Approximately 30 million years ago, there was a mass extinction that nobody knew about until recently. As a matter of fact, a whopping 63% of mammals vanished from different parts of the Earth.

The extinction event occurred just after the changes of the geological periods of Eocene and Oligocene. This was also around the time when our planet experienced a drastic climate change from being swampy to icy. The Earth got colder, there were more ice sheets, sea levels dropped, forests turned into grasslands, and there was less carbon dioxide.

As for the mammals living in Africa, they were believed to have survived unharmed because of the continent’s mild temperatures and the proximity to where it was to the equator would have helped in preventing the cooler climates. Unfortunately, based on new research, the African mammals did not survive.

Climate change brought more ice.

A team of international researchers from the United States, England, and Egypt, analyzed a large amount of fossils that are located at the Duke Lemur Center Division of Fossil Primates (DLCDFP) and they found that even though Africa did have warmer weather, the mammals living there were just as tragically affected as those living in Europe and Asia.

The team studied fossils belonging to different groups of mammals – extinct carnivores called hyaenodonts; two rodent groups; anomalures (scaly-tail squirrels) and the hystricognaths (this group includes porcupines and naked mole rats); two primate groups, the strepsirrhines (lemurs and lorises), and the anthropoids (apes and monkeys). By creating a family tree for each of these groups, the team was able to determine that all of them suffered massive losses during the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. On a positive note, millions of years later, they did start appearing again but with different characteristics, specifically the changes in their teeth which indicated a change in their diet and habitat – like a “recovery period”.

Matt Borths, who is a curator of Duke University’s DLCDFP, noted, “Extinction is interesting in that way,” adding, “It kills things, but it also opens up new ecological opportunities for the lineages that survive into this new world.”

The dramatic climate change wasn’t the only factor that these animals had to deal with as East Africa suffered volcanic super eruptions and flood basalts when the temperatures dropped. “We lost a lot of diversity at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary,” Borths explained, “But the species that survived apparently had enough of a toolkit to persist through this fluctuating climate.”

Hesham Sallam, who is the founder of the Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center in Egypt, weighed in by stating, “Climate changes through geological time have shaped the evolutionary tree of life.” “Collecting evidence from the past is the easiest way to learn about how climate change will affect ecological systems.” A picture of some of the fossils the team analyzed during their research can be seen here.

The study was published in the journal Communications Biology where it can be read in full.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Think Ancient Egypt Is Remarkable Above Ground? Wait Until You See What They Discovered Under It via Matrix Wisdom

We are awestruck by what they see above the ground in Egypt, but what lies below the ground is even more remarkable. The construction has never been matched by any subsequent civilization. Even modern day experts have no idea how this was created.

Think Ancient Egypt Is Remarkable Above Ground? Wait Until You See What They Discovered Under It via Matrix Wisdom

What do you think? Staying cool this week I hope! Thanks for stopping by. Stay tuned for more BIN news

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/  }

Massive Anomaly Discovered...There Is Something Bizarre Under The Alaskan Ice via Matrix Wisdom

There is something very strange going on in Alaska. Something is under the ice and it could be more ancient that humanity itself. Furthermore, there are not one but two anomalies in the region, and both are totally beyond comprehension.

Massive Anomaly Discovered…There Is Something Bizarre Under The Alaskan Ice via Matrix Wisdom

What do you think? Staying cool this week I hope! Thanks for stopping by. Stay tuned for more BIN news.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

Scientists Are Predicting Polar Vortex To Bring Big Freeze And Coldest Winter :”People Should Be Prepared For a Real Flagstaff Winter”

Polar vortex enters Northern U.S.

The stratospheric polar vortex is a large-scale region of air that is contained by a strong west-to-east jet stream that circles the polar region. This jet stream is usually referred to as the polar night jet. The polar vortex extends from the tropopause (the dividing line between the stratosphere and troposphere) through the stratosphere and into the mesosphere (above 50 km). Low values of ozone and cold temperatures are associated with the air inside the vortex.

The stratospheric polar vortex shows quite a bit of day-to-day variability. This variability is caused by weather systems or large-scale waves that move upward from the troposphere into the stratosphere. In the left image , we see some undulations along the edge of the polar vortex, but the vortex is generally centered on the North Pole. Two weeks later we see the center of the polar vortex pushed away from the North Pole. On a constant latitude circle, PV values are high in the eastern hemisphere and low in the western hemisphere. This is referred to as a wave-1 pattern . The wave-1 pattern develops in the troposphere and moves upward (propagates) into the stratosphere.

These stratospheric waves are forced by the large-scale mountain systems and the land-sea contrasts between the continents and oceans. During the northern winter, these waves are continuously forming and moving upward into the stratosphere. The waves can “break”, much like the waves on a beach. These wave-breaking events erode the vortex and keep the polar region warmer and ozone amounts higher. Often, parts of the polar vortex are pulled away from the main vortex. The image on the right shows this, where a large piece of the polar vortex was pulled away from the main vortex (green colored material at the bottom of the image). A comparison between the middle and right images also shows a slight contraction of the polar vortex because of these waves.

Vortex breakup
The polar vortex is a winter phenomena. It develops as the sun sets over the polar region and temperatures cool. During the spring, the sun rises and the absorption of solar radiation by ozone begins to heat the polar stratosphere. This heating eventually causes the vortex to disappear along with the polar night jet. However, this process is helped along by planetary-scale waves that propagate up from the troposphere. This wave event that drives the vortex breakup (or final warming) acts to also increase the temperature of the polar region and ozone levels. We mark the day of the vortex breakup when the winds around the vortex edge decrease below a particular value (about 15 m s -1on the 460 K potential temperature surface).

Health officials have issued a desperate plea to the public, urging them to wrap up warm and turn to pharmacies at the first sign of illness, amid “enormous pressure” on casualty departments. Forecasts suggest could be facing the coldest winter for five years, with average minimum temperatures.
Research has also shown that people with conditions such as heart disease, lung problems including asthma, and dementia are much more likely to die in winter.

It also makes the blood more likely to clot, raising the risk of heart attack and stroke, and reduces the lung’s ability to fight off infection.

The senior doctor advised keeping homes warm, with regular hot drinks and meals, and urged people to see their pharmacist at the first sign of health problems.

{  https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

UFO Seen Near Space Station Makes 90 Degree Turn On Live Cam! Oct 5, 2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: October 5, 2021

Location of sighting: Space Station ISS

 

One of the most interesting things about space is that natural objects like meteorites, cannot turn in space...however intelligently controlled craft can. So...this is exactly what I look for when I search for UFOs near the space station. The object comes down...and almost looks like a tiny moon, but its way too small to be the moon! and then it begins to curve to the right...changing directions until it completes a full 90 degree turn! Thats impossible and yet, there it is from the live space station cam! Its a UFO! 100% undeniable proof that aliens exist!

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Pink UFO During Sunset Over La Ciotat, France, Oct 2021, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: October 2021

Location of sighting: La Ciotat, France

Source: 

• https://gurushots.com/photo/691bfde162d89efc15de59dda251624b

These awesome photos were taken in La Ciotat, France this month. It was taken during sunset over the ocean. These disk shaped cloud formations are created by smaller metallic UFOs that hide at the center of the clouds in order to fly lower and closer to the ground without frightening the people below. The UFOs do not usually search for a cloud, but instead they most often create a cloud around the alien craft. The cloud stays pulled together without breaking due to the UFOs shield being extended outward...which contains the clouds and allows the UFO to have a continual hiding place. This UFO most likely came out of the ocean from an underwater alien base and formed a cloud around itself in order to fly over a few cities of France. 

 

Aliens would like to think they are more intelligent than us and they feel they can outwit us at every turn. However that is not the truth. Their ego is much larger than their intelligence. Today, they were caught over La Ciotat, France.

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Minnesota’s most notorious UFO sighting remains a mystery four decades later

UFOs are getting a ton of attention lately after a recent Pentagon report admits to “unexplained aerial phenomena” the government can’t explain. 1979 Warren UFO sighting!

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Linda Moulton Howe 34 Million Year Old Structure Discovered 2 Miles Under Antarctica

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

10 INCREDIBLE ANCIENT TECHNOLOGIES THAT WERE WAY AHEAD OF THEIR TIME

6. A 1,600-year-old Roman chalice, the “Lycurgus Cup,” shows that Roman artisans were nanotechnology pioneers. They’d impregnated the glass with particles of silver and gold as small as 50 nanometers in diameter.

This ancient jade-green cup appears red when lit from behind. Scientists believe that the Romans may have been the first ones to come across the colorful potential of nanoparticles by accident, but they sure perfected it! This amazing property of the Lycurgus Cup puzzled scientists for decades when the cup was acquired by the British Museum in the 1950s. It was not until 1990 that the mystery was solved.

Researchers studied broken fragments of the cup under the microscope and discovered that the ancient Romans had created the glass with silver and gold particles that were ground to be as small as 50 nanometers in diameter. This was less than one-thousandth the size of a salt grain. This suggests that the Romans knew what they were doing, meaning they had knowledge of nanoparticles!

The way it worked was when the light hit the cup, the electrons belonging to the particles of the cup vibrate in ways that alter the color depending on the position of the observer. So. when different liquids would be poured into the cup, the electrons would behave differently, and the color would change. This is exactly how home pregnancy tests work. (1, 2)

7. Heron of Alexandria was the first to create a programmable robot to entertain audiences at the theatre. The device could move on its own and even change directions! He also invented the first vending machine, syringe, and windwheel among others.

Hero of Alexandria was surely the “Tony Stark” of his time. Many of his creations were the first to have existed. He has been known to create the first vending machine, syringe, force pump, fountain, etc. He is also said to have created a windwheel operating an organ making it the first instance in history where wind energy was used to run a machine.

But the most astonishing of all was the mechanical device that has been termed as the world’s first robot. The device was used to entertain the audience in the theatre. It had the ability to play by itself for almost ten minutes and was powered by a binary-like system of ropes, knots, and simple machines.

The entire structure was operated by a rotating cogwheel that was cylindrical in shape. In the video above, the device has been recreated by New Scientist, a media company. (source)

8. The Hal Saflieni Hypogeum, built by the people of Malta and Gozo, has incredible acoustic properties. The structure is said to amplify voices dramatically with certain frequencies resonating enough to be felt through the body.

The Hal Saflieni Hypogeum is a 6,000-year-old underground burial chamber located on the Mediterranean island of Malta. Archaeologists believe that this underground structure was built by the people of Malta and Gozo around 4000 BCE.

It was used for the purpose of ritualizing life and death. The structure consists of a large network of cavities and corridors. But the thing that has attracted experts to the site is the amazingly unique acoustic properties of the underground chamber.

Amidst all the chambers and corridors, there exists a special chamber that has been carved out of solid limestone. This is the chamber that produces unique sound properties. Known as the “Oracle Chamber,” any sound made in the chamber gets magnified a hundredfold.

Also, the sounds made in the chamber can be heard throughout the structure. According to William Arthur Griffiths, author of Malta and its Recently Discovered Prehistoric Temples, such acoustic properties were created so that when the oracle spoke from the chamber, the words would resonate throughout the structure with terrifying impressiveness.

At certain places within the Hypogeum, certain frequencies or pitches of sound vibrates into the bones and tissues as much as resonating in the ear. Richard Storm, the Sarasota arts and architecture critic, explains the sensation as, “Because you sense something coming from somewhere else you can’t identify, you are transfixed.”

Scientists are still working on whether the underground structure was intentionally made to produce such acoustic wonders or it was just an accident. But in case, it was intentional, and that means that the ancient engineers of Malta knew something that modern scientists have not grasped yet. (source)

9. The 2,000-year-old ancient Roman concrete is far better than the present day concrete. It is more durable and also environmentally friendly.

Experts today are fascinated by the longevity of the ancient Roman concrete structures. These cement structures are more than 2,000 years old, but they are still sturdy. The harbor structures, even after being washed by sea waves for so long, have not shown a single sign of erosion. Take into account our modern cement structures. They just give out after a few decades.

Finally, researchers led by geologist Marie Jackson from the University of Utah were able to study the chemistry involved in the ancient Roman concrete, and they have uncovered some astonishing properties. Not only is the Roman concrete is more durable than modern cement, it even gets stronger with time! The researchers studied the crystalline structure of the cement and were able to discover precisely how the cement solidifies over time.

Modern concrete is a typically a mixture of silica sand, limestone, clay, chalk and other ingredients that are melted together at insanely high temperatures. The final product is made inert so that no chemical reactions can take place that might lead to erosion. This is the reason why concrete does not last as long as natural rocks.

On the other hand, ancient Roman concrete was created with volcanic ash, lime, and seawater. The Romans took advantage of the chemical reactions they may have observed in tuff rocks, which are naturally cemented volcanic ash deposits. More volcanic rock was mixed in with the volcanic ash which would lead to more reactions making the concrete more durable.

The researchers also found out that a very rare mineral known as aluminous tobermorite and a related mineral called phillipsite was found in abundance in the concrete. Note that these minerals were not added but were formed within the cement as a result of the natural chemical reactions. “The Romans created a rock-like concrete that thrives in open chemical exchange with seawater,” says Jackson. (source)

The Damascus steel is a legendary material that has been widely used by warriors of the past, including the Crusaders.

The remarkable characteristics of the legendary steel became famous when the Crusaders traveled to the Middle East in the early 11th century. People were astonished by the unique properties of the blades.

It is said that the swords made from this metal had the ability to split a feather in midair! Moreover, these swords retained their sharp edges even after being in numerous battles. The swords were easily recognized by a characteristic watery or ”damask” pattern on their blades.

The armorers who made swords, shields, and armor from Damascus steel have been secretive of their method throughout the ages. But with the advent of firearms, the secret was lost.

Fast forward a few centuries, people have been trying to re-create the Damascus steel through reverse engineering. This means that during a time of self-driving cars, we are still unable to decode technologies used by our ancestors. (source)

{ https://unbelievable-facts.com/ }

Declassified documents reveal Project Horizon: The Lunar Outpost of the US Army

Declassified documents reveal Project Horizon 1959: Plans of the United States Army to build a manned lunar outpost.

“The establishment of a manned base of operations on the moon has tremendous military and scientific potential. Because invaluable scientific, military, and political prestige will come to the nation that first establishes a lunar base, it is imperative that the United States be first.“ (Source)

It isn’t a secret that Earth’s moon has been considered as a critical strategic celestial body. Looking back at history, we will find that numerous countries had planned ‘scientific’ outposts on its surface. However, there are certain documents that have only recently revealed militarization projects of the moon. 

There is a requirement for a manned military outpost on the moon. The lunar outpost is required to develop and protect potential United States interests on the moon; to develop techniques in moon-based surveillance of the earth and space, in communications relay, and in operations on the surface of the moon; to serve as a base for exploration of the moon, for further exploration into space and for military operations on the moon if required; and to support scientific investigations on the moon. (Source)

On June 9, 1959, the United States Government decided that the construction of a lunar outpost is of great importance to the country. Project Horizon: The establishment of a Lunar Outpost was created in response to growing interest of other nations, like the Soviet Union in the militarization and exploration of the moon. However, its primary goal was to protect potential United States interests on the lunar surface.

During 1959, the Space Race was adopting a whole new level. Two years after the initial proposal of Project Horizon, the first Apollo mission would launch, on October 27, 1961, creating a new chapter in the history of mankind. However, countries around the globe –primarly the US and the Soviet Union—werent only planning traveling to the moon and placing astronauts into orbit around the planet, their plans were way ahead of time, and they had numerous projects already lined up that would have kickstarted the militarization of our solar system.

The rapid advances in propulsion, electronics and space medicine and other astronautical sciences in the 1950’s would have allowed the successful construction of a military outpost on the moon.

„To be second to the Soviet Union in establishing an outpost on the moon would be disastrous to our nation’s prestige and in turn to our democratic philosophy. Although it is contrary to United States policy, the Soviet Union in establishing the first permanent base may claim the moon or critical areas thereof for its own.“ (Source)

The outpost was planned to be of sufficient size in order to contain sufficient equipment that would later be used in the militarization and exploration of the moon. The military outpost was designed in order to allow the survival and moderate, constructive activity of ONE person, and 10-20 on a sustained basis.

During planning, researchers considered that the outpost needed to be designed for expansion facilities, supply and operation of personnel in order to maintain the maximum extension of sustained occupancy. The futuristic project of 1959 was planned to be self-sufficient for as long as possible without any additional support from Earth.

However, not only was Project Horizon the first step of lunar militarization, the base was designed so it could sever as a permanent manned installation on the moon, which eventually would allow the investigation of scientific, commercial and military potential on the lunar surface.

The lunar outpost was intended to serve as an observation post which would facilitate –in the near future—travel between Earth, the moon and eventual exploration of our solar system and outer space.

Purpose of the Lunar Outpost (Source)

The establishment of a manned US outpost on the moon will:

• Demonstrate the United States scientific leadership in outer space
• Support scientific explorations and investigations.
• Extend and improve space reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities and control of space.
• Extend and improve communications and serve as a communications relay station.
• Provide a basic and supporting research laboratory for space research and development activity.
• Develop a stable, low-gravity outpost for use as a launch site for deep space exploration.
• Provide an opportunity for scientific exploration and development of a space mapping and survey system.
• Provide an emergency staging area, rescue capability or navigational aid for other space activity.

Project Horizon included a ‘sophisticated’ defense system that would be incorporated into the lunar outpost. The base would be defended against Soviet overland attack by man-fired weapons:

• Unguided Davy Crockett rockets with low-yield nuclear warheads
• Conventional Claymore mines modified to puncture pressure suits

Take in count that all of this was possible in 1959. Over half a century later, with the numerous technological advancements, just imagine what we are capable of.

Journal Reference:

• Project Horizon: Volume I –Summary and Supporting Considerations
• Project Horizon: Volume II –Technical Considerations and Plans
• Featured Image Credit

{ https://www.ancient-code.com/ }

Project Horizon: Army Base on the Moon

The Army's quest for the highest high ground was a project whose time never came

BY FRED L. BORCH 

Army imagery of Project Horizon, the Army’s proposed base on the moon.

“ … a lunar outpost … is of critical importance to the U.S. Army of the future.” It was March 1959, and Army Lt. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau, the author of those words, was tasking the Army’s chief of ordnance to develop a proposal for a “manned lunar outpost” that would “protect potential United States interests on the moon.” The story behind this secret study (called “Project Horizon”) and the plan to have an Army base on the moon by 1966, is the story of a great idea whose time has never come.

When Trudeau wrote the ordnance chief, it was less than a year after the Soviets had shocked America and the West with the launch of the Sputnik satellite. With the United States now clearly behind in the so-called “Space Race” with the Soviets, it should come as no surprise that Trudeau and other senior Army leaders were thinking about a military presence in outer space in general – and on the moon in particular. In fact, according to a 118-page monograph produced by the Army in June 1959, “to be second to the Soviet Union in establishing an outpost on the moon would be disastrous to our nation’s prestige and in turn to our democratic philosophy.” Since the Soviet Union had already claimed that its citizens – and presumably the Red Army – would be on the moon in 1967, it was urgent for the United States to get there first.

The Army concluded that seventy-five Saturn II rocket launches could be achieved by the end of 1964 – with forty of these launches needed to put sufficient Project Horizon equipment into orbit for the lunar base’s construction.

The plan was to build a self-sustained moon base that would serve as an outpost for exploration of the moon, and further exploration of space. The base – which would house 10-20 personnel – would be the “first permanent manned installation on the moon” and, perhaps most importantly, would provide a platform for the Army, if required, to conduct “military operations on the moon.”

Cover sheet of the Project Horizon proposal. Note the illustration of the Saturn II that the Army planned to employ in building and supplying the moonbase.

The Army insisted that there were no known technical barriers to establishing a manned lunar base and believed that Project Horizon “should be a special project having authority and priority similar to the Manhattan Project in World War II.” After all, if America had built the atomic bomb, there was no reason that it could not put a handful of soldiers on the moon. Project Horizon contemplated using the multistage Saturn II rocket, then under actual development, and intermediate orbiting space stations (then only on drawing boards) to ferry construction materials to the moon. The Army concluded that seventy-five Saturn II rocket launches could be achieved by the end of 1964 – with forty of these launches needed to put sufficient Project Horizon equipment into orbit for the lunar base’s construction.

As for the base itself, the scientists and technicians who took part in Project Horizon suggested that natural “holes” or “caves” could be covered and sealed with pressure bags to create living space on the moon. This sort of construction also had the attraction of lessening the danger from meteorites and alleviating temperature extremes on the lunar surface. Drawings in the Army study also show a buried cylindrical structure that included living quarters – and an airlock to the surface. As for power, it would be provided by solar or nuclear energy. Oxygen and water could be extracted from the natural environment of the moon. Military personnel stationed on the moon would wear space suits and carry special weapons and equipment developed expressly for moon-use.

The proponents of Project Horizon argued that America’s ultimate goal on the moon should be to deploy moon-based weapons systems. Why?  Because moon-based military power would be a strong deterrent to war since an enemy would have great difficulty in preventing U.S. retaliation.

The Army also proposed that a “unified space command” be created to control the lunar base and “that portion of outer space encompassing the earth and the moon.” There seems little doubt that the Army leaders who pushed Project Horizon saw an Army general as the perfect choice to lead such a unified command.

A page from the Project Horizon proposal, detailing plans for layout and living quarters.

The proponents of Project Horizon argued that America’s ultimate goal on the moon should be to deploy moon-based weapons systems. Why?  Because moon-based military power would be a strong deterrent to war since an enemy would have great difficulty in preventing U.S. retaliation. This was because the enemy – read the Soviet Union – would have a hard time reaching the moon and, if American forces were already present, they could counter or neutralize any hostile force that might land.  This, of course, was also the reason that American military forces must reach the moon first, and establish a military outpost, since the enemy could counter any U.S. attempt to land on the moon “if hostile forces were permitted to arrive first.”

A Manhattan Project-scale effort might have worked, but it would have required a huge increase in the U.S. government’s expenditures on defense and, as the alarm over Sputnik dissipated, there seems to have been diminishing political interest in funding a military base on the moon.

The Army officers working on Project Horizon concluded that the United States could establish “an operations lunar outpost by late 1966,” assuming that “initial manned landings” took place in the spring of 1965.

So what happened to Project Horizon, and the Army’s plan to have a manned lunar outpost?

• First of all, the technological challenges were more difficult than the authors of Project Horizon had thought – and also considerably more expensive. A Manhattan Project-scale effort might have worked, but it would have required a huge increase in the U.S. government’s expenditures on defense and, as the alarm over Sputnik dissipated, there seems to have been diminishing political interest in funding a military base on the moon.
• Second, the expansion of the war in Vietnam also siphoned off energy – and money – that might have gone to Project Horizon.
• Finally, and most importantly, any future American military presence on the moon became an impossibility when the United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom signed an outer space treaty in 1967.

Known formally as the “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,” this international agreement limited the use of the moon to peaceful purposes.  In short, the militarization of the moon was no longer an option – and remains an impossibility since this international treaty is still in effect.

It took until 1969 before a man – astronaut Neil Armstrong – would take a giant leap for mankind on the surface of the moon, but there is still no base of any kind there. While Project Horizon is largely forgotten today, it remains a great idea whose time simply never came.

{ https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/ }

Although NASA was formed in 1958, Project Horizon – a plan to construct a base on the Moon –  fell under the auspices of the military, specifically the U.S. Army. The plan was to create what would ultimately become a vast base on the surface of the Moon – a base that would be armed with nuclear weapons and which could be used to attack the Soviets if the United States was hit by a sneak attack and the infrastructure of the nation was significantly destroyed. It was in late March 1959 that the ambitious program was put into place. Overseeing many of the plans to create the secret base was Lieutenant General Arthur G. Trudeau. At the time, Trudeau was the Army’s Chief of Research and Development. Now-declassified files on Project Horizon demonstrate that Trudeau and his team estimated it would cost approximately $6 Billion to design, build and fully equip a base on the Moon. In a document titled “Project Horizon: A U.S. Army Study for the Establishment of a Lunar Military Post,” Trudeau penned the following words: “There is a requirement for a manned military outpost on the Moon. The lunar outpost is required to develop and protect potential United States interests on the Moon; to develop techniques in Moon-based surveillance of the Earth and space, in communications relay, and in operations on the surface of the Moon, for further exploration into space and for military operations on the Moon if required; and to support scientific investigations on the Moon.”

(NASA)

That’s our Moon

The program was indeed a grand one, a far-reaching operation designed to ensure that the control of outer space would fall into the hands of the United States. Plans were quickly initiated, in the wake of the publication of Trudeau’s report. One of those who was brought into the program was Wernher Von Braun – a Nazi scientist, who, at the end of the Second World War, was secretly brought to the United States under cover of a classified program called Operation Paperclip. Von Braun (who should have been 100 percent kicked out of the operation because of his Second World War activities) chose to assign an engineer named Heinz-Hermann Koelle to oversee Project Horizon. Koelle, too, fought for the Nazis during the Second World War. The initial plans were for the Moon base to be relatively small, which made a great deal of sense. After all, we’re talking about entirely new territory and technology. So, the plan was to slowly and bit by bit make the base bigger and bigger as time went on. But, initially, it would be something akin to a North Pole outpost, with a staff of around one to two dozen.

 cosmonauts, invading the base and armed to the teeth with high-tech weaponry. On the scientific side of things, a great deal of research was focused on ensuring that the base would have a plentiful supply of water and oxygen – which, of course, none could live without. Plans were initiated to hUsing the base as a strategic military facility, as well as a place in which the mysteries of the Moon and the Solar-System could be carefully and secretly studied, ensured that America would have a significant lead over the Soviets – who were clearly a major threat at the time. In fact, on this issue of a Soviet threat, the Project Horizon team gave serious consideration to the possibility that Russians might very well try and destroy the base – possibly with Russianave vast shuttle craft sending endless supplies of water and food to the base – that is, until the base and its staff became completely self-sufficient.

As for how and where, exactly, the base would be constructed, Project Horizon’s scientists were of the opinion that the best option would be to build it in a natural crater or cavern. Such was the enthusiasm for the program, an estimation was made that the initial construction of the base could begin in 1965 – four years before Neil Armstrong set foot on the surface of the Moon. Project workers suggested that it might be wise to construct significant parts of the base underground, chiefly to protect it from not just the Soviets, but from natural space debris too, such a fragments of meteorites and / or comets – and also from potentially lethal radiation. Although Project Horizon was deemed a feasible, major program of the military, it was ultimately deemed to be too far ahead of itself. The military concluded that the plans for Horizon to begin in 1965 were overly ambitious in the extreme and the program was cancelled. Or, at least, we are told it was canceled. There are indications that this may not have been the case, and that the plans to control outer space went ahead in deep secrecy.

On this particular issue, it’s most intriguing to note that there is yet another story that suggests the United States has a secret space program – and, rather notably, it dates back to 1965; the very year in which the U.S. Army had said that it could begin constructing a base on the Moon. The story comes from a man named Karl Wolfe. At the time in question, Wolfe was in the Air Force, working on a program based at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia that was supporting NASA’s lunar-orbiter programs. It was while he was stationed at Langley learned of highly classified photographs held at the base that showed what were clearly buildings and facilities on the far side of the Moon – which, notably, and due to its specific orbit, never shows itself to the Earth. So, constructing a secret base on the side of the Moon that we never get to see would make perfect sense.

Of course, some people might suggest – and, indeed, have suggested – that the photos Karl Wolfe came to know of showed not a facility of the U.S. Army, but of visiting aliens. Not an impossible scenario, but, when we take into consideration the possibility that Project Horizon was not canceled, then it’s not at all improbable that some kind of installation does indeed exist on the Moon – whether on it or below its surface – and served a major role in the development of a secret space program. It may very well still serve that same program to this  day. Except, we just don’t know about it.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Astronomers were left surprised when they found a rare comet/asteroid hybrid in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Named 2005 QN173, it has traits of both a comet and an asteroid.

2005 QN173 orbits in the same way as any other asteroid – it travels around the sun in the outer part of the asteroid belt, making a full circle about every 5 years. However, based on data collected on July 7th by the Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) survey in Hawaii, astronomers realized that it had a long thin tail. This indicates that it is full of icy material that is vaporizing in space during its journey. Interestingly, when they searched through data from the Dark Energy Camera when 2005 QN173 orbited the sun in 2016, they noticed that it also had a tail at that time.

In a statement, Henry Hsieh, who is a planetary scientist at the Planetary Science Institute, explained these unusual differences in further detail, “It fits the physical definitions of a comet, in that it is likely icy and is ejecting dust into space, even though it also has the orbit of an asteroid.” “This duality and blurring of the boundary between what were previously thought to be two completely separate types of objects — asteroids and comets — is a key part of what makes these objects so interesting”

Asteroid Belt

Scientists have already studied about half a million space objects in the asteroid belt and incredibly, 2005 QN173 is only the eighth of its kind to have been active on multiple occasions. Furthermore, it is only one of 20 objects that have been categorized as being “main-belt comets.”

Some other interesting facts about 2005 QN173 was that when it was analyzed between 2004 and 2020, there were several times that it wasn’t active so the researchers had a better opportunity to study it and they found that its nucleus (or head) was approximately 2 miles wide (3.2 kilometers). New observations conducted this summer revealed more details regarding its exceptionally long tail that measures 450,000 miles (724,000 kilometers). For comparison, it is almost twice the distance of Earth to our moon.

And if that’s not confusing enough, its tail isn’t very wide as detailed by Hsieh, “This extremely narrow tail tells us that dust particles are barely floating off of the nucleus at extremely slow speeds and that the flow of gas escaping from the comet that normally lifts dust off into space from a comet is extremely weak.” “Such slow speeds would normally make it difficult for dust to escape from the gravity of the nucleus itself, so this suggests that something else might be helping the dust to escape.” Perhaps the nucleus may be spinning so fast that it is spewing out extra dust, but that’s just a theory for now.

(Not 2005 QN173)

Whatever this crazy mysterious space object is, scientists will be waiting for February 2026 when they will hopefully get a better understanding of it when its location to the sun may possibly reactive it. A composite image that shows 2005 QN173’s nucleus and its long tail can be seen here.

A composite image shows the passage of 2005 QN173, a rare active asteroid. The nucleus is in the upper left corner of the image; the tail streaks diagonally across the frame. 

(Image credit: Henry H. Hsieh (PSI), Jana Pittichová (NASA/JPL-Caltech))

Their research can be read in full here.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Are worldwide government agencies controlling our access to what is known about outer space and the possibilities of alien life? A study of the available data strongly suggests the answer is a definitive ““Yes!” Taking things even further, there are good, solid indications that some secret element of the government is clandestinely running a secret space program. When, on July 20, 1969, NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong took his first steps on the surface of the Moon, it began a new era in the United States’ space program. Further manned missions continued until 1972. Plans were formulated to establish a permanent, manned base on the surface of the Moon. Then, in 1973, NASA launched its first space station, Skylab. Eight years later, the Space Shuttle was unveiled. Today, however, things are very different. NASA no longer has a manned space program. The only way for U.S. astronauts to head into Earth orbit, and spend time at the International Space Station, is to hitch a ride with the Russians. What went wrong? Some say that nothing went wrong.

Rather, the theory is that although  manned space programs have largely dropped off, there exists – deep within the heart of military agencies – a secret group that is running a clandestine space program. We might even be talking about highly classified return missions to the Moon, and possibly even secret flights to Mars. Is a powerful group controlling what we know – or don’t know – about the secrets of outer space? Yes. UFO authority Richard Dolan says: “Over the years I have encountered no shortage of quiet, serious-minded people who tell me of their knowledge that there is such a covert program. Are there bases on the far side of the Moon? I do not know for sure, but I cannot rule it out.” One person who is convinced that there is a secret space group is Gary McKinnon, a British man who had a ufological Sword of Damocles hanging over his head for the best part of a decade, after very unwisely deciding to hack the US Government for secrets of the UFO kind in 2001. According to McKinnon, while illegally surfing around classified systems of both NASA and the U.S. military, he came across a list titled “Non-Terrestrial Officers.”

(NASA)

Our Moon

McKinnon said of this discovery: “It doesn’t mean little green men. What I think it means is not Earth-based. I found a list of fleet-to-fleet transfers, and a list of ship names. I looked them up. They weren’t U.S. Navy ships. What I saw made me believe they have some kind of spaceship, off-planet.” McKinnon was not the first to hint at the idea of a secret space group, however. As an experienced hacker of numerous computer systems, including those of NASA and the United States’ Department of Defense, a young Welshman named Matthew Bevan took the decision back in 1994 to uncover the long-rumored “crashed UFO” secrets of Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. Stressing that Wright-Patterson was “a very, very easy computer system to get into,” Bevan was utterly amazed to uncover astonishing information relating to a top secret project to design and build a truly extraordinary flying machine of UFO like proportions. “The files,” Bevan said, “very clearly referred to a working prototype of an anti-gravity vehicle that utilized a heavy element to power it. This wasn’t a normal aircraft; it was very small, split level, with a reactor at the bottom and room for the crew at the top.”

Having accessed and carefully digested the fantastic information, Bevan duly exited the Wright-Patterson computer banks and began to doggedly search just about here, there and everywhere for the alien answers that he sought, including the less than secure computer systems of NASA itself. Bevan had got into the systems, he had carefully read the files, and he had then made good his escape, all without any form of detection whatsoever. Or, so Bevan had assumed was the case. History, however, has shown that Bevan’s initial assumptions were very wide of the mark. For approximately two years there was nothing but overwhelming silence. Then, on a particular morning in 1996, everything suddenly changed drastically in the life of Matthew Bevan. At the time when things began to go distinctly awry, he was working for an insurance company in Cardiff, Wales, and on the day in question he was summoned down to the managing director’s office. On entering the room, Bevan was confronted by a group of men in suits who seemed to practically ooze intimidation. Bevan recalled what happened next: “One of the men outstretched his hand and I shook it.” “Matthew Bevan?”” the man asked. “Yes,” replied Bevan.

The man identified himself as being with Scotland Yard’s Computer Crimes Unit: “I’m placing you under arrest for hacking NASA and Wright Patterson Air Force Base.” Bevan was in deep trouble. On being taken to Cardiff Central Police Station, the line of questioning became decidedly curious and worthy of an episode of The X-Files: “What does the term Hangar 18 mean to you?” Bevan was immediately asked, in stern and intimidating tones. “That’s a hoarding place for alien technology,” he replied, in a quite matter of fact fashion. Bevan’s recollections of that exchange were more than eye-opening. Throughout the interview, they kept coming back to Hangar 18: Did I see anything on the Wright Patterson and the NASA computers? Did I download anything? Well, when they asked me if I saw anything, I said: ‘Yes, I saw emails talking about an anti-gravity propulsion system.”” Needless to say, this did not go down too well, at all, with Scotland Yard’s Computer Crimes Unit. Bevan correctly realized that he was in very hot water with the authorities, and a date was subsequently set for a hearing at London’s Bow Street magistrate’s court. But: it was not just Bevan, his defense, and the prosecution who were present at the trial. There was also a man present representing the interests of the U.S. Government and NASA.

(NASA)

The surface of Mars

A curious exchange occurred when the man took the stand – as Bevan remembered only too well. “As the hearing continued, the prosecution asked him what the American Government thought about my motives regarding my hacking at NASA and at Wright Patterson.” The man replied: “We now believe that Mr. Bevan had no malicious intentions and that his primary purpose was to uncover information on UFOs and Hangar 18.'” Bevan said: “Well, everyone had a bit of a laugh at that point, even the judge; however, when the prosecution asked: ‘Can you confirm if Hangar 18 exists or if it’s a myth?’ the man said: ‘I can neither confirm nor deny as I’m not in possession of that information.'”   The final outcome of the affair was that the case against Bevan completely collapsed. The magistrate overseeing the matter stated in no uncertain terms that a jail sentence was utterly out of the question, and that any financial punishment he might be able to impose upon Bevan would be meager in the extreme. The saga was over.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Astronomers have already detected several rogue planets wandering around space with no host star. While not many have been found thus far, astronomers do believe that there are much more common than previously estimated and that future upgraded techniques on space equipment will hopefully be able to detect more of them.

One example of a rogue world is a Jupiter-like planet that researchers found by combing through data collected during a planet survey named the Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA) that analyzed the central bulge in our Milky Way Galaxy between the years 2006 and 2007. A 5.9-foot (1.8-meter) telescope located at Mount John University Observatory in New Zealand was used in addition to a technique named gravitational microlensing. (An artist’s impression of the Jupiter-like world wandering along through space can be seen here.)

This artist's conception illustrates a Jupiter-like planet alone in the dark of space, floating freely without a parent star.  

While we do know that there are some rogue planets wandering around space without a star, odds are that there is no way they could sustain life, right? Well, not exactly. In fact, a new study has suggested that rogue planets may actually be some of the best places to find alien life.

The new research was conducted Dr. Manasvi Lingam from the Department of Aerospace, Physics and Space Sciences at the Florida Institute of Technology, and Avi Loeb from Harvard University. Together, they focused their studies on how life could possibly survive on free-floating (rogue) planets that do not have a host star.

Perhaps subsurface oceans beneath thick layers of ice may provide those answers. If there was life in deep underground oceans, the thick ice layers above them would protect them from the cold in addition to the planet’s core heating them up from the inside.

Dr. Lingam went into further details, “For every solar system discovered, each of which contains a handful of terrestrial planets, there are approximately 30-40 rogue planets traveling in the cold expanses of interstellar space.” “We normally think of planets bound to stars, such as Mars, that could support life, but in reality, these types of life-supporting planets could just be floating out there in the vast void of space with rich biospheres.”

As for what’s next, the ultimate opportunity would be to actually get to one of these rogue planets when and if they enter our Solar System. Dr. Lingam mentioned this by noting, “Technology would have to advance by only a modest amount to make traveling to these planets — if they are in our Solar System — easier.” “You might be able to get to a rogue planet in a few decades, and, rather than looking for other planets around other stars, this might be the best chance to study these planets.”

He went on to explain the process in further detail, “Through a combination of gravity assists and suitable propulsion systems, you could reach the rogue planet in 20 years or so,” adding, “Once you have a probe on the surface, you can beam the data back and it would probably take a few months to learn what it looks like on the surface.”

If this ever happens, I will be very curious to see what they find. Their research was published in the International Journal of Astrobiology where it can be read in full.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Huge White Sphere Comes Down Over Volcano On Live Cam, Oct 1, 2021, video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Oct 1, 2021

Location of sighting: Volcano Popocatepetl, Mexico

 

This UFO was recorded on the volcano live cam on October 1st. A bright white glowing UFO came down from the sky slowly and in front of the volcano. At first what we believe to be the moon soon begins to fall infant of the volcano, making this 100% proof that UFOs do frequently visit the volcano. This volcano was first noticed 15 years ago by me who noticed UFOs entering and exiting both the mouth and the sides of the volcano. Today, most UFO researchers are looking at this specific cam for UFOs...however I would like to say, although there is an alien base 5km below this volcano, there are UFOs worldwide and there are hundreds of free cams to watch and catch UFOs. Please try, you may be surprised. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Square Outline Of A Huge UFO Over Virginia Beach, Oct 8, 2021, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Oct 8, 2021

Location of sighting: Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA

Source: MUFON #118502

 

An eyewitness saw a mile lit up doorway in the sky yesterday. The light is actually not a doorway, but the outline of a UFO that has come down from the sky and rested in the cloud cover itself. The UFO pushes the clouds slightly making a thiner line around its edges and thus...the outline of the UFO is visible. This is 100% proof that aliens observe humans from hidden locations. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

 

Eyewitness states: 

I saw a square, lighted portal in the sky. The square light in the clouded sky appeared to be translucent, appeared to be a gate or doorway. 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Strange square translucent light appeared in the sky over Virginia Beach, Virginia and it looks like a portal or doorway.

Then a weird moving light in the sky filmed over Pueblo, Colorado and a glowing light spotted on security cam that rapidly shot south, began climbing and pulsating over Columbia, Missouri.

source: www.mufon.com

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

12 minutes of pilot testimony starting with Sir Chichester in 1931

Sir Chichester, a highly respected man was flying to New Zealand when he had an encounter with a UFO 16 years before Kenneth Arnold in 1947. Then Kenneth Arnold speaks, followed by many pilots. Among them the French pilot Duboc who saw a UFO disappear above Paris. A Dutch KLM pilot and an English pilot who had an encounter near Alderney in 2007. Crew and passengers saw two mile wide craft.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

A 'once-in-a-generation' discovery: Scientists find a new species of 'indestructible' tardigrade preserved in 16 MILLION-year-old amber

• Tardigrades, also known as water bears, can survive in extreme conditions 

• Due to their microscopic size, the chance of them being fossilised is small

• Now, researchers have discovered a new species preserved in amber

• The fossil is only the third to be fully described and formally named to date 

By SHIVALI BEST FOR MAILONLINE 

Scientists have discovered a new species of tardigrade almost perfectly preserved in 16-million-year-old amber.

Also known as water bears, the creatures are a group of microscopic invertebrates that are best known for their ability to survive extreme conditions.

Due to their microscopic size and non-biomineralising body, the chance of them becoming fossilised is small.

In the new paper, researchers describe a modern-looking tardigrade fossil that represents a new genus and new species.

They were able to obtain higher resolution images of important anatomical characteristics that helped them to analyse the fossil.

Researchers say the new fossil, Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus, is only the third tardigrade amber fossil to be fully described and formally named to date.

The other two fully described modern-looking tardigrade fossils are Milnesium swolenskyi and Beorn leggi, both known from Cretaceous-age amber in North America. 

Scientists have discovered a new species of tardigrade almost perfectly preserved in 16-million-year-old amber

What are tardigrades? 

_Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are said to be the most indestructible animals in the world.

These small, segmented creatures come in many forms - there are more than 900 species of them - and they're found everywhere in the world, from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans.

Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are said to be the most indestructible animals in the world

They have eight legs (four pairs) and each leg has four to eight claws that resemble the claws of a bear.

Boil the 1mm creatures, freeze them, dry them, expose them to radiation and they're so resilient they'll still be alive 200 years later.

Water bears can live through temperatures as low as -457 degrees, heat as high as 357 degrees, and 5,700 grays of radiation, when 10-20 grays would kill humans and most other animals.

Tardigrades have been around for 530 million years and outlived the dinosaurs.

The animals can also live for a decade without water and even survive in space.

On a 2007 trip to space, tardigrades were exposed to the space vacuum and harmful solar radiation, but still managed to survive and reproduce after returning to Earth.

The tiny eight-legged animals are found on all the continents and in different environments including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial.

While they have survived all five Phanerozoic Great Mass Extinction events, the earliest modern-looking tardigrades are only known from the Cretaceous period – around 80 million years ago.

Despite their long evolutionary history and global distribution, there is a lot lacking in their fossil record.

Paradoryphoribius is the first fossil to be found embedded in Miocene (approximately 16 million years ago) Dominican amber and the first fossil representative of the tardigrade superfamily Isohypsibioidea.

Lead author Marc Mapalo, from the department of organismic and evolutionary biology, Harvard University, said: 'The difficulty of working with this amber specimen is that it's far too small for dissecting microscopes, we needed a special microscope to fully see the fossil.'

Researchers say the new tardigrade has a total body length of only 559 micrometres – or slightly over half a millimetre.

At such a small scale, a dissecting microscope can only reveal the external morphology of the fossil.

Fortunately, Tardigrade's cuticle is made of chitin, a fibrous glucose substance that is a primary component of cell walls in fungi and the exoskeletons of some other invertebrates.

Chitin is fluorescent and easily excited by lasers, making it possible to fully visualise the tardigrade fossil using a specific method.

The use of confocal laser microscopy instead of transmitted light to study the fossil created degrees of fluorescence allowing a more clear view of the internal morphology.

This method allowed researchers to visualise two very important characters of the fossil – the claws and the buccal apparatus, or the foregut of the animal which is also made of cuticle.

Paradoryphoribius is the first fossil to be found embedded in Miocene (approximately 16 million years ago) Dominican amber and the first fossil representative of the tardigrade superfamily Isohypsibioidea

Beorn leggi, the first fossil tardigrade, was recovered in 1964 from Campanian-age Canadian amber (78 ~Ma.). Milnesium swolenskyi (92 ~Ma.) was found in Turonian-age amber from New Jersey and described 36 years later. A putative ancestral sister of tardigrades, the so-called 'Orsten tardigrade' from the middle Cambrian period, was recovered in Siberia and evaluated in 1995

Senior author Professor Javier Ortega-Hernandez, also of the department of organismic and evolutionary biology, Harvard, said: 'Tardigrade fossils are rare.

'With our new study, the full tally includes only four specimens, from which only three are formally described and named, including Paradoryphoribius.

'This paper basically encompasses a third of the tardigrade fossil record known to date.

The use of confocal laser microscopy instead of transmitted light to study the fossil created degrees of fluorescence allowing a more clear view of the internal morphology 

'Furthermore, Paradoryphoribius offers the only data on a tardigrade buccal apparatus in their entire fossil record.'

The authors note there is a strong preservation bias for tardigrade fossils in amber due to their small size and habitat preferences.

Therefore amber deposits provide the most reliable source for finding new tardigrade fossils, even though that does not mean finding them is an easy task.

The findings are published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

There’s rarely a dull moment in the life of a paranormal news writer. Some weeks it’s time travelers. Other weeks it’s rock stars seeing UFOs. This week it’s Roswell witnesses. That may seem strange since the alleged crash of a spaceship in Roswell, New Mexico, occurred in 1947 and those who were or may have been involved are either deceased or well into their 90s. Yet earlier this week, recordings surfaced of what was said to be a student assistant to Albert Einstein who claimed to have accompanied him to multiple buildings in New Mexico where she claimed they saw a damaged spacecraft, five alien corpses and one living but injured alien. As people who remember fountain pens used to say, the ink was barely dry on that story when a new one surfaced – supposedly from the son of an alleged military witness to the crashed spaceship and dead aliens.

Did they look like this?

The story comes from the Mystery Planet website and is prefaced with an explanation that the original source is a 2010 letter to the late ufologist Stanton Friedman it obtained from his personal archive after this summer’s exhibition at the Fredericton Region Museum in honor of Friedman. The letter — dated January 26, 2010 – was said to be from Shawn (last name redacted) who claimed his father was a member of the 414th Fighter Group who was brought in to see the alleged spaceship and alien corpses. ‘Shawn’ claimed his father related the story to him in 1973 – 26 years after the incident. It’s a long letter (read it here) so here are some key quotes:

“My father said they were flying “hot” (armed), and it reminded him of fighter and bomber operations during the war. He said everything was definitely out of the ordinary. When he asked what was going on, an MP told him a rocket had crash-landed on the US soil. They landed at an air base in New Mexico and took trucks and jeeps to a remote piece of land.”

“The General knew of my father’s familiarity with advanced jet aircraft, and he asked my father to take a look at the wreckage and “see what he could make of it. My father said the wreckage was unlike anything he had ever seen before.”

“After examining the remains, my father reported to the general, “Kell, it is not one of ours, that’s for sure.” Asked whether he thought it was a rocket or a jet, he replied, “Neither.” The general asked my father if he thought the Russians had done it, and my father replied, “No, unless those inscriptions inside are in Russian.”

The wreckage was loaded onto two C-54s which left for Fort Worth with combat escorts … and aliens.

“Three small bodies packed in ice were loaded aboard his plane. They told him that they were the crew of the crashed ship. The ice was melting and, according to my father, the bodies were decomposing and smelled bad. He was able to examine the bodies and obviously thought they were not from this planet. This is what he told me about what he observed:

They were humanoid, with a head, two arms, two legs, two eyes, a mouth, a nose.
They had no ears or teeth.
They were small and fragile with unusually large heads.
They had large eyes but no lids.
They did not have genitalia.
They had six fingers on each hand.
They had skin that looked like that of a shark.
They were the perfect size and shape to fit the formed metal reclining seats he had seen among the wreckage.”

‘Shawn’ says his father kept in contact with military personnel involved with the alien spacecraft and crew, and found out it was saucer-shaped, writing on it was never deciphered, wiring was invisible to the naked eye, its materials seem to have been cultivated at the molecular level rather than manufactured, and more. Of the aliens, he says they were bioengineered robots that were fully integrated into the ship itself. They were also the source of its propulsion via “advanced form of telekinesis”. The ship appeared to have been hit by lightning, another intact ship was found, but neither could be reverse-engineered, nor could the aliens be cloned. It was also determined the ships traveled through time.

According to ‘Shawn’, his father swore him to secrecy but just before he died gave him a set of documents from what he said was a RAMP project on the propulsion system. While ‘Shawn’ could confirm that his father was associated with the Army Air Force (AAF), he could not validate the documents nor the story. It doesn’t appear that Mystery Planet could either, nor was it able to find a response to the letter, if it existed, from Stan Friedman – someone who would probably have at least acknowledged the letter.

Stanton Friedman

One last observation from Mystery Planet that may shed some light on what to make of this story – parts of it are similar to that of Colonel Philip J. Corso, author of “The Day After Roswell,” about his alleged involvement in the research of the Roswell Incident, who also claimed the aliens were bioengineered and responsible for the ship’s propulsion.

Corso’s story has been long debated. This letter probably won’t be – unless ‘Shawn’ comes forward with the alleged secret documents.

If these things come in threes, get ready for one more Roswell story soon.

{  https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Can you imagine a situation in which we, the people, are controlled not by hordes of jackbooted troops or militarized cops, but by the weather? If it sounds like a strange question, well, that’s because it is. If you think that such a thing is not a possibility, it’s very much a case of time to think again. Right now, the strange technology is being researched and developed that may allow for sudden thunderstorms, floods, lightning strikes, and even earthquakes to be directed to specific areas of the planet. That may even involve targeting specific people – perhaps protesters who, in their thousands, are taken out by a massive storm. And, who could prove that it wasn’t just the work of Mother Nature? No-one, that’s who – aside from those controlling the situation and who will be orchestrating the events. If you think that it’s only conspiracy theorists who believe that such a scenario could be real. In fact, you may be surprised at who has gone on the record as stating that not only is such a thing possible, but that the technology has been around – at experimental level, at least – for decades.

In August of 2001, the Guardian newspaper published an article that was titled “RAF rainmakers ’caused 1952 flood.'” In part, it stated: “On August 15, 1952, one of the worst flash floods ever to have occurred in Britain swept through the Devon village of Lynmouth. Thirty five people died as a torrent of 90m tons of water and thousands of tons of rock poured off saturated Exmoor and into the village destroying homes, bridges, shops and hotels. The disaster was officially termed ‘the hand of God’ but new evidence from previously classified government files suggests that a team of international scientists working with the RAF [Royal Air Force] was experimenting with artificial rainmaking in southern Britain in the same week and could possibly be implicated.”

(Nick Redfern)

Seven years later, in 2008, the BBC revealed the following: “In 2001, a BBC investigation discovered that classified documents on the secret experiments have gone missing. Survivors told how the air smelled of sulfur on the afternoon of the floods, and that the rain was so hard, it hurt people’s faces. The BBC unearthed fresh evidence about the alleged experiment, including RAF logbooks and personal testimony. The experiment was called ‘Operation Cumulus,’ but some people taking part dubbed it ‘Operation Witch Doctor.’ Alan Yates, who was a glider pilot, told how he flew over Bedfordshire as part of Operation Cumulus, spraying salt into the air. He was later told that there was a devastating downpour in Staines, 50 miles away.”  You may not be surprised to learn that the technology, today, is far in advance of that which was employed in the skies of England’s southwest in the early 1950s.

(Nick Redfern)

In April 1997, William S. Cohen, who was then the U.S. Secretary of Defense when Bill Clinton held the position of President of the United States, made an amazing and controversial statement to a packed audience at the University of Georgia, which is located in Athens. The conference at which the Secretary of Defense was speaking was The Conference on Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and U.S. Strategy. Cohen came straight to the point and told the audience that certain bodies and people – who he elected not to name, which is intriguing – were then presently “…engaging in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes remotely through the use of Electro-Magnetic waves. So there are plenty of ingenious minds out there that are at work finding ways in which they can wreak terror upon other nations. It’s real.”

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{  https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Square Outline Of A Huge UFO Over Virginia Beach, Oct 8, 2021, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Oct 8, 2021

Location of sighting: Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA

Source: MUFON #118502

 

An eyewitness saw a mile lit up doorway in the sky yesterday. The light is actually not a doorway, but the outline of a UFO that has come down from the sky and rested in the cloud cover itself. The UFO pushes the clouds slightly making a thiner line around its edges and thus...the outline of the UFO is visible. This is 100% proof that aliens observe humans from hidden locations. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

 

Eyewitness states: 

I saw a square, lighted portal in the sky. The square light in the clouded sky appeared to be translucent, appeared to be a gate or doorway. 

 { https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Weird UFO lights over Pueblo, Colorado 8-Oct-2021

These strange lights in the sky were filmed over Pueblo, Colorado on 8th October 2021.

What do you think they are? Some strange crafts or just a beam light?

Witness report: 

We were sitting in the back yard and seen lights in the sky.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

*MUST SEE* Triangle UFO filmed over Utrecht, Netherlands 7-Oct-2021

This interesting UFO video of a really fast triangular-shaped object was filmed in the night sky above Utrecht, Netherlands on 7th October 2021 around 9pm. Equipment used: Luna Optics LN-G3-B50 Digital Binocular 6-36×50 Gen-3.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Move over, Tic Tacs – you may be on the way to being replaced by a UAP that looks like … no, not another breath mint … a rubber duck! Before you scoff (and curse for having a “Rubber Ducky” earworm implanted in your brain), this comes from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and has been analyzed

“I am finally proud to present to you guys the very FIRST legitimate footage of a genuine UAP craft tracked for over 40 minutes by the department of Homeland Security using FLIR optics system in black hot mode. The footage was captured by an RC-26 reconnaissance plane looking for drug smugglers somewhere over Tuscon Arizona. The object was spotted 20 minutes into the footage and was tracked for a full 40 minutes until the footage ended.”

The video (watch the one hour recording here — the object appears in minute 20 and is followed until the end) was uploaded yesterday to the YouTube channel NY UAP DISCUSSION by Andy NY UAP – no other ID available at this time. ‘Andy’ announced he would release the video a few days before on the Witness Citizen UAP podcast. The video shows it was recorded on November 23, 2019, at about 9 pm.

Not that kind of rubber duck

“The object in question is traveling anywhere between 90-200 mph as it flies over the desert surface and is also changing direction as it flies. It is estimated to be about 5 or 6 ft long and looks to have a second smaller appendage that flies with it but it is still uncertain if the smaller orb like object is actually a part of the main one or separate from the main.”

While Andy NY UAP doesn’t reveal how he obtained this video of an unidentified 6-foot, 200 mph, rubber duck-shaped UAP, he does us a favor and shares it with Dave Falch, an experienced Depot Level Flir Technician who is also familiar with the USS Nimitz Tic Tac videos, having done that kind of work for Jeremy Corbell after he revealed those recordings. After saying on his own video that he talked to both ‘Andy’ and the person who leaked the video to him, Falch explains all of the measurements and readout seen during the video, then rules out birds, balloons, drones, and all other conventional explanations. It shows no heat signature, no propulsion and no moving parts. Falch believes it’s two distinct UAPs moving in harmony, but …

“I’m at a complete loss what this could be.”

‘Andy’ released the video to The Sun Online, which says it contacted everyone’s favorite former government UFO insider Luis Elizondo who said he thinks it’s balloons but would like to have it analyzed with the new AI being developed just for this purpose.

The Tic Tac UFO

After hearing these ‘expert’ opinions, watch the video again (rubber duck flies it around 20:30). What do you think now? It’s interesting and hard to tell if the video is real or fake. There’s no audio of pilot commentary, and neither ‘Andy’ nor Falch reveal the name of the video provider. It would definitely be helpful to have AI or members of the new government UAP investigation department take a look at it. Will that happen? Who knows. If it does, when if at all will we see the analysis? That’s the frustration of those waiting for gifts of UAP disclosure – it’s a lot of promises but few presents.

While we wait for answers, here’s something to help you remember the shape from your old pal Ernie.

Rubber duckie, you’re so fine
And I’m lucky that you’re mine
Rubber duckie, I’d like a whole pond of
Rubber duckie, I’m awfully fond of you.
“Rubber Ducky” — Sesame Street

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

When someone asks you what’s the weirdest UFO-themed, U.S. government document you’ve ever crossed paths with, it’s not easy to reply. However, I can say for sure that there’s one story that really stands out. Even to this day, and after more than a decade of looking into the file, I still don’t know what to think about it all. So, for that reason I’ll share it with you, the readers! I’m not sure if the document concerns a genuine UFO case, or if the key player in the story – an old man, at the time – was in the throes of Alzheimers or something similar. In a  November 13, 1952 document – titled Unconventional Flying Objects Sighted; And Portions Recovered By [First Name Deleted] McLean, Friona, Texas, prepared by the U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and marked for the attention of the Director of Investigations at Washington, D.C. – the following was disclosed: “SYNOPSIS: Special Agent in Charge, Dallas, Texas, Texas Field Division, FBI, advised this district that [First Name Deleted] McLean of Friona, Texas, had reported seeing flying saucers at an unnamed point in New Mexico; had recovered three fragments which landed close to him; and had notified the Pentagon but hearing nothing had sold a portion of one object to a Russian scientist from the USSR Embassy.” That’s where it gets very strange.

The document continues: “FBI received information to the effect that McLean had written a letter to an unnamed friend in Amarillo, Texas, and it read in part as follows: “but to get back to flying saucers that are real, recently I was camped on a mountain in New Mexico and saw a dim light at first circling around up high. It circled in a mile across circle but kept descending. First the light was white but as it got lower it turned green and exploded showering light objects in all directions. Several of those fiery objects landed close to me, most of them were buried in the ground, but I gathered up three that were only partly buried and brought them home with me.'”

The document continued: “I notified the Pentagon in Washington what I had saw fall. I heard nothing from them but a Russian scientist from the U.S.S.R. Embassy did come and buy one half of one of those objects. It was so hard we had to use a sledge hammer to break into. In the center was a round hole or vacuum filled with fine powder. This scientist scraped every bit of the dust up and put it in a bottle. He claims the object was uranium and other unknown minerals.” The document adds: “Mr. and Mrs. McLean, Friona, Texas, were interviewed and Mr. McLean advised that he was a retired farmer. He stated that he had always been interested in meteors ever since he took a correspondence course concerning meteors some 50 years ago. McLean stated that in the spring of 1952 he was traveling in the eastern part of San Miguel County, New Mexico, with his wife, when he found a large deposit of a metal unknown to him. He stated that he picked up a piece of this metal and brought it back to Friona, Texas, with him. Mrs. McLean verified this statement inasmuch as she stated that she was with him at the time he picked up the metal.”

And there’s more from the military file: “McLean was questioned concerning his statement in the above letter that he saw the material fall but stated that he did not remember writing any such information in the letter and emphatically stated that he did not see the material fall to earth. McLean stated that after he found this material and returned to Friona, Texas, he wrote letters to Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas and Senator Clinton Anderson of New Mexico concerning the material. He stated that both senators replied requesting that he ship samples of this material to a Government Laboratory in Tucson, Arizona. McLean stated that he sent samples of this material to the Government Laboratory in Tucson, Arizona, and stated that they replied advising him that the material was part of a meteor. McLean was asked if he were still in possession of all this correspondence but stated that he had destroyed it all.”

(Nick Redfern)

The Air Force didn’t stop there: “McLean advised that shortly after he wrote to the two senators about this material he was visited by an unknown individual who, according to McLean, displayed the credentials of the Soviet Embassy. McLean was asked to describe the credentials of this person and stated that they were very similar to the credentials of the writer but that the writing was in Russian. McLean was then asked if he could read the writer’s credentials, and he stated that he could not read very well but he felt sure that they were in English. McLean could not place the time of this visit and could furnish no other information concerning this alleged individual with the exception of the fact that he stated that he thought this individual came from the Russian Consulate in Amarillo, Texas. McLean stated he was no longer in possession of any of the unknown material inasmuch as he had recently given the remainder of the material to his wife’s nephew, Mr. [Deleted] of Lawrenceville, Illinois.”

If that wasn’t enough, the file got stranger and stranger: “It was also pointed out that in the letter set out above McLean advised that he sold half of the material to the representative of the Russian Embassy. At the time of the interview he emphatically denied selling any of the material to the representative of the Russian Embassy and stated that he could not remember having made such a statement in the letter to the individual in Amarillo, Texas. Deputy Sheriff C.M. Jones, Friona, advised that he had known the subject for many years and advised that the subject is an elderly man approximately 71 years of age. Jones advised that the subject has nothing whatsoever to do and is somewhat of a dreamer. Jones explained that McLean dreams of various things and then thinks about them to the extent that he actually believes what he dreamed. Jones stated that the subject will then come to the downtown section of the little town of Friona and attempt to convince people that his dreams are actually the truth. Jones stated that the people of Friona, Texas, very seldom believe or put any faith in any matters discussed by the subject due to his mental condition.”

A man whose mind was deteriorating – and deteriorating fast – or a genuine Flying Saucer affair involving U.S. intelligence, UFO debris, and the Soviets? Or, possibly, a bit of everything? After so many years of looking into this case, I’m still not sure.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Freedom of access to information represents one of the most important aspects of life in democratic societies today. In the United States, the Freedom of Information Act has existed officially since 1967, and is generally recognized as a law that keeps the citizenry informed about occurrences within various branches of government.

According to a summary at the website of the Department of State, “The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) generally provides that any person has the right to request access to federal agency records or information except to the extent the records are protected from disclosure by any of nine exemptions contained in the law or by one of three special law enforcement record exclusions.”

However, there are instances on record that appear to convey the withholding or disappearance of information from government files that otherwise should have been subject to FOIA laws. In some cases, these incidents involved sightings of unidentified aerial phenomena over sensitive military installations.

Throughout the 1960s and 70s, a series of incidents involving UFO sightings over nuclear facilities occurred which aroused official concern. As early as 1966, some of the incidents had made headlines in regional newspapers: a story featured on the front page of The Minot Daily News on Tuesday, December 6, 1966, featured the following tantalizing title: “Minot Launch Control Center ‘Saucer’ Cited as One Indication of Outer Space Visitors.” A similar incident was also described by author Raymond Fowler in his book Casebook of a UFO Investigator, which told of UFO activity over Malmstrom Air Force Base that same year.

The incidents over Malmstrom would continue for several years, in fact, and much has been written about the UFO activities there which seemingly resulted in the shutdown of missile launch systems and other anomalies. However, in one case, official files that should have existed about one of the incidents were apparently destroyed, prompting questions about government agencies and their handling of information concerning incidents involving UFOs entering restricted airspace over nuclear facilities.

The events in question involve an incident that occurred on November 7, 1975, where personnel at Malmstrom were hearing noises they likened to “jet sounds” accompanied by lights in the sky. Simultaneously, the 24^th NORAD Region detected up to seven objects in the area at an altitude of approximately 1200 feet, moving southwest. When attempts were made by F-106 pilots to investigate, the objects would turn off their lights, and visual or radar contact could not be made. To the frustration of officials observing on the ground, once the F-106s left the area, the mystery objects turned their lights back on.

The previous two nights, similar sightings of unidentified lights were made from launch sites south of Lewiston, Montana. And the following morning of November 9 shortly after 3 AM, another UFO was observed over Malmstrom.

Documents were later obtained in the form of a memorandum from the National Military Command Center, dated November 8, which gave a summary of the sightings. Copies were later obtained by researchers Larry Fawcett and Barry Greenwood, who made similar inquiries with the Air Force about the November 1975 sightings.

“All documentation at Malmstrom AFB has been destroyed in accordance with Air Force directives for the dates of the UFO sightings mentioned,” read a portion of an official response from the USAF regarding the incidents.

“Since when are all records of a serious incident or series of incidents of this magnitude destroyed,” asked Fawcett and Greenwood in their 1984 book Clear Intent. “We must conclude that either there is gross incompetence in the military’s handling of such situations, or that the UFOs, in these instances, presented so considerable a threat to the national security of the United States that the Air Force felt compelled to deliberately misinform the public, and, as a result, violated the Freedom of Information Act by stating that existing records had been destroyed.”

The destruction of records about the UFO sightings at Malmstrom in 1975 was not an isolated incident. In fact, similar occurrences elsewhere in the world suggest that the UFO issue has been handled similarly by other countries.

Journalist Ross Coulthart describes yet another instance of “lost” official records of a UFO incident in his book In Plain Sight, where he describes an incident on October 25, 1973, that occurred near Exmouth, Australia. Incidentally, the events in question transpired on the same evening that Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had been meeting with the National Security Council over a decision to move to Defcon III while then-President Nixon slept, in response to a message from the Soviets that Moscow was contemplating taking military action in the Middle East.

An Australian fire captain working with the U.S. Navy named Bill Lynn made the first observation of an object hovering over the Naval Communication Station North West Cape. Lynn later described in official documents what from his pickup truck he took to be a large, dark-colored object which he initially mistook for being a cloud formation. Moving closer and exiting the vehicle, it became evident that the object was large and spherical, and hovering silently while producing a sort of halo that Lynn thought was either rotating or perhaps pulsating. He watched the object for nearly four minutes before it “took off at tremendous speed” and vanished to the north.

Sightings reports were filed with the Royal Australian Air Force, indicating that there had been a second witness to the events in question. As Coulthart notes, copies of these reports were provided to researchers between 1974 and ’75, prior to the enactment of the freedom of information laws in Australia. Despite this, no similar records can be found today in the Australian National Archives.

“Curiously, there are now no records of this 1973 North West Cape sighting anywhere in declassified Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) sighting records from 1973,” Coulthart writes, adding that the “provenance of the original sightings reports is not in question.”

“It has never been explained why the original files recording the 1973 sighting were subsequently lost from Australian Defence Department files,” Coulthart says, “and it is to the great credit of the Defence Public Affairs staff of that era that they recognized the importance of seeing the 25 October 1973 sighting released to the public.

Arguably, had it not been for the earlier release of these sighting reports, no official documentation about them would exist today. The question remains as to how or why documentation of these seemingly very concerning incidents would have been lost or destroyed; it also raises the question of how often the loss of documents like these may occur.

While freedom of information laws do often grant researchers a glimpse at official documentation about UFO incidents involving the military, the law only works if records are kept… and as instances like those cited here seem to show, sometimes documents are either destroyed or simply go missing.

In light of this, how can the public be expected to have “freedom of information” if our governments can’t seem to preserve their own records about UFO activity over military installations?

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

 Scholar Discovers a 14th-Century Monk Wrote About the Americas Before Columbus’ Discovery

A 19th-century artist’s imagination of medieval viking voyages.
“Summer in the Greenland coast circa year 1000,” Carl Rasmussen.

(Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

The first Europeans to set foot on American shores are believed to be Norse sailors, or Vikings. In the 10th century, Norsemen explored and settled parts of the Canadian coastline and remained there for hundreds of years. Despite this Scandinavian knowledge of lands to the west, scholars believed Southern Europe remained largely in the dark until the voyages of Columbus. A recent discovery of mention to “Markland” (likely Labrador or Newfoundland) in a 14th-century Italian text suggest that one monk at least knew of the continent’s existence.

The discovery was made by Paolo Chiesa, professor of Medieval Latin Literature at Milan University, and his graduate students. Chiesa had tracked down the one existing copy of a manuscript known as Cronica universalis. The book’s history is complicated. Originally held by the basilica of Sant’Ambrogio in Milan, the document was removed from the collection when it was liquidated after Napoleon’s conquest. Somehow, it found its way to New York.

The book was written by a medieval Dominican named Galvano Fiamma. The private collector let Chiesa photograph the book for research. While translating the pages from Latin, a graduate student named Giulia Greco noticed an interesting passage which followed mention of Iceland and Greenland. The text read, “Farther westwards there is another land, named Marckalada, where giants live; in this land, there are buildings with such huge slabs of stone that nobody could build them, except huge giants. There are also green trees, animals and a great quantity of birds.”Chiesa calls this passage “astonishing.” It is evidence that this one monk was, at the very least, aware of the existence of North America long before Columbus set sail. The monk explains that he received his knowledge from “sailors who frequent the seas of Denmark and Norway,” who must have passed along the tails to the seamen of the port of Genoa. Fiamma likely studied in the seaport, which may have put him in contact with the sources of his knowledge. This fascinating sentence raises several questions. How widespread was knowledge of Markland? Why do no Italian maps of the period show what we now call North America? And lastly, since Columbus was from Genoa, did he have an inkling what lay to the west? While these questions are present mysteries, future research may shed light on what medieval southern Europeans knew about America.

An Italian professor discovered a reference to Markland (a Norse name for part of the Canadian coast) in a 14th-century manuscript.

The Skálholt Karte manuscript, from 1560, displaying the Skálholt Map. The map shows Markland (Labrador), the region mentioned in the medieval text “Cronica universalis.” (Photo:Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

The medieval monk who wrote the book got his information from sailors, suggesting some southern Europeans knew of America before Columbus’ voyage.

Recreation of a Viking Village, Newfoundland, Canada.

(Photo: Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0)

h/t: [The Economist]

Related Articles:

• Herbals: Elegant Illustrated Manuscripts That Once Dominated Medicine
• Hidden Hoards and Buried Treasure Troves Are Real and Still Being Discovered
• Dublin Grocery Store Installs Glass Floor for Shoppers to View Viking History Just Belo
• Hero Librarian From Timbuktu Saved Thousands of Historical Manuscripts From Being Destroyed

{ http://www.moderntimesnews.com/ }

Italiaanse monnik uit 14de eeuw wist al van Amerika

Middeleeuwen In Italië is een document gevonden van een Milanese monnik uit 1340, waarin gebieden in Noord-Amerika beschreven staan die toen alleen in Scandinavië bekend waren.

Hendrik Spiering

De Vikingen voeren in de tiende eeuw voor het eerst naar Groenland. Beeld Carl Rasmussen 

Al in de veertiende eeuw bestond er in Noord-Italië kennis over de gebieden die door Vikingen waren ontdekt in Noord-Amerika. In een onlangs opgedoken wereldkroniek van de Milanese monnik Galvaneus Flamma uit ca. 1340, wordt beschreven dat ten westen van IJsland het eiland Grolandia ligt (Groenland) en ten westen daarvan het land Marckalada, waar volgens Galvaneus reuzen leven en groene bomen met dieren en veel vogels.

Dat Marckalada uit deze Cronica universalis verwijst zonder twijfel naar het Markland uit middeleeuwse IJslandse geschriften: het rijke kustgebied waar leden van Vikingnederzettingen in Groenland regelmatig hout en mogelijk ook slaven gingen halen. Mogelijk lagen de teruggevonden Vikingwoningen in het Canadese L’Anse aux Meadows (Newfoundland) in dat Markland (‘bosland’), al worden die traditioneel toegewezen aan Vinland, een ander moeilijk precies te lokaliseren Atlantisch kustgebied uit de IJslandse sagen over de verkenning van Noord-Amerika. Deze onverwacht vroege Italiaanse verwijzing naar Markland wordt beschreven door Paolo Chiesa, hoogleraar middeleeuwse letterkunde aan de Universiteit van Milaan, in het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift Terrae Incognitae.

Lees ook:Groenlandse Vikingen bouwden vooral met drijfhout

Kleine kring

Voor zover bekend is deze vroeg veertiende-eeuwse Italiaanse kennis van Amerika beperkt gebleven tot een kleine kring. De bewoning van IJsland door Noormannen, vanaf de negende eeuw, was wel redelijk bekend geraakt in Europa. Maar de kennis van de daaropvolgende ontdekking van Groenland en de stichting van twee Groenlandse nederzettingen rond het jaar 1000 bestond vrijwel alleen in de Scandinavische gebieden, laat staan dat er daarbuiten iets bekend was over de toch al nooit langdurig door Vikingen bewoonde Noord-Amerikaanse fourageergebieden als Vinland, Helluland en Markland.

Hoewel Galvaneus, zoals zoveel middeleeuwse kroniekschrijvers, zijn informatie nergens kritisch beoordeelt, is de Milanese dominicaan in al zijn geschriften wel zorgvuldig in de bekendmaking van zijn bronnen. Zijn geografische kennis over Noord-Amerika noemt hij in een lange beschouwing over exotische gebieden zoals China, de poolgebieden en Afrika, waarin hij onder meer de in zijn tijd al beroemde geschriften van Marco Polo aanhaalt. De kennis over Marckalanda heeft Galvaneus naar eigen zeggen opgedaan bij „zeelieden die de zeeën bij Denemarken en Noorwegen bevaren”. Het lijkt er niet op dat die zeelui ooit zelf in Noord-Amerika waren geweest, want zoals Galvaneus schrijft: „Niemand van de zeelui kon overigens iets met zekerheid zeggen over het land en zijn eigenschappen”.

Of Galvaneus zélf met zeelieden heeft gesproken in Genua, de belangrijkste zeehaven bij Milaan, of de informatie weer van anderen heeft, is onduidelijk. Chiesa merkt wel op dat de woordspelling met ck, zoals in Marckalada, extreem zeldzaam is in Italiaanse manuscripten van die tijd. „Dat wijst op de weergave van een vreemde keelklank, die vermoedelijk moet zijn overgenomen uit een oudere bron.”

Zeelieden uit Genua

Hoogleraar Chiesa denkt dat de informatie afkomstig moet zijn geweest van zeelieden uit Genua die handel dreven met Scandinavië, precies zoals Galvaneus ook zelf zegt. Noorse zeelui kwamen toen vrijwel nooit in Italië. De kennis van deze Noord-Amerikaanse gebieden, die hoe vaag verder ook rond 1340 Milaan bereikte, heeft zich verder niet verspreid. De kroniek van Galvaneus is zelfs nooit afgemaakt, waarschijnlijk door zijn dood, en is slechts over in één afschrift, uit het einde van de veertiende eeuw.

Correctie (8 oktober 2021). Aanvanklijk werd in dit stuk Markland vertaald als ‘grensland'. Het betekent echter ‘bosland’.

{ https://www.nrc.nl/ }

Two Pill Shaped UFOs Sighted Over Louisville, Kentucky. October 7, 2021

The witness stated the following "My father first mentioned the objects while we were watching my kids (his grandchildren) play on my back porch and asked “what the hell is that”. This caught my attention as well as my 2 children. We observed the 2 pill capsule-like objects start very close together which is what prompted my father’s concern and for me to grab my phone to record. They gradually spread apart and continued on a straight path until they were no longer visible. They appeared as white/silver in color but was difficult to pinpoint because the surface appeared somewhat reflective. we didn’t observe any windows. We are used to seeing planes daily coming from the SW direction as well, but the shape and color of the objects are totally off. We also observed an airplane flying SW to W on the opposite side of my back porch where we were located immediately after the incident occurred and we could no longer see the 2 objects, which further attests the color and shape of the objects were nothing like an airplane. I included the video of the airplane also as comparison to show the difference. I also did not notice while I was filming but my video has a few glitches in the beginning."

Source: MUFON/UFO Stalker

Case Number 118485

• https://ufostalker.com/sighting/11848

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

The discovery of a 16-million-year-old tardigrade preserved in amber was an extremely rare find. In fact, it is only the third ever tardigrade that was found in amber to be completely described and named. The seemingly indestructible creature is incredibly tiny but exceptionally mighty and obviously couldn’t escape the amber that trapped it so many millions of years ago during the Miocene Epoch.

The new tardigrade species, which has been named Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus, belongs to a modern tardigrade superfamily called Isohypsibioidea. The new species found in amber was discovered in the Dominican Republic. The other two prehistoric tardigrades that were previous found in amber were the Milnesium swolenskyi that dated back 90 million years (it was described in 2000); and the Beorn leggi that lived 72 million years ago and was described back in 1964.

Tardigrades seem to be indestructible as they can survive freezing temperatures, high pressures, no oxygen, cosmic radiation, space vacuum, being boiled, and being fired out of a gun. Furthermore, they can dry themselves out and reconfigure once their surrounding conditions improve.

Drawing of Echiniscus testudo (species of tardigrade) on a grain of sand.

(Via Wikipedia)

Phil Barden, who is a biologist at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, noted, “The discovery of a fossil tardigrade is truly a once-in-a-generation event.” “What is so remarkable is that tardigrades are a ubiquitous ancient lineage that has seen it all on Earth, from the fall of the dinosaurs to the rise of terrestrial colonization of plants.” “Yet, they are like a ghost lineage for paleontologists with almost no fossil record. Finding any tardigrade fossil remains is an exciting moment where we can empirically see their progression through Earth history.”

As for the fossil found in the Dominican amber, it is very tiny, measuring a little more than half a millimeter in length. It was so small that the researchers had to use confocal microscopy to analyze it and it was a success as they said that it was the best-imaged fossil of a tardigrade so far.

In the image, they were able to spot the creature’s tiny claws and its foregut (mouth apparatus). “Even though externally it looked like a modern tardigrade, with confocal laser microscopy we could see it had this unique foregut organization that warranted for us to erect a new genus within this extant group of tardigrade superfamilies,” explained tardigradologist Marc Mapalo from Harvard University, adding, “Paradoryphoribius is the only genus that has this specific unique character arrangement in the superfamily Isohypsibioidea.”

A lot of things get trapped in amber.

The researchers went on to say that since the tardigrade that they found in the Dominican amber was exceptionally tiny, there could more examples in other amber deposits that have yet to be discovered. Pictures of the Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus inside the amber can be seen here.

Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus.

(Mapalo et al., Proc. R. Soc. B, 2021)

So smol! The tiny, preserved tardigrade found in Dominican amber is microscopic, measuring just over half a millimeter in length. This was too small for the researchers to see with a normal dissecting microscope, so they turned to confocal microscopy.

(Phillip Barden/Harvard/NJIT)

(Mapalo et al., Proc. R. Soc. B, 2021)

Above: Autofluorescence of Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus under confocal microscopy.

The study was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences where it can be read in full.

{  https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

An Exoplanet Reaches 2400 C in One Hemisphere. Does it Really Rain Iron?

WASP-76b is an ultra-hot Jupiter about 640 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Pisces. A few years ago it gained notoriety for being so hot that iron falls as rain. It’s tidally locked to its star, and the planet’s star-facing hemisphere can reach temperatures as high as 2400 Celsius, well above iron’s 1538 C melting point.

Scientists have been studying the planet since its discovery in 2013, and new evidence suggests that it’s even hotter than thought. But, almost disappointingly, there might be no iron rain after all.

The discovery that WASP-76b might be even hotter than thought is based on multi-year observations of the exoplanet. A new paper based on some of those observations is published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Its title is “Detection of Ionized Calcium in the Atmosphere of the Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b.” Emily Deibert, a University of Toronto doctoral student, is the paper’s first author.

The study of exoplanets is in an interesting place. Astronomers are developing new ways to find more exoplanets and to begin to study their atmospheres. The new research is based on a project called ExoGemS—Exoplanets with Gemini Spectroscopy. It uses the Gemini North Telescope on Mauna Kea and a high-resolution spectrograph to explore the diversity of exoplanet atmospheres. The ExoGemS survey is intended to study at least 30 exoplanets of interest to astronomers, with WASP-76b serving as a benchmark for the survey.

“As we do remote sensing of dozens of exoplanets, spanning a range of masses and temperatures,” said co-author Ray Jayawardhana, “we will develop a more complete picture of the true diversity of alien worlds – from those hot enough to harbour iron rain to others with more moderate climates, from those heftier than Jupiter to others not much bigger than the Earth.”

“It’s remarkable that with today’s telescopes and instruments, we can already learn so much about the atmospheres – their constituents, physical properties, presence of clouds and even large-scale wind patterns – of planets that are orbiting stars hundreds of light-years away,” Jayawardhana said in a press release.

WASP-76b gained some attention because of a previous study that found it may rain iron. The dayside temperature is hot enough to vaporize iron, while the nightside temperature is low enough for the iron to condense into rain. The idea was that somewhere near the terminator of the tidally-locked planet, iron would condense into liquid and fall to the surface.

That may not be true, but we’ll get to that. This new research shows that WASP-76b might actually be hotter than thought. It stems from the discovery of a rare trio of spectroscopic lines of ionized calcium in the atmosphere.

The exoplanet has a complex atmosphere, and astronomers are studying it from hundreds of light-years away, so any conclusions are likely not final. In their paper, the authors say that WASP-76b likely has an escaping atmosphere and that the hydrodynamics of the atmosphere are affecting the ionized calcium lines in the spectrometry. “The higher temperature would then lead to enhanced production of ionized calcium and thus to strong absorption features,” they write.

“We’re seeing so much calcium; it’s a really strong feature,” said first author Emily Deibert, a University of Toronto doctoral student, whose adviser is Jayawardhana. “This spectral signature of ionized calcium could indicate that the exoplanet has very strong upper atmosphere winds,” Deibert said. “Or the atmospheric temperature on the exoplanet is much higher than we thought.”

The iron that’s attracted so much attention could be partly responsible for the extreme heat, in one of its forms. Another form of iron, along with Mg, could also make it difficult for the atmosphere to cool. “Identified mechanisms leading to increases in temperature in the atmospheres of ultra-hot Jupiters are metal photoionization and NLTE non-local thermodynamic equilibrium> effects in the form of overpopulation of species responsible for heating (e.g., Fe ii) together with underpopulation of species responsible for cooling (e.g., Fe i and Mg).”

WASP-76b is likely the only planet in the system, and it has about 92% of Jupiter’s mass. It has an orbital period of fewer than two days. Its frequent transits make it a good target for study. The authors of this research intend on studying the exoplanet more extensively. “In a forthcoming paper, we will analyze the full spectral range covered by these observations and search for absorption due to a suite of atomic, ionic, and molecular species modelled at high resolution…” they write.

What About the Iron Rain?

It’s being widely reported that WASP-76b rains molten iron. But according to a separate study, that may not be the case.

In a paper titled “No umbrella needed: Confronting the hypothesis of iron rain on WASP-76b with post-processed general circulation models,” a team of researchers say that iron rain is unlikely and that something else can explain the observations.

That team, with first author Arjun Savel, points out that WASP-76b is the first time that any kind of iron rain has been postulated in an exoplanet atmosphere. “The aforementioned iron chemistry gradient interpretation would be the first of its kind among exoplanet atmospheres,” they write. According to them, there’s another explanation, and it may be more likely.

They say that the data showing iron rain could be explained by temperature. “However, the necessity of a chemical gradient to explain the extant observations has been questioned by the forward models of Wardenier et al. (2021), who self-consistently calculate transmission spectra from a 3-D model of this planet and find that either iron condensation or a significant temperature asymmetry could match the Ehrenreich et al. (2020) data.”

The temperature asymmetry they mention is between the leading and trailing edges of the atmosphere. Unfortunately, existing data can’t differentiate between actual iron rain and temperature asymmetry. There’s another problem with the data. It turns out that the star WASP-76 may have a stellar companion about 85 AU away. The light from that star may have been present in some of the original Hubble spectroscopy of WASP-76b, fouling the data.

They also point out that ultra-hot Jupiter atmospheres aren’t conducive to clouds of Fe. “Furthermore, Fe clouds are not necessarily favoured in hot Jupiter atmospheres; microphysics models indicate that the nucleation rate of Fe is low, causing Fe clouds to be sequestered deep in the atmosphere.”

Another paper, from 2021, titled “Decomposing the Iron Cross-Correlation Signal of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-76b in Transmission using 3D Monte-Carlo Radiative Transfer,” also argues against the iron rain conclusion. In that paper, the authors write “We also show that the previously published iron signal of WASP-76b can be reproduced by a model featuring iron condensation on the leading limb. Alternatively, the signal may be explained by a substantial temperature asymmetry between the trailing and leading limb, where iron condensation is not strictly required to match the data.”

To be fair to the researchers who initially suggested the presence of iron rain on WASP-76b, they only said it was a possibility because of the data they had. Headlines suggested it was a done deal, but that’s how headlines work. David Ehrenreich, a professor in the Department of Astronomy in the Faculty of Science at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, was the lead author of that paper.

In their paper, they said that their results can be explained two ways, and only one of them involves iron rain. The results “… can be explained by a combination of planetary rotation and wind blowing from the hot dayside,” on the one hand. On the other hand, “… no signal arises from the nightside close to the morning terminator, showing that atomic iron is not absorbing starlight there.” But as we’ve seen, the lack of an iron signal could be due to temperature asymmetry.

So for now, nobody’s sure that there’s a planet so hot it rains iron. But it sure would be interesting. More powerful instruments, like the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, should help us find out for sure.

More:

• Press Release: 

Spectrum reveals extreme exoplanet is even more exotic

• Research Paper: 

Detection of Ionized Calcium in the Atmosphere of the Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b

• Research Paper: 

No umbrella needed: Confronting the hypothesis of iron rain on WASP-76b with post-processed general circulation models

The post An Exoplanet Reaches 2400 C in One Hemisphere. Does it Really Rain Iron? appeared first on Universe Today.

Source: 

• https://www.universetoday.com/152877/an-exoplanet-reaches-2400-c-in-one-hemisphere-does-it-really-rain-iron/

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{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

Three Silver Spheres Recorded In Double Rainbow, Illinois, Oct 7, 2021, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Oct 7, 2021

Location of sighting: Shiloh, Illinois, USA

Source: MUFON

 

Wow! Check out this photo of three white UFOs near a rainbow in Illinois yesterday after a rain. The eyewitness was watching a double rainbow when several silver objects were seen moving past the rainbow. Being aliens, they may have been intrigued by the rainbows colors and shot toward it, only to have it continually move from them . Have you ever tried to catch one by driving too it? I have and its unique how it continually moves away from you, always the same distance, never gets closer. So fun. The aliens must have thought so too. 100% proof that that aliens have a unique curiosity like we do.

Scott C. Waring, Taiwan.

 

Eyewitness states: Myself and 3 young children were observing beautiful almost complete double rainbows at a stop light. While sitting there I noticed three silver objects moving through the sky. These objects were in the shape of squished ball and super reflective they were just below the clouds moving from the east heading north. We pulled into the target parking lot and observed them some more. One of the objects headed up into the clouds but as it was it looked like it was pulsing but that could have been because it was heading into the clouds. Then all of the objects headed up into the clouds. We stopped watching because I didn’t want to freak my kids out my oldest said she thought they were ET’s. This all happened near Scott Air-force base. I know what airplanes look like because I see them constantly over my house and my husbands farm land and I have never seen anything like this. One of the objects is in the rainbow the other two are just below. In the photo they look like bright glowing objects.

{  https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Did A Chinese Sub or Alien Craft Hit The US Nuclear Sub in South China Sea? UFO Sighting News.

 

Date of incident: October 2, 2021

Location of incident: South China Sea

News source: 

https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/07/politics/us-submarine-collision-south-china-sea/index.html

A US Navy Nuclear submarine which carries over 24 × Trident II D5 SLBM with up to 12 MIRVed W76 or W88 (475 ktTNT) nuclear warheads each, range 6,100 nmi (11,300 km; 7,000 mi). This submarine is reported by the US Navy having hit an UNKNOWN object in the South China Sea. Now if this object were an underwater mountain, radar would have said it and the US Navy would easily admitted too. However they did not. Its reported as an UNKNOWN object. 

 

This has only a few possible solutions that could be big enough and hard enough to hit a nuclear submarine. A whale is too soft and too small. Another submarine however...say Chinese might also have hit them...nudging them...to warn them away, rather than shooting a torpedo which at that close range. would destroy both subs with all those nukes on board. Also the Chinese sub could have fired a dummy (not dangerous) torpedo to hit the US sub as a waring. 

 

I however believe it was an underwater alien craft that hit the submarine. Yes, an alien species that has taken it upon itself to stop a potential war from happening and may have also done the same to another Chinese submarine not far away. Aliens like to show off the the military that aliens have the technology to do...literally anything they want...even to be able to fly over US nuclear ballistic missile silos and disarm them so much...they cannot be repaired, as past military reports have admitted too. This is 100% proof that aliens are under the ocean in South China Sea...protecting not only Taiwan, but the world from disaster. 

Scott C. Waring, Taiwan

{  https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

2 Tic Tac UFOs over Fairdale, Kentucky 7-Oct-2021

These two bright Tic-Tac UFOs were filmed flying over daytime sky over Fairdale, a neighborhood in Louisville, Kentucky. This happened yesterday (on 7th October 2021).

Witness report: 

My father first mentioned the objects while we were watching my kids (his grandchildren) play on my back porch and asked “what the hell is that”. This caught my attention as well as my 2 children. We observed the 2 pill capsule-like objects start very close together which is what prompted my father’s concern and for me to grab my phone to record. They gradually spread apart and continued on a straight path until they were no longer visible. They appreared as white/silver in color but was difficult to pinpoint because the surface appeared somewhat reflective. we didn’t observe any windows. We are used to seeing planes daily coming from the SW direction as well, but the shape and color of the objects are totally off. We also observed an airplane flying SW to W on the opposite side of my back porch where we were located immediately after the incident occurred and we could no longer see the 2 objects, which further attests the color and shape of the objects were nothing like an airplane. I included the video of the airplane also as comparison to show the difference. I also did not notice while I was filming but my video has a few glitches in the beginning.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Archaeological El Dorado: Stunning Golden Sun Bowl Found in Austria

“A discovery of a lifetime” is what archaeologist Dr. Michal Sip termed the find: a golden sun bowl dated to 3,000 years ago, unearthed during ongoing excavations in a prehistoric settlement in Ebreichsdorf, Austria

Work at this ancient settlement dated to 1300-1000 BC, has been in full flow since September 2019. Researchers at the site are focused on the “urn field culture” found here, a reference to their funeral rites and ceremonial cremation, reports Heritage Daily . 

The Golden Bowl with the Sun Motif

This latest find is that of a golden bowl, decorated with a beautiful motif that depicts the rays of the sun. The bowl is 20cm (7.8”) in diameter and 5cm (2”) high, and made of a very thin sheet metal consisting of 90% gold, 5% silver, and 5% copper.

Inside there is coiled golden wire wrapped around organic material clumps, originally fabric sewn with gold thread. This is possibly the remnants of decorative scarves attached to the bowl, used during the sun worship ceremonies and rituals.

The sun rays on the bowl interior, and the wire found in the bowl

(Copyright Andreas Rausche )

Archaeologist Dr. Michal Sip, from Novetus, termed it a kind of “archaeological Eldorado” and considered it one of the most important archaeological discoveries ever made in Austria. A first of its kind discovery in this region, only 30 such bowls have been scattered across the entirety of the vast European continent. "This is the first find of this type in Austria, and the second to the east of the Alpine line," said the archaeologist. 

• Bronze Age Mining in Europe Dates Back Earlier than Previously Thought
• Will Discovery of Ancient Tombs in Poland Halt a Proposed Coal Mine?

He added that single vessels of this kind have been found in France, Switzerland and Spain, but the production probably occurred in northern Germany, Scandinavia, and Denmark, reports PAP. The “golden” finds, particularly the golden bowl, indicate extensive trade relations between western and northern Europe.

A Routine Excavation

The excavation was routine, and the discoveries purely accidental. At this site, 30 kilometers (18.6 miles) south of Vienna, the Austrian Federal Railways (the OBB) plans to build a railway station. These plans required an archaeological survey before they could be approved, prompting archaeologists to check what was underground.

Franz Bauer, CEO of ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG, stated that archaeological excavation work as part of "such a major project" is also required as part of the environmental impact assessment. "Building new things and preserving the old is one of our premises when implementing construction projects."

Apart from the golden bowl, in the 70 hectares (173 acres) excavated, 5,000 finds have been listed in total, including hundreds of items made of bronze items, and many dozens made of gold. This includes the remains of residential, work, and storage buildings.

These finds have sparked debate amongst historians, who are now asking probing questions into the living conditions and life of the late Bronze Age . “We now have a very clear picture of this prehistoric settlement from 3,000 years ago. We were able to reconstruct where the economic area was and where the residential area was,” Dr. Sip told noe.ORF.at.

• The Dark Tale behind the Golden Bowl of Hasanlu
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The southern boundary had a dry riverbed, 25 meters (82 feet) wide, which was either a swamp or a seasonal, flowing waterbody. This entire stretch has revealed pins, daggers, knives, all of which were in great condition. This indicates that it was definitely not a refuse pit.

Weapon blades found at the site

(Copyright Andreas Rausche / Novetus )

Hundreds of kilos of animal bones, clay vessels, and ceramic shells have also been found in this area of the site. This has led Dr. Sip and his colleagues to speculate that this swamp was likely part of the larger religious ceremony involving the sun.

The Bronze Age “Urn Field Culture”

The “urn field culture” community led a sedentary lifestyle, and were proficient in animal domestication and breeding, particularly that of sheep. Echoes of this culture survive in contemporary Poland with the Lusatian culture, centered around their famous settlement at Biskupin, in northern Poland. 

The bowl will be placed on display at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, with excavations to continue for the next six months.

• Top image: The Golden Sun Bowl.
• Source: Copyright Andreas Rausche .

By Sahir Pandey

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.

The famous “Duck test” is accepted in many different fields, even though this kind of abductive reasoning does not positively prove its conclusion. The same could be said of another well-accepted practice – computer modeling and simulations. In other words, if the model says it’s a duck or a majority of the simulations say it’s a duck, then it’s probably a duck. This is a good place to start with a new simulation which shows that there’s probably an Earth- or Mars-sized planet orbiting beyond Neptune that was possibly pushed to the nether regions of the solar system by its giant gassy planets. Should we believe them … or duck when we question them?

Is it a duck?

Wait a minute! Are these simulations saying Planet Nine is not a giant but merely the size of Earth or Mars?

No, they’re not calling this duck Planet Nine … yet. Nor are they calling it Pluto’s Replacement Which Fits the Standard Planetary Size Criteria. Brett Gladman from the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of British Columbia, and Kathryn Volk of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona co-authored “Transneptunian Space” for the Annual Review of Astronomy and Physics in which they explain why the outer reaches of the Solar System need another planet.

“It seems unlikely that nature created four giant planet cores, but then nothing else larger than dwarf planets in the outer solar system.”

Many astronomers who don’t believe there’s a giant Planet Nine are nonetheless puzzled at there being only four small rocky planets and four gas giants in our solar system. Systems that can create those eight should have created more rocky planets beyond the gassy four, or even between two of them. It seems more likely that #9 was a Mars clone rather than a giant Planet Nine. But … if we can find little rocks like Pluto, Sedna, Eris and others, why haven’t astronomers located this bigger one?

Is it a duck?

“Our simulations found that in about half of the cases, all of the Mars-scale planets in the outer Solar System were ejected into interstellar space. But in the remaining half, one ‘rogue’ planet was left in an orbit similar to that of the detached population of Kuiper Belt objects.”

In another simulation reported in Inverse, astrophysicist Scott Tremaine found a case for a rogue rock planet that might have been moved from between the gassy giants to the area beyond them by the gassy giants themselves. It’s not so farfetched – astronomers agree that the planets, especially the gas giants, have moved around. However, it is farfetched that it hasn’t been discovered yet. All we have to go on so far is gut feelings, models and simulations, and the hope that stronger telescopes can get enough data from those sources to located the medium-sized remote planet – or prove the models wrong.

For now, it’s not yet a duck. Or a mini-Planet Nine either.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Aliens in 1947 or Top SecretProjects of the Government? The Answer is: the Second One.

by Nick Redfern

If, as my Body Snatchers in the Desert book on the Roswell affair suggests, certain key events in the summer of 1947 – of a perceived flying saucer nature – had far less to do with the actions of aliens and far more to do with matters of a classified, military nature, then it would be most reasonable to assume that (a) discussions of such a possibility would have been flying around Washington, D.C., and (b) the government, and people in the military, would have been secretly digging deep to try and determine if this was indeed the case. Guess what? That is exactly what happened. Although many UFO investigators have said that the government’s worries and concerns about UFOs in ’47 were provoked by fear of them having definitive alien or Soviet origins, we have prime evidence in our hands that demonstrates the domestic “secret weapon” angle was one most definitely discussed – and even accepted – at an official level, as we shall now see. It is a crucial part of the argument that at least some UFOs are not from faraway worlds, but from right here.

(Nick Redfern)

In early July 1947, Brigadier General George F. Schulgen, who was the Chief of the Requirements Intelligence Branch of Army Air Corps Intelligence, met with Special Agent S.W. Reynolds of the FBI. The purpose: to determine if the Army Air Force could solicit the assistance of the Bureau on a regular basis in its investigation of the growing flying saucer controversy. General Schulgen advised Reynolds that, “every effort must be undertaken in order to run down and ascertain whether or not the flying discs are a fact and, if so, to learn all about them.” The foremost thought on General Schulgen’s mind, at the time, was that the saucers were probably man-made in origin. He had another theory, too, and confided in Special Agent Reynolds that, “the first reported sightings might have been by individuals of Communist sympathies with the view to causing hysteria and fear of a secret weapon.” It was for this reason that the Army Air Force sought the FBI’s assistance.

General Schulgen pledged to the FBI “all the facilities of [my] office as to results obtained.” He outlined a plan that would involve the FBI in both locating and questioning witnesses to UFO sightings to ascertain whether they were sincere in their statements that they had seen flying saucers, or whether their statements were prompted by personal desire for publicity or subversive reasons. According to declassified FBI files, Schulgen was careful to advise Reynolds too that: “It has been established that the flying discs are not the result of any Army or Navy experiment.” But, was that statement the literal truth? Was someone keeping the FBI in the dark? Following the meeting between Schulgen and Reynolds, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover instructed his agents to begin investigations into flying saucer sightings, specifically in the manner suggested by General Schulgen. As a result of these investigations, on August 15, 1947 the FBI learned of the distinct possibility that the military’s involvement in the flying saucer subject extended beyond that of mere observer. In a memorandum to Edward A. Tamm, the FBI Assistant Director, D.M. Ladd of the Bureau’s Domestic Intelligence Division wrote the following:

(Nick Redfern) The Legendary Crash Site Outside of Roswell, New Mexico

“The Director advised on August 14, 1947, that the Los Angeles papers were carrying headlines indicating that Soviet espionage agents had been instructed to determine the facts relative to the flying discs. The article carried a Washington date line and indicated that Red espionage agents had been ordered to solve the question of the flying discs, the Russians being of the opinion that this might be some new form of defense perfected by the American military [italics mine]. The article further recalled that during the recent war pieces of tin foil had been dropped in the air for the purpose of off-setting the value of radar being used by the enemy forces and that these aluminum discs might be a new development along this line. The Director inquired as to whether the Bureau had any such information.”

(Nick Redfern) Hanging Out at Roswell a Couple of Years Ago

Suspecting that, if the Russians were snooping around, the saucers just had to be American in origin, Special Agent Reynolds of the FBI’s Liaison Section was directed by J. Edgar Hoover to make further inquiries with the Air Force. Answers were sorely needed. Answers came, too. But, they weren’t the ones you might expect them to have been. On August 19, 1947, Reynolds met with a Lieutenant Colonel George D. Garrett and the entire secret weapon issue was discussed frankly and openly, as were the potential consequences should the Bureau uncover details of a top-secret, domestic research-and-development program. Following their very candid exchange, a remarkable memorandum captioned “Flying Discs” was prepared by Reynolds for the attention of Hoover. It is this document, perhaps, more than any other, which indicates that the American military was testing flying saucer-type aircraft in the summer of 1947. Or, craft that were not circular-shaped but which still came under the UFO banner, such as massive balloon arrays. Somewhere in all of this are the strands that place the Roswell affair  into the “human experimentation” category.

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{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Planet X Nibiru Is Heading Towards Earth And Will End All Life ( NASA Warning: After 7 Days, North America will Shake Strongly When Pole Shift Takes Place )

A NASA paper suggests that Planet Nibiru exist and it could have deadly consequences for the planet.

A NASA paper which was originally published in 1988 is said to reveal that there is a mysterious unnamed planet beyond the tiny ice planet of Pluto. It is believed by many that the Planet X referred to by NASA could be the fabled Planet Nibiru which many thinks could be the initiator of a major, imminent apocalyptic event for the people of Earth.

The cataclysmic event will be caused by the sheer force of gravitational strength
The study in question concerned observations on gravitational influences on a group of celestial objects which were referred to as “extreme trans-Neptunian objects” (ETNOs). Planet X or Planet Nibiru was said to be much larger than Earth and has a considerably longer orbital period. Best estimates by NASA suggested that the orbital period of the planet spanned a remarkable three thousand six hundred years.

Planet “X” Nibiru also was known as Planet Nine

This previously concealed study has suggested to many people that NASA and the United States government have been aware of the presence of Planet Nibiru for many years and that they are also away from the catastrophic effects its gravitational power could have for life on planet Earth. The secret NASA files apparently reveal that Planet Nine has disrupted the orbits of other planets in its orbital period and that it is imminently about to enter a disruptive passage into the inner solar system.

Currently, it is thought that the planet is emitting waves of ‘plasmatic energy particles’ which will eventually come to disrupt the core flows of Earth. This disruption is likely to trigger huge and catastrophic changes in the Earth’s climate. It is thought that the effects of the Planet Nibiru can already be felt on Earth in the form of increased seismic and volcanic activity, bizarre weather patterns and an uptick in natural disasters. Disturbingly, it is believed that this freak meteorological activity will become much worse before coming to a head at the end of the year.

Planet Niribu which will cause a pole shift

It is thought that this cataclysmic event will be caused by the sheer force of gravitational strength by Planet Niribu which will cause a pole shift on the planet Earth. This will lead to approximately two-thirds of the human population being wiped out. It is also estimated that a further two-thirds of those who survive will perish over the next six months due to starvation and exposure to the elements. It is said that this has been common knowledge among NASA personnel and officers within the Pentagon and the CIA for quite some time. However, these government agencies have elected to keep this information concealed from the public in a bid to subdue the panic that this event will undoubtedly cause.

Confused birds changing direction in the sky, asteroids falling to the earth, compasses flipping direction. It all sounds like doomsday –or at the very least random chaos, which may all be caused by the imminent shifting of the North and South Pole – so scientists say.According to research and data sets collated by European Space Agency satellites called Swarm, the Earth’s magnetic field has been weakening. This has meant big weak spots over the Western Hemisphere while the field has been strengthened over the Indian Ocean. One explanation given for this was that the poles were getting ready to flip. Hence compasses that once pointed north, would now point south.

Scientists understand that Earth’s magnetic field has flipped its polarity many times over the millennia. In other words, if you were alive about 800,000 years ago, and facing what we call north with a magnetic compass in your hand, the needle would point to ‘south.’ This is because a magnetic compass is calibrated based on Earth’s poles. The N-S markings of a compass would be 180 degrees wrong if the polarity of today’s magnetic field were reversed. Many doomsday theorists have tried to take this natural geological occurrence and suggest it could lead to Earth’s destruction. But would there be any dramatic effects? The answer, from the geologic and fossil records we have from hundreds of past magnetic polarity reversals, seems to be ‘no.’

Reversals are the rule, not the exception. Earth has settled in the last 20 million years into a pattern of a pole reversal about every 200,000 to 300,000 years, although it has been more than twice that long since the last reversal. A reversal happens over hundreds or thousands of years, and it is not exactly a clean back flip. Magnetic fields morph and push and pull at one another, with multiple poles emerging at odd latitudes throughout the process. Scientists estimate reversals have happened at least hundreds of times over the past three billion years. And while reversals have happened more frequently in “recent” years, when dinosaurs walked Earth a reversal was more likely to happen only about every one million years.

Sediment cores taken from deep ocean floors can tell scientists about magnetic polarity shifts, providing a direct link between magnetic field activity and the fossil record. The Earth’s magnetic field determines the magnetization of lava as it is laid down on the ocean floor on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Rift where the North American and European continental plates are spreading apart. As the lava solidifies, it creates a record of the orientation of past magnetic fields much like a tape recorder records sound. The last time that Earth’s poles flipped in a major reversal was about 780,000 years ago, in what scientists call the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal. The fossil record shows no drastic changes in plant or animal life. Deep ocean sediment cores from this period also indicate no changes in glacial activity, based on the amount of oxygen isotopes in the cores. This is also proof that a polarity reversal would not affect the rotation axis of Earth, as the planet’s rotation axis tilt has a significant effect on climate and glaciation and any change would be evident in the glacial record.

Earth’s polarity is not a constant. Unlike a classic bar magnet, or the decorative magnets on your refrigerator, the matter governing Earth’s magnetic field moves around. Geophysicists are pretty sure that the reason Earth has a magnetic field is because its solid iron core is surrounded by a fluid ocean of hot, liquid metal. This process can also be modeled with supercomputers. Ours is, without hyperbole, a dynamic planet. The flow of liquid iron in Earth’s core creates electric currents, which in turn create the magnetic field. So while parts of Earth’s outer core are too deep for scientists to measure directly, we can infer movement in the core by observing changes in the magnetic field. The magnetic north pole has been creeping northward – by more than 600 miles (1,100 km) – since the early 19th century, when explorers first located it precisely. It is moving faster now, actually, as scientists estimate the pole is migrating northward about 40 miles per year, as opposed to about 10 miles per year in the early 20th century.

Another doomsday hypothesis about a geomagnetic flip plays up fears about incoming solar activity. This suggestion mistakenly assumes that a pole reversal would momentarily leave Earth without the magnetic field that protects us from solar flares and coronal mass ejections from the sun. But, while Earth’s magnetic field can indeed weaken and strengthen over time, there is no indication that it has ever disappeared completely. A weaker field would certainly lead to a small increase in solar radiation on Earth – as well as a beautiful display of aurora at lower latitudes – but nothing deadly. Moreover, even with a weakened magnetic field, Earth’s thick atmosphere also offers protection against the sun’s incoming particles.

The science shows that magnetic pole reversal is – in terms of geologic time scales – a common occurrence that happens gradually over millennia. While the conditions that cause polarity reversals are not entirely predictable – the north pole’s movement could subtly change direction, for instance – there is nothing in the millions of years of geologic record to suggest that any of the 2021 doomsday scenarios connected to a pole reversal should be taken seriously.

An alternative computer model, a Hyderabad computer model, predicted the polar shifts and also that it may cause serious problems making the earth unsustainable or unsuitable to live in with the increased tectonic activity, the weakening of immune systems of animals and increased cosmic radiation. Because when the polar shift happens, there is a point at which the Earth’s magnetic field reaches zero Gauss i.e. zero magnetism. Coinciding with the sun’s polar reversal, which happens on an eleven-year cycle, is likely to cause huge problems.
Beyond all the doomsday talk, there is a serious consequence that every time polar shift does happen, the magnetic field depletes, the only thing protecting us from harmful solar rays. It has been depleting at an alarming rate over the last couple of centuries, every time there is a move in the current of the iron core. This may lead to massive ozone holes, which apparently was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs.What can we do to prepare apart from increased sun block?

The rule has also been that with every pole reversal, catastrophe hits the earth – whole species go into extinction, earthquakes and other natural disasters ensue – what’s to say that another major shift in the poles will not trigger cataclysm or is not in fact already happening. The pole shift will cause major shifts in the tectonic plates and in the current climate and onslaught of incidents – all signs point north . . or south now.

So whether we face a future of increasing blackouts or declining consumption, the climbing costs of keeping the lights on means more of us might be switching off. But clearly that doesn’t need to be the final verdict: increasing investments in installing smart grids now could prepare us for increased electricity demand in the future.

Hopefully before another major solar event happens, we might at least have the ability to anticipate it. To, at least, mitigate damages, people could be informed of the exact time and nature of the event, lessening panic and chaos. They could also be instructed to stay off the roads, airlines could be entirely shut down, and protective structures could be created/used (or there might be ways for people to maximize safety at home). While these actions wouldn’t ensure safety, being informed would be the key to recovering from the event. NASA is also aware of the potential problems, and is actively researching solutions. The agency says:

[Space weather] is a problem the same way hurricanes are a problem. One can protect oneself with advance information and proper precautions. During a hurricane watch, a homeowner can stay put … or he can seal up the house, turn off the electronics and get out of the way. Similarly, scientists at NASA and NOAA give warnings to electric companies, spacecraft operators and airline pilots before a CME comes to Earth so that these groups can take proper precautions.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

Marsrobot Perseverance bevestigt de vermoedens rond zijn landingsplaats: krater was ooit een meer

De Amerikaanse Marsrobot Perseverance heeft aangetoond dat de redenen voor zijn landingsplaats de juiste waren. Dat staat in een eerste studie die sinds de landing in het wetenschappelijke vakblad Science is gepubliceerd.

  Bron: BELGA

In februari streek de verkenner neer in de Jezerokrater. Die was uitgekozen vanwege het vermoeden, aan de hand van observaties van rond de Rode Planeet draaiende sondes, dat daar drie miljard jaar geleden een uitgestrekt meer was, gevoed door een rivier.

Lees ook

• 

  Marsrover InSight detecteert 3 grote bevingen op rode planeet, inclusief klepper die bijna 1,5 uur duurde

Een hoge rotspartij, met gelaagde afzettingen van sedimenten in de verte, die een overblijfsel markeren van een oude, lang verdwenen rivierdelta in de Jezerokrater.  © Via REUTERS

Nog voor de jeep begon te rijden stuurde hij opnames door waaruit bleek dat die veronderstelling klopte.
"Zonder maar gelijk waar naartoe te rijden, was de jeep in staat één van de grote onbekenden te ontrafelen, met name of de krater ooit een meer was", zei co-auteur van de studie Benjamin Weiss van het Massachusetts Institute of Technology, en geciteerd door Space.com. "Tot we er effectief landden en bevestigden dat het (ooit) een meer was, was het altijd een vraagteken."

Het meer werd trouwens via een delta door een rivier gevoed, bevestigde de Perseverance.

Lees ook: 

• Perseverance 100 dagen op Mars: dit zijn de strafste foto’s tot nu toe

Close-up genomen door Perseverance in de Jezerokrater. Het meer werd via een delta door een rivier gevoed.  © AFP

Perseverance's beelden bevestigen dat de Jezero-krater een oud Marsmeer is

(Nasa/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS)

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

Glowing UFOs Over Denver, Colorado, Oct 4, 2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: October 4, 2021

Location of sighting: Denver, Colorado, USA
Source: MUFON

 

Watch as several glowing white UFOs were seen passing over Denver a few nights ago. By the way, Denver is famous for its Rocky Mountain glowing white spheres seen...most often during the day and have been reported by police, mayors and thousands of public citizens...yet to this day, no explanation has been found. The UFOs are often seen near the Rocky Mountains and move along its top ridges only to disappear suddenly. Probably entering an alien base under the Rockies. The entrance to the base has to be inaccessible to humans, so we don't stumble upon it by accident. This UFO video from Denver...is 100% proof that aliens exist and thrive at the Denver, Colorado alien base under the Rockies. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Unexplainable Object Moves Over Chicago, Illinois, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: October 2021

Location of sighting: Chicago, Illinois, USA

This has to be the most unusual shaped UFO I have ever seen. The object looks like a bent tube. It was seen hovering over Chicago area a few days ago and the eyewitness Aiyana said she has no idea what it is. The UFO looks to be standing upright, and possibly sending messages back to where it came from, using its body as an antenna of sorts. Very strange, never seen this one before. It does seem to rotate some, but without more video of it moving to or from that location...its hard to tell for sure. Mind-blowing video. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

Pen News states: 

Aiyana, who asked that her second name be withheld, recorded the clip from the roof of her home in Chicago, Illinois, and is at a loss to explain it. In her video, a long black wishbone shape can be seen hanging in the air, with both its wings ending in some sort of sphere. Aiyana said: “I literally have no idea what it was. There is nothing comparable. “It was a ball of some sort with two long strings or belts hanging from it. The strings had knobs in the middle and bottom. “I felt total confusion and a bit creeped out. “In the video, you can hear my son and I talking about it and trying to figure out what it was. “Neither of us had any idea what we were seeing.” Searching for answers, a friend of Aiyana’s shared the video with UFO watchers online. A few viewers suggested it was some kind of balloon, but nobody could explain how such a thing could float so calmly above the famously “windy city”. One person wrote: “I've never seen a balloon just hang still in the open air like that. It should bob, even if just a little. “There must be absolutely zero wind there.” Another called it “bizarre”. 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

It’s remarkable that NASA and other space agencies are using the Vector 7 /Chevron symbol, which is a symbol or sign that refers to the living materials of the very multiverse itself, the power to control time space, the ability to wind back and alter events. 

What do they know? 

On September 15, 2021 the SOHO EIT 284 satellite captured a black Vector/Chevron shaped object leaving the sun and it doesn't look like a solar flare.

Could this object refer to what we see on the logos of the space agencies? 'Living Material'?

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

UFO lights in formation over Austin County, Texas YESTERDAY

Strange lights in formation were flying in the sky and were filmed from 3 different angles!

Location: Austin County, Texas

Date: 6th October 2021

Witness report: 

This happened in our small community a lot of people saw it. There are multiple pictures and videos. It was loud! (So no drones) it flew low and was slow. Edit to say: if they were drones they would be doing a lot of traveling as they were seen 30 miles away from my location as well. Sightings: sealy, bellville, cat spring, needville, new ulm

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Flashing UFO over Columbia, Missouri 5-Oct-2021

New footage of a flashing unidentified flying object in the sky above Columbia, MO on 5th October 2021.

Witness report: 

Glowing light spotted on security cam which initially appeared to be over our cul-de-sac. Rapidly shot south, began climbing and pulsating.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

40,000-Year-Old Chamber Of Secrets Discovered At Gorham’s Cave Complex

A Neanderthal child’s tooth was discovered in Gibraltar’s Gorham’s Cave Complex four years ago, declaring their presence. Now, a lost chamber has been discovered in Vanguard Cave, one of the four caves that make up the Gorham Cave Complex. The chamber seemingly has not been entered for at least 40,000 years. Experts are excited to find out just what lies in the sand below their feet. Could this be the last habitation of Neanderthals in Europe?

An initial inspection on the surface of the chamber found animal bones, proving that there had been access and activity there in the past. In other caves at the complex, Neanderthal tools and hearths were discovered, which determined this was a site of Neanderthal occupation. But so far no further remains have been located, which is why the finding of a previously unknown chamber is so exciting. “They [the Neanderthals] have to be buried somewhere,” reason the excavators.

• Young Neanderthal Footprint Found in Gibraltar is Only the Second Example in the World
• Neanderthals returned to a comfy Gibraltar cave after a hard day’s work

Entrance to Vanguard Cave, Rock of Gibraltar

( © Gibmetal 77 / CC BY-SA 3.0 )

A Chamber Locked In History For 40,000 Years

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory on Spain's south coast that was settled by the Moors in the Middle Ages. The territory is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, a 26m (85 ft) high limestone ridge. It was within a cave on the Rock of Gibraltar that archaeologists recently discovered the sealed off chamber that hadn’t seen light for 40,000 years.

Vanguard Cave is a natural sea cave in Gibraltar’s Gorham's Cave complex that was nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 2016. This 35-metre (115 ft) high cave contains 1.7 meters (5.6 ft) of deposits and Live Science explains that in 2012 archaeologists began surveying the site. They set out specifically to search for passages and chambers that had maybe been blocked by sand and it is for this reason their project was a resounding success, not a just stroke of luck.

Prof Clive Finlayson is an evolutionary biologist who serves as director of the  Gibraltar National Museum . He and his team first discovered a tiny gap in the sediment allowing them to crawl through a small hole. A passage led them into an unexplored 13-meter (43-ft) space in the roof of the Vanguard Cave. Large lime stalactites protrude from the ceiling and shattered rocks represent violent historic earthquake damage.

• New Evidence Questions the Time and Place of Neanderthal Extinction
• 48,000-Year-Old Tooth Belonged to One of the Last European Neanderthals

View of the Gorham Cave Complex from the sea with Gorham’s Cave in the foreground and Vanguard and Hyaena Caves behind.

(© Clive Finlayson, Gibraltar Museum / UNESCO)

There Really Is No Need For Egyptian Hype

Finlayson said his team found “the leg bone of a lynx, vertebrae from a spotted hyena, and the large wing bone of a griffon vulture.” The researchers also found six or seven scratched claw marks on the walls of the cave. When analyzed, none of the bones showed evidence of having been cut with tools and Finlayson concluded that “Something dragged things into there a long time ago.”

Finlayson perhaps got a bit ahead of himself when he told The Guardian that his discovery “is almost like discovering the tomb of Tutankhamun.” The walls of the chamber in which Tutankhamun was discovered were covered in gold, and his three-piece sarcophagus alone contained 110 kilograms (240 pounds) of solid gold. We see what he was saying, but when you discover a chamber that has not been entered for 40,000 years, you don’t really need to bring in Tutankhamun, for this discovery is a standalone archaeological marvel.

Unearthing Signs Of Neanderthal Life, But What About Death?

Among the key discoveries in the chamber so far was a large dog whelk shell. This single find, according to Finlayson, “raises tantalizing possibilities.” Today, the part of the cave in which the shell was discovered is located about 20 meters (66 ft) above sea level. This suggests somebody “took it up there some time before 40,000 years ago,” said the professor. Neanderthal hearths and stone tools surrounded by the butchered bones of red deer, ibex, seals and dolphins were also found in nearby chambers of Vanguard Cave.

Four years ago, the same team of researchers came across the milk tooth of a four-year-old Neanderthal child in an area of the cave frequented by hyenas. Finlayson said there was no occupation by Neanderthals on that particular level so it is suspected that “hyenas got the kid and killed him or her and dragged her into the back of the cave.”

The milk tooth, a canine, was found in a level from the upper section of Vanguard Cave in 2017.

( © The Gibraltar Museum )

Finlayson says that one aspect of the discovery that perplexes his team of archaeologists is that even though evidence of occupation has been found, no remains from bodies have ever been recovered at the site. Speculating, Finlayson says “you ’re not going to bury people in your kitchen or in your living room.” Working on this logic the researchers are hopeful that their dig might uncover further side chambers “and perhaps even the odd burial site,” said the professor.

The discovery of Neanderthal remains at this site would reveal endless data about how the communities of coastal, Mediterranean Neanderthals , lived and died in the caves of what is today The Rock of Gibraltar. Now that would be a discovery worth its weight in gold. Perhaps even as valuable as the discovery of King Tut’s chamber .

• Top image: The Vanguard Cave, part of the Gorham ’s Cave Complex. Source: Gibraltar Government

By Ashley Cowie

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

MUFON Newsletter

UNITED STATES 555 UNITED KINGDOM 43 CANADA 29 FRANCE 9 AUSTRALIA 8 GERMANY 5 MEXICO 3 ITALY 3 BRAZIL 3 IRELAND 2 INDIA 2 ALGERIA 1 SPAIN 1 BAHAMAS 1 HONG KONG 1 PORTUGAL 1 SLOVENIA 1 ARGENTINA 1 NETHERLANDS 1 TURKEY 1 BERMUDA 1 PUERTO RICO 1 UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS 1 ALBANIA 1 COSTA RICA 1 SOUTH AFRICA 1 GREECE 1 PERU 1 INDONESIA 1 QATAR 1    TOTAL: 681 BY SHAPE Circle 145 Sphere 71 Triangle 60 Other 55 Disc 48 Unknown 47 Oval 35 Star-like 33 Tic Tac 26 Cigar 23 Cylinder 21 Square/Rectangular 18 Bullet/Missile 12 Fireball 9 Boomerang 9 Flash 7 Diamond 6 Teardrop 5 N/A 5 Saturn-like 4 Cone 2 Egg 2 Blimp 2 Cross 2 Chevron 1 California 48 Texas 34 Florida 33 New York 29 Michigan 26 Ohio 26 North Carolina 25 Arizona 20 Washington 19 Illinois 18 Pennsylvania 15 Tennessee 15 Oregon 13 New Jersey 12 New Mexico 12 Kentucky 12 Indiana 11 Connecticut 11 Georgia 11 Arkansas 10 Colorado 9 Minnesota 9 South Carolina 9 Wisconsin 8 Maryland 8 Utah 8 Massachusetts 7 New Hampshire 7 Virginia 7 Mississippi 7 Nevada 7 Louisiana 6 Maine 6 Idaho 6 Delaware 5 Kansas 5 Alabama 5 Montana 5 Iowa 4 Rhode Island 3 Missouri 3 North Dakota 3 Hawaii 3 Oklahoma 3 Vermont 2 West Virginia 2 Wyoming 2 South Dakota 1 Nebraska 1 Most impressively there were 29 Landings, Hovering, or Takeoffs reported and 15 Entities observed.

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