Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
Berichten van 1 februari 2019 tot 28 februari 2019
Golden Sphere and Disc-shaped UFOs photographed over Mexico, Hawaii, Utah and Albert
Case 1:Golden sphere with transparent shield photographed near Roswell, New Mexico
Witness:
I was enjoying a bright sunny spring day, in an area not frequented by people. I was enjoying a small waterfall and sitting down in a bowl shaped hill, hidden from a nearby road.
I heard 2 small short sounds that I noted were different that the other sounds I had been enjoying. Like whoosh-whoosh, displaced air.
Something inside me broke through and said "look behind you very fast" like an animalistic response. I looked over my left shoulder and saw a glowing golden orb, perhaps a little bigger that a grapefruit.
It had a transparent shield or covering that was reflecting the very green grass of the hills around me.
I observed it travel over the horizon. I saw it for perhaps 4 seconds. I immediately tried to rationalize it saying "well that was done of course" but something in me said "No. That was not like any drone I'd ever seen"
Case 2: Flying Saucer appears above Ala Moana Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
The witness:
we were standing on the Alo Moana veranda watching the sunset and the different hues, when we sighted this object appear for approx. 10 seconds in which I had enough time to go inside get my camera and take the picture.
Then in a brief second this object disappeared in no certain direction.as you zoom in on this picture you will see port windows alongside.
Case 3: Disc-shaped UFO photographed over Provo, Utah
Witness:
While driving east of Provo Utah driving by fire in mountains no one could stop I took 8 pictures and had 2 pictures with a object in them.
Case 4: Two possible cloaked flying saucers photographed by plane passenger over Alberta
Plane passenger: we were at cruising altitude of 41,000 ft, Edmonton to Victoria , still over Alberta only about 5 minutes out due West (take-ff slowed by de-icing prior to the flight)
My camera makes object appear smaller, these were definitely larger objects though distant from my perspective on a jet. I definitely know they were much much larger than the craft I was flying on. Or any craft that we can fly on.
These objects were large in size and unusual shape.
I have submitted the 3 consecutive photos , all taken within second showing both objects, one dissolving and then both gone- these photos were literally within seconds of each other as quick as my camera would allow me to photo them. Photos are raw images as taken by my cell phone, an Iphone 7.
All witnesses have submitted their images to Mufon for further investigation.
UFO Attack: Five Extraterrestrials Petrified 23 Russian Soldiers
23 Russian soldiers lost their lives during a UFO attack in Siberia. The CIA declassified report describes this event as a “horrific picture of revenge on the part of extraterrestrial creatures, a picture that makes one’s blood freeze”. The frightful information was one of the many published online by the CIA. Chiefly, it involves a horrible event about a UFO alien attack which turned into stone 23 Russian soldiers.
This infamous report, created on March 27, 1993, is a translation of a report from the Ukrainian newspaper Ternopil vechirniy.
Namely, this newspaper claims that after Mikhail Gorbachev lost his leadership, many KGB files ended up in CIA.
Among them, allegedly there was a 250-page portfolio on the strange UFO attack. The report included pictures and witness statements as well.
The declassified CIA report which indeed contains shocking claims.
The report explains how a low flying saucer rose up a military unit in Siberia. One of the Russian soldiers fired a missile in the air, which shut it down.
It said: “Five short humanoids with large heads and large black eyes got out.”
There were two other soldiers, among the other 23, who survived the incident. They described that after the UFO got down, five eerie creatures blended into a huge glowing ball that buzzed and fizzed. Following this, there was a huge explosion which petrified 23 Russian soldiers who were curiously observing the shocking event.
The report said: “The KGB report goes on to say that the remains of the ‘petrified soldiers’ were transferred to a secret research institution near Moscow.”
Experts strongly believe that an unknown source turned the whole living structure of the soldiers into stone. A CIA representative stated: “If the KGB file corresponds to reality, this is an extremely menacing case.”
However, we have to admit one thing. If this is true than extraterrestrials own technology that goes beyond our imagination.
And while there are certainly many doubts regarding the report, one of the biggest enigmas is why the CIA held a translation of the Ukrainian newspaper report.
Military Computer Hacker Proves A “Space Force” Existed Long Before Donald Trump
IN BRIEF
The Facts:
In 2002, Gary McKinnon hacked the Pentagon and Department of Defence in the largest publicly disclosed military computer hack of all time. He discovered strange 'off world' findings that hint the existence of a space force before Trump.
Reflect On:
Do we really live in a democracy when transparency doesn't exist? How can we know what's really going on? Is reality far different than what we are presented with? Why is our world plagued with secrecy?
Donald Trump’s presidency has been one of the best opportunities for the collective to see into how politics has been working all of these years. Regardless of what you think of him, he’s an outsider who has threatened the interests of many powerful bodies like the pharmaceutical companies, and other corporations that control federal regulatory agencies like the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
He’s legalized hemp, appears to be taking action steps to combat sex trafficking, and is trying his best to pull out of Syria. The American empire has always enforced their will on other countries for ulterior motives, and have, for decades, used lies in order to infiltrate foreign lands and governments for their own purposes. It’s not just America, it’s the entire Western Military-Industrial Complex, the ‘powers that be’ who completely control nations.
To some extent Trump may be compromised and compelled to play a part in that agenda, but so far it seems he’s been a disruptor more than anything. This is why mainstream media is constantly jumping on every opportunity to vilify him. If you think he has been widely criticized because he is truly ‘racist’ or ‘sexist,’ you may be missing the boat. This post from Richard Dolan right after the 2016 election is still one of the best explanations as to why Donald Trump continues to be incessantly disparaged by mainstream media.
Trump Sought To Create An Independent Space Force
The creation of a ‘Space Force’ announced by Trump several months ago is another great example of how Trump is making waves with the established order.
Prior to Trump announcing it, the House Armed Services Committee voted to break off the United Air Force Space Command from under the US Air Force, leading to the creation of a new independent branch called the US Space Corps. It would be the first new military branch created in the U.S. since 1947, and would make America the only nation with a branch of military publicly known to be dedicated solely to space.
A lot of work and planning was put into this shift in power over the space command. As Rep. Mike Rogers (R-AL), Chairman of the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces stated, “This is an issue the subcommittee has studied for months and I can’t even tell you how many meetings with space experts and leaders [Democratic Rep.] Jim [Cooper] and I have had on this subject.”
It’s Not Independent Yet
However, recent developments that are now making their rounds around the internet state that Trump is expected to sign an order that directs the Defense Department to establish a U.S. Space Force as a sixth branch of the armed forces, but remaining within the Department of the Air Force.
Previously, Trump had stated that the ‘Space Force’ would be a new division alongside the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard. However, it seems things have changed and the desire to wrest this unit away from the Air Force has failed–for now. As Space News points out:
The Pentagon is wrapping up a legislative proposal and budget request for fiscal year 2020 that it will submit to the White House for approval. The proposal recommends creating a Space Force with its own four-star chief of staff and a civilian undersecretary of space under the umbrella of the Department of the Air Force. This setup, however, is only a “first step toward a future military department for national security space,”
says a draft of Space Policy Directive-4. A copy of the draft labeled “predecisional” was reviewed by SpaceNews.
Time will tell if Trump will actually be able to establish a Space Force as its own military department in the future.
The Secret Space Program
While this would be the first known government department to be solely devoted to space, it’s important to note that the United States has a history of government agencies existing in secret for years. The National Security Agency (NSA) was founded in 1952, but its existence was hidden until the mid 1960’s. Even more secretive is the National Reconnaissance Office, which was founded in 1960 but remained completely secret for 30 years.
Not all information is made public, especially when it comes to space activities. This was made clear by the Pentagon’s recent disclosure of a secret program that they were running to track unidentified flying objects in and around our atmosphere. The cost of this program was $22 million, but deeper research into black budget programs reveals that they have been taking in multiple trillions of dollars. This is not debatable. You can read more about that and examine the sources here and here.
It is ironic that the U.S. should be fighting monstrously expensive wars allegedly to bring democracy to those countries, when it itself can no longer claim to be called a democracy when trillions, and I mean thousands of billions of dollars have been spent on projects which both congress and the commander in chief know nothing about.
– Paul Hellyer, Ex Canadian Defense Minister
You can read more about that and the latest updates on ‘mainstream UFO disclosure’ in an article I published about it here approximately 8 months ago.
Strange happenings in space came to light more than a decade ago, when the largest military computer hack ever was made known to the public. A man by the name of Gary McKinnon was charged with causing $700,000 dollars worth of damage to government computer systems. He hacked the Pentagon, Department of Defense and Air Force computers. Gary faced extradition to the United States for 10 years, but was eventually given other punishments. His story was receiving mainstream media attention, and perhaps an extradition would have brought unwanted attention to what Gary found. As with most disclosures, Mainstream Media focused on the crime rather than the provocative information that was discovered.
According to Mckinnon, he found a list of “non-terrestrial off-world officers” of rank. He was unable to tell what department of the military they represented. He also found multiple pictures of UFOs and lists of “fleet-to fleet transfers” of materials from ship to ship. You can watch an interview with Gary in this article we published years ago.
Dealing With Extraterrestrials
One of the main reasons for developing a ‘space force,’ and to keep a ‘secret space program’ is, in my opinion, to deal with the extraterrestrial/UFO phenomenon. These ‘secret’ agencies within our government have been quite involved with this phenomenon, while at the same time, for decades, they’ve been actively engaged in concealing by subversion and ridicule.
Behind the scenes, high ranking Air Force officers are soberly concerned about UFOs. But through official secrecy and ridicule, many citizens are led to believe the unknown flying objects are nonsense.”
- Former head of CIA, Roscoe Hillenkoetter, 1960 (source)
Unfortunately the actual protocols, according to Paul Hellyer, are often to ‘shoot first and ask questions after.’ There is a lot of evidence for this. Dr. David Clarke is an investigative journalist, reader and lecturer at Sheffield Hallam University in England, who was also the curator National Archive UFO project from 2008–13. He uncovered files that reveal the UK was “desperate to capture this technology – wherever it came from – before the Russians or the Chinese got hold of it first.” You can read more about that here.
According to Hermann Oberth, one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, “flying saucers are real and…they are space ships from another solar system. I think that they possibly are manned by intelligent observers who are members of a race that may have been investigating our Earth for centuries.” (source 1)(source 2)
There is a serious possibility that we are being visited and have been visited for many years by people from outer space, from other civilizations. That it behooves us, in case some of these people in the future or now should turn hostile, to find out who they are, where they come from, and what they want. This should be the subject of rigorous scientific investigation and not the subject of ‘rubishing’ by tabloid newspapers.”
– Lord Admiral Hill-Norton, Former Chief of Defence Staff, 5 Star Admiral of the Royal Navy, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee (source)
Below is an excellent lecture by Richard Dolan that elaborates upon the idea I’m referring to above. This issue/topic goes far beyond Donald Trump and what we are spoon-fed by mainstream media. Transparency left this world long ago, and it’s slowly returning as more people start to become aware that all is not as it’s been presented to us. This shift in thinking alone is contributing to changing our human experience from one of secrecy to one of transparency. If you’d like to read more articles about the UFO/extraterrestrial phenomenon, you can visit the disclosure section of our website and sift through them, they’re all archived there.
The Takeaway
What we are seeing here is a battle between powers within the US Government to control space. Prior to Trump’s arrival, it seems (based on my research), that the secret space program was in the hands of the Deep State. What we’ve observed here at CE is that Donald Trump, and those he works with, seem to be in somewhat of a battle with this Deep State, which would explain his disclosure and initiation of a space force, when it’s quite clear that one has already been in existence.
The realization that we are not alone has huge implications and the disclosure of this information would leave no aspect of humanity untouched.
The Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) telescope is quickly making good on its promise.
The Netherlands-based array picks up low radio frequencies, including the traces of radiation that form when galaxies merge. Now, an international team of scientists has published the first research made possible by LOFAR — and it adds 300,000 previously unknown galaxies to our map of the universe.
Data Flush
On Tuesday, the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics published a special edition dedicated to 26 research papers produced from LOFAR’s first space survey.
Because LOFAR can detect low radio frequenciesinvisible to other telescopes, it was able to record huge quantities of previously undetectable data during its survey of the sky — about 10 million DVDs worth. According to Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) researcher Timothy Shimwell, processing that data to generate maps featuring these 300,000 additional galaxies was a team effort.
“We have been working together with SURF in the Netherlands to efficiently transform the massive amounts of data into high-quality images,” he said in a press release. “These images are now public and will allow astronomers to study the evolution of galaxies in unprecedented detail.”
Next Up
Astronomers are likely to use the new map to study black holes.
“If we take a radio telescope and we look up at the sky, we see mainly emission from the immediate environment of massive black holes,” Leiden University researcher Huub Röttgering said in the press release. “With LOFAR we hope to answer the fascinating question: where do those black holes come from?”
Others might use the new images to support research on magnetic fields or the relationships between galaxies — and ultimately, ASTRON Director General Carole Jackson sees nothing but potential for the new maps.
“This sky map will be a wonderful scientific legacy for the future,” she said in the press release. “It is a testimony to the designers of LOFAR that this telescope performs so well.”
Archaeologists Discover a Long-lost Illyrian City ‘Mistaken for Natural Rocks’ in Albania
Polish archaeologists have uncovered a long-lost city, in north-east Albania according toScience in Poland . The city was found unexpectedly, and it is believed to be the ancient Illyrian city of Bassania. This discovery is generating a great deal of excitement among archaeologists because it can provide insights into the once mighty Illyrian civilization that dominated much of the Balkans in Antiquity.
Who Were the Illyrians?
The Illyrians were a powerful group of tribes who were the preeminent power in the western Balkans for several centuries. They had many contacts with the Greeks and they were influenced to an extent by the culture of their southern neighbors. The Illyrian region was usually divided into several kingdoms who struggled for supremacy with each other. In 168 BC, the Romans defeated and captured the powerful Illyrian king, Gendaius and they created a series of client republics in his kingdom. The area eventually became a province of the Roman Empire and the local Illyrian culture was over time Romanized. According to the Britannica Encyclopaedia , Illyria ‘became a principal military bulwark of Rome and its culture in the ancient world’.
Bassania was known to historians mainly through the work of the great Roman historian Livy. In the historian’s account, the city was a very important one in the last Illyrian kingdom and was an important fortress. The city was destroyed by the Romans in 168 BC and it was presumed that it was later abandoned, its exact location forgotten.
The city, which was located on some hills, had been lost for so many centuries because its ruins have been mistaken for natural rocks. After centuries of erosion, the stone remnants of the city’s surviving walls were so weathered that they looked like natural stones. There are no traveler or local accounts of the ruins and they were completely forgotten despite the scale of the site. This may have helped to preserve the ruins of Bassania, which was entirely forgotten - unlike nearby ancient Shkoder another Illyrian settlement.
In May, a Polish team of archaeologists from the Antiquity of South-eastern Europe Research Centre of the University of Warsaw, led by Professor Piotr Dyczek, re-discovered Bassania. In a routine dig, they discovered part of its walls and a gateway, made of well-made blocks of hewn stones. The gate was flanked by two bastions and the walls were 3 meters (10 feet) wide, whose spaces were packed with clay and stones.
Cut rock were used to construct substantial walls.
After a survey of the site, it was established that Bassania was larger than ancient Shkoder and its walls encircled an area of approximately twenty acres. This indicates that the city had a large population and was an important urban center in Illyria.
During the investigation of the site, the Polish team discovered coins, pottery and ceramic vessels near the walls. The style of these would indicate that they are from the third to first century BC and shows that the city was part of the Illyrian kingdom that would later be annexed by Rome. An investigation of the site showed that it was constructed in a manner that was undoubtedly influenced by the Hellenistic kingdoms to the south. According to Science in Poland , the walls and gateway of Bassania are ‘typical for Hellenistic defensive structures’.
The Polish team began an intensive investigation of the site and they soon established that the city was abandoned much later than thought. Research in recent years has indicated that Bassania was only abandoned late in the reign of Emperor Augustus (1 st century AD). The initial archaeological investigation would support the view that the city was occupied much longer than previously believed.
Rediscovering Bassania
The rediscovery of Bassania is one that allows archaeologists and other experts to gain a better understanding of ancient Illyria. The city which had largely been forgotten will yield up its secrets and allow us to have a better understanding of the Illyrians and how they became Romanized. One of the most exciting aspects of the discovery of the lost city is that it raises the prospect that there are many more Illyrian ruins waiting to be rediscovered.
Top image: Discovery of an ancient city in Albania. Source: M. Lemke/ Science in Poland
Colonizing the moon, and beyond, has always being a human aspiration. Technological advancements, and the discovery of a considerable source of water close to the lunar poles, has made this idea even more appealing.
But how close is China to actually achieving this goal?
If we focus on the technology currently available, China could start building a base on the Moon today.
The first lunar base would likely be an unmanned facility run by automated robotics — similar to Amazon warehouses — to ensure that the necessary infrastructures and support systems are fully operational before people arrive.
The lunar environment is susceptible to deep vacuum conditions, strong temperature fluctuations and solar radiation, among other conditions hostile to humans. More importantly, we have yet to fully understand the long term impact on the human body of being in space, and on the Moon.
Seeds taken to the Moon by the Chang'e-4 mission have now reportedly sprouted. This is the first time plants have been grown on the Moon, paving the way for a future food farm on the lunar base.
Building a lunar base is no different than building the first oil rig out in the ocean. The logistics of moving construction parts must be considered, feasibility studies must be conducted and, in this case, soil samples must be tested.
China has taken the first step by examining the soil of the lunar surface. This is necessary for building an underground habitat and supporting infrastructure that will shield the base from the harsh surface conditions.
3D printed everything
Of all the possible technologies for building a lunar base, 3D printing offers the most effective strategy. 3D printing on Earth has revolutionized manufacturing productivity and efficiency, reducing both waste and cost.
China's vision is to develop the capability to 3D print both inside and outside of the lunar base. 3D printers have the potential to make everything from daily items, like drinking cups, to repair parts for the base.
But 3D printing in space is a real challenge. It will require new technologies that can operate in the micro gravity environment of the Moon. 3D printing machines that are able to shape parts in the vacuum of space must be developed.
We know that Earth materials, such as fibre optics, change properties once they are in space. So materials that are effective on Earth, might not be effective on the Moon.
Whatever the intended use of the 3D printed component, it will have to be resistant to the conditions of lunar environment. So the development of printing material is crucial. Step-by-step, researchers are finding and developing new materials and technologies to address this challenge.
On a larger scale we have seen houses being 3D printed on Earth. In a similar way, the lunar base will likely be built using prefabricated parts in combination with large-scale 3D printing.
Examples of what this might look like can be seen to entries in the 3D printed habitat challenge, which was started by NASA in 2005. The competition seeks to advance 3D printing construction technology needed to create sustainable housing solutions for Earth, the Moon, Mars and beyond.
NASA's Habitat Challenge: Team Gamma showing their habitat design.
So far, we've focused on the technological feasibility of building a lunar base, but we also need to consider the long term effect of lunar living on humans. To date, limited studies have been conducted to examine the the biological impact on human physiology at the cellular level.
We know that the human organs, tissues and cells are highly responsive to gravity, but an understanding of how human cells function and regenerate is currently lacking.
What happens if the astronauts get sick? Will medicine from Earth still work? If astronauts are to live on the Moon, these fundamental questions need to be answered.
In the long term, 3D bioprinting of human organs and tissues will play a crucial role in sustaining lunar missions by allowing for robotic surgeries. Russia recently demonstrated the first 3D bioprinter to function under microgravity.
Can China build a lunar base? Absolutely. Can human beings survive on the Moon and other planets for the long term? The answer to that is less clear.
What is certain is that China will use the next 10 to 15 years to develop the requisite technical capabilities for conducting manned lunar missions and set the stage for space exploration.
This article has been updated. The original story referred to the "dark" side of the moon when it should have said "far."
NIST Physicist Scott Diddams views the NIST frequency comb designed to ensure the precision of starlight analysis at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope in Texas. Credit: NIST
The hunt for Earth-like planets, and perhaps extraterrestrial life, just got more precise, thanks to record-setting starlight measurements made possible by a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) "astrocomb."
NIST's custom-made frequency comb—which precisely measures frequencies, or colors, of light—ensures the precision of starlight analysis by an instrument called a spectrograph at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope in Texas. The project is a collaboration involving NIST, the University of Colorado Boulder (CU) and Pennsylvania State University, the primary partner in the telescope and spectrograph.
The new comb apparatus for the first time provides the precision needed for discovering and characterizing planets orbiting M dwarf stars, which comprise 70 percent of the stars in the galaxy and are plentiful near Earth, the research team reported in Optica.
"The comb immediately allowed our Penn State colleagues to make measurements they could not otherwise make," NIST Fellow Scott Diddams said. "These improved tools should allow us to find habitable planets around the most ubiquitous stars in our galaxy."
A star's nuclear furnace emits white light, which is modified by elements in the atmosphere that absorb certain narrow bands of color. To search for planets orbiting distant stars, astronomers look for periodic changes in this characteristic "fingerprint," that is, very small variations in the apparent colors of starlight over time. These oscillations in color are caused by the star being tugged to and fro by the gravitational pull of an unseen orbiting planet. This apparent wobble is subtle, and measurements are limited by the frequency standards used to calibrate spectrographs.
Hundreds of exoplanets have been discovered using star wobble analysis, but a planet with a mass similar to that of Earth and orbiting at just the right distance from a star—in the so-called "Goldilocks zone"—is hard to detect with conventional technology.
Data collected by the NIST-CU-Penn State research team show the astrocomb will make it possible to detect Earth-mass planets that cause color shifts equivalent to a star wobble of about 1 meter per second—the approximate speed of a person walking across a room, and at least 10 times better than previously achieved in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light is the main type emitted by M dwarf stars.
Over the past 20 years, NIST researchers in Boulder, Colorado, first invented and then pioneered further advances in optical frequency combs. The comb delivered to Texas is unique in having about 5,000 widely spaced "teeth," or specific color calibration points. It's tailored to the reading capability of Penn State's Habitable Zone Planet Finder sprectrograph and spans the target infrared wavelength band of 800-1300 nm. Just 60 by 152 square centimeters in size and made of relatively simple commercial components, the comb is also robust enough to withstand continuous use at a remote site.
In providing tailored light to the spectrograph, the NIST comb acts like a very precise ruler to calibrate and track exact colors in a star's fingerprint and detect any periodic variations. The comb, made with new electro-optic laser technology, provides strong signals at accurately defined target frequencies that can be traced to international measurement standards.
The project has been in the works for years. The NIST-CU-Penn State research team did a test run in 2012 that showed the promise of the new approach. The new comb was delivered and saw "first light," as they say in astronomy, in February 2018, and has been running nightly since May of 2018. The new comb has a broader light range and is more stable than the earlier demo version.
While the idea of using frequency combs to aid planet discovery has generated a lot of interest around the world, the new NIST astrocomb is the first in operation at near-infrared wavelengths. Other combs currently operating on a telescope, such as the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in Chile, are dedicated to visible light measurements.
More information: Andrew J. Metcalf et al, Stellar spectroscopy in the near-infrared with a laser frequency comb, Optica (2019). DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.6.000233
NASA wants to probe deep into Uranus in search of smelly gas
Rob Waugh
Scientists stunned the world this year with the revelation that Uranus actually does smell like farts – and a NASA probe could soon actually ‘breathe in’ the fumes.
Amy Simon of NASA’s Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Study group told the Gravity Assist podcast the next mission to Uranus should use an atmospheric probe.
Amy Simon said, ‘I think the primary thing we’d add to any mission is an atmospheric probe, because we want to understand what the layers are in the atmosphere, what the temperatures are.’
Sniff sniff sniff (Getty)
Simon told New Scientist last year that the space agency hoped to launch a probe to either Uranus or Neptune in the 2030s, A Science Enthusiast reports.
One of the proposed missions includes a fly-by of Uranus, which would include a narrow-angle camera – and a probe which would drop into Uranus’s atmosphere to measure gas and heavy elements.
Simon said that the mission could also use an orbiter, ‘ We have also looked at orbiters, and these are nice because it gives you a chance to explore that whole system – the rings, the moons, Triton in particular – to see what’s going on on all sides of those different moons.’
Has Uranus been probed?
NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft flew closely past distant Uranus, the seventh planet from the Sun, in January 1986.
At its closest, the spacecraft came within 81,500 kilometres (50,600 miles) of Uranus’s cloudtops on January 24, 1986.
Voyager 2 radioed thousands of images and voluminous amounts of other scientific data on the planet, its moons, rings, atmosphere, interior and the magnetic environment surrounding Uranus.
A map of the outer solar system
(Picture: AFP/Getty)
Since launch on August 20, 1977, Voyager 2’s itinerary has taken the spacecraft to Jupiter in July 1979, Saturn in August 1981, and then Uranus. Voyager 2’s next encounter was with Neptune in August 1989. Both Voyager 2 and its twin, Voyager 1, will eventually leave our solar system and enter interstellar space.
Voyager 2’s images of the five largest moons around Uranus revealed complex surfaces indicative of varying geologic pasts. The cameras also detected 10 previously unseen moons.
The 11 rings of Uranus, opaque and a few kilometres wide each, are relatively young in space terms – not more than 600 million years old. They were probably formed by collisional fragmentation of several moons that once orbited the planet
(Picture: BSIP/UIG Via Getty)
Several instruments studied the ring system, uncovering the fine detail of the previously known rings and two newly detected rings.
Voyager data showed that the planet’s rate of rotation is 17 hours, 14 minutes.
The spacecraft also found a Uranian magnetic field that is both large and unusual. In addition, the temperature of the equatorial region, which receives less sunlight over a Uranian year, is nevertheless about the same as that at the poles
In this stereographic projection, the Milky Way curves around the entire image in an arc, with the newly discovered river of stars displayed in red and covering almost the entire southern Galactic hemisphere.
One billion years ago, a cluster of stars formed in our galaxy. Since then, that cluster has whipped four long circles around the edge of theMilky Way. In that time, the Milky Way's gravity has stretched that cluster out from a blob into a long stellar stream. Right now, the stars are passing relatively close to Earth, just about 330 light-years away. And scientists say that river of stars could help determine the mass of the entire Milky Way..
Astronomers have seen these stars before, mixed in with lots of stars all around them. But until now, they didn't realize the stars were part of a group. The river, which is 1,300 light-years long and 160 light-years wide, winds through the Milky Way's vast, dense star field. But 3D-mapping data from Gaia, a European Space Agency spacecraft, showed that the stars in the stream moved together at roughly the same speed and in the same direction.
"Identifying nearby disk streams is like looking for the proverbial needle in a haystack. Astronomers have been looking at, and through, this new stream for a long time, as it covers most of the night sky, but only now realize it is there, and it is huge, and shockingly close to the sun," João Alves, an astronomer at the University of Vienna and second author of the paper, said in a statement. [Large Numbers That Define Our Universe]
Though space is full of these stellar streams, they're often difficult to study because they're well-camouflaged amidst surrounding stars. Typically, these stellar streams are also much farther away.
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"Finding things close to home is very useful, it means they are not too faint nor too blurred for further detailed exploration, [an] astronomer's dream," Alves said.
Scientists suspect that star clusters, like the one that eventually became this stellar stream can reveal how galaxies get their stars. But in a big, heavy galaxy like the Milky Way, those clusters usually end up shredded, with gravity pulling individual stars in different directions. [Amazing Astronomy: Victorian-Era Illustrations of the Heavens]
This stream is big enough though, and heavy enough, that it's remained intact (albeit stretched) in the billion years it has circled the galactic center. And there may be more stars in the stream than those found in the initial Gaia data.
Say you need to prepare to shoot bullets into anasteroidand suck up the debris kicked up from the blast, then tuck it away for safekeeping. There's no better way than toshoot bullets into a fake asteroidhere on Earth and watch what happens in slow motion.
So, that's precisely what the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) did at the end of December in preparation for its spacecraft Hayabusa2's sampling run at the asteroid Ryugu later this week. Using the data gathered over months spent surveying the space rock, they created a model of the asteroid, put it in a vacuum chamber and used a copy of the spacecraft's sampling system in a test run.
An Earth copy of the sampling instrument that was loaded onto the Hayabusa2 spacecraft.
The trial tackled two main concerns. The team wanted to be sure that the instrument copy still worked after sitting in storage since about the time the spacecraft launched, in December 2014. The test run also addressed a discovery Hayabusa2 made: On close inspection, the probe saw that Ryugu's surface was covered in gravel, rather than the fine dust that JAXA had expected when the mission was designed.
In order to address these concerns, the JAXA team designed a replica experiment using a flight-spare sampling instrument, which is an exact copy of the instrument on the spacecraft. Scientists mimicked the gravelly structure of Ryugu and the chemical composition of the class of meteorites they believe originate in similar asteroids. The researchers put the entire apparatus into a vacuum chamber to better mimic conditions at the asteroid (although they still had to work within Earth's gravity).
JAXA's model of the asteroid Ryugu used in the practice run.
The Hayabusa2 team was pleased with the results of the trial; they were able to confirm that the bullet mechanism did indeed create samples that the spacecraft could collect. In fact, although the test run on gravel produced a smaller crater than a test run on dust had done, the sampler was able to collect more material. And the team said it expects that without gravity's interference, the real Hayabusa2 mechanism will fare even better.
With the dress rehearsal a success, all that's left to do is wait for the real thing. JAXA has scheduled the maneuver for 6 p.m. EST on Feb. 21 (2300 GMT; 8 a.m. local time on Feb. 22 for mission control staff).
WETENSCHAP & PLANEETWetenschappers waarschuwen de inwoners van Cuba voor de radioactieve straling van fragmenten van een meteoriet die begin deze maand neerkwam in de provincie Pinar del Río.
Deskundigen hebben sindsdien honderd fragmenten gevonden, maar ook de lokale bewoners hebben enthousiast stukjes meteoriet verzameld. Die bewaren ze als aandenken. De wetenschappers drukken de Cubanen echter op het hart om de hemelstenen wegens de straling vooral niet als sieraad te dragen.
De stukken steen zijn mogelijk afkomstig van van de planetoïde Vesta die ruim 372 miljoen kilometer van de aarde verwijderd is. ze is de op twee na grootste planetoïde in ons zonnestelsel.
A previous sighting of a 'UFO' over Gloucestershire, similar to those seen by the pilots
If there is one group of people who don’t immediately shout ‘UFO’ every time there is a strange light in the sky, it is pilots.
After all, it’s very much their job to know what kind of thing are up in the air and to keep a cool head.
So, it is no surprise that there has been a lot of interest in reports by pilots from Air Midwest, a flight training and aviation service company, of a unidentified flying object over Gloucestershire.
While stressing they are not saying the UFO is part of an alien scouting party, or the initial stage of an Earth invasion, they have been baffled by what they saw.
And they would very much like to hear from people what the orange-coloured objects were.
Described as ‘unidentified nocturnal lights’, the company said they were seen south of Gloucester on Thursday between 8.15pm and 8.45pm.
What did they see?
This is how they reported the sighting, which happened as two of their aircraft were conducting night navigation exercises.
“At approximately 8.15pm one of our aircraft was tracking south towards Gloucester at 7,000ft after leaving the Birmingham air traffic zone.
“At the same time one of our other aircraft was also tracking south towards Gloucester at 4,000ft when both aircraft observed one red and one orange lights in the the sky south of Gloucester.
“Our aircraft approached the lights on an interception track but were unable to gain on the objects as they appeared to move further south of Gloucester as our aircraft approached.
“We were unable to identify the lights.”
The company, based in Wolverhampton, stressed that the lights “defied our normal expectation of standard aircraft or meteorological activity”.
It has ruled out hot air balloons and said they have not come across any explanation of what the objects could be.
And it said it would welcome any explanation for what the pilots, with more than 25,000 flying hours between them, actually say.
Pilot describes his close encounter
I observed initially two large square orange lights.
One on top of each but slightly off set, however, there was a gap in height between them.
The top ‘orb’ was constantly orange.
The lower one occasionally flicked white but majority of time was orange.
In addition to that on two occasions I observed five orange lights but that was momentary.
I initially observed them when leaving Birmingham control zone. I thought they were just south of Gloucester and definitely a lot higher then us.
We then climbed 5000 ft and they seemed level at that height and stationary.
As we approached Gloucester, it became apparent they were now further south maybe beyond Bristol even as far as Weston-super-Mare but directly south of Gloucester[shire] airport.
On our return leg up to EGBO (our home base) by Worcester we climbed 7,000 ft and commenced a turn to observe the lights.
At this point they seemed lower than us in the same place and stationary.
I have no idea what these objects were.
Night glow balloons? But unlikely as these do not move very fast at all.
So what they were?
We have no idea.
An interesting event.
After the pilots shared their experiences on social media, others people also reported seeing strange lights.
One person said on Facebook: "We saw that UFO while we were driving along the M5 bright light and VERY STRANGE movements
"It looked like a fighter jet diving for low level it dropped very quickly while performing a series of tight turns then it just hovered."
Another person reported seeing it in Caerleon, near Newport in Wales, saying: "I saw this! I was in Caerleon and I noticed that there was nothing on radar and the fact that it was moving at a very fast pace."
While another person reported seeing something similar, but further south on the M3.
Do you know what the lights were? You can contact us at citizen.news@glosmedia.co.uk, in the comments below, or via our social media channels.
Piloten maken melding van grote vierkante UFO’s boven Engeland. Lees hun verbaasde reactie
Twee piloten hebben vorige week donderdagavond UFO’s gezien boven Engeland. De piloten van Air Midwest zagen de onbekende vliegende objecten toen ze op weg waren naar de stad Gloucester.
De maatschappij maakte op Facebook melding van het incident. Het bericht trok al snel de aandacht van vele geïnteresseerden, waarna Air Midwest extra gegevens over het voorval verschafte.
Rond 20.15 uur lokale tijd zagen de piloten vanuit twee verschillende vliegtuigen ‘één rood en één oranje licht in de lucht ten zuiden van Gloucester’.
Twee grote, vierkante oranje lichten
Eén van de piloten probeerde de raadselachtige lichten te onderscheppen, maar de mysterieuze objecten waren hem te snel af.
Hij omschreef de objecten als ‘twee grote, vierkante oranje lichten. De één bovenop de ander’.
De getuige merkte op dat één van de lichten steeds oranje kleurde, terwijl het andere licht zo nu en dan wit werd.
Korte duur
“Ik zag op een gegeven moment vijf oranje lichten, maar dat was van korte duur,” zei de piloot.
De piloten hebben niet kunnen vaststellen wat ze hebben gezien.
“Ik heb geen idee wat het kan zijn geweest,” klonk het.
Zeer ervaren
Air Midwest zei niet te beweren dat de piloten een buitenaards vaartuig hebben gezien, maar dat er gesproken wordt van een UFO omdat er geen verklaring is voor de lichten.
De maatschappij wees erop dat de twee piloten zeer ervaren zijn en samen 25.000 vlieguren hebben, maar dat ze toch nog erg verbaasd waren.
The world’s inevitable march towards a war in space continues this week as China’s state-owned Science and Technology Daily newspaper reports plans for terrifying-sounding orbital solar power stations. According to the paper, Chinese scientists have developed plans to construct small orbiting solar plants which could be put into orbit in the stratosphereas early as 2021 or as late as 2025.
Unlike solar power farms down here on the surface of the Earth, solar farms in orbit could collect solar radiation 99% of the time as opposed to only when the Sun is out and unobscured by cloud cover. In addition, the higher altitude means the plants could generate up to six times the amount of power as solar farms on the surface do. “So wait, what’s so scary about space-based solar farms,” you ask? The fact that the plants will send the Sun’s energy back down to Earth via massive lasers or microwave energy beams. Say it with me now: what could go wrong?
The concept is somewhat reminiscent of the theoretical Dyson sphere, a massive structure which orbits a star and harvests 100% of its radiant energy.
I’ll tell you what could go wrong. For one, the risk of accidents would be enormous. A giant laser shooting gigawatts of energy downward from 36,000 kilometers above the ground doesn’t sound like the kind of thing I’d like above my head, thanks. The same technology that could direct energy into power plants on the ground could theoretically also be used to do what lasers and other directed energy weapons do best: light stuff on fire in magnificent fashion. Still, whether or not the power plants will be used or even could be used as a weapon remains unknown. I’m probably just being hyperbolic and overly skeptical of China’s plans for space; so far, these solar farms have only been discussed in terms of their ability to produce clean, renewable energy.
Still, the possibility of weaponization of this technology, however small, is there. Furthermore, this announcement comes on the heels of many recent developments which seem to suggest that China, like the rest of the space-faring nations, is actively militarizing or weaponizing space under the guise of scientific development.
Already, military intelligence agencies in the United States suspect that China’s plans to develop scientific research stations on the far side of the moon may have ulterior motivesand that China’s plans to clean up space debris with laser-equipped probes may be a ruse to develop killer satellitescapable of bringing other nations’ communications and defense capabilities to their knees. Is this solar farm idea an entirely peaceful way to harvest clean energy, or might these some day turn out to be solar-powered superweapons?
The rising number of people who believe that the Earth is flat is often used as proof that you can get humans to believe anything. Now it can also be used as proof that you can get humans to fund anything. Researchers have completed a study on … you guessed it … Flat Earthers and found that the population boom in pizza planet proponents can be traced to and thus blamed on … YouTube! Who do we blame the proliferation of studies on … and how can we get in on it?
“There’s a lot of helpful information on YouTube but also a lot of misinformation. Their algorithms make it easy to end up going down the rabbit hole, by presenting information to people who are going to be more susceptible to it.”
Yes, someone paid for that seemingly obvious analysis from Asheley R. Landrum, PhD, a psychologist and Assistant Professor specializing in strategic science communication at Texas Tech in Lubbock. The Guardian reported this week on the study conducted by Landrum which involved questioning participants in two different conferences of Flat Earthers, one in Raleigh, North Carolina, and the other in Denver, Colorado (two cities whose citizens could look at each other with telescopes if the Earth was flat – just saying). Of the 30 people asked how they came to their belief in a flat Earth, 29 said they were convinced after watching YouTube videos on the theory and the 30th learned it from relatives who were persuaded after (don’t get ahead of me here) watching YouTube videos.
Landrum presented her study at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held last week in Washington DC in order to plead with the scientists in attendance to create their own YouTube videos explaining why the Earth is round – an idea that undoubtedly had many of them facepalming and shaking their heads.
“We don’t want YouTube to be full of videos saying here are all these reasons the Earth is flat. We need other videos saying here’s why those reasons aren’t real and here’s a bunch of ways you can research it for yourself.”
Even if this were to happen, it may have the opposite effect. Landrum pointed out that many of the believers say they were round Earthers at first and only went to the Internet to look for evidence supporting their case. In the process, they found videos like “200 proofs Earth is not a spinning ball” and were convinced to go flat. (See the video here — if you dare.)
“Believing the Earth is flat in of itself is not necessarily harmful, but it comes packaged with a distrust in institutions and authority more generally. We want people to be critical consumers of the information they are given, but there is a balance to be had.”
Landrum’s study is good but that’s the real issue here. People who are predisposed to a distrust of authority – government, science or otherwise – will find plenty to support their arguments on the greatest repository of conspiracy theories ever invented. The real question is – would they feel the same way or come to the same conclusions if there was no YouTube?
If anyone has the funds, I know someone willing to do that study.
Fastwalker UFOs – UFOs travelling over 20,000 MPH are so fast they appear as mere streaks to unaided human eye
They are called Fastwalkers (or Fast Walkers) and travel at speeds well over 20,000 miles per hour making these UFOs mere “streaks” of light to the unaided human eye. Their name comes from a 1984 NORAD incident which tracked an unidentified Fastwalker UFO moving at speeds over 22,000 MPH as it screamed towards earth.
The May 1984 NORAD Fastwalker event
In May of 1984 at 1400 hours Zulu time, an alert was triggered at the North America Air Defense Command (NORAD) when ultra-sensitive orbiting USDSPmilitary satellites (highly-classified satellites that serve as early ICBM launch detection systems) spotted a mysterious UFO heading towards earth at a mind-boggling 22,000 miles per hour. As is passed in front of Earth and less than 20 miles from the USDSP satellite, officials determined it was not a ballistic missile nor a meteor. After classifying it as “unknown”, it was given the code name “Fast Walker”.
NORAD data revealed the unidentified object was a hot, fast, solid object that swept in quickly from space, approached Earth, then sped off into space. The event was intended to be kept secret but an official (a retired military official) leaked details about the event to an investigator (special agent Joe Stefula) along with a diagram of the incident. According to Stefula:
“I haven’t been able to determine that the document’s absolutely authentic but I have been able to confirm that the DSP printout for that date shows an event at the same time with the same characteristics. What makes this particular Fast Walker so peculiar is that it came in from outer space on a curved trajectory, passing within three kilometers of the satellite platform, and then disappeared back into space. Whatever it was, it was tracked for nine minutes.”
The 1984 Fastwalker event obviously alarmed government officials – the sighting resulted in a 300-page internal report which basically “looked at every possibility and couldn’t explain [the unidentified object] by natural or man-made means.” A researcher explained whey the NORAD sighting was significant:
“Where it appeared in the (satellite’s) sensor field would indicate that the object came into the sensor field from outer-space, went in front of the sensor, and left, departing back into deep space. It would indicate that it was some type of craft that had the ability to maneuver. And there you have hard evidence. You have telemetry from that satellite, you have information, you have systems, you have data that you can go back and investigate and check and verify. In the past, usually UFO events are of just eye-witness testimony… There you have a very sensitive defense system that sent you information to the ground. I don’t even know if you can solve it… maybe it’s one of those enigmas that’s just gonna be with us forever. What type of craft would have that ability? Some people might say, ‘A UFO’.”
In 1993, after word of Fastwalkers had leaked to the public, the Department of Defense declassified unrelated satellite information which confirmed that satellites were routinely picking up unidentified hi-speed moving objects in space which were neither missiles nor meteorites/asteroids. According to the official who leaked the documents, an average of two to three Fastwalkers are detected each month.
The Observatory Journal documents a “candidate for an alien probe”
Additional stunning evidence was presented in April 1995, when The Observatory journal published an article by Duncan Steel (University of Adelaide, Australia), an expert on the danger of near-Earth objects, that described a recently sighted Fastwalker. The article revealed that a December 1991 object passing near earth was designated a “candidate for an alien probe”. For all intents and purposes, the object looked and moved like an artificial satellite – only much faster.
Fastwalkers – alien surveillance probes
Many in the UFO community theorize the Earth may be under surveillance by advanced alien races whose motives are unclear. They believe Fastwalkers are alien surveillance vehicles or probes which conduct routine surveillance missions gathering data on our planet and its inhabitants. The surmise that governments know of their existence, and their intent, but choose to keep details of their activities from the public.
Additional information
FOIA request confirms Fastwalkers
Below is a FOIA request submitted in 2013 which confirms NORAD’s search for “Fastwalkers” and “Slowwalkers” in internal document databases produced a representative hit. However, as noted in the response below, information on Fastwalkers is still classified and unavailable for public review.
Fastwalkers speed compared to other space objects
For reference, Fastwalkers travel much faster than orbiting satellites but much slower than deep space asteroids. When discussed together, slower anomalous flying objects are termed “Slowwalkers”.
On February 14, 2019 Wilbur Allen has captured a strange red band of light that travels through space.
Given the speed of the object, it seems that the sky-watcher has filmed a fastwalker.
Fastwalker is a code name created by the North American Aerospace Defense Command to classify Unidentified Flying Objects which moving and changing directions at high speed and enter or leave the atmosphere at a great velocity.
Fastwalker captured on a DSP satellite.
Sometimes Fastwalkers have been captured on the Defense Support Program satellite system as happened on May 5, 1984 when a DSP satellite captured a FastWalker while it was traveling a 22,000 mph.
The footage shows a satellite and the fastwalker, characterized by a strange ‘red band of light, in one picture and compare the difference in speed at the moment the fast walker passes the satellite.
Open Minds UFO Radio: John Alexander is a retired Army Colonel who has been a critical figure in the field of non-lethal weapons and also played a role in U.S. Army Intelligence research in the paranormal. In the 1980s John put together a group of intelligence officials, members of all branches of the military and the defense aerospace industry to investigate UFO secrecy. His group was called the Advanced Theoretical Physics (ATP) project. In this episode, we discuss the similarities between John’s ATP and the Pentagon’s Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP). Due to the attention the disclosure of the existence of AATIP has garnered, there is a resurgence of interest in the UFO topic in Washington D.C. Relying on John’s insider knowledge on how the government works, we also discuss the difficulties a UFO research program would have functioning inside the government, the concerns the military or other credible organizations may have hosting a UFO program, and whether a government UFO program is the best option for resorcin into the UFO Phenomenon.
John began his Army career in 1956, and he retired a colonel in 1988. His Army career included positions in special operations, intelligence, and research and development. From 1966 to 1969 John commanded special forces teams in Vietnam and Thailand. His last military assignment was as Director, Advanced System Concepts Office, U.S. Army Laboratory Command. After retiring from the Army, John joined Los Alamos National Laboratory. As a program manager, he conducted non-lethal warfare briefings at the highest levels of government including the White House Staff, National Security Council, Members of Congress, Director of Central Intelligence, and senior Defense officials. John also met with heads of industry, presented at academic institutions, including Columbia, Harvard, and MIT. He has advised the CIA, US Special Operations Command, and the National Intelligence Council. In 2003, John served as a mentor to Afghan Ministry of Defense senior officials through the Office of Military Cooperation – Afghanistan, (Coalition Forces) Kabul. Academically, he holds an M.A., Pepperdine University, Ph.D., Walden University, and later attended the Anderson School of Management at UCLA, the Sloan School of Management at MIT, and the Kennedy School of Government general officer program “National and International Security for Senior Executives” at Harvard University.
Our sun’s solar flares are an incredible natural phenomenon, but now astronomers have observed a flare on a young star that almost defies belief. It’s 10 billion times more powerful than any seen on our sun!
Red dwarf star JW 566 (inside circle) was seen to produce its colossal solar flare on November 26, 2016.
Image via Rogelio Bernal Andreo/CC BY-SA 3.0.
Solar flares – huge erupting jets of gas – are common on our sun, but what about on other stars? It turns out other stars produce them as well, as astronomers have known for a long time now. Red dwarf stars, in particular, can have massive solar flares. But now, astronomers have observed a new solar flare on a young star that almost defies belief – 10 billion times more powerful than any ever seen on our own sun.
Astronomers using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii reported the discovery on February 11, 2019. The peer-reviewed paper has been published in The Astrophysical Journal (full paper is online at arXiv). The initial detection of the flare was on November 26, 2016. As noted by astronomer Steve Mairs, lead investigator of the discovery team:
A discovery of this magnitude could have only happened in Hawaii. Using the JCMT, we study the birth of nearby stars as a means of understanding the history of our very own solar system. Observing flares around the youngest stars is new territory and it is giving us key insights into the physical conditions of these systems.
This is one of the ways we are working toward answering people’s most enduring questions about space, time, and the universe that surrounds us.
The region of the Orion Nebula where the solar flare was detected. It’s a dust-filled region of the galaxy, and a place where new stars are forming.
Image via Rogelio Bernal Andreo/CC BY-SA 3.0.
The flare was detected by JCMT using the telescope’s state-of the art high-frequency radio technology and sophisticated image analysis techniques. The telescope uses a special super-cooled 10,000-pixel camera called SCUBA-2, which needs to be kept at a very cold -459.5 degrees Fahrenheit (-290 Celsius).
From the paper:
The event may be the most luminous known flare associated with a young stellar object …
Solar flares occur when the magnetic field lines of a star get twisted and tangled with each other until they snap, releasing huge amounts of energy and charged particles into space. A typical solar flare on the sun releases energy equivalent to millions of 100-megaton hydrogen bombs exploding at the same time.
The flare seen on this other young star, however, was 10 billion times more powerful than that.
The region in the Orion Nebula as seen by SCUBA-2 where the immense solar flare was detected on the young star JW-566.
Image via HECK/East Asian Observatory.
The flare was observed on a very young star called JW 566, about 1,269 light-years away in the Orion Nebula. Lasting only a few hours, it is thought to be have been caused by a disruption in a powerful magnetic field that was funneling material onto the young, growing star as it gradually gained mass from the surrounding gas and dust.
JW 566 is a variable star – specifically, a T Tauri star – less than 10 million years old. It is going through a period of growth before it is massive enough for hydrogen fusion to ignite in its core.
JCMT – operated by the East Asian Observatory – is the only telescope in the Northern Hemisphere capable of finding this kind of solar flare activity, these astronomers said. JCMT has been observing nearly 1,000 very young nearby stars as part of a monthly tracking program.
The team said it will continue to monitor JW 566 as part of the JCMT Transient Survey, to see if any additional flares can be observed.
The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.
Image via JCMT.
By the way, solar flares would be dangerous to unshielded human space travelers because very high-energy particles result from them. They can also negatively affect some earthly technologies, for example, satellites in Earth orbit.
At the same time, however, some scientists believe solar flares might have played a role in helping to “jump-start” life on the early Earth. Some of the energy required for early life might have come from solar flares, according to Vladimir Airapetian, an astrophysicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, in a study from 2016:
To make organic stuff out of inorganic stuff, you need a lot of energy.
The same thing – a jump-start for life, provided by solar flares – might happen on planets orbiting other stars. In particular, Earth-sized or super-Earth exoplanets that in the habitable zones of their stars might get a benefit, in terms of life starting, from solar flares.
The same may be true for red dwarf stars, like JW 566. But nature is complex, and – from what we can tell – the conditions needed for life may be delicate. Red dwarfs are known to be very active in terms of solar flares, perhaps too active. The same intense solar flare bombardment that might jump-start life might also make life difficult to continue on a planet’s surface.
A huge solar flare on our own sun.
Image via NASA/GSFC/SDO.
Bottom line:Solar flares on our sun are an amazing phenomenon, but this discovery shows that some stars, especially younger ones, can have flares much more powerful than those – mind-bogglingly so.
When astronomers add up the mass of all the normal matter in the present-day universe, about a third of it can’t be found. Where is it?
The background of this image is from a supercomputer simulation. It shows a honeycomb-like structure of the universe, sometimes called the “cosmic web.” The simulation reveals how key components of the universe – including large filaments of warm and hot gas known as the WHIM – evolved over time. Scientists think the missing normal matter of our universe might be in the WHIM.
You might know that much of our universe is thought to exist in the form of dark matter anddark energy, both of which are still exceedingly mysterious. But that’s not what this story is about. It’s about another question about the mass, or matter, of our universe that’s also puzzled astronomers for decades. That is, about a third of the “normal” matter in the universe – hydrogen, helium and other ordinary elements, created in the first billion years or so after the Big Bang – have been missing. Now, however, new results from theChandra X-ray Observatorymight have helped locate this elusive expanse of missing matter in giant strands of gas in intergalactic space known to astronomers as the WHIM.
NASA explained in a statement on February 14, 2019:
From independent, well-established observations, scientists have confidently calculated how much normal matter — meaning hydrogen, helium and other elements — existed just after the Big Bang. In the time between the first few minutes and the first billion years or so, much of the normal matter made its way into cosmic dust, gas and objects such as stars and planets that telescopes can see in the present-day universe.
The problem is that when astronomers add up the mass of all the normal matter in the present-day universe about a third of it can’t be found …
One idea has been that this missing normal matter gathered into gigantic strands or filaments of warm and hot gas in intergalactic space. These filaments are known to astronomers as the warm-hot intergalactic medium, or WHIM. The gas filaments are invisible to telescopes that see in visible light, but some of the warm gas in the filaments has been detected in ultraviolet light.
Now, using a new technique, researchers have found new and strong evidence for the hot component of the WHIM based on data from Chandra and other telescopes. Orsolya Kovacs of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) is the lead author of the new study, which was published in The Astrophysical Journal on February 13. She said in a statement:
If we find this missing [matter], we can solve one of the biggest conundrums in astrophysics. Where did the universe stash so much of its matter that makes up stuff like stars and planets and us?
These astronomers used Chandra to look for and study the gas filaments lying along the path to a distant quasar. This particular quasar is located about 3.5 billion light-years from Earth, and it also emits X-rays. The astronomers were looking to see if the quasar’s light had been absorbed by the WHIM. A statement from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics explained:
One of the challenges of this method is that the signal of absorption by the warm-hot intergalactic medium [WHIM] is weak compared to the total amount of X-rays coming from the quasar. When searching the entire spectrum of X-rays at different wavelengths, it is difficult to distinguish such weak absorption features – actual signals of the warm-hot intergalactic medium – from random fluctuations.
Kovacs and her team overcame this problem by focusing their search only on certain parts of the X-ray light spectrum, reducing the likelihood of false positives. They did this by first identifying galaxies near the line of sight to the quasar that are located at the same distance from Earth as regions of warm gas detected from ultraviolet data. With this technique they identified 17 possible filaments between the quasar and us, and obtained their distances.
Because of the expansion of the universe, which stretches out light as it travels, any absorption of X-rays by matter in these filaments will be shifted to redder wavelengths. The amounts of the shifts depend on the known distances to the filament, so the team knew where to search in the spectrum for absorption from the warm-hot intergalactic medium.
Akos Bogdan, also from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, is a study co-author. Bogdan said:
Our technique is similar in principle to how you might conduct an efficient search for animals in the vast plains of Africa. We know that animals need to drink, so it makes sense to search around watering holes first.
Bottom line: Astronomers have been unable to account for about a third of the normal mass created in the first billion years after the Big Bang. A new study suggests it might be hiding in gigantic strands of gas in intergalactic space, known as the WHIM.
As Yellowstone Awakens, Dr. Michio Kaku Warns That it Could “Literally Tear the Guts Out of the United States of America”
One day it will happen. Scientists assure us that one day the absolutely massive Yellowstone supervolcano will once again experience a Category 8 eruption, and if it happened today it would “literally tear the guts out of the United States of America”. That is why what has been happening at Yellowstone in recent months is so alarming. We know that the ground has been rising and that “a 465-mile-long piece of molten rock”is moving upwards directly under Yellowstone. And we also know that the major geysers at Yellowstone were more active last year than in any other year in any of our lifetimes. Are these signs that an eruption is coming? We better hope not, because as Dr. Michio Kaku recently told Fox News, there is“a sleeping Godzilla underneath Yellowstone”…
Dr Kaku told Fox News: “Forget the image of Yogi Bear representing Yellowstone.
“We’re talking about a sleeping Godzilla underneath Yellowstone, that if it erupts in a maximum eruption called Category 8, it can literally tear the guts out of the United States of America.
“Instead of having 50 states of the Union, we would have 30 states of the Union.“
We live at a time when seismic activity has been increasing all over the world, and Yellowstone has also been exhibiting very unusual behavior.
“Unlike a meteor from outer space, where you get no warning whatsoever, we get warnings.
“If you see movies like Pompeii, you know that there are days, in fact, weeks of eruptions building up, rumbling inside, underneath the pocket of lava.
“So there would be enough time, several weeks, to begin evacuation if and when such an unlikely event were to take place.”
But what if we have been ignoring the warnings that we have already been getting?
For example, Steamboat geyser erupted more times in 2018 than in any other year in history. The following comes from National Geographic…
The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory reports that Steamboat has now set a record by erupting a whopping 32 times in 2018, a personal best for the geyser for a single calendar year. Previously, this geyser made it as high as 29 paroxysms back in 1964.
Other nearby geysers have also been behaving fairly interestingly of late. Ear Spring Geyser, for example, has been pretty quiet since 1957, but it erupted spectacularly a few months back—and sprayed human garbage from the 1930s everywhere.
Prior to last year, there had not been an eruption of the Steamboat geyser for three and a half years.
In addition, the ground under Yellowstone has been steadily rising for the last few years, and the area was hit by 121 earthquakes in the month of December alone…
“In the area of Norris Geyser Basin, GPS data indicate a minor amount of uplift over the past few months, with a total uplift of about 2cm during 2018, also continuing the trend that has been ongoing since 2015.”
In the same Yellowstone update, the USGS revealed a total of 121 earthquakes were recorded in the Yellowstone area in December 2018 alone.
It is indeed possible that when Yellowstone finally erupts that we will get more of a warning than this.
But it is also possible that we will not.
When Yellowstone blows, life as you have known it will instantly be over. If you are not in the immediate kill zone, you will have an opportunity to try to survive, but it won’t be easy. One survivalist expert suggests that everyone should “head east as fast as you can”…
He added: “Zone one, which is a radius of 100 miles, could see 70,000 people die instantly.
“Zone two, which starts after 100 miles, would be covered in 10ft of volcanic ash at 450C.
“After the second zone, your chances of surviving increase, but still head east as fast as you can.
“Beyond zone six is where you would be the safest in the US for the short term, but the wind will greatly determine where ash falls.”
Personally, I don’t know if that is the best approach. The roads will be absolutely clogged, and there is no way that you are going to outrun the volcanic ash. If you get completely buried in volcanic ash in your vehicle, it will all be over.
Of course the truth is that if Yellowstone experiences a Category 8 eruption most Americans will eventually die no matter what they do. The following is an extended excerpt from one of my previous articles…
Hundreds of cubic miles of ash, rock and lava would be blasted into the atmosphere, and this would likely plunge much of the northern hemisphere into several days of complete darkness. Virtually everything within 100 miles of Yellowstone would be immediately killed, but a much more cruel fate would befall those that live in major cities outside of the immediate blast zone such as Salt Lake City and Denver.
Hot volcanic ash, rock and dust would rain down on those cities literally for weeks. In the end, it would be extremely difficult for anyone living in those communities to survive. In fact, it has been estimated that 90 percent of all people living within 600 miles of Yellowstone would be killed.
Experts project that such an eruption would dump a layer of volcanic ash that is at least 10 feet deep up to 1,000 miles away, and approximately two-thirds of the United States would suddenly become uninhabitable. The volcanic ash would severely contaminate most of our water supplies, and growing food in the middle of the country would become next to impossible.
In other words, it would be the end of our country as we know it today.
The rest of the planet, and this would especially be true for the northern hemisphere, would experience what is known as a “nuclear winter”. An extreme period of “global cooling” would take place, and temperatures around the world would fall by up to 20 degrees. Crops would fail all over the planet, and severe famine would sweep the globe.
In the end, billions could die.
Let us hope and pray that nothing like this happens any time soon. Those of you that regularly follow my work already know that I am far more concerned about an eruption of Mt. Rainier, and we should also keep a very, very close eye on Mt. Fuji in Japan.
As our planet becomes increasingly unstable, there will be unprecedented natural disasters in the years ahead, and multitudes of people will die in those disasters.
Unfortunately, most of the “experts” continue to assure the public that everything is going to be “just fine”, but meanwhile the shaking of our planet just continues to get even worse with each passing year.
IN BEELD. De grootste supermaan van het jaar - HLN.be
EPASantiago de Compostela, Spanje.
WETENSCHAP & PLANEET De grootste en felste volle maan van 2019 heeft zich laten zien en was op verschillende plekken prachtig waarneembaar. Een selectie van de mooiste kiekjes wereldwijd.
InstagramDe indrukwekkende foto van het drakenpoollicht boven IJsland.
WETENSCHAP & PLANEETDe Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA heeft een ongebruikelijke foto vrijgegeven van het noorderlicht boven IJsland. Op de foto, gemaakt door de Australische professionals Jingyi Zhang en Wang Zheng, lijkt het natuurverschijnsel op een vuurspuwende, vliegende draak die woest de vleugels uitslaat.
Volgens NASA is de dramatische, Game of Thrones-achtige foto een maand geleden gemaakt onder omstandigheden die eigenlijk helemaal niet hadden moeten leiden tot een spectaculair noorderlicht. Op het moment dat de foto werd genomen was de atmosfeer rond de zon - veroorzaker van het noorder- of poollicht - namelijk stabiel. Het noorderlicht wordt veroorzaakt door sterke uitbarstingen aan het oppervlak van de zon. Geladen deeltjes worden met grote kracht het heelal in geslingerd. Als de deeltjes met extreem hoge snelheid de atmosfeer bij de Noord- en Zuidpool raken, komt op 80 tot 1000 kilometer hoogte zoveel energie vrij dat gekleurd licht kan ontstaan.
In een verklaring van NASA wordt gesteld dat de woest lijkende hemeldraak mogelijk ook nog geluid heeft gemaakt. “Als mensen het poollicht zien, horen ze meestal niets omdat het zachte ‘klappende, knetterende of ploppende’ geluid alleen hoorbaar is vanaf een hoogte van circa 70 meter.” Volgens de fotografen waren ze hoe dan ook behoorlijk onder de indruk van wat ze noemen de dragon aurora: het drakenpoollicht. De persoon die op de foto te zien is, is de moeder van één van de twee. “Zij rende keihard naar buiten toen ze het mythische monster zag.”
HBO/Game of ThronesNormaal gesproken zijn draken alleen te zien in fantasieboeken of -films, zoals Game of Thrones.
Since its launch in the 1950s, Area 51 has attracted thengreat interest of a huge number of people, very keen to find out what lies behind the perimeter of the tightly guarded military airbase.
The top-secret location in Nevada desert has remained off-limits to the public for about sixty years, including a large no-fly zone in airspace nearby.
The lack of basic information has led to weird speculation about its primary purpose. Actually, to most, Area 51 has become a term related to outlandish conspiracy theories about government cover-ups and extraterrestrial life.
Eventually, the wild speculations have diverted public attention away from some of the magnificent developments which have occurred at the base over the many years, things that have remained relatively mysterious among the public.
There is still high confusion among the members of the public concerning the driving forces behind this facility since no photos have been released publicly in the recent years.
Area 51 has been the location of on-going secret programs managed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) since its establishment. Used mainly to test fresh technologies, some of the most high-level air capabilities of military started their working life at the base.
Work at the location continues to be improved today, with the recent satellite images revealing that new structures are being constructed. Nonetheless, their purpose stays unclear.
Therefore, to attempt and assist you separate reality from myth, here are 15 things about Area 51 you probably don’t know.
1. Foreign Aircraft Were Present At The Base
The US used the Area 51 location to test captured technology acquired from aircrafts of enemy nations.
The earliest foreign plane to land was the Russian-built MiG-21 that had been captured by the Israeli forces in 1966 when one of the members of the Iraqi air force defected.
The primary purpose of the investigations was to reveal weaknesses in design and performance so that United States forces could exploit them during the combat. In 1970, further examinations of Area 51 began – this time on secretly developed Soviet radar systems.
Some speculate this method of examination goes on with the intergalactic spacecraft allegedly being kept somewhere inside the compound.
2. The CIA Only Acknowledged Its Existence In 2013
Until 2013, the CIA declined to acknowledge the presence of Area 51 in the official documents since the United States government deemed the work undertaken at the base to be very sensitive.
This secrecy gave rise to the elusive nature of the base and without doubt fed the thousands of myths surrounding it.
At first, all the secrecy was as a result of the Cold War. Washington became super paranoid about its military programs alleging that it might fall into the hands of the Soviet Union. Fair enough, it would have been pretty shitty if that would occur, so paranoia warranted.
The existence of Area 51 was eventually admitted in a secret report which covered the first 2 decades of operations at Area 51. It was released in 2013 as a result of a freedom of information request by a popular professor at the George Washington University.
Obama also made an impromptu comment regarding the Area 51 in 2013, making him the first president to openly acknowledge its existence.
3. First Drone Test Flight
Even though the use of drones by the United States military is currently widespread in conflicts in different countries, their development started some time ago.
Area 51 was the site of the earliest test flight of the unmanned drone in 1964. The aircraft was known as D21 and was designed for use as the surveillance aircraft.
It had taken quite some time before the drone was launched individually. However, by 1966, the D21 model had flown to the heights of 90,000 feet.
But during its 4th test flight, something went wrong when a particular drone was released from its primary carrier plane and both aircraft’s were damaged, killing one crew member. The D21 drone continue to conduct 4 spying missions over China, from 1969-1971.
4. United States Army Accused Of Using Lethal Substances At Area 51
Suggestions have emerged that the military misused secrecy surrounding Area 51, and the confidentiality obligations assigned to those who work there to dump huge quantities of poisonous waste at the site.
The workers who became sick, and the widows of those who lost their lives, brought together evidence of huge drums of deadly waste being dumped in the trenches prior to being set alight.
A court case was arranged but could not proceed because of national security considerations. Claims were also made that due to the remoteness of Area 51, it was used to dispose of the waste gathered from some other military locations.
5. Area 51 Was Accidentally Disclosed
Area 51 is the well-known secret military base of operations in the entire world. However, a 1967 government memo is the single reason we know of its presence at all.
Protocol meant each reference to the Area 51 had to be redacted from each document but, enquiringly, in this memo that was sent by CIA Director Richard Helms and concerned the positioning of surveillance aircraft in the Vietnam, one slipped through.
The mistake did not reach the public, but the big question stands: was this leak actually accidental?
6. U2 Spy Plane Involved in First Area 51 Operation
The site started in 1955 as a top test center for the U-2 spy plane an aircraft established after WWII. It was able to conduct surveillance over the Soviet Union, and even practice flights were performed using the runways constructed onsite.
When it kicked off the operations over the Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, a cover story was made to display it as a weather research plane.
7. Photos Were Once Accidentally Taken off the Base
During the flight on board Skylab in 1974, a certain group of inexperienced astronauts unintentionally took photographs of the Area 51 site.
The incident prompted a national security debate and the likelihood of formally acknowledging the base was regarded. William Colby, retired director of the CIA, was drawn into a huge controversy within the intelligence service that eventually choose not to release the photograph to the public.
Confidential documents since released, show that Area 51 was the only location in the world which CIA had prohibited from being photographed from the space. This offers an indication of how valued the work done there was seen.
8. Area 51 May Have Tested The Helicopters Used In The Bin Laden Raid
The conspiracy to kill Osama Bin Laden in 2011 was conducted by a team of Navy Seals that were flown to his Pakistan site by 2 Blackhawk helicopters.
Nonetheless, when one helicopter crashed during the mission, aviation professionals recognized that this was no normal helicopter.
Some speculate it was the Blackhawk model which had undergone considerable modification; others claim it was a totally new and formerly unknown model, perhaps one which was purpose-built for this mission.
It is believed the testing grounds for this modern chopper would’ve been Area 51. The improved Black Hawk was regarded near invisible to the radar. Judging by the success of the mission, the aircraft was clearly much harder to sense than its predecessors.
9.The Recent Project May Be A Next Generation Spy Plane
Rumors are circulating, after the appearance of recent satellite data displaying Area 51 which a significant new project is under way. A huge, hangar-like building is supposedly being developed at the end of one of the runways.
According to the defense journalist Tyler Rogoway, the United States air force has indirectly admitted that the prototype of a long-range and the unmanned surveillance aircraft exists that’s believed to be a possible candidate for testing.
The hangar developed at Area 51 has been equipped with large doors, nearly 170 feet wide, suggesting that they’ve been precisely designed to deal with a massive object like an aircraft.
10. Entertainment Options at Area 51
If you are planning an enjoyable getaway to Area 51, you may need to pack some books since you are going to be bored.
Insiders have shown that, early on, the only entertainment choices at Area 51 were a small bowling alley and a single cement tennis court. There was no radio, and TV signals only made it through the nearby mountains in the evening.
However, the good news is that Area 51 workers ate very well. The mess hall occasionally served oysters and lobsters, and they enjoyed a weekly steak night.
11. Aliases of Area 51
During its early construction, Area 51 was given codenames atertown’, room Lake’, the Edgar Allen Poe-inspired reamland’ and, lastly, aradise Ranch’. It is unclear if Michael Jackson had a contributed any of these naming choices.
The primary idea behind “Paradise Ranch” was that it would eventually make the mission appear more desirable to the contracted construction workers.
Arguably, there was not necessary since months of back-breaking labor in the remote Arizonian desert certainly sounds like an idea of a great time.
“Paradise Ranch” is also the name of the campy Korean TV drama. Does it tells the story of the construction of Area 51? It certainly seems like it.
12. Most Ridiculous Conspiracy Theory of Area 51
There are no deficiencies of these to select from, but perhaps the most disgraceful appeared in the 2011 book, on the history of the top-secret base by Annie Jacobsen.
According to her, Area 51 was an active center of a United States cover-up which went into motion after the alleged crashing of the UFO at Roswell, in 1947.
Refuting that it was a UFO, she alleges that the craft was the Soviet mission, piloted by genetically engineered kids to make people in the United States believe that it was the alien craft, to spread fear.
In this imaginary tale, Area 51 was used as a storage location for the oviet’ ship and the remains of its crew. As if this wasn’t going far enough, she also claimed that the fugitive Nazi scientist had conducted the genetic engineering of these kids, Josef Mengele, who is ill-famed for his experiments on the concentration camp prisoners during the WWII.
13. Alien Reports
In 1952, a spectacular spike in the UFO sightings had the CIA admitting the remote prospect that interplanetary aircraft were used. The government considered the phenomenon seriously and even investigated every sighting.
90 percent of reported sightings were simply debunked –whatnot and weather balloons – but the other 10 percent were categorized as “incredible reports from credible observers.”
More than half of the UFO reports from the late 1950s through to the Swingin’ 60s were accounted for by the manned reconnaissance flights over the US. Nearly all of these came from Area 51.
Despite the reasonable explanations, several still claim that the alien aircraft are being kept at Area 51 and reverse-engineered to build new weapons and aircraft.
A recent poll confirmed that more than 70 percent of Americans believe UFOs are real. A number that believes in unicorns stays unconfirmed.
14. Hoax Moon Landing Twist
It is no secret entire hoards of people believe America did fake the moon landing in order to win the coveted Space Race. Most of them believe the staged event happened at Area 51 that’s ground zero for each wild conspiracy theory.
What you may not realize is the sliver of evidence corroborates this specific conspiracy. A huge variety of space equipment – including life-support systems and land rovers – were discovered at adjoining nuclear testing grounds of Area 51.
It is possible these were mainly used for test purposes by various astronauts, but it is still very suspicious.
15. Crashed A-12 Spy Plane
The A-12 is a super-sonic spy plane which was built and tested behind the black curtain of Area 51.
It was almost undetectable to the radar and could cross-continental the USA in only 70 minutes, capturing footage at a remarkable altitude of 90,000 ft.
Pushing the aviation limits came with some risks, still, and finally led to a terrible crash outside of Area 51 in 1963. When fragments of the crashed A-12 were revealed in Utah, the CIA chose to release and even publish photos of the plane.
Reportedly, pilot Ken Collins had managed to parachute to the ground where he was shocked to be meet 3 civilians in a pickup, who provided him a ride to the wreckage of his plane.
Instead, Collins asked them to take him in an opposite direction by informing them the plane had a nuclear weapon on board. In fact, this was a pre-arranged cover story in order to keep the craft secret and even proves the lengths officials were ready to go to.
While it holds a predominant place in Australian Aboriginal mythology as well as in tales by European settlers, the cryptid known as the bunyip has been rarely seen. That makes the news of both the discovery of Aboriginal cave paintings of bunyips as well as a possible video of one a two-fer for their fans. If you’re not one yet, you may become one after hearing one of the origin stories, and if you believe the video, you may want to avoid rivers and billabongs for a while.
The word bunyip comes from the Wemba-Wemba or Wergaia language of Aboriginal people of Victoria, but tales of similar creatures are found throughout Aboriginal folklore. Most say it’s a water spirit, usually evil, with a wide variety of characteristics, including a dog-like face, a crocodile-like head, dark fur, a horse-like tail, flippers, and walrus-like tusks or horns, or a duck-like bill – many of these coming from unidentified fossils attributed to the bunyip.. The National Library of Australia has a famous drawing by an unknown artist illustrating the strange combination of features. Since the sightings are always in water, there’s some speculation the creature is based on a seal, a prehistoric ancestor to the platypus or even an aquatic prehistoric marsupial.
Bunyip by C.D. Richardson
The Aboriginal people have their own ideas, which brings us to the cave paintings. They were rediscovered in 2016 during an expansion of the Grampians Peaks Trail in a shallow cave atop a cliff in the Mt. Difficult Range in Grampians National Park Victoria. Four red-ochre bunyips, well-worn but still identifiable possibly tens of thousands of years after they were drawn on the sandstone wall, have been kept secret until now for their protection – in fact, the exact location of the caves has not been revealed to anyone but traditional owners, park rangers and archaeologists. (See the photos here.)
The rock art of the Grampians is rich in symbols, some of which are found nowhere else and much of which has meanings yet to be relearned.
Picture: JUSTIN MCMANUS
Though faded after years of neglect, park rangers and archaeologists are using new technology to reveal traces of ochre which may be tens of thousands of years old.
Picture: JUSTIN MCMANUS
The traditional owners tell an interesting tale of the bunyip. Bunjil, the creator spirit, lived on a cliff in the Mt. Difficult Range. One day he jumped from it safely with his wife and two children in his arms. However, when his mother-in-law jumped, he couldn’t catch and she broke into pieces. Still alive, she crawled to a waterhole where a bunyip attacked her. She offered her clumsy son-in-law instead and the bunyip killed Bunjil.
I told you some people would become fans of the bunyip after hearing this story!
The Bunyip
That brings us to the recent video. (See it here.) There is very little information on it, other than it was allegedly shot in the western Australia outback, far from Victoria, and the barely visible creature swimming in the water allegedly ate a horse. The explanation refers to it as possibly a rainbow serpent, which is sometimes used to describe a bunyip but with more benevolent characteristics – it came with the great mother from the sea, brings the wet seasons and deposits spirit-children in pools where women swim to impregnate them. Sounds better than eating a horse, doesn’t it? The word “bunyip” has entered common usage as a synonym for “imposter” or “pretender” and that also seems to fit this video.
The cave paintings of the bunyip are truly an historic find and will add to the heritage of Mt. Difficult and the Grampians National Park. Of course, all of that changes if a better video of a surfacing bunyip surfaces.
I was looking through this weeks uploads made by the Curiosity Rover and found that in the distance was a ancient temple structure built on a hilltop. The structure has five or more levels, each one getting smaller than the one before it. The top level being the highest. The main structure at the top of the levels looks like a pyramid with the top built flat. Each level has a flat perfectly horizontal top so that someone or something can walk on it. I believe the rover will not investigate this because NASAs true mission is to drop feed the public boring information about space so it satisfies them, but keeps the public in the dark about the true nature of the surface of Mars.
Harvard Professor Claims The First Interstellar Object In The Solar System Could Be Alien Ship
A Harvard professor has proposed that Oumuamua, which is the first to arrive interstellar object in our solar system, could be alien in origin.
University of Hawaii astronomers spotted the cigar-shaped object entering our solar system on October 19, 2017. Astrophysicists named it Oumuamua, which means a scout or messenger in the Hawaiian word.
The extraterrestrial visitor has a strange spaceship shape, and its origin is still unknown, which instantly fired wild speculations around the world.
Among several dozens of considered outlandish theories is that it’s an advanced alien technological equipment. However, this theory may not be as far-fetched as initially thought.
The chair of Harvard’s astronomy department Professor Avi Loeb argues it’s scientifically imperative to entertain the Oumuamua alien probe story until the evidence proves otherwise.
The Professor says that the scientific community stays away from discussing the search for alien civilisations because of the baggage from science fiction and unidentified flying objects (UFOs).
Professor believes that it is the wrong attitude because it’s like putting blinders on our eyes. He explains that it might not be the case, but it should be discussed as a possibility. He suggests collecting as much data on the next object class that we see to verify if this possibility is ruled out or ruled in.
He stresses that it is imperative not to dismiss any other hypothesis to check whether we are right in saying that something is just a rock.
Professor Loeb points out the strange thing about the Oumuamua. He says that it deviates from an orbit dictated by the gravity of the Sun and it shows no cometary tail or gas around it.
A transnational intelligence conspiracy has been keeping the public in the dark over extraterrestrial visits for decades, an ufologist told RT claiming that 43% of Americans believe in contacts with non-human civilizations.
No matter how divided the nations may be in politics, there is a thing that makes the government stick together: covering up existing contacts with the aliens. At least that’s according to Steven Greer, director of the Center for the Study of Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence and the Disclosure Project, who spoke with RT’s SophieCo show.
The retired traumatologist who has been looking for non-human presence on Earth for almost 30 years claims that he has “documents to show” that the Soviet KGB and the US intelligence cooperated on the issue “back in the darkest days of the Cold War.”
Today, data on alien life is allegedly kept by top-secret projects in Canada, UK, Russia, China, with the US being the “crown jewel.”
Greer himself claims to have collected enough testimonies, documents, photos and even biological specimens to suggest there’s “incontrovertible evidence” of alien life existence. While not disclosing specifics, he mentions apparently peculiar footage apparently handed over by “Chilean generals” which shows fighter jets chasing a UFO and a similar one from Mexico.
Greer believes the alien technologies go beyond the speed of light but they won’t hurt humans until they bring weapons of mass destruction into space.
While “43% of Americans” believe in contacts with non-human creatures, the CIA is spreading disinformation to mislead the public, the UFO enthusiast goes on to say. He adds that the governments won’t reveal the truth because it will disrupt the current “macroeconomic petrodollar system.”
Modern science seems to agree that there are no confirmed traces of alien presence on Earth, and every study of bodies that may have carried extraterrestrial life – like meteorites found buried in Antarctic ice – receives keen interest from the media. This is usually linked to the theory of panspermia – that life on Earth may have been seeded from space.
But Greer insists that whole “civilizations” and “species” of extraterrestrial beings from different star systems have already been documented in secret. The reason this is not out in the open, he suggests, is because of far-going implications of confirming the existence of the “cross-dimensional” technologies that they possess.
Whether it’s true or not, the US government seems to have put out feelers for aliens. It recently emerged that in 2007-2012, the Pentagon spent a hefty $22 million on a secretive program to study UFOs.
Researchers who haven’t found evidence of aliens on Earth are not giving up either, as they look for new ways to tackle the issue. In late 2018, a NASA scientist suggested that there is a need to rethink the quest for evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations as “life” may have visited Earth in forms beyond our comprehension.
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3 people from my team, including ex-CIA director, were assassinated – ufologist
Dr Steven Greer, director of the Center for the Study of Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence and the Disclosure Project
Talks of UFOs hovering in the skies have been exciting researchers and the general public for decades. Are we being watched from above, and are we ready for encountering the unknown? We ask Dr Steven Greer, director of the Center for the Study of Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence and the Disclosure Project.
Sophie Shevardnadze:Dr. Steven Greer, director of the Centre for the Study of Extra-terrestrial Intelligence, welcome to the show, great to have you with us. So Dr. Greer, you say that we are not alone in the universe, and there have already been many contacts between us and aliens. You got to admit, though, that for most people this claim is pretty far out. What can be done to prove once and for all that the aliens are real and already discovered?
Steven Greer: Well, that’s a great question, and, in fact, that has happened. If you look it, there’s a documentary that’s just been released in 2017 called Unacknowledged. And it’s the first word in Unacknowledged Special Access Projects, which is a term used in the military of the United States for very top-secret projects dealing with the UFO and extraterrestrial issue. And you’ll see that there we have over 950 top-secret military people who come forward with testimony documents, photographs, we have even done analysis on an extra-terrestrial biological specimen. And there’s incontrovertible evidence that we’re being visited. And frankly, everyone in very high-ranking classified projects know this. The public hasn’t been told because they wanted to keep these secret for reasons of technology and the macroeconomic petrodollar system. The secrecy has really nothing to do with the, quote on quote, aliens, it has everything to do with the geopolitical power and money, as usual.
SS: We’re going to get to geopolitical power and why we’re covering up the aliens because of that, but still, wouldn’t you expect an event of this cosmic magnitude to be pretty much impossible to cover up?
SG: It hasn’t been. I mean, one of the interesting things, at least in the United States and most countries, more than half the people believe we’re being visited, 65% of the public believes that there’s intelligent life out there. In fact, 43% of Americans believe that we’re currently being visited, actively, by non-human advanced civilizations. So people use the word cover-up, but in reality, it’s hidden in plain sight. You need to make a distinction between official acknowledgement of something and what the public already knows. My job… I’m an emergency doctor, trauma, but I left my medical career to expose this big cover-up, as you call it, some years ago, and we’ve put together this positive proof and evidence. You can go to our website, siriusdisclosure.com, and you will see thousands of pages of government documents and dozens of top-secret military testimonies of the facts. And so I tell people, this is not about a belief system, it’s about what the facts are. Now, the question that you’re asking is why haven’t official governments acknowledged this. That is a different question from whether or not the subject has been disclosed. We’ve been working for over 25 years to disclose this information, and the public has accepted the fact that we’re not alone in the Universe, the vast majority. In fact, if you look at the, even on Unacknowledged, this documentary, it’s on Netflix now, around the world, it’s had tens of millions people see it. And on pirated sites, probably a hundred million people. So what I point out to people is that this information is out there, but the governments have not seen fit to officially recognize it because it would disrupt the status-quo.
SS: Alright, so let’s take a look at the world picture that you are painting, and ask some questions about that. First, are aliens just visiting Earth, or they have settled here permanently?
SG: No, these are reconnaissance, and civilizations that are visiting the planet certainly increased after we started detonating atomic weapons, there’s clear evidence that they have a concern about our destructive capabilities and weapons of mass destruction, and if you look at the modern era of sightings of so-called UFOs, those increased markedly after we developed atomic and nuclear weapons, and the hydrogen bomb. That’s a fact, and we have many top-secret witnesses who were present at nuclear facilities where these extraterrestrial vehicles would come in to observe and to see what we’re doing. So I think there’s… There are a lot of people, like, of course, the science fiction, who’d make you think that there’s a risk of some kind of alien invasion or threat. It’s the other way around, we’re viewed as the threat, the human civilisation right now is viewed as a very unstable civilisation that has not attained a peaceful world situation, which should have happened at the end of World War 2, and has not yet happened. So I think that these civilisations are waiting for us to grow up as a civilisation, and until then, there’s not going to be any overt action by them unless some catastrophic event was to happen.
SS: So how many different alien species are here, visiting Earth? What do they look like? What’s their culture like? What methods of communication do they prefer or use?
SG: Well, these are all really complex questions, number one… The last I heard is that there was documentation of more than five dozen different civilisations or different species, and they range from all kinds of shapes and sizes. Many of the spacecraft that have been seen are not the typical round UFOs, some are triangular, some are circular spheres. These civilisations range from hundreds of thousands to millions of years more developed than ours, and it appears that they are working somehow together in observing the planet. But the caricature of, so to say, an alien that’s been put out there, that’s mostly a counter-intelligence perspective that has been done by the CIA. To be honest with you, I would say that most of the information people see out there on the subject is disinformation created by the intelligence community for its psychological warfare value. But the ETs themselves, these civilisations range in… Some have been documented to be as short as a foot, foot and a half tall, and some that are more than 12 feet tall. And there are many different species from different star systems. Now, the communications, this is where it gets interesting. Because you and I are talking at the speed of light, basically, electromagnetic, or less. If you’re dealing with civilisations from another star system, certain technologies are phasing trans-dimensionally, across dimensions, beyond the speed of light. Now, this has been something that is not wanted to be exposed, because it has huge implications technologically. For example, we often would say, the state of the art method of communication for us is an iPhone or a telecommunication system, or a satellite system. Those are actually very antiquated systems based on mid 18-hundreds to late 18-hundreds telecommunication radio frequencies etc. We’re dealing with civilisations that are communicating with technologies that go beyond the speed of light, but also interface interestingly with directed and coherent thought. So you have to ask the question: what is the speed of consciousness and thought? So this gets into some very advanced concepts and post-quantum mechanics, and so-called entanglement, where you can go beyond the speed of light, which has theoretically been stated by Western scientists not to be possible. But I would argue that it’s only being argued from the point of view of the myopia of the current scientific paradigm. You’re dealing with civilisations that are so far advanced than us that almost any manifestation of how they might appear could appear magical, but it’s not, it’s science.
SS: So if they’re so advanced, and you are saying that the aliens have visited Earth with reconnaissance missions, is it just that, or do they want something from the planet? If a civilisation that manages interstellar flights exists, then, that makes us a real backwater of space...
SG: Yes, it is, except, here’s the problem: we’re going into space, aren’t we? We have a space station, we’re going to Mars with unmanned and, eventually, manned vehicles, we’ve landed on the Moon. My uncle helped design the thing that landed on the Moon with Neil Armstrong in it, the lunar module. What I tell people is that when we start going into space, combined with weapons of mass destruction, a red flag went over the Earth that said: we are at the point where this civilisation could potentially be a problem. So I believe that we’re viewed as a problem civilisation that’s in evolution. And the big task for humanity is to go from a fractured, you know, ape-like civilisation where we’re fighting each other over stupidity to a peaceful civilisation that goes to space peacefully. When we reach that hallmark, that milestone, then you’re going to see a much more open contact occur from these other civilisations and the human species.
SS: So, according to your words, there’s this special organisation that keeps the lid on the UFO story. But surely aliens would not just stick to America, and if they are out there, other major governments of the world should have been aware of aliens too. So is there an international secrecy agreement, or each government has their own alien policy line?
SG: They are. It’s a transnational organisation, so let me make a distinction between international, something like the United Nations, and transnational. Transnational, it sort of transcends geopolitical boundaries, and, for example, we have documents that show that the old KGB in Soviet USSR had cooperation with US intelligence on this issue back in the darkest days of the Cold War. So, in fact, secrecy on this issue has been maintained by a cooperative entity that is multinational and transnational for many decades. Now, the crown jewel of the activity on this subject has been in the United States because of the technology and just, frankly, the macro-economic clout that the United States possesses. But other countries have certainly had… I mean, we’ve had, for example, Chile and Brazilian military files have opened up recently, where they have acknowledged chasing these objects with their jet fighters. We have footage that has been given to us from Chilean generals recently, of these ET objects being chased by their jet fighters. In Mexico, we have similar footage. So a number of countries have actually cooperated with opening up their files, but the real research and development projects have been centred in the high-tech corridors in the United States and in the very classified projects which are properly known as the Unacknowledged Special Access Projects, or USAP. And there are corollaries to those in Canada and the United States, the United Kingdom, and, I would suppose, to some extent, in Russia and China, although to a lesser degree. Certainly, countries all over the world have a prevalent interest in having this information come out, because the big talk is about climate change, the so-called global warming and resource depletion. The fact of the matter is, the technologies for going from one star system to another involves very advanced science and physics, that would get us off oil, gas and coal very quickly. But therein lies the problem: it’s a multi-trillion dollar economic question of bringing out this information. If you acknowledge that we’re not alone in the Universe, and they’re here, the first thing a scientist is going to say to any government official is: what technology are they using to get here? When they ask that question, it will be answered, when it’s answered, it’s the end of oil.
SS: The documentary based on your book, “Sirius”, starts with the premise that the power of oil corporations is what is behind an unfair financial system that benefits the few - and leaves the American middle class in the dust. Is this whole UFO thing really your way of expressing extreme frustration with what is going on in the normal world?
SG: No, it’s just an acknowledgement that the world is a faint shadow when it could be if the technologies that we’ve been developing over the last fifty years in classified projects were being used. I mean, we’re all using jets and cars, oil and gas, and we don’t need them. We haven’t needed them for decades. It’s the decision that has been made because to bring out these new technologies would be too disruptive to the current macroeconomic system. And I think, this is the debate that needs to be joint because people are increasingly getting concerned over the climate change and pollution and deaths related to air pollution. These are all solvable problems, but they are not going to be solved by tinkering around the edges with solar power or wind power. We need really bold new scientific discoveries that have been studied for many decades in classified projects brought forward to benefit the human species.
SS: In one of your main theories you suggested that the powers that be don’t want the public to know because of oil revenues - alien technology would kill oil business. But some governments like oil revenues and others don’t, for instance, China would be very happy if it didn’t have to buy oil, so it can’t all be about that, can it?
SG: It’s about the macroeconomic system that is dependent on the petrodollar system, and that’s from Bretton-Woods at the end of World War II, if you look into history… Even countries who are not oil net exporters, for example, China or Japan, tied into the macroeconomic system that is very dependent on the current energy and industrial paradigm and in particular the petrodollar. These are the things that would change very quickly with the disclosure of the fact that we’re not alone in the universe. We’ve been studying and we’ve figured out how these machines operate. Let’s be very frank: they’re not using Exxon ot Jet-A fuel, or Russian or Saudi oil to go from one star system to another, this is common sense. And the people, I’ve spoken to in the research and development world in classified projects, and as I’ve mentioned, we have over 900 of these top-secret whistleblowers on our team, it’s quite clear that these technologies have been fully developed, but bringing them out would disrupt the status quo. So, the big economic interest all over the world would have to adapt very quickly to a whole new economic system.
SS: You also say that American president is not being told about all such findings. You even prepared a special briefing for President Obama and you spoke before Congress - how did it go?
SG: You know, what I found is that everyone wants to know. I’m in Washington right now about this issue. It’s the biggest non-secret that ever was. Everyone knows that this is going on. All the way back to when I was first putting the briefing together for President Clinton and his CIA director, it was well-known that there are deep secrets on this issue. But for the most part the elected officials at least in this country aren’t given control over these projects. If you doubt that, go remember what Jimmy Carter said after he became president, when he tried to look into this. When someone asked what it’s like being the most powerful man in the world he said: “I wasn’t that man because there were things that they wouldn’t tell me about and I had no control over.” So this is a really big problem for a democracy and for governance all over the world - this level of secrecy. And it’s reached the point at least in the United States, in UK and a number of other countries where the secrecy isn’t in itself criminal, I’m saying this very specifically, and has subverted the constitution, the rule of law and proper oversight. And this is what we found with President Obama, with Clinton. And also if you look all the way back to the time of Eisenhower, he got very frustrated dealing with this issue, and this is why he made his famous speech “Beware the military industrial complex”. He was a general, he wasn’t anti-military, nor am I, I’m from a military family. However, there are interests that have become very undemocratic and have been a threat to the world freedom and also now to our geophysical existence in terms of the biosphere that have been allowed to go on for way too long. And this has been a problem all the way back to President Eisenhower in this country and similarly in other countries around the world - this level of secrecy.
SS: Alright, tell me this, if this story is kept so secret that even presidents are not informed about the issue, why are you still alive? Why are you allowed to make documentaries that stream on Netflix? The CIA has killed people for way less than disclosing a huge government cover-up…
SG: Yeah, and there were three people on my team who had been assassinated, who had been helping me, including a former CIA director… And I don’t want to go into that right now. However, we have systems in place to protect what we’re doing. I have a lot of information that if something happened to me it would hit the internet and it would be catastrophic for those folks. That’s just something we put put in place about 20 years ago. My view is, and this is the other thing, there are people in Pentagon and CIA that I dealt with who are very much in favour of disclosing this information. So this is not a monolithic us vs. them, there is a huge number of people who are on the side of bringing this out all over the world. I have a friend of mine, Carol Rosin, who’s worked very closely with senior Russian contacts who want to see this disclosed for the same reasons we do. So we have similar people in China, United Kingdom and Canada. So I don’t think it’s a monolithic issue, it’s a very much in flux. What I’m seeing is that this isn’t going to happen until people become aware that this is a serious problem, but it also has within it serious solutions for the world’s environmental and governance issues and economic problems around the world.
SS: There have been high ranking military and government officials coming forward talking about aliens for about 60 years. I spoke personally with a former defense minister of Canada...
SG: Oh yes, he’s a friend of mine.
SS: Right, he told me there are dozens of alien species visiting this planet. None of them were able to provide hard, undisputable, evidence, but I just want to know, how many witnesses there needs to be? Does it really take an alien saucer landing on Red Square or Pentagon for everybody to acknowledge the existence of outer civilisations?
SG: No, it doesn’t take that. However it does take people get educated in a way that’s meaningful. This is why we’re putting out this educational films and products. I think that Paul Hellyer, the Minister of Defense of Canada, a very good friend of mine, he and I held a press conference in Toronto, and I was one of the people to introduce him to this subject. And he knows this for a fact that he was kept in the dark as Minister of Defense of Canada. I’ve dealt with the Minister of Defense of Great Britain, Lord Hill-Norton, a 5-star admiral, who also was lied about these projects. Now, in terms of hard evidence, we have them. I have radar traces, and I have traces of physical material. When you say we don’t physical material and evidence, we do, but who’s looking at it? Who’s exposing it? There should be a series of shows that does nothing but putting that forward. That’s what we’ve started to do because those exist - not just government documents and testimonies, but physical evidence such as radar tracings. Recently the Pentagon released a radar case off the coast of California where one of our fighter jets tracked one of these objects moving in a way that no conventional aircraft could possibly move, and this was in The New York Times, and CNN and elsewhere. My point is that there’s a huge amount of evidence like this and even physical hard evidence. We have it, I’ve been accumulating it for decades. The question is who’s going to do a story on this? Ultimately what happens is that at least in the United States if you start doing a deep dive into the evidence on this that show is going to be cancelled. Everyone thinks we have a free press in America, we do not. We have a managed press. And if CNN started drilling on this subject they would be told to stand down off of it. And I’ve seen it happen. ABC News was pursuing this with us, I gave them 35 hours of digital tape of top-secret testimony and hard evidence, and the executive producer of ABC News was told: “You will not be allowed to do this story.” So there’s a myth around the world that the media is somehow completely free, the big mainstream media are free to do this. And this is not the case. If you look at the documentary “Unacknowledged” we have an Air Force intelligence official who said: “We used to bring in US bags of cash to people in the media to secure their co-operation in keeping this stuff secret.” This is the fact. This guy’s testimony is there for everyone to see. And he worked for many years in a classified project on the Kirtland Air Force Base managing counter-intelligence in trying to stop leaks on this issue. These facts are out there for the public to see. Now I hope, people will look at it. And I think, people need to understand that we need to create a new type of media that actually is honest and will tell the truth to the public about this.
SS: Alright, Dr. Greer, thanks a lot for this insight and the interview. We were talking to Dr. Steven Greer, director of the Center for Study of Extraterrestrial Intelligence, talking about alien civilisations and our prospects to get in contact with them any time soon.
Researchers studying the brain have stumbled upon a mysterious, previously unknown form of neural communication that has stunned the scientific community.
Despite major scientific breakthroughs, the brain largely remains a mystery, and the team from Case Western Reserve University have added to it with their latest paper on a self-propagating ‘wireless’ communication they encountered that can jump across different sections of the brain.
While we’re asleep, the cortex and hippocampus in the brain send out mysterious neural ‘waves’. Scientists have previously observed a low-level, slow periodic activity in the brains of decapitated mice by studying slices of their hippocampuses.
“We’ve known about these waves for a long time, but no one knows their exact function and no one believed they could spontaneously propagate,”says neural and biomedical engineer Dominique Durand from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
This slow periodic activity can generate electric fields which ‘switch on’ neighboring cells briefly, allowing for chemical-free communication across gaps in the brain. The team managed to simulate communication across completely severed brain tissue while the separate pieces remained in close proximity.
“It was a jaw-dropping moment for us and for every scientist we told about this so far.”
The review committee at The Journal of Physiology required the researchers to replicate their results again before they would consider publishing. The researchers were happy to oblige and their paper was subsequently published in the October issue.
When many neurons fire they create a weak electric field, which we can observe on an electroencephalogram (EEG); think of a Mexican wave that keeps going despite breaks in the crowd.
The team has yet to decipher how exactly the discovery works, or what its applications may be.
Onze mond viel open van verbazing. Wetenschappers ontdekken mysterieuze, nog onbekende vorm van communicatie in het brein
Wetenschappers die het brein bestuderen, hebben een mysterieuze, nog onbekende vorm van communicatie ontdekt. Ze staan voor een raadsel.
Ondanks wetenschappelijke doorbraken blijft het brein grotendeels een mysterie.
Onderzoekers van deCase Western Reserve Universityin de Amerikaanse staat Ohio hebben nu een vorm van ‘draadloze’ communicatie in de hersenen ontdekt die naar verschillende hersengebieden kan ‘overspringen’.
Mysterieuze ‘golven’
Op het moment dat we slapen, zendt de hippocampus mysterieuze ‘golven’ uit.
“We weten al heel lang van het bestaan van deze golven, maar niemand weet precies wat hun functie is,” zei onderzoeker Dominique Durand.
“Niemand geloofde dat ze zich spontaan konden voortplanten,” voegde hij toe.
Van elkaar gescheiden
De golven genereren elektrische velden die naburige cellen korte tijd ‘aanzetten’, waardoor communicatie mogelijk wordt.
Het team kwam tot de ontdekking dat zelfs stukken hersenweefsel die van elkaar gescheiden waren, nog met elkaar konden communiceren op deze manier.
The Journal of Physiology wilde de onderzoeksresultaten pas publiceren nadat de wetenschappers hun onderzoek hadden herhaald.
Mond viel open
“Onze mond viel open van verbazing en datzelfde geldt voor iedere wetenschapper die we hierover hebben verteld,” klonk het.
Het team gaat nu proberen te onderzoeken hoe deze vorm van communicatie precies werkt en wat het doel ervan is.
A strange orange glow was visible over Leicester last night
(Image: John Bonell)
A strange orange glow was spotted in the skies over Leicester last night.
The eerie light was seen illuminating the clouds around 7.30pm and overLeicester Forest Eastand the source is unknown.
It was still visible around three hours later from Leicester Forest East and could even be seen from the National Space Centre according to eyewitnesses.
John Bonell, from the Leicester Astronomical Society took a picture of the glow.
He said: "What is the strange orange glow visible over Leicester?
"Saw this first from Leicester Forest East when we left at 7pm for tonight's meeting of the Leicester Astronomical Society at the National Space Centre.
"It was still clearly visible from the NSC when the meeting finished at around 9.30pm.
"This was taken looking east from LFE circa 10pm.
"Has anyone else seen it? What is the cause?"
There are suggestions on social media that it could have been caused by light pollution.
As the number of UFO sightings increase all across the globe, conspiracy theorists strongly argue that these incidents are authentic proof of alien existence. To add heat to their claims, local media in the Philippines have reported a hugeUFO sighting above the ocean.
The video uploaded by GMA News soon went viral, and it made many people believe that aliens are living secretly in the oceans. It should be noted that the majority of UFO sightings usually happened above the oceans, and conspiracy theorists argue that extraterrestrials could be using water bodies as a hiding platform.
After analyzing the clip, popular extraterrestrial researcher Scott C Waring wrote on his website stating that the glowing object spotted above the ocean is not a plane or helicopter.
"The video was on local TV news and uploaded by the TV news agency, so you know it is not been faked. The UFO is huge, I mean its 747 size, and has a glow that can only be compared to looking directly into the sun. There is no technology I know of that can produce a flying light like that, not LEDs, not a plane or helicopter. This is an alien craft from a nearby underwater base," wrote Waring on his website UFO Sightings Daily.
In his website post, Waring also added that underwater alien bases are located 3 to 6 kilometers beneath the ocean.
The report about the UFO sighting the Philippines came just a few days after local residents spotted a mysterious glowing light in Wellington and Taunton Deane. Even though no videos or photos of the sighting are available as of now, witnesses strongly argued that the object they spotted is not a meteorite nor a star. As the news went viral, some conspiracy theorists claimed that governments across the world are involved in an extraterrestrial coverup.
Conspiracy theorists across the world strongly believe that NASA is well aware ofalienexistence and they are intentionally covering up the secrets of extraterrestrial life fearing public panic. Adding heat to their claims, an Amazon Prime documentary, Secret Space, has quoted the words of a Russian scientist and hinted that NASA is involved in a possible alien coverup.
The documentary shows how a Russian scientist figured out a meagre 20-second delay in NASA's International Space Station (ISS) live feed.
"The pre-docking manoeuvres of Russian cargo freighter Progress 18 in June 2005 left no doubt there was a delay. In fact, that delay has been shown to be no less than 20 seconds. As Progress was approaching the station for docking, a ground controller at Moscow Mission Control mildly complained that the live video feed they were getting included this delay," said the narrator in the documentary, Express.co.uk reports.
The documentary narrator also added that this 20-second delay in the live feed is primarily used to correct anomalies which might come under public attention.
"NASA instituted this delay in their live broadcasts from space. They do this to obscure anomalies in space from getting to the public. However, some things still slip through," said the narrator.
A few months back, several conspiracy theorists had alleged that Elon Musk's SpaceX is also working hand-in-glove with NASA to hide dark secrets about aliens. To substantiate these claims, conspiracy theorists released a video in which a triangular shaped object can be seen zooming past SpaceX's Dragon during its early December 2018 mission.
Even though many people consider the UFO sighting near Dragon a concrete proof of alien existence, experts revealed that it might be the reflection of objects inside the International Space Station that might have caused this visual deception.
Locals in Taunton Deane and Wellington in the UK were pulled to a state of panic on Valentine's Day after they spotted a bright round unidentified flying object (UFO) hovering in the skies. Even though no videos or photos of the apparentUFO sighting are available as of now, local media outlets have reported the incident, and they have even quoted statements from witnesses.
"I wonder if anybody else saw the big white glowing ball shape object that went over Taunton last night? Possible UFO sighting? I live in Hillcommon and my son lives in Wellington, he spotted it too. It seemed to come over from Taunton at great speed then it just disappeared," said Kevin Midwood, a local resident who saw the UFO flying above his home, Somerset Country Gazette reports.
Kevin Midwood's son James Vasey said that the UFO was not a meteorite or shooting star. The eyewitness also made it clear that the object was hovering too low before disappearing.
"I was walking from my home in Wellington and a bright yellow object shot across the sky at rapid speed. It wasn't a meteorite or shooting star as it was flying too low and whatever it was disappeared," Vasey revealed.
As the news of the alleged UFO sighting went viral online, many people started arguing that alien life is a reality, and these extraterrestrial beings might be gearing up for an invasion.
Some conspiracy theorists even went a step ahead and claimed that governments all around the world and space agencies like NASA and ESA are covering up the bitter facts fearing public panic.
Popular extraterrestrial researcher Scott C Waring has also joined the party and urged the authorities to conduct further investigations to unveil the mysteries surrounding this UFO sighting.
SpaceX and NASA alien cover-up? Triangular UFO spotted near Dragon during ISS mission
As the video of the triangular UFO surfaced online, conspiracy theorists have started arguing that NASA and SpaceX are covering up the truth behind aliens.
Conspiracy theorists have long been alleging that NASA, the United States space agency, is well aware of alien existence and they are intentionally covering up the truth behind extraterrestrials fearing public panic. Adding heat to their beliefs, eagle-eyed conspiracy theorists have spotted an apparently triangular-shapedUFOzooming past SpaceX's Dragon during its early December 2018 mission that successfully ferried 2.5 tonnes of supplies to the orbiting International Space Station (ISS).
Interestingly, conspiracy theorists spotted the triangular UFO from NASA's ISS live feed, and in the video, a triangular object with glowing lights on its well-defined edges can be seen moving slowly in the background.
A video about the triangular UFO sighting was uploaded by conspiracy theory channel 'UFO Today' a few weeks back. In the video, the conspiracy theory channel argued that the triangular flying object spotted in the footage could be actually the alleged TR-3B, an anti-gravity military vessel developed by the United States Air Force during the peak of Gulf War.
Many conspiracy theorists believe that the United States Air Force developed this sophisticated military vessel using alien technology and some of them even went a step ahead to argue that friendly extraterrestrials from deep space have built these ships from Area 51.
A section of other conspiracy theorists believe that the triangular UFO might be either from an alien world or sometimes it might be the part of Donald Trump's space force.
As the video uploaded by UFO Today went viral, many people have started claiming that SpaceX is also a puppet in the hands of NASA and they are also covering up alien secrets for sinister intentions.
However, sceptics soon dismissed the alien claims and made it clear that the lights could be actually the reflection from objects inside the ISS.
A couple of days back, two men from Bend, Oregon spotted glowing UFOs in the night sky and it made them claim that humans are not alone in the universe. These men revealed that the unidentified object spotted in the skies was hovering almost 500 feet above the ground.
Alien UFO or secret military drill? Strange lights over Texas sparks debate
Even though many people consider this UFO sighting as proof of alien existence, a section of conspiracy theorists argue that these are all secret military vessels.
An apparently diamond-shaped UFO with flashing lights spotted above Burleson, Texas, is now the hottest debating point among conspiracy theorists and alien enthusiasts. The video was originally uploaded on YouTube by a user named 'UFO Casebook', and gained popularity after it was shared by popular conspiracy theory channel 'UFOmania'.
In the video, strange glowing lights can be seen hovering in the night skies of Texas, and its body emanates lights from well-defined corners.
"Driving down I-35 westbound and Rendon Crowley Rd., next to Texas Health Huguley Hospital, I was on the phone with my girlfriend, driving ahead of me, and we both witness strange red/white flashing lights in the sky a little in the distance," wrote the eyewitness.
The video uploaded by UFOmania soon went viral on online spaces, and viewers started putting forward various theories explaining the weird sightings. Most of the people who watched the video argued that these flying objects which appear in the skies are actually alien spaceships from deep space.
Some of these alien enthusiasts even went a step ahead and argued that these extraterrestrials are now gearing up for an invasion.
"Been patiently waiting for concrete proof of space creatures (people). It's bound to happen and the world will instantly change, guaranteed," commented Jefferey Blagus, a YouTube user.
Pixabay
In the meantime, a section of other conspiracy theorists claimed that these strange UFOs might be actually secret military vehicles tested by the United States Air Force.
"It's probably clear indication when objects are seen with flashing lights it is not an extraterrestrial craft... Don't think they would need to signal lane changes... Most likely man-made craft," commented Lorena A, another YouTuber.
The new UFO was spotted just a few days after an apparently humanoid flying object was seen hovering in the skies of Canada in broad daylight. This video soon went viral, and people claimed this sighting an authentic proof of extraterrestrial existence.
FINALLY: LIE DETECTOR TEST PROVES BUZZ ALDRIN SAW ALIEN UFOS IN SPACE
A glance at some of the world’s most-read news websites will have left many readers under the impression Buzz Aldrin had confirmed he saw an alien craft. But he has almost certainly not.
The institution behind the claim will not reveal how the claim has been proven, Aldrin himself has denied it, and at least some of the astronauts named didn’t actually take part in the study, since two of them are dead.
The claim, originally published in the Daily Star, has now been repeated by many of the world’s biggest websites and across the world. The reports – many of which cast little doubt on the initial claims – have been shared thousands of times.
The report trades on the idea that Nasa is secretly keeping evidence of aliens under wraps.
While some Apollo astronauts have claimed to have seen UFOs during their missions, Mr Aldrin, the second man on the moon, has not – repeatedly denying reports suggesting he spotted an alien craft during the historic 1969 mission.
The original report said Apollo 11 astronaut Mr Aldrin had “passed lie detector tests over claims they experienced alien encounters”. It said experts had examined astronauts’accounts of “strange space sightings”, using the “latest technology” and that they had proven the astronauts were convinced about what they saw.
It claimed that the experts came from the Institute of BioAcoustic Biology and Sound Health, a non-profit in Albany, Ohio. The organisation had used “top-secret” technology, it said, which scans people’s voices to understand them.
As well as Mr Aldrin, the report claims that four Nasa astronauts have been studied and found to be telling the truth about their claims. It appears that the group did that with recordings, since two of the astronauts being studied are now dead.
But there’s no proof that the wild claims of that organisation have been tested or proven. While “bioacoustics” is a legitimate scientific exercise – it explores how living things make and are changed by sound – that is not what the organisation is doing.
A website that appears to belong to the institute claims that it “quietly goes about changing the future”. “This tiny non-profit research institute has provided supporting evidence for the ancient claims that the sounds of the voice can act as a holographic representation of health and wellness,” the website claims.
It goes on to suggest that the institute can not only tell whether people are lying, but also can be used to “reverse diseases and traumas previously thought to be incurable, to reveal the secrets of our true nature, to enhance our lives, to predict what may be our fate through the frequencies of our voice”.
None of those claims have been tested and many of them appear to be impossible according to modern science. It is theoretically possible that it could be possible to understand whether someone is lying by listening to their voice, but previous examples have been unreliable and the institute reported on by the Daily Star did not make its working available to the public or to other scientists.
Mr Aldrin has repeatedly dismissed suggestions he has seen a UFO. He has spoken about seeing a light out of the window as he was heading towards the Moon – but has always said he is sure that what he saw was either the rocket the crew had separated from, or panels that had come off when the lander and the rocket were detached.
“It was not an alien,” he wrote in an Ask Me Anything session on Reddit three years ago. He explained that he had told Nasa about what he had seen and presumed that information had been sent out into the world – until he mentioned what he had seen in a TV interview, which many now point to as proof that Mr Aldrin had seen an alien craft.
The Daily Star repeated this claim in its report, writing that “Aldrin has always maintained he spotted a UFO on the way to the moon”. While it is true that what he said is in some sense unidentified – in that it’s not clear what part of the spacecraft it was – the suggestion that he thinks it might be alien was false and he has repeatedly denied it.
But the institute and the Daily Star suggested that Mr Aldrin had seen a UFO and that its tests had shown that he knew it, even if he wasn’t aware of it. He continues to believe otherwise because his logical mind “cannot explain it”, the Daily Star reported.
The second installment of this winter's trio of supermoons, sometimes nicknamed the Super Snow Moon, will peak today (Feb. 19), so don't forget to step outside and look up tonight.
The full moon technically occurs on at 10:53 a.m. EST (1553 GMT), but don't despair if the morning light washes out the moon at the time: to the unpracticed eye, it will still lookfull tonight. In fact, of the three "supermoons" that start 2019, today's full moon will be the biggest of the year.
If your weather looks threatening, you can also catch sight of the full moon online, thanks to live broadcasts from the Virtual Telescope Project based in Rome, beginning at 11:30 a.m. EST (1630 GMT), and from Slooh, beginning at 7 p.m. EST (000 GMT).
And it will be a particularly splendid sight, since the moon is at perigee just a few hours before it is full, hence the "supermoon" moniker. It will appear about 10 percent larger than an average full moon on account of being relatively close to Earth, just 221,681 miles (356,761 kilometers) away. [How the 'Supermoon' Looks (Infographic)
A so-called super moon appears a fraction larger than a typical full moon.
We humans enjoy the full moon because the entire near side, the half of the moon that faces us, is bathed in sunlight. But that of course means that the opposite side of the moon, the far side, is experiencing its night — and on the moon, that lasts about two terrestrial weeks.
During lunar night on the far side, temperatures can drop as low as minus 310 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 190 degrees Celsius), as China's Chang'e- 4 lander and Yutu-2 rover have learned from their stay on the moon, which began on Jan. 3.
Both robots shut themselves down each night to wait out the cold. So tonight, as you look up at the full moon, spare a thought for the side of the moon you can never see directly and the two machines hard at work to solve its mysteries.
Editor's note: If you capture an amazing photo of the February Full Moon and would like to share it with Space.com for a story or gallery, send images and comments to at spacephotos@space.com.
As if Stonehenge wasn’t impressive enough, its rocks were quarried from a very, very long distance away. Now, researchers have zoomed in on the source of the rocks, identifying it at an outcrop in Wales, 180 miles away from the site.
The Welsh quarry where the rocks were brought from.
Image credits: UCL.
Stonehenge, which lies firmly in England, used rocks quarried from Wales. Geologists have long known that at least 42 of Stonehenge’s smaller stones, known as ‘bluestones’, came from the Preseli hills in Pembrokeshire, west Wales. The new study shows exactly where these rocks were quarried from.
“This was the dominant source of Stonehenge’s spotted dolerite, so-called because it has white spots in the igneous blue rock. At least five of Stonehenge’s bluestones, and probably more, came from Carn Goedog,” said geologist Dr. Richard Bevins from the National Museum of Wales.
This is rather unusual, as most megaliths of the time are built with rocks from no more than 10 miles away — which is very reasonable, considering how difficult it would have been to carry these big rocks over miles and miles. Especially in Europe, Neolithic megaliths were built with local rocks, says Professor Mike Pearson. Scientists have been trying to understand what makes Stonehenge such a remarkable outlier.
“We’re now looking to find out just what was so special about the Preseli hills 5,000 years ago, and whether there were any important stone circles here, built before the bluestones were moved to Stonehenge.”
According to the study, the bluestone outcrops consist of natural, vertical pillars. It wouldn’t have been all that difficult to extract from the outcrop, particularly compared to the stone quarries in ancient Egypt, which often consisted of much more solid rocks like basalt or granite. The tools they had, however, were woefully unfit for this type of job.
The Stonehenge workers actually left some traces of their work behind. Archaeologists have discovered tools such as hammer stones and stone wedges, but these wedges were much softer than the rocks.
“The stone wedges are made of imported mudstone, much softer than the hard dolerite pillars. An engineering colleague has suggested that hammering in a hard wedge could have created stress fractures, causing the thin pillars to crack. Using a soft wedge means that, if anything were to break, it would be the wedge and not the pillar,” said Professor Parker Pearson.
Transportation, however, would have been even more difficult. Excavations around the outcrop have uncovered the remains of man-made platforms of stone and Earth. Archaeologists also suspect that the builders used perishable ropes and levers.
“Bluestone pillars could be eased down onto this platform, which acted as a loading bay for lowering them onto wooden sledges before dragging them away,” said Professor Colin Richards (University of the Highlands and Islands), who has excavated Britain’s only other identified megalith quarry in the Orkney islands, off the north coast of Scotland.
The new discovery also works against a popular theory, which claimed that the rocks were carried on water, using rafts.
“Some people think that the bluestones were taken southwards to Milford Haven and placed on rafts or slung between boats and then paddled up the Bristol Channel and along the Bristol Avon towards Salisbury Plain. But these quarries are on the north side of the Preseli hills so the megaliths could have simply gone overland all the way to Salisbury Plain,” said Professor Kate Welham (Bournemouth University).
So some of the Stonehenge rocks were quarried with soft tools and carried using rudimentary platforms over 180 miles, an absolutely grueling journey — and we’re really not sure why.
The team now believes that Stonehenge was initially a circle of rough, unworked bluestones set in shallow pits (called the Aubrey holes). Over time, more rocks were added, finessed, and re-arranged.
The findings have been published in the journal Antiquity.
The scientific team that used YouTube videos to determine the trajectory of the Chelyabinsk meteor used the same method to track the trajectory of the bright meteor that crossed the sky over Cuba on February 1.
Picture from a cruise ship deck leaving the Havana Harbor at the exact time of the Cuba meteor.
Image via Rachel Cook.
On February 1, 2019,a bright meteor crossed the sky over Cubain the middle of the day. The phenomenon, followed by a smoke trail (a characteristic cloud left by a meteor burning up in the atmosphere) and a sonic boom, was witnessed by thousands of locals and tourists in the region of Pinar del Rio (western side of the island).
Almost at the same time of the impact, a cruise ship was leaving Havana Harbor and on board, Rachel Cook, an American tourist and vlogger, was making a timelapse of the undocking process. Without knowing it, she was recording one of the few videos known to date of the falling meteor. Meanwhile, about 250 miles (400 km) away, in Ft. Myers, Florida, a webcam of the EarthCam network was filming the midday activities on the beach. Luckily, the camera was aimed in the right direction to record the meteor.
Just a couple of minutes after the event, social networks, especially Instagram and Twitter, received a flood of dozens of videos and pictures taken from Cuba, most of them showing the smoke trail left by the meteor. One of those videos was particularly interesting. It was recorded in one of the main streets of the city of Pinar del Rio, and showed dozens of people in the street contemplating the remnant cloud in awe (see the video here). Although the video does not show the meteor, it was full of details about the place and time when it was recorded.
These events recalled the Chelyabinsk meteor of February 2013, when a super bolide, 400 times brighter than the Cuba meteor (according to NASA data released a few days after the Cuba impact), hit the atmosphere over a populated area in western Russia. The Chelyabinsk meteor was the first event of its kind witnessed by humans in almost a century.
Only a couple of days after the Chelyabinsk impact, a team of astronomers of the Institute of Physics of the University of Antioquia, led by Jorge I. Zuluaga, reconstructed the trajectory of the Chelyabinsk meteor exclusively using videos of the phenomenon published on YouTube.
Although many other teams in Russia, the Czech Republic, Canada and the U.S. also managed to reconstruct the trajectory using more sophisticated methods and data, the Colombian astronomers’ use of information available on the internet was well received. The study demonstrates the role that social networks and citizen science in general could have for investigating this type of phenomenon.
A week after the Cuba meteor event, and almost exactly six years after the February 15, 2013, Chelyabinsk impact, the same Colombian scientific team, again using information available on the internet, applied their methods to reconstruct the trajectory of the Cuban meteor. Their results are reported in a scientific paper. Read the preprint here. Zuluaga explained:
We were very lucky that at least three relatively reliable videos, including one of incredible quality, were available on the internet in such a short time. Reconstructing the trajectory of a meteor requires at least three observers on the ground. Although several satellite images were recorded and also available online, without observations from the ground a precise reconstruction is not feasible.
According to the reconstruction made by the Colombian astronomers, the object producing the meteor over Cuba started its trajectory inside the atmosphere at an altitude of about 47.5 miles (76.5 km) above the Caribbean Sea, over a point 16 miles (26 km) to the southwest of the San Felipe Keys (Cuba).
The speed of the rock at the time of its contact with the atmosphere was 11 miles (18 km) per second, or 40,260 miles (64,800 km) per hour. With such a velocity, the thin air of the high atmosphere was not enough to stop the object, although it was enough to heat it until the rock began to glow.
The meteor trajectory followed an almost straight line until it descended to an altitude of around 17 miles (27.5 km). It was at about that altitude that the smoke trail, observed by thousands in Cuba and visible in satellite images, started to develop. Zuluaga and co-authors estimate that the cloud seen in Pinar del Rio represents a small part of the trajectory of the meteor (corresponding to altitudes between 16 and 14 miles or 26 and 22.5 km). According to the footage from Pinar del Rio and the reconstruction of the Colombians, the airburst suddenly ended at about 13.7 miles (22 km) altitude.
Trajectory of the meteor falling over Cuba on February 1, 2019, as reconstructed by a team of Colombian astronomers.
From there on, hundreds of small fragments which survived the atmospheric ablation (friction) fell in many directions without emitting any light. Although most of these small rocks probably ended up in the forests of the Viñales Natural Park, some of them hit several houses in the Viñales Valley, close to a tourist landmark, El Mural de la Prehistoria, 3.7 miles (6 km) away from the main path of the object. If a big fragment survived the ablation, it probably landed in the ocean on the northwestern coast of the island.
After reconstructing the trajectory in the atmosphere, the Colombian astronomers “played back” the impact and found that the culprit, a rock with an estimated size of several meters and a weight of about 360 tons, came from an eccentric orbit around the sun with an average distance to our star of 1.3 astronomical units (one astronomical unit = about 93 million miles or 150 million km). Before impacting the Earth, the rock completed a turn around the sun every 1.32 years. All that came to an end on February 1, 2019, when both the rock and the Earth found themselves at the same point in space at the same time. All the worse for the rock!
Bottom line:A team of astronomers used YouTube videos to determine the trajectories of the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor and the bright meteor that crossed the sky over Cuba on February 1, 2019.
On February 15, 2013, a small incoming asteroid created a meteor – brighter than the sun – over Russia. It exploded in the air over the city of Chelyabinsk.
Six years ago today, a small asteroid with an estimated size of 65 feet (20 meters) entered Earth’s atmosphere. The February 15, 2013, asteroid was moving at 12 miles per second (~19 km/sec) when it struck the protective blanket of air around our planet, which did its job and caused the asteroid to explode. The bright, hot explosion took place only about 20 miles (30 km) above the city of Chelyabinsk in Russia and carried 20 to 30 times the energy of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Its shock wave broke windows and knocked down parts of buildings in six Russian cities and caused some 1,500 people to seek medical attention for injuries, mostly from flying glass.
Large and small bodies from space strike Earth’s atmosphere continuously. The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization, which operates a network of sensors that monitors Earth around the clock listening for the infrasound signature of nuclear detonations, said in 2014 that it had recorded 26 atom-bomb-scale asteroid impacts to Earth’s atmosphere since 2000.
Still, the February 15, 2013, Russian superbolide was extremely powerful. It was later said to be the most powerful explosion caused by an asteroid since the Tunguska event, which flattened a wide area of forest and killed reindeer in Siberia in 1908.
The Tunguska event happened in a sparsely populated part of Siberia. It remained mysterious to scientists throughout the early part of the 20th century. By contrast, across a wide swath of Russia on February 15, 2013, dashboard cameras and amateur photographers captured images of the incoming meteor.
Bright fireball over Russia on the morning of February 15, 2013. Scientists later said the light from the meteor was brighter than the sun. It was visible up to 60 miles (100 km) away.
Vapor cloud trail left by the Chelyabinsk, Russia, asteroid as captured by M. Ahmetvaleev on February 15, 2013.
After the 2013 meteor exploded, it’s said that local residents and schoolchildren found meteorite fragments left in its aftermath, many located in snowdrifts. An informal market emerged for meteorite fragments.
A large number of small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, and, within hours of the visual sighting of the meteor, a 20-foot (6-meter) hole was discovered on the frozen surface of Lake Chebarkul in the Russian Ural Mountains. Scientists from the Ural Federal University collected 53 samples from around the hole that same day.
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul. They had identified a larger meteorite buried in sediments on the lake floor.
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, on October 15, 2013, a large fragment of the meteorite was lifted from the bottom of Lake Chebarkul. It had a total mass of 1,442 pounds (654 kg) and to date remains the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite.
Largest-discovered fragment of Russian meteorite, lifted from the bed of Lake Chebarkul in the Urals, via Voice of Russia.
NASA satellites were also able to track the meteor plume in Earth’s atmosphere. As the video below describes, they tracked and studied the meteor plume for months.
Bottom line: On February 15, 2013, a small asteroid created a bright meteor over Russia, which exploded over the city of Chelyabinsk.
Gigantische gletsjer twee keer zo groot als België dreigt los te komen van Antarctica: zeeniveau kan tot 3 meter stijgen
IllustratieFOTO: GETTY IMAGES/ISTOCKPHOTO
Een gletsjer die twee keer zo groot is als de oppervlakte van België dreigt te verdwijnen door de opwarming van de aarde. En als dat gebeurt, kunnen de gevolgen catastrofaal zijn. “In het worstcasescenario is er sprake van een stijging van de zeespiegel met 3 meter”, klinkt het.
De Thwaitse-gletsjer is 600 kilometer lang, 120 kilometer breed en is een van de grootste gletsjers van West-Antarctica. Maar zal die nog lang blijven bestaan? Geavanceerde radars van NASA hebben binnenin de gletsjer een enorme holte waargenomen, waar er al een massa ijs is weggesmolten. Het gaat om een holte van 300 meter hoog, 10 kilometer breed en 4 kilometer lang. Die holte verwarmt de gletsjer van binnenuit, waardoor die verder wegsmelt. Het zeewater binnenin de gletsjer is nu al verantwoordelijk voor 4 procent van de totale stijging van de zeespiegel.
Maar de gletsjer dreigt dus volledig te verdwijnen, en in dat geval zou het waterpeil met 65 centimeter stijgen. Sommige modellen spreken zelfs van een stijging van het water met 3 meter. Volgens Eric Rignot hoogleraar Earth Science aan Universiteit van Californië is West-Antarctica gedoemd om te verdwijnen. Rignot bestudeerde het fenomeen in de Thwaitse-gletsjer en zegt dat hij denkt dat het publiek niet beseft wat er op Antarcticata en in de poolgebieden echt aan het gebeuren is. “We doen het niet goed. Dit fenomeen is onmogelijk te stoppen”, zegt hij. “Maar het kan wel vertraagd worden, als we de opwarming vertragen. De gletsjer zal zich wellicht blijven terugtrekken, maar door iets aan het klimaatverandering te doen, kunnen we dat proces héél traag laten verlopen.”
Ook Emmanuel Le Meur, docent aan de Universiteit van Grenoble, bevestigt dat: “De grote vraag is nu of dit het geval is de komende decennia, de volgende paar eeuwen of zelfs volgende millennia. Hoe snel dit zal lopen, hangt af van onze manier van leven en van wat onze besluitvormers zullen doen.”
Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. Befitting the Red Planet's bloody color, the Romans named it after their god of war. In truth, the Romans copied the ancient Greeks, who also named the planet after their god of war, Ares. Other civilizations also typically gave the planet names based on its color — for example, the Egyptians named it "Her Desher," meaning "the red one," while ancient Chinese astronomers dubbed it "the fire star."
Physical characteristics
The bright rust color Mars is known for is due to iron-rich minerals in its regolith — the loose dust and rock covering its surface. The soil of Earth is a kind of regolith, too, albeit one loaded with organic content. According to NASA, the iron minerals oxidize, or rust, causing the soil to look red.
The cold, thin atmosphere means liquid water likely cannot exist on the Martian surface for any length of time. Features called recurring slope lineae may have spurts of briny water flowing on the surface, but this evidence is disputed; some scientists argue the hydrogen spotted from orbit in this region may instead indicate briny salts. This means that although this desert planet is just half the diameter of Earth, it has the same amount of dry land.
The Red Planet is home to both the highest mountain and the deepest, longest valley in the solar system. Olympus Mons is roughly 17 miles (27 kilometers) high, about three times as tall as Mount Everest, while the Valles Marinerissystem of valleys — named after the Mariner 9 probe that discovered it in 1971 — reaches as deep as 6 miles (10 km) and runs east-west for roughly 2,500 miles (4,000 km), about one-fifth of the distance around Mars and close to the width of Australia.
Scientists think the Valles Marineris formed mostly by rifting of the crust as it got stretched. Individual canyons within the system are as much as 60 miles (100 km) wide. The canyons merge in the central part of the Valles Marineris in a region as much as 370 miles (600 km) wide. Large channels emerging from the ends of some canyons and layered sediments within suggest the canyons might once have been filled with liquid water.
Mars also has the largest volcanoes in the solar system, Olympus Mons being one of them. The massive volcano, which is about 370 miles (600 km) in diameter, is wide enough to cover the state of New Mexico. Olympus Mons is a shield volcano, with slopes that rise gradually like those of Hawaiian volcanoes, and was created by eruptions of lavas that flowed for long distances before solidifying. Mars also has many other kinds of volcanic landforms, from small, steep-sided cones to enormous plains coated in hardened lava. Some minor eruptions might still occur on the planet.
The solar system's largest volcano Olympus Mons on Mars, seen by Viking 1.
Channels, valleys and gullies are found all over Mars, and suggest that liquid water might have flowed across the planet's surface in recent times. Some channels can be 60 miles (100 km) wide and 1,200 miles (2,000 km) long. Water may still lie in cracks and pores in underground rock. A study by scientists in 2018 suggested that salty water below the Martian surface could hold a considerable amount of oxygen, which would support microbial life. However, the amount of oxygen depends on temperature and pressure; temperature changes on Mars from time to time as the tilt of its rotation axis shifts.
Many regions of Mars are flat, low-lying plains. The lowest of the northern plains are among the flattest, smoothest places in the solar system, potentially created by water that once flowed across the Martian surface. The northern hemisphere mostly lies at a lower elevation than the southern hemisphere, suggesting the crust may be thinner in the north than in the south. This difference between the north and south might be due to a very large impact shortly after the birth of Mars.
The number of craters on Mars varies dramatically from place to place, depending on how old the surface is. Much of the surface of the southern hemisphere is extremely old, and so has many craters — including the planet's largest, 1,400-mile-wide (2,300 km) Hellas Planitia — while that of northern hemisphere is younger and so has fewer craters. Some volcanoes also have a few craters, which suggests they erupted recently, with the resulting lava covering up any old craters. Some craters have unusual-looking deposits of debris around them resembling solidified mudflows, potentially indicating that the impactor hit underground water or ice.
In 2018, the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft detected what could be a slurry of water and grains underneath icy Planum Australe. (Some reports describe it as a "lake," but it's unclear how much regolith is inside the water.) This body of water is said to be about 12.4 miles (20 km) across. Its underground location is reminiscent of similar underground lakes in Antarctica, which have been found to host microbes. Late in the year, Mars Express also spied a huge, icy zone in the Red Planet's Korolev Crater.
Polar caps
Vast deposits of what appear to be finely layered stacks of water ice and dust extend from the poles to latitudes of about 80 degrees in both hemispheres. These were probably deposited by the atmosphere over long spans of time. On top of much of these layered deposits in both hemispheres are caps of water ice that remain frozen year-round.
Additional seasonal caps of frost appear in the wintertime. These are made of solid carbon dioxide, also known as "dry ice," which has condensed from carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. In the deepest part of the winter, this frost can extend from the poles to latitudes as low as 45 degrees, or halfway to the equator. The dry ice layer appears to have a fluffy texture, like freshly fallen snow, according to a report in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets.
Climate
Mars is much colder than Earth, in large part due to its greater distance from the sun. The average temperature is about minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 60 degrees Celsius), although it can vary from minus 195 F (minus 125 C) near the poles during the winter to as much as 70 F (20 C) at midday near the equator.
The carbon-dioxide-rich atmosphere of Mars is also about 100 times less dense than Earth's on average, but it is nevertheless thick enough to support weather, clouds and winds. The density of the atmosphere varies seasonally, as winter forces carbon dioxide to freeze out of the Martian air. In the ancient past, the atmosphere was likely thicker and able to support water flowing on its surface. Over time, lighter molecules in the Martian atmosphere escaped under pressure from the solar wind, which affected the atmosphere because Mars does not have a global magnetic field. This process is being studied today by NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) mission.
NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found the first definitive detections of carbon-dioxide snow clouds, making Mars the only body in the solar system known to host such unusual winter weather. The Red Planet also causes water-ice snow to fall from the clouds.
The dust storms on Mars are the largest in the solar system, capable of blanketing the entire Red Planet and lasting for months. One theory as to why dust storms can grow so big on Mars is because the airborne dust particles absorb sunlight, warming the Martian atmosphere in their vicinity. Warm pockets of air then flow toward colder regions, generating winds. Strong winds lift more dust off the ground, which, in turn, heats the atmosphere, raising more wind and kicking up more dust.
The elongated cloud above Arsia Mons on Nov. 12, 2018.
The axis of Mars, like Earth's, is tilted with relation to the sun. This means that like Earth, the amount of sunlight falling on certain parts of the Red Planet can vary widely during the year, giving Mars seasons.
However, the seasons that Mars experiences are more extreme than Earth's because the Red Planet's elliptical, oval-shaped orbit around the sun is more elongated than that of any of the other major planets. When Mars is closest to the sun, its southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, giving it a short, very hot summer, while the northern hemisphere experiences a short, cold winter. When Mars is farthest from the sun, the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, giving it a long, mild summer, while the southern hemisphere experiences a long, cold winter.
The tilt of the Red Planet's axis swings wildly over time because it's not stabilized by a large moon, such as Earth is. This led to different climates on the Martian surface throughout its history. A 2017 study suggests that the changing tilt also influenced the release of methane into Mars' atmosphere, causing temporary warming periods that allowed water to flow.
Perihelion (closest): 128,400,000 miles (206,600,000 km). By comparison: 1.404 times that of Earth.
Aphelion (farthest): 154,900,000 miles (249,200,000 km). By comparison: 1.638 times that of Earth.
Composition & structure
Atmospheric composition (by volume)
According to NASA, the atmosphere of Mars is 95.32 percent carbon dioxide, 2.7 percent nitrogen, 1.6 percent argon, 0.13 percent oxygen, 0.08 percent carbon monoxide, with minor amounts of water, nitrogen oxide, neon, hydrogen-deuterium-oxygen, krypton and xenon.
Magnetic field
Mars currently has no global magnetic field, but there are regions of its crust that can be at least 10 times more strongly magnetized than anything measured on Earth, which suggests those regions are remnants of an ancient global magnetic field.
Chemical composition
Mars likely has a solid core composed of iron, nickel and sulfur. The mantle of Mars is probably similar to Earth's in that it is composed mostly of peridotite, which is made up primarily of silicon, oxygen, iron and magnesium. The crust is probably largely made of the volcanic rock basalt, which is also common in the crusts of the Earth and the moon, although some crustal rocks, especially in the northern hemisphere, may be a form of andesite, a volcanic rock that contains more silica than basalt does.
Internal structure
Scientists think that on average, the Martian core is between 1,800 and 2,400 miles in diameter (3,000 and 4,000 km), its mantle is about 900 to 1,200 miles (5,400 to 7,200 km) wide and its crust is about 30 miles (50 km) thick.
This view of the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos comes from a set of photos taken by NASA's Mars rover Curiosity on Aug. 1, 2013, as Phobos (the larger one) passed in front of Deimos from Curiosity's perspective.
The two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, were discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall over the course of a week in 1877. Hall had almost given up his search for a moon of Mars, but his wife, Angelina, urged him on. He discovered Deimos the next night, and Phobos six days after that. He named the moons after the sons of the Greek war god Ares — Phobos means "fear," while Deimos means "rout."
Both Phobos and Deimos are apparently made of carbon-rich rock mixed with ice and are covered in dust and loose rocks. They are tiny next to Earth's moon, and are irregularly shaped, since they lack enough gravity to pull themselves into a more circular form. The widest Phobos gets is about 17 miles (27 km), and the widest Deimos gets is roughly 9 miles (15 km).
Both moons are pockmarked with craters from meteor impacts. The surface of Phobos also possesses an intricate pattern of grooves, which may be cracks that formed after the impact created the moon's largest crater — a hole about 6 miles (10 km) wide, or nearly half the width of Phobos. They always show the same face to Mars, just as our moon does to Earth.
It remains uncertain how Phobos and Deimos were born. They may have been asteroids captured by Mars' gravitational pull, or they may have been formed in orbit around Mars the same time the planet came into existence. Ultraviolet light reflected from Phobos provides strong evidence that the moon is a captured asteroid ,according to astronomers at the University of Padova in Italy.
Phobos is gradually spiraling toward Mars, drawing about 6 feet (1.8 meters) closer to the Red Planet each century. Within 50 million years, Phobos will either smash into Mars or break up and form a ring of debris around the planet.
Research & exploration
The first person to watch Mars with a telescope was Galileo Galilei. In the century following, astronomers discovered the planet's polar ice caps. In the 19th and 20th centuries, researchers believed they saw a network of long, straight canals on Mars, that hinted at possible civilization, although later these proved to be mistaken interpretations of dark regions they saw.
A number of martian rocks have fallen to the surface of Earth over the eons, providing scientists a rare opportunity to study Martian rocks without having to leave our planet. One of the most controversial finds was Allan Hills 84001 (ALH 84001) — a Martian meteorite that in 1996, was said to contain shapes reminiscent of small fossils. The find garnered a lot of media attention at the time, but subsequent studies dismissed the idea. The debate was still ongoing in 2016, the 20th anniversary of the announcement. In 2018, a separate meteorite study found that organic molecules — the building blocks of life, although not necessarily life itself — could have formed on Mars through battery-like chemical reactions.
Robotic spacecraft began observing Mars in the 1960s, with the United States launching Mariner 4in 1964 and Mariners 6 and 7 in 1969. The missions revealed Mars to be a barren world, without any signs of the life or civilizations people had imagined there. In 1971, Mariner 9 orbited Mars, mapping about 80 percent of the planet and discovering its volcanoes and canyons.
The Soviet Union also launched numerous spacecraft in the 1960s and early 1970s, but most of those missions failed. Mars 2 (1971) and Mars 3 (1971) operated successfully, but were unable to map the surface due to dust storms. NASA's Viking 1 lander touched down on the surface of Mars in 1976, the first successful landing on the Red Planet. The lander took the first close-up pictures of the Martian surface but found no strong evidence for life.
The next two craft to successfully reach Mars were the Mars Pathfinder, a lander, and Mars Global Surveyor, an orbiter, both launched in 1996. A small robot onboard Pathfinder named Sojourner — the first wheeled rover to explore the surface of another planet — ventured over the planet's surface analyzing rocks.
In 2001, the NASA launched the Mars Odyssey probe, which discovered vast amounts of water ice beneath the Martian surface, mostly in the upper 3 feet (1 meter). It remains uncertain whether more water lies underneath, since the probe cannot see water any deeper.
Artist's rendition of the InSight lander on the surface of Mars.
In 2003, Mars passed closer to Earth than anytime in that past 60,000 years. That same year, NASA launched two rovers, nicknamed Spirit and Opportunity, which explored different regions of the Martian surface. Both rovers found signs that water once flowed on the planet's surface.
In 2008, NASA sent another mission, Phoenix, to land in the northern plains of Mars and search for water which it succeeded in doing.
In 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission sent the Mars Curiosity rover, to investigate Martian rocks and determine the geologic processes that created them. Among the mission's findings was the first meteorite on the surface of the Red Planet. The rover has found complex organic molecules on the surface, as well as seasonal fluctuations in methane concentrations in the atmosphere.
In September 2014, India's Mars Orbiter Mission also reached the Red Planet, making it the fourth nation to successfully enter orbit around Mars.
In November 2018, NASA sent a stationary lander called Mars InSight to the surface. InSight will examine the planet's geologic activity by burrowing a probe underground.
NASA plans to launch a successor rover mission to Curiosity, called Mars 2020. This mission will search for ancient signs of life and, depending on how promising its samples look, it may "cache" the results in safe spots on the Red Planet for a future rover to pick up.
ESA is working on its own ExoMars rover that should also launch in 2020, and will include a drill to go deep into the Red Planet, collecting soil samples from about 2 meters (6.5 feet) deep.
Lost missions
Mars is far from an easy planet to reach. NASA, Russia, the European Space Agency, China, Japan and the Soviet Union collectively lost many spacecraft in their quest to explore the Red Planet. Notable examples include:
1992 — NASA's Mars Observer
1996 — Russia's Mars 96
1998 — NASA's Mars Climate Orbiter, Japan's Nozomi
1999 — NASA's Mars Polar Lander
2003 — ESA's Beagle 2 lander
2011 — Russia's Fobus-Grunt mission to Phobos with the Chinese Yinghuo-1 orbiter
2016 — ESA's Schiaparelli test lander
Human missions to come
Robots aren't the only ones getting a ticket to Mars. A workshop group of scientists from government agencies, academia and industry have determined that a NASA-led manned mission to Mars should be possible by the 2030s. However, in late 2017, the Trump administration directed NASA to send people back to the moon before going to Mars. NASA is now more focused on a concept called the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway that would be a moon-based space station and headquarters for further space exploration.
Robotic missions to the Red Planet have seen much success in the past few decades, but it remains a considerable challenge to get people to Mars. With current rocket technology, it would take several months for people to travel to Mars, and that means they would live for several months in microgravity, which has devastating effects on the human body. Performing activities in the moderate gravity on Mars could prove extremely difficult after many months in microgravity. Research on the effects of microgravity continues on the International Space Station.
NASA isn't the only one with Martian astronaut hopefuls. Elon Musk, the founder of SpaceX, has outlined multiple concepts to bring people to Mars. In November 2018, Musk rebranded SpaceX's future "Big Falcon Rocket" to "Starship". Other nations, including China and Russia, have also announced their goals for sending humans to Mars.
Can Artificial Intelligence (AI) Help In Finding Extraterrestrial Intelligence (ETI)?
The existence of intelligent life forms beyond Earth has been speculated on for centuries. However, with the recent advancements in the field of science and technology, this speculation is becoming much more intense. We have already sent Voyagers out into the cosmos to find if anyone is out there and detect any traces of extraterrestrial habitation.
In our quest for extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI), we have typically looked for empathetic signs of intelligence, physiology, and communication like our own. Many researchers, like Jill Tarter, who specialize in searching for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), opine that a conventional approach like transmitting electromagnetic signals might be good for detecting technosignatures, but not necessarily intelligence.
For that reason, scientists are now attempting to use artificial intelligence (AI) to find alien intelligence in ways we as humans cannot achieve. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a specially designed type of software that mimics the way humans learn and solve complex problems. Machines running AI programs learn activities like speech recognition, planning, problem-solving, perception, and planning all by themselves, and can work efficiently without getting lost in the labyrinth of data. You can learn everything you want to know about AI here.
Understanding ‘Intelligence’
To earnestly go out and find extraterrestrial intelligence, we must eliminate the dogma of human beings as a supremely intelligent species.
There are many examples in the wild demonstrating that animals can be incredibly smart in their own ways. For instance, spiders are known to process information through their webs, crows understand analogies, cetaceans like dolphins have their own dialects, and primates like chimpanzees skillfully use tools to complete tasks. In other words, ‘non-human’ forms of intelligence and culture are all around us.
Extraterrestrial intelligence might look like a dinosaur, an ant, a shark or a robot—or something radically different from any forms or ideas found on Earth.
The SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute is toiling day and night to uncover alien intelligence elsewhere in the universe. However, the conventional SETI approach suffers from two limitations: First, they surmise that extraterrestrial creatures are smart and ready to communicate with us or other species; Second is the assumption that we are intelligent enough to recognize the messages if they (aliens) send them to us in some raw or encoded form.
(Photo Credit : Denys/Wikimedia Commons)
However, thanks to recent discoveries in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning, we can now re-examine existing data to uncover any minute traces of extraterrestrial intelligence. SETI researchers are convinced that artificial intelligence could turn out to be the game changer in the search, as AI algorithms are ideal for spotting differences and forming patterns out of the massive sea of data.
That is why researchers at the SETI Institute are partnering with the tech giants like Intel, IBM, and others to discuss ways in which AI can be used to solve pertinent space and science problems, including the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence.
AI Anomaly Engine
One of the ways in which the discovery of alien existence could be achieved is by designing an AI anomaly engine. The idea at the heart of this strategy is to scan for anomalous patterns that may not necessarily be communication signals sent by aliens, but rather subtle manifestations of technological advancement that have been achieved in other parts of the universe. The main motive of the AI anomaly engine is to discern a data set that is aberrant to the standard baseline. This strategy helps to curtail futile efforts, such as making vague assumptions about what an extraterrestrial intelligent species would look like, which is inherently filled with our own biases.
The best part of the AI anomaly engine is that it is often seen as a win-win proposition. Even if an unusual discovery is not related to an extraterrestrial civilization, it demands an explanation that might propel our researchers to understand the universe in an even more profound way.
Autocorrelator
That being said, designing an efficient AI anomaly detection engine that ingeniously works with the multivariant data remains a dark art for even the best minds working in the SETI field. Despite the potential it holds, designing an AI anomaly engine continues to be highly challenging. Another approach is to train a deep neural network to be an autocorrelator, capable of finding unusual examples of data.
For the uninitiated, a deep learning neural network is a paradigm of AI that derives inspiration from the structure of the human brain; it consists of a set of complex units (equivalent to neurons in our brain). Each unit combines a set of input values to generate an output value, which in turn is passed on to other neurons in the deeper layer of the network. In other words, a deep neural network involves the use of neural networks—computer programs that are structurally inspired by the dense network of neurons in the human brain.
(Photo Credit: Pixabay)
To successfully implement an autocorrelator, the input data needs to be compressed so that it can flow through a pinch-point in the neural net—like sand flowing through an hourglass.
By design, AI algorithms are fast learners, so the more they sift through data of a similar nature, the better the AI program becomes at compressing and categorizing that information. Furthermore, if it encounters data that is unusual by set standards, it would notify the researchers about the discovery of this incongruous data.
The limitation of autocorrelators, at the moment, is that they work best with limited data size and still lack the flexibility needed to correctly spot the outliers that could provide some hint of extraterrestrial intelligence.
However, research in the niche field of AI is going full steam ahead. It is expected that researchers will come out with many more ways to further enhance the capabilities of AI. AI algorithms could potentially spot anomalies within the huge data repository collected after years of research in space science disciplines.
It is possible that proof of alien intelligence could be lurking within the petabytes of space data we’ve already gathered, and the sophisticated AI of the future will reveal all the secrets hiding there!
ALERTE AUX ALIENS AU PAYS DE GALLES : Un expert en OVNI affirme que la lumière bleue étrange est liée à une “base extraterrestre souterraine”
Des images effrayantes d’une mystérieuse lumière bleue et éclatante au-dessus de l’A55 seraient reliées à une “base extraterrestre souterraine” dans le nord du Pays de Galles, a déclaré un enquêteur sur les OVNI.
Des séquences de l’étrange lumière flottante ont été prises par un membre du Service aérien de la Police nationale, ce qui a déclenché une réaction de l’enquêteur Russ Kellett, qui a dit que c’était un signe d’une forme de vie extraterrestre. Il a dit à North Wales Live : “Je pense que la lumière est probablement connectée à une base souterraine. Je ne sais pas ce que c’était, mais c’est peut-être un OVNI qui s’est écrasé, quelque chose qui a atterri dans la région ou même quelque chose qui a été amené dans la région. Ça pourrait être un signe avant-coureur que quelque chose d’autre est sur le point d’arriver.”
La lumière est apparue près de Northop où elle a brillé avant de s’estomper tandis que des chauffeurs de poids lourds et automobilistes affluaient sur la route pour leurs déplacements matinaux.
La source de la lumière demeure inconnue.
D’autres théoriciens pensent que la lumière, qui éclairait tout le tronçon de route très fréquentée, pourrait être le résultat d’un phénomène naturel comme la foudre.
La théorie de M. Kellett n’est cependant pas la première à lier ce type de phénomène aux extraterrestres. En décembre dernier, il a dit qu’il ne doutait pas que quelque part au Pays de Galles, il y avait une base secrète extraterrestre.
Il a également prétendu avoir été enlevé à plusieurs reprises dans le passé et croyait qu’une opération militaire secrète avait eu lieu dans la mer d’Irlande entre le nord du Pays de Galles et Liverpool le matin de l’incident des montagnes Berwyn, qu’il sonde depuis trois décennies, ce qui est étonnant.
Il a dit : “Le nord du Pays de Galles est considéré comme un point chaud pour les OVNI depuis l’incident des Montagnes Berwyn. J’ai regardé de très près cette zone, et il se passe quelque chose.”
L’incident des Montagnes Berwyn s’est produit en 1974 quand le ciel s’est embrasé avec des lumières vives à la suite d’un tremblement de terre.
Le tremblement a été enregistré à une magnitude de 3,5 et a été ressenti jusqu’à Liverpool.
Cela a donné lieu à un certain nombre de théories, dont celle d’un OVNI qui s’est écrasé sur terre. D’autres disent qu’il est possible qu’une météorite se soit écrasée dans la région.
If liquid water indeed exists under the south polar ice cap of Mars, it has to be due to volcanic activity, a new study suggests.
The researchers behind the new work argued that there needs to be an underground source of heat to melt ice under an ice cap — although they didn't weigh in on whether that liquid water (or the volcanic heat, for that matter) actually exists on Mars.
The new study follows up a controversial finding published in the journal Science last July, in which a European Space Agency orbiter, Mars Express, spotted signs of what could be a slurry or a liquid-water lake under the polar ice. At the time, the idea was that a high concentration of salt could keep the water from freezing despite Mars' chilly temperatures. What's strange about that finding is that NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter didn't see any sign of a lake, even though that craft's ground-penetrating radar vision should theoretically be able to spot such a feature. [Photos: Red Planet Views from Europe's Mars Express]
If the water is indeed there, the new study said, a magma chamber must have formed sometime in the past few hundred thousand years under the Martian surface in order to melt the water; salt wouldn't do the trick. (The scientists also pointed out that if the water does not exist, the magmatic activity would also be absent.)
"Different people may go different ways with this, and we're really interested to see how the community reacts to it," co-lead author Michael Sori, an associate staff scientist in the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, said in a statement from the American Geophysical Union (publisher of Geophysical Research Letters, the journal in which the new study appeared.)
If volcanic activity is happening on Mars, scientists say it's a strong sign that Mars is active — and a good omen for finding life on the Red Planet, as well. (A new NASA mission called InSight is examining the possibility of current volcanic activity on the Red Planet, but the instrument only just deployed its seismometer shield and results will be months or years in coming.) Life would require a source of water, a source of energy and some sort of protection from the radiation bathing Mars.
"We think that if there is any life, it likely has to be protected in the subsurface from the radiation," said Ali Bramson, the paper's other co-lead and a postdoctoral research associate at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, in the same statement. "If there are still magmatic processes active today, maybe they were more common in the recent past and could supply more widespread basal melting. This could provide a more favorable environment for liquid water and thus, perhaps, life."
On Earth, it's common to see liquid water under ice sheets, but scientists know why this occurs: because our planet produces enough internal heat to melt ice that rubs against the Earth's crust. But Mars is much cooler than Earth; it is farther from the sun and smaller than our planet, so it generates less internal heat. On Mars, it's unclear what phenomenon could melt its two polar ice sheets, which are each a couple of kilometers thick.
The new study started with the assumption that liquid water could exist under the Martian polar ice, then modeled how much heat is generated in the planet's interior to determine whether there is enough salt at the bottom of the ice cap to melt the ice. Salt lowers the freezing point of water and has been used in Mars modeling before to argue that dark streaks appearing on crater walls came from liquid water. Some scientists say salt allowed a briny water to flow down the crater, while others argue the features represent dry dust flows. [Mars' South Pole May Hide a Large Underground Lake]
In the new paper, the scientists discovered that salt alone couldn't raise the temperature of water high enough to melt ice if salt is nestled underneath the ice cap. So, an additional heat source is required — hence, the volcanic idea. Perhaps, the paper suggested, magma flowed from the inside of Mars to near the surface roughly 300,000 years ago. The magma didn't erupt, but instead pooled in a chamber just underneath the surface. Over the eons, this magma chamber gradually cooled off and the evaporated heat melted the ice at the bottom of the south polar sheet, this scenario continues.
Mars hosts numerous old volcanoes, including Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the solar system. But there's no compelling evidence showing that these volcanoes are active. In fact, many scientists argue that volcanism on Mars could have stopped millions of years ago, according to the journal's statement.
Jack Holt, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona, said the paper does address one reason why water could exist under the south polar ice cap. However, Holt, who talked to the authors before they submitted the new paper for publication but did not take part in the research, added that more research is required to better narrow down the answer.
"I think it was a great idea to do this type of modeling and analysis, because you have to explain the water, if it's there, and so it's really a critical piece of the puzzle," Holt said in the statement. "The original paper [about the polar water find, in Science] just left it hanging. There could be water there, but you have to explain it, and these guys did a really nice job of saying what is required and that salt is not sufficient."
The new research is described in a paper published yesterday (Feb. 12) in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
Mysterious Flash of Light in Wales Sky Triggers 'Alien Warning' Speculation
Conspiracy theorists claim that a strange bright blue light that emanated in the sky over North Wales earlier this month marked the descent of aliens at a secret underground base.
The footage that fuelled this alien speculation was filmed by a member of the Hawarden-based National Police Air Service on 7 February, though some commenters suggested that the eerie phenomenon was caused by a ball lightning or power outage.
For some of our local followers who also saw a blue flash of light at 6:30am today this was my dashcam view captured on the A55 E/B at Northop #NPAS999 ^CRS
However, UFO investigator Russ claims that the light was connected with an underground facility he believes to be lying beneath the North Wales coast
"I don't know what it was, but it could have been a UFO that came down, something that landed in the area or even something that was brought to the area," he told North Wales Live.
"I've not had any reports of any UFO sightings since the flash which is very strange, but it could be a precursor that something else is about to happen — something like a mass sighting or maybe something is preparing to land.
"We've not had any landings for a while so it would be good to know if anyone sees anything," he said.
Commenters on social media came up with some more down-to-earth-explanations.
"That's what happens when a transformer blew up," a user wrote.
Another added, "I saw that in Chicago a few years ago. No one knew what it was. The cops said it was probably a 'blown transformer'".
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