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This is What the Metal Asteroid Psyche Might Look Like

If you wanted to do a forensic study of the Solar System, you might head for the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. That’s where you can find ancient rocks from the Solar System’s early days. Out there in the cold vacuum of space, far from the Sun, asteroids are largely untouched by space weathering. Space scientists sometimes refer to asteroids—and their meteorite fragments that fall to Earth—as time capsules because of the evidence they hold.

The asteroid Psyche is especially interesting, and NASA is sending a mission to investigate the unusual chunk of rock. In advance of that mission, a team of researchers combined observations of Psyche from an array of telescopes and constructed a map of the asteroid’s surface.

Astronomers divide asteroids into three categories. Carbonaceous or C-type asteroids are the most common type. They make up about 75% of known asteroids and contain large amounts of carbon. The carbon makes them dark, and they have low albedoes. Silicaceous or S-type asteroids are the second most common type. They make up about 17% of known asteroids and are mostly made of iron and magnesium silicates.

Metal or M-type asteroids are the rarest types of asteroids and make up about 8% of known asteroids. They appear to contain more metal than the other asteroid types, and scientists think they’re the source of iron meteorites that fall to Earth. M-type meteorites were one of the earliest sources of iron in human history.

Psyche (16 Psyche) is an M-type asteroid. It’s also called a dwarf planet because it’s about 220 kilometres (140 mi) in diameter. It’s referred to as 16 Psyche because it was the 16th minor planet discovered. (Larger asteroids like Psyche are also known as minor planets.) Psyche is sometimes called the ‘Gold-mine asteroid’ because of the wealth of iron and nickel it contains. Though to be clear, nobody thinks it’s rich in gold.

Visible light images of Psyche don’t tell us much. The European Southern Observatory’s VLT captured some pictures of the asteroid, but they didn’t reveal any detail.

Psyche’s history is a history of uncertainty. For a long time, astronomers thought it was the exposed iron core of a much larger body. In this hypothesis, a powerful collision or series of collisions stripped away the body’s crust and mantle. The larger body would’ve been fully differentiated and measured something like 500 km (310 miles) in diameter. With the crust and mantle gone, only the iron-rich core remained.

That idea fell out of favour as time passed and astronomers continued observing it. Evidence showed that it wasn’t dense enough to be solid iron and is likely porous.

Other researchers suggested that Psyche was disrupted somehow and then re-accreted as a mix of metals and silicates. One study indicated that Psyche isn’t as metal-rich as thought and is more of a rubble pile. In that scenario, collisions with more common C-type asteroids deposited a layer of carbon and other materials onto Psyche’s surface.

The most exotic idea behind Psyche’s origins is the Ferro-volcanic idea. A 2019 study presented evidence that Psyche was once a molten blob. In that scenario, the outer layers cooled and formed stress cracks, and the buoyant molten core erupted as iron volcanoes.

The only way to find out for sure what Psyche is is to go and look at it. So that’s what NASA is doing.

The mission is called Psyche and is scheduled for launch sometime in Fall 2022. The spacecraft will rely on solar-electric propulsion and a gravity-assist maneuver with Mars to arrive at Psyche in 2026. It’ll spend 21 months studying the asteroid and will follow four separate orbital paths, each successive one closer than the previous. As it moves closer to the asteroid, it’ll focus on different scientific objectives.

A team of researchers constructed a new map of Psyche’s surface to help prepare for the mission. The map is in a paper published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. The title is “The Heterogeneous Surface of Asteroid (16) Psyche,” and the lead author is Saverio Cambioni from MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS).

“Psyche’s surface is very heterogeneous,” Cambioni said in a press release. “It’s an evolved surface, and these maps confirm that metal-rich asteroids are interesting enigmatic worlds. It’s another reason to look forward to the Psyche mission going to the asteroid.”

In this study, the authors used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to better look at 16 Psyche. ALMA is a radio telescope composed of 66 high-precision antennae. The separate antennae operate together as an interferometer with a high resolution. ALMA operates at wavelengths sensitive to the temperature and some electric properties of materials on Psyche’s surface.

“The signals of the ALMA antennas can be combined into a synthetic signal that’s equivalent to a telescope with a diameter of 16 kilometres (10 miles),” said co-author Katherine de Kleer, an assistant professor of planetary science and astronomy at Caltech. “The larger the telescope, the higher the resolution.”

The new map is based on two types of measurements. One is thermal inertia, which is how long a material takes to reach the temperature of its environment. Higher thermal inertia means it takes longer.

The second is the dielectric constant. The dielectric constant describes how well a material conducts heat, electricity, or sound. A material with a low dielectric constant conducts poorly and is a good insulator and vice versa.

The researchers took the ALMA observations of thermal inertia and dielectric constant and ran hundreds of simulations to see which combinations of materials could explain them. “We ran these simulations area by area so we could catch differences in surface properties,” Cambioni says.

Pure iron has an infinite dielectric constant. By measuring the dielectric constant on Psyche, the researchers could map the surface and locate regions richer in iron. Iron also has high thermal inertia because it’s so dense. So combining thermal inertia and dielectric constant measurements gives a good idea of which surface regions on Psyche are rich in iron and other metals.

The researchers call a curious feature on Psyche the Bravo-Golf region. That region has a systematically lower thermal inertia than the highland regions. The Bravo-Golf region is the depression just to the right of the asteroid’s prime meridian in the image below.

Why does a low-elevation area have lower thermal inertia? Other studies show that the region is also radar-bright. Why is that? The researchers came up with three possibilities.

The lowlands could be metal-rich but covered with fine, porous regolith that lowers their thermal inertia compared to the highlands covered in coarser regolith. Thermal inertial increases with particle size. In this scenario, finer-grained regolith would’ve pooled in the lowlands.

“Ponds of fine-grained materials have been seen on small asteroids, whose gravity is low enough for impacts to shake the surface and cause finer materials to pool,” Cambioni said. “But Psyche is a large body, so if fine-grained materials accumulated on the bottom of the depression, this is interesting and somewhat mysterious.”

The second hypothesis is that the surface material covering the lowlands is more porous than the highlands. Thermal inertia decreases as rock porosity increases. Impact fractures could make the lowlands more porous too.

The third hypothesis is that the lowlands have more silicate-rich materials than the highlands, giving them a lower dielectric constant than some areas of the highlands. The idea is that the Bravo-Golf depression could’ve been formed by an impact with a silicate-rich impactor and left silicate-rich residue behind.

Overall, the study shows that 16 Psyche’s surface is covered in a large variety of materials. It also adds to other evidence showing that the asteroid is metal-rich, though the abundance of metals and silicates varies significantly in different regions. It also suggests that the asteroid might be a remnant core of a differentiated body that lost its mantle and crust long ago. “In conclusion, we provide evidence that Psyche is a metal-rich asteroid whose surface is heterogeneous, shows both metal and silicate materials, and appears evolved by impacts,” the authors conclude.

Simone Marchi is a staff scientist at the Southwest Research Institute and a co-investigator on NASA’s Psyche mission. Marchi wasn’t involved in this study but commented on its significance in a press release. “These data show that Psyche’s surface is heterogeneous, with possible remarkable variations in composition. One of the primary goals of the Psyche mission is to study the composition of the asteroid surface using its gamma rays and neutron spectrometer, and a colour imager. So, the possible presence of compositional heterogeneities is something that the Psyche Science Team is eager to study more.”

It’ll be up to NASA’s Psyche mission to confirm these findings more rigorously.

But sending a spacecraft all the way to Psyche to understand it in more detail is about more than just Psyche itself.

If Psyche is the remnant core of a rocky, differentiated planetesimal, it’ll reveal something about our planet and how differentiated bodies form. Will it contain some of the same light elements that we expect are in Earth’s core? Earth’s core isn’t dense enough to be pure iron and nickel. Scientists think it contains lighter elements like sulphur, silicon, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen.

The Psyche mission will also determine whether the asteroid formed under conditions more oxidizing or more reducing than Earth’s core. That will tell us more about the solar nebula and the protoplanetary disk.

People sometimes refer to Psyche as the Gold Mine Asteroid because it’s so metal-rich. An object its size would contain an enormous amount of iron, though that value is unlikely to be realized or accessible any time soon.

But if knowledge is as valuable as iron, then 16 Psyche might still be a gold mine.

More:

• Press Release: New maps of asteroid Psyche reveal an ancient world of metal and rock
• Paper: The Heterogeneous Surface of Asteroid (16) Psyche
• Universe Today: Who Wants to Be a Trillionaire? Mission to Psyche Could Uncover Tons of Precious Metals!

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Andromeda Tore Apart and Consumed a Neighbor Galaxy

Things may seem quiet and peaceful in the Andromeda Galaxy when you gaze at it in the sky. However, if you know what to look for, there’s evidence of a violent rumble in this galaxy’s past. That’s the takeaway from research by Ivanna Escala, an astronomer at Carnegie Institution for Science in Pasadena. She found telltale clues for a merger a few billion years ago. That’s when Andromeda actively cannibalized another galaxy.

Mergers Make Galaxies

When galaxies collide (and wouldn’t that be a great movie title?), they basically gobble up material from whatever is around—the galaxies themselves, globular clusters, nebulae, whatever’s in the way. They also shove material around rather violently at times. That produces profound disturbances in the wake of the collision. If you look at the sites of galaxy clashes, you can find knots of star birth, for example. They boil up as material is compressed and shocked by the forces of the collision into active star formation regions.

Collisional Pileups

It also creates stellar associations called tidal features. They can look like streams or arcing shells of stars moving along in the wake of the collision. Sometimes they create “pileups” that look like ripples (or arcs of ripples) similar to when you toss a rock into a pond. If you know how to interpret those clues, you can figure out something about the collisions that caused them.

That’s what Escala and her team did. “The remnants of each crash can be identified by studying the movement of the stars and their chemical compositions,” she explained. “Together this information serves as a kind of fingerprint that identifies stars that joined a galaxy in a collision.”

Diving into Andromeda’s Past

The Andromeda Galaxy is about 10 billion years old. By comparison, the Milky Way Galaxy is about 13.6 billion years old. Like most other galaxies, Andromeda grew by multiple collisions with smaller protogalaxies and subsequent mergers with larger ones. The Milky Way is currently gobbling up at least one dwarf galaxy and also formed by mergers.

The trick to figuring out the merger history is, as any crime scene detective knows, buried in the details. Astronomers look at the chemical components of stars and figure out which are native to the galaxy and which are not. Stellar motions can reveal intruders. If the merger is particularly violent, streams of stars and gas and dust will form observable features.

Digging Into Andromeda’s Stars

Escala and her collaborators looked deep into Andromeda at a feature called the Northeast Shelf. They analyzed 556 red giant branch stars within it. “We performed the first detailed characterization of the chemical composition and geometric motion of the stars in this region of our neighboring galaxy, demonstrating conclusively that the NE shelf is a tidal shell predominately composed of debris from the aftermath of a collision,” Escala explained during a press conference at the American Astronomical Society Meeting in Pasadena, CA.

They also showed that this ledge is part of a multi-shell system, along with the galaxy’s west and southeast shelves. The material in these regions is consistent with that of Andromeda’s Giant Stellar Stream, created during the recent large collisions. It’s likely that all those tidal features could have come from the same source. “Our results are in line with modeling that predicted the Giant Stellar Stream is the first loop of material from a collision and the NE shelf is the second layer wrap-around,” Escala concluded. The wrap-around she mentions points toward multiple encounters during the collision/cannibalization event.

Gravitational interactions at the time shaped the streams. The analysis done by Escala and her team is an important step toward confirming predictions about this galaxy’s violent past. Collisions are an important part of that history. More evidence about these actions gives a deeper understanding of the many features left behind long after the merger ends.

For More Information

• Tracing The Remnants Of Andromeda’s Violent History

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NASA discovers two rocky 'super-Earths' orbiting a nearby dwarf star that could provide vital clues in the search for alien life

• Astronomers have spotted two rocky 'super-Earths' orbiting a nearby dwarf star

• Is one of closest known multi-planet systems to Earth, about 33 light-years away

• The rocky worlds are likely not habitable because their orbits are relatively tight

• This exposes the planets to temperatures too high to sustain liquid surface water

By SAM TONKIN FOR MAILONLINE

The discovery of at least two rocky 'super-Earths' orbiting a nearby dwarf star could provide vital clues in the search for extra-terrestrials, astronomers say.

While the worlds are unlikely to be habitable for life as we know it, the star and its exoplanets are among the closest multi-world systems to Earth, at just 33 light-years away.

This makes the system an excellent target for further investigation, in part because it could contain more planets, including the potential for one in the habitable zone.  

'There are many multi-planet systems hosting five or six planets, especially around small stars like this one,' said astrophysicist Avi Shporer, of MIT's Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research.

'Hopefully we will find more, and one might be in the habitable zone. That's optimistic thinking.'

The discovery of at least two rocky 'super-Earths' (pictured in an artist's impression) orbiting a nearby dwarf star could provide vital clues in the search for extra-terrestrials, astronomers say

Even though the star HD 260655 is cooler and dimmer than our sun, the proximity of the planets to the red dwarf means the worlds would be way too hot for life. 

HD 260655b has an average temperature of 816 degrees Fahrenheit (435 degrees Celsius), while HD 260655c is milder but still a fiery 543 degrees Fahrenheit (284 degrees Celsius).

'We consider that range outside the habitable zone, too hot for liquid water to exist on the surface,' said astronomer Michelle Kunimoto, of MIT's Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research.

Nevertheless, scientists are excited about this system because the proximity and brightness of its star will give them a closer look at the properties of the planets and signs of any atmosphere they might hold. 

'Both planets in this system are each considered among the best targets for atmospheric study because of the brightness of their star,' said Kunimoto.

'Is there a volatile-rich atmosphere around these planets? And are there signs of water or carbon-based species? These planets are fantastic test beds for those explorations.' 

The new planetary system was initially identified by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), an MIT-led mission that is designed to observe the nearest and brightest stars, and detect periodic dips in light that could signal a passing planet.

In October 2021, Kunimoto, a member of MIT's TESS science team, was monitoring the satellite's incoming data when she noticed a pair of periodic dips in starlight, or transits, from the star HD 260655.

She ran the detections through the mission's science inspection pipeline, and the signals were soon classified as two TESS Objects of Interest, or TOIs — objects that are flagged as potential planets. 

The process of classifying and subsequently confirming new planets can often take several years, but for HD 260655 that process was shortened significantly with the help of archival data.

The fully integrated Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which launched in 2018 to find thousands of new planets orbiting other stars

Soon after Kunimoto identified the two potential planets around HD 260655, Shporer looked to see whether the star was observed previously by other telescopes. 

As luck would have it, HD 260655 was listed in a survey of stars taken by the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), an instrument that operates as part of the Keck Observatory in Hawaii. 

HIRES had been monitoring the star, along with a host of other stars, since 1998, and the researchers were able to access the survey's publicly available data.

In the end, this collaborative effort quickly confirmed the presence of two planets around HD 260655 in about six months.

The team then looked more closely at TESS data to pin down properties of both planets, including their orbital period and size. 

They determined that the inner planet, dubbed HD 260655b, orbits the star every 2.8 days and is about 1.2 times as big as the Earth. 

The second outer planet, HD 260655c, orbits every 5.7 days and is 1.5 times as big as the Earth.

From the archival data, researchers were then able to calculate the planets' mass and density.

They found the inner planet is about twice as massive and slightly denser than Earth, while the outer planet is about three Earth masses but a bit less dense. Both planets, based on their density, are likely terrestrial, or rocky in composition, the astronomers said.

So far, more than 5,000 exoplanets have been confirmed in our Milky Way galaxy, with experts especially interested in finding terrestrial, or rocky, worlds like Earth, Venus, and Mars.

The researchers presented their findings at the 240th meeting of the American Astronomical Society.

In its first year of operation, it mapped the 13 sectors that make up the southern sky, and scoured the northern sectors the following year.

Since it was launched in 2018, TESS has found over 170 confirmed exoplanets, and has a catalogue of over 4,700 yet to be verified.

It has also discovered other strange phenomena including supernova and triple star systems since it was launched. 

Tess is 5 feet (1.5 meters) wide and is shorter than most adults.

The observatory is 4 feet across (1.2 meters), not counting the solar wings, which are folded for launch, and weighs just 800 pounds (362 kilograms). 

NASA says it's somewhere between the size of a refrigerator and a stacked washer and dryer.   

Read more:

• 240th AAS Meeting | American Astronomical Society

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NASA confirms there are more than 5,000 planets beyond our solar system including several 'hot Jupiters', 'super-Earths' and 'mini-Neptunes'

• There are at least 5,005 planets outside our solar system, NASA has announced

• The milestone comes 30 years after the first exoplanets were found back in 1992

• The James Webb Telescope will lead efforts to map atmospheres of exoplanets 

By JONATHAN CHADWICK FOR MAILONLINE 

NASA has confirmed that there are more than 5,000 known planets outside our solar system, known as exoplanets. 

The US space agency has added another 65 exoplanets to the online NASA Exoplanet Archive, bringing the grand total to 5,005.

Exoplanets found so far include small, rocky worlds like Earth, gas giants many times larger than Jupiter, and 'hot Jupiters' in scorchingly close orbits around their stars. 

However, NASA stresses that 5,005 is only 'a tiny fraction' of all the planets in the Milky Way galaxy alone, which could number hundreds of billions. 

'It's not just a number,' said Jessie Christiansen, research scientist with the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute at Caltech in Pasadena, California.

'Each one of them is a new world, a brand-new planet. I get excited about every one because we don't know anything about them.'  

The majority of exoplanets are gaseous, like Jupiter or Neptune, rather than terrestrial, according to NASA's online database.  

The archive records exoplanet discoveries that appear in peer-reviewed, scientific papers that have been confirmed using multiple detection methods or by analytical techniques.   

Among the most recently confirmed  exoplanets are K2-377 b, a 'super Earth' with a mass of 3.51 Earths that takes 12.8 days to complete one orbit of its star.  

Another, called TOI-1064 b, is a 'potentially rocky world larger than Earth, according to NASA. 

Most exoplanets are found by measuring the dimming of a star that happens to have a planet pass in front of it, called the transit method. 

Another way to detect exoplanets, called the Doppler method, measures the 'wobbling' of stars due to the gravitational pull of orbiting planets. 

The more than 5,000 exoplanets confirmed in our galaxy so far include a variety of types - among them a mysterious variety known as 'super-Earths' because they are larger than our world and possibly rocky

NASA's milestone comes 30 years after the first exoplanets were discovered, back in 1992. 

In January that year, Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of two rocky planets orbiting PSR B1 257+12, a pulsar in the constellation Virgo. A further planet was discovered in the system in 1994.  

Finding just three planets around this spinning star essentially opened the floodgates for exoplanets, said Wolszczan, who still searches for exoplanets as a professor at Penn State.

'If you can find planets around a neutron star, planets have to be basically everywhere,' he told NASA. 'The planet production process has to be very robust.'     

Some of the exoplanets that have been discovered since, such as Kepler 16-b, orbit two stars at once, like the planet of Tatooine in 'Star Wars'. 

Around 200 light years away, Kepler-16b weighs about a third as much as Jupiter and has a radius three-fourths that of Jupiter, making it similar to Saturn in both size and mass. 

Another exoplanet called WASP-121b, around 850 light years from Earth, is an example of a 'hot Jupiter' – a Jupiter-like giant gas planet on a close orbit around its parent star. 

WASP-121b has one of the shortest orbits detected to date, circling its star in just 30 hours. 

It is tidally locked, meaning the same side always faces its star, while its colder 'night' side is turned forever toward space. 

Gliese 486b, meanwhile, is an example of a 'super Earth' – a planet larger than Earth but smaller than the four gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus. 

Some exoplanets orbit two stars at once, like the planet of Tatooine in the 1977 film 'Star Wars' (pictured)

Artist's impression of exoplanet Kepler-16b, the most 'Tatooine-like' planet yet found in our galaxy. Kepler-16b is depicted as a small black circle circling two stars. The largest of the two stars, a K dwarf, is about 69 per cent the mass of our sun, and the smallest, a red dwarf, is about 20 per cent the sun's mass

Gliese 486b is the only planet so far detected orbiting the small star and has a radius 1.3 times larger than the Earth but is 2.8 times more massive.

The planet has an iron-silicate composition similar to the makeup of Earth but is much hotter, with a surface temperature of 802°F (428°C), according to a 2021 study.

GJ 367 b, meanwhile, is exposed to a huge amount of radiation, due to its small distance to its star – about 620,000 miles – which it orbits in just eight hours. 

With a diameter of 5,560 miles, GJ 367 b is slightly bigger than Mars (4,200 miles) but has the makeup of Mercury. 

NASA said its James Webb Space Telescope (depicted here in space) will capture light from atmospheres of exoplanets to read which gases are present to potentially identify tell-tale signs of habitable conditions

Scientists are still trying to learn more about what exactly exoplanets and their atmospheres are made up of. 

NASA said its James Webb Space Telescope will capture light from the atmospheres of exoplanets to read which gases are present to potentially identify tell-tale signs of habitable conditions. 

The $10 billion (£7.4 billion) observatory, which launched on Christmas Day, will explore the universe in the infrared spectrum, allowing it to gaze through clouds of gas and dust where stars are being born. 

Read more:

• List of exoplanets discovered in 2022 - Wikipedia

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Two New Rocky Planets Discovered Close to the Solar System

TESS has struck paydirt again. NASA’s planet-hunting spacecraft has found two new super-Earths orbiting a star only 33 light-years away. These are two of the closest rocky planets ever found.

The star’s name is HD 260655. It’s a bright M dwarf star, sometimes called a red dwarf. Both planets are rocky super-Earths, and though the word “Earth” is suggestive, neither world is likely to support life due to their extremely high temperatures. But scientists still think they’re worthy of further observations.

A new paper titled “The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 PC” announced the discovery. The lead author is Rafael Luque of the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia, Spain, and the University of Chicago. The journal Astronomy and Astrophysics will publish the paper, but it’s currently available online at the pre-press site arxiv.org.

HD 260655b is closest to the star with an orbital period of 2.7 days. Its radius is 1.2 Earth radii, and its mass is 2.14 Earth masses.

HD 260655c has an orbital period of 5.7 days. Its radius is 1.5 Earth radii, and its mass is 3.09 Earth masses.

Their temperatures are almost certainly too high to support any life. Planet b’s temperature is approximately 435 Celsius (816 Fahrenheit), and planet c’s temperature is about 284 Celsius (543 Fahrenheit.) Those temperature estimates are dependent on any atmospheres the planets may have.

Their potential atmospheres are part of what makes these planets interesting.

“The HD 260655 system presents a unique opportunity for comparative planetology studies of rocky worlds.”

From “The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 PC.”

When the James Webb Space Telescope begins science operations (soon, people, soon), it’ll have the capability to examine the atmospheres of exoplanets like these. The results will show us how different rocky planets can be from each other and will provide clues to how rocky planets form.

The opportunity to study two rocky planets in the same system is too good to pass up.

“Multiplanetary systems offer a unique opportunity for characterization via comparative planetology, as
they have formed within the same protoplanetary disk,” the authors write. And since the host star is so small, only about 0.4 solar masses, the super-Earths exhibit more influence on it. This makes measuring the planets’ masses and densities easier.

The star is a red dwarf, and it’s much dimmer than a star like our Sun. But for its type, HD 260655 is pretty bright. “It is among the brightest early-type M dwarfs in the sky, with an apparent magnitude in the J band of 6.7 mag.,” the authors write. The J-band is in the near-infrared, part of the electromagnetic spectrum that James Webb is designed to observe.

And at only 33 light-years away, the JWST easily has the power to examine the planets’ atmospheres spectroscopically. The telescope’s Near-Infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) can perform three types of spectroscopic observations in the NIR. It can obtain the spectra of over 100 targets simultaneously in one of its modes. Combined with its other instruments and modes, no exoplanet atmosphere will be safe. Certainly none at this distance anyway.

But decisions on which planets are suitable for atmospheric characterization by the JWST come down to specific metrics. The authors computed two values for these rocky exoplanets and compared them to their peers in NASA’s Exoplanet Archive. The values are the Transmission Spectroscopy Metric (TSM) and Emission Spectroscopy Metric (ESM.) Both planets are in the top quartile of desirable targets for JWST spectroscopy. HD 260655 b is among the top 10 terrestrial planets for atmospheric characterization. (Note that in this metric, the inner planet (HD 260655 b) is considered a terrestrial planet and the outer planet (HD 260655 c) is regarded as a super-Earth/sub-Neptune.)

For these reasons, the team behind this discovery says that the pair of super-Earths are among the top 10 terrestrial exoplanet candidates for atmospheric characterization. There’s no certainty that the planets have atmospheres, but there’s some reason to believe they do. Because even though they were discovered with TESS, which detects exoplanet transits, the team used data from other ground-based facilities to learn as much as possible.

The team measured the wobble exhibited by the star as the orbiting planets tugged on it. Those measurements reveal the planets’ masses. By combining their masses with their sizes, the researchers found their densities. That led to the conclusion that they’re rocky planets. It also means that if the planets do have atmospheres, they’re likely not extended hydrogen atmospheres.

The team surmised that the inner planet, HD 260655 b, has a bulk density composition in perfect agreement with Earth’s. But planet c is different. “HD 260655 c is more consistent with an internal composition void of iron and fully made of silicates if it is assumed to be free of volatiles,” the paper states. The team says that the density difference between the planets is either due to different concentrations of volatiles or to observational uncertainties.

Another interesting fact about these planets concerns what exoplanet scientists call the small planet radius gap. It’s an “… observed scarcity of planets with radii between 1.5 and 2 times Earth’s radius,” as Wikipedia defines it. Scientists think that the gap could be due to photoevaporation. Different researchers have defined the gap differently in terms of planet radii, but both planets in the system are less than 1.5 Earth radii. This suggests that both worlds have lost their atmospheres, which is expected for planets this close to their stars.

This paper shows that planet c’s atmosphere, if it had one, was likely a Hydrogen/Helium atmosphere that was stripped away. But if they’re wrong about the composition, and it’s more like Earth’s, then it may have held on to a water-dominated atmosphere.

Planet b is different. Since it’s so much closer to its star, it’s unlikely to have much of an atmosphere. In both cases, if the planets have atmospheres, they’re highly unlikely to have extended hydrogen atmospheres.

These planets are not targets in the search for life. They’re too hot. But they’re scientifically desirable targets in other ways. “The HD 260655 system presents a unique opportunity for comparative planetology studies of rocky worlds,” the authors write. As pointed out earlier, they’re both prime targets for follow-up spectroscopy with the JWST. “These follow-up observations will improve our knowledge about the formation and evolution history of the system,” the authors write. Those observations could “… open a new observational avenue to study the magnetic fields of low-mass stars and their imprint in planetary systems.”

Evidence from HARPS (High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher) shows that 40% of red dwarfs host Earth-like planets in their habitable zones. The problem is that red dwarfs can flare violently, rendering their habitable zone uninhabitable, or so we think. But we just don’t have a complete picture.

So while these two planets are far too hot for surface water and life, astronomers can use them to learn more about all those other planets orbiting all those other red dwarfs.

More:

• Press Release: Discovery Alert: Two New, Rocky Planets in the Solar Neighborhood
• New Paper: The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 pc
• Universe Today: Bad News. Planets Orbiting Red Dwarfs Might not have the Raw Materials for Life.

The post Two New Rocky Planets Discovered Close to the Solar System appeared first on Universe Today.

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• https://www.universetoday.com/156326/two-new-rocky-planets-discovered-close-to-the-solar-system/

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UFO Crash Lands in Russian Mountains

Ancient Astronaut Theorists believe aliens might’ve crashed landed in Russia based on mind boggling evidence, in this clip from Season 15, “The Relics of Roswell.”

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

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Astronomers Caught Betelgeuse Just Before it Started Dimming and Might Have Seen a Pressure Wave Rippling Through its Atmosphere

A couple of years ago, Betelgeuse generated much interest when it started dimming. That caught the attention of astronomers worldwide, who tried to understand what was happening. Was it about to go supernova?

Evidence showed that dust was the most likely culprit for the red supergiant’s dimming, though there are still questions. A new study shows that the star was behaving strangely just before the dimming.

The optical dimming that Betelgeuse—or Alpha Orionis—exhibited in late 2019 and early 2020 was unprecedented. Betelgeuse often undergoes periodic optical dimming, which happens in timescales of ~300-500 days and ~2000 days. But the Great Dimming, as it came to be known—when the star dimmed to about two-thirds of its normal brightness— was the faintest that the star had become in almost 200 years of observations.

Researchers got to work generating possible explanations for the dimming. Some hypothesized that dust caused the dimming, others hypothesized that a reduction in photosphere temperature caused it, and some thought both played a role.

Astronomers continued studying it, and evidence showed that temperature decrease alone couldn’t be the culprit. Episodic mass loss was proposed as the cause, paired with a rise in large grain dust in the line of sight. Others argued that large inhomogeneities in the photosphere caused the dimming. Another suggested a critical shift in Betelgeuse’s pulsation dynamics caused the Great Dimming. If feedback from UT readers is any indication, there’s still confusion around the cause of the dimming event.

But there were really two dimming events, and that’s helped create some of the confusion. The scientific community has settled on dust as the cause of the first dimming. “We know the first dimming event involved a dust cloud,” said Dr. Meridith Joyce from The Australian National University in 2020.

According to Dr. Joyce, the second dimming event had a different cause: “We found the second smaller event was likely due to the pulsations of the star.”

Now a new paper presents observations of Betelgeuse just before the Great Dimming. Its title is “SPATIALLY RESOLVED OBSERVATIONS OF BETELGEUSE AT ?7 MM AND ?1.3 CM JUST PRIOR TO THE
GREAT DIMMING.” The Astrophysical Journal will publish it, but for now, it’s available on the pre-press site arxiv.org. The authors are Dr. Lynn D. Matthews of MIT’s Haystack Observatory and Andrea Dupree from the Harvard and Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. The paper is based on observations of Betelgeuse with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array.

“Our measurements suggest recent changes in the temperature and density structure of the
atmosphere,” the authors write. The star’s photosphere “… is ~20% dimmer than in previously published
observing epochs between 1996–2004.” This is … lower than previously reported temperatures at comparable radii and >1200 K lower than predicted by previous semi-empirical models of the atmosphere.”

The researchers also found that the measured brightness temperature was cooler than expected and that there were “… no obvious signatures of giant convective cells or other surface features.” The star’s brightness profile was also more complex than a uniform elliptical disk (A uniform elliptical disk is a tool astrophysicists use to characterize the mean properties of a star.) Their observations were from about six weeks before ultraviolet measurements found increases in electron density in Betelgeuse’s southern hemisphere, coupled with a large-scale outflow.

So what does all that mean?

“We discuss possible scenarios linking these events with the observed radio properties of the star, including the passage of a strong shock wave.”

Researchers in the astrophysical community have postulated that a shock wave could’ve caused the Great Dimming. A 2021 paper found that Betelgeuse’s photosphere experienced successive shock waves in February 2018 and January 2019, with the initial shock amplifying the second one. Other research showed that a shock wave passed through the southwestern portion of Betelgeuse’s chromosphere between 2019 September and November. Since the photosphere is under the chromosphere, it’s reasonable to think that the two shock waves are related.

The researchers say they can’t conclude that their observations are directly responsible for the Great Dimming, even though their data suggests “… recent changes in the density and/or temperature structure of the atmosphere…” But a large-amplitude shock or pressure wave passing through Betelgeuse’s atmosphere could cause changes in density and temperature.

The authors are cautious and inconclusive, but they do point out that the pressure wave they observed could’ve caused Betelgeuse’s Great Dimming. “Such an event may be linked to a largescale mass ejection from the star that has been postulated as an explanation for the steep decline in optical magnitude associated with the Great Dimming.”

There’s no question that Betelgeuse will explode as a Type IIP supernova, likely in the next 100,000 years or so. It’s the 10th brightest star in the night sky and is giving astronomers an opportunity to study intensely the behaviour of a star as it approaches its cataclysmic end.

This study won’t be the final word on Betelgeuse and its dynamic behaviour. The star is still up there, anchoring the Orion the Hunter’s right shoulder. Generations and generations of astronomers are bound to keep watching it.

If humanity lasts long enough, our distant descendants will get to watch it explode.

More:

• New Research: SPATIALLY RESOLVED OBSERVATIONS OF BETELGEUSE AT ?7 MM AND ?1.3 CM JUST PRIOR TO THE GREAT DIMMING
• Previous Research: Great Dimming of Betelgeuse explained
• Universe Today: A New Study Says That Betelgeuse Won’t Be Exploding Any Time Soon

The post Astronomers Caught Betelgeuse Just Before it Started Dimming and Might Have Seen a Pressure Wave Rippling Through its Atmosphere appeared first on Universe Today.

Source: 

• https://www.universetoday.com/156266/astronomers-caught-betelgeuse-just-before-it-started-dimming-and-might-have-seen-a-pressure-wave-rippling-through-its-atmosphere/

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

Dome Found on Moons Near Face, NASA Source! HD, Video, UFO Sighting News.

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/apollo/frame/?AS17-P-

1928 http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/apollo/frame/?AS17-P-1923

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

According to Dailymail, China has claimed that it may have received a message from an alien civilization using its Sky Eye telescope, according to reports. 

Sky Eye, a 1,640-foot-diameter telescope based in China's Guizhou province, has detected unusual electromagnetic signals that scientists claim could have alien origins. 

Professor Zhang Tongjie, chief scientist of the China Extraterrestrial Civilization Research Group of the Department of Astronomy and Extraterrestrial Civilization Research Group of Beijing Normal University, revealed that his team used the "Chinese Sky Eye" to discover several cases of possible technological traces and extraterrestrial civilizations from outside the earth. 

Zhang Tongjie said that these are several narrow-band electromagnetic signals different from the past, and the team is currently working on further investigation. 

The news was revealed in a report by Science and Technology Daily, the official newspaper of China's Ministry of Science and Technology, based in Beijing, but according to Bloomberg, Science and Technology Daily deleted the report shortly after it was posted, although it's uncertain why.

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

“It Was Definitely A UFO That Shut Down Our Missiles”

Nick Pope investigates the story of nuclear missiles shutting down unexpectedly at the same time UFOs appear above an Air Force base.

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LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS

UFO SIGHTING (Triangular Shaped UFO Over Grand Prairie Texas!)

WITNESS DESCRIPTION

I’m not sure where to begin. But at approximately 8:28 PM June 4 I walked off the porch after talking to my mom and looked up into the sky for some reason and saw this massivecraft just hovering motionlessly with no sound probably 5 miles northeast of me and at an elevation of definitely 20-30,000 feet at least. Like what.
I immediately yelled to my mother sitting 10 feet away to come stand exactly where I am on our sidewalk underneath the tree and look up at what I’m seeing over our and the tree in the backyard.
At 8:29 PM I pulled out my iPhone and began recording and documenting everything I saw. I captured the object on film for 49 seconds. Me and my mom observed this thing for approximately three minutes before it disappeared when an airliner breached the horizon/ the airspace. One of my questions about tonight is how long was it there for before I noticed it?
So I will describe what I saw the best I can. It was definitely triangular in shape. It had texture and depth to it like edges and geometric angles but triangular from what I could see in elevation and distance. It was a dull black gray but there were variations between where the gray and the black were that made me feel like it had dimensional depth to its structure.
It had no operational lighting like aircraft have. Me and my mother both observed that it had what appeared to be some kind red light that would blink on and off and shade in intensity randomly for no reason. I don’t feel this had anything to do with the propulsion system. It was just a random red light on the right hand side of the craft kind of in the middle but towards the back.
As we observed it hovering for three minutes it made no sounds. And in that three minutes we saw no air travel which is strange on a Saturday considering I live 10 miles away from an international airport in Dallas Fort Worth. And there’s also love field to the east of me. So it hovered for three minutes undisturbed in commercial airspace and made no sound. It moved once and drifted upwards to the right about half an inch from my perspective. It made no sound. I saw no exhaust. But me and my mother both noticed that it had this white ring or aura around it. Like it was circulating around the craft like a halo. I don’t believe it was a reflection of light. I believe the craft is generating it. I’ve never seen anything like it in my life.
As stated above after about three minutes we’re both sitting there looking at it and talking completely in awe, an airplane we can hear approaching comes up over our house/vantage point and then this object goes from sitting absolutely still and accelerates faster than any aircraft taking off from a runway, in the sky from a dead stop. This defies physics as I know them. Objects do not behave like that in space or on on earth.
And when it departed it didn’t just zip away, it looks like it accelerated out into the distance and fell but almost curved. As I filled this out I saw something that described it like a falling leaf. But it was not headed towards the ground it went away but around if that makes sense. Considering its velocity from a dead stop it was covering massive distances to the naked eye.
Whatever this craft was it was massive. Considering where I was standing and it’s distance from me, as well as elevation, this thing on film appeared small but it was big considering how far away it was in elevation. My mom thought it was a drone and I’m like that’s not a drone I fly those. For that thing to have been a drone it would’ve had to been the size of my house to be that visible in the sky from a couple miles away. I mean this thing had to have been 100 feet or more. Definitely more. I don’t know it was crazy big. And it was triangular in shape. But looking at it with that white circular halo it almost looked like it shifted shapes kinda as we watched. Like blurred morphing edges and energy. And when I go back and look at the video and Screenshots it does change shape.
I’m not sure what else to say I’m still kind of in shock because this thing defies all modern physics that I know of. When I immediately saw the object I tried to rationalize it and explain it but I couldn’t.

Highly Reflective UFOs Over Henderson Colorado.

Extremely reflective UFOs witnessed and REC over Henderson Colorado.
Video source MUFON Case # 122475

UFO Witnessed And REC By Three Different People Miles Apart In the State Of Missouri

Cylinder or Cigar shaped UFO witnessed and recorded by three different people miles apart in the state of Missouri

UFO Captured On Camera Traveling At Hype Speed During Slow Motion Video. May 13, 2022

This footage was captured at Moore Park Beach, A coastal rural town in Queensland, Australia on May 13, 2022. This object was sighted when the witness was filming the rain in "Slow Motion" mode on his phone and giving that this UFO was traveling super fast on slow mode just imagine how this object would have been moving at normal speed, It would have been unseen to the eye. What could this object be? Well, judging from the distance this would have to be a fairly large object as it flying behide the trees not in front and the speed and movement was incredible.

Thanks to Lainey Ferrari for allowing me the use of his footage and to view the original: https://www.facebook.com/1534076576/v...

Cigar Shaped UFO Seen On The TV Show Catfish & Cylindrical Object Sighted Over Massachusetts

Clip one comes from the MTV show Catfish and this black cylindrical shaped UFO was spotted in an insert of season 8, episode 49. This is timelapped footage but i felt that we should take a look at it as it doesn't seem to be a blimp or balloon and i wonder if the people at Catfish spotted this?

To view the original clip: This was in season 8, episode 49 at the 21:08 mark. Thanks to MTV & The guys at Catfish.

Thanks to Victor Escobedo for spotting this... Clip two was sighted over Norwood in Massachusetts on May 20, 2022 and the witness stated the following " I recorded it during my lunch break last Friday and the clouds weren’t anything special at all when I recorded this actually. I’m that weirdo who is just always randomly filming the sky no matter how uninteresting it may look. Lol. But yesterday I kept getting weather alerts and was so badly hoping for something exciting to happen but the storms didn’t hit where I was. There was a tornado warning for somewhere in Maine all day yesterday, thought that was interesting. I took this video of the clouds then messed w/ the exposure. I don’t know how to circle the spot I’m trying to show you on a video… but it’s on the right hand side of the screen, down by where the tree is, in between two branches."

Thanks to Jillian for allowing me the use of her footage and to view the original: https://www.reddit.com/r/UAP/comments...

{,https://www.youtube.com/ }

Fast daytime UFO filmed over San Francisco, CA 13-Jun-2022

This interesting UFO footage was filmed over San Francisco in California on 13th June 2022.

What do you think about it?

{  https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

China announces via state media that it may have detected signals from an ALIEN CIVILISATION – before mysteriously deleting the report

• China detected unusual signals using its Sky Eye telescope in Guizhou province

• The news was announced then deleted by China's state-backed science website 

• Sky Eye launched back in September 2020 to search for extraterrestrial signals 

By JONATHAN CHADWICK FOR MAILONLINE 

China has claimed that it may have received a message from an alien civilisation using its $180 million Sky Eye telescope, according to reports. 

Sky Eye, a 1,640-foot-diameter telescope based in China's Guizhou province, has detected unusual electromagnetic signals that scientists claim could have alien origins.

The news was revealed in a report by Science and Technology Daily, the official newspaper of China's Ministry of Science and Technology, based in Beijing. 

But according to Bloomberg, Science and Technology Daily deleted the report shortly after it was posted, although it's uncertain why. 

China claims to have received a message from an alien civilisation, mysterious radio signals suggest (file photo)

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, also known as FAST or Sky Eye, is based in a natural basin in Guizhou

'Sky Eye telescope may have picked up signs of life beyond Earth, according to a report by the state-backed Science and Technology Daily, which then appeared to have deleted the report and posts about the discovery,' Bloomberg says.

'The news had already started trending on social network Weibo and was picked up by other media outlets, including state-run ones.' 

The Science and Technology Daily report cited Zhang Tonjie, chief scientist of an extraterrestrial civilization search team co-founded by Beijing Normal University, the National Astronomical Observatory of China and the University of California, Berkeley. 

The team detected two sets of suspicious signals in 2020 while processing data collected in 2019, and found another suspicious signal in 2022 while observing exoplanets – planets outside our solar system.  

Zhang said the suspicious signals could also be some kind of radio interference, so further investigation is required. 

MailOnline has contacted the National Astronomical Observatory of China for comment. 

Currently, no life beyond Earth has ever been found, but this does not mean that the universe is lifeless other than on Earth, according to NASA. 

The US space agency says: 'While no clear signs of life have ever been detected, the possibility of extraterrestrial biology – the scientific logic that supports it – has grown increasingly plausible.'

Due to its size, Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, also known as FAST or Sky Eye, has one of the best chances of discovering alien life. 

It was launched in September 2020 specifically to search interstellar communication signals that suggest alien life and potentially habitable exoplanets. 

As its official name suggests, FAST has a diameter of 500 meters (1,640 feet), making it the world’s largest full dish radio telescope. 

The dish-like telescope, as large as 30 football fields, costed 1.2 billion yuan (about $180 million)

Engineers work at the control centre for the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) on February 3, 2021 in Pingtang County, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province of China

It's able to scan twice the sky area covered by the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, the previous record holder for the largest single-aperture radio telescope in the world. 

FAST can deliver readings between three and five times more sensitive than those from Arecibo Observatory, which is why scientists have been hopeful the telescope could lead to a breakthrough in the search for alien life. 

A 65-person village was destroyed before construction of FAST began, and more than 9,000 people in the surrounding countryside were forced to relocate to create a three-mile radius around the telescope without any electromagnetic interference.

According to government officials, each person was given the equivalent of $1,800 in compensation for the relocation. 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

Disk Falls, Stops, Spits Out Smaller Object, Lake Elsinore, California June 8, 2022, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: June 8, 2022

Location of sighting: Lake Elsinore, California, USA

Source: Email

 

Guys, check this out. This eyewitness was recording the sky as some objects were both falling and rising in different locations. First we notices inside the red circle...an object is falling, stops, then spits out another object, which then turns and heads straight to the ground below. The object that stops, is a visible dark disk for about 3 seconds before it creates a cloud cloak all around it. UFOs do make clouds as I have said on many occasions. This is clearly a UFO dropping of people and supplies and awaiting return of similar items over an alien base. The base may only be a few hundred people or it could be a larger base of tens of thousands. One thing is undeniable...there is an alien base 4-6km below Lake Elsinore.

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Email states: 

I usually take time lapse videos of the sunrise in the mornings over Lake Elsinore California . I usually take the video from my second story window. On this morning I recorded what looked like something dropping out of the sky and turning into a cloud then another what appeared to be a UFO appears above that cloud, then that cloud shoots what looks like a cloud covering the UFO or cloaking it with the cloud substance! Whatever dropped those two unidentified objects went through the clouds and continued toward the Earth too! Unfortunately to be able to see it clearly you will have to zoom in to see what I am talking about. I circled where in the video that I'm talking about and where the UFO will be found. At least this is what I think is a UFO being cloaked by a cloud!

{https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Alien Ship Near Earths Orbit In Old NASA Photos, June 14, 2022, UFO Sighting News

Location of sighting: Earths orbit

Apollo 10 date: May 18-24, 1969

Photo source: 

• https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/DatabaseImages/ISD/highres/AS10/AS10-35-5264.JPG

 Here is an amazing capture during Apollo 10 mission. In the NASA archives there is this great photo of an alien craft in Earths orbit. The craft has a raised center dome in the craft, and the front 80% is a disk, while the back 20% is flat, which indicates it the back of the ship, compounded by the fact that the thin rounded side is facing the Earth, I have easily determined which is the front and which is the back side of this craft. Its hard to believe that such obvious evidence is right in front of us in NASA photos, in easy reach of the public, and yet, 99.9% of the Earths population will never see any of this evidence.  This NASA photo is 100% evidence that earth is being visited by alien from another world. 

Scott C. Waring

 

{https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Alien Outpost On Ceres Discovered In Latest NASA Photo, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: June 14, 2022

Location of discovery: Dwarf Planet Ceres

NASA URL:

• https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA21912.jpg

 

This is a photo of Ceres, given to the public on the NASA. There is a very tall building and thin structure that looks like a great wall. The shadow really gives away its incredible hight. Built next to a small crater, this structure may have once been an alien outpost on this dwarf planet. 

 

This is the same planet with the glowing white structures, click here to see them in high detail. 

Scott C. Waring

 

{https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Two UFO sighting within ten minutes over Kansas City YESTERDAY

Strange UFO activity in the sky above Kansas City in Missouri. This happened on 13th June 2022.

Witness report: 

The ufo mad a laugh humming g mix with buzzing sound, flew very low and was extremely large. The ufo was also followed by Blackhawk military helicopter which makes me believe it could be man made, and after the incident we had two flyover by military

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Ruimtetelescoop Gaia toont meest gedetailleerde kaart van onze Melkweg tot nu toe

Het Europees Ruimteagentschap ESA onthult vandaag de nieuwe onderzoeksresultaten van haar Gaia-missie. Het doel van deze ruimtetelescoop is om de meest nauwkeurige en complete kaart te maken van onze Melkweg. Heel wat nieuwe gegevens zijn hier nu aan toegevoegd en dat zorgt voor nieuwe fascinerende inzichten in het sterrenstelsel waarin wij leven. Van vreemde ‘sterbevingen’ tot het DNA van de Melkweg. 

Martijn Peters  

Al sinds 2014 brengt de Gaia-satelliet de hemel in kaart. Hiermee tracht ESA om beter te begrijpen hoe ons eigen sterrenstelsel in elkaar zit en hoe miljarden jaren van evolutie dit teweeg hebben gebracht. Al deze informatie gebruiken de wetenschappers om de meest nauwkeurige en complete multidimensionale kaart van de Melkweg mee samen te stellen.

De verzameling van gegevens, dataset nummer 3, die het ruimtevaartagentschap vandaag vrijgaf bevat nieuwe en verbeterde informatie over bijna 2 miljard sterren. Onder andere over hun chemische samenstelling, temperatuur, kleur, massa, leeftijd ... Maar evengoed over met welke snelheid zo’n 33 miljoen sterren naar ons toe of van ons weg bewegen. Wetenschappers ontdekten heel wat van deze nieuwe gegevens door het sterrenlicht op te splitsen zoals de kleuren in een regenboog. In 2016 en 2018 werden de vorige twee datasets vrijgegeven met daarin vooral informatie over de posities, afstanden, bewegingen langs de hemel, en kleuren van sterren. Maar Gaia keek niet enkel naar de sterren die rondzweven in ons eigen sterrenstelsel. De ruimtetelescoop levert ook de grootste catalogus tot nu toe van dubbelsterren (2 sterren die om elkaar heen bewegen), duizenden planetoïden en planeetmanen, en object ver buiten onze Melkweg waaronder miljoenen andere sterrenstelsel. 

Artist impression van ESA's Gaia-satelliet die de Melkweg observeert. De achtergrondafbeelding van de hemel is samengesteld uit gegevens van meer dan 1,8 miljard sterren. Het toont de totale helderheid en kleur van sterren waargenomen door Gaia (Gaia EDR3 data van December 2020).  © Spacecraft: ESA/ATG medialab; Milky Way: ESA/Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Acknowledgement: A. Moitinho.

Niet enkel onze aarde beeft, ook sterren

Eén van de meest verrassende ontdekkingen van Gaia is dat het observatorium in staat is om sterbevingen te detecteren. Want oorspronkelijk was Gaia hier niet voor gebouwd. Die sterbevingen zijn minuscule bewegingen aan het oppervlak van een ster die wat weg hebben van tsunami’s en de vorm van een ster veranderen. Hierdoor zijn ze moeilijker waar te nemen. Gaia vond sterke sterbevingen bij duizenden sterren, ook bij de sterren die er maar zelden één hadden. 

“Sterbevingen leren ons veel over sterren, met name over wat er binnenin allemaal gebeurt. Gaia opent een goudmijn voor de ‘asteroseismologie’ van massieve sterren,” zegt Conny Aerts van de KU Leuven in België, die deel uitmaakt van de Gaia Collaboration. Eerder ontdekte Gaia trouwens al dat sterren wel eens zwellen en krimpen, maar daarbij hun vorm blijven behouden. 

DNA liegt niet: ons melkwegstelsel is een prachtige smeltkroes van sterren

Waar sterren van gemaakt zijn leert ons iets over hun ontstaansplek en hun reis daarna, en dus over de geschiedenis van de Melkweg. De chemische samenstelling van een ster is een beetje zijn DNA. Het geeft wetenschappers cruciale informatie over de oorsprong ervan. 

Zo bevatten sommige sterren bijvoorbeeld meer “zware metalen” dan andere. Tijdens de oerknal werden alleen lichte elementen gevormd (waterstof en helium). Alle andere zwaardere elementen – door astronomen metalen genoemd – vormen zich binnenin de sterren. Sterft een ster, dan komen deze metalen vrij en belanden ze in al het gas en stof tussen de sterren waaruit nieuwe sterren ontstaan. Veel geboortes en overlijdens van sterren zorgt dus voor een omgeving rijk aan metalen. 

Waar sterren van gemaakt zijn, kan ons iets vertellen over hun geboorteplaats en hun leven. Deze weergave toont bijvoorbeeld hoeveel metaal er in de sterren van onze Melkweg zitten. Rodere sterren zijn rijker aan metalen.  © ESA/Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

Dankzij Gaia weten we dat sommige sterren in ons sterrenstelsel zijn gemaakt van oermaterie (waterstof en helium), terwijl andere, zoals onze zon, gemaakt zijn van materie die is verrijkt door voorgaande generaties sterren. Hoe dichter bij het centrum en het vlak van onze Melkweg, hoe rijker de ster aan metalen. Meer nog, Gaia heeft op basis van hun chemische samenstelling ook sterren ontdekt die oorspronkelijk uit een ander sterrenstelsel kwamen.

“Ons melkwegstelsel is een prachtige smeltkroes van sterren,” zegt Alejandra Recio-Blanco van het Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur in Frankrijk. “Deze diversiteit is uiterst belangrijk, want ze vertelt ons het verhaal van de vorming van ons melkwegstelsel. Het laat ook duidelijk zien dat onze zon, en wij, allemaal deel uitmaken van een steeds veranderend systeem.” Gaia lever hiervoor het bewijs met de grootste chemische kaart van ons sterrenstelsel tot kleinere sterrenstelsels om ons heen.

Gaia is nog zoveel meer dan een kaart vol sterren

Naast het vastleggen van het DNA en de bevingen van sterren heeft Gaia nog meer gezien tijdens haar speurtocht door onze hemel. Er zijn ook een nieuwe catalogi met meer dan 800.000 dubbelsterren en 156.000 planetoïden in ons zonnestelsel. Gaia levert ook informatie over 10 miljoen veranderlijke sterren, mysterieuze objecten tussen sterren, en over quasars en sterrenstelsels buiten onze eigen kosmische omgeving.

Deze afbeelding toont de banen van de meer dan 150.000 asteroïden in Gaia's derde dataset. Van de binnenste delen van het zonnestelsel tot de Trojaanse asteroïden op afstand van Jupiter, met verschillende kleurcodes. De gele cirkel in het midden stelt de zon voor. Blauw vertegenwoordigt het binnenste deel van het zonnestelsel, waar de nabije aarde-asteroïden, Mars-kruisers en terrestrische planeten zijn. De hoofdgordel, tussen Mars en Jupter, is groen. Jupiter-trojans zijn rood.  © ESA/Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

“In tegenstelling tot andere missies die specifieke objecten bestuderen, is Gaia een ‘survey-missie’. Dat betekent dat Gaia, terwijl ze de hele hemel met miljarden sterren meerdere malen afspeurt, onvermijdelijk ontdekkingen zal doen die andere, meer specifieke missies zouden missen. Dit is een van de sterke punten, en we kunnen niet wachten tot de astronomische gemeenschap in onze nieuwe gegevens duikt en nog meer over ons sterrenstelsel en zijn omgeving te weten komt dan we ons hadden kunnen voorstellen,” zegt Timo Prusti, wetenschappelijke projectmedewerker voor Gaia bij ESA. 

We kunnen niet wachten tot de astronomi­sche gemeen­schap in onze nieuwe gegevens duikt en nog meer over ons sterren­stel­sel en zijn omgeving te weten komt dan we ons hadden kunnen voorstel­len.

Timo Prusti, ESA

Belgische bijdrage

Ook heel wat Belgische wetenschappers hielpen trouwens mee aan dit onderzoek. Hun gespecialiseerde expertise speelde een belangrijke rol bij het analyseren van de enorme hoeveelheid aan gegevens. Astronomen van de KU Leuven, de Koninklijke Sterrenwacht van België, de Université libre de Bruxelles, de Universiteit Antwerpen en de Université de Liège hebben allemaal aan dit werk bijgedragen. 

Met de waarnemingen van de Gaia-telescoop, heeft de Koninklijke Sterrenwacht van België (KSB) nauwkeurige banen kunnen berekenen voor zo’n 150.000 asteroïden in onze Melkweg. Op basis van die banen kan de positie van een asteroïde beter berekend worden en kunnen astronomen met meer zekerheid zeggen waar die de aarde zal passeren. 

Het valt soms voor dat zo’n asteroïde een ster bedekt, waardoor zijn schaduw vanop de aarde te zien is. Maar waar die schaduw precies zou komen, kon niemand met zekerheid voorspellen. Vaak zat er een speling van enkele honderden kilometers op. Doordat de KSB nu voor 150.000 asteroïden de baan heeft kunnen berekenen, wordt het voorspellen van zo’n bedekking veel nauwkeuriger. Hierdoor kan aan het publiek kenbaar gemaakt worden waar en wanneer een asteroïde een ster zal passeren en kunnen geïnteresseerden hun telescoop klaarzetten om het fenomeen te zien gebeuren. Voor astronomen zijn deze waarnemingen overigens erg nuttig. Als voldoende mensen het tijdstip van verdwijnen en terugkeren van de ster doorgeven, kunnen wetenschappers de fysieke eigenschappen van de asteroïde bepalen. 

Maar de vaststelling van de banen van asteroïden kan ook een hoger doel dienen. “Als ooit een asteroïde gevonden wordt op een ramkoers naar de aarde, zullen we zo beter in staat zijn om een strategie te bepalen om het gevaar af te wenden”, klinkt het bij het ESA en KSB. 

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

Doorcam Records UFO And Flashing Lightings On Ground, June 12, 2022, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: June 12, 2022

Location of sighting: Frederick, Maryland, USA

 

Watch this UFO recorded by Ringcam and you will see it turn while flashing lights are seen on the ground, possibly reflecting the crafts brightness or even electrical devices turned on and off by the UFO which has been proven to happen in some UFO reports. The object looks like a tilted disk and moves extremely fast and passed in front of the Ringcam at 2:12 AM. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

Eyewitness states:

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

NASA plans to join UFO research efforts with 'open mind' The study would try to scientifically examine identifying available data, ascertain how to best collect future data, and how NASA can use these data to move scientific understanding Unidentified Aerial Phenomena. 

And of course how could it be otherwise, NASA came up with their "Never A Straight Answer" and stated that UFOs almost certainly are not alien visitors buzzing Earth's skies, but that NASA is still financing a study that will look at unexplained sightings with an open mind. 

During a presentation on Thursday to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator for science, said the study would try to scientifically examine what the federal government calls unidentified aerial phenomena, or UAPs. 

The study, which is to cost less than $100,000 and begin in the fall, “will focus on identifying available data, how to best collect future data and how NASA can use these data to move the scientific understanding of UAPs forward,” Zurbuchen said during a telephone news conference on Thursday afternoon. 

Zurbuchen said that examining UFO reports could be “high-risk, high-impact kind of research,” possibly uncovering some entirely new scientific phenomenon — or possibly coming up with nothing new or interesting at all. 

Bearing in mind that for so many years NASA has been covered up everything that points to the existence of UFOs not from earth and extraterrestrial intelligent life then it is remarkable that NASA plans to join UFO research which is more than suspicious, because NASA does nothing without an underlying agenda.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

Physicist Michio Kaku on the Shift in the UFO Phenomenon

Michio Kaku is a theoretical physicist, author, and science educator. He is featured in the UFO/UAP documentary “A Tear in the Sky,” now available on all VOD and digital platforms.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Circular Shaped UFO with Multicolour Bright Lights Sighted over Orangeburg in South Carolina

This brightly lit object was sighted on January 6, 2022 over Orangeburg in South Carolina. The witness noticed this object when he went out for a smoke of the front yard of his house. The craft was pulsating multicolour lights and looked like circular shaped. It was cruising slowly in the sky until it disappeared out of view.

➨ Original Source:

• https://ufostalker.com/sighting/120202
  MUFON/UFO Stalker Case Number 120202

Witness testimony:

"Went out for a smoke and took pictures of the front yard, as I see frequent UFO activity and like to record proof. I have seen many UFOs that were far off but this was the first time anything has come so close. The craft came from the tree line pulsing multicoloured lights. After a few seconds, two orbs came out of it and began to pulse/blink red. It was like they were trying to memos a large aircraft. However, I worked on C-17s in the Air Force and I know that this no aircraft."

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

Expert says Humans are Aliens—and we were brought to Earth hundreds of thousands of years ago

What if  Humans are the aliens we’ve been looking for all along? According to experts, humans were most likely crossbred with another species, perhaps from the star system Alpha Centauri –which is one of the closest solar systems to Earth—in the distant past, giving birth to modern humans.

Tell Al-Uhaymir modern-day Iraq, where the ancient Sumerian city of Kish used to be, archaeologists found one of the oldest ancient documents on the planet, the tablet of Kish which is believed to date back to the year 3500 BC.

The Sumerian king list states that Kish was the first city to have kings following the deluge, beginning with Jushur.

Jushur’s successor is called Kullassina-bel, but this is actually a sentence in Akkadian meaning “All of them were lord”. Thus, some scholars have suggested that this may have been intended to signify the absence of a central authority in Kish for a time.

This ancient document is believed to precede the cuneiform writing of the Sumerians, and the Egyptian hieroglyphs for almost one hundred years.

Developing the ability to express thoughts through written language is one of the first ways in which man differed from the animal kingdom.

Five thousand years since, humans have developed electricity, divided the atom, developed computers, and led man to the moon. We have achieved things that other species have still not.

No other species on earth can attribute such unique achievements in such a short period of time. Interestingly, compared to other species of the earth, our ‘evolution’ is relatively short.

It has been a short period of time, most likely a few million years since the first hominid walked on Earth. Precisely this is one of the biggest scientific questions of all times: Why have only our species emerged to this truly advanced technological intelligence?

Evidently,  there is nothing more advanced than humans on planet Earth.

While there are different ‘intelligent’ species on Earth, none of them makes use of technology like us.

Just imagine for a second, if for some reason, mankind had to return to the jungle, and survive there. Many experts agree that most of them would not survive for a very long period of time.

Many scientists agree that humans, in addition to their intelligence, are not very capable to occupy a wide range of environments. In other words, we are very limited when it comes to our planet.

In addition to our fascinating intelligence, biologists have also noticed contrasts between human physiology and that of other animals on earth. Many scientists agree that compared to other species on earth, humans are rather strange. For example, a baby horse when born is able to walk and function almost independently, but this a human baby cannot do, which makes us quite helpless. In other words, we are born before being neurologically ready for life.

Many researchers agree that there are many vulnerabilities that accompany our intelligence.

Humans on earth eventually became bipeds, which freed up our superior extremities allowing us to manipulate objects, create tools and much more. But for all this, experts believe that our species has paid an expensive price. Lumbar pain a sign that according to many experts could tell us a lot about our species. Curiously, other animals on Earth do NOT have this problem. It’s as if only humans are affected by some of these problems.

So what does all of this mean? According to one expert, it means that we are the aliens we’ve we been looking for all along.

A new theory proposed by Dr. Ellis Silver states that there are several tell-tale signs present in the human race that suggest human beings did not evolve ALONGSIDE other lifeforms on Earth.

The book called ‘Humans are not from Earth: a scientific evaluation of the evidence’ is basically a resume of theories for and mostly against man’s evolution on Earth. In the book, leading environmentalist and ecologist Dr. Ellis Silver goes through an evaluation of thirteen leading hypothesis and seventeen factors which suggest HUMANS ARE NOT FROM EARTH.

Mankind is supposedly the most highly developed species on the planet, yet is surprisingly unsuited and ill-equipped for Earth’s environment: harmed by sunlight, a strong dislike for naturally occurring foods, ridiculously high rates of chronic disease, and more said Dr. Ellis in an interview.

According to Dr. Ellis, humans might suffer from back pain because our species initially evolved on another planet with a lower gravity, adding to the mysteries, Dr. Ellis also indicates that it is strange that newborns have large heads and make it difficult for mothers to give birth, which can result in fatalities for both mother and child.

So where do we come from? According to Dr. Ellis, Neanderthals were most likely crossbred with another species, perhaps from the star system Alpha Centauri –which is one of the closest solar systems to Earth— in the distant past, giving birth to modern humans.

According to Dr. Ellis, there are millions of people around the globe who ‘feel’ that they do not belong on Earth.

Dr. Ellis explains: “This suggests (to me at least) that mankind may have evolved on a different planet, and we may have been brought here as a highly developed species. One reason for this … is that the Earth might be a prison planet since we seem to be a naturally violent species and we’re here until we learn to behave ourselves.”

Dr. Ellis concludes that mankind did not evolve from that particular strain of life, but evolved elsewhere and was transported to Earth (as fully evolved Homo sapiens) between 60,000 and 200,000 years ago.

Furthermore, as noted by Robert Sepher, according to modern DNA sequencing, it is demonstrated that humanity as we know it, isn’t just ONE single ‘race’ that descended from the same ancestor in Africa, but a hybridized species, with a far more enigmatic truth behind it all.

Many questions have been raised in the discussion about Rh negative blood. If mankind did, in fact, evolve from a mutual ancient African ancestor, theories state that everyone’s blood would be compatible, but regrettably, this is not the case. This raises numerous questions that science alone has not been able to fully answer. Where did Rh-negative blood come from? And why is it that a Rh-negative mother carrying Rh positive children tries rejecting her own offspring? Is it possible that this can be explained by a rather controversial theory? A theory which suggests that humanity isn’t in fact one race, but a hybridized species.

The book was written by Robert Sepehr, Species with Amnesia: Our Forbidden History tells us more about the enigmatic blood type Rh-negative. Not only does Species with Amnesia suggest mankind is, in fact, a hybridized species, the author suggests that highly advanced civilizations have been on Earth before us, just to be destroyed by some great global catastrophe, as mysteriously, history tells us.

Sepehr argues that for each race that has died out, another has taken its place, with a selected few holding on to the memories and sacred knowledge of the past race. In our vanity, we think we have discovered some of the great truths of science and technology, but we are in fact only just beginning to rediscover the profound wisdom of past civilizations. In many ways, we are like an awakening Species with Amnesia, yearning to reclaim our forgotten past. –

The Basque people of Spain and France have the highest percentage of Rh-negative blood. About 30% have (rr) Rh negative and about 60% carry one (r) negative gene.

“There are 612 primate species and subspecies recognized by the International Union for Conversation of Nature (IUCN), and not one has Rh-negative blood”. – Robert Sepehr, Species with Amnesia: Our Forbidden History

{ https://www.ancient-code.com/  }

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

A Strange Report of Alien Encounters at Underground Military Bases

{  https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

The UFO subject can, at times, be a strange one. On other occasions it can be sinister. But, what about downright fatal? In other words, mysterious deaths and getting too close to the truth of the UFO phenomenon. That's the theme of today's article. We'll begin with a man named Danny Casolaro. It was the summer of 1991 – specifically August 1 of that year – when the body of a middle-aged man was discovered in a hotel room in the Martinsburg, West Virginia Sheraton Inn. His body was lying in the shower. It was a grim sight for the maid that made the discovery. The man, it seemed, had committed suicide: his wrists were cut deep, something which effectively meant that without anyone to help him, the man was doomed. And, he was. It didn’t take more than a few moments for hotel staff to figure out who, exactly, the man was. He was identified by the person on the front-desk as Danny Casolaro. For around a year and a half leading up to the point of his reported suicide, Casolaro had been looking into a powerful group of people who sound very much like candidates for a New World Order. Casolaro termed this group, “The Octopus.” Appropriately, but unfortunately and tragically, the Octopus soon got its tentacles into Casolaro and dragged him down to an untimely death.

On the Area 51 angle, things got even more controversial. Casolaro was told that a secret group, known as Majestic 12, oversaw at Area 51 the wreckage and alien bodies said to have been found in New Mexico in the summer of 1947 – the legendary Roswell affair, of course. For the record, the Majestic 12 issue has been an integral one to the field of Ufology for decades. For some UFO investigators, Majestic 12 is the real deal. For others, though, it’s nothing but government disinformation designed to confuse the Roswell incident even further. Unfortunately, Casolaro did not live to see the truth of the Octopus unveiled – by himself, he hoped. The matter of his death in August 1991 ensured that. While Casolaro’s death could have been due to suicide – certainly, that’s what it looked like – there were solid and valid reasons to suggest that his death was due to something very different. At the time of his passing, Casolaro was certainly not in a state of woe or depression. It was the exact opposite: he was energized by new leads, and new revelations, in his quest to find the truth of the Octopus, its activities, and its motivations. The mystery remains exactly that: a mystery.

Note: As this map was created by the U.S. government, it is in the public domain

Now, let's jump back to the 1960s and a journalist named Dorothy Kilgallen, who had an interest in the UFO subject. For Kilgallen, it was when she started to dig into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy - at Dallas’ Grassy Knoll - that things began to get dicey for her. She was particularly interested in the connections between JFK’s alleged murderer, Lee Harvey Oswald, and Dallas strip-club-owner, Jack Ruby; a man who knew all the influential, powerful, and murderous characters – including the Mob - who called Dallas their home. When Oswald was shot and killed by Ruby on November 24, 1963, Kilgallen really sat up, suspecting that Oswald had been killed to prevent him from revealing what he knew of the complexities surrounding the president’s death.

Things got even more intriguing when Kilgallen got her hands on an advance copy of the controversy-filled Warren Report that investigated the death of JFK. How she got a hold of that is still a much-debated issue for those who haven’t given up on the matter of who was behind the president’s killing. Kilgallen even managed to secure an interview with Ruby, himself. Kilgallen was no fool: she knew that, by that time, her life was in a fair degree of danger. Kilgallen’s hairdresser, Marc Sinclaire, made no bones about it: “Her life had been threatened.” The threats became more and more. Then, on November 8, 1965, Kilgallen was found stone cold dead. As well as looking deep into the JFK assassination, Kilgallen was also tied to the UFO mystery. There’s little doubt at all Dorothy Kilgallen had an interest in the UFO phenomenon; in 1954, she said, in a press article, that: “Flying Saucers are regarded as of such vital importance that they will be the subject of a special hush-hush meeting of the world military heads next summer.” If such a thing went ahead, it was carefully hidden to the media and the public.

(Nick Redfern) Marilyn Monroe murdered for what she knew about UFOs?)

Sadly, Kilgallen died at a young age and under suspicious circumstances. Was it an accidental case of Kilgallen being fatally fueled by too much booze and too many pills? A suicide? Or, a skillful murder made to look like one of the two scenarios above? Just like Marilyn Monroe’s death, the questions – even now, decades later - are many, but the answers are sorely lacking. The mystery remains. As does Kilgallen’s involvement in controversies of the UFO kind. And, talking about Marilyn, what about her link to the UFO phenomenon? Murders made to look like suicides and accidents. Classified government documents fallen into the wrong hands. Stolen diaries; some of them burned and shredded for fear of what, one day, they might reveal. Powerful people with dangerous agendas. Famous faces. The Feds prowling around. Hollywood conspiracies. CIA agents keeping watch. Frightened people with secrets to hide. Wild sex. Drugs. Crazy parties and flowing booze. And, an incredible story of UFOs, aliens, Roswell, Area 51, Flying Saucers, and the death of a beautiful, but tragically scarred, icon. They all appear in the final years of Marilyn's life.

In 1955, one of the most controversial of all the many and varied UFO books published in the fifties was released – and, for the UFO field, to a distinct fanfare. Its title was The Case for the UFO. The author was Morris K. Jessup. His book was a detailed study of the theoretical power-sources for UFOs: what was it that made them fly? How could they perform such incredible, aerial feats, such as coming to a complete stop in the skies, hovering at incredible heights? Jessup believed that the vitally important answers lay in the domain of gravity. Or, as he saw it: anti-gravity. Jessup may well have been onto something, as it wasn’t long at all before the world of officialdom was on Jessup’s back – specifically senior figures in the U.S., Navy. And it was one particularly intriguing office of the Navy that was watching Jessup – a “special weapons” division. Clearly, someone in officialdom was interested in, and perhaps even concerned by, Jessup’s findings and theories. 

In the early evening of April 20, 1959, the lifeless body of Morris Jessup was found in his car, which was parked in the Matheson Hammock Park in Miami, Florida. The car’s engine was still running and a hosepipe, affixed to the exhaust, had been fed through the driver’s side window. Jessup was dead from the effects of carbon-monoxide. Jessup’s body was found by a man named John Goode, who worked at the park. Shocked at the sight before him, Goode quickly called the police, who arrived in no time at all. While it certainly looked as if Jessup had killed himself, not everyone was quite so sure that things were as clear cut as that. The window through which the hose was stuffed with a couple of towels, to prevent air from getting in and carbon-monoxide from getting out. Curiously, Mrs. Jessup - Rubeye – confirmed that the towels were not theirs.

Why, if Jessup took his own life, did he not take towels from the family home? What would have been the point of buying new towels? And, if he did buy such towels, where was the receipt from the store they were purchased from? It certainly wasn’t in the car, or in any of Jessup’s pockets. Equally suspicious is the fact that on the very night before his death, Jessup was in a very upbeat, fired-up mood: he spent more than an hour chatting on the phone with a good friend, Dr. Manson Valentine, expressing his enthusiasm for his latest work and plans for further investigations. Jessup even told Valentine that they should have lunch together the next day, as Jessup had something incredible to reveal. Valentine never got to see what it was that Jessup had uncovered – and he never saw Jessup again, either. Suicide or murder? The jury still can’t make its mind up, decades later.

May 22, 1949 was the date on which the first U.S. Secretary of Defense, James Forrestal, died. Specifically at 1:50 a.m. As will quickly become apparent, the circumstances surrounding Forrestal’s final hours are swamped in controversy. All that we know with absolute certainty is that in the early hours of the 22nd, Forrestal’s body was found on a third-floor canopy of the Bethesda Naval Hospital, Maryland. Did he take a fatal leap out of the window of the 13th floor of the hospital, his mind in turmoil and suicide on his mind? Was it an accident? Or, was Forrestal assassinated? For years, there have been rumors to the effect that Forrestal lost his life to an assassin - and because of what he knew of UFOs. And what he might have been on the verge of revealing what he knew. Ufology: sometimes it just might be deadly. Consider that when you do your next investigation into the subject of aliens and UFOs.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Keyhole: Unlocking the Secret Geometry of the UFO Enigma

In my latest book Ancient Alien Ancestors, I present several discoveries one of which I want to go over briefly. I say ‘discovery’, implying, more or less, that I went through a process of research and tracked it down.

It kind of happened that way but not quite. I had been studying the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt for a long time, but the Byzantine nature of the puzzle started causing me an overload. The enigmas of that edifice are many, entangled and impossibly complex. Stopping short of a mental meltdown, I let it go for a while.

One morning I woke up with the compelling thought to experimentally shift the prime meridian from Greenwich 0 to Giza, 31 E longitude. That made Giza the new 0 longitude (actually, Giza/Nile River delta). I did not plot out this scenario; the idea came to me first thing when I woke up. 

Next, I got a map and looked at Mississippi River delta, 89 W longitude. Then I added 31 to that and came up with 120 degrees! That is a very significant number in geometry, especially when we are talking about the Earth and the Great Pyramid.

The Greenwich prime had obscured that fact, and nobody was pointing out this exact relationship between the Nile and Mississippi deltas. They both sit on 30 N latitude, precisely 120 degrees apart. 

Now consider that the Nile flows from south to north; the Mississippi from north to south. I realised they were inverted mirror images of each other. Something was going on with this. I also realised it was a very big anomaly. So is the 30 N latitude which is seldom mentioned.

I then found that the Tigris-Euphrates was exactly 15 degrees east of Giza; the Yangtze delta 90 E degrees also and both on the 30 N parallel. The question that popped into my head: what is behind these rivers flowing into deltas, all along a single northern latitude around the globe?

I know of no geological dynamics that logically explains this and I have never heard a geologist try. Erosion, deposition, floods – they are all random processes. Then there was the fact that the earliest civilisations emerged in these river valleys on 30 N latitude. Another anomaly.

When a whole bunch of facts added together turns up an enigma, people either dig for the answer or chalk it up to ‘coincidence’. A quaint shallow concept that explains nothing unless one has a simple mind. It reveals a bias toward thinking the universe is based on random variables… dumb! You can check the foregoing in my book.

Anomalies as Clues to the Bigger Picture

What is an anomaly? Basically anything that does not fit the model, or expectations, “something that deviates from what is standard, normal,” says the dictionary.

I realised, after many decades studying anomalies, that they are the Achilles heel of modern science and academia. When these ‘experts’ are confronted with a serious anomaly (i.e. the Great Pyramid), they abandon the scientific method, circle the wagons, and become babbling morons. The nonsense spouted on how this massive, precision-engineered edifice was built is quite shocking. We are given to believe it was built by people using hammer-stones, wooden sledges and ropes. 

They present a scenario that is so improbable that it short-circuits even normally rational minds. People using Stone Age technology could not build such a sophisticated edifice. Our scholars are either stupid or just plain liars. Never mind, the Egyptians somehow did it, case closed. Minds shut, anomaly disposed of, everybody goes home. Problem is, the anomaly and the response to it are like a computer virus. It grows, spreads and starts causing fragmentation and loss of system integrity.

Already a substantial number of people around the world utterly reject the orthodox theories. Get enough of these anomalies piling up and credibility and trust become real issues. We are approaching that watershed critical mass point now.

UFOs exist, but then again they don’t, because they shouldn’t according to the laws of physics. Anomalies. Nothing in our rule-based 3D material dimension can appear and disappear in an instant. 

In addition, it is impossible to see events in the future because it has not yet happened in linear time, right? Wrong.

Paranormal, psi, psychic phenomena occur and have been scientifically observed in controlled settings. Scientist Russell Targ noted his experiences while carrying out research into such phenomena in the following quote.

“Stanford Research Institute (SRI) conducted investigations into the human mind’s capacity for expanded awareness, also called remote viewing, in which people are able to envision distant places and future events and activities. For two decades SRI’s research was supported by the CIA and other government agencies. I was co-founder of this once secret program which began in 1972.” (See ‘The Scientific and Spiritual Implications of Psychic Abilities’, www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_psycho10.htm.)

Since these phenomena do exist but shouldn’t by the rules that supposedly govern the dimension we live in, they are anomalies. As such, official science shows them the backdoor and politely asks them to leave and not return. Yet, the fact they exist puts us in a paradoxical position.

We seem to be living in a Universe that is, in reality, much more complex and inexplicable. Nonetheless, these anomalies must be explained and accounted for. 

Quantum Nature of Reality

Now our view of normal starts getting twisted out of shape. As shown above, scientific investigations have proven that paranormal phenomena are real (that was one study, there are more.) However, we have to keep in mind that these things are weird only in the context of the rules defined by physicists. They have a model of the cosmos and our place in it. That model is predicated on there being an external universe that exists independent of our observations. In that model objects exist in three-dimensional space.

In fact, that description is not the newest upgrade. There is the quantum-view, the 2.0 version, now held by many scientists. The foregoing was actually the mechanical model from Newton that existed until Einstein blew it up.

In his relativity model, the space/time continuum is an interdependent whole. We cannot have space without time and objects need both to exist and move about. It is a package deal. Quantum mechanics came along and changed everything. There is no external universe made of solid objects existing in space independent of our observations. 

What actually exists is an unexplainable paradox. Our observations change the underlying conditions of the universe. We are in an entangled presence. No pure objectivity is possible because our very observation changes the field.

Objects are vibrating fields comprised of waves of energy. Well, that is unless they are particles comprised of quantum units. We have a situation where the smallest foundational components of the observable universe are called wavicles. 

Moreover, experiments demonstrate that quanta of light that are sent off in opposite directions maintain their connection to one another. Each photon is affected by what happens to its twin, even millions of kilometres away, if one gets bumped the other feels it.

Physicist David Bohm conducted those experiments. Now, we are starting to talk about a universe in which UFOs and psi phenomena can and do exist. This is good for me because I have been studying such things for 40 years now, with people thinking I was a fringe dweller, or worse. 

You have no doubt seen and pondered holograms, those two-dimensional graphics that appear be three-dimensional. They may hold the key that opens the door and helps explain anomalies. Here is a definition of what is behind a hologram.

“The Holographic Principle holds that the information which describes all of the particles of matter and vibrations of energy in the bulk of the sphere fundamentally ‘lives’ at the boundary of the sphere.”  

In plain English, the form of a 3D object is fully embedded in every point on a two-dimensional surface. Holograms form when a beam of light hits a plate and sends off refracted interference patterns. They contain the image of the hologram. It only exists as a field of light in space that appears to have three dimensions. So much for the technical explanation. We both know what they look like and they are essentially illusions.

There is no 3D object floating in space. But knowing that does not change the fact that we see an object floating in space. Odd, yes, and welcome to the paranormal dimension of the holographic universe. 

My UFO Encounter

All this is relevant to my research and thinking about ‘Ancient Aliens’. For me, this whole process started back in the late 1960s. I was living in Scandinavia and had an encounter with a UFO. It surprised me to the bone. Then and there my worldview shattered, and I had to try and explain it. Shortly thereafter Erich von Däniken’s book Chariots of the Gods? came out. I got a copy and was enthralled by the possibilities he suggested.

We forget, at least those my age do, that those were the heady days of the Space Race, men setting foot on the Moon, UFO flaps as headline stories for two decades and so on. All of a sudden this new book comes out intimating that perhaps Earth was visited by extra-terrestrials in the past. Maybe these ancient enigmas found all over the Earth such as pyramids had an explanation – ancient astronauts. 

That proposition dovetailed into images of our astronauts in spacesuits climbing into a capsule before launch. ‘Star Trek’ and decades of sci-fi novels and films reinforced the concept of long-distance space travel in (hardware) 3D spaceships. 

An archetype started forming. UFOs were advanced spacecraft piloted by aliens who were physical like us… but different. The simple formula was ancient astronauts had landed their ships on Earth, bio-engineered humans and departed.

In 1970 I recall what NASA promised. The next phase of space exploration was setting up a lunar colony. After that, manned Mars missions. The whole fictional environment of sci-fi was being spun as if it was real science. 

Here we are almost 50 years later waiting for the still promised lunar mission. It keeps getting postponed every few years. Why? In fact, NASA never really explained why they pulled the plug on the lunar mission back then. 

I suspect that some goo-goo got splattered all over the walls of Mission Control. They learned some things, quite a few actually, from the early manned missions. Unpleasant things about human beings in gravity-free habitats quickly losing muscle mass; unable to sleep; an entire list of nasty side effects, in fact.

I investigated the situation because I did not think NASA was passing the smell test. Liar, liar, pants on fire. (NASA: Never A Straight Answer.) The longer and deeper I thought about it, more and more reality floated up to the surface. 

It seems there are some real intractable problems with extended space flight. The kind that bursts bubbles and makes you stop and think. Example: A trip to Neptune compromises the astronaut’s ability, in deep space, to communicate with Mission Control on Earth. Why? It takes eight minutes for a signal to travel that far. That means about 20 minutes turnaround time in an emergency. That won’t work. Extrapolate that scenario to interstellar space. We just hit the ‘Star Trek’ kill switch.

Nobody is going to be sent out on a suicide mission costing hundreds of millions of dollars. We will never be that far out on the edge of the solar system and forget about interstellar space travel. That was pure fantasy.

I know this sounds strange coming from an Ancient Alien theorist. But facts are facts, and they threw me for a loop when first discovered. With the deleterious health side effects coupled with the above, extended space travel is caput.

Is NASA informing the public of these naughty little details? Of course not! I could add the problems with a fail-safe oxygen generating system but that’s overkill.

This impacted my whole psychology about ancient aliens and modern UFOs. I realised that any alien civilisation in our Universe or dimension would be confronted by the same problems. In my latest book I went over this, however I think I was a bit too optimistic in my conclusions.

Get the issue this article appears in

UFOs: Through physical Space or via Portals?

Returning to the 1970s momentarily, I was struggling to understand the encounter I had in 1968. There was also a very high-level scientist who had a similar experience and was also a UFO researcher. His name was Jacques Vallee [see article on page 45 of this issue].

Vallee had been on the team that developed the first prototype of the Internet. He had done design for NASA. I mean one smart guy. After years of researching the phenomenon, Vallee was not happy with the aliens-in-hardware-spacecraft model. That was the prevailing thinking back then among the research community. 

He wrote a book explaining his objections, Passport to Magonia. That was followed by a radical proposition: the aliens were not from our dimension, but they entered and left it at will. They had been engaged in this activity in the remote past up to the present day. This became the Interdimensional Parallel Universe theory, hotly disputed by many researchers at the time. 

I was at a crossroads when that came out and stirred up a huge controversy. I had studied the phenomenon, all the anomalies, and simply could not figure it out. In fact, I got to the point of being turned off by the politicking among researchers. That is when I chose to drop the modern UFO phenomenon and focus on the mysteries of ancient history. I reasoned that perhaps Vallee was correct. 

There were lots of strange stone megaliths scattered all over the planet. I could not imagine how aliens from another dimension could manipulate them or why they would feel compelled to. I decided consciously (half-informed) to pursue the enigmas of the past. My working hypothesis was that an advanced ET civilisation had seeded the Earth, visited and bioengineered humanity into a hybrid race, implanted much knowledge in the Sumerians, and history unfolded.

My approach was a hybrid of its own. I discovered a paper written by two eminent scientists, Sir Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel [see Will Hart’s article “The Scientific Case for Alien Intervention” in New Dawn 167]. I was convinced they were onto something with Directed Panspermia. They laid out a bold refutation of Darwin’s doctrines and a good case for alien intervention.

I still think their approach has a core of valid facts, and their work raises many serious questions about evolution. Beyond that, how life emerged on planet Earth.

Erich von Däniken was a popular writer, but these two were scientists. I steered a middle course. Everything proceeded fairly smoothly for a while. Then in recent years psychological dissonance started to hit me. It took decades to go through hundreds of ancient sites and many thousands of artefacts to come to it.

The problem was that if aliens had come to Earth in spacecraft, why had I not seen one depiction of them? I mean the craft they arrived in and left, that is. You would expect that the Sumerians, who claimed they lived with the Annunaki, would have carved one on a stelae somewhere. They carved plenty of depictions of the gods. All these anomalies, evidence of ancient high technology, yet not one spaceship… it did not add up.

What I was finding instead were artefacts that suggested perhaps a portal of some kind was used. That mainly came in the last few years when I found out two things I had never noticed before or had but was focused on other priorities. 

That was 1) the keyhole pattern found worldwide, and 2) the trapezoid embedded in a wide variety of ancient artefacts. 

Step-by-step, as I needed it, new data came streaming in bringing fresh insights. I discovered and visited Japan to see their Keyhole Kofun. Massive structures surrounded by moats, hiding in plain sight. The Japanese do not promote them as a tourist attraction. In fact, a veil of tight security and secrecy surrounds them. The Royal Family owns and controls the main ones. Incredibly, there are an estimated 150,000 Kofun spread around the country. Even archaeologists get the ‘no trespass’ turnaround.

Indeed, here is a very deep level anomaly. Keyhole structures resembling those in Japan have been found in the Arabian Desert. I have found the pattern at sites around the world. Perhaps the most surprising is the obvious keyhole design of St. Peter’s Square.

At the same time I was running into trapezoid windows, doorways, cave entrances, everywhere I looked. Snap! It dawned on me in a flash. The Keyhole Kofun had a trapezoidal lower section and a circular section above that. 

Time rolled by and a bigger bolt hit me. This one was a bit of a shocker. I was looking at some ‘pyramids’ and suddenly noticed… those are not pyramids. They were not designed using a square base surmounted by four inward leaning triangles. None of them came together to a point on top. 

A square base was surmounted by four trapezoids. The structures were truncated to accommodate a platform on top that held a solar temple. We had Westernised these structures and had triangles and pyramids in our minds. But they were not there, like the holographic images.

You cannot understand why the ancients built them by studying the geometry of triangles and true pyramids. The trapezoid is an embedded feature of ancient sites all over the globe. It isthe geometry we should have been investigating.

  What was the message the ancients were trying to pass along to us in those shapes? Think of another trapezoid, circle combination, this one small. The ankh! Especially those from 1^st dynasty Ancient Egypt which had a pure trapezoid under a perfect circle. That was later changed to a stem underneath a loop. 

The message has to do with the nature and structure of the space/time continuum we inhabit. Keyhole. Just like the phi code was embedded in ancient buildings, including the pyramids. Today, scientists and programmers are rediscovering it. Now phi is embedded in algorithms in a zillion software applications. 

That ratio is a very deep secret related to how the universe design’s structures. At this point I have abandoned the hardware archetype. Don’t get the wrong idea; the concept was not that important in my latest book. One of my objectives in the volume is to present the best UFO evidence and integrate Ancient Aliens with the modern UFO phenomenon. The phenomenon forms a continuum. 

I feel compelled to examine the possibilities of interdimensional transit. I wonder what conditions would have to exist to facilitate it. I am taking the keyhole and trapezoid shapes and trying to pierce that veil as well. The title of my next book is going to be Alien Presence…

© New Dawn Magazine and the respective author.
For our reproduction notice, click here.

Source: 

• https://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/keyhole-unlocking-the-secret-geometry-of-the-ufo-enigma

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

RingCam Catches Alien Entity, Canfield, Ohio, June 9, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: June 9, 2022

Location of sighting: Canfield, Ohio, USA

 

This ring cam caught a energy entity as it passed the front door. The cam was set to person only, meaning it would not record anything else that passes the door, however the ring cam recognized this as a person and warned them that they were being recorded. There exists a species of alien so advanced that they are pure energy. They are only visible in the sky at night, glowing while excited, usually in groups of 8-50. Yes I have seen them, my whole family saw such entities, however video doesn't record them very well, being just energy...city lights make them harder to see on camera. However the door cam used infrared, which allows 100% clear and focused view of this entity. Its rare that an energy entity gets seen. They do have curiosity about us, and when we see them, often they will toy with us, sticking around for a few minutes. 100% proof of energy entities in our world. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Mysterious Object Over New South Wales in Australia on June 2, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: June 2, 2022
Location of sighting: New South Wales, Australia

 

A shiny object in the sky reveals a disk that is tilted to one side. The object is hard to see unless it tilts the right way, and even then its always white or metallic in color. The UFO looks very similar to the UFOs at the Rocky Mountains, Denver sightings. These UFOs are the most common worldwide and although they have a simple outer design they are 100% alien and can travel at the speed of light. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Sphere Following Space Station, NASA Cam, June 10 2022 Video, UFO Sighting News.

Guys, was at the hospital for about 12 hours, mother-in-law who lives with me fell down and had a second stroke. I drove her to the hospital and she seems to be getting better, but hard to tell. Anyways...been trying to post, now I'm back. I may have day where I'm not posting. 

 

I caught this yesterday but was unable to post it. It looks like a sphere and it has a blur around it...similar to what UFOs often cause when recorded on camera. Now I thought it could be dragon capsule, but there was none docking that I know of and a dragon capsule should be focused not blurry. This is really an odd one. Its directly off the NASA live cams and may even still be there, IDK. 

 

To me, this is absolute alien technology...a real alien craft following the space station. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

“Aliens Are In Contact With Their Hybrid Offspring From Out Of Space”

Anthropologists state that alien phenomenons have increased massively globally. There is so much mystery revolving aliens experimenting, reproducing and even living side by side humans!

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Humanoid Face Found On Planet Mercury Map, Now Deleted by NASA, UFO Sighting News.

http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/EN0214641016M_web.png 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Ancient Statue Of Animal On Mars Near Other Artifacts, Planet Mars, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: June 10, 2022
Location of discover: Mars
Source photo: 

• http://gigapan.com/gigapans/219565

Today I found some interesting ancient alien artifacts in a Mars photo. The most outstanding artifact is a statue of a elephant-like creature with a short trunk. It is sitting down and turned looking to the left. 

 

There is also a huge face with thick lips, open mouth and a round nose, two eyes. 

 

I also found a broken sword, its handle is still intact, and it still has part of the blade on it but its broken off, missing about 60% of the blade. 

 

There were also some small structures. The structures had doorways about 12 cm tall, which fits with all the small statues we have been finding on Mars. Proof of life on Mars, without a doubt. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Sphere Following Space Station, NASA Cam, June 10 2022 Video, UFO Sighting News.

Guys, was at the hospital for about 12 hours, mother-in-law who lives with me fell down and had a second stroke. I drove her to the hospital and she seems to be getting better, but hard to tell. Anyways...been trying to post, now I'm back. I may have day where I'm not posting. 

 

I caught this yesterday but was unable to post it. It looks like a sphere and it has a blur around it...similar to what UFOs often cause when recorded on camera. Now I thought it could be dragon capsule, but there was none docking that I know of and a dragon capsule should be focused not blurry. This is really an odd one. Its directly off the NASA live cams and may even still be there, IDK. 

 

To me, this is absolute alien technology...a real alien craft following the space station. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

NASA's Perseverance Studies the Wild Winds of Jezero Crater

Perseverance Views Dust Devils Swirling Across Jezero Crater: NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover used its navigation camera to capture these dust devils swirling across Jezero Crater on July 20, 2021, the 148th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI. Download image ›

The rover’s weather sensors witnessed daily whirlwinds and more while studying the Red Planet.​

During its first couple hundred days in Jezero Crater, NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover saw some of the most intense dust activity ever witnessed by a mission sent to the Red Planet’s surface. Not only did the rover detect hundreds of dust-bearing whirlwinds called dust devils, Perseverance captured the first video ever recorded of wind gusts lifting a massive Martian dust cloud.

A paper recently published in Science Advances chronicles the trove of weather phenomena observed in the first 216 Martian days, or sols. The new findings enable scientists to better understand dust processes on Mars and contribute to a body of knowledge that could one day help them predict the dust storms that Mars is famous for – and that pose a threat to future robotic and human explorers.

“Every time we land in a new place on Mars, it’s an opportunity to better understand the planet’s weather,” said the paper’s lead author, Claire Newman of Aeolis Research, a research company focused on planetary atmospheres. She added there may be more exciting weather on the way: “We had a regional dust storm right on top of us in January, but we’re still in the middle of dust season, so we’re very likely to see more dust storms.”

Perseverance made these observations primarily with the rover’s cameras and a suite of sensors belonging to the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA), a science instrument led by Spain’s Centro de Astrobiología in collaboration with the Finnish Meteorological Institute and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. MEDA includes wind sensors, light sensors that can detect whirlwinds as they scatter sunlight around the rover, and a sky-facing camera for capturing images of dust and clouds.

“Jezero Crater may be in one of the most active sources of dust on the planet,” said Manuel de la Torre Juarez, MEDA’s deputy principal investigator at JPL. “Everything new we learn about dust will be helpful for future missions.”

Frequent Whirlwinds

The study authors found that at least four whirlwinds pass Perseverance on a typical Martian day and that more than one per hour passes by during a peak hourlong period just after noon.

The rover’s cameras also documented three occasions in which wind gusts lifted large dust clouds, something the scientists call “gust-lifting events.” The biggest of these created a massive cloud covering 1.5 square miles (4 square kilometers). The paper estimated that these wind gusts may collectively lift as much or more dust as the whirlwinds that far outnumber them.

Perseverance Views Wind Lifting a Massive Dust Cloud: This series of images from a navigation camera aboard NASA’s Perseverance rover shows a gust of wind sweeping dust across the Martian plain beyond the rover’s tracks on June 18, 2021 (the 117th sol, or Martian day, of the mission). The dust cloud in this GIF was estimated to be 1.5 square miles (4 square kilometers) in size; it was the first such Martian wind-lifted dust cloud of this scale ever captured in images. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI. Download image ›

Why Is Jezero Different?

While wind and dust are prevalent all over Mars, what the researchers are finding seems to set Jezero apart. This greater activity may be linked to the crater being near what Newman describes as a “dust storm track” that runs north to south across the planet, often lifting dust during the dust storm season.

Newman added that the greater activity in Jezero could be due to factors such as the roughness of its surface, which can make it easier for the wind to lift dust. That could be one explanation why NASA’s InSight lander – in Elysium Planitia, about 2,145 miles (3,452 kilometers) away from Jezero Crater – is still waiting for a whirlwind to clear its dust-laden solar panels, while Perseverance has already measured nearby surface dust removal by several passing whirlwinds.

“Perseverance is nuclear-powered, but if we had solar panels instead, we probably wouldn’t have to worry about dust buildup,” Newman said. “There’s generally just more dust lifting in Jezero Crater, though average wind speeds are lower there and peak wind speeds and whirlwind activity are comparable to Elysium Planitia.”

In fact, Jezero’s dust lifting has been more intense than the team would have wanted: Sand carried in whirlwinds damaged MEDA’s two wind sensors. The team suspects the sand grains harmed the thin wiring on the wind sensors, which stick out from Perseverance’s mast. These sensors are particularly vulnerable because they must remain exposed to the wind in order to measure it correctly. Sand grains blown in the wind, and likely carried in whirlwinds, also damaged one of the Curiosity rover’s wind sensors (Curiosity’s other wind sensor was damaged by debris churned up during its landing in Gale Crater).

With Curiosity’s damage in mind, the Perseverance team provided an additional protective coating to MEDA’s wires. Yet Jezero’s weather still got the better of them. De la Torre Juarez said the team is testing software changes that should allow the wind sensors to keep working.

“We collected a lot of great science data,” de la Torre Juarez said. “The wind sensors are seriously impacted, ironically, because we got what we wanted to measure.”

More About the Mission

A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will characterize the planet’s geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust).

Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with ESA (European Space Agency), would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these sealed samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is part of NASA’s Moon to Mars exploration approach, which includes Artemis missions to the Moon that will help prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet.

JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance rover.

For more about Perseverance:

• mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/

News Media Contacts

• Andrew Good
  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
  818-393-2433
  andrew.c.good@jpl.nasa.gov
• Karen Fox / Alana Johnson
  NASA Headquarters, Washington
  301-286-6284 / 202-358-1501
  karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov

{ http://www.nasa.gov/ }

JOANNA THOMPSON 

THESE 2 EXPERIMENTS COULD ENABLE HUMANS TO LIVE AND WORK SAFELY ON THE MOON — AND MARS

On June 2, the space agency revealed it is funding two science projects under the umbrella of its ambitious Artemis Program to send humans back to the Moon by the end of the decade. One will probe the mysteries of lunar geology — particularly, the ancient volcanic activity that shaped the riven and pock-marked orb we see today. The other will test how the Moon’s gravity and radiation affect living cells — crucial health information to enable humans to live and work safely on the Moon for extended periods of time.

Both of these experiments, which will be shot into space by commercial launch companies, promise to deliver data that will be crucial to meet Artemis’s goal of establishing a lunar habitat for humans by 2030. But beyond that, the information NASA and the project scientists glean can also help design future crewed lunar missions — and perhaps even crewed missions further afield in space.

The experiments are part of NASA’s Payloads and Research Investigations on the Surface of the Moon (PRISM) initiative, which invites outside organizations and companies to pitch NASA ideas and tech to take to the Moon. In total, the program will award up to $2.6 billion-worth of contracts split up between each selected experiment. 

Here’s what we know about each project so far:

CAN HUMANS LIVE WITH LUNAR RADIATION?

The Lunar Explorer Instrument for space biology Applications (aka LEIA, as in princess) is a rather unglamorous and small gadget filled with sensors and live yeast. The research team plans to send LEIA via a CubeSat (also not glamorous) all the way down to the surface of the Moon. There, it will monitor how radiation and lunar gravity affect the yeast’s cells over an extended period of time.

This experiment replicates a fundamental approach to seeing how different environments affect a living organism’s health, ability to reproduce, and evolution that is commonly used in Earth’s labs. For life on the Moon, testing a very simple model lifeform like this will provide crucial observations to enable more permanent human dwellings.

Perhaps the biggest challenge of living in space, including on the Moon, would be that humans will have to endure continuous exposure to radiation at levels not experienced naturally on Earth. Radiation exposure, as we all know, can have significant long term effects on health.

"We really know so little about the long term effects of chronic medium-dose radiation," says Corey Nislow, a molecular biologist at the University of British Columbia. Nislow is not involved with the LEIA experiment, but his team has a similar yeast-based radiation monitoring project that will launch to space aboard Artemis I in the latter half of 2022.

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a common model organism for studying DNA damage in humans. That's because, at the most basic molecular level, yeast cell biology is remarkably similar to human cell biology.

"YOU CAN PROBABLY MAKE A LIST OF TEN SUBCATEGORIES OF DNA REPAIR, AND ALL OF THEM ARE CONSERVED BETWEEN YEAST AND HUMAN CELLS," SAYS NISLOW.

We know that radiation in space is bad news: It hits DNA like a wrecking ball that sizzles skin, impairs motor functions, and even causes cancer. On Earth, the most dangerous doses of radiation from space are blocked by our planet's atmosphere and magnetic field before they can reach the surface. The Moon, like Mars, has very little atmosphere to shield it from harmful solar winds and cosmic rays. Researchers aren’t completely sure how Moon-related doses of radiation will affect our DNA.

The yeast cells aboard LEIA and experiments like Nislow’s will give scientists a better idea of which genes are most vulnerable to radiation damage. This, in turn, will help them develop effective drug treatments to minimize its effects on human astronauts over a prolonged period — an absolutely crucial step toward Artemis's long-term goal of getting to Mars.

"Currently, you would reach the maximum tolerated radiation exposure just on the trip to Mars," Nislow says.

"We need to get our brains wrapped around the potential damage we're facing."

EXPLORING VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ON THE MOON

The Lunar Vulkan Imaging and Spectroscopy Explorer (or Lunar-VISE, for short) is a two-part mission consisting of a stationary lander equipped with a camera and a rover designed to study the Moon’s geology.

“Most of the volcanic activity on the Moon happened billions of years ago,” Kerri Donaldson Hanna, a planetary geologist at the University of Central Florida and lead researcher on the project, tells Inverse.

“But there is evidence in a couple of locations on the surface that suggest that there could have been volcanic activity maybe a billion years ago.” In cosmic terms, fairly recent.

Lunar-VISE promises to explore one of these weird lunar locations for the first time: The Gruithuisen Domes. These bubble-like features — named for German astronomer Franz von Gruithuisen — are a bit of a Moon mystery. They closely resemble domes that form on Earth when thick, viscous magma bubbles up from between two seismic plates and is quickly doused by lots of liquid water. But the Moon is pretty much bone-dry and geologically dead, so nobody’s sure how the Gruithuisen Domes got there.

“THAT TELLS US THAT SOMETHING INTERESTING IS GOING ON IN THE INTERIOR THAT WE DON’T FUNDAMENTALLY UNDERSTAND,” DONALDSON HANNA SAYS.

Lunar-VISE’s mobile rover will roam around the top of one of the domes for about ten Earth days (equivalent to one lunar day), analyzing dust samples as it goes. The composition of this Moon dirt should give scientists a better picture of how the domes formed, including how old they are and whether they were the product of some exotic type of lava.

Both Lunar-VISE and LEIA will be delivered to the Moon via NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) partnership, which currently consists of 14 private spaceflight companies, including SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Lockheed Martin Space.

The payloads are supposed to leave Earth sometime in 2026, but it is too early to say what spaceflight company will take them to their new lunar home. The timeline is also a small reminder of how far we are from settling humans off-Earth. Nislow’s experiment has already been held back by delays to the Artemis I launch, which may have a knock-on effect on future launches.

In the meantime, the Lunar-VISE and LEIA teams are prepping to make sure their instruments pass weight, size, and cost muster for launch day.

“In the next month or so our team will start working with NASA to define what those requirements are,” says Donaldson Hanna.

“We’re certainly excited to start doing all the fun stuff,” she adds.

{ horizons@inverse.com }

Disclosure Of Classified X Documents And Archaeological Aztec Origin Objects Found In Ojuelos De Jalisco, Mexico.

The Aztecs came long after the Maya. The Mexican government had agreed to disclose to the public several archaeological objects that have remained hidden for decades, from the time they were discovered. A helmet-shaped head of Alien, etched in stone tablets of gold and silver, which can be recognized in engraved details – how astronauts that traveling in space ships with other ships scenes actually looks like. Also you can observe comets and planets there.

BRAINBERRIES

Little Signs Your Ex Might Want To Get Back Together In Future

LEARN MORE

Front View

The Mexica or Aztecs were a people of the Nahuatl culture that existed in the area of Mesoamerica from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. These people are called themselves Mexica (pronounced meshicas) or tenochcas (inhabitants of Tenochtitlan). The Aztec word meaning ‘from Aztlán’ and was their tribal name. In just 70 years, the owners would greatest empire that had existed in Mesoamerica.   A lost culture and never seen until now. They are objects filled with details of the lives of these characters in our remote distant and forgotten history, which until now had remained hidden.

Frontal View

Back Side

Several families of Ojuelos city in the province of Jalisco, Mexico, have been collecting for about 50-60 years a total of 400 artifacts extraordinary, with the dream of one day open his own museum, and publicize to the the public such an amazing objects.

HERE SOME OF THE APPROXIMATELY 400 OBJECTS FOUND

Prints, sculptures, rings, pendants. It seems that this former American culture had contact with eyes elongated creatures who lived with them over time and represented their craft in the skies. The same figures Alien contacted many say seeing them today. Or at least it seems.   Conclusions.   Scientific analysis by Ma Luisa Trujillo of the two objects found:  Based solely on the interpretation of all we have, chemical analysis, we can infer that the person who drew up the pieces did not know the process covers and glazes as is now known, whereby the characteristics do not match 100% with some type of nail Today, we might think that used in the composition principles of stoneware but at a lower temperature which completely changes the finish.   Covers or stoneware glazes give good results with oxidizing or reducing atmospheres, generally used to initiate a reducing atmosphere and at the end a neutral or oxidizing atmosphere on assessed pieces oxidizing atmosphere was used.

{  https://livenewspress24.com/ }

NASA to Set Up Independent Study on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena

AudIo: Media telecon on new Aerial Phenomena Study

NASA is commissioning a study team to start early in the fall to examine unidentified aerial phenomena (UAPs) – that is, observations of events in the sky that cannot be identified as aircraft or known natural phenomena – from a scientific perspective. The study will focus on identifying available data, how best to collect future data, and how NASA can use that data to move the scientific understanding of UAPs forward.

The limited number of observations of UAPs currently makes it difficult to draw scientific conclusions about the nature of such events. Unidentified phenomena in the atmosphere are of interest for both national security and air safety. Establishing which events are natural provides a key first step to identifying or mitigating such phenomena, which aligns with one of NASA’s goals to ensure the safety of aircraft. There is no evidence UAPs are extra-terrestrial in origin.

“NASA believes that the tools of scientific discovery are powerful and apply here also,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, the associate administrator for science at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “We have access to a broad range of observations of Earth from space – and that is the lifeblood of scientific inquiry. We have the tools and team who can help us improve our understanding of the unknown. That’s the very definition of what science is. That’s what we do.”

The agency is not part of the Department of Defense’s Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force or its successor, the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group. NASA has, however, coordinated widely across the government regarding how to apply the tools of science to shed light on the nature and origin of unidentified aerial phenomena.

The agency’s independent study team will be led by astrophysicist David Spergel, who is president of the Simons Foundation in New York City, and previously the chair of the astrophysics department at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. Daniel Evans, the assistant deputy associate administrator for research at NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, will serve as the NASA official responsible for orchestrating the study.

“Given the paucity of observations, our first task is simply to gather the most robust set of data that we can,” said Spergel. “We will be identifying what data – from civilians, government, non-profits, companies – exists, what else we should try to collect, and how to best analyze it.”

The study is expected to take about nine months to complete. It will secure the counsel of experts in the scientific, aeronautics, and data analytics communities to focus on how best to collect new data and improve observations of UAPs.

“Consistent with NASA’s principles of openness, transparency, and scientific integrity, this report will be shared publicly,” said Evans. “All of NASA’s data is available to the public – we take that obligation seriously – and we make it easily accessible for anyone to see or study.”

Although unrelated to this new study, NASA has an active astrobiology program that focuses on the origins, evolution, and distribution of life beyond Earth. From studying water on Mars to probing promising “oceans worlds,” such as Titan and Europa, NASA’s science missions are working together with a goal to find signs of life beyond Earth.

Furthermore, the agency’s search for life also includes using missions such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and Hubble Space Telescope, to search for habitable exoplanets, while the James Webb Space Telescope will try to spot biosignatures in atmospheres around other planets – spotting oxygen and carbon dioxide in other atmospheres, for example, could suggest that an exoplanet supports plants and animals like ours does. NASA also funds space-based research that focuses on technosignatures – that is signatures of advanced technology in outer space -- from other planets.

Learn more about NASA’s astrobiology program online at:

{ https://www.nasa.gov/astrobiology/ }

{ https://futurism.com/ }

A team of scientists is due to be convened by the fall, then will spend roughly nine months developing a public report on its findings, Evans said. NASA will spend "anywhere from a few tens of thousands of dollars" to no more than $100,000 on the effort, Evans added.

The announcement comes a year after the U.S. government issued a report, compiled by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence in conjunction with a Navy-led task force, detailing observations mostly by Navy personnel of "unidentified aerial phenomenon," or UAPs. Two Pentagon officials testified on May 17 at the first congressional hearing on UFOs in a half century.

"We're looking at the Earth in new ways, and we're also looking the other way, at the sky, in new ways," Thomas Zurbuchen, the chief of NASA's science unit, told reporters on a conference call. "What we're really trying to do here is start an investigation without an outcome in mind."

U.S. officials have described UAPs as a national security issue, which NASA echoed.

"Unidentified phenomena in the atmosphere are of interest for both national security and air safety. Establishing which events are natural provides a key first step to identifying or mitigating such phenomena, which aligns with one of NASA's goals to ensure the safety of aircraft," NASA said in a news release.

Last year's report said U.S. defense and intelligence analysts lacked sufficient data to determine the nature of UAPs observed by military pilots including whether they are advanced earthly technologies, atmospherics or of an extraterrestrial origin. The two Pentagon officials last month acknowledged many observations remain beyond the government's ability to explain.

NASA said in a news release: "There is no evidence UAPs are extraterrestrial in origin."

The agency's involvement is aimed at providing more data, with an aim to leverage NASA's scientific talent, satellites and sensors otherwise tasked with monitoring Earth's climate or observing atmospheric conditions, Zurbuchen said.

"The first step is to figure out what data is at hand," Evans said.

NASA's involvement in Pentagon efforts to characterize UAPs has been previously acknowledged by U.S. officials.

The Pentagon has made public some video of enigmatic objects exhibiting speed and maneuverability exceeding known aviation technology and lacking any visible means of propulsion or flight-control surfaces.

Reporting by Joey Roulette; Editing by Will Dunham

{ https://www.reuters.com/ }

Awell preserved mummified creature has been discovered on Mars. The image was taken by the Mast camera onboard NASA's Mars rover Curiosity on Sol 3474 (2022-05-15T10:52:45.000Z). 

The creature lies against a ridge and it looks like it dragged itself there before it died. 

The hind legs are clearly visible as well as its head. It seems as the body is wrapped with some kind of fabric. 

Another evidence of past life on Mars? 

Links: 

• http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/229485 

• https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/raw-

images/order=sol+desc%2Cinstrument_sort+asc%2Csample_type_sort+asc%2C+date_take

n+desc&per_page=50&page=6&mission=msl&begin_sol=3474&end_sol=3474&af=MAST_LE

FT%7CMAST_RIGHT%2C%2C 

• https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/raw-images/?

order=sol+desc%2Cinstrument_sort+asc%2Csample_type_sort+asc%2C+date_taken+desc

&per_page=50&page=7&mission=msl&begin_date=2022-5-15&end_date=2022-5-

15&begin_sol=3474&end_sol=3474&af=MAST_LEFT%7CMAST_RIGHT%2C%2C

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

During a severe electrical thunderstorm on June 7, 2022 in Saint Joseph, Missouri, a photographer while filming the thunderstorm, noticed a huge saucer-shaped object in the center of the thunderstorm. 

The object appears to have a strange antenna on top of it that collects lightning, which is easily recognizable as lightning bolts are connected to the antenna. 

Since it seems that the vapor clouds are influenced by the shape of the object, I suppose that the object is not a natural cloud, but a solid craft created by intelligent design whether man-made or of alien origin. 

It is often said that UFOs use lightning to recharge their batteries. Could these images be proof of it? 

Footage of the thunderstorm with saucer shaped craft starts at about the 3.05 mark in the video.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

The Pascagoula Abduction was an alleged UFO sighting and alien abduction in 1973, in which Charles Hickson and Calvin Parker claimed they were abducted by aliens while fishing near Pascagoula, Mississippi. 

On the evening of October 11, 1973, 42-year-old Charles Hickson and 19-year-old Calvin Parker told the Jackson County, Mississippi Sheriff's office they were fishing off a pier on the west bank of the Pascagoula River in Mississippi when they heard a whirring/whizzing sound, saw two flashing blue lights, and observed an oval shaped object 30–40 feet across and 8–10 feet high. 

Parker and Hickson claimed they were "conscious but paralyzed" while three "creatures" with "robotic slit-mouths" and "crab-like pincers" took them aboard the object and subjected them to an examination. 

After so many years of keeping it a secret from his own family, Calvin Parker's declining health has given him a reason to write a book and leave his legacy. Calvin Parker is now ready to tell the story of the event that would change his life forever. 

In a recent interview with Fox10news, Parker said he’s glad the government is starting to talk about UFO’s, but he believes the government is still afraid to tell the truth about UFOs and extraterrestrials, it’s going to cause panic. But Parker thinks if they just tell the truth, people can handle it. Whether it’s good or bad, just tell it like it is. 

There’s even been some politicians who have contacted Parker about this. Parker can’t call them by name because I’ve been sworn to secrecy. But he knows that they exist. he knows that one day, sooner or later, it’s gonna come out.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

Asolar flare is partially blocked for a while by an unknown elongated force in front of it. 

Normally a solar flare shoots into space in its entirety, but this flare is blocked by something in front of it, making it appear that only a part of the flare can move around an unknown elongated force before shooting into space. 

It appears that the elongated force is moving slowly through the solar flare, suggesting it could be a very large cigar-shaped spacecraft.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }