonia and water encased in a water ice shell. According to planetary scientists, these mushballs plunge through the Jovian atmosphere. What's more, they probably form on the other gas and ice giants, too.

According to planetary scientist Chris Moeckel and his former advisor Imke de Pater at UC Berkeley, the proof for these strange Jovian slushies came from 3D visualizations of the Jovian atmosphere. You can't tell they're there just by looking at the clouds, however. You have to find a way to peer into the atmosphere and measure the chemical fingerprints of the gases it contains. In 2020, data from the Juno mission and observations by radio telescopes on Earth uncovered strange "nonuniformities" in ammonia gas distribution around the planet. In other words, it isn't distributed evenly throughout the atmosphere. The Juno data in particular showed that ammonia isn't just poorly distributed - it's actually depleted to atmospheric depths of about 150 kilometers, according to de Pater.

“Juno really shows that ammonia is depleted at all latitudes down to about 150 km (93 miles), which is really odd,” said de Pater, who discovered 10 years ago that ammonia was depleted down to about 50 km (31 miles). “That’s what Chris is trying to explain with his storm systems going much deeper than we expected.”

A flattened map of Jupiter reveals the distribution of ammonia beneath the planet’s cloud tops, extending tens of miles below the visible cloud deck. Red regions indicate where ammonia is depleted, while black regions show where it is rising from deeper within the atmosphere. The depleted zones appear in bands flanking the equator (0° latitude on the map) and at the poles (not shown), while the upwelling of ammonia is most prominent just north of the equator. The striking absence of deep activity in the mid-latitudes suggests that most of Jupiter’s atmosphere is relatively shallow, with only a few storms punching deeper into the planet. Credit Chris Moeckel and Imke de Pater, UC Berkeley

A flattened map of Jupiter reveals the distribution of ammonia beneath the planet’s cloud tops, extending tens of kilometers below the visible cloud deck. Red regions indicate where ammonia is depleted, while black regions show where it is rising from deeper within the atmosphere. The depleted zones appear in bands flanking the equator (0° latitude on the map) and at the poles (not shown), while the upwelling of ammonia is most prominent just north of the equator. The striking absence of deep activity in the mid-latitudes suggests that most of Jupiter’s atmosphere is relatively shallow, with only a few storms punching deeper into the planet.

Credit Chris Moeckel and Imke de Pater, UC Berkeley

Follow the Ammonia Trail

To explain that missing ammonia, another scientist named Tristan Guillot proposed a wild idea: that strong updrafts during storms on Jupiter can lift ice particles high above the clouds. There, the ice mixes with ammonia vapor, which melts the ice into a slush. Just like on Earth, as the ice balls rise and fall, they grow. Eventually, these softball-sized mushballs fall back into the atmosphere, taking the ammonia with them. This helps explain why ammonia appears to be missing from the upper atmosphere: it’s being dragged down and hidden deep inside the planet, where it leaves faint signatures to be observed with radio telescopes.

To Moeckel and others, that idea seemed like an "out there" explanation. "Imke and I both were like, ‘There’s no way in the world this is true,’” said Moeckel. “So many things have to come together to actually explain this, it seems so exotic. I basically spent three years trying to prove this wrong. And I couldn’t prove it wrong.”

Jovian Conditions Conducive to Mushballs

It turns out that conditions in Jupiter's atmosphere could support the formation of mushballs. That atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium, inhabited by clouds in its upper layers. Beneath the clouds and upper atmosphere lies a deeper layer of fluid metallic hydrogen. A rocky inner core lives deep inside the planet. The atmosphere contains smaller amounts of ammonia molecules and water vapor, which rise and freeze into droplets. On Earth, droplets of water fall onto the surface as rain or hail. However, Jupiter has no surface until you get to the core. So, if those droplets do fall, how far down do they go? How big do they get?

mushball-image-3b-1024x872.jpg

An illustration depicting how violent storms on Jupiter — and likely other gas giants — generate mushballs and shallow lightning. The mushballs are created by thunderstorm clouds that form about 65 km (40 miles) beneath the cloud tops and fuel a strong updraft that carries water ice upward to extreme altitudes, occasionally above the visible cloud layer. Once they reach altitudes of about 22 km (14 miles) below the visible cloud layer, ammonia acts like an antifreeze, melting the ice and combining with it to form a slushy ammonia-water liquid that gets coated with water ice — a mushball. The mushballs keep rising until they become too heavy and fall back through the atmosphere, growing until they reach the water condensation layer, where they evaporate. This ends up redistributing ammonia and water from the upper atmosphere (green and blue layer) to layers deep below the clouds, creating areas of depleted ammonia visible in radio observations.

Credit NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS

This is where the mushballs come in. First, scientists began trying to figure out the strange distribution of ammonia in particular. There were proposals that water and ammonia ice get locked up in hailstones. However, nobody could quite explain how to form them heavy enough to fall hundreds of kilometers through Jupiter's messy atmosphere. That's when Guillot made his proposal for the growth of slushy hailstones.

Making a 3D Model

To understand the weather conditions and the possible formation of those weird mushballs, Moeckel began working on a different approach based on the observational data. “I essentially developed a tomography method that takes the radio observations and turns them into a three-dimensional rendering of that part of the atmosphere that is seen by Juno,” Moeckel said.

Moeckel's 3D picture of Jupiter’s troposphere shows that the majority of the weather systems on Jupiter really are shallow. Most extend down perhaps only 10 to 20 kilometers below the visible clouds. Most of the colorful, swirling patterns in the bands encircling the planet are part of that shallow contingent of clouds.

Some weather, however, emerges much deeper in the troposphere, redistributing ammonia and water and essentially unmixing what was long thought to be a uniform atmosphere. The three types of weather events responsible are hurricane-like vortices, hotspots coupled to ammonia-rich plumes that wrap around the planet in a wave-like structure, and large storms that generate mushballs and lightning.

Tripping with a Mushball

“The mushball journey essentially starts about 50 to 60 kilometers below the cloud deck as water droplets. The water droplets get rapidly lofted all the way to the top of the cloud deck, where they freeze out and then fall over a hundred kilometers into the planet, where they start to evaporate and deposit material down there,” Moeckel said. “And so you have, essentially, this weird system that gets triggered far below the cloud deck, goes all the way to the top of the atmosphere, and then sinks deep into the planet.”

Unique signatures in the Juno radio data for one storm cloud provided an important clue to the mushball formation. “There was a small spot under a cloud that either looked like cooling, that is, melting ice, or an ammonia enhancement, that is, melting and release of ammonia,” Moeckel said. “It was the fact that either explanation was only possible with mushballs that eventually convinced me.”

What About Other Planets?

The 3D model and explanations of mushballs on Jupiter offer a more complete look at the complicated dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere. Interestingly, it's very likely that similar conditions for mushball creation could exist at the other gas and ice giants of the solar system. If so, that would give planetary scientists much more insight into the interiors of those worlds as well as the activities going on in their atmospheres.

In an age of exoplanet research, it's also likely that researchers can use Moeckel's tools to extrapolate what they've seen at Jupiter to similar-type worlds around other stars. Since they can see only the upper atmospheres of distant worlds, the ability to interpret chemical signatures in those atmospheres using radio and other observations is important.

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{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

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More Evidence that Snow and Water Formed Many of Mars's Landscapes

More Evidence that Snow and Water Formed Many of Mars's Landscapes

jezero_water.jpg Artist's depiction of water rushing into Mars' Jezero Crater, which billions of years ago was the site of a delta. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Ever since the Mariner probes and Viking missions travelled to Mars, scientists have known that liquid water once flowed on the surface. This is indicated by specific features that form in the presence of water here on Earth, including flow channels, delta fans, hydrated minerals, and sedimentary rocks. In recent decades, the many missions that have studied Mars' atmosphere, surface, and climate have revealed that Mars was a warmer, wetter place during the Noachian period (ca. 4.1 to 3.7 billion years ago).

This has stimulated questions about whether life could have emerged on Mars and where its once-abundant water (and maybe even life) could be found today. A new study by geologists at the University of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder) provides a potential glimpse of what Mars may have looked like billions of years ago. Their findings suggest Mars experienced heavy precipitation that likely fed valleys and channels that carved the features we still see there today.

The research was led by Amanda Steckel, a postdoctoral geological scientist at Caltech (formerly at CU Boulder), and a member of the Perseverance science team. She was joined by Gregory E. Tucker, a geoscience professor at CU Boulder and a member of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); Matthew Rossi and Brian Hynek were also co-authors on the study, a research scientist with CIRES and the Earth Lab and a geosciences professor with the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at CU Boulde, respectively.

Credit: NASA/JPL/GSFC/Emily Lakdawalla

While most scientists agree that Mars once had flowing water on its surface, where it came from remains a mystery. While most maintain that a global ocean once covered the entire Northern Lowlands of Mars, while large bodies spotted the southern hemisphere, many scientists assert that Mars was always cold and dry. In this scenario, water existed mainly as ice caps and glaciers that occupied the Northern Lowlands, which experienced occasional melting for short periods.

This is largely based on the fact that roughly 4 billion years ago, the young Sun was only 75% as bright as it is today. As a result, Mars must have had a significant greenhouse effect to maintain temperatures warm enough to support liquid water. Hence, there is an ongoing debate between proponents of the "warm-and-wet" versus the "cold-and-dry" models. To address this, Steckel and her colleagues ran a computer simulation originally developed for Earth studies by Professor Tucker. As Steckel explained in a CU Boulder press release:

"You could pull up Google Earth images of places like Utah, zoom out, and you’d see the similarities to Mars. It’s very hard to make any kind of conclusive statement. But we see these valleys beginning at a large range of elevations. It’s hard to explain that with just ice."

The researchers used the software to model the evolution of the Martian landscape on synthetic terrain similar to Mars' equatorial region. They added water from precipitation to some of their models and melting ice caps to others, and then simulated how this would shape the landscape over tens to hundreds of thousands of years. The team then compared the two models to data obtained by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Odyssey spacecraft. The precipitation model was consistent with what we see around Mars' equator today.

Image of the Jezero Crater taken by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL

These include the vast network of channels in the Martian highlands that open onto the low-lying areas in the Northern Lowlands. The rock deposits and delta fans found in these areas further indicate that vast quantities of water once flowed across the landscape. "You'd need meters deep of flowing water to deposit those kinds of boulders," said Hynek. "Once the erosion from flowing water stopped, Mars almost got frozen in time and probably still looks a lot like Earth did 3.5 billion years ago."

While these results are convincing, there are still unanswered questions about Mars' ancient climate. For example, scientists are still unsure how Mars could maintain temperatures warm enough to support precipitation and flowing water, given how the Sun's output was less than it is today. However, this study still provides scientists with a glimpse at what Mars experienced in the past and could also provide new perspectives into the geological history of Earth.

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Presidential Insider Reveals: “I Handled Real UFO Material” — Malmgren’s Stunning Confession

Presidential Insider Reveals: “I Handled Real UFO Material” — Malmgren’s Stunning Confession

Former Presidential Advisor Claims Direct Contact with UFO Material in Shocking Interview

In a groundbreaking interview on the American Alchemy podcast hosted by Jesse Michels, former presidential advisor Harald Malmgren made a series of astonishing disclosures that have reignited global interest in the topic of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), commonly referred to as UFOs. Malmgren, a respected economist and senior government official who served under multiple U.S. Presidents—including Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford—shared previously unspoken revelations from his decades of experience at the highest levels of power.

Direct Handling of UFO Material

The most headline-grabbing statement from the interview came when Malmgren asserted that he had personally handled material connected to UFOs. This firsthand involvement suggests a level of access to classified information and technology far beyond what has been publicly acknowledged. Though Malmgren stopped short of detailing the nature or origin of the materials, the implication was clear: he had encountered physical evidence of phenomena the public has long speculated about.

Secret Antigravity Research Involving Tesla and Brown

Malmgren also referenced a mysterious communication from a foreign intelligence contact. According to his account, the message detailed a covert project involving two historically significant figures in scientific innovation—Nikola Tesla and Thomas Townsend Brown. Brown, known for his work on electrogravitics, and Tesla, often cited in speculative theories about advanced energy and propulsion systems, were allegedly linked through this secret initiative. The collaboration reportedly focused on antigravity technology, a concept that has long existed at the fringe of mainstream science but could revolutionize space travel and aeronautics if proven viable.

The Roswell Revelation: Living Extraterrestrials?

Perhaps the most emotionally charged revelation came from what Malmgren told his daughter, Pippa, in his final days. Off the record and away from public scrutiny, he confessed to having been shown a video depicting a living extraterrestrial being—the sole survivor from a UFO crash, widely believed to be the infamous Roswell incident of 1947. He also stated that biologics—referring to living or once-living non-human entities—had been recovered from other crash sites.

This information aligns with recent disclosures from whistleblowers and former military personnel who have testified before U.S. congressional panels about government possession of non-human craft and biologics.

The Implications

Harald Malmgren’s statements represent one of the most credible sources yet to publicly affirm the existence of UFO material and extraterrestrial life. Given his high-level roles and policy influence, his testimony has added significant weight to ongoing calls for greater transparency from governments regarding UAP investigations.

The interview arrives at a time when global interest in UFOs is surging. With congressional hearings, declassified military footage, and bipartisan political pressure building, Malmgren’s words may help push the conversation into new, more serious territory.

Full interview:

While the extraordinary nature of Malmgren’s claims demands healthy skepticism, his credibility and public service record make them difficult to dismiss outright. Whether these disclosures will lead to greater official acknowledgment or further secrecy remains to be seen. Nonetheless, this interview marks a pivotal moment in the long-running quest to uncover the truth about UFOs and what may lie beyond our understanding of the universe.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

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Mars's Atmosphere Used to be Thicker. Has Curiosity Found Where it All Went?

Mars's Atmosphere Used to be Thicker. Has Curiosity Found Where it All Went?

16716.jpg NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover sees its tracks receding into the distance at a site nicknamed “Ubajara” on April 30, 2023. This site is where Curiosity made the discovery of siderite, a mineral that may help explain the fate of the planet’s thicker ancient atmosphere. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

Planetary scientists have plenty of theories about Mars and its environmental past. Two of the most widely accepted are that there was a carbon dioxide atmosphere and, at one point, liquid water on Mars' surface. However, this theory has a glaring problem: Where should the rocks have formed from the interactions between carbon dioxide and water? According to a new paper by scientists at several NASA facilities using data collected by the rover Curiosity, the answer is right under the rover's metaphorical feet.

According to geology, carbon dioxide and water should react together to form "carbonates," a type of mineral that contains an ion made up of carbon and oxygen. This process is relatively common on Earth and even in some manufacturing processes, but the results have never before been seen on Mars, at least not in any quantity.

That is despite a significant amount of effort spent looking for them. Rovers have looked for them to no avail. Even satellites have done spectroscopy on most of the planet and haven't seen anything that could be a carbonate anywhere near the quantities to prove that Mars had an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and liquid water at one time. That was, until the little rover that could stepped in.

Curiosity has had a hand in plenty of important discoveries on the Red Planet. Here's a video from Fraser 7 years ago that discusses some of them.

Curiosity has dug holes throughout Mars' Gale Crater for almost 13 years. During that time, some significant discoveries were made, but this latest one has dramatically impacted our understanding of the evolution of the Martian climate. At three different drill sites around Mount Sharp, Curiosity found evidence for a mineral called siderite, a carbonate material formed with iron.

Siderite itself wasn't present on the surface, though. It was only found when Curiosity drilled down 3-4cm into the surface of a rock and analyzed the resulting drill powder in its CheMin instrument. After the instruments zapped it with X-rays, the researchers found the presence of the elusive mineral that could explain where Mars' atmosphere went, at least partially. 

The presence of carbonates under layers of other rock could also explain why they have been so hard to find up until now. Orbiting satellites wouldn't be able to see a few centimeters into existing rock, and most rover spectroscopy is done without drilling into a sample, so they wouldn't have been able to detect it either. But finding any does lend credence to the idea that Mars used to be habitable for basic microorganisms, at one point at least.

Here's a look back at Curiosity's first science target - Jake the Rock.

Scientists from several different NASA centers, including the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Curiosity operation), Ames Research Center (CheMin Instrument operation), and John Space Center (data analysis) contributed to the work. According to Benjamin Tutolo, a professor at the University of Calgary, "the discovery of abundant siderite in Gale Crater represents both a surprising and important breakthrough in our understanding of the geologic and atmospheric evolution of Mars." 

It certainly does, though the estimated amount of siderite and other carbonates based on this newest data isn't enough to explain where all of Mars' atmosphere went. There could be other, more abundant hiding places, or the Red Planet could have lost its atmosphere slowly over time due to the solar wind, since it has lacked a magnetic field for so long. As rovers continue to explore its surface, a steady stream of new findings will continue to intrigue planetary scientists, and hopefully help them refine their theories on how Mars came to be what it is today.

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NASA's Lucy Probe Snaps Its Closeup of a Weirdly Shaped Asteroid

NASA's Lucy Probe Snaps Its Closeup of a Weirdly Shaped Asteroid

Closeup of asteroid Donaldjohanson NASA's Lucy probe captured this closeup of the asteroid Donaldjohanson from a distance of about 660 miles. (NASA / Goddard / SwRI / JHUAPL / NOIRLab)

NASA’s Lucy spacecraft made a successful flyby of the second asteroid on its must-see list over the weekend, and sent back imagery documenting the elongated object’s bizarre double-lobed shape.

It turns out that asteroid Donaldjohanson — which was named after the anthropologist who discovered the fossils of a human ancestor called Lucy — is what’s known as a contact binary, with a couple of ridges in its narrow neck. In today’s image advisory, NASA compares the ridged structure to a pair of nested ice cream cones.

“Asteroid Donaldjohanson has strikingly complicated geology,” said Hal Levison, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute who serves as the Lucy mission’s principal investigator. “As we study the complex structures in detail, they will reveal important information about the building blocks and collisional processes that formed the planets in our solar system.”

Lucy came as close as 600 miles (960 kilometers) to Donaldjohanson on April 20, snapping images every two seconds or so as it zoomed past. The pictures confirmed the asteroid’s status as a contact binary — that is, a compound object formed by the sticky collision of two smaller celestial bodies. Donaldjohanson is somewhat larger than it was previously thought to be, with a length of about 5 miles (8 kilometers) and a width of 2 miles (3.5 kilometers) at the widest point.

The Easter encounter took place three and a half years after Lucy was launched, and 17 months after the 52-foot-wide probe flew past its first target asteroid, Dinkinesh, and a mini-moon called Selam. Like Donaldjohanson, Selam was found to be a contact binary.

Researchers consider both of Lucy’s encounters in the main asteroid belt, which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, to be mere warmups for the mission’s main event: a detailed study of so-called Jupiter Trojan asteroids. Such asteroids are trapped harmlessly at resonance points in Jupiter’s orbit due to the giant planet’s gravitational influence. No spacecraft has ever gotten close to a Jupiter Trojan.

Tom Statler, NASA program scientist for the $989 million Lucy mission, said the quality of the early imagery demonstrates the “tremendous capabilities” of Lucy’s instruments. “The potential to really open a new window into the history of our solar system when Lucy gets to the Trojan asteroids is immense,” he said.

Over the next few weeks, researchers will retrieve, process and analyze data from Lucy’s black-and-white imager as well as its color imager, infrared spectrometer and thermal infrared spectrometer. The spacecraft is scheduled to spend most of this year traveling through the main asteroid belt.

Lucy’s first encounter with a Jupiter Trojan asteroid, known as Eurybates, is due to take place in August 2027. Four additional Trojan encounters will follow between 2027 and 2033.

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Meer van UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES

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