{ http://nationalufocenter.com/ }

Filer’s Files #6 – 2016 We Can Take ET Home - PART II

The Secret Past of Antarctica

Antarctica was once Atlantis. An antediluvian island continent paradise from where evil nephilim overlords ruled the entire Earth with great ruthlessness using occult knowledge that included things like black magick & super advanced technology taught to them by their fathers - the watchers that fell in the days of Jared [see 1 Enoch 9:6-9]. 

 

Related: Ruins Of Ancient City Found In Antarctica

 

Poseidonis was the capital of Atlantis. The island continent appeared to sink into the ocean during the Great Deluge mentioned in Genesis 6:5-7,11-13 & 7:17,19-24. Later it was flash frozen due to sudden global crustal displacement where it was covered with ice until the Nazis learned from esoteric Tibetan monks that Antarctica used to be Atlantis during their expedition there from 1938-1939.

 

 

 

The Nazis built Base 211 in Antarctica and started searching for all the flash frozen advanced technology which they tried to retro-engineer until the Americans took over the operation during Operation Highjump.

 

 The Americans then took all the technology found then and later during Operations Deep Freeze with all the occult Nazi scientists back to the U.S.A. to keep retro-engineering all the technology in D.U.M.B.s hidden in the remote desert.

{  http://7tales.net/index.php }

PROJECT REDSUN: THEY WENT TO MARS WITHOUT TELLING US

How much do we know about Mars? Or is it “how much we don’t know about it” a better question to ask?

 

According to several sources, the distant Red Planet meant an important deal to NASA ever since the late 1950s. As the Apollo program was coming to an end, and with the entire population bathed in excitement because of the huge step humanity took towards progress and innovation, the space agency already had bigger plans for the near future.

 

Apparently, at that time (in 1970s more precisely) NASA focused more on a manned mission to Mars. As crazy as this sounds, it might prove to be true, and here is why: 50 years ago from now, in the summer of 1965, Mariner 4 became the first successful mission to come near the surface of the Red Planet. The photos returned by the space module caused an immense stir among NASA’s personnel, as it revealed never before seen features of the bizarre “red dot” that could be observed from Earth. 

 

 

What they learned in 1965 made the agency want to send astronauts there ASAP in order to colonize the Red Planet and who knows what other reasons they had. Therefore, NASA secretly funded a project similar to the Apollo missions which they codenamed Project REDSUN. Its aim was apparently to colonize the planet, but after analyzing the case, it seems that they had some other thoughts as well. Is it possible that NASA encountered some form of intelligent life on Mars? 

 

 

In 1971, one year before the final Apollo mission, Mariner 9 was orbiting Mars and managed to photograph the entirety of its surface, thus providing conclusive images with ancient riverbeds, a 3,000 mile-long grand canyon, gigantic volcanoes, and other artificial-like structures that we can also see for ourselves today.

 

What seems rather interesting is the fact that NASA had a free hand to operate under the ongoing lunar exploration hysteria. Another curious thing to note is the fact that the agency was overly prepared to send a second mission to Mars, as Richard Zurek, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s leading scientist revealed:

 

It was a good thing we had other spacecraft ready, as it might have stopped Mars exploration for a while. The pace of exploration would have slowed – we certainly wouldn’t have had anything as ambitious as the mission in 1970s.

 

 

Mariner 9’s photo of Nirgal Vallis, the largest valley network on Mars

It was a planet that seemed similar enough to the Earth that you could imagine it having supported life in the past… We still don’t know for sure if life did develop there.”

 

In the years that followed, several exploration modules were sent to Mars, probably because of the unimaginable discoveries that were previously unearthed. However, first photos from the actual surface of the planet were taken by the Viking 1 mission and were revealed on July 20, 1976. One day later, the first color picture taken by the Viking 2 lander was available. Considering all the above, we can’t help but wonder what happened between 1970 and 1976, and why the space agency didn’t officially admit the landing of a module on the Martian surface until then?

 

On August 28, 1973, a secret mission funded by NASA and the US Department of Defense was to depart towards the distant planet Mars under the name of Project Redsun. According to recently leaked documents, the crew consisted of American astronaut Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, Neil Armstrong and a fellow comrade from the USSR named Vladimir Ilyushin.

 

The video below was supposedly leaked from a collection of 16mm archived footage used in the training of NASA astronauts and Air Force pilots. The video reveals how astronauts aboard a spacecraft considered to be the ISV Columbus, are slowly leaving behind Earth’s view to welcome a new, more dusty sight of planet Mars. Some features of the Red Planet are clearly visible during the orbital flight, including the famous South Pole of Mars.

 

 

Mission control was established at Cocoa Beach, Florida and it coordinated Project Redsun’s first three launches. All subsequent missions were relocated and administrated from Area 51.

 

After the video was made public, people begun to question its authenticity, and as usual, NASA denied any form of implication in a manned mission to Mars, considering the footage to be a ridiculous forgery. While people couldn’t accept the agency’s potential for such a quest, seeing as it was 1970 back then, the above footage didn’t receive too much attention. However, it all changed in April 2011 when more evidence was brought to light by an Italian journalist and UFO researcher Luca Scantamburlo. During a press conference, they presented a testimony revealing the details of project Redsun.

 

I introduce to you a press-release testimony I have written to discuss the presumed existence of a hush-hush military space program called “Project Redsun”, carried out in the 70s of the last century to build a stationary base on Mars, the Red Planet. My source of information – named by me ‘bravoxsierra24’ – had contacted me by email. It is possible to reproduce the pages of the press release, and the picture here presented as well.

 

 

 

The below documents back up this seemingly crazy but not at all impossible hypothesis of an early manned mission to Mars. If this happened indeed, we can think of so many reasons why NASA would engage in such a secret mission. What could NASA had encountered there? Was there an ancient alien base or did they met with intelligent beings who still inhabit the planet? Considering many other possibilities, the reason might exceed all our earthly expectations, and who knows, maybe one they we will find out. Are we prepared for this kind of disclosure? 

 

 

( via ufoholic.com ) 

{ http://7tales.net/index.php }

This Is the Entire Universe Squeezed into One Image

Pablo Carlos Budassi created a dazzling logarithmic visualization of the observable universe in 2013.

Credit: Pablo Carlos Budassi/Wikimedia Commons

An enterprising artist has taken on one of the biggest concepts known to man: the universe.

Pablo Carlos Budassi is drawing eyes across the Internet this week for a dazzling logarithmic visualization of the observable universe that he created and uploaded to Wikimedia Commons in 2013.

VIDEO: Is There a Universe That Mirrors Our Own?

The spectacular illustration features our solar system at the very center, followed by "inner and outer planets, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud, Alpha Centauri, Perseus Arm, Milky Way galaxy, Andromeda galaxy, nearby galaxies, Cosmic Web, Cosmic microwave radiation and Big Bang’s invisible plasma on the edge," according to the file’s description on Wikimedia Commons.

In an interview, Budassi told Tech Insider that he was inspired to craft the visualization while drawing hexaflexagons.

ANALYSIS: Our Universe: It's the 'Simplest' Thing We Know

"Then when I was drawing hexaflexagons for my sons birthday souvenirs I started drawing central views of the cosmos and the solar system," he told the website. "That day the idea of a logarithmic view came and in the next days I was able to it with Photoshop using images from NASA and some textures created by my own."

This blog originally appeared on DSCOVRD and was provided by Discovery News.

{ http://www.space.com/ }

Alien Entity Has Vested Interest In Human Baby, Victoria, Australia, Jan 2016, Video

(Before It's News)

 

Date of sighting: January 16, 2016
Location of sighting: Victoria, Australia

Here we have a baby monitor video of an entity standing over the head of the baby. The entity has a tilted head, looking down at the babies face. For an alien to come to a baby, it must have some vested interest in this child. What I mean is, the child may have been implanted with knowledge or abilities beyond that of human understanding. 

Its no secret that Australia is a hotbed for UFO sightings. It appears that the aliens in that region are trying to change humanity by implanting certain knowledge and skills that would one day help tilt humanities future into the direction that aliens see as more desirable. 
Scott C. Waring
www.ufosightingsdaily.com 

News states:
A mother capturing two ghostly spirits in the cradle of her daughter as she slept A mother claims to have captured the disturbing moment when two “ghostly spirits” interacted with her daughter as she slept. Jade Yates, who lives in Barongarook, Victoria, Australia, observed through the creepy video baby monitor, where two figures seem to float above the crib notes, she shared the video on Facebook on 23 January 2016.
 

Thanks http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/

Check out more contributions by Jeffery Pritchett ranging from UFO to Bigfoot to paranormal to Prophecy

Amazing Photo Of A Strange Glowing Object In Bolivia

(Before It's News)

UFOs In 14th Century Paintings

Many paintings between 14th and early 18th century depict different, unusual aerial objects that look very similar to modern-day UFOs at first glance. It’s just normal to wonder why artists in these times appeared to be obsessed with these objects that they included them in scenes surrounding the stories of Jesus Christ’s birth and death.

For example, the mural or fresco from 1350, “The Crucifixion,” at the Visoki Decani Monestary in Kosovo, the unknown artist included two strange-looking objects with apparent pilots in the sky on both sides of Jesus.

The details in the upper right and left portions of the Kosovo fresco may refer to something readily familiar to modern eyes – the sun and the moon. The two celestial bodies are somewhat personified by two crouching figures, creating a man in the moon effect.

The Annunciation with Saint Emidius

Another painting from 1946 “The Annunciation with Saint Emidius,” by Carlo Crivelli, at the National Gallery in London, shows a circular object making a thin beam of light down to the Virgin Mary.

The reasons for this could be the form of symbolism the artists were trying to depict, but why these things crop up in so many works of art from these times.

Computer scientist Jacques Vallee said that “It is true that these paintings don’t represent actual sightings by artists or contemporary events of the scene.” Valle and co-author Chris Aubeck will publish an extensive update to their book “Wonders in the Sky,” which goes in depth into reports of mysterious aerial objects reported by several people starting in 1879, and moving backward to biblical sightings.

Vallee said: “The value of it, scientifically, is that now we can anchor the beginning of theUFO phenomenon into real, documented history.”

“You can’t only say that, because somebody spotted something circular in the sky duringmedieval times, it’s a similar phenomenon that people see today. We are not making that statement. We’re merely describing what people saw and the events associated with it to contribute the comprehensive study of the history of the event.”

Baptism of Jesus

“I think the skeptics are correct in stating that many of the accounts have to do with things that, in recent times, we recognize as comets, meteors, or other natural phenomena. And that is fair. We go through that and remove those and we keep the ones that are unidentified,” Vallee said.

“We do not go into ideology. We are not saying it is proof of alien. We’re saying there is a phenomenon, and it has some characteristics of the modern phenomenon, and we let it go at that. You still have to account for various depictions because of the changes in cultures and media, through which the data has arrived at us.”

A 15th-century painting “Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John” at the Palazzo Vecchio Museum in Florence, Italy, shows Mother Mary looking down while something strange is taking place in the background.

On another painting, a man can be seen with his dog standing on a ledge looking up what appears to be a domed UFO.

Lastly, the painting from 1710, “Baptism of Jesus,” by Arendt de Gelder, shows a large, round object making beams of light down to Jesus.

New “ X-Files ” Will Take On 9/11 Conspiracy, World Government And NSA Spying

Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe

Results and Discussion

Genetic studies of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) show that all present-day non-Africans belong to two basal mtDNA haplogroups (hgs), M and N [10]. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of each of these two clades has been estimated independently at around 50,000 years ago (50 ka) (95% confidence interval [CI], 53–46 ka) and 59 ka (95% CI, 64–54 ka), respectively [11]. However, whereas present-day Asians, Australasians, and Native Americans carry both M and N mtDNA hgs, modern individuals with European ancestry lack almost completely lineages of the M clade [12]. The different spatial distributions and TMRCA estimates of these two ancestral clades have been interpreted as evidence of an early spread of modern humans carrying hg M into Asia, perhaps via a southern route, followed by a later non-African diffusion of the N clade, perhaps via a northern route [7]. However, an alternative model proposes a rapid and single dispersal across Eurasia, with Asia being reached first, whereas Western Eurasia would have been settled only after a hiatus, during which hg M was lost [4].

Little is known about the genetic makeup of the first European hunter-gatherers, who likely arrived ∼45 ka [13], or about the subsequent population dynamics during the nearly 40,000 years spanning from the Late Pleistocene to the Neolithic transition [14]. Here, we reconstructed 35 complete or nearly complete mtDNAs (from 11× to 1,860× average coverage) of ancient modern human individuals from Italy, Germany, Belgium, France, Czech Republic, and Romania, spanning in age from 35 to 7 ka (Figure 1; Table S1). Hybridization capture of mtDNA in combination with high-throughput sequencing technologies [15] allowed us to evaluate typical DNA damage patterns and average fragment length [16] as criteria for authentication of ancient DNA (Supplemental Experimental Procedures). Both features were taken into account in an iterative probabilistic approach [17] that jointly estimates present-day human contamination and reconstructs mtDNA sequences (Table S2). Combining 311 modern and 66 ancient dated worldwide mtDNA genomes (both new and from the literature; Table S3), we used Bayesian phylogenetic methods [18] to estimate the mutation rate and hg coalescence times. Further, we combined our 35 new mtDNA genomes with 20 previously published ancient European mtDNAs for a total of 55 pre-Neolithic sequences (Table S4) and explicitly tested scenarios of the early population history of Europe using coalescent demographic modeling paired with approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) [19] (Supplemental Experimental Procedures).

Hg assignment of the authenticated mtDNAs confirmed that the vast majority of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene individuals belonged to the U lineage, which is a subgroup of the N clade [20] (Figures 2 and S1). We also found a basal U lineage that had no derived position leading to known sub-hgs in a 33,000-year-old Romanian individual. Surprisingly, three hunter-gatherers from Belgium and France dating to between 35 and 28 ka carried mtDNA hg M, today found predominantly in Asia, Australasia, and the Americas, although it is almost absent in extant populations with European ancestry [12].

We used 66 ancient dated mtDNAs as tip calibration points in BEAST v1.8.1 [18] in combination with 311 modern worldwide mtDNA sequences to reduce the possible impact of sample biases (Table S3 and Supplemental Experimental Procedures) in estimating the mtDNA mutation rate and hg M and N divergence times. Strict and uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clocks were tested, under both a constant size and a Bayesian skyline tree prior. The four analyses returned mtDNA mutation rates (Table 1) consistent with previously published rates using similar methodology [21, 22]. The Bayesian skyline, in combination with strict rate variation among branches, performed best according to stepping-stone and path sampling methods [23] and highest effective sample size (ESS) values, giving a best estimate of the mutation rate of 2.74 × 10⁻⁸ (95% highest posterior density [HPD], 2.44–3.01 × 10⁻⁸) mutation/site/year. This model allowed us to refine time estimates for the TMRCA of the basal non-African clades M and N of circa 49 ka (95% HPD, 54.8–43.6 ka) and 51 ka (95% HPD, 55.1–46.9 ka), respectively (Table 1; Figure 2; Supplemental Experimental Procedures).

Table 1Haplogroup Divergence Times and mtDNA Mutation Rate

Tree Prior	Clock	Statistic	Divergence Time		Clock Rate Whole mtDNA	Log Marginal Likelihood
			TMRCA hg M	TMRCA hg N		Stepping-Stone Sampling	Path Sampling
Constant	strict	mean	58,869	57,482	2.62 × 10−8	−48,759	−48,754
		median	58,578	57,181	2.62 × 10−8
		95% HPD	68,163–50,380	64,363–51,387	2.30–2.93 × 10−8
		ESS	585	445	651
Constant	relaxed	mean	58,961	58,531	2.67 × 10−8	−48,755	−48,751
		median	58,507	58,207	2.67 × 10−8
		95% HPD	70,389–49,125	66,398–51,664	2.30–3.04 × 10−8
		ESS	354	416	431
Skyline	strict	mean	49,106	50,562	2.74 × 10−8	−48,577	−48,571
		median	48,837	50,317	2.74 × 10−8
		95% HPD	54,780–43,598	55,138–46,892	2.44–3.01 × 10−8
		ESS	741	799	863
Skyline	relaxed	mean	48,005	50,179	2.77 × 10−8	−48,550	−48,546
		median	47,695	50,021	2.77 × 10−8
		95% HPD	53,917–43,054	54,189–46,483	2.47–3.07 × 10−8
		ESS	251	285	348

The values reported are obtained in BEAST [18] using 377 worldwide mtDNAs, 66 of which come from ancient dated human remains. A Bayesian skyline tree prior in combination with strict rate variation between branches performed better than the other three tested models according to higher log marginal likelihood estimates (compared to the constant tree prior models) and effective sample size (ESS) values. HPD, highest posterior density. See also Table S3 and the Supplemental Experimental Procedures.

The observed mtDNA hg variation through time, including the apparent loss of hg M in Europe, suggests a genetic bottleneck that may have been influenced by climatic events (Figure 3). This period of European prehistory was accompanied by severe climatic fluctuations, such as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 25 to 19.5 ka) and, at the end of the Pleistocene, the Bølling-Allerød interstadial followed by the stadial Younger Dryas—a period we refer to as the Late Glacial (14.5 to 11.5 ka) [24, 25]. These climatic changes have been proposed as a driver of the range contraction to refugia in many species [26], including modern humans, for whom there is absence of evidence of northwestern European occupation during the LGM [25, 27]. We used coalescent modeling paired with ABC [19] to test a range of explicit models of European hunter-gatherer demography (Figure S2; Table S6), using the complete set of 55 pre-Neolithic ancient mtDNA genomes (Table S4). The best-fitting model (Figure 3 and 2b inFigure S2) strongly supports maternal population continuity through the LGM, albeit as a single genetic bottleneck, before being replaced by a new incoming population at the onset of the Late Glacial 14.5 ka (model posterior probability,P_2b = 0.807). Based on the estimated parameter values of this model (Table S5), we infer that this surviving population diverged from the ancestral one around 29 ka (95% HPD, 36–25 ka), prior to the beginning of the LGM.

The new hunter-gatherer mtDNA genomes reported here approximately triple the available sequences from pre-Neolithic Europe. One novel finding, that three out of 18 European pre-LGM hunter-gatherers carry a previously undescribed basal mtDNA lineage M (Figure 1A), has important implications for the timing of the dispersal of modern humans into Eurasia. Excluding a ∼40,000-year-old Romanian individual known not to have contributed notably to the modern European gene pool [28], our BEAST analyses give a TMRCA for clades M and N from 44 to 55 ka, respectively. Our estimated dates, together with the oldest accepted archeological evidence for the presence of early modern humans in Australia and Europe (both dated to at least 45 ka [13, 29]), are consistent with a model of a single, late, and therefore rapid dispersal of a source population containing both M and N hgs, which contributed all the mitochondrial diversity of present-day non-Africans (cf. [7]). Human individuals whose ancestries trace back to potential earlier expansion(s) outside Africa [30, 31] are thus unlikely to have left any surviving mtDNA descendants.

Figure 1

Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Archeological Sites and Hunter-Gatherer mtDNA Haplogroups

(A) Pre-LGM dispersal of non-African populations, carrying both M and N lineages (hgs R, U, U5, and U2′3′4′7′8′9 belong to the N clade, distinct from the M clade).

(B) Post-LGM re-expansion in Europe while ice sheets retracted.

Figure 2

Maximum Parsimony Tree of Present-Day Human and 55 Pre-Neolithic mtDNA Genomes

Pre-LGM samples are shown in blue, Post-LGM in green, Late Glacial in magenta, Holocene hunter-gatherers in red, and present-day individuals in black print. Average values of ¹⁴C dates are reported next to each specimen when available. Red arrows indicate divergence times of M and N clades. Hg M is almost absent in present-day individuals with European ancestry. Oase1 represents a pre-N lineage. The tree is rooted with one Neanderthal and 16 deeply divergent African mtDNAs (not shown). See also Figure S1 and the Supplemental Experimental Procedures.

View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide

Figure 3

Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Climatic Fluctuations and European Hunter-Gatherer Demography

On the left is the NGRIP δ¹⁸O climate record, and on the right is an illustration of the best-supported demographic model (2b inFigure S2). Each colored point gives the mtDNA hg of the 55 dated pre-Neolithic individuals used in the coalescent modeling analysis. West-East site locations for each sample are approximated. See also Figure S2, Table S4, and the Supplemental Experimental Procedures.

Phylogeographic inference based solely on mtDNA has limitations [2], but information from single loci can provide meaningful constraints on models of human prehistory. In particular, the fact that hg M has never previously been found in Europe is generally interpreted as an important limitation for the proposed scenarios of non-African population dispersals [4, 7]. According to the most popular model [4], an early expansion occurred before the M and N diversification with a subsequent loss of M in only the population ancestral to Europeans. Our evidence for the existence of hg M in Late Pleistocene Europe revises this scenario. It suggests that the loss of hg M may be due to population dynamics that occurred later within Europe itself. The expansion either occurred before the diversification of M and N, with subsequent migration bringing both lineages into Europe, or the dispersal was later, occurring after their TMRCAs. Contrary to recent findings [11], though similar to a previous study [32], our two TMRCAs are almost identically dated, suggesting a single major dispersal after 55 ka for all non-African populations, including Europe. The genetic evidence of pre-LGM hg M indicates that this lineage reached Western Europe by at least 35 ka (GoyetQ116-1), either alongside the first arrival of N or later. The reconstructed phylogeny (Figure 2) with both basal N and M lineages in Late Pleistocene Europe possibly mirrors the inferred back migration into Africa, which has been suggested by the existence of hgs U6 and M1 in modern-day North Africans [33]. Therefore, the major modern human dispersal described here after 55 ka might have affected not only non-Africans, but also African populations to some extent.

The potential impact of climatic events on the demography, and thus the genetic diversity of early Europeans, has previously been difficult to quantify, but it likely had consequences for the relative components of ancient ancestry in modern-day populations [14]. Our demographic modeling reveals a dynamic history of hunter-gatherers, including a previously unknown major population shift during the Late Glacial interstadial (the Bølling-Allerød, ∼14.5 ka). Under our best-fitting model (Figure 3 and 2b in Figure S2), the small initial founder population of Europe slowly grows up until ∼25 ka and survives with smaller size in LGM climatic refugia (25–19.5 ka) [25] before re-expanding as the ice sheets retract (Figure 1B). Although this model supports population continuity from pre- to post-LGM, the genetic bottleneck is consistent with the apparent loss of hg M in the post-LGM. The subsequent Late Glacial period is characterized by drastic climatic fluctuations, beginning with an abrupt warming during the Bølling-Allerød interstadial and followed by a similarly drastic period of cooling during the Younger Dryas [24]. Globally, the early warming phases of the Late Glacial are strongly associated with substantial demographic changes, including extinctions of several megafaunal species [34] and the first expansion of modern humans into the Americas [35]. In European hunter-gatherers, our model best explains this period of upheaval as a replacement of the post-LGM maternal population by one from another source. Although the exact origin for this later population is unknown, the inferred demographic history (Figure 3 and 2b in Figure S2) suggests that it descended from another, separate LGM refugium. On the basis of mtDNA alone, we cannot rule out some degree of genomic continuity throughout the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene hunter-gatherer populations, and thus into present-day Europeans [14]. For this reason, we interpret our model as capturing the maternal signal of a major population shift, rather than a complete replacement. Ancient nuclear DNA data and additional geographically and temporally distributed specimens may provide a more comprehensive picture, possibly identifying the source and ancestry of these later incoming hunter-gatherers.

In conclusion, the large dataset presented here allowed us to provide a late upper bound on the major dispersal of all non-Africans and to uncover unexpected population dynamics of European hunter-gatherers. The Late Glacial event that we identify here is the oldest in an accumulating list of major European population turnovers revealed by ancient mtDNA [20].

Author Contributions

D.G.D., H.R., C.C., F.V., C.T., M.F., M.M., M.B., M.L., E.G., G.C. I.C., C.B., D.F., M.G., J.v.d.P., R.C., B.G., A.R., K.W., H.B., D.G., J.S., D.C., P.S., K.H., and N.J.C. provided archeological material and related information. C.P., A.M., A.F., and C.W. performed laboratory work. C.P., G.R., W.H., A.P., and J.K. analyzed genetic data. C.P., W.H., A.P., and J.K. wrote the manuscript with input from all co-authors.

Jump to Section Results and Discussion Author Contributions Accession Numbers Supplemental Information References

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for comments from Stephan Schiffels, Hugo Reyes-Centeno, David Reich, Maria Spyrou, Henrike Heyne, Heidi Colleran, and members of the Department of Archaeogenetics of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, as well as the three anonymous reviewers. We thank Pontus Skoglund, Qiaomei Fu, Viviane Slon, and Eppie Ruth-Jones for access to unpublished data, Martyna Molak, Alexander Peltzer, Marek Dynowski, and Judith Beier for technical support, and Annette Günzel for graphical support. We further thank the Soprintendenza Archeologia della Puglia, which authorized and supported the excavations at Grotta Paglicci, and Professor A. Palma di Cesnola for fieldwork and studies over the years. Part of this work was performed on the computational resource bwGRiD Cluster Tübingen funded by the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg and the Universities of the State of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, within the framework program bwHPC. J.K. and C.P. were supported by the Baden Württemberg Foundation, J.K. and A.M. by the DFG grant KR 4015/1-1, and K.H. by the European Research Council (ERC StG 283503). The Goyet project led by H.R. was funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation (grant no. 7837), the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences of CSUN, and the RBINS.

Jump to Section Results and Discussion Author Contributions Accession Numbers Supplemental Information References

Accession Numbers

The accession numbers for the 35 mtDNA genome sequences reported in this paper are GenBank: KU534947–KU534981.

Jump to Section Results and Discussion Author Contributions Accession Numbers Supplemental Information References

Supplemental Information

Document S1. Supplemental Experimental Procedures, Figures S1 and S2, and Tables S1–S6

Document S2. Article plus Supplemental Information

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DNA evidence uncovers major upheaval in Europe near end of last Ice Age

A photograph of les Closeaux at Rueil-Malmaison, Paris Basin, France. Credit: L. Lang

DNA evidence lifted from the ancient bones and teeth of people who lived in Europe from the Late Pleistocene to the early Holocene—spanning almost 30,000 years of European prehistory—has offered some surprises, according to researchers who report their findings in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on Feb. 4, 2016. Perhaps most notably, the evidence shows a major shift in the population around 14,500 years ago, during a period of severe climatic instability.

"We uncovered a completely unknown chapter of human history: a major population turnover in Europe at the end of the last Ice Age," says leading author Johannes Krause of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany.

The researchers pieced this missing history together by reconstructing the mitochondrial genomes of 35 hunter-gatherer individuals who lived in Italy, Germany, Belgium, France, the Czech Republic, and Romania from 35,000 to 7,000 years ago. Mitochondria are organelles within cells that carry their own DNA and can be used to infer patterns of maternal ancestry.

"There has been a real lack of genetic data from this time period, so consequently we knew very little about the population structure or dynamics of the first modern humans in Europe," Krause says.

The new data show that the mitochondrial DNA of three individuals who lived in present-day Belgium and France before the coldest period in the last Ice Age—the Last Glacial Maximum—belonged to haplogroup M. This is remarkable because the M haplogroup is effectively absent in modern Europeans but is extremely common in modern Asian, Australasian, and Native American populations.

The absence of the M haplogroup and its presence in other parts of the world had previously led to the argument that non-African people dispersed on multiple occasions to spread across Eurasia and Australasia. The researchers say the discovery of this maternal lineage in Europe in the ancient past now suggests instead that all non-Africans dispersed rapidly from a single population, at a time they place around 50,000 years ago. Then, at some later stage, the M haplogroup was apparently lost from Europe.

"When the Last Glacial Maximum began around 25,000 years ago, hunter-gatherer populations retreated south to a number of putative refugia, and the consequent genetic bottleneck probably resulted in the loss of this haplogroup," explains first author of the study Cosimo Posth of Germany's University of Tübingen.

The researchers say their biggest surprise, however, was evidence of a major turnover of the population in Europe around 14,500 years ago, as the climate began to warm. "Our model suggests that during this period of climatic upheaval, the descendants of the hunter-gatherers who survived through the Last Glacial Maximum were largely replaced by a populationfrom another source," says Adam Powell, another senior author at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

The researchers say the next step is to construct a more comprehensive picture of the past by analyzing the complete genomes of these ancient individuals along with additional specimens representing more times and places.

 Explore further: European hunter-gatherers and immigrant farmers lived side-by-side for more than 2,000 years

More information: Current Biology, Posth et al.: "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe" dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037 

{ http://phys.org/ }

UFO Caught By Accident Over Barrel, Argentina On Feb 2, 2016, Photo, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: February 2, 2016
Location of sighting: Barrel, Argentina
Source: http://www.inexplicata.blogspot.ca

The digital eye often sees the things we miss, so its no surprise to see that he didn't notice it until he got home. This happens a lot and since its so easy to enlarge a digital photo and keep the detail, these UFOs are getting caught more often. 
Scott C. Waring
www.ufosightingsdaily.com

Inexplicata News states:
Argentina: UFOs (or BLURFOs) Over Barreal? A man took photographs along the Route 149 near San Martín street without seeing a single thing. He was startled, however, upon viewing the images. SAN JUAN - Hector Eduardo Sawiak is a resident of San Juan and a fan of extraterrestrial phenomena, as well as a member of ICOU (Investigadores de Campo Unidos - United Field Researchers), a federal network that extends throughout the country. A few days ago, while visiting Barreal, he stopped along Route 149 near San Martín street to take a photo of the landscape. He noticed nothing unusual at first. But upon downloading photos to his computer, he found something striking. "Normally, they move at speeds imperceptible to the human eye," he told DIARIO DE CUYO, regarding the UFO phenomenon. "I take my humble camera everywhere I go, sometimes in an effort to photograph something, at others just to shoot the landscape," he added. [Translation (c) 2016 S. Corrales IHU with thanks to Guillermo Giménez, Planeta UFO, and Diario de Cuyo)

{ http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

R.I.P. Edgar Mitchell

February 05, 2016

Apollo astronaut and the sixth man to walk on the moon, Dr. Edgar Mitchell has died at the age of 85.

In 1971, Mitchell piloted the Apollo 14 mission which landed on the moon, earning him a myriad of awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and a place in the Science Hall of Fame.

Mitchell differed from most of his fellow astronauts due to his strong advocacy for the reality of UFOs and extraterrestrials.

Although he did not see a UFO during his space travels, Mitchell believed the evidence for the phenomenon was overwhelming.

He was also an ardent researcher of consciousness and the nature of psychic phenomena, founding the exceptional Institute for Noetic Sciences in 1973.

Mitchell's contributions towards the understanding and acceptance of paranormal phenomena cannot be understated and all students of the unexplained owe him a tremendous debt of gratitude.

Coast Insiders can listen to his 2007 appearance on the program, talking about Apollo 14, ETs, and consciousness.

Source: Palm Beach Post

{ http://www.coasttocoastam.com/ }

Edgar Mitchell, zesde man op de maan, overleden - HLN.be

 Bron: Belga

© afp.

Edgar Mitchell, die als zesde man ooit op de maan wandelde, is gestorven. Dat maakte het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartagentschap Nasa bekend. Mitchell werd 85.

Mitchell stierf donderdag al, in West Palm Beach in Florida. Dat was net één dag voor de 45ste verjaardag van de Apollo 14-missie, die hem naar de maan bracht. De astronauten van die missie zetten er een recordverblijf neer.

Mitchell en het andere bemanningslid Alan Shepard waren het derde team dat door de Nasa naar de maan was gestuurd. Ze kwamen er aan op 5 februari 1971. Een eerdere lancering met de Apollo 13 was afgebroken na technische problemen.

De leden van Apollo 14 verbleven maar liefst 33 uur op het hemellichaam, goed voor twee maanwandelingen. Ze kwamen ook terug met 43 kilo aan gesteente.

De tv-beelden van deze maanmissie waren de eerste in kleur. Er is te zien hoe Shepard een partijtje golf speelt op de maan.

Na zijn vertrek bij de Nasa, richtte Mitchell een instituut op dat zich bezighield met het paranormale en het onverklaarbare. Hij geloofde openlijk in buitenaards leven en in gebedsgenezing. In 2011 spande de Amerikaanse overheid een proces aan tegen de man omdat hij geprobeerd had een camera te verkopen die is gebruikt bij zijn ruimtemissie. 

Lees ook

• Astronaut Apollo 14: "Aliens hebben atoomoorlog op aarde verijdeld"
• NASA sluit 4 mensen 30 dagen op voor experiment
• Robot stuurt selfie vanop Mars
• NASA zet zich schrap tegen inslagen van 'ruimtestenen'
• NASA verspreidt adembenemend panorama van duinen op Mars

{ http://www.hln.be/ }

UFO's boven Moskou, Rusland zijn echt  ( VIDEO )

{ www.NIBURU.nl }

The Moon's Gravity Alters Rainfall on Earth

The Moon’s tug on the Earth’s atmosphere has a slight but measurable effect on rainfall.

Credit: Jessie Eastland, CC by-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons

When the moon is high overhead at night, its gravity actually can reduce the amount of rainfall very slightly, new research reveals.

In an article for Geophysical Research Letters, University of Washington scientists Tsubasa Kohyama and John M. Wallace report that the moon causes the Earth's atmosphere to bulge toward it. That causes the pressure, or weight of the atmosphere, on that side of the planet to go up, which in turn increases the temperature of air below.

Since warmer air can hold more moisture, the same parcels of air are now farther from their maximum moisture capacity, resulting in a slight dip in rainfall.

NEWS: "Blood Rain" on Spanish Village Remains a Mystery

The researchers studied 15 years of data collected by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite from 1998 to 2012. It proved that the rain is reduced by an amount that is measurable, though imperceptible to humans — a change of about 1 percent in the total rainfall variation.

"As far as I know, this is the first study to convincingly connect the tidal force of the moon with rainfall," said Tsubasa Kohyama, a doctoral student in atmospheric sciences.

While the effect isn't going to affect agriculture or alter weather forecasts, the knowledge is potentially beneficial to climate researchers, who can use it to test the physics behind their climate models.

The effect of the moon's position on air pressure on Earth was first detected back in 1847, and researchers showed in 1932 that the moon could affect air temperature as well. A 2014 study by the same University of Washington researchers confirmed that air pressure on Earth varies with the position of the moon.

NEWS: Chinchilla Poop Reveals How Much It Rained

Wallace plans to conduct future studies to see whether certain types of rain storms, such as heavy downpours, are more susceptible to the moon's position, and whether the moon has any effect on the frequency of storms.

This article was provided by Discovery News.

EDITOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS

• Living on the Moon: What It Would Be Like (Infographic)
• Blue Moon Photos of 2015: Amazing Full Moon Views by Stargazers
• Moon Master: An Easy Quiz for Lunatics

{  http://www.space.com/ }

Universe's 'Dark Ages' May Come to Light with Moon Orbiter

The Dark Ages Radio Explorer would orbit the moon, taking readings with a radio telescope while it was shielded from Earth in order to probe the universe's early "dark ages."

Credit: University of Colorado

A proposed spacecraft would orbit the moon, sheltering in its shadow to gaze uninterrupted into the early days of the universe.

The Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) mission would dodge Earth's noisy, disruptive environment to peer back into the universe's dark ages and cosmic dawn — the mysterious epoch just as the first stars and galaxies began to shine — with a little help from the moon.

"The moon, in this case, is just a big blocking disk," said Jack Burns, director of the Lunar University Network for Astrophysics Research at University of Colorado, Boulder and DARE's principal investigator. [How the DARE Dark Ages Moon Orbiter Will Work (Infographic)]

"We've argued that this is a unique way, and may turn out to be effectively the only way, of probing these first stars and galaxies that occurred in our universe — that led to galaxies like the Milky Way, stars like our sun, several generations later," he told Space.com.

QUIET!

DARE is a proposed lunar satellite that would study the early era of the universe when the stars first starting turning on. See how the DARE satellite works in our full infographic here.

Credit: by Karl Tate, Infographics artist

Research suggests the universe formed in the Big Bang about 13.8 billion years ago, and the earliest light astronomers can detect, called the cosmic microwave background (CMB), dates from about 400,000 years later.

But soon after that, until about 1 billion years after the Big Bang, the universe was filled with a haze of neutral hydrogen — atoms with one proton and one electron each. That haze muffled the signals of the first stars' formation so they are not detectable today.

Burns and his collaborators plan to measure the neutral hydrogen itself, which surrounded and was heated by the very first stars and galaxies, to learn about that long-ago epoch.

The signal neutral hydrogen gives off is easy to detect when it's relatively close by; researchers have measured its 21-centimeter-long wavelength (about 8 inches) since the 1950s to learn about the diffuse gas that lies between stars. But when the signal is coming from the universe's far reaches, things get more complicated: the farther away the source is, the more stretched out the signal gets, because the source is moving away from Earth faster and faster. That "redshift" effect means that, because the universe is expanding, light will always appear redder when it comes from farther away (which also means earlier in time).

With the time periods DARE is dealing with, and the distance the light has to travel, those easily measured 21 cm waves can get very stretched out — the researchers plan to look for wavelengths from 8.2 feet (2.5 meters) to 24.6 feet (7.5 m) long, Burns said. Plus, he added, they shine incredibly faintly.

This raises two main problems. First, the charged layer of Earth's atmosphere, the ionosphere, "wreaks havoc" with the radio waves that come through, Burns said, absorbing and refracting them until they're too difficult to interpret. And many of the wavelengths he's interested in run up against a major Earth emission — FM radio, which uses the same wavelengths of light and overwhelms the faint signal. [The Universe: Big Bang to Now in 10 Easy Steps]

"We've concluded that these observations are best done from a very quiet place that has no ionosphere," Burns said. "And in the local part of our solar system nearest the Earth, that would correspond to the far side of the moon."

DARE would take observations during the portion of its 2-hour orbit when the moon shields it from Earth's radio waves, while it's on the moon's far side. When shielded from the sun as well, the spacecraft could collect higher-quality data; the best possible time is during the full moon, DARE materials said.

Blasting off

Burns hopes to submit a proposal to NASA's Explorer program in December — if selected to do a concept study and chosen for flight after that, the mission could launch somewhere around 2021 or 2022, he said.

The DARE team has partnered with Ball Aerospace, which is also based in Boulder, to develop plans to repurpose one of the company's smaller spacecraft to deliver the probe to lunar orbit.

"One of the main differences between this mission and most other satellite missions is the lunar orbit," Lisa Hardaway, the lead for Ball Aerospace on the DARE spacecraft, told Space.com in an email. "We used a motor that acts as a third stage, similar to when Apollo was launched. There have been a few missions to the moon that have used similar techniques, but most of our launches are for Earth orbit, so this is anything but routine." A separate mission partner will be in charge of the rocket and booster, she added.

Once in place around the moon, isolated from Earth's noise, measuring the faint signals will still be a challenge, Burns said. For instance, radiation from the spacecraft itself can distort the sensitive measurements if it's not properly shielded. The mission will also need to rule out the much brighter "foreground" radiation in the Milky Way itself.

"The telescope and spacecraft have to work together to collect the needed data, yet be isolated from each other so that spacecraft signals do not interfere with instrument signals," Hardaway said. "To that end, instrument electronics are buried within the spacecraft except for those highly sensitive electronics that need to be directly with the antenna."

Undiscovered worlds

Other projects are in progress, on the ground, to look at slightly later periods in the universe's history with the same neutral-hydrogen signal. For instance, the proposed Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array, HERA, would look at the "reionization period," when ultraviolet light from newly forming stars destroyed the neutral hydrogen and eventually rendered the universe visible at high wavelengths again. Projects like HERA require similarly sensitive antennas to pick out the signals they're searching for.

"The biggest challenge is not unique to DARE," said HERA project leader Aaron Parsons, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley. "There's a lot of other stuff in the sky that's bright, that is emitting light at these frequencies. It's maybe 100,000 times brighter than the signal that we'd like to see in the early universe." [Amazing Photos from Giant Radio Telescope ALMA]

DARE makes some aspects of detecting faint signals easier by getting away from interference, and certain signals can only be detected from space, Parsons told Space.com, but designing precise-enough antennas will still be difficult.

In fact, Parsons said, strides made in ground-based radio telescopes could make missions like DARE more plausible in the long run.

"Once you've shown the science capabilities of [detecting the signal], then the stage will be really set for something like DARE, where you bring this out into space," he said.

For both DARE and ground-based radio telescope projects, neutral hydrogen is the key to seeing what the universe was like long ago — giving a perspective that no earlier astronomy has been able to give, the researchers said.

"It's only been in the last, let's say 30 years that we've been able to answer quantitative questions about cosmology; where our universe came from, what it was like long ago, how did we get to where we are, what's the ultimate fate of the universe," Parsons said, adding that this knowledge has all come from measuring a tiny snippet of the universe's early history, when the cosmic background radiation was emitted. "One little slice, and we've learned all this incredible stuff about cosmology."

Projects such as DARE and HERA would extend our sight into the vital moments after the universe went dark, and as it transitioned to being light again, Parsons said.

"Rather than just having this thin shell that we're learning from, we can be learning from the whole volume of the universe," he said. "And that's really incredible."

Email Sarah Lewin at slewin@space.com or follow her @SarahExplains. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

EDITOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS

• Amazing Universe Fly-Through: Largest Sky Map Revealed | Video
• From Radar to Redshift
• Cosmic Microwave Background: Big Bang Relic Explained (Infographic)

{  http://www.space.com/ }

Deze ruimtevaartexpert wil dat de wetenschap ufo's ernstig neemt: "Ze bestaan gewoon"

Ruimtevaartdeskundige Coen Vermeeren voert een eenmansstrijd tegen het ongelovige wetenschappelijke establishment

De Nederlandse lucht- en ruimtevaartdeskundige Coen Vermeeren (53) wil dat de wetenschap ufo's ernstig neemt. Hij zet daarmee zijn eigen reputatie op het spel. Maar zijn integriteit is hem meer waard. "Er is geen belangrijker onderzoeksterrein dan buitenaards leven."

Mijn geconditioneerde brein had een aan lager wal geraakte professor verwacht. Een schichtig om zich heen kijkende plomperd met een versleten Star Wars-T-shirt en een kapsel dat dringend opnieuw moet voorgesteld worden aan een fles shampoo, wil het ooit nog door vrouwenhanden aangeraakt worden. Een op Red Bull en Aïki-noedels overlevende ufo-gek die op gedempte toon praat en zich intellectueel superieur waant omdat hij in alfabetische volgorde vijftig planetoïden kan opsommen.

Dr.ir.Coen Vermeeren-UFO's Bestaan (interview)

{ http://www.demorgen.be/ }

Grand Canyon Underground Citadel - Evidence of Giants and Underground Cities in America.

The most famous report - about giants and underground cities - appeared in the April 5, 1909 edition of The Arizona Gazette, entitled “Explorations in Grand Canyon.” Explorer G.E. Kinkaid discovered a huge underground “citadel” while rafting on the Colorado River.

 

 

David Hatcher Childress, hailed as the real life Indiana Jones is an explorer and seeker of ancient civilizations, structures and knowledge. This piece is full of amazing and enlightening information the astonishing 1909 Phoenix *(USA) newspaper report about Egyptian chambers and artefacts in The Grand CanyonNOW!!! If that doesnt intrigue you then Im not sure what will!

 

 

 

Exploring a tunnel that stretched “nearly a mile underground,” Kinkaid found this citadel, which was filled with tablets carved with some type of hieroglyphics, and home to a stone statue he described as resembling Buddha.

 

 

Copper weapons lined the walls, but the most intriguing aspect of this ancient dwelling/worship place/tomb, were the mummies, all wrapped in a dark fabric. 

 

 

The mummies were supposedly more than nine-feet-tall. To feed the fire of conspiracy, and to keep anyone from finding the giants of the citadel themselves, the United States government allegedly closed that area of the canyon from public view.

 

 

But this well-known story of American giants isn’t alone .

 

The New York Times reported a nine-foot-tall skeleton of a man discovered in a mound near Maple Creek, Wisconsin, in December 1897. The Times also carried the story “Strange Skeletons Found”near Lake Delevan, Wisconsin, in its May 4, 1912 issue. The skulls of giant skeletons excavated from a mound had “a minute resemblance to the head of the monkey.

 

” But an April 9, 1885 story in The New York Times entitled: “Missouri’s buried city: A strange discovery in a coalmine near Moberly,” revealed a find that predated the supposed citadel in the Grand Canyon by 24 years. Moberly, the largest city in Randolph County, Missouri, had a population of 6,108 in the 1880s.

 

Coal miners, sinking a shaft 360 feet deep, broke into a cavern revealing “a wonderful buried city,”the article claimed. Lava arches stretched across the roof of the cavern, looming over the streets of an ancient city “which are regularly laid out and enclosed by walls of stone, which is cut and dressed in a fairly good, although rude style of masonry.

 

 

 

” Workers, along with Moberly city recorder David Coates and Moberly city marshal George Keating, inspected the site and found a 30-by-100-feet hall in the cavern filled with stone benches and hand tools. “Further search disclosed statues and images made of a composition closely resembling bronze, lacking luster,” the article read.

 

Explorers discovered a stone fountain in a wide court, still pouring “perfectly pure water” into its basin. But it was what lay beside the fountain that interested the people exploring the site.

 

 “Lying beside the foundation (of the fountain) were portions of the skeleton of a human being,” according to the article. “The bones of the leg measured, the femur four and one-half feet, the tibia four feet and three inches, showing that when alive the figure was three times the size of an ordinary man, and possessed of a wonderful muscular power and quickness.

 

” Its skull, the story reported, was shattered; bronze tools, granite hammers, metallic saws and flint knives were scattered all around. “They are not so highly polished, nor so accurately made as those now finished by our best mechanics, but they show skill and an evidence of an advanced civilization that are very wonderful,” according to the article.

 

 

 

Explorers spent twelve hours in the buried city and resurfaced only after the oil in their lamps burned low. “No end to the wonders of the discovery was reached,” the article stated. “A further extended search will be made in a day or two.”

 

No record of the extended search could be found

 

Dr. Tom Spencer, a professor in the department of History, Humanities, Philosophy and Political Science at Northwest Missouri State University, said that’s because after printing the story, the newspapers tried to forget it. “A lot of the time I think these stories were written based entirely off hearsay and little or no direct on-site reporting,” he said. “As the story grew, the details got more and more outrageous.”

 

He equates it to a childhood game where children sit in a circle and one child whispers a story into another’s ear and by the time the story completes the circle, it was completely different. “If you recall, sometimes the ‘finished story’ bore little resemblance to the original story,” he said.“My guess is one element of this story is factual – like the strange shaft formation or a long femur was found – and it became more and more embellished as it went around the journalistic circle at the time.”

 

So what happened to the fabulous buried city under Moberly, Mo.? “There were stories like this periodically at the time and they usually disappear quietly because someone goes to investigate and there’s nothing to it,” Spencer said. “In order to avoid the embarrassment the newspapers just don’t say anything else about it.”

 

However, Moberly resident John W. wants to find out for certain. “Myself and several friends have researched the article archived at The New York Times,” John said. “The article discusses coal miners finding a Crystal City with several advanced features as well as the bones of what can only be called a giant.”

 

John and his group plan to investigate the claim of an underground city. “We have found the mine. Our hopes are to take a field trip and find the underground city if we can access the mine,” he said. “We have driven by and the site exists. You can still see remnants of the old access road through the field. It would appear this mine has not been in use since the time period of the news article.”

 

Moberly calls itself “The Magic City.” Hopefully John and his crew can discover just how magic it is.

 

{ http://7tales.net/index.php }

Alien Megastructures exist after all? Confused scientists cannot explain strange dimming at distant Star

Is it possible that Alien Megastructures exist after all? After months of observations and studies, the only thing we know about Star KIC 8462852 is that it has gotten even stranger.

 

The whole fuss created last October when astronomers noticed strange flickering at a distant star might not be a natural phenomenon after all. Much has been said in the last couple of months about The Star (Nicknamed „Tebby’s Star“, after its discoverer, Tabetha Boyajian) and the mysterious dimming around it. So far, no one has been able to understand or explain what’s causing the star to ‘lose’ around 20% of its light.

 

Despite the fact that a Jupiter-sized planet can cause darkening of the star, it only corresponds to 1%, while the amount observed at KIC 8462852 corresponds to 22%, meaning that something HUGE was causing the light coming from the star to be clocked out of sight.

 

The Star made headlines around the world when Jason Wright, an astronomer at Pennsylvania State University, suggested that it could be surrounded by some type of alien megastructure. Quickly dismissed, Wrights theory was rejected  when astronomers proposed that a more logical –yet less exciting—reason behind the stars dimming could, in fact, be a swarm of comets.

 

However, after tedious studies and calculations, scientists aren’t sure what to think as its nearly impossible for comets to cause the strange dimming around Tabby’s star.

 

Bradly Shaefer, an astronomer at the Louisiana State University has studied the history of the star looking at old photographic plates, hoping that these could shed more ‘light’ onto the mysterious dimming around the star. To his surprise, and that of people around the world, not only does the stars random dimming date back more than a century, it has been gradually dimming over that period, another mystery that makes it even harder to explain. Schaefer calculated that it would require 648,000 comets, each 200 kilometers wide, to have passed by the star – something that according to many is completely implausible.

 

But if the strange dimming isn’t caused by natural phenomenon such as a swarm of comets, then what is causing it?

 

According to many people, these indications suggest that it’s very likely that we have observed Alien technology that goes far beyond our explanation.

 

Unlike many other astronomers, Boyajian does not reject the idea of Alien megastructures causing the dimming of the star. Boyajian thinks the theory suggesting alien megastructures deserves a follow-up.

 

According to Phil Plait, slate blogger and astronomer the dimming registered is actually something that you would expect to see if aliens were building a „Dyson Sphere“, or something similar to it. Plait calculated how big the megastructure would actually be: „Aliens would need to build a minimum of 750 billion square kilometers (290 billion square miles) of solar panels to account for the 20 percent drop in their star’s brightness. “That’s 1,500 times the area of the entire Earth.“

 

 

Who knows maybe after all… its ALIENS

 

Even though SETI turned their telescopes towards the star, they have come up empty-handed in their search. This, however, doesn’t mean aliens aren’t there, it might just be that we don’t have the technology to see or hear them in outer space.

 

Considering the „Comet theory“, Massimo Marengo, an associate professor of astronomy at Iowa State University who co-authored a study suggesting the likely cause of the Star’s dimming was caused by comets told Space.com “It would be more mass than what we have in the whole Kuiper Belt” [the band of icy bodies in the vast region beyond Neptune].“

 

“You can get out of that if you assume it’s the same family of comets passing in front of the star over and over, but with the century-long dimming trend, too, that family of comets has to get bigger every time it passes the star. “It’s a difficult thing to do,” added Marengo.

 

Alien megastructure or not, KIC 8462852 has certainly given us a lot to talk about in recent months. While we don’t have to be looking at alien megastructures, if we do, we probably wouldn’t even recognize them, so until we can confirm or deny one theory, all options are available for debate and must be accepted equally.

 

http://www.ewao.com/

{http://7tales.net/index.php }

The Greatest Smithsonian cover up: Dozens of Giant skeletons discovered around the world

It seems that the idea that Giants walked on Earth is a possibility being considered by more people in the last couple of years. Due to the number of mysterious findings around the world, a large number of researchers is considering the possibility that these ‘mythological’ beings actually existed on Earth in the distant past.

 

Stories and tales about gigantic beings inhabiting Earth occur in almost all ancient cultures and civilizations. We can find stories in many mythologies of the ancient world: Greek, Norse, Germanic, Indian, Indo-European, and also in the new world as in the traditions of the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas; but most importantly in almost all mayor sacred books of antiquity: the Lebhar Gabhale, the Hindu Ramayana and even in the Bible.

 

 

One of those ‘crucial’ pieces of evidence is a discovery made in Wisconsin, a discovery that was omitted by researchers who remained silent and decided not to speak about the lost race of giants found in burial mounds near Lake Delavan in Wisconsin. The mysterious discovery, which was first reported in the 4 May 1912  issue of the New York Times states that at least 18 anomalous skeletons had been found in Wisconsin exhibiting extremely weird features unlike any known species to date. The excavation side was overseen by the Beloit College and included over 200 mounds. (source)

 

These anomalous skeletons were unlike anything seen before, totally differing from any known human species with alleged heights that ranged between 8 to 10 feet.

 

“…presumably those of men, are much larger than the heads of any race which inhabit America to-day.”

 

Vine Deloria, a Native American author and professor of law said:

 

“Modern day archaeology and anthropology have nearly sealed the door on our imaginations, broadly interpreting the North American past as devoid of anything unusual in the way of great cultures characterized by a people of unusual demeanor.

 

“The great interloper of ancient burial grounds, the nineteenth century Smithsonian Institution, created a one-way portal, through which uncounted bones have been spirited.

 

“This door and the contents of its vault are virtually sealed off to anyone, but government officials. Among these bones may lay answers not even sought by these officials concerning the deep past.”

 

The long lost “Fallen Angels” the Nephilim?

 

 

“There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old men of renown.” Genisis 6:4

 

The Smithsonian Institute has been accused by many people of deliberately hiding discoveries that could potentially alter the views society has on history and life on Earth.

 

Discoveries of beings that are unlike any know human species have been made around the world. In 2002, a report by National Geographic state that over a dozen of giant skeletal remains were found in Greece, ranging in height between 10 and 12 feet.

 

On 10 August 1891, the New York Times reported that scientists from the Smithsonian Institution had discovered several large “pyramidal monuments” on Lake Mills, near Madison, Wisconsin.

 

“Madison was in ancient days the center of a teeming population numbering not less than 200,000,” the Times said.

 

“The celebrated mounds of Ohio and Indiana can bear no comparison, either in size, design or the skill displayed in their construction with these gigantic and mysterious monuments of earth — erected we know not by whom, and for what purpose we can only conjecture,” said the Times.

 

The mysterious stories continue throughout the years, and in 1897, the Times wrote another story about large burial mounds discovered in Maple Creek, Wisconsin. 

 

“In it was found the skeleton of a man of gigantic size. The bones measured from head to foot over nine feet and were in a fair state of preservation. The skull was as large as a half bushel measure. Some finely tempered rods of copper and other relics were lying near the bones.”

 

In 1870 the Wisconsin Decatur Republican wrote an article about two well-preserved giant skeletons of an unknown race discovered near Potosi.

 

The list of the anomalous discoveries goes on and on… and giant skeletal remains have been found in Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky and New York, and other places around the world. Strangely, these discoveries have never been given proper attention by the media, and most researchers consider them as being unimportant to history.

 

We cannot forget to mention the 200 million year old Giant Footprint found in Africa that hasn’t been explained by researchers who have tried very hard to ignore it since it could potentially rewrite history as we know it.

 

http://www.ewao.com/

{ http://7tales.net/index.php }

Strange Clouds Fall From Sky in Doukkala, Morocco – Video

(Before It's News)

Yesterday, a strange sky phenomenon took place in the region of Doukkala in Morocco.

On February 4, 2016, a group of citizens witnessed the moment that weird clouds fall to the ground. The rare phenomenon occurred days after strange sounds were heard in other regions of Morocco.

But, clouds cannot plunge off the sky and settle on the ground, the clouds shown in the video falling in Doukkalaq is artificial foam according to Meteorologists..

Well, if it’s artificial foam where it comes from and are these ‘clouds’ another proof of geoengineering and weather manipulation?
 

  

Thanks http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/

Check out more contributions by Jeffery Pritchett ranging from UFO to Bigfoot to paranormal to Prophecy

Morphing Alien Craft Encounter In Norway

(Before It's News)

MORPHING ALIEN CRAFT ENCOUNTER IN NORWAY

OCTOBER 10, 2015  …………  ASKER NORWAY

I am 30 years old and I am from Norway. On Saturday October 10, 2015 I had an experience that I cannot explain. I was a passenger in a car and on my way home from a course in a location called Asker.  I suddenly became aware of a very bright cigar formed object on the sky. Right behind the object a smaller object of the same shape occurred. I was looking at these two objects and I was trying to understand what it was. It was so big, but with no wings and suddenly it disappeared. I was looking around in the sky trying to find it, but the sky was empty. Five Seconds later it suddenly appeared again in the sky, but this time in a new shape and much, much closer to the car I was sitting in. It was V-shaped and upside down if you understand. It was very white and bright but no lights. It was V shaped upside Down and squared like boxes. So I had a 3D sight of it. It was not just a flat thing on the sky, it had mass. (This is in the middle of the day). Behind the biog V it was a smaller V hanging. I was looking at this thing and I was trying to make sense out of it, but I could not understand what it was. 

My friend who was driving the car did not see it because she was looking at the road. I was planning to tell her to turn her head around to look at it, but I could not make myself tell her to look. I felt paralyzed by the sight and I was to busy in my head trying to find out what this thing was. And then suddenly it disappeared! The sky was empty again. The big, huge thing was just gone.  When I came home I started to look up pictures on Google and I found this web page with the Woman and her 21 year old son telling her story that is similar to mine. The shape is the same I guess, but the object I saw was an upside down V. And I did see a cigar shaped object first and then it suddenly became V shaped after disappearing and reapparing again. I am just looking for answers. Do you have more information about others seeing stuff like this V shaped thing that I did see this weekend? I have never seen anything like this. The thing was just hanging in the sky. I am just confused. I will be happy if you got more stories like this. 

NOTE: The above image is a rendering.

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UFO Fleet Over Tennessee Town Feb 3, 2016, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: February 3, 2016
Location of sighting: Smyrna, Tennessee, USA
Source: MUFON #74278

Here you can see the UFOs pass behind a building as the car moves down the road. There are about six glowing lights, but only 4 are visible most the time. This looks like many small ships in formation, but I believe it to be one single large ship. 
Scott C. Waring
www.ufosightingsdaily.com

Eyewitness states:
My daughters and I were driving East on I-24 in Tennessee. The lights seemed to be hovering over the trees to the southeast of my location. We were driving, so it was hard to tell. I thought they were possibly helicopters from a nearby Air National Guard base. They seemed to remain stationary as we drove right under them. There were four bright points of white lights shaped in a crescent with a twinkling reddish/white in the center of the four brighter points of light. I have lived in this area most of my life and have never witnessed anything like this before. We continued on to our destination writing it off as what we thought it had to be, helicopters. But, curiosity got the best of me....

{  http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/}

Oregon Witness Photographed Sphere UFO Over A Tree Line

A witness from Oregon claimed to have spotted and photographed a black sphere UFO in Eugene just over the tree line in an adjacent area. He first noticed a dark object while looking out a kitchen window facing east.  The strange aerial thing was above the tree line of a neighbor’s backyard at 9:24 in the morning on October 6, 2015.

The witness stated that he had enough time to get the camera and managed to take multiple in-focus images of a dark sphere or something round and black. He was standing in a doorway of a sliding glass when he pictured the thing before it moved behind a tree and lost sight of it.

The witness filed a case to Mutual UFO Network on October 7, 2015, and sent three images. His testimony can be found in Case 71227 of MUFON’s witness reporting database.
Oregon MUFON Assistant State Director Keith Rowell is still in the process of investigating the case.

Eugene is Oregon’s second largest city. It’s the county seat of Lane County with 160,552 individuals. Investigator Rowell is expected to announce the result of his investigation soon.

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Crescent Moon Joins Predawn 'Planet Parade' Thursday

On the morning of Feb. 4, 2016, the waning crescent moon will be between Saturn and Venus, seen here half an hour before sunrise.

Credit: Starry Night Software

For the last couple of weeks, early risers have been enjoying the "parade of the planets," as all of the naked-eye planets gather in the dawn sky. Mercury, Venus, Saturn, Mars and Jupiter have been strung like glistening jewels across the southern sky.

For the next few mornings, the waning crescent moon will join the array, as Mercury moves to its best position this month.

On Thursday morning (Feb. 4), the moon will be about one-third of the way from Saturn to Venus. Venus is, as always, the most brilliant object in the predawn sky. Saturn is less bright, but gradually coming into its own as it moves away from behind the sun. If you have a telescope, be sure to check out Saturn's famous rings, now tilted toward Earth almost as far as they can get, and its surrounding cluster of tiny moons. [5 Dawn Planets and a Dusk Comet: Feb. 2016 Skywatching Video]

By Friday morning (Feb. 5), the moon will have moved so that is now two-thirds of the way from Saturn to Venus, and its crescent will have shrunk noticeably. Now would be a good time to look for "earthshine" — light reflected from Earth shining on the portion of the moon not in direct sunlight. Binoculars will help make this visible.

On Saturday morning (Feb. 6), the moon will have moved past Venus, and will be forming a tight triangular group with Venus and Mercury. This provides a great opportunity to spot tiny Mercury, the smallest of the planets and one that is rarely seen because of its proximity to the sun.

Mercury is easiest to see about half an hour before local sunrise. Use binoculars to first pick it up; you should then be able to see it with your naked eye. It sometimes helps to use "averted vision" — look slightly to one side of where Mercury is located, putting it on the more sensitive portion of your eye's retina.

These close conjunctions make for excellent photo opportunities, and, as always, we welcome your images of the planets of dawn. Use a telephoto lens and try to frame them with a nearby tree or building.

Editor's note: If you capture a stunning view of the moon, a planet or any other celestial sight and would like to share it with us and our news partners, you can send in images and comments in to managing editor Tariq Malik at: spacephotos@space.com.

This article was provided to Space.com by Simulation Curriculum, the leader in space science curriculum solutions and the makers of Starry Night and SkySafari. Follow Starry Night on Twitter @StarryNightEdu. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

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Quand la NASA nous enfume avec les photos Martienne de la Terre… !

Publié par MERLIN 

Catégories : #Infos cachées

Un élément suffit presque à lui seul à prouver le mensonge. Lorsque vous observez Mars depuis la Terre, dans un télescope amateur, jamais vous ne verrez Mars être rougeâtre. Il existe de nombreuses photos de la NASA qui sont trafiquées, et l’agence l’avoue elle-même pratiquement.

Le mythe veut aussi que la planète Mars soit rouge, or elle n’est pas « rougeâtre », mais brune clair ou foncé, selon les zones. Voici Mars photographié depuis un télescope amateur. Ceci est une image authentique !

Les images de la NASA sont 100% fausses. C’est une agence aux mains de la cabale qui a été infiltrée par les nazis après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, cela n’est même plus à prouver. La NASA n’est qu’un écran de fumée pour le grand public crédule. La NASA est là seulement pour déformer la réalité, cacher des vérités, on peut citer notamment la dissimulation des programmes spatiaux secrets.

Alors d’où proviennent ces photos, si elles ne proviennent pas de Mars ?

Les photos de la NASA sur Mars sont prises sur la Terre, sur l’île Devon au Canada…

Il y a une augmentation du nombre de personnes qui pensent que les rovers martien de la NASA n’ont jamais quitté la Terre et que les photos qui parviennent de la planète Mars sont prises dans des régions reculées de notre planète.

Mais si les rovers de la NASA ne sont pas sur Mars, alors où sont-ils exactement ?

Tout d’abord, il semble que les photos que nous voyons sur le site Web de la NASA ne sont même pas prises par le rover Curiosity et le rover Opportunity.

Il est très probable qu’actuellement, les deux rovers sont stockés dans un hangar, quelque part au Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) et qu’ils aient été remplacés par leurs petits frères plus petits et plus pratiques.

Un des emplacements connus où la NASA joue avec ces petits rovers est l’Île Devon !

Il convient de souligner que l’île Devon est « la plus grande île inhabitée sur Terre », ce qui semble être un très bon emplacement pour  une fausse séance photo Martienne. Il suffit de jeter un coup d’œil à ces photos…

Base de la NASA dans l’île Devon au Canada. Même sans filtre de couleur, le décor est étonnamment similaire à Mars…

Les « rovers » de la NASA, prenant des photos sur l’île Devon, au Canada…

Bien sûr, on pourrait penser que la NASA a juste besoin d’un endroit où ils peuvent simuler les conditions de la planète Mars, mais à quoi bon de simuler ces conditions avec des rovers miniatures, qui ressemblent et fonctionnent comme leurs grands frères...

Ces robots ne possèdent pas de laboratoires en leur sein contrairement aux vrais rovers qui en possèdent, donc qu’est-ce qui est simulé ? Hormis prendre des photos, « les rovers » de l’ île Devon  semblent inutiles.

Vidéo ci-dessous pour de plus amples éléments de preuve …

Les caméras équipées sur les «rovers» ont déjà des filtres de couleur appliqués, mais les images finales, celles que nous téléchargeons sur le site Web de la NASA subissent encore plus de correction couleur, jusqu’à ce qu’elles affichent cette fausse couleur rougeâtre qui nous est maintenant si familière.

Nous avons été dupés par le mythe que mars est une « planète rouge » même si pourtant toutes les photos des télescopes amateurs prouvent le contraire, donc la NASA désormais ne fait seulement que perpétuer le mensonge.

Comme vous pouvez le voir clairement par vous-même, Mars n’est pas rouge. Mars est brune clair et foncé, semblable à ce que la Terre ressemblerait s’il n’y avait plus d’eau et de végétation. Voici plus de photos amateurs de Mars…

Ce qui suit est une compilation d’images d’Antonio Cidadao (1999)…

Noter que Mars a une atmosphère et des nuages bleu, très similaire à celle de notre planète.

Maintenant, nous ne pourrions sans doute pas respirer sur Mars comme nous le faisons sur Terre, encore que, mais où sont les cieux bleus dans les photos de la NASA ?

La NASA a admis à plusieurs reprises qu’elle modifie les couleurs de ses photos avant de les poster en ligne, de sorte qu’elles ressemblent plus à ce que nous devrions voir, si nous étions sur Mars. Voici quelque chose provenant directement du site Web de la NASA.

La NASA admet ouvertement la correction des couleurs, l’équilibrage des couleurs et même le peaufinage des couleurs de leurs images, de sorte que vous pouvez voir ce qu’ils veulent que vous voyiez.

Pourquoi ne pas prendre simplement des photos de l’environnement tel qu’il est ? Pourquoi changer ses couleurs en quelque chose d’autres ?

C’est la même vieille rengaine disant que le gouvernement sait ce qui est le mieux pour nous. Les gens ont été dupés dans une croyance aveugle et nous croyons cela sans réfléchir, sans nous poser des questions.

Mais le peaufinage des couleurs n’est qu’une partie de ce qu’ils font pour les images originales. La NASA a été confondue plus d’une fois, trafiquant des environnements entiers provenant soi-disant de Mars.

Voir ci-dessous une images montrant le trucage des photos de Mars…

Il est maintenant plus facile de comprendre pourquoi les amateurs trouvent tant d’incohérences et d’anomalies dans les images de la NASA. Prenons l’image ci-dessous, par exemple...

Les médias l’ont appelé ‘’le rat de Mars’’, mais c’est en fait un lemming arctique... le lemming est un rongeur, on voit clairement un œil, une oreille et sa patte avant sur la photo ci-dessus et il est couramment trouvé… vous l’avez deviné… sur l’île Devon au Canada.

Voici une photo du lemming arctique, pris sur l’île Devon.

Cette photo a été prise dans une zone avec de la végétation, mais comme vous pouvez le voir dans les deux premières images il y a beaucoup de paysages sur l’île Devon.

La technique de la NASA est de colorer l’ensemble du sol pour faire en sorte qu’il ressemble à Mars comme vous le verrez, cela fait que le petit rongeur ressemble au final à une roche, jusqu’à ce que quelqu’un ayant un œil aiguisé l’ait découvert.

Dans la vidéo, de la minute 3:18 à 5:30, vous pouvez voir à quel point il est facile de faire en sorte que n’importe quel environnement terrestre ressemble à un désert martien. L’auteur de la vidéo, Danny Wilten, prend une photo aléatoire de la Terre (Irlande , pour être plus précis), où il y a beaucoup  de végétation et où il y a une route avec une camionnette blanche.

En seulement cinq minutes de travail, il parvient à retirer la camionnette et la route, et à transformer l’ensemble de la végétation en un paysage rougeâtre, stérile, similaire aux images que la NASA nous montre de Mars...

Comme touche finale, il ajoute même une partie du rover dans le coin inférieur gauche de l’image éditée, ce qui rend l’image presque indiscernable des images diffusées par la NASA.

Maintenant, imaginez ce qu’un expert Photoshop peut faire avec une image qui avait déjà des filtres de couleur appliquées à la caméra, et a été emmené dans un environnement ou est contrôlé l’emplacement, l’éclairage, l’exposition, etc.

Tout le monde se souvient de la célèbre photo suivante, dans laquelle nous pouvons voir l’ombre du rover et, juste à côté, l’ombre d’un homme en combinaison spatiale, semblant faire quelques ajustements...

Cela signifie soit qu’il y a déjà des humains sur Mars... ou que cette image a été prise sur la Terre.

Voici une photo du scientifique de la NASA Pascal Lee, il porte une combinaison spatiale sur l’île Devon, au Canada.

Récapitulons :

Sur l’île Devon, il y a un paysage identique à celui des images de la NASA (présentées à nous comme étant des images de Mars)  ils ont des bases permanentes sur l’île, les rovers miniatures sont équipés de caméras se promenant partout, et des personnes équipées en costumes d’astronautes.

Avec la NASA qui avoue truquer les photos avant de les diffuser au public et le fait qu’elle a été prise plus d’une fois truquant les paysages, la connexion devient limpide... les photos ne sont PAS de Mars !

Les missions de la NASA vers Mars ne sont qu’une triste plaisanterie…

Les Rovers n’ont jamais quitté la Terre et les pouvoirs en place ont détourné encore d’autres milliards de l’argent des contribuables, utilisés pour leurs projets noirs.

La NASA utilise un emplacement secondaire sur la Terre pour simuler l’environnement Martien, il se trouve dans le Désert de Mojave.

Dans cet emplacement, ils apprennent aux astronautes à se promener et faire leurs travaux quotidiens en étant habillé dans des combinaisons spatiales. Il est aussi possible que la NASA envoie leurs équipes dans des zones reculées diverses sur Terre, pour prendre des photos de l’environnement stérile, lesquelles seront modifiées plus tard pour ressembler à Mars.

Ils peuvent même créer des environnements totalement faux, en combinant deux ou plusieurs images, ou par ajout/retrait de roches, de collines ou même de montagnes, techniques déjà bien rodée avec les clichés lunaire !

L’image suivante est une autre preuve que les clichés soit disant pris sur Mars sont faux !

Malheureusement pour la NASA, ils ne peuvent pas présenter cela comme étant un ballon météo, un avion, un oiseau, un drone, ou une lanterne chinoise, comme ils le font habituellement, parce que l’image aurait été prise sur Mars.

Alors, soit ils doivent admettre que les soucoupes volantes sont réelles, ou que ces photos sont prises sur Terre. Un choix vraiment impossible...

LA NASA est un écran de fumée pour un programme spatial secret avancée…

La NASA est juste un écran de fumée pour le programme spatial réel, qui tombe dans le domaine militaire, et hautement top secret avec l’US Navy.

McKinnon le pirate qui a réussi à pénétrer les ordinateurs du Pentagone, de l’armée de l’Air, de la Marine et de la NASA, a découvert que l’US Navy dispose d’une flotte de vaisseaux spatiaux pleinement opérationnels. Voici ce qu’il affirme avoir trouvé...

Maintenant, en corroborant tout cela, il devient évident qu’ils ont vraiment un programme spatial secret avancé depuis des décennies, que la NASA est juste un écran de fumée pour le public, et que tous les cliché, qu’ils soient martien, ou lunaire, sont de vulgaires fakes !

Source : ZONE INFORANDIA

Mais repassons vite fait sur l'Île Devon, qui est une île du nord de l'archipel arctique canadien. 27e île mondiale par la superficie, 6e du Canada et 2e des îles de la Reine-Élisabeth. C'est aussi la plus grande île du monde qui soit entièrement inhabitée. Sa superficie est d'environ 55 000 km².

La vie animale et végétale est également faible sur l'île en raison des conditions climatiques dues à la latitude et à l'altitude. On y trouve principalement de petits oiseaux, des bœufs musqués et d'autres petits mammifères arctiques.

L'été la température ne dépasse jamais les 10 °C et descend fréquemment à -50° durant le long hiver polaire. Les précipitations y sont également faibles.

Géologiquement, l'île est principalement composée de gneiss et de schiste. On y trouve aussi un cratère de 20 km de diamètre dû à l'impact d'une météorite de 2 km de diamètre tombée il y a environ 23 millions d'années. C'est le cratère de Haughton.

Durant l'été, le site est occupé pour des activités scientifiques liées à la recherche spatiale, de la vie sur Mars, le site météoritique étant proche de ceux que l'on peut trouver sur la planète rouge la géologie, la microbiologie, etc.

D’autres preuves incontestables dans les sujets liés ci-dessous :

Des structures de verre sur la Lune en photos...

Artéfacts et Anomalies sur la Lune...

Des menhirs sur la Lune…

Des scientifiques dévoilent les secrets de la NASA...

Le mystere des ‘’ Cigares ‘’ géants de Saturne…

Constructions lunaire ...

Bases et villes Alien, sur Mars et sur la lune...

Programme spatial secret de la NASA & Co...

Le code secret des missions Apollo...Apollo Insignia...

MARS ATTAQUÉE...

De la vie sur Mars dans un lointain passé ! (c’est évident)…

Sur Mars : Une Statue, un Lac, des Avalanches, etc...

Mystères des lunes de mars : Phobos et Déimos ...

Mars…La face cachée de la Nasa …Partie 1.

Des cachoteries de la NASA démasquées...!

Comme toujours c'est à vous de juger...

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OVNIs : Spécial Belgique

•  Par Yves Herbo

OVNIs : Spécial Belgique avec ODHTV

image: http://www.sciences-fictions-histoires.com/medias/images/odhtv-1.jpg

Un spécial OVNIs en Belgique pour cette reprise en douceur des publications de votre site Sciences et Fictions et Histoires. Avec les interventions de Gaetan Bovy et Rémy Fauchereau qui vous présentent UFOwallonia et de Gilles Durand qui vous parle de l'Histoire de l'ufologie Belge.

L'émission est en collaboration avec:
http://www.sciences-fictions-histoire...
http://area51blog.wordpress.com/
http://ufoetscience.wordpress.com/
http://investigationsoanisetoceanogra...
http://reub.e-monsite.com/

Voici un spécial Antenne Libre à l'Ufologie Belge avec l'interview de Gaetan Bovy du groupe d'enquêteurs R.E.U.B. asbl.

http://reub.e-monsite.com/

 Présenté par Gilles.T., voici également en enregistrement audio, Gaetan Bovy, qui vous parle de la vague d'ovnis en Belgique des années 89-90.

Yves Herbo, Sciences-Fictions-Histoires.com, 04-02-2016

{ http://www.sciences-fictions-histoires.com/ }

Mirror Installation Complete for NASA's Next Space Telescope

In a clean room at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, a robotic arm installs the last of 18 mirrors onto the James Webb Space Telescope structure.

Credit: NASA/Chris Gunn the 18 mirrors for the Webb Telescope In this rare view, the James Webb Space Telescope's 18 mirrors are seen fully installed on the James Webb Space Telescope structure at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Credits

The biggest-ever space telescope is now one major step closer to completion.

On Wednesday (Feb. 3), technicians installed the 18th and final primary mirror segment on NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), an $8.8 billion observatory that's scheduled to launch in 2018 to investigate some of the biggest questions in astronomy.

"Scientists and engineers have been working tirelessly to install these incredible, nearly perfect mirrors that will focus light from previously hidden realms of planetary atmospheres, star forming regions and the very beginnings of the universe," John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C., said in a statement. [Images: The James WebbSpace Telescope]

A rare view shows all 18 mirrors installed on the James Webb Space Telescope structure at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

Credit: NASA/Chris Gunn

"With the mirrors finally complete, we are one step closer to the audacious observations that will unravel the mysteries of the universe," Grunsfeld added.

JWST is billed as the successor to NASA's iconic Hubble Space Telescope. The new observatory features a much larger light-collecting surface than Hubble; with the 18 segments installed, JWST's primary mirror is 21.3 feet (6.5 meters) wide, compared to 7.9 feet (2.4 m) for Hubble.

Each of JWST's hexagonal mirror segments is about the size of a coffee table and weighs 88 lbs. (40 kilograms), NASA officials said. Workers at the agency's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, used a robotic arm to fit the last of the 18 sections into place on Wednesday.

"Now that the mirror is complete, we look forward to installing the other optics and conducting tests on all the components to make sure the telescope can withstand a rocket launch," JWST project manager Bill Ochs said in the same statement. "This is a great way to start 2016!"

Whereas Hubble's most famous images have been captured in visible light, JWST is optimized to view the universe in longer infrared wavelengths. Infrared light can penetrate dust clouds, allowing the observatory to look across vast stretches of the universe to study the formation of galaxies, stars and planets, mission team members have said.

Astronomers will also use JWST for a number of other purposes — including the search for possible signs of life in the atmospheres of relatively nearby alien planets.

The observatory's primary mirror segments were built by Colorado-based Ball Aerospace, a subcontractor for Northrop Grumman, which is building JWST for NASA. The mirror installation was performed by Harris Corp., another Northrop Grumman subcontractor, NASA officials said.

"The Harris team will be installing the aft-optics assembly and the secondary mirror in order to finish the actual telescope," Gary Matthews, director of universe exploration at Harris Corp., said in the same statement.

"The heart of the telescope, the Integrated Science Instrument Module, will then be integrated into the telescope," Matthews added. "After acoustic, vibration and other tests at Goddard, we will ship the system down to [NASA's] Johnson Space Center in Houston for an intensive cryogenic [extremely cold temperature] optical test to ensure everything is working properly."

Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

EDITOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS

• How NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Works (Infographic)
• A Look At The James Webb Space Telescope's High Tech Spectrometer | Video
• The History & Structure of the Universe (Infographic)

{ http://www.space.com/ }

NASA Jupiter Probe Fine-Tunes Path to Giant Planet

By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer 

Artist's illustration of NASA's Juno spacecraft at Jupiter. The probe will enter orbit around the solar system's largest planet on July 4, 2016.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

A NASA spacecraft now has Jupiter more squarely in its sights ahead of its July 4 arrival at the solar system's largest planet.

NASA's solar-powered Juno probe performed an engine burn Wednesday (Feb. 3), consuming 1.3 pounds (0.6 kilograms) of fuel to change its speed by about 0.7 mph (1.1 km/h). Juno was roughly 51 million miles (82 million kilometers) from Jupiter when it conducted the maneuver, agency officials said.

"This is the first of two trajectory adjustments that fine-tune Juno's orbit around the sun, perfecting our rendezvous with Jupiter on July 4 at 8:18 p.m. PDT [11:18 p.m. EDT; 0318 GMT on July 5]," Juno principal investigator Scott Bolton, of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, said in a statement.

The second of these engine burns is scheduled to take place on May 31, NASA officials said.

The $1.1 billion Juno mission launched in August 2011. Its main goal involves mapping Jupiter's gravitational and magnetic fields in precise detail, to help scientists learn about the gas giant's structure, formation and evolution, mission team members have said.

Juno will perform its science work from orbit. The nominal mission plan calls for the 4-ton spacecraft to zip around Jupiter 33 times, coming within just 3,100 miles (5,000 km) of the planet's cloud tops once every 14 days, NASA officials said.

Jupiter 

Jupiter, the giant of our solar system, is as fascinating as it is photogenic. How much do you know about the king of the planets?

Juno carries three 30-foot-long (9 m) solar panels, which together hold a total of 18,698 individual solar cells. Such extensive light-collecting gear is necessary to power the spacecraft in the relatively dim environment around Jupiter, which orbits more than five times farther from the sun than Earth does.

Last month, Juno became the farthest-flung solared-powered probe in spaceflight history. The previous record was held by the European Space Agency's comet-chasing Rosetta spacecraft, which got a maximum of 492 million miles (792 million km) from Earth in October 2012.

Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

EDITOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS

• How NASA's Juno Mission to Jupiter Works (Infographic)
• Target: Jupiter — 9 Missions to the Solar System's Largest Planet
• Jupiter Quiz: Test Your Jovian Smarts

{ http://www.space.com/ }

The Moon or Mars? NASA Must Pick 1 Goal for Astronauts, Experts Tell Congress

NASA is targeting a manned mission to Mars in the 2030s, but big challenges loom for a trip to the Red Planet.

Credit: NASA

NASA can't afford to put humans on Mars while also pursuing missions to put astronauts back on the moon, according to a panel of experts who testified to the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Space yesterday (Feb. 3).

"Today the future of NASA's human spaceflight program is far from clear," said Tom Young, former director of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. "There has been continual debate about should we go to the moon or Mars or both … It is clear, again, that we cannot do both. And there is a need to focus our attention, capability and resources on one option."

NASA has been advertising its "Journey to Mars" campaign, with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden saying that humans could go to the Red Planet as early as the 2030s. But in addition to the technological and fiscal hurdles, the three panelists agreed that without a solid plan in place, none of the proposed human-spaceflight goals would come to fruition. [5 Ideas for Manned Missions to Mars]

Target: Mars

"In the current fiscal environment, there are no good pathways to Mars," said John Sommerer, retired director of the Space Department at Johns Hopkins University. 

Sommerer contributed to a report that Congress asked the National Academy of Sciences to assemble, which looked at the feasibility of human spaceflight endeavors. The results of its investigation were released in a report called "Pathways to Exploration," in 2014.

The report concluded that "the first crewed Mars landing might be possible 20 to 40 years from now, after a cumulative expenditure on the order of half a trillion dollars," Sommerer said.

If the current budget of $9 billion spent on human spaceflight "remains constant, with the addition of inflation," Young said, then approximately $180 billion "with today's spending power" will be spent on human spaceflight over the next two decades.

"Just as it is not feasible to take a cross-country trip on a child's allowance … we may well never be able to get to Mars at current expenditure levels," Sommerer said. "It might be better to stop talking about Mars if there is no appetite in Congress and the administration for higher human spaceflight budgets, and no willingness to cut programs that do not contribute to progress."

Subcommittee member Ed Perlmutter, D-Colo., spoke enthusiastically to the panel about the possibility of a human mission to Mars, and pointed out some of the young people in the room who might be the ones to go to Mars. He showed the panel a bumper sticker that read "Mars 2033: We Can Do This." He pressed Sommerer to confirm that, if given a sufficient budget, NASA could put humans on Mars in only 17 years.

"If you give [NASA] the date, and the money, and help with the discipline, the answer is yes," Sommerer said. "If any of those three things is missing, the answer is almost certainly no."

Mo Brooks, R-Ala., noted that the United States is currently facing serious budget concerns. He mentioned the Constellation program — which aimed to put humans back on the moon by 2020, but which was defunded in 2010 — and asked the panelists to talk about how to avoid putting money into missions that would ultimately not come to fruition, and what lessons could be learned.

Young spoke about the desire to have fewer "tombstones" for cancelled projects and more "memorials" to successful ones. He reiterated the thesis of his opening remarks, that what NASA needs more than anything is a concrete plan for how it should proceed.

"I am personally passionate about humans going to Mars, but I'm equally passionate about a good, disciplined plan that is not frivolous," he said. "A plan that does what is required, but also … doesn't just do what's possible."

In a response to Brook, Sommerer brought up the possibility of defunding human spaceflight and relying entirely on robotic missions, which are "much more cost effective."

"That's a choice that, in really grim financial straits, the country might be forced to make," Sommerer said. "But it doesn't seem to be something people want to stand up and proudly say, 'Let's end the human space endeavor and rely on only robots.'"

He added, "Although the robot stuff is pretty cool."

To the moon

The third member of the witness panel was Paul Spudis, a senior scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute at the Universities Space Research Association. Spudis' research is focused on the geology of the moon. In his opening remarks, Spudis laid out reasons why NASA and humanity should not only return humans to the surface of the moon, but also develop an entire infrastructure in cislunar space (the space between Earth and the moon) that would include "transport vehicles, staging nodes, deep-space habitats, power stations and fuel depots."

In the journey to send humans to other planets, a pit stop at the moon might be the right way to go, Spudis argued. A moon base might help humans develop technologies and know-how to survive on Mars. Humans could potentially harvest resources from the moon, like water, which can be used to keep humans alive — as well as broken up into oxygen and hydrogen to fuel spacecraft. Having access to those resources could make a trip to Mars more feasible, he said. (This is a discussion going on in congress for some time).

"America's space program is in disarray," Spudis said. "What we need is a logically arranged set of short-term, realizable space goals that are not only interesting in and of themselves, but whose attainment will build capability in the long term."

Spudis also spoke about the need to have crewed spacecraft that can be used to visit satellites that humans are relying on more and more for communications and other daily services, such as GPS.

"Many of these satellites are national security assets. Satellites upon which we are critically dependent," Spudis said. Currently, when those satellites break, often the only option is to let them die and replace them, Spudis said.

"If we could move people and machines throughout various locales in cislunar space, we would be able to replace, construct, upgrade and maintain satellites," he said.

Spudis also said that China is developing the ability to "travel throughout and loiter within cislunar space," which might enable the country to disable satellites belonging to other countries. Such a move would put the United States at a disadvantage if it didn't have the same capabilities, he said.

A cislunar program would also offer NASA a set of goals that could be obtained on much shorter timelines than a human mission to Mars. The appeal of financing a set of shorter-term goals, rather than a single, long-term goal, was echoed by subcommittee member Dana Rohrabacher, R-Calif., who expressed concern at the prospect of investing in a human Mars mission, only to have it set aside if a more pressing priority arose.

Moving forward

It is highly unlikely that the United States would be able to afford to simultaneously pursue a human mission to Mars while also deploying human missions to the moon or cislunar space, said Young during his testimony.

If congress decided to push for NASA to pursue a human mission to Mars, Young said, the agency would need to develop a specific plan in the near future "that takes us from today to humans on Mars." He listed a dozen things that such a plan would need to address, including defining intermediate missions that would be needed to prepare for a Mars trip, assessing risk, getting an idea of the resources that would need to be allocated and applying those resources "in the most effective manner."

"An argument against a plan at the current time is that we are not ready to finalize the necessary elements of the plan," Young said. "I believe a strength of NASA program management is to establish a plan relatively early, with the recognition that as new information becomes available, the plan can be changed."

"We have our work cut out to us," subcommittee chair Brian Babin, (R-Texas, 36th District) said in his closing comments. "I agree that whatever NASA puts their mind to we can do. But we do have the parameters of an almost 20 trill dollar national debt that we have at this time. … I think we have our marching orders. We just have to get organized on this."

Follow Calla Cofield @callacofield.Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

APOLLO 14 ASTRONAUT, EDGAR MITCHELL, DIES AT 85

Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell, who was part of the Apollo 14 missions, that flew to the moon in 1971, died late Thursday in West Palm Beach.

Mitchell was the sixth man to walk on the moon, as a member of the eighth manned mission in the United States Apollo program. Mitchell was the lunar module pilot on the mission.

Stuart Roosa, Alan Shepard, and Edgar Mitchell

In his 1996 memoir, “The Way of the Explorer,” he described the experience on his return as: ” What I experienced during that three-day trip home was nothing short of an overwhelming sense of universal connectedness. I actually felt what has been described as an ecstasy of unity.”

Mitchell was also a long-time advocate for the release of information pertaining to UFOs, being a firm believer that an extraterrestrial presence had and continues to monitor planet Earth.

Despite his personal beliefs, he was an American icon, and will be missed, but surely not forgotten.

{ http://rogueplanet.tv/ }

Solar Balloons Flying Above the Clouds Generate Electricity Night and Day

By: Nidhi Goyal 

Solar balloons (Image Courtesy : Youtube)

As per NASA, the sun irradiates the earth with 174 Petawatts (Pw) of solar energy per day. Approximately 30% of this energy is reflected back into space, and a major part of it is absorbed by our atmosphere. Even if we get only 10% of this energy, which is about 17.4 Pw per day, it is still more than the daily energy requirement for the entire planet.

A team of researchers at NextPV (a partnership between the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Tokyo), is doing an amazing job overcoming some of the limitations of standard ground-based solar panels. They are creating solar balloons which would be able to float above the clouds where the sun is shining all the time.

Concepts behind solar balloons:

Limitations like the requirement for energy storage for nighttime and the effects of cloudy or inclement weather on solar electricity production will be covered in this unique photovoltaic solution.

These solar balloons would be deployed above the clouds (6 km or 3.7 miles above the ground), where there will be no clouds or any diffusion by the atmosphere to interfere with their efficiency.

This innovation involves using hydrogen as an energy carrier. The solar energy captured during the day will be sent to a fuel cell, which would convert the current into hydrogen and keep the balloon afloat. At night, the fuel cell will take over to recover the hydrogen and convert it back into a charge, which is then fed to the ground.

 Nidhi Goyal

Nidhi is a gold medalist Post Graduate in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. You can also find Nidhi on Google+.

{ http://www.industrytap.com/ }

AREA 51 BANS YOUR DRONES

You can’t fly over Area 51. That’s the rule, even if you’re an Air Force pilot in a jet that’s running out of fuel. Find another runway; you can’t land there.

Private pilots who have mistakenly entered “The Box”—the restricted airspace over Area 51—have been “escorted” down by military jets, and there are tales of planes actually being shot down, as inthis infamous call to radio host Art Bell in 1997.

New Signs Have Appeared atthe Area 51 Base Borders
Banning Consumer Drones

A NEW AREA 51 BAN

Drones? Now they’re banned too.

We don’t just mean the remote-piloted planes the US uses in the Middle East to take out terrorists and wedding parties. We’re talking about the drone you got for your birthday, the one that can go a thousand feet up, the one with the GoPro attachment, the one that (if you’re in the US) you had to register with the FAA.

Now that consumer drones are widely available, you knew someone was going to try and fly one over Area 51. We don’t have reports of anyone’s drone being shot down over the base, but that may just mean that the drone flight was successful. Or, maybe the base management realized what could happen and is merely being proactive.

THE REAL REASON FOR THE BAN

Some have suggested this new drone bad is strictly for safety: they do test aircraft (and probably other kinds of, ahem, craft) at Area 51, and the borders are patrolled by helicopter. A consumer drone flying out of control nearby could cause a catastrophe for sure.

We don’t believe that’s the real reason for ban, though. The real reason: these drones have cameras mounted in them. Video cameras.

Most consumer-grade drones can’t go 20-odd miles away from their remote controls, so one would need to be modified in order to reach the base. But it is within the realm of possibility. And if someone got a drone into base territory, some 500 feet up, the drone could take some nice pictures of things that are not supposed to exist.

That is what Area 51 officials are afraid of. That is what prompted this ban.

THEY CAN’T BAN ON PUBLIC LAND

The nearest legal observation point to the base is Tikaboo Peak, and, being public land, there is still no drone ban there. Our friends over at Finding UFO ventured out to Tikaboo and took some footage from their drone, which they posted to their excellent YouTube channel. Check it out below.

{ http://www.area51.org/ }

Maan ontstond na frontale botsing tussen aarde en Theia

• Caroline Kraaijvanger

© NASA/JPL-Caltech.

Nieuw onderzoek suggereert dat de aarde frontaal op Theia botste. Het kan verklaren waarom de aarde en de maan qua samenstelling sterk op elkaar lijken.

Dat de maan zo’n 4,5 miljard jaar geleden ontstond door een gewelddadige botsing tussen de aarde en Theia, is al jaren bekend. Maar nieuw onderzoek onthult nu enkele nieuwe details over die botsing. Zo zou het een frontale botsing zijn geweest. Dat staat haaks op eerdere ideeën over de botsing, die stellen dat de aarde en Theia elkaar zijdelings raakten (zie het filmpje hieronder).

Gesteenten
Dat er sprake moet zijn geweest van een frontale botsing, baseren de onderzoekers op de samenstelling van gesteenten op de maan en de aarde. Ze bestudeerden zeven gesteenten die tijdens de Apollo-missies van de maan naar de aarde waren gebracht. Ook bestudeerden ze zes vulkanische gesteenten, vijf van Hawaii en één uit Arizona. Ze richtten zich op zuurstofisotopen en dan met name op de verhouding tussen O-16 en O-17. Opvallend genoeg blijkt – in tegenstelling tot wat eerdere onderzoeken suggereren – dat de verhouding tussen die isotopen op de aarde en de maan vergelijkbaar is. “We zien geen verschil tussen de zuurstofisotopen op de aarde en de maan: ze zijn niet van elkaar te onderscheiden,” stelt onderzoeker Edward Young.

Hetzelfde
En dat is veelzeggend. Als de aarde en Theia elkaar zijdelings hadden geraakt, zou het grootste deel van de maan bestaan uit Theia en zouden de aarde en de maan andere zuurstofisotopen bezitten. Tijdens een frontale botsing tussen de aarde en Theia zou je echter verwachten dat de aarde en de maan een vergelijkbare chemische samenstelling hebben. “Theia werd evenredig met de aarde en de maan gemixt,” stelt Young.

Theia overleefde de klap met de aarde dus niet en ging deel uitmaken van de maan en de aarde. Theia was in die tijd waarschijnlijk een ‘planetaire embryo’ die nog volop aan het groeien was. Als de botsing met de aarde niet had plaatsgevonden, was Theia waarschijnlijk uitgegroeid tot een planeet.

Bronmateriaal:

"Moon was produced by a head-on collision between Earth and a forming planet" - University of California, Los Angeles

{ http://www.scientias.nl/ }

Mensen teleporteren: behoort het al bijna tot de mogelijkheden?

Het – over kleine afstand – teleporteren van atomen behoort al tot de mogelijkheden. Wanneer zijn we zover dat we ook mensen kunnen teleporteren?

Interstellaire reizen maken: dat vraagt om nieuwe oplossingen. De afgelopen weken zijn op Scientias.nlverschillende van die oplossingen de revue gepasseerd. We schreven over warp-speed en wormgaten. Maar er is nog een manier om razendsnel van A naar B te reizen. Een manier die de meesten van ons kennen uit Star Trek en die steevast geassocieerd wordt met de woorden “Beam me up, Scotty!” We hebben het natuurlijk over teleportatie.

Wat is het?
Teleportatie is eigenlijk niets anders dan van A naar B reizen, zonder dat je fysiek de ruimte tussen A en B doorkruist. Je verdwijnt simpelweg op plek A en je komt op plek B weer tevoorschijn.

Sciencefiction?
Klinkt het als sciencefiction? Dat is terecht. Want het teleporteren van mensen is inderdaad nog steeds toekomstmuziek. Maar..teleporteren van bijvoorbeeld informatie is dat niet. In 2014 hebben wetenschappers van de TU Delft informatie in een kwantumbit geteleporteerd naar een kwantumbit drie meter verderop. Ze deden dat met behulp van ‘verstrengeling’. “Als twee deeltjes verstrengeld zijn, smelten hun identiteiten samen,” zo vertelde onderzoeker Ronald Hanson daar in 2014 over. “Hun gezamenlijke toestand is exact bepaald, maar de identiteit van elk afzonderlijk is verdwenen. De verstrengelde deeltjes gedragen zich als één, ook als ze ver van elkaar verwijderd zijn. In ons geval was dat drie meter, maar dat zou in theorie ook de andere kant van het universum kunnen zijn.” Het experiment van Hanson en collega’s was veelbelovend. Ze waren de eersten ter wereld die erin slaagden om informatie te teleporteren tussen kwantumbits in verschillende computerchips door die kwantumbits met elkaar te verstrengelen. “Het bijzondere aan de methode die wij gebruiken, is dat de teleportatie met 100 procent zekerheid werkt. De informatie komt altijd aan, zogezegd.”

Veilig communiceren
Wetenschappers die – zoals Hanson – graag experimenteren met teleportatie doen dat niet direct omdat ze in de voetsporen van Scotty willen treden. Hun werk is niet gericht op het teleporteren van mensen, maar op het teleporteren van informatie. Het voordeel van teleportatie is namelijk dat de informatie niet fysiek van A naar B reist en dus ook onderweg niet onderschept kan worden. Het is dus fundamenteel onmogelijk om geteleporteerde informatie af te luisteren.

Microben
Allemaal heel interessant, natuurlijk, maar hoe zit het nu met het teleporteren van mensen? Dat is vooralsnog onontgonnen terrein. Alhoewel wetenschappers recent met een idee kwamen om de kwantumtoestand van een micro-organisme te teleporteren. De onderzoekers denken dat het mogelijk moet zijn om een kopie van de eigenschappen van een levende microbe te teleporteren. Hoe dan? Door de microbe op twee plaatsen tegelijk te laten zijn. En dat kan alleen door deze in superpositie te brengen. Uit eerder onderzoek is al gebleken dat een specifiek membraan – als je het voldoende af laat koelen – in superpositie kan worden gebracht. De onderzoekers stellen nu voor om de microbe op dit membraan te plaatsen. Zo moet het mogelijk zijn om eigenschappen van de microbe (de kwantumstaat) over te brengen naar een andere plaats in het elektrisch circuit waar de microbe deel van uitmaakt (zie ook de afbeelding hieronder). Het blijft echter een gedachte-experiment, het is onderzoekers dus nog niet gelukt om een levende bacterie te teleporteren.

Afbeelding: © Science China Press.

Fundamentele problemen
Tot op heden blijft teleporteren dus beperkt tot lichtdeeltjes en atomen. En misschien is dat maar beter ook, zo vertelde onderzoeker Carlo Beenakker, hoogleraar theoretische natuurkunde aan de universiteit van Leiden, enige tijd geleden aan Scientias.nl. “Er zijn een paar fundamentele problemen die het mijns inziens onmogelijk maken om mensen te teleporteren.” Het belangrijkste probleem is onze kwetsbaarheid. Beenakker illustreert het met behulp van een voorbeeldje: röntgenonderzoek. “Soms gaat er tijdens röntgenonderzoek iets mis en wordt een heel klein stukje DNA van mensen aangetast,” vertelt hij. “Dat kan leiden tot kanker.” Bij teleportatie moet informatie aan het eind van het traject worden uitgelezen. Een klein foutje tijdens dat proces kan al desastreuze gevolgen hebben. “Als je het zo bekijkt, is teleportatie de ultieme kankermachine.”

Zijn we slechts atomen?
Maar teleportatie roept nog meer vragen op. Een heel interessante is of wij mensen niet meer zijn dan de atomen waaruit we bestaan. In andere woorden: als je een mens atoom voor atoom uit elkaar haalt en vervolgens op de eindbestemming weer atoom voor atoom in elkaar zet, heb je dan weer dezelfde mens?

Even geduld!
Onderzoek van de universiteit van Leicester wijst verder uit dat teleporteren een tijdrovende aangelegenheid is. Alle data waaruit een mens bestaat – de menselijke genetische code, de neurale informatie – moet immers omgezet worden naar eentjes en nulletjes en vervolgens verstuurd worden. Dat alleen kost naar schatting al zo’n vijf biljard jaar.

Star Trek wil ons doen geloven dat teleportatie ergens aan het begin van de 22e eeuw werd uitgevonden. We hebben dus nog even als we dit stukje sciencefiction werkelijkheid willen laten worden. Maar dat wil niet zeggen dat het haalbaar is. ““Men begint nu pas na te denken over het teleporteren van bacteriën,” stelde Beenakker in 2013. “Dat zou een mijlpaal zijn, maar ik denk niet dat wij dat nog gaan meemaken.” Dus bewaar die OV-kaart en fiets in de schuur nog maar even: voorlopig wordt het verzoek ‘Beam me up!” alleen in sciencefictionfilms gehonoreerd.

{ http://www.scientias.nl/ }

Planetoïde scheert begin maart op nog onbekende afstand langs de aarde

De planetoïde passeerde de aarde twee jaar geleden ook al, maar zal begin maart mogelijk veel dichter bij onze planeet in de buurt komen. Maar: geen paniek!

De planetoïde draagt de naam 2013 TX68 en passeerde de aarde twee jaar geleden op een afstand van ongeveer 2 miljoen kilometer. Op welke afstand de planetoïde de aarde op 5 maart zal passeren, is nog onduidelijk. Schattingen lopen uiteen van 14 miljoen kilometer tot 17.000 kilometer.

Schattingen omtrent de afstand waarop de planetoïde langs de aarde zal scheren, lopen sterk uiteen. Afbeelding: NASA / JPL-Caltech.

Onzeker
Dat onderzoekers nog niet goed weten hoe klein de afstand tussen de aarde en de planetoïde werkelijk zal zijn, komt doordat de baan van de ruimtesteen nog niet helemaal duidelijk is. “De baan van de planetoïde is onzeker en het zal lastig zijn om te voorspellen waar we deze kunnen zien,” vertelt onderzoeker Paul Chodas. “Er is een kans dat de planetoïde tijdens de scheervlucht van volgende maand wordt opgemerkt door één van onze telescopen en we meer te weten komen over de baan die de planetoïde rond de zon trekt.”

Kansen
De baan mag dan onduidelijk zijn, wetenschappers sluiten uit dat 2013 TX68 begin maart op de aarde zal botsen. Wel is er een héél klein kansje dat de planetoïde in de toekomst een gevaar vormt. Zo wordt de kans dat deze op 28 september 2017 op de aarde afstevent, geschat op ongeveer 1 op 250 miljoen. De kans op een inslag tijdens latere scheervluchten langs de aarde – in 2046 en 2097 – is nog kleiner. “De mogelijkheid van een botsing tijdens één van deze drie scheervluchten is veel te klein om je echt zorgen over te maken,” benadrukt Chodas.

De planetoïde is naar schatting ongeveer 30 meter groot. Ter vergelijking: de planetoïde die drie jaar geleden in de atmosfeer boven Tsjeljabinsk uit elkaar spatte was twintig meter groot. Als een planetoïde ter grootte van 2013 TX68 de aardse atmosfeer binnendringt, zou daarbij ongeveer twee keer zoveel energie vrijkomen als tijdens de situatie boven Tsjeljabinsk.

{ http://www.scientias.nl/ }

Ceres: The Smallest and Closest Dwarf Planet

The dwarf planet Ceres as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope.

Credit: NASA, ESA, J. Parker (Southwest Research Institute), P. Thomas (Cornell University), L. McFadden (University of Maryland, College Park), and M. Mutchler and Z. Levay (STScI)

Ceres is a dwarf planet, the only one located in the inner reaches of the solar system; the rest lie at the outer edges, in the Kuiper Belt. While it is the smallest of the known dwarf planets, it is the largest object in the asteroid belt.

Unlike other rocky bodies in the asteroid belt, Ceres is an oblate spheroid, rounded with a rotational bulge around its equator. Scientists think Ceres may have an ocean and possibly an atmosphere. The recent arrival of a probe has unlocked some of the dwarf planet's secrets, but others remain hidden. [See more photos of the dwarf planet Ceres]

Bright spots & lonely mountains

On March 6, 2015, NASA's Dawn Spacecraft became the first probe to orbit two bodies in the solar system. After leaving the asteroid Vesta, Dawn traveled to Ceres, an icy world that has tantalized scientists for years. While most asteroids are made of rock, Ceres revealed hints that it could contain water on its surface since 1991, though those hints remained unconfirmed for more than 20 years.

As Dawn drew closer to the giant asteroid, a bright spot on its surface grew clearer. After observing Ceres, 130 similar spots of varying brightness were found on the planet. The surface of Ceres is generally as reflective as freshly poured asphalt, while the spots ranged from the dull sheen of concrete to the startling brightness of ice floating on Earth's oceans. The brightest region lies in the 56-mile-wide (90 kilometers) Occator Crater, which contains the most famous collections of shining spots on the surface of Ceres.

Early speculation regarding the spots included the possibility of ice volcanoes on the dwarf planet. However, only a single "lonely mountain" rises from the surface. The pyramid-shaped mountain rises to an altitude of 21,120 feet (6,437 meters). The 4-mile high mountain stands solitary, with no evidence of volcanic or other geologic activity to suggest its puzzling origin.

A recent study of the spots found that they are made up of hydrated magnesium sulfates, the same material that makes up Epsom salt back on Earth. Most of the bright regions are associated with craters, suggesting that their formation could be related to impacts. These findings tie into earlier understanding of the formation of the dwarf planet.

Ceres has a density of 2.09 grams per cubic centimeter, leading scientists to conclude approximately a quarter of its weight is water. This would give the dwarf planet more fresh water than Earth contains. By comparison, Earth has a density of 5.52 grams per cubic centimeter.

Scientists think that water-ice serves as the mantle of the dwarf planet. The thin, dusty crust is thought to be composed of rock, while a rocky inner core lies at the center. Spectral observations of Ceres from Earth reveal that the surface contains iron-rich clays. Signs of carbonates have similarly been found, making Ceres one of the only bodies in the solar system known to contain these minerals, the other two being Earth and Mars. Formed by a process that involves heat and water, carbonates are considered good potential indicators of habitability. [The Search for Life on Mars (A Photo Timeline)

When large bodies crash into Ceres, they may scoop out a region of the crust, cutting into the icy mantle beneath to leave the ice closer to surface. When sunlight heats the outer layer, the ice could go from solid to gas through a process known as sublimation.

In 2014, the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory detected plumes of water vapor escaping from the dwarf planet at a rate of 13 lbs. (6 kilograms) per second.

"This is the first clear-cut detection of water on Ceres and in the asteroid belt in general," said Michael Küppers of the European Space Agency, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain. Küppers led the study of the vapor that appeared in Nature.

History & discovery

Astronomers in the late 18th century mathematically predicted the presence of a planet between Mars and Jupiter, eagerly turning their telescopes to the region in search of the missing body. On Jan. 1, 1801, Sicilian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovered what was then considered a planet, naming it Ceres for the Roman goddess of corn and harvests.

Within a decade, four new objects were discovered in the same region, all also considered planets. Nearly 50 years passed before more, smaller bodies were found scattered between Mars and Jupiter — the components of the asteroid belt — and Ceres was demoted to the status of an asteroid.

In 2006, Ceres was promoted to the status of a dwarf planet; it did not reach full planetary status because it failed to gravitationally clear its neighborhood of debris, though it often retains its classification as an asteroid, as well. [Infographic: Dwarf Planets in the Solar System]

The largest object in the asteroid belt, Ceres makes up nearly a third of its mass. Even so, it remains the smallest known dwarf planet, only 590 miles (950 km) across — roughly the size of Texas. A day on Ceres lasts a little over 9 Earth-hours, while it takes 4.6 Earth-years to travel around the sun.

The close proximity and low mass of Ceres have led some scientists to suggest that it could serve as a potential site for manned landings and a launching point for manned deep space missions.

Asteroid Basics: A Space Rock Quiz

Asteroids are fascinating for lots of reasons. They contain a variety of valuable resources and slam into our planet on a regular basis, occasionally snuffing out most of Earth's lifeforms. How much do you know about space rocks?

The source of Earth's water?

Unlike most of the asteroid belt, Ceres contains a significant amount of ice. This could mean similar worlds in the early solar system could have been responsible for bringing water to Earth.

Under current solar system models, Earth would have formed primarily rocky. Any water it held on its surface would have been vaporized when a large protoplanet collided with it to form the moon. For a long time, scientists thought that comets might have delivered water to the reformed Earth as they collided with its surface. However, comet-studying probes have shown that the icy rocks don't contain the right kind of water for their siblings to be responsible for those deliveries. New studies have turned to objects known as main belt asteroids, rock and icy neighbors of Ceres.

"One quarter of the mass of Ceres is water, and three quarters is rock," Dawn scientist Chris Russell told Space.com in 2015.

"If we had just a few Ceres-type bodies colliding with the Earth, we can explain where the water came from."

Additional resources

• NASA's Ceres: Facts & Figures
• NASA's Solar System Exploration: Rotational Motion of Ceres
• NASA's Dawn's Targets: Vesta & Ceres

{  http://www.space.com/ }

Moon Mission's Living Monuments: Apollo 14's 'Moon Trees' 45 Years Later

Moon Trees, like this one at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, stand as living monuments to the 1971 Apollo 14 mission.

Credit: NASA

They are spread across the United States, standing as living monuments to a moon mission 45 years ago this week.

The "Moon Trees" — redwoods, loblolly pines, sycamores, Douglas firs and sweetgums sprouted from seeds carried to the moon and back between Jan. 31 and Feb. 9, 1971 — are reminders of the Apollo 14 mission, even if some, if not many, of the trees' locations have now been lost to the passage of time.

Apollo 14 was the third mission to land astronauts on the moon. Commander Alan Shepard and lunar module pilot Edgar Mitchell explored the moon's Fra Mauro highlands, while command module pilot Stuart Roosa orbited above. Shepard and Mitchell conducted two moonwalks, almost making it to the rim of Cone crater while using a pull cart to carry their equipment and collect moon rocks. [NASA's 17 Apollo Moon Missions in Pictures]

Shepard, who 10 years prior had become the first United States astronaut to fly to space, was the first commander to wear red stripes on his spacesuit, an identifier still used by NASA today. Shepard was also the first to hit a golf ball off the moon, a record that is perhaps better remembered today, four and a half decades later, than Apollo 14's other, more official achievements.

While Shepard was packing the "little white pellets" for his "miles and miles" moon shot, Roosa chose to fly with him 500 tree seeds as a nod to his previous history as a smoke jumper for the U.S. Forest Service.

The five species of seeds, which were provided to Roosa by the Forest Service's genetics research staff, were more than just a memento of the flight.

"It was part science, part publicity stunt," Stan Krugman, a former Forest Service geneticist, told NASA in 2002. "The scientists wanted to find out what would happen to these seeds if they took a ride to the moon. Would they sprout? Would the trees look normal?"

Unfortunately, a mishap with the seeds after they returned to Earth made their fate even less certain: the canister that held the seeds for their flight to the moon was burst open during its decontamination, scattering its contents.

But the trees did grow, and by 1975, saplings were ready to leave Forest Service nurseries to be planted across the nation.

"We wanted to give them away as part of the bicentennial celebration in 1976," Krugman recalled.

The first of the Moon Trees, a sycamore, was planted with Roosa's help in Philadelphia's Washington Square Park on May 6, 1975. (The tree that grows there today is a clone of the original, which died in 2011.) [Apollo Landing Sites Spotted in Sharp New Detail (Video)]

Another of the arboreal monuments, a loblolly pine, went to the White House in Washington. At the time, President Gerald Ford described it as "a living symbol of our spectacular human and scientific achievements."

"May this young tree renew our deep-rooted faith in the ideals of our Founding Fathers," stated Ford, as relayed by telegram to the sites holding Moon Tree ceremonies. "May it inspire us to strive for the kind of growth that benefits our own citizens and all mankind."

Unfortunately, detailed records were not kept as to where the Moon Trees were planted. In 1996, 25 years after the Apollo 14 mission, David Williams, a scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, began a website to track where the Moon Trees had gone.

"They look like ordinary trees — but they're special because they've been to the moon," said Williams in a 2002 NASA article. "I found one Moon Tree right here at Goddard near my office. I had no idea it was there."

Twenty years after beginning the search, Williams has now recorded the locations of more than 75 Moon Trees in 25 states. Trees were also planted in Brazil, Switzerland and presented to the Emperor of Japan.

Though clones and second-generation trees continue to be planted, finding the originals has taken on a new sense of urgency in recent years.

Some of the trees are long-lived species, but others have fallen victim to the effects of old age, severe weather and disease, according to NASA. Some two dozen of the trees have died, including the loblolly pine planted at the White House and a pine in New Orleans that was damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and later removed.

"I think when people are aware of the heritage of the trees, they usually take steps to preserve them," Williams said. "That's why we want to locate as many as we can soon. We want to have a record that these trees are — or were — a part of these communities, before they're gone."

NASA’s 1971 Apollo 14 crew: Stuart Roosa (left), Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell.

Credit: NASA

Roosa died in 1994, but his children continue to make sure the legacy of his Moon Trees lives on.

"The trees are the only living thing to commemorate man's most impressive achievement," said Roosa's son, Jack, in 2015.

See the canister that held the Moon Tree seeds on Apollo 14's mission to the moon at collectSPACE.com.

Follow collectSPACE.com on Facebook and on Twitter at @collectSPACE. Copyright 2016 collectSPACE.com. All rights reserved.

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What is this mysterious object hovering in skies above Manchester? Shocked motorist pulls over to film strange smoking craft 

• The black object was seen above Greater Manchester
• Sophie Birch, 23, a PA from Ashton-under-Lyne filmed the sight
• She believes it might be aliens  

By HARRIET MALLINSON FOR MAILONLINE

This is the moment a mysterious UFO is spotted 'hovering' in the skies above Greater Manchester.

Video footage shows what appears to be a black object in the air with dark grey trails streaming out behind it above Ashton-under-Lyne.

As the recording plays through, the UFO continues to fly through the air, but doesn't appear to move in any direction.

Aliens? This is the moment a mysterious UFO is spotted 'hovering' . Video footage shows what appears to be a black object in the air with dark grey trails streaming behind it above Ashton-under-Lyne

Sophie Birch says she and her partner were so shocked by what they saw while driving in Ashton-under-Lyne, they had to pull the car over.

Sophie, a 23-year-old PA from Ashton, said: 'We were driving along and suddenly we spotted it. We just couldn't believe it - at first I thought it was a plane or something but it just wasn't moving, it was hovering.

My boyfriend was driving and he slammed on his brakes, then we pulled over so we could both see it better.'

On the video the couple have a conversation trying to work out what it is they are seeing, but Sophie says it remains unexplained.

She said: 'It was so unusual, we kept watching it for quite a while and there's no simple explanation as to what it is, I think it could be aliens - my sister said it was.

Shock: Sophie, a 23-year-old PA from Ashton, said: 'We were driving along and suddenly we spotted it. We just couldn't believe it - at first I thought it was a plane or something but it just wasn't moving, it was hovering

'You can see on the video it's like a black ship, with something coming out of the back.

'At one point we saw a flock of birds flying suddenly away from it like they were scared.'

The first well-known UFO sighting occurred in 1947, when businessman Kenneth Arnold claimed to see a group of nine high-speed objects near Mount Rainier in Washington while flying his small plane. 

Arnold estimated the speed of the crescent-shaped objects as several thousand miles per hour and said they moved 'like saucers skipping on water.' 

This is how the term flying saucer was coined as, in the newspaper report that followed, it was mistakenly stated that the objects were saucer-shaped. 

Mysterious: Sophie said: 'It was so unusual, we kept watching it for quite a while and there's no simple explanation as to what it is, I think it could be aliens - my sister said it was'

{  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

Giants With Double-Rowed Teeth, Flattened Heads and Six Fingers

The Cherokee called them the Moon People. The Utes and Paiutes spoke of a hideous race of cannibals ten feet tall living in caves. And the Choctaw also have an account of the race of giants that first colonized the Ohio Valley. 

 

From Old World Roots of the Cherokee, chapter 5, "America's Middle Ages," pp. 78-79, we read:

 

What kind of Indians lived in the territory the Choctaw and Chickasaw carved out for their new home? According to their traditions, reports Cushman, as confirmed by excavations of bones in Tennessee, it was a “race of white giants”:

 

 

[T]he tradition of the Choctaws... told of a race of giants that once inhabited the now State of Tennessee, and with whom their ancestors fought when they arrived in Mississippi in their migration from the west, doubtless Old Mexico.

 

Their tradition states the Nahullo (race of giants [literally, wizards]) was of wonderful stature; but, as their tradition of the mastodon [which used to be found on the Great Plains], so this was also considered to be but a foolish fable, the creature of a wild imagination, when lo! Their exhumed bones again prove the truth of the Choctaws’ tradition (151).

 

These giants could have been Rafinesque’s Atlans.

 

Cushman then recounts the discovery in 1880 at a burial mound site near Plano, Texas, of human bones “of enormous size... the femoral bones being five inches longer than the ordinary length, and the jaw bones... so large as to slip over the face of a man with ease.”

 

Cushman goes on to identify them with the older occupants of North America called Allegewi or Taligewi (Talegans). Many historians, moreover, speculate they were the builders of the Adena mounds.

 

As for the Chickasaw, Cushman notes that they have no record of their history before the colonial period, although it is assuredly "the same as the Choctaws, being one tribe and people until the division made by their two chiefs Chikasah and Chahtah many years after their arrival and location east of the Mississippi River" (p 358). 

 

Of the Natchez, Cushman records that they, "if tradition may be believed, also came from Mexico where they had lived for centuries" (p 440).

 

A story was told by the Comanches in 1857: 

 

 

Innumerable moons ago, a race of white men, ten feet high, and far more rich and powerful than any white people now living, here inhabited a large range of country, extending from the rising to the setting sun.

 

Their fortifications crowned the summits of the mountains, protecting their populous cities situated in the intervening valleys. 

 

They excelled every other nation which was flourished, either before or since, in all manner of cunning handicraft — were brave and warlike — ruling over the land they had wrested from its ancient possessors with a high and haughty hand. Compared with them the palefaces of the present day were pygmies, in both art and arms. 

 

They drove the Indians from their homes, putting them to the sword, and occupying the valleys in which their fathers had dwelt before them since the world began.

 

At length, in the height of their power and glory, when they remembered justice and mercy no more and became proud and lifted up, the Great Spirit descended from above, sweeping them with fire and deluge from the face of the earth. 

 

The mounds we [i.e. the speaker Chief Rolling Thunder and his Spanish listener] had seen on the tablelands were the remnants of their fortresses, and the crumbling ruins that surrounded us all that remained of a mighty city.[i]

 

The word Nahoolo or Nahullo “is now emphatically applied to the white race and no other... The Nahullo were of white complexion, according to Choctaw tradition, and were still an existing people at the time of the advent of the Choctaws to Mississippi,” concludes Cushman (p 153).

In agreement, the Indian trader Adair often refers to the Nani Ishtahoolo as departed white ghosts vested with spiritual powers whose descendants were priests and magicians. 

 

Their cries and magic spells could still be heard in the mounds like those at Ocmulgee.[ii] These references contribute to the suspicion that the “Indians” who preceded Asiatic tribes from Mexico were, as we would say today, Caucasian.

 

About exactly a year ago on this blog, we published a post about "Neanderthals in America," mentioning also the peculiar archaic skeleton that is now a roadside attraction in Arizona, called The Thing. In the meantime, we acquired a copy of Fritz Zimmerman's book, The Nephilim Chronicles, which reproduces over 300 historical accounts of Giant skeletons. 

 

Many are associated with the earliest mound sites in America, but Zimmerman's survey of this worldwide phenomenon ranges from the Hunter-Fisher People of northeast Europe and Red Paint People whose movements were circumpolar to the giants of the Bible, noted by the Babylonian Talmud as having double rows of teeth, and "Giants' Remains in the British Isles" (pp. 157-65).

 

Navajo legends speak of the Starnake People, a regal race of white giants endowed with mining technology who dominated the West, enslaved lesser tribes and had strongholds all through the Americas. They were either extinguished or "went back to the heavens." 

 

The name may be a corruption of the Biblical race known as Anakim (Num. 13:33, Deut. 1:28). The name Og (Hebrew "chief") appears to be characteristic (see Zimmerman, pp. 188-91). The ogham alphabet is attributed to this cultural founder.

 

Certainly, many of the mound sites uncovered in the nineteenth century tell a story of constant warfare by incoming Asiatic tribes  against the giants occupying the land. One grisly scene showed thousands of skeletons, male, female and young heaped in a mass grave, with warriors' skulls pierced by arrows. 

 

It would appear that as these aboriginal inhabitants of the Ohio Valley were gradually displaced, some members of their society went over into the ranks of the new conquerors, bequeathing a strain of great stature still noticeable, for instance, in the Mobilian chief Tuscaloosa and DeSoto's Indian queen Cofitachiqui, both of whom were said to be seven feet tall.

 

We are struck by the following traits of this giant race or ethnic group from human prehistory:

-Mother Goddess religion

-Copper (not bronze) axes

-Polished slate tools including fishing plummets, which were apparently regarded as sacred

-Belief that the Grandmother Moon was the repository of souls

-Diet emphasizing shellfish (for which the double row of teeth probably was selected as an evolutionary advantage in their beachcomber origin out of Africa?)

-Building of fish weirs in North American rivers to trap migrating eels

-Certain vegetarian habits (wild rice, for instance)

-Inscriptions on artifacts, especially pipes, often buried with the dead

-Use of coal and petroleum

-Weaving and looms

-Knowledge of seafaring, mathematics and engineering, including canals and irrigation

-Burying of a dog with a child to guard the latter in the afterlife

-A language apparently Afro-Asiatic and close to Semitic tongues

-Kingcraft:  nobles were buried in seated positions on thrones surrounded by a coterie of their retainers

 

When Denisovan Man was first discovered, we had just a fingerbone to go on. We can only extrapolate the look of the skull. Geneticists conjecture, however, that it was an Austronesian type. 

 

We suggest that a modern prize of science will belong to the geneticist who can derive ancient DNA to study and classify from the bones of giant hominids that are unavoidably plentiful in the archeological and mythological records of humankind. 

 

Maybe the owner of The Thing will allow researchers to borrow one of the femurs for laboratory analysis and measurement. 

 

If that's not possible, the Smithsonian, Carnegie Institute and dozens of local historical societies throughout the Midwest have basements and storage facilities brimming with these relics of American history.

{ http://7tales.net/index.php }

How friendly is Enceladus' ocean to life?

 by Elizabeth Howell , Astrobiology Magazine

Plumes erupting off the surface of Enceladus, an icy moon. Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

How acidic is the ocean on Saturn's icy moon Enceladus? It's a fundamental question to understanding if this geyser-spouting moon could support life.

Enceladus is part of a family of icy worlds, including Europa (at Jupiter) and Titan (also at Saturn), populating our outer solar system. These bodies are some of the most promising places for life because they receive tidal energy from the gas giants they orbit and some contain liquid water.

The Cassini spacecraft has been taking regular measurements of Enceladus for more than a decade to evaluate its environment. One of the key factors influencing the habitability of an environment is its chemical composition, in particular its pH. On Earth, it's possible for life to exist near the extremes of the pH scale that ranges from 0 (battery acid) to 14 (drain cleaner). Knowing the pH can help us to identify geochemical reactions that affect the habitability of an environment, because many reactions cause predictable changes in pH.

Oceanography of another world

While we cannot stick a strip of pH paper into the ocean water on Enceladus to measure the pH directly, it can be estimated by looking at molecules in its plumes that change form in response to pH changes.

Recently, geochemist Christopher Glein led a team that developed a new approach to estimating the pH of Enceladus' ocean using observational data of the carbonate geochemistry of plume material. This is a classic problem in geochemical studies of Earth (such as rainwater), but scientists can now solve the carbonate problem on an extraterrestrial body thanks to measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon by the Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA), and carbon dioxide gas by the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) onboard Cassini.

Glein's team tried to create the most comprehensive chemical model to date of the ocean by accounting for compositional constraints from both INMS and CDA, such as the salinity of the plume. Their model suggests that Enceladus has a sodium, chloride and carbonate ocean with an alkaline pH of 11 or 12, close to the equivalent of ammonia or soapy water. The estimated pH is slightly higher by 1 to 2 units than an earlier estimate based on CDA data alone, but the different modeling approaches are consistent in terms of the overall chemistry of an alkaline ocean.

"It's encouraging that there is general agreement, considering that these approaches are based on spacecraft data from a plume. This is much more difficult than getting the pH of a swimming pool, so it would not be surprising if the models are missing some of the details. Of course, we are trying to reconcile the data as much as possible because the details may provide clues to understanding the eruptive processes that turn an ocean's chemistry into a plume," said Glein.

A paper based on Glein's research, "The pH of Enceladus' ocean," was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta in August. Glein is a research scientist at Southwest Research Institute, but completed the research while at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The work was funded by the NASA Astrobiology Institute element of the Astrobiology Program at NASA.

Hydrothermal activity for life

It is believed that Enceladus' alkaline chemistry comes from a geochemical process called serpentinization. This happens when a rock that is rich in magnesium and iron is converted to clay-type minerals. On Earth, we see this process in very limited locations, such as the low-temperature hydrothermal vent field named Lost City in the Atlantic Ocean.

"It's exactly what we would expect if there is a liquid water ocean in contact with rocks on and below the ocean floor on Enceladus," Glein said.

In addition to a high pH, this process produces hydrogen gas, a potent fuel that can drive the formation of organic molecules that in some cases can be building blocks of life.

An unresolved question, however, is whether serpentinization is taking place now. If the activity is ongoing, this would provide habitable conditions, which could support an ecosystem similar to Lost City. If it occurred long ago, the high pH may be a relict and life may be less likely, although still not impossible if there are other sources of chemical energy.

Cassini did a final flyby of Enceladus in late October that targeted the chemistry of the plumes directly. The INMS team, which includes Glein, is searching for molecular hydrogen in that plume, which would be chemical evidence of active serpentinization. An absence of molecular hydrogen would be a sign that the serpentinization is extinct.

The data analysis from this flyby may be completed in time for the American Geophysical Union's fall meeting in December. Glein added that the planned NASA mission to Europa includes advanced descendants of both the CDA and INMS instruments, meaning that in a decade or two, scientists can start to make these same measurements at Europa. This will allow us to better understand the importance of serpentinization across the Solar System.

"On other icy worlds, if they have liquid water oceans, [serpentinization] should be inevitable because these bodies are massive mixtures of water and rock," he said. "Maybe the methane we see in Titan's atmosphere formed when hydrogen from serpentinization combined with deep carbon in a hydrothermal environment. There may also be liquid water on [dwarf planet] Pluto, through cryovolcanoes and a youthful surface. We expect there to be some degree of water-rock interaction on suchocean worlds, setting the stage for serpentinization and the generation of hydrogen that could be utilized if there is anyone out there."

 Explore further: Geochemical process on Saturn's moon linked to life's origin

More information: Christopher R. Glein et al. The pH of Enceladus' ocean, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (2015). DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.017 

U.S. Air Force Robert Salas On Duty When UFOs Shut Down The Missile Systems At Base (Video)

(Before It's News)

Robert Salas is a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy, class of 1964. He served seven years on active duty before separating from the Air Force in 1971. While on active duty he worked as a Weapons Controller, flew target drones, commanded inter-continental ballistic missiles as a launch officer, and a worked as an Air Force missile propulsion engineer on the Titan III program.

UFOs shut down the missle systems while he was on duty.. talk about interesting..

Thanks http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/

Check out more contributions by Jeffery Pritchett ranging from UFO to Bigfoot to paranormal to Prophecy.

NASA on Alert: Asteroid Heads for Closest-Ever Predicted Approach to Earth (Video)

(Before It's News)

The flyby of asteroid 2013 TX68 is the closest ever predicted Earth approach for an object this large. The 150 feet (45 meters) rock could pass 11,000 miles (17,000km) from Earth on March 5th which is 21 times closer to our planet than the moon, although NASA admits it might also pass nine million miles away as the asteroid’s orbit is highly uncertain (condition code 7) and the distance of its pass is not precisely known at this time experts say.
 

However, if the asteroid passes at its closest possible distance of just 11,000 miles (17,000 km), the flyby will be an exceedingly close one and If that were the case, the asteroid would come even closer than orbiting communications satellites.

Asteroid 2013 TX68 has an estimated mass of about 130,000 metric tons. The space rock is traveling at about 32,211 miles per hour (51,839 kilometers per hour), relative to Earth.

According to NASA, if an asteroid of a size similar to that of 2013 TX68 were to impact Earth, it would release approximately 2.5 megatons of energy in the atmosphere and would be expected to cause regional devastation.

A comparison to the impact potential of an asteroid the size of 2013 TX68 could be made to the impact of a near-Earth object that occurred in 1908 in Tuguska, Siberia.

Known in the asteroid community as the “Tunguska Event,” this impact of an asteroid just slightly smaller than 2013 TX68 (approximately 100 – 130 feet/30-40 meters across) is believed to have flattened about 825 square miles (2200 square kilometers) of forest in and around the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in what is now Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.

The asteroid was discovered by the NASA-funded Catalina Sky Survey on Oct. 6, 2013, as it approached Earth on the nighttime side. After three days of tracking, the asteroid passed into the daytime sky and could no longer be observed. Because it was not tracked for very long,

Although scientists cannot predict its precise orbit around the sun, they say that it cannot impact Earth during its flyby next month.

Furthermore, it seems cosmic rays are rising rapidly and the Earth is tilting North, which is a physical Pole Shift combined with a magnetic polar shift. In the second video BPEarthWatch explains these developments as well as an analysis of Asteroid 2013 TX68 based on the information given by ESA instead of NASA.

Thanks http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/

Check out more contributions by Jeffery Pritchett ranging from UFO to Bigfoot to paranormal to Prophecy.

Australische moeder filmt ‘geest’ bij haar slapende baby

Topoverleg in Witte Huis, Washington, USA vanwege dreiging aardbevingen.

Met de komst van het mini-zonnestelsel Nibiru worden er in het geheim talloze voorbereidingen getroffen. 

Daarnaast gebeuren er ook dingen open en bloot zoals nu opeens een overleg in het Witte Huis en het in alle haast opzetten van waarschuwingssystemen voor aardbevingen. 

Na een jarenlange stilte is er nu weer volop belangstelling voor onbekende planeten in ons zonnestelsel, maar men gaat niet zover door de wereldbevolking het volledige verhaal te vertellen. 

Die hernieuwde formele belangstelling is nodig om enerzijds de massa langzaam te laten wennen aan het idee dat er misschien toch wel iets meer is in onze zonnestelsel dan ze altijd hebben gedacht mede omdat steeds meer mensen ook met het blote oog dingen waarnemen en anderzijds om de steeds verdergaande voorbereidingen van de elite enigszins te maskeren. 

In plaats van een soort Nibiru of Planet X disclosure kiest men ervoor om kleine beetjes waarheid naar buiten te laten lekken zoals de bekendmaking van “het ontdekken” van een tot nu toe onbekende planeet in ons zonnestelsel. 

De gevolgen van de nadering van dit mini-zonnestelsel beginnen natuurlijk steeds duidelijker te worden. Niet alleen worden er fysiek planeten waargenomen rondom de zon, ook de invloeden van deze enorme planeet op onze aarde begint steeds merkbaarder te worden.

Eén van die dingen is dat er steeds meer asteroïden onze kant op komen en waarvoor nu in alle haast door NASA een nieuwe speciale afdeling in het leven is geroepen zoals we eerder deze week schreven. 

Net zoals vele mensen zich afvragen of NASA misschien iets weet dat zij niet weten, geldt dat een beetje hetzelfde voor een aankondiging die enkele dagen geleden door het Witte Huis werd gedaan. 

Onder het mom dat The Big One (mega aardbeving) misschien toch vroeg of laat zal toeslaan, werd afgelopen dinsdag door het Witte Huis ineens een soort live topoverleg gevoerd met allerlei wetenschappers en dergelijke over wat men kan doen om beter voorbereid te zijn op aardbevingen. 

Het doel was ondanks dat niemand precies kan voorspellen waar aardbevingen zullen plaatsvinden toch een systeem te ontwikkelen waarbij mensen wellicht tijdig gewaarschuwd kunnen worden voor een ophanden zijnde aardbeving. 

Met dit overleg werd een nieuw programma gelanceerd dat Earthquake Resilience Summit heet en waar aan seismologen en wetenschappers wordt gevraagd om mee te denken aan een zogenaamd “early warning system”. 

Op zich zou dit misschien allemaal niet zo’n opvallend bericht, behalve wanneer je weer kijkt naar de timing. 

Waarom wordt er nu ineens topoverleg gevoerd op het Witte Huis in verband met dreigingen van aardbevingen? Waarom wordt nu ineens een nieuwe afdeling van NASA in het leven geroepen om onbekende objecten in de ruimte op te sporen? 

Dit alles wordt gedaan zodat de elite voldoende gelegenheid krijgt om zich te barricaderen in de grote ondergrondse schuilplaatsen die wereldwijd zijn gemaakt. 

Wat dit alles ook laat zien, is dat het nu echt dichterbij komt, maar ook dat het niet volgende maand ineens op de stoep staat. Gezien de manier waarop de elite het nu speelt en de voorbereidingen die nu in gang worden gezet, lijkt het meer iets van ergens tussen de vijf en tien jaar van nu. 

De wereld wordt voorbereid op allerlei oefeningen en observaties in de ruimte. Als schuldige voor de steeds verder toenemende aardbevingen en vulkaanuitbarstingen zal ongetwijfeld de opwarming van de aarde aangewezen worden. 

En misschien is het toeval, maar enige weken geleden verscheen het bericht dat de Amerikaanse warenhuisgigant Wal-Mart honderden winkels in Amerika gaat sluiten, maar dat er ook weer talloze nieuwe winkels geopend zullen worden. 

Op het volgende plaatje is te zien waar die winkelsluitingen in Amerika zullen plaatsvinden. Dan zie je dat ze behoorlijk geconcentreerd zijn op bepaalde locaties zoals midden Amerika en delen van de oostkust.

Bij de Zeta’s van Nancy Lieder wordt al langere tijd gesproken over de komende aardbevingen bij de zogenaamde New Madrid breuklijn in het midden van Amerika. 

Niet alleen zullen zich daar zware aardbevingen voor doen, ook zal na de passage van Nibiru de kustlijn en het midden van Amerika behoorlijk zijn veranderd. 

Op de volgende afbeelding is te zien waar dan volgens de Zeta’s straks de nieuwe kustlijn zal liggen. 

Dan zie je dat dit precies de plaatsen zijn waar Wal-Mart nu ineens talloze winkels sluit om elders in Amerika nieuwe winkels neer te zetten. Met andere woorden, zij weten wat er gaat komen en anticiperen daar nu op door winkels in grote risicogebieden te sluiten.

Zoals we eerder schreven is eigenlijk de enige manier om erachter te komen hoelang het nog gaat duren voordat er echt heftige dingen gaan gebeuren dankzij de nadering van het mini-zonnestelsel Nibiru om goed je ogen open te houden en het signaleren van afwijkende dingen. 

Misschien heeft Wal-Mart hele andere redenen om al die winkels daar te sluiten en nieuwe te openen op andere locaties. Misschien heeft het Witte Huis de beste bedoelingen om een topoverleg te beleggen voor komende aardbevingen en misschien is NASA nu echt wakker geschrokken en gaan ze beter uitkijken naar asteroïden die onze kant op komen. 

Gezien de historie echter waar zo goed als alles verborgen wordt gehouden voor de mensheid en een wereld waar “toeval” alleen in Israël bestaat, kan het absoluut geen kwaad om iets verder te denken en niet alles maar op face value aan te nemen als waar.

{ www.NIBURU.nl }

Welk militair toestel vloog er naast MH17?

Het schijnt dat de Tweede Kamer gisteren nogal verbijsterd was over het feit dat Nederland heeft verzuimd om essentiële radarbeelden op te vragen bij Oekraïne. 

Het Openbaar Ministerie zegt echter vol vertrouwen die radarbeelden níet nodig te hebben om de schuldigen aan te kunnen wijzen. 

Onze Tweede Kamer heeft gisteren een debat gehouden over de neergehaalde vlucht MH17 en dan in het bijzonder over de radarbeelden die er nooit zijn geweest. 

De oppositie is verbijsterd over hoe het kabinet omgaat met de opsporing van MH17-daders. Kamerleden snappen niet waarom er niet nu al al het mogelijke gedaan wordt om bewijs te verzamelen. 

De uitleg van minister Van der Steur (Veiligheid en Justitie), minister Koenders (Buitenlandse Zaken) en staatssecretaris Dijksma (Infrastructuur) kan daar vanavond tijdens een debat over de MH17-ramp, niets aan veranderen. Ook de coalitie is kritisch over de opstelling van de bewindslieden. 

De volgende zin in het verslag van de Telegraaf zegt eigenlijk alles: 

Het kabinet blijft beweren dat het OM zelf vindt dat het geen extra radargegevens nodig heeft om de daders te vervolgen. 

Dat kan dan heel leuk worden straks als het OM komt met de daders. Ze hebben de radarbeelden klaarblijkelijk niet nodig om vast te kunnen stellen wie dat vliegtuig uit de lucht heeft geschoten. 

We kunnen niet wachten op de eindrapport van het OM want daarin zal ook ongetwijfeld worden verteld welk militair toestel zich ophield nabij het ten dode opgeschreven Malaysia Airlines toestel. 

Dat vliegtuig dat door talloze getuigen op de grond is gezien en te bekijken en beluisteren waren in een heel snel geschrapt BBC programma.

Het vliegtuig dat ook verscheen tijdens de Russische persconferentie direct na de ramp. Een militaire jet die klom op een onderscheppingskoers naar vlucht MH17 en zich slechts op een paar kilometer afstand bevond. 

  
Ongeacht welk eindrapport het OM later zal presenteren, ze moeten daarin hoe dan ook met een verklaring komen over dat onbekende toestel. 

Oekraïne beweert die dag geen militaire toestellen in de lucht te hebben gehad. Van welk land was die jet dan wel als het niet van Oekraïne was?

Wij schreven er al eerder onder andere het volgende over:

   Het Russisch Onderzoekscomité dat onderzoek doet naar de ramp met MH17 heeft het verhaal van de Oekraïense getuige bevestigd die vertelde dat hij een SU-25 vliegtuig zag vertrekken op 17 juli, uitgerust met twee air-to-air raketten en dat deze zonder deze wapens terugkeerde op de basis.

Uitzonderlijk intelligent van het OM dat ze kunnen bepalen of en welke jet er daar ter plaatse was zonder dat ze daarvoor radarbeelden nodig hebben. Er zijn maar weinig landen op de wereld die zo’n knap OM hebben als wij. 

Daarnaast zullen ze ongetwijfeld die getuigen ook zelf hebben gehoord (niet dus) want dat is natuurlijk standaard onderdeel van een uitgebreid onderzoek. 

Alles komt goed want onze grote leider heeft beloofd dat de onderste steen boven komt en dan zal het gelukkig niet lang meer duren voordat we na al die tijd weten welk vliegtuig zich die dag in de buurt van MH17 op hield.

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