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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES

UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
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Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie! Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek! België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch. Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen! Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie. Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen. Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek! Blijf Op De Hoogte! Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren! Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.

Categorie: MYSTERIES ( Fr, Nl, E)

What Special Forces Found in Cambodia's Jungle: Ties to UAP and Human Abductions

What Special Forces Found in Cambodia's Jungle: Ties to UAP and Human Abductions

What Special Forces Found in Cambodia's Jungle: Ties to UAP and Human Abductions

A recent podcast has brought to light a chilling account from a former Special Forces operative who claims to have encountered inexplicable phenomena during a covert mission in Cambodia’s jungles. The veteran, whose name was withheld for privacy, recounted a mission in the Vietnam War era where his team was dispatched to locate a downed B-52 bomber near the Cambodian border. The objective was straightforward: assess the crash site, retrieve any sensitive equipment or documents, and recover dog tags from the crew. However, what the team allegedly discovered at the site defied conventional explanation and has since been linked in some circles to the ongoing discourse surrounding Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) and human abductions.

According to the eyewitness, the team found the B-52 not in a state of wreckage, but rather resting intact as if it had been gently placed on the jungle floor. “There was no crash, there was no sign of a crash—no crash trail or anything like that,” the veteran described. Gaining entry through an emergency hatch, they were confronted with a gruesome scene: the entire crew remained strapped in their seats, but all had suffered mutilations eerily reminiscent of the so-called “cattle mutilations” reported in UFO lore. The details were disturbing—missing tongues, jaws “scraped clean,” and precision excisions of genitals and rectums, which the operative compared to the use of a “biscuit cutter.”

The team, shaken by the discovery and the absence of any signs of a conventional crash, proceeded to destroy the aircraft’s sensitive components. Charges were set throughout the B-52, and after collecting photographic evidence and crew dog tags, they detonated the explosives remotely from a safe distance. “We made it to our extraction point and were extracted back to headquarters in Saigon,” the witness stated. All evidence, including films and documents, was turned in to higher authorities. The operative noted that there was little follow-up apart from a stern warning: “You will die if you disclose any of this information, so keep your traps shut.”

The account, as discussed in the podcast, has fueled speculation about covert military encounters with non-human entities and technology. While details remain unverifiable and the official record is silent, the witness’s description aligns with numerous reports of mutilations—both animal and, more rarely, human—that some researchers have linked to UAP activity. The operative reflected on the psychological toll of the mission, noting that he was the only survivor of the original team, with the others killed in subsequent action. “There was a lot of PTSD involved at the time,” he admitted, adding that he was soon after discharged from the service.

Though the credibility of such accounts is always subject to scrutiny, this testimony adds a somber and unsettling layer to the ongoing discussion of UAPs and alleged human abductions. While official documentation of such incidents remains elusive, the narrative underscores the longstanding tension between military secrecy and the quest for answers about unexplained phenomena. As the U.S. government and global authorities increase their transparency on UAPs, stories like this one continue to raise questions about what remains hidden in the shadows of wartime operations and classified archives.

{  https://usubjects.com/  }

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Geschreven door peter om 17:50 Stuur door

75 Years Ago, Mysterious Flashes in the Sky Sparked Rumors of UFOs. Now, Researchers Offer Two Startling Explanations

75 Years Ago, Mysterious Flashes in the Sky Sparked Rumors of UFOs. Now, Researchers Offer Two Startling Explanations

Two new papers delve into mysterious lights and objects that were observed in the sky years before the first satellite launched into space.

Comparison of two plates. Transients circled in blue, defects are circled in pink.

Comparison of two plates. Transients circled in blue, defects are circled in pink. 

© Villarroel, Beatriz et al., Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2025.

CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Researchers have been striving to explain seemingly unexplainable flashes of light, or transients, observed in the sky since the 1950s. Incredibly, we still don’t know what these unidentified aerial phenomena—or more familiarly, unidentified flying objects—are.

In two papers published earlier this month, one in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and the other in Scientific Reports, researchers lay out two new, startling explanations for these phenomena. They analyzed transients that were documented in photographic plates (the precursors to photographic film) from the early 1950s—crucially, these flashes were observed before Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, launched in October, 1957. The papers indicate that at least some of the observed transients were real, and that at least some of these might have been connected to nuclear weapons tests and reports of UAPs.

“Today we know that short flashes of light are often solar reflections from flat, highly reflective objects in orbit around the Earth, such as satellites and space debris,” Beatriz Villarroel, a co-author on both studies, said in a Stockholm University statement. But prior to 1957, there were no human-made satellites in space—or at least, there were none as far as we know. And while it is possible that a country might have secretly launched something into space, that would have been hard to do without being noticed, according to German physicist and popular science communicator Sabine Hossenfelder.

Transients, UAPs, and nuclear tests

In the Scientific Reports study, Villarroel and her colleague analyzed more than 106,000 instances of transients and found small but statistically significant associations between them and reports of UAP sightings and above-ground nuclear weapons testing during the 1950s. Specifically, the transients tended to appear a day after a nuclear test. They also identified a positive correlation between the number of flashes of light in the sky and the amount of UAPs reports on any given day. Moreover, most of the transients occurred around the same time as a nuclear test, and at least one UAP report.

The researchers lay out two potential hypotheses: One is that nuclear tests might trigger an atmospheric phenomenon that appears as a flash or transient, in turn spurring UAP reports and showing up on the astronomical images. The other leans on an existing piece of what the researchers call “lore”: that nuclear weapons tests might attract UAP.

“While this alleged connection has been claimed for decades based on anecdotal evidence, it has until now lacked any systematic supporting data,” the researchers write in the paper. “Within this latter hypothesis, our results could be viewed as indicating that transients are artificial, reflective objects either in high-altitude orbits around Earth or at high altitudes within the atmosphere.”

“Whether and how this hypothesis might be further tested remains to be determined. Regardless of what transients are ultimately determined to be, our results add to growing evidence supporting the interpretation of transients as real observations, rather than as emulsion defects,” they conclude.

Moving objects

In the other paper, Villarroel and her colleagues searched for historical evidence of highly reflective artificial objects near Earth. To do this, they looked for transients in the data that appeared to follow a pattern, suggesting that they might be flat, reflective, and moving objects.

They found two interesting occurrences, one of which, notably, took place on July 27, 1952—during a week where there was a spate of notorious UFO sightings in Washington, D.C. They also found significantly fewer transients in Earth’s shadow, indicating that at least some of the flashes of light were likely objects reflecting the Sun from an orbital point high above Earth.

Amidst what has been perceived as noise on the plates, there seems to be a genuine population of phenomena that correlate with, among other things, nuclear weapons tests or reports of UAP and that are missing in the Earth’s shadow,” Villarroel, an astronomer at the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics at Stockholm University, explained in the statement.

“You don’t get that kind of solar reflections from round objects like asteroids or dust grains in space, which leave streaks during a 50-minute exposure, but only if something is very flat and very reflective and reflects the sunlight with a short flash.”

The new analyses are intriguing. But more work will need to be done before researchers can conclusively say what that something is.

{ https://gizmodo.com/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 22:02 Stuur door

Beware the carnivorous DEATH BALL: Scientists are baffled by a new species that lives in the deepest part of the ocean

Scientists are baffled by a gruesome new species dubbed the 'carnivorous death ball' that lives in the deepest part of the ocean. 

The new predatory sponge, officially part of the Chondrocladia genus, was found 11,800 feet deep, east of Montagu Island off the coast of Antarctica.

Looking like some arty installation in a London gallery, the 'incredible specimen' gets its name due to several long appendages ending in pinkish orbs.

These eerie globes are covered in tiny hooks meant to snag its prey – typically small unfortunate crustaceans such as copepods. 

This makes the carnivorous death ball unusually ruthless compared with the gentle, passive, filter-feeding undertaken by most sponges. 

Dr Michelle Taylor, head of science at the Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census, compared the species to a 'series on ping pong balls on stems'.

'Sponges generally don't eat animal flesh – they normally just filter-feed all of the little particles that are in the water,' she said. 'But this is a very unusual section of the sponge taxa in that they actually capture small amphipods like little crustaceans. 

'These animals get caught in the hooks and then are slowly enveloped over a period of time until all of the nutrients are kind of squeezed out of them.' 

Its spherical form is covered in tiny hooks that trap prey, a clear contrast to the gentle, passive, filter-feeding undertaken by most sponges

Its spherical form is covered in tiny hooks that trap prey, a clear contrast to the gentle, passive, filter-feeding undertaken by most sponges

This horror-film-worthy discovery was made on an expedition in February to March this year led by Ocean Census aboard the Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel R/V Falkor. 

Experts used a remotely operated and tethered underwater vehicle called ROV SuBastian to scan the ocean's depths to about 14,700 feet (4,500 metres). 

ROV SuBastian surveyed underwater volcanic calderas, the South Sandwich Trench, and seafloor habitats around Montagu and Saunders Islands. 

Overall, it collected nearly 2,000 specimens across 14 animal groups (phyla), including 30 previously unknown deep-sea species, although there could be more to be confirmed. 

According to Dr Taylor, the pink death balls are 'a few centimetres across' and are thought to have water inside them.

'We presume they increase the surface area that could come into contact with potential prey items,' she told the Daily Mail. 

'Sponges are sedentary organisms –  they will spend their whole life in that one spot.

'That's one of the reasons they have to have efficient ways to capture food, they cannot chase it.' 

The discovery was made on an expedition led by Ocean Census aboard the Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel R/V Falkor

The discovery was made on an expedition led by Ocean Census aboard the Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel R/V Falkor

A new iridescent scale worm found by the ROV SuBastian at 9,379 feet (2,859 metres) at the South Trench dive site, northwest of Zavodovski Island, South Atlantic Ocean

A new iridescent scale worm found by the ROV SuBastian at 9,379 feet (2,859 metres) at the South Trench dive site, northwest of Zavodovski Island, South Atlantic Ocean

A previously unknown species of sea star found by the ROV SuBastian at 3,631 feet (1,107 metres) at the Mystery Ridge dive site

A previously unknown species of sea star found by the ROV SuBastian at 3,631 feet (1,107 metres) at the Mystery Ridge dive site

New species in the Southern Ocean

  • Carnivorous 'death-ball' sponge (Chondrocladia sp. nov.)
  • Armoured and iridescent scale worms (Eulagisca sp. nov.) 
  • Sea stars (Brisingidae, Benthopectinidae and Paxillosidae)
  • Crustaceans including isopods and amphipods 
  • Rare gastropods and bivalves adapted to volcanic and hydrothermal-influenced habitats 

Among the other discoveries were new armoured and iridescent scale worms, also referred to 'Elvis worms', known for their shimmering, colourful scales.  

The scales are bioluminescent – they naturally produce and emit light – and produce repeated flashes, presumably to distract potential predators. 

Also found were previously unknown species of sea stars – called Brisingidae, Benthopectinidae and Paxillosidae. 

There were also rare gastropods and bivalves adapted to volcanic and hydrothermal-influenced habitats – extreme environments with high temperatures and pressures. 

Also observed were 'zombie worms’ – officially called Osedax, which is Latin for bone-eater – although these are not thought to be new to science, according to the experts. 

These worms have no mouth or gut and rely on symbiotic bacteria to break down fats inside the bones of whales and other large vertebrates. 

Additional possibly new are black corals and a potential genus of sea pens – which look like old-fashioned writing quills – which are 'undergoing expert assessment'.

Scientists are constantly finding new species around the world, but the ones at the water's deepest darkest depths are among the hardest to locate. 

Pictured, a potentially new genus of sea pens - which look like old-fashioned writing quills. This one was found at 2,641 feet (805 metres) down at the Mystery Ridge dive site

Pictured, a potentially new genus of sea pens - which look like old-fashioned writing quills. This one was found at 2,641 feet (805 metres) down at the Mystery Ridge dive site

Pictured, a new isopod found by the ROV SuBastian at 11,500 feet (3,533 metres) at the Ridge North dive site

Pictured, a new isopod found by the ROV SuBastian at 11,500 feet (3,533 metres) at the Ridge North dive site

Still, the vast majority of the world's oceans – about 80 per cent – have not been mapped, explored or even seen by humans.  

While some animals can survive at extreme depths thanks to adaptations, human beings can only go about 400ft unaided by modern technology, such as pressurised submersibles. 

article image

With such equipment, the deepest anyone has been in the ocean is 35,853 feet (10,928 metres) in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, achieved by Victor Vescovo in April 2019. 

The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, 'remains profoundly under-sampled', according to Dr Taylor. 

'To date, we have only assessed under 30 per cent of the samples collected from this expedition, so confirming 30 new species already shows how much biodiversity is still undocumented,' she said. 

'Each confirmed species is a building block for conservation, biodiversity studies, and untold future scientific endeavours. 

'By coupling expeditions with species discovery workshops, we compress what often takes more than a decade into a faster pathway while maintaining scientific rigour by having world experts involved.' 

The same expedition captured the first ever footage of a live colossal squid – the largest invertebrate on the planet.

Before the expedition in March, none have ever been filmed alive before in their natural habitat, either juvenile or adult, Dr Taylor said. 

What are sponges? 

Sponges are simple but historic aquatic animals with dense but porous skeletons, highly adapted to their environment. 

Certain sponge species have a fossil record dating back around 600 million years to the earliest period of Earth’s history, the 'Precambrian'. 

Like corals, sponges are immobile aquatic invertebrates and they are not well-adapted for moving around the ocean floor. 

Sponges are important inhabitants of coral reef ecosystems; they can affect water quality on the reef as the sponges filter water, collect bacteria, and process carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

In nutrient-depleted coral reefs, some sponge species are thought to make carbon biologically available by excreting a form of 'sponge poop' that other organisms feed on.

In this way, sponges protect the reef against extreme fluctuations in nutrient density, temperature, and light, benefiting the survival of other reef organisms. 

Source: NOAA 

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Geschreven door peter om 22:40 Stuur door

Ontdek de waarheid over Jezus Christus

Ontdek de waarheid over Jezus Christus

Ontdek de waarheid over Jezus Christus

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Ontdek de waarheid over Jezus Christus
Jezus Christus is een centrale figuur in het christendom en zijn levensverhaal vormt de basis van het Nieuwe Testament in de Bijbel. Afhankelijk van je geloof kan Jezus worden gezien als de Messias of als een historische figuur (of beide). Hoewel de Bijbel inzicht biedt in zijn leven, zijn er weinig historische verslagen uit zijn tijd bewaard gebleven. Hierdoor staan ​​niet-kerkelijke historici voor uitdagingen bij het vinden van informatie over Jezus buiten religieuze teksten. Desondanks hebben de afgelopen decennia geleid tot interessante ontdekkingen. Sommige historici steunen Bijbelse verhalen, terwijl andere een heel ander verhaal vertellen.

Bekijk de volgende foto's en teksten om te ontdekken wat historici hebben ontdekt over het leven van Jezus Christus.

Bronnen

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Bronnen

Hoewel er buiten de Bijbel weinig bronnen zijn die naar Jezus verwijzen, legt historicus André Chevitarese uit dat een handvol auteurs vergelijkbare details over zijn leven hebben vastgelegd.

Bronnen

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Bronnen
De meest bekende schriftelijke verslagen zijn afkomstig van Flavius ​​Josephus, een Joodse geleerde uit de eerste eeuw n.Chr. In zijn werk 'Joodse Oudheden' vermeldt Josephus Jezus tweemaal.

Verschijning

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Verschijning
De Britse onderzoeker Richard Neave, specialist in forensische wetenschappen, gebruikte zijn expertise om het gezicht van een gemiddelde volwassene uit de tijd waarin Jezus leefde te reconstrueren. Het resultaat was een donkere man met kort haar, een schril contrast met de manier waarop Jezus normaal gesproken wordt afgebeeld: als een blanke man met lang haar en blauwe ogen.

Gods boodschapper

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Gods boodschapper
Het Evangelie volgens Lucas benadrukt dat Jezus al op jonge leeftijd over aanzienlijke kennis beschikte.

Standpunt over homoseksualiteit

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Standpunt over homoseksualiteit
Een vaak over het hoofd gezien feit is dat de Bijbel niet vermeldt dat Jezus homoseksualiteit veroordeelde. Sterker nog: hij heeft het er nooit over gehad.

Verjaardag

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Verjaardag
Hoewel Kerstmis op veel plaatsen op 25 december wordt gevierd, is het opvallend dat het Nieuwe Testament niet specifiek de dag van Jezus' geboorte vermeldt.

Jezus werd niet geboren op 25 december

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Jezus werd niet geboren op 25 december
Onderzoek doet vermoeden dat de geboorte van Jezus waarschijnlijk plaatsvond tussen mei en november, de warmste maanden in Israël.

De wijzen uit het oosten

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De wijzen uit het oosten
Toen de drie wijzen uit het oosten de ster zagen die de geboorte van Christus aankondigde, begonnen ze aan hun reis naar Bethlehem. Onderzoekers hebben hun waarschijnlijke route opnieuw getraceerd en vastgesteld dat het ze ongeveer twee jaar zou hebben gekost om hun bestemming te bereiken. Dit betekent dat ze Jezus niet kort na zijn geboorte in de stal hebben kunnen bezoeken.

Ster van Bethlehem

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Ster van Bethlehem
Astronomen vermoeden dat de ster die de geboorte van Jezus aankondigde het resultaat zou kunnen zijn van een samenvoeging tussen Saturnus en Jupiter. Deze astronomische gebeurtenis vond plaats in het sterrenbeeld Vissen in 7 v.Chr.

Nazareth

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Nazareth
De stad Nazareth was niet echt van belang en relatief klein. Het wordt zelfs speels bekritiseerd in het Evangelie volgens Johannes. In deze context zegt de apostel Filippus tegen Nathanaël dat de Messias in Nazareth is gezien, waarop Nathanaël antwoordt: "Kan er uit Nazareth iets goeds komen?"

Carrière

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Carrière
De Griekse term voor Jezus' beroep is 'tekton'. Hoewel 'timmerman' de vaak gebruikte vertaling is, verduidelijken geleerden dat de term ambachtslieden en bouwers omvatte. Het is waarschijnlijker dat Jezus als metselaar werkte.

Rijkdom

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Rijkdom
Zijn afstamming gaat terug tot koning David, een figuur die in de Bijbelse geschiedenis bekendstond om zijn aanzienlijke rijkdom. Verschillende aspecten van Jezus' leven wijzen er ook op dat zijn familie relatief welgesteld was.

Stabiel

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Stabiel
De misvatting dat Jezus arm was, komt waarschijnlijk voort uit het feit dat hij in een stal werd geboren. Dit was echter voornamelijk te wijten aan ongelukkige omstandigheden. Precies toen Maria's weeën begonnen, vond er een volkstelling plaats in Bethlehem, wat leidde tot een toestroom van mensen uit de omgeving naar de stad. Omdat alle herbergen al bezet waren, had het echtpaar geen andere keuze dan onderdak te zoeken in een stal, zodat Maria kon bevallen.

Kleren

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Kleren
Tijdens zijn kruisiging zou Jezus gekleed zijn geweest in een kenmerkende tuniek die in die tijd doorgaans door rijkere mensen werd gedragen. In de Bijbel staat dat de soldaten zelfs onderling vochten om wie zijn kleren mocht houden.

Vervulde profetieën uit het Oude Testament over Jezus

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Vervulde profetieën uit het Oude Testament over Jezus
Er zijn mensen die de leringen die aan Jezus worden toegeschreven eerbiedigen, maar die het idee verwerpen dat God hem deze leringen op een goddelijke manier heeft gegeven.

Een filosoof en humanist

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Een filosoof en humanist
Christelijke atheïsten zien Jezus niet als de zoon van een almachtige godheid. Ze beschouwen hem daarentegen als filosoof en humanist.

Het heilige boek van de islam

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Het heilige boek van de islam
In de Koran, het heilige boek van de islam, wordt Jezus vaker genoemd dan de profeet Mohammed. Over Jezus wordt 25 keer gesproken, terwijl Mohammed slechts vier keer wordt vermeld.

Profeet

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Profeet
In de islam wordt Jezus erkend als profeet, hoewel hij niet als de zoon van God wordt beschouwd. Interessant is dat er naast het graf van Mohammed in Medina (Saoedi-Arabië) een graf voor Jezus Christus is aangewezen.

Goddelijke woede

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Goddelijke woede
Tijdens de opnames van Mel Gibsons film 'The Passion of the Christ' uit 2004 werden twee mensen door de bliksem getroffen. Een van hen was Jim Caviezel, de acteur die Jezus speelde in de film.

Nog meer bliksem...

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Nog meer bliksem...
Een 20 meter hoog Jezusbeeld naast een kerk in Monroe, Ohio, werd door de bliksem getroffen, waardoor het in vlammen opging en volledig werd verwoest.

Broers en zussen

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Broers en zussen
Volgens historische verslagen had Jezus vier broers en minstens twee zussen. Zijn broers heetten Jakobus, Jozef, Judas en Simon. Er zijn theorieën die stellen dat deze broers mogelijk zonen van zijn vader uit een eerder huwelijk waren of zelfs neven en nichten. In de Bijbel wordt Jezus' broer Jakobus (foto) op tragische wijze gestenigd.

Veroordeling

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Veroordeling
Na 15 jaar opgravingen hebben archeoloog Amit Re'em en zijn team met succes het Paleis van Herodes opgegraven. Dit paleis, gelegen in het westen van Jeruzalem, wordt van oudsher gezien als de plek waar Jezus ter dood werd veroordeeld.

Getrouwd?

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Getrouwd?
Een verbazingwekkende oude tekst uit de 9e eeuw n.Chr. werd door historici geverifieerd en in 2012 aan het publiek onthuld. Dit document, soms ook wel het 'verloren evangelie' genoemd, doet vermoeden dat Jezus getrouwd was. De tekst bevat ook verwijzingen naar de naam Maria, waardoor sommigen speculeren dat zijn vrouw Maria Magdalena zou kunnen zijn geweest.

Zwaarte van het kruis

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Zwaarte van het kruis
Bewijsmateriaal toont aan dat Jezus waarschijnlijk alleen het horizontale deel van het kruis, het zogeheten 'patibulum', droeg. Vanwege de 27 kilogram die het ongeveer woog, sleepte hij het kruis waarschijnlijk mee in plaats van het op zijn rug te dragen.

De kruisiging

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De kruisiging
In tegenstelling tot het gangbare beeld dat men heeft, doet historisch begrip vermoeden dat Jezus niet via zijn handen, maar via zijn polsen werd gekruisigd. Als zijn handen waren gebruikt, zouden ze waarschijnlijk door zijn lichaamsgewicht zijn afgescheurd en zou hij zijn gevallen.

De kruisiging

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De kruisiging
Hoewel hij theoretisch gezien enkele dagen na de kruisiging had kunnen overlijden, stierf Jezus ongeveer zes uur na het begin ervan. De kruisiging vond plaats rond 9.00 uur 's ochtends en hij overleed rond 15.00 uur 's middags.

Dood

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Dood
Volgens de Bijbel zou de dood van Jezus hebben plaatsgevonden op Goede Vrijdag.

Dood

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Dood
Historici hebben kunnen opmaken dat Jezus' dood waarschijnlijk in 30 of 33 n.Chr. plaatsvond. Aanwijzingen uit verslagen over figuren zoals Pontius Pilatus en Tiberius doen vermoeden dat het waarschijnlijker is dat hij in 33 n.Chr. stierf.

Bronnen:

  • (Britannica)
  • (History)
  • (Live Science)
  • (Deseret News)
  • (CNN)
  • (NPR)

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Geschreven door peter om 18:39 Stuur door

Scientists are baffled after discovering 'impossible' life hidden beneath the Arctic sea ice

Scientists are baffled after discovering 'impossible' life hidden beneath the Arctic sea ice

Scientists have been left baffled after finding 'impossible' life thriving at the north pole.

The tiny microorganisms, invisible to the naked eye, live just beneath the frozen surface of the central Arctic Ocean.

Discovered by experts at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, these bacteria survive on dissolved organic matter in the cold water. 

They also need to convert nitrogen to survive, but bewilderingly, the gas is generally in short supply in the Arctic Ocean. 

So how exactly the creatures are thriving in the water has left the scientists scratching their heads. 

'[We] have discovered an important phenomenon beneath the Arctic sea ice that was previously thought impossible,' they say in a statement. 

'This phenomenon could have implications for the food chain and the carbon budget in the cold north.' 

The researchers also warn that there is less sea ice in the Arctic than there should be due to global warming, which may actually help the organisms to survive. 

According to the researchers, the tiny organisms are officially known as 'non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs'. These microorganisms, primarily bacteria and archaea, can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, but do not photosynthesize like cyanobacteria

According to the researchers, the tiny organisms are officially known as 'non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs'. These microorganisms, primarily bacteria and archaea, can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, but do not photosynthesize like cyanobacteria

Researchers from the University of Copenhagen have discovered an important phenomenon beneath the Arctic sea ice that was previously thought impossible

Researchers from the University of Copenhagen have discovered an important phenomenon beneath the Arctic sea ice that was previously thought impossible

According to the researchers, the tiny organisms are officially known as 'non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs'.

These are 'nitrogen-fixing' bacteria, meaning they need to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form of nitrogen, such as ammonium, to stay alive.

Unlike other many other underwater bacteria, non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) do not photosynthesize. 

The team's field work involved measurements of nitrogen fixation from water samples at 13 different Arctic locations from aboard the research ship RV Polarstern.

The experts found a surprising high nitrogen fixation rates, especially at the ice edge, where the ice melts most actively.

What's odd is that nitrogen is in relatively short supply in the Arctic Ocean, meaning nitrogen fixers shouldn't be able to thrive there. 

'Until now, it was believed that nitrogen fixation could not take place under the sea ice,' said study author Dr Lisa W. von Friesen.  

'It was assumed that the living conditions for the organisms that perform nitrogen fixation were too poor. We were wrong.'

The team's field work involved measurements of nitrogen fixation at several Arctic locations over two trips in 2021 and 2022

The team's field work involved measurements of nitrogen fixation at several Arctic locations over two trips in 2021 and 2022

Pictured, researcher taking measurements of nitrogen fixation in water samples from the Arctic Ocean aboard German research vessel RV Polarstern

Pictured, researcher taking measurements of nitrogen fixation in water samples from the Arctic Ocean aboard German research vessel RV Polarstern

What is nitrogen fixation?

Nitrogen fixation is a process in which special bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) dissolved in seawater into ammonium. 

Ammonium helps the bacteria to grow, but it also benefits algae and the rest of the food chain in the sea. 

Researchers say there's levels of nitrogen fixation in their sampled areas of the Arctic 'previously thought impossible'. 

This is due to 'non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs' - nitrogen-fixing' bacteria that don't photosynthesize. 

In the Arctic Ocean, NCDs and other bacteria feed on dissolved organic matter released by algae, among other things.

In return, the bacteria release the 'fixed' nitrogen (ammonium), which helps algae in the surrounding water to grow.

Unfortunately, too much algae growth in the Arctic can be bad news as it can lead to out of control 'algal blooms' which are toxic and harmful to fish, shellfish, marine mammals and more.  

According to Dr von Friesen, the results suggest the potential for algae production in the Arctic has been underestimated.

What's more, climate change is likely the ultimate cause of the observed changes.  

In the Arctic, sea ice goes through a seasonal cycle each year, spreading in the autumn and winter and then receding in the spring and summer. 

But due to climate change, temperatures are getting higher overall and the Arctic sea ice extent is getting lower on average.

Researchers warn that the Arctic is warming at rates up to four times faster than the global average, which has caused major declines in sea ice coverage, age, and thickness. 

The researchers are the first to discover that the phenomenon of 'nitrogen fixation' occurs beneath sea ice even in the central Arctic Ocean

The researchers are the first to discover that the phenomenon of 'nitrogen fixation' occurs beneath sea ice even in the central Arctic Ocean

Measurements were taken at 13 different locations in the Arctic Ocean aboard the German research ship RV Polarstern

Measurements were taken at 13 different locations in the Arctic Ocean aboard the German research ship RV Polarstern

According to the researchers, areas of actively-melting sea ice generally have more nitrogen fixation compared with ice-covered parts of the Arctic. 

It seems likely therefore that climate change is to blame for this elevated pattern of nitrogen fixation that they have observed. 

Strangely, stretches of open water have similar levels of nitrogen as ice-covered areas, but the team aren't sure why this is. 

The study, published in Communications Earth & Environment, is the first to show the phenomenon of nitrogen fixation occurs beneath sea ice even in the central Arctic.

Therefore, nitrogen fixation should be considered 'in the equation' when people try to predict what will happen to the Arctic Ocean in the coming decades as sea ice declines, the authors add. 

WHAT IS THE NITROGEN CYCLE?

Nitrogen (N) makes up almost 80 per cent of our atmosphere and is essential for plants and animals.

The carbon-nitrogen bond is one of the most abundant in organic chemistry. 

Animals need it to to make proteins, which forms everything we need to live. 

In plants it forms the basis of enzymes, proteins and chlorophyll.

Ecosystems need nitrogen and other nutrients to absorb carbon dioxide pollution and there is a limited amount available in plants and soil. 

However, it is inert and most useful to life when turned into nitrates or nitrogen compounds.

The nitrogen cycle is the process by which the element is used and then fed back into the system.

Nitrogen (N) makes up almost 80 per cent of our atmosphere and is essential for plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle is the process by which the element is used and then fed back into the system

Nitrogen (N) makes up almost 80 per cent of our atmosphere and is essential for plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle is the process by which the element is used and then fed back into the system

Nitrogen-fixing organisms convert nitrogen into the soil from the air. 

Lightening is another way in which nitrogen reaches the soil from the air.

Nitrification is the process by which ammonia (a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen) that is in the soil is converted into nitrates by bacteria. 

Plants then take up these nitrates through their roots.  

When the plant dies this nitrogen is goes back into the soil. 

Alternatively if the plant is eaten by an animal the nitrogen returns to the soil in their waste.

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Geschreven door peter om 20:47 Stuur door

What will really happen when the world ends: Terrifying simulation reveals how the apocalypse will encourage people to go on KILLING sprees

What will really happen when the world ends: Terrifying simulation reveals how the apocalypse will encourage people to go on KILLING sprees

A terrifying simulation has revealed how people might really behave as the end of the world approaches.

And it suggests that humanity's darkest instincts might reign supreme at the very end.

Just like in apocalyptic movies and TV shows such as Mad Max or Fallout, the study suggests that doomsday might encourage some people to go on killing sprees.

Researchers say this is because the impending end of days means that the penalties for violence 'lose all meaning'.

That lack of consequences may mean some individuals return to 'more savage tendencies'.

Even though the simulated world was only digital, the researchers say the results provide a terrifying glimpse at how people would react in a real-world apocalypse scenario.

'This finding raises interesting questions about human behaviour,' co-author Dr Haewoon Kwak, of Indiana University Bloomington, told Daily Mail.

'It forces us to consider which actions are controlled by external penalties and which are controlled by our own internal ethics or social norms.'

In a terrifying simulation, scientists predicted how people would behave as the end of the world approached and found that some people would be driven to go on killing sprees (stock image)

In a terrifying simulation, scientists predicted how people would behave as the end of the world approached and found that some people would be driven to go on killing sprees (stock image)

Surprisingly, this simulation took place in the online video game ArcheAge (pictured). Players knew that the game would be deleted after 11 weeks, so researchers watched how they behaved as the end approached to simulate a real-life doomsday scenario

Surprisingly, this simulation took place in the online video game ArcheAge (pictured). Players knew that the game would be deleted after 11 weeks, so researchers watched how they behaved as the end approached to simulate a real-life doomsday scenario

This simulation took place inside an early 'closed beta' testing period of a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) called ArcheAge.

The players were free to play as normal, but knew their digital world would come to an abrupt end in just 11 weeks

'An MMORPG is not just a game; it is a "living laboratory" where large numbers of players interact and conduct a wide variety of activities, including economic, social, and combat behaviours,' says Dr Kwak.  

The researchers analysed 270 million records of behaviour in the game to see if it would change when players knew the end was near.

Their analysis revealed thatt, while most players simply got on with things, some 'outlier' players quickly turned violent.

Overall, the researchers were able to identify 334 individuals who committed murder within the final two weeks.

The data also showed that some players showed a quite rapid increase in murderous tendencies as the end of the world drew near.

Dr Kwak says that the most likely explanation for this is that the normal penalties for violence lost their sting when the world was already doomed.

Apocalyptic films, such as Mad Max (pictured), often imagine that the end of days would lead to violent outbursts. This study shows that these worries might be correct

Apocalyptic films, such as Mad Max (pictured), often imagine that the end of days would lead to violent outbursts. This study shows that these worries might be correct 

The researchers found that 334 individuals, separated into four clusters, started showing increasingly violent behaviour towards the end. These graphs show how many other players were killed by each cluster of murderers

The researchers found that 334 individuals, separated into four clusters, started showing increasingly violent behaviour towards the end. These graphs show how many other players were killed by each cluster of murderers 

The five most likely causes of human extinction

  1. Rogue AI
  2. Nuclear war
  3. Engineered bioweapons
  4. Climate change
  5. Natural disasters or asteroid strike  

In ArcheAge, player-versus-player combat between two players of the same in-game race is classed as 'murder' and normally carries an in-game penalty.

However, when the end of the beta period approached, these penalties lost their meaning, and people's basic instincts were given free rein.

In terms of what predisposed someone to turn violent, the researchers found that these players were commonly among the group known as 'churners' who voluntarily quit the game before the end of the beta.

This suggests that people may be more disposed towards anti-social behaviour once they lose their 'sense of responsibility and attachment'.

However, the researchers still aren't convinced that real people would be driven to bloody murder sprees in an actual apocalypse.

'An action inside a game, such as clicking a mouse, is fundamentally different from committing a physical act of violence in the real world,' says Dr Kwak.

At the same time, the researchers found that the biggest changes in people's behaviour might actually be a good deterrent against violence.

While there were a few violent outliers, most players actually showed a striking increase in social behaviour.

In ArcheAge, player-versus-player combat between two players of the same in-game race is classed as 'murder' and, unlike killing in battle, is met with in-game consequences. As the end approached, the number of deaths linked to murder increased as the consequences 'lost meaning'

In ArcheAge, player-versus-player combat between two players of the same in-game race is classed as 'murder' and, unlike killing in battle, is met with in-game consequences. As the end approached, the number of deaths linked to murder increased as the consequences 'lost meaning' 

However, unlike in the TV series 'Fallout' (pictured), the end of the world won't lead to total chaos. In fact, the researchers found most people increased their social behaviour and became significantly more friendly as doomsday loomed

However, unlike in the TV series 'Fallout' (pictured), the end of the world won't lead to total chaos. In fact, the researchers found most people increased their social behaviour and became significantly more friendly as doomsday loomed 

As the end approached, players abandoned progressing in the game and gave up on activities like levelling up and completing quests.

Instead, players massively increased their social activity, and the researchers observed peaks in behaviours like sending mail or forming 'parties' for group play.

This suggests that a shared crisis may actually strengthen existing social relationships and encourage the formation of new ones.

In fact, this kind of behaviour is much more likely to be what we would see in a real-life doomsday scenario.

Dr Kwak says: 'This suggests that when faced with an "end times" scenario, players focused on what was truly important: their social relationships. It is very possible we would see this in real life.

'In times of crisis, people often come together to support one another, reinforcing the social bonds that connect them.'

What is the Doomsday clock and what does it mean?

What is the Doomsday Clock? 

The Doomsday Clock was created by the Bulletin, an independent non-profit organization run by some of the world's most eminent scientists.

It was founded by concerned US scientists involved in the Manhattan Project, which developed the world's first nuclear weapons during World War II.

In 1947, they established the clock to provide a simple way of demonstrating the danger to the Earth and humanity posed by nuclear war.

The Doomsday Clock not only takes into account the likelihood of nuclear Armageddon but also other emerging threats such as climate change and advances in biotechnology and artificial intelligence.

The Doomsday Clock was created by the Bulletin, an independent non-profit organization run by some of the world's most eminent scientists

The Doomsday Clock was created by the Bulletin, an independent non-profit organization run by some of the world's most eminent scientists

 It is symbolic and represents a countdown to possible global catastrophe.

The decision to move, or leave the clock alone, is made by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, in consultation with the bulletin's Board of Sponsors, which includes 16 Nobel laureates.

The clock has become a universally recognised indicator of the world's vulnerability to catastrophe from nuclear weapons, climate change, and emerging technologies in life sciences.

In 2020, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, an expert group formed in 1945, adjusted the Doomsday Clock 100 seconds to midnight, the closest we've ever come to total destruction - and it remained there in 2021.

That sent a message that the Earth was closer to oblivion than any time since the early days of hydrogen bomb testing and 1984, when US-Soviet relations reached 'their iciest point in decades.' 

The Bulletin also considered world leaders response to the coronavirus pandemic, feeling it was so poor that the clock needed to remain in its perilously close to midnight position. 

The closer to midnight the clock moves the closer to annihilation humanity is. 

How has the clock changed since 1947?

  • 1947 - 48: 7 minutes
  • 1949 - 52: 3 minutes
  • 1953 - 59: 2 minutes
  • 1960 - 62: 7 minutes
  • 1963 - 67: 12 minutes
  • 1968: 7 minutes
  • 1969 - 71: 10 minutes
  • 1972 - 73: 12 minutes
  • 1974 - 79: 9 minutes
  • 1980: 7 minutes
  • 1981 - 83: 4 minutes
  • 1984 - 87: 3 minutes
  • 1988 - 89: 6 minutes
  • 1990: 10 minutes
  • 1991 - 94: 17 minutes
  • 1995 - 97: 14 minutes
  • 1998 - 2001: 9 minutes
  • 2002 - 06: 7 minutes
  • 2007 - 09: 5 minutes
  • 2010 - 11: 6 minutes
  • 2012 - 14: 5 minutes
  • 2015 - 16: 3 minutes
  • 2017 - 2.5 minutes
  • 2018 - 2 minutes
  • 2019 - 2 minutes
  • 2020 - 100 seconds
  • 2021 - 100 seconds
  • 2022 - 100 seconds
  • 2023 - 90 seconds
  • 2024 - 90 seconds 

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Geschreven door peter om 18:06 Stuur door

How “The War of the Worlds” fooled America, and why it could happen again anytime

How “The War of the Worlds” fooled America, and why it could happen again anytime

October 30 marked the 87th anniversary of the most successful production of a science fiction work in history. Herbert Wells’ radio play “The War of the Worlds” was so carefully styled to resemble a real news report from the scene of events that many listeners believed in the reality of an alien invasion. You can laugh at this story, or you can think about how protected we are in today’s world of deepfakes, clip thinking, and crazy events in world politics from repeating this. Or, conversely, failing to respond to a genuine alien invasion.

Alien invasion

The War of the Worlds, 1938

Imagine the situation. It’s the eighth evening, and you’re doing your household chores. There’s an entertainment program on the radio, the hosts are joking, talking about some adaptation of a science fiction novel, announcing the weather forecast, and then music starts playing.

Suddenly, the concert is interrupted by breaking news. Astronomers report that several powerful flashes have been spotted on Mars. After that, pleasant music plays again, as if nothing has happened.

However, the music doesn’t play for long. Because the news comes back on. The reporter says that an unknown cylindrical object has fallen near a small town somewhere in your country. You look at the map and realize that the town is completely real and located exactly where the reporter says, and he continues to describe what is happening.

Would you believe reports of aliens landing? Source: evil.fandom.com

The cylinder unscrews and monsters with pike heads crawl out of it. The local police try to establish contact with them, but they start shooting with ray guns. The broadcast is interrupted and the announcer says something about technical problems. The music starts playing again, but soon reports come in about new attacks by strange creatures and fires.

It seems that an alien invasion has begun and something has to be done. According to radio reports, fighting is taking place in the capital, and your neighbors are knocking on your door in a panic. Some are packing an “emergency suitcase,” while others are cleaning their weapons.

Meanwhile, the nature of the broadcast changes and it begins to resemble a radio play. Soon it becomes clear that this is exactly what it is. You breathe a sigh of relief and say a few swear words to the radio station.

Looks like a new episode of Black Mirror? But no, this is a completely true story that took place in the United States in 1938. Theater director Orson Welles decided to stage a radio play based on the book The War of the Worlds by his famous namesake Herbert Wells. For this purpose, he moved the Martians’ landing from early 20th-century England to the United States in 1938. However, this was not enough for him, and he decided to stylize it as real news reports. He succeeded.

Orson Welles. Source: Wikipedia

The extent of the panic caused by people believing that the landing was real was greatly exaggerated by the newspapers at the time. However, the fact remains that thousands of people believed it, despite the fact that the hosts said at the very beginning of the broadcast that it was a staged event. People were really panicking and calling everywhere they could, and the police arrived at the radio station to force it to stop spreading panic.

The era of fake news

Here, one could laugh at the gullibility and inattentiveness, if we were even slightly different from those listeners. By 1938, radio listeners were already quite familiar with the story, and stylizing the production to resemble real events was not something completely new. Wells’ book was also well known. And none of this prevented people from, as we would say today, falling for the fake.

In the 87 years since that play, we have seen alien invasions many times in films and TV series. We know that it is not difficult to create not only audio but also video footage that, under certain conditions, will look like proof that someone has flown in to visit us. Especially if this video is posted on social media, where it will be flooded with comments and reposts and eventually reported in the news.

Nowadays, it is even possible to create a fake photo of the Pope embracing Madonna. Source: www.theguardian.com

Would you believe such a video? What about three videos depicting three different episodes of the invasion? Would you scrutinize the details, looking for signs of rubber tentacles and evidence that the flying saucer is painted? Especially if, on top of that, there is a comment from some “expert” explaining that this frame clearly shows the inhuman anatomy of the aliens, and that the “death rays” captured by the camera have no analogues among earthly developments.

And all this is the reality of the second decade of the 21st century, and we are already living in the third. Generating video using artificial intelligence has long been a reality. The modern Orson Welles simply did not get there first.

We should admit that we live in the age of fake news, and we are less protected from mistaking “entertainment content” for news from the scene than listeners of American radio in 1938. The arsenal of ways to deceive the neural network in our heads has grown incredibly.

As for aliens, we don’t even know why we should believe in them or not, because we’ve only seen them in movies. It is quite possible that they really do have six fingers on each hand. Or maybe they don’t have hands at all, and they simply flow from one form to another, in each of which we can see something like arms and legs, but woven together in such a combination that it immediately becomes obvious that it is the AI that drew it.

Who knows how many fingers aliens really have? Source: phys.org

International politics

When discussing the events of 1938 and considering whether something similar could happen again in 2025 or 2026, it is difficult not to mention the word “politics.” The fact is that many people who took the radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds for a real invasion thought that the Germans had attacked the United States. No, most Americans knew that Germans did not have tentacles, but the political situation in the world was rapidly spiraling toward the start of World War II, and people were already so hyped up by the news that they were ready to hear news of a landing, just not Martians.

In general, this is a very complex problem: we believe what we are prepared to believe. A large part of the population is capable of interpreting certain natural events as manifestations of what they believe in. In other words, if Orson Welles’ radio broadcast is successfully replicated, a certain number of people will start posting messages on social media saying that they personally have seen an alien spacecraft, attaching photos showing clouds or the planet Venus.

The overlay of all this with news that sounds no more optimistic than it did before World War II greatly contributes to the general expectation that some kind of invasion is bound to begin. Politicians sometimes make statements so strange that it’s hard not to suspect they’re being controlled by aliens. And high-tech invasions of one country by another have long since become a reality.

At night, drones are difficult to distinguish from UFOs. Source: nypost.com

We should not forget about the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles. In just one decade, they have evolved into aircraft that experts would have considered science fiction twenty years ago. At the same time, most military drones have never been seen by the general public, which is why they can easily be mistaken for UFOs at dusk.

A characteristic example here is the unidentified drones over the countries of Northern Europe, which have been terrorizing local airports and military bases over the past few months. Many believe that these are truly alien craft, and this claim interacts in a complex way with the assumption that, in reality, these drones belong to Russia.

Doesn’t this situation resemble the one in the late 1930s, when the Germans were about to invade somewhere? After all, no one would dare claim that aliens couldn’t have drones of their own. Which means that footage of one of the most advanced drones in action can easily be passed off as evidence of extraterrestrial existence — and many people would believe it.

But what if they actually arrive?

So far, we’ve been talking about how not to believe a fake about aliens. But, theoretically, the opposite problem is also possible: beings from other worlds could arrive and reveal themselves openly — yet no one would believe it, because everyone knows how easy it is to create a fake video.

When you flew in to make contact, and everyone thought you were fake.
Source: phys.org

It’s one thing when it’s a real invasion. Whether it’s a laser beam or a missile — when it hits something near you, all doubts disappear. Of course, it would be nice to know that someone has attacked Earth before you experience it firsthand, but, let’s be honest, this problem is unsolvable even in earthly wars.

But the situation in which aliens arrive and stop somewhere beyond Neptune’s orbit, politely talking with world leaders while waiting to be invited to Earth, is much worse. Even if the aliens deliver a greeting to all the peoples of Earth and it is broadcast on every TV channel, it would still be less convincing than the 1938 radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds.

Because just as people believe what they’re ready to believe, they don’t believe what they’re not ready to perceive. So it’s easy to imagine a situation where humanity has been communicating with aliens for decades, dozens of videos featuring them are available online, thousands of people have met them in person — yet tens of millions keep insisting that it’s all fake.

Therefore, there are no universal tips on how to tell a fake about aliens from a real invasion. Except, perhaps, to listen carefully to the radio broadcast from the very beginning — they might mention there that it’s all just a dramatization.

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Geschreven door peter om 20:59 Stuur door

Brutally Horrifying and Harrowing Real-Life Accounts from Halloweens Past!

Brutally Horrifying and Harrowing Real-Life Accounts from Halloweens Past!

Brutally Horrifying and Harrowing Real-Life Accounts from Halloweens Past

All of us are familiar with Halloween, even if we don’t celebrate it. For most people, it is a fun night of the year where people get dressed up in all manner of spooky costumes and attend parties, or gather a group of friends to watch scary movies, and, for the younger ones, venture outside Trick-or-Treating, collecting vast amounts of sweets and candy. There are, though, many accounts on record that are far from fun, and that have made Halloweens past, at least for those involved, a truly scary occasion.

While we will look at some of the more paranormal encounters shortly, it is perhaps best to start with some of the darker accounts on record, many of which were thought to be Halloween pranks but were found to be anything but. On October 15th, 2015, for example, the body of Rebecca Cade was found hanging from a fence in Ohio. For hours, people walked by assuming it was a Halloween display, until it was discovered to be real. Her injuries made it clear she had been murdered.

A similar incident occurred the previous year, on October 29th, 2014, in Long Island, New York. Witnesses saw a man drag a decapitated body into the street and kick the head to the opposite curb. Many mistook it for a Halloween stunt and continued on with their day until someone tried to move the body out of traffic and realized it was genuine. Police later identified the victim as 66-year-old professor Patricia Ward. She had been killed by her 35-year-old son, Derek, who reportedly had a history of mental illness and lived with her. After the killing, he died by suicide by stepping in front of a train.

headless.jpg

There are many more similar Halloween encounters. For example, a 42-year-old woman in Delaware died by suicide on Halloween, hanging herself from a tree in her front yard. Her body remained there for five days because neighbors assumed it was part of the holiday decorations. In a similar case in Los Angeles, residents of an apartment building passed what they believed was a disturbingly realistic prop with severe facial damage; after several days, they discovered it was a man who had died by suicide from a gunshot. In 2012, in Pennsylvania, a 9-year-old girl was shot in the shoulder and arm by a relative who, in the dark, mistook her black-and-white Halloween costume for a skunk. In 1992, 16-year-old exchange student Yoshihiro Hattori was fatally shot while trying to attend a Halloween party. He and a friend went around to the back of the house upon arrival, leading the homeowner, Rodney Peairs, to mistake them for intruders and shoot Hattori.

As well as these accidental deaths and bodies mistaken for props, there have also been some dark, brutal murders committed on Halloween. On Halloween night in 2012, for example, Rebekah Gay answered the door to her mother’s fiancé, John White, a church minister in Michigan. He killed her, hid her body in nearby woods, then returned to dress her three-year-old son in his costume and drive him to his father’s home. White even asked his congregation to pray for Rebekah’s safe return. Her body was found about 20 hours later. He was convicted of her murder and later died by suicide in prison. White had a long history of violence against women. In 1981, he invited 17-year-old Theresa Etherton to see a racetrack he had built in his basement and then attacked her; she escaped, and he served two years in prison. In 1994, he killed a woman with whom he was having an affair and left her body in a wooded area. Because prosecutors could not prove intent, he was convicted of manslaughter.

Another chilling case occurred in 2011 in British Columbia. Eighteen-year-old college student Taylor Van Deist left home dressed as a zombie to meet a friend for trick-or-treating. She texted that she thought someone was following her and was later found near railroad tracks with serious injuries; she died in the hospital shortly afterward. Matthew Foerster was arrested, confessed during questioning, and was sentenced to life in prison for her murder.

Arguably, one of the most horrific Halloween crimes occurred on Halloween night in 1974, in Pasadena, Texas, when Ronald Clark O’Bryan laced candy with cyanide after he had taken out a huge life insurance policy on his own children. He dished out the poisonous sweets to his son, Timothy, his daughter, and several other children in the area. Timothy was the only one who ate the candy, tragically dying a short time later. O’Bryan was arrested and charged with his murder and was executed for his crimes a decade later.

While these accounts are indeed tragic and horrifying, there are others on record that are seemingly paranormal in nature.

Without a doubt, one of the strangest accounts to have unfolded around Halloween occurred in Provincetown, Massachusetts, in 1939, when multiple residents of the town reported having unsettling encounters with a “tall figure” wearing black clothes, and, according to some witness statements, had “glowing eyes”.

With Halloween approaching, Provincetown was beginning to quieten down as many of the “summer tourists” had left for the usual abodes in various places across America. On this particular evening, a local woman, Mary Costa, was walking past the town hall when something suddenly leaped out of the nearby bushes. According to the report she made later, this figure was at least eight feet tall, and had “pointed silver ears and glowing blue eyes”. This strange entity stared at Mary for several seconds before suddenly jumping, almost directly upwards, eventually disappearing. As soon as it had done so, Mary turned and saw the dim lights of a local coffee shop window, and she immediately ran towards it. She burst inside and blurted out what had happened to her. Several of the men inside the coffee shop immediately ran outside to see if there was any sign of the attacker, but their efforts were in vain.

blue-eyes.jpg

Mary reported the incident to the local police, who recorded the incident but did little to follow it up in any serious way. However, during the days that followed, more and more reports of an almost identical nature were made to the police, forcing them to take this strange prankster more seriously. All of the details in each of the reports resonated with each other; the figure dressed in black from head to toe; it wore some kind of cape that covered its head and back, it had glowing eyes, which some witnessed reported as red, while others claimed they were a silver-blue color; it had pointed ears, and perhaps strangest of all, a “weird buzzing” sound often accompanied this menacing figure, a sound that some witnessed likened to a fly or a bee. Of even greater intrigue, this figure seemingly had the ability to leap at least ten feet into the air.

In fact, the police had their own encounter with this bizarre figure around the same time the reports began to increase. On the night in question, they received a call that the figure had been spotted in the playground of a local school. The school premises were surrounded by a tall fence, and the police saw an opportunity to trap and apprehend the culprit. Four police officers arrived at the school a short time after receiving the report, each with a flashlight in one hand and their gun in the other. Not long after they entered the school grounds, they saw the bizarre figure in front of them caught in their flashlight beams, with one officer stating that instead of a face, the figure had a “silver painted mask”. The officers ordered the figure to freeze or they would shoot. Rather than doing so, however, the curious entity leaped into the air, clearing the tall fence with ease.

As the reports increased, so did the media coverage of the encounters, and in turn, many different monickers were bandied around. Some referred to the attacker as The Provincetown Phantom, while others called him the Devil of the Dunes. Others still named him The Phantom Fiend, or The Black Phantom. However, it was The Black Flash that stuck, and quickly, all references to the bizarre encounters used this name.

Perhaps one of the strangest aspects of the reports made to the police was that on several occasions, they received reports of encounters with the Black Flash from two different locations at the same time. This suggested to police that there very well could be more than one menace to deal with, and, over the years, some researchers have even pondered if some kind of portal or teleportation device was utilized, making The Black Flash either an eccentric scientist-type figure, or something more supernatural in nature. Indeed, one particular report from a local teenager perhaps suggests just this. He claimed that he was making his way home from the library when the Black Flash appeared out of nowhere right in front of him. Most terrifying of all, though, the witness insisted that the figure had “spat blue flames” towards him from its mouth.

Despite this last report, although unsettling, none of the encounters were violent. More often than not, this figure simply leaped out of somewhere (although witnesses could rarely establish just where the figure had leaped from) in an effort to scare the witness. It would then simply leap into the air and disappear, with most encounters with the Black Flash lasting no longer than a few seconds. One witness, Charles Farley, even fired his gun at the figure, certain that he had hit it. However, rather than drop to the ground, the figure simply “laughed” back before leaping over a tall fence and disappearing into the night. Does this suggest some kind of bulletproof body armor, or is it another sign that the Black Flash has more of an otherworldly quality to it than many might wish to believe?

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It is hard to ignore the similar details of the Black Flash encounters to those of Spring-Heeled Jack, who terrorized Victorian England a century earlier. This strange figure would often leap out of nowhere in an effort to startle people, with many of the witnesses stating it had glowing red eyes and blue flames coming from its mouth. Moreover, Spring-Heeled Jack had remarkable leaping ability, able to clear high fences and even two-story buildings in one jump. Although most of the sightings of Spring-Heeled Jack had slowed as the nineteenth century neared its close, there were tentative sightings in the early 1900s and 1940s, and even speculative reports from as recently as the 1970s. Might we consider that there is some kind of connection between Spring-Heeled Jack and the Black Flash of Provincetown, and if so, just what might that connection be?

Whatever the truth, sightings and reports of the Black Flash slowed dramatically as November unfolded, with at least one researcher, Theo Paijmans, claiming they ceased entirely. However, there are odd reports of this strange menace in the years that followed, with the last (known) reported sighting taking place one cold evening in December 1945. The account is detailed in the book Passing Strange by Joe Citro (it can also be found in Robert Cahill’s New England’s Mad and Mysterious Men), and states that on the night in question, four children from the Janard family were outside in the front yard when they suddenly noticed a strange figure heading in their direction coming out of the fog. Although their parents were not at home, they immediately ran inside the house to take cover from the menacing creature.

Suddenly, the sound of the doorknob of the front door being turned reached their ears as the Black Flash tried to gain entry to the property. For several minutes, each of the doors and windows rattled temporarily as the creature tried all potential points of entry. While three of the children hid behind furniture, the oldest boy, Allen, proceeded to fill a bucket with hot water. He then ventured up to the second floor of the property, opened the window, and peered outside. There, directly below him, was the Black Flash. He tipped the water out, watching as it drenched its target. The figure let out a “startled gasp” before it ran off back into the fog.

If we return to the previously mentioned Robert Cahill for a moment, when he traveled to the region decades later to speak with witnesses, he learned of the account of a local pool shark named Eight Ball Eddie. According to what Cahill learned, Eddie was dismissive of the sightings, convinced that the Black Flash was nothing but a man in costume. However, one evening as Eddie was returning home, he encountered the Black Flash for himself. Eddie, still insistent that the figure was merely a “tall man”, stood there looking at the figure, which wore a black hood and had glowing, silver eyes. After several moments, Eddie ordered the figure to get out of his way. The figure, though, lunged toward Eddie and struck him across the face, forcing Eddie to fall to the ground. At this point, Eddie was beyond unsettled by the incident, and after dragging himself to his feet, he turned and ran as fast as he could. The next morning, Eddie still had a “red handprint” where the figure had struck him.

There were, as we might imagine, many explanations put forward in the months and years that followed. Before we look at some of those, though, it is worth our time exploring the year 1939, in general, and how the entire New England area experienced a series of bizarre events. In January, for example, a bizarre “sea monster” washed up on the shore near Wood End. Although it was officially ruled to be a “decomposing basking shark”, many people claimed it bore a remarkable resemblance to an aquatic creature witnessed in 1886 by George Reedy. Whatever the truth, this was just the first of the bizarre events in the region that year. For example, it would eventually come to light through an annual police report that cases of “dog bites and stray cats” had reached an “all-time high” in 1939. Then, in September 1939, several arson attacks occurred, for which a local 40-year-old man was later arrested. In short, the mindset of the people of Provincetown was geared toward something out of the ordinary. Of course, whether this played a part in the sightings of the Black Flash that unfolded in October and November of that year remains very much open to debate.

One suggestion put forward was that the Black Flash was nothing more than four teenagers who were playing a Halloween prank on the town that carried on too long, by the Chief of Police, Anthony Tarvers. He even claimed that he knew the identity of one of the teenagers, although none of these statements were part of an official police press release. He claimed that the boys split into two groups of two, and then one stood on top of the other’s shoulders, using a black cape to cover themselves and using a flour sifter as a makeshift mask. It is interesting to note that he promised to speak with the teenager’s parents, and shortly after he made that statement, the sightings came to an abrupt stop.

The explanation, though, has several holes that can’t be ignored. Perhaps one of the most glaring of these is how the boys – if that is what they were – managed to scale such heights on one leap? Moreover, how did they manage to overpower their potential captors (on several occasions) without being uncovered? Even more glaring, how did the “boys” manage to withstand being shot from close range, and even stranger, how did they manage to pull off the illusion of glowing red or silver eyes and blue flames from the mouth?

With all of these questions in mind, we might consider whether Tarver was simply wide of the mark in his assessment, or whether that statement, an unofficial one, remember, was one he made to simply calm the townsfolk, as well as create the determination that the local police force had succeeded in stopping the infamous Black Flash.

It isn’t just strange creatures lurking in the shadows that have taken place on or around Halloween. On Halloween night 1963, for example, in the small town of Trancas in Argentina, three sisters witnessed a strange, otherworldly object up close. On the night in question, the three sisters were settling down at the Moreno family home, with Argentina and Jolie having traveled from the town of Rosario to see their sister, Yolanda, as well as their parents. They each had their young children with them, and each of their husbands was away on military service. On this evening, following the sudden failure of the electric generator, the family had eaten their evening meal earlier than usual, before settling down in their bedrooms not long after.

At around 9 pm, however, the live-in domestic worker, 15-year-old Dora Guzman, suddenly ran to the main part of the house, claiming there were “strange lights” moving along the railroad outside of the house. The sisters’ parents remained asleep, while Jolie was in the middle of feeding her baby. Argentina and Yolanda ventured to where Dora was, immediately noticing the look of concern on her face, something which was unusual in itself. When they asked her to explain to them what she had seen, she stated that there were some kind of “machines” near the tracks. There was frequent guerrilla activity in the area, and the two sisters contemplated whether that was what Dora had seen. Quietly and cautiously, the two sisters opened the front door of the property and, along with Dora, ventured outside to investigate.

With one sister holding a flashlight and the other a small handgun, the three young women made their way toward the railroad tracks, keeping themselves hidden within the crops. They could see the strange lights moving in the distance; now and then, a strange “beam” would shoot upwards into the night sky. They began to question if there had been a train crash or if a guerrilla group had targeted a passing train. Then, they saw what seemed to be “human silhouettes” moving close to the lights, causing them to stop their approach immediately. They remained where they were for several moments before deciding to carefully continue towards the tracks. The closer they got, they could eventually see that the lights were connected to a solid object – the underside of a disc-shaped craft. The craft appeared like one disc on top of the other, with a green beam of light running in between them, creating a “tunnel” effect. After several moments' pause, they decided to move closer.

Moments after they did so, however, a pair of “dim greenish” lights appeared directly in front of them. Moreover, they were heading in their direction. To begin with, despite the surreal nature of the events they had witnessed, they contemplated if the lights belonged to one of the farm workers’ (Rodriguez’s) pick-up trucks, but before they could contemplate anything more, the three young women were completely enveloped within the green glow. It was at this point that the trio looked upwards, immediately noticing a huge disc hovering directly over them. Everything around them, including their clothes and faces, glowed green. The craft turned slowly in the air as it continued to hover overhead. From this angle, the three witnesses could see several windows or portholes on the underside of the craft.

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Then, a beam of “solid light” emerged from the middle of the craft’s underside and stretched to the ground, a light that the witnesses later described as somehow “solid”. Several moments later, Yolanda stepped forward and placed her hand into the strange light. The other two looked on as the light simply went straight through her hand, as opposed to stopping on it as a “normal” light would. Yolanda also stated that although she didn’t feel any pain when her hand was in the light, she could feel distinct heat coming from it. Then, without warning, the beam began upwards, back towards the craft. As it did so, the three young women became aware of a strange mist that had appeared directly underneath the object, each particle glowing green and seemingly visible in the glow of the light. This strange fog-like mist began to grow thicker as the three witnesses continued to stare at it in awe. It was several moments before the two sisters noticed that Dora appeared to be in some strange trance.

The two sisters did their best to free Dora of the apparent spell she was under, but she continued to stare blankly at the mist above her. Then, the green glow was replaced by a bright orange, while above them, several yellow lights were now spinning on the underside of the aerial vehicle. Also at this point, the craft began to rock from side to side before a sudden burst of flames appeared, the force of which forced all three of the young women to the ground.

By now, they feared they were under attack, and so quickly staggered to their feet and ran back to the house. Although they ran as fast as they could, they occasionally looked back to see if the object was following them. Although it wasn’t, it did appear to be moving over the farmland, as if carrying out some kind of visual survey of it. They were fast approaching the main house. However, just as they were about to go through the front door, the glow from the object suddenly vanished. They stopped and turned around, a little shocked that the object was nowhere to be seen, even though only a second earlier, it had clearly been moving across the land.

The three young women went inside the house, by which time, Dora had seemingly come out of her trance, and appeared to be suffering from delayed shock, screaming that she was burned. The sisters’ parents and their other sister all came running to the scene to see what had happened. Dora hadn’t been burned, but it took a considerable amount of time to calm her down. The sisters looked at the clock, realizing it was just after 10 pm, meaning the incident had lasted just short of an hour.

News of the incident soon spread, and with it came corroborating witnesses. One neighbor, for example, Francisco Tropiano, claimed that he witnessed strange lights over their home at around 10 pm on the night in question. He claimed they lit up the entire area before suddenly disappearing. Another witness, a local doctor, claimed he was driving his car when he witnessed “almost 50 strange lights” traversing the sky. Moreover, when investigators examined the area of the actual sighting, they discovered a “dusty white residue” that, when analyzed, showed it was not indigenous to the surrounding soil. This substance was only found at the alleged landing site and nowhere else.

Just what happened that Halloween night in Trancas in 1963 remains unexplained. Despite the three young women being asked repeatedly to speak of their encounter by various investigators and members of the press, they didn’t once waver from their version of events and, by and large, were considered reliable witnesses. And as bizarre as the encounter might have sounded, especially at the time, in the years that have followed, there have been many other witnesses to other UFO encounters that have described very similar details; the green glowing light, for example, or the solid, slow-releasing beam of light that came from the craft itself, not to mention the shape and dynamics of the craft.

Ultimately, while Halloween is a time for mischievous fun, watching horror movies with friends, attending parties, or even venturing to a scary location to “spook” themselves, on occasion, the pretend horror and frights are very real. Of course, while this is almost certainly just coincidence, after all, murders, accidental deaths, and even UFO sightings happen all year round, we should perhaps contemplate, if only in the back of our minds, if something about this time of year really does “thin the veil”, and perhaps influence humanity to act out such horrors, or simply unleash strange figures such as the Black Flash or strange vehicles from other worlds. It is certainly spooky food for thought, and perhaps something for us to keep in mind as we celebrate Halloween, both this year and in the future. Is it all fun and games? Not always.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

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Mysterious sounds echoing throughout Nevada's Lake Mead sparking fears of sinister forces

Mysterious sounds echoing throughout Nevada's Lake Mead sparking fears of sinister forces

Residents in Nevada have been scared after hearing thunderous and disturbing sounds echoing through the canyons around Lake Mead.

Dozens of reports have flooded in to local police near the Redstone Picnic Area, a popular spot for camping.

This area sits in the desert of Nevada, just a short 30-mile drive from Las Vegas and next to the iconic Hoover Dam.

However, the peace was broken by rumbling booms that sounded like a giant metal door groaning in the distance.

They boomed throughout the day last Tuesday, with videos capturing the noises being shared online.

Many viewers had speculated the sounds were caused by fracking, the process of injecting high pressure liquid into the ground to extract oil or gas, but the local gas company told the Daily Mail they were not carrying out any work at that time.

One woman posting the incident on social media said the sounds woke her up and scared her enough to call for help.

'I just called 911 and they said they'd gotten over 50 calls about it,' the witness posted on TikTok. 

Witnesses in Nevada recorded disturbing noises that were similar to construction equipment in the Lake Mead area this month, but the source could not be found

Witnesses in Nevada recorded disturbing noises that were similar to construction equipment in the Lake Mead area this month, but the source could not be found

Witnesses couldn't find the exact source of the echoing booms, but continued to suspect that it was coming from somewhere in the nearby valley, possibly tied to the Kern River gas pipeline that runs through the Lake Mead National Recreation Area.

One local on Instagram who tried to find the source claimed the answer was the sound of gas being released from the pipeline, like a massive pressure valve letting off steam.

Lake Mead near Hoover Dam at the Lake Mead National Recreation Area near Boulder City, Nevada, on June 26, 2022.

A file photo of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area near Boulder City, Nevada, on June 26, 2022. 

John Locher/AP

In a statement, the Kern River Gas Transmission Company confirmed to the Daily Mail that they did not release any gas from its pipelines on the dates in question.

According to the company, a request was filed for an 'on- and off-system balancing' on the Kern River Line on October 29, but this also appears unrelated to the sounds heard more than a week earlier.

This isn't the first time eerie sounds have been heard echoing through the region, with some claiming they've heard the wailing voices of ghosts along the Colorado River and unexplained footsteps coming from Hoover Dam. 

Some on social media claimed the noise was being caused by secret projects drilling underneath the Nevada desert.

'The noise was so powerful it rattled windows and shook the wildlife for miles,' one person on Instagram said. 

'The fact that it's in rhythm, and in intervals, makes me believe it's man-made. Sounds like a big jackhammer or something,' another Instagram user commented.

Lake Mead (Pictured) has become notorious for unusual and unexplained noises since the lake began to hit record-low water levels in recent years

Lake Mead (Pictured) has become notorious for unusual and unexplained noises since the lake began to hit record-low water levels in recent years

Before this month's disturbing sounds, there had been a string of reports over the years from campers and boaters around Lake Mead who heard strange rumbles and groans in the area.

This has been especially true since the early 2010s, when the water level at Lake Mead started dropping.

In 2022, as the lake hit record-low levels, visitors claimed to have heard loud metallic clangs and deep hums coming from the newly exposed shorelines.

Experts have mostly dismissed the noises as wind echoing through canyons, small earthquakes shaking rocks, or vibrations from the Hoover Dam and nearby construction sites.

However, some conspiracy theorists online have claimed that all the sounds rattling through this area are likely tied to classified government projects, with the mysterious Area 51 sitting just over 100 miles away.

The infamous base has been tied to extraterrestrial lore for decades, with UFO researchers and conspiracy theorists claiming that secret government experiments have been conducted at Area 51 since the 1950s.

Area 51 sits on the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) and is less than 140 miles from the site of the new noises recorded at the Redstone Picnic Area.

'It's the construction of the underground city they are building [to] prepare for what's coming to Earth,' one person on TikTok alleged.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

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Scientists are baffled after discovering 'impossible' life hidden beneath the Arctic sea ice

Scientists are baffled after discovering 'impossible' life hidden beneath the Arctic sea ice

Scientists have been left baffled after finding 'impossible' life thriving at the north pole.

The tiny microorganisms, invisible to the naked eye, live just beneath the frozen surface of the central Arctic Ocean.

Discovered by experts at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, these bacteria survive on dissolved organic matter in the cold water. 

They also need to convert nitrogen to survive, but bewilderingly, the gas is generally in short supply in the Arctic Ocean. 

So how exactly the creatures are thriving in the water has left the scientists scratching their heads. 

'[We] have discovered an important phenomenon beneath the Arctic sea ice that was previously thought impossible,' they say in a statement. 

'This phenomenon could have implications for the food chain and the carbon budget in the cold north.' 

The researchers also warn that there is less sea ice in the Arctic than there should be due to global warming, which may actually help the organisms to survive. 

According to the researchers, the tiny organisms are officially known as 'non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs'. These microorganisms, primarily bacteria and archaea, can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, but do not photosynthesize like cyanobacteria

According to the researchers, the tiny organisms are officially known as 'non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs'. These microorganisms, primarily bacteria and archaea, can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, but do not photosynthesize like cyanobacteria

Researchers from the University of Copenhagen have discovered an important phenomenon beneath the Arctic sea ice that was previously thought impossible

Researchers om the University of Copenhagen have discovered an important phenomenon beneath the Arctic sea ice that was previously thought impossible

According to the researchers, the tiny organisms are officially known as 'non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs'.

These are 'nitrogen-fixing' bacteria, meaning they need to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form of nitrogen, such as ammonium, to stay alive.

Unlike other many other underwater bacteria, non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) do not photosynthesize. 

The team's field work involved measurements of nitrogen fixation from water samples at 13 different Arctic locations from aboard the research ship RV Polarstern.

The experts found a surprising high nitrogen fixation rates, especially at the ice edge, where the ice melts most actively.

What's odd is that nitrogen is in relatively short supply in the Arctic Ocean, meaning nitrogen fixers shouldn't be able to thrive there. 

'Until now, it was believed that nitrogen fixation could not take place under the sea ice,' said study author Dr Lisa W. von Friesen.  

'It was assumed that the living conditions for the organisms that perform nitrogen fixation were too poor. We were wrong.'

The team's field work involved measurements of nitrogen fixation at several Arctic locations over two trips in 2021 and 2022

The team's field work involved measurements of nitrogen fixation at several Arctic locations over two trips in 2021 and 2022

Pictured, researcher taking measurements of nitrogen fixation in water samples from the Arctic Ocean aboard German research vessel RV Polarstern

Pictured, researcher taking measurements of nitrogen fixation in water samples from the Arctic Ocean aboard German research vessel RV Polarstern

What is nitrogen fixation?

Nitrogen fixation is a process in which special bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) dissolved in seawater into ammonium. 

Ammonium helps the bacteria to grow, but it also benefits algae and the rest of the food chain in the sea. 

Researchers say there's levels of nitrogen fixation in their sampled areas of the Arctic 'previously thought impossible'. 

This is due to 'non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs' - nitrogen-fixing' bacteria that don't photosynthesize. 

In the Arctic Ocean, NCDs and other bacteria feed on dissolved organic matter released by algae, among other things.

In return, the bacteria release the 'fixed' nitrogen (ammonium), which helps algae in the surrounding water to grow.

Unfortunately, too much algae growth in the Arctic can be bad news as it can lead to out of control 'algal blooms' which are toxic and harmful to fish, shellfish, marine mammals and more.  

According to Dr von Friesen, the results suggest the potential for algae production in the Arctic has been underestimated.

What's more, climate change is likely the ultimate cause of the observed changes.  

In the Arctic, sea ice goes through a seasonal cycle each year, spreading in the autumn and winter and then receding in the spring and summer. 

But due to climate change, temperatures are getting higher overall and the Arctic sea ice extent is getting lower on average.

Researchers warn that the Arctic is warming at rates up to four times faster than the global average, which has caused major declines in sea ice coverage, age, and thickness. 

The researchers are the first to discover that the phenomenon of 'nitrogen fixation' occurs beneath sea ice even in the central Arctic Ocean

The researchers are the first to discover that the phenomenon of 'nitrogen fixation' occurs beneath sea ice even in the central Arctic Ocean

Measurements were taken at 13 different locations in the Arctic Ocean aboard the German research ship RV Polarstern

Measurements were taken at 13 different locations in the Arctic Ocean aboard the German research ship RV Polarstern

According to the researchers, areas of actively-melting sea ice generally have more nitrogen fixation compared with ice-covered parts of the Arctic. 

It seems likely therefore that climate change is to blame for this elevated pattern of nitrogen fixation that they have observed. 

Strangely, stretches of open water have similar levels of nitrogen as ice-covered areas, but the team aren't sure why this is. 

The study, published in Communications Earth & Environment, is the first to show the phenomenon of nitrogen fixation occurs beneath sea ice even in the central Arctic.

Therefore, nitrogen fixation should be considered 'in the equation' when people try to predict what will happen to the Arctic Ocean in the coming decades as sea ice declines, the authors add. 

WHAT IS THE NITROGEN CYCLE?

Nitrogen (N) makes up almost 80 per cent of our atmosphere and is essential for plants and animals.

The carbon-nitrogen bond is one of the most abundant in organic chemistry. 

Animals need it to to make proteins, which forms everything we need to live. 

In plants it forms the basis of enzymes, proteins and chlorophyll.

Ecosystems need nitrogen and other nutrients to absorb carbon dioxide pollution and there is a limited amount available in plants and soil. 

However, it is inert and most useful to life when turned into nitrates or nitrogen compounds.

The nitrogen cycle is the process by which the element is used and then fed back into the system.

Nitrogen (N) makes up almost 80 per cent of our atmosphere and is essential for plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle is the process by which the element is used and then fed back into the system

Nitrogen (N) makes up almost 80 per cent of our atmosphere and is essential for plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle is the process by which the element is used and then fed back into the system

Nitrogen-fixing organisms convert nitrogen into the soil from the air. 

Lightening is another way in which nitrogen reaches the soil from the air.

Nitrification is the process by which ammonia (a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen) that is in the soil is converted into nitrates by bacteria. 

Plants then take up these nitrates through their roots.  

When the plant dies this nitrogen is goes back into the soil. 

Alternatively if the plant is eaten by an animal the nitrogen returns to the soil in their waste.


{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

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