Differents kinds of UFOs over the Black Ocean

TV report about this strange sighting that happened on 5th October 2015 over the Balaklava, a city in Russia.

Mystery object dazzles in the sky over Siberia

A meteor? A rocket? A military missile? An UFO? So far no explanation for the lightshow over Trans-Baikal.

There were three flashes, leading some to believe they were seeing a rocket and others to say it was a meteor exploding as it flew through the atmosphere. Picture: Youtube

It began with a bright flash around 10pm on 11 November and was seen over a wide area of this region. One eyewitness spoke of a 'large luminous ball' which 'dragged a plume of bright green light'.

There were three flashes, leading some to believe they were seeing a rocket and others to say it was a meteor exploding as it flew through the atmosphere. Some accounts say it fell to earth. The spectacular sight was caught on a short video. 

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'A large luminous ball dragged a plume of bright green light.' Pictures: Youtube

An eyewitness in the village of Olovyannaya, 200 km south east of the city of Chita, said: 'At first we thought it was a military exercise, but we did not hear the characteristic rumble. Normally, we hear the training very well in the village. Maybe it was a meteor.'

Another, Andrey Chepkasov, said: 'I went to the gas station, and suddenly right before my eyes there was this bright flash. I was even a little blinded. I almost lost control. A large luminous ball dragged a plume of bright green light.'

The Russian military firmly denied any involvement. Ilya Metelkin, spokesman for the 29th Army HQ, said: 'I can say definitely that the celestial object has no relation to military actions on the territory of Trans-Baikal region. More likely - it is a natural phenomenon.' 

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Eyewitnesses in at least three loclities told they saw the glowing ball. Pictures: The Siberian Times

An officer in the military unit of Olovyannikovsky district said: 'I can say with confidence that this was not because of the military. Currently, there are no exercises in our area.' 

Claims the UFO landed on a house causing it to go up in flames were denied. Associate geography professor Valeriy Kulakov concluded the phenomenon was 'something to do with the military'.

Tags:

• UFO Siberia
• strange objects

{ http://siberiantimes.com/ }

Space junk 'UFO' prompts no-fly zone

Space junk could light up the daytime sky over the Indian Ocean.

NASA/P.Spurny/Astronomical Institute

An unidentified flying object suspected to be an old rocket body is on a crash course for Earth, prompting a call for precautions even though it's expected to burn up in the atmosphere.

There's an actual unidentified flying object on a collision course with Earth as I write this. It prompted officials in one part of the world to issue no-fly and no-fishing zones this week as a precaution.

However, rather than transporting our new alien overlords to enslave us before we even have a chance to see "Star Wars: The Force Awakens," this UFO is more likely a piece of man-made space junk about to go out in a literal blaze of glory.

The UFO in question was discovered by theCatalina Sky Survey in 2013 and labeled "WT1190F." The WTF in the name is appropriate. Even today, with the object just hours away from putting on a potential light show as it burns up over the Indian Ocean off the coast of Sri Lanka, it has not been positively identified.

While NEO (near-Earth object) watchers expect that WT1109F will burn up completely in the atmosphere, Sri Lanka's Ministry of Defence isn't taking any chances. It issued the following order on Monday just in case some debris should make it to the surface:

A state of "fishing ban" and a no-fly zone have been imposed in the Southern sea area and over the sky as a space debris named WT1190F is expected to enter the Earth's atmosphere on 13 November. The space junk is expected to fall into the ocean about 65km to 100 km off the southern coast of Sri Lanka.

According to the scientific information, its mass is not sufficient to cause any threat to the area as it appears to be manmade and quite small. Possibly it could burn-up when it enters the earth's atmosphere and remains will fall into the sea.

Enlarge Image

WT1190F captured by the Catalina Sky Survey.

Last month the European Space Agency said NEO experts have used observational data to estimate the object's density, "which turns out to be much less than that of the solid rocky material that comprises many asteroids. This density is in fact compatible with the object being a hollow shell, such as the spent upper stage of a rocket body or part of a stage," the ESA's Detlef Koschny said in a statement.

WT1109F is expected to burn up around 10:20 p.m. PT on Thursday, which unfortunately translates to around midday in Sri Lanka. It may be hard to see, but it's worth keeping an eye out for if you're in the area. You can also watch live from anywhere via the Slooh online observatory.

Fortunately for fireball fans, it's likely to be just one of many you might be able to catch in the sky where you are -- we're still in the midst of the Taurid meteor shower known for its slow-moving fireballs.

Either way, it's a good day for fans of fire in the sky.

{ http://www.cnet.com/uk/ }

Daily UFO Headlines 11/13/2015

(Before It's News)

openminds.tv

• New York Hot Spots: Pa
• 2 – Syracuse New Times
• Space junk ‘UFO’ prompts no-fly zone – CNET
• Mystery object dazzles in the sky over Siberia – The Siberian Times
• Ronda Rousey plans alien viewing party after beating up Holm – Bloody Elbow
• ‘Fargo’: Are Aliens Responsible for Sioux Falls? – Hidden Remote
• rt Related Stories

Military Jets Close Encounter With Alien Craft

(Before It's News)

Mexicaanse stad in rep en roer door UFO's ( VIDEO )

{ www.NIBURU.NL }

DE geheimen van de Sterrenmensen ( VIDEO )

{ www.NIBURU.nl }

Alien Entity Caught Walking On Water Over Marble Falls, Texas On Nov 2014, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Untouched photos above, enhanced at bottom of post. 

Date of sighting: 7-29-2014
Location of sighting: Marble Falls, Texas, USA
Source: MUFON #72432

This sighting is a year old, but sent into MUFON yesterday. It's really exciting, because it caught a entity or micro drone over the waters surface. Its shape and coloration indicate is 100% real and not some kind of glitch. I believe it to be an individual alien. The alien was revealed because of the suns angle and the reflection from off the water caused its cloak to become useless for a few seconds. Also, if it came out of the water, the water would cause the craft or individual to become visible until it drips off. We have seen such aliens in the past, with the same coloration and size. Eyewitnesses said the glowing green entity moved as if running around her house (UK report). 

Oh yeah, did you notice the stone door in the side of the mountain near the alien? Possible this is where the entity came from. 
Scott C. Waring
www.ufosightingsdaily.com

Eyewitness states:
We were on private property taking pictures of this area surrounded by hills and when we lokked back at the pictures later this day, we saw this glowing green object on the surface of the water. I had taken other pictures in concession and none of the others showed this object. Here are the pictures I took on this tablet. No flash was used. Cannot explain what this glowing object is and hoping you could help identify. Could it be something, or is it a reflection from the sun? I can see a shadow on the water around the object.

 

The photo above and below have added focus and contrast (negative effect above).

 { http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

UFO Phenomenon Should Be Investigated, Expert Says

If UFOs are a national security issue, and that has been documented hundreds of times over, what does that say about their nature? Perhaps something real, artificial, foreign and under intelligent control. The MUFON recently host a major conference at Cleveland High School. When guest speakers tackled the question: “What does the government know?” The question directed towards the unidentified flying objects. According to the assistant state director Paul Garver, the goal was to have solemn, yet rational conversations regarding the phenomenon of spotting objects in the sky that are difficult for an explanation.

According to him, believers of different objects understand that the general public does not know the reason as to why people research such things. The most probable reason is the fact that people are being associated with all kinds of stereotypes on the subject. The point is; the footage or sighting is being documented. Hence, it is a real phenomenon. Therefore, it deserves research and investigation. In other words, there are no weird object researchers at the conference that do not agree that aliens do travel from galaxies to visit the earth. In fact, they do not accept that foreign nationals do experiments on people. What they believe is they have many objects spotted in the sky that are strange.

There are stories around extraterrestrials, and there are people who saw these flying objects. Though the perfect evidence is not present, research is still going strong. While Hull issued the proclamation, he declined an interview and said through a spokeswoman that he cannot attend the conference. When asked if he is interested in talking about aliens, he issued a statement that said he liked “Star Wars” and “Star Trek,” but didn’t answer the question. One of the speakers named Nick Pope said that he spent years researching aliens in Great Britain, and now speaks and writes on the topic. Pope further said that it is a shame that stigma surrounds research because it has the possibility to answer one of the fascinating questions that humans cannot answer: Are we alone?

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

New cases of animal mutilation

Here are the latest reports of a cattle mutilations by TheThirdMilenium.

Filer’s Files #46 -2015 Pyramids Are Evidence for ET - PART II

Sightings of UFOs in the United States

California Strange Lights

Bakersfield — On September 28 2015, the day of the Blood red Moon I just left from my parent’s house at 9:30 PM. I drove down the street I noticed a group of people looking up at this fire red bell shaped object moving across the sky. A few seconds later, another one just appears going in the same direction. I turned the corner then I stopped got out of my truck took my phone and started to record. Buy this time a third one appeared moving in the same direction. A couple of seconds later the third one stops and turns off its lights. Buy this time the first two are no longer in sight. The third one is just hovering, and you could just make out the craft. It looked like it had square shape windows that were slightly brighter. Then the fourth one appears going much slower and its light went out. We then saw a very dark shape with no blinking lights flying much lower. I was recording when I enlarged the video, that’s when I was sure I just witnessed my very first UFO sighting! Thanks to MUFON CMS

San Diego — It was at 17:59 hours, when I first observed the burning object. It is hard to tell in the video, but it was clearly a burning object entering the atmosphere. It looked like it was about the color of 3,500 Kelvin initially then changing to about 7,000 Kelvin. When it was about 3500 Kelvin, I could clearly see a flaming trail from the object. The entire observation was over 10 minutes so I would guess it was a large object in mass or it was an object with a heat shield. I was able to see the object with the naked eye after the last bright bulbous light. This supports that it was a large object or it was able to handle atmospheric entry. I was able to see a greenish glow left behind after the object had entered our atmosphere in an elliptical shape. It was odd to see firsthand.

Note: The U.S. Coast Guard says that the object was a submarine launched ballistic missile (SLBM) from a Trident Submarine. We received many calls tonight from southern California from witnesses who saw the object. Thanks to William Puckett, Director Http://www.UFOsnw.com

Florida Disc

Orlando – The photo was taken by my cell phone and no one actually saw the object until after the picture was taken on November 2, 2015.

The person taking the picture can barely take a picture let alone make a fake one. No one knows what it is or where it came from. It just appeared in the photo. The person taking the photo was taking a picture of the rainbow. When they went back and looked at the phone, they saw the object.

Note: Similar photos have been showing up all over the world. See Australia below.

Wesley Chapel — On November 6, 2015, I was sitting on my back porch with my mom when I saw a huge flashing hovering object in the night sky. It stayed in the same exact spot for over 45 minutes flashing so fast it hurt my eyes. I started recording but could not find an explanation for what it could be. My dad who saw it with his own eyes works for NASA. He told me it had to be a UFO. I stayed outside as long as I could and then went back inside. I came back out 20 minutes later and it was gone. Last night it came back but it was two different objects: another circle flashing the same but sitting above the clouds and WAY higher. Now it was moving like crazy and. I started recording but my camera stated to twitch and would not let me record any longer. I waited an hour and looked again it was back blending in like a star but way higher this time and on the opposite side of the sky. I live next to a cow pasture and on a wildlife preserve. The first time I saw it, it was 50 feet above me and later far up sitting above the clouds. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Maine Light

Ashland –On July 26, 2015 around 2:45AM in Northern Maine, I stepped outside for some clean night air before I turned in for the night. I looked up and locked onto a light that was displaying erratic flight patterns covering a vast area of the sky in seconds. I knew this was no man made aircraft. I watched as the light would shoot around, rising, diving, turning, wobbling, and even going in circles as it rose so I could see the lights on outside then the lights on the inside of the object. It repeated the same movements for at least 15 minutes. I shot video of the object and only recently reviewed and was floored at the beauty of the majestic flight, colors, speed, that this craft preformed. I actually got tired of viewing the object and I went to bed at 3 am. I know what I saw and this time I have the proof. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Michigan Triangle

Kalamazoo – A triangle shaped craft was photographed on November 10, 2015 above the city.

Also a circle like craft with many lights was also seen.’

Thanks to MUFON CMS

Minnesota UFO Hits Auto

Warren — Every now and then, someone calls 911 about mysterious objects in the sky. Most can be explained away. However, to this day, a Minnesota UFO sighting from the ‘70s is considered more credible than most, in part because of who called it in. Marshall County sheriff’s deputy Val Johnson was on patrol in the early morning hours of August 27, 1979, when he spotted something strange along a rural highway. The president of the Marshall County Historical Society, Kent Broten, knows the story well. “What (Deputy Johnson) saw was a bright object, maybe like a foot in diameter, about three and a half feet off the ground,” Broten said. “As he explained it in the news reports, what was there all of a sudden was here, so the light just shot at him, engulfed his car in light and blinded him.”

Thirty-six years later, the deputy’s damaged squad car is still what brings most people in, to the Marshall County Museum. Herb Maurstad, a fellow deputy at the time, is still at a loss to explain how the car’s antennas became warped at different angles, the windshield was smashed, a headlight broken and the hood dented. The dashboard clock stopped for 14 minutes, as did Deputy Johnson’s watch, before starting up again. Maurstad said an expert from Ford Motor Company inspected the windshield and said the cracks were unusual. He said it is not the type of shattering you would get if you hit the windshield with a hammer, for example. “You can see that it wasn’t Val Johnson’s head that hit there because it’s in the wrong place,” Maurstad said. “Way too low.” Broten stops short of calling it an alien encounter. “It doesn’t mean it’s from outer space,” he said. “It’s just an unidentified flying object hit it and it just hasn’t been explained, so it’s unidentified.” Johnson was treated for welder-type burns to his eyes. 
His supervisor at the time was Sheriff Dennis Brekke, who is now retired. “We do believe that our deputy had an encounter with something that we haven’t been able to explain yet on this date,” Brekke said, “and there’s a lot of interest because of that, I guess.” The Internet has brought about new interest over the past several years. Conspiracy theorists are still trying to solve what law enforcement, mechanical inspectors and the Center for UFO Studies could not. “I don’t know what happened,” Brekke said. “I know in my own mind I did the best job we could, me and my department, to investigate and find out what went on. And all we found out is: We don’t know.” Maurstad, who later became Marshall County Sheriff, said he now believes in UFOs. “Yeah, I kind of do,” he said. “There’s got to be something more than us around.” Johnson is now retired and living in western Wisconsin. Reached by phone, Johnson said there is already so much information out there; he really prefers not to talk about this anymore. Link  Scott C. Waring ufosightingsdaily

Missouri Lights

Kearney — This is a resubmitted by FI 2015 of witness’ case 71233 in order to capitalize on the more rich events of August 1, 2015, which had been minimized by other sightings in that case.
“Though living in a flight path to KCI airport I have witnessed a few sightings the past months that do not appear as the typical aircraft. After seeing an article in the September Issue of NUFOC and the resemblance of the picture provided, I thought I would share mine as well. The pictures I will attach do seem very similar yet I have more than one and they are varied in color. I l have some knowledge of commercial and military aircraft. Yet the pictures I will send are not of anything I have seen nor do I believe any typical aircraft would project the shades or patterns of lights seen. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Nevada Lights

Las Vegas – I was inside watching TV, and heard the sound of a circling helicopter that prompted me to go outside on November 3, 2015.

I observed the helicopter approach the object, and seem to use a tractor beam to tow the object towards the north until out of site.

My dog would not go outside during this event. The object made a sound kind of like water on the hull of a large ship. Thanks to MUFON CMS

New Jersey Light

Cinnaminson — I was driving northbound near the off ramp for the Betsy Ross Bridge on Route 130 heading home at around 10 pm on November 2, 2015, and noticed three yellow lights. It was in the shape of a triangle. The lights were brighter, more yellow and larger than planes landing at Philadelphia International. The lights were in the shape of an equilateral type triangle that started to move towards each other. They moved into the shape of a right triangle, and continued to move into an isosceles triangle. As I got closer to the local Shoprite, it was obvious it was further away to the north maybe over the Delaware River. A couple of seconds later the lights disappeared.

When I got home and saw them again, I started to feel uncomfortable. I wanted to get home and get someone else to see the lights. When I stepped back out it was unnaturally calm in the area but, I could see the lights moving south through the trees. I also started to hear what sounded like snapping branches and footsteps through the leaves on the ground. I was terrified by this point and got in my house as fast as I could. The video was shot on an iPhone 6, and I think I got a shot of it around the 11-second mark, but I could be wrong. Thanks to MUFON CMS

North Carolina Orbs

North Canton — My brother called me about 8:30 am, on November 4, 2015, and said, “Look out towards the moon southwest of us. My brother lives about a quarter mile southwest from me and we talked on the phone and watched this object for at least five minutes until it was out of sight.”

It looked like it had a satellite disc on one side to the right and there was a round object above that. My brother was able to take three pictures of a star like bottom. I also saw what looked like a disc fly towards this thing and then go west flying over the Akron Canton Airport. This object was traveling at 200 to 300 miles an hour. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Pennsylvania Orb

Philadelphia – On November 4, 2015, while driving with my girl friend we saw a strange extremely bright light just hovering off in the distance of the sky. I thought it was a planet at first, but it was just too close and bright. As we drove closer to this object, we found it was moving very slowly. It did not have any blinking lights. It flew over us, we opened my sunroof, and my girlfriend snapped a few photos.

I can promise we have not done anything to modify the image. It was taken on an iphone5 at night. Please let me know what you think. I believe I may have caught something here I have never seen anything like it. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Texas Space Lights

Lubbock — I was in bed watching and saw the orb/sphere like object just materialize over the earth’s horizon on November 4, 2015. Then it dematerialized about 45 seconds later. I first saw streaks and I was thinking maybe they were reflections from the space station but then this object materialized and then slowly and disappeared. The object was spherical and gray in color with illuminated copper tones. I have never seen anything like it. After it dematerialized, either the live broadcast was interrupted by a message stating the system is switching cameras or the system is experiencing some technical difficulties. This was a very weird experience. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Austin — My girlfriend and me was in a line to see a haunted house on November 7, 2015. She noticed people looking in the sky, and then she looked at the sky and told me to look. I saw four orbs/lights descend as one would switch off and other one would switch back on.

I realized that candle balloons do not descend with lights on nor do they blink. So, I went to get my camera and started recording and the lights immediately went off. After I finished recording, a low flying plane with high headlight beams went past us. It was a strange experience because I have never seen any balls of light behaving that way.

(Note: My girlfriend and I are deaf so we didn’t & cannot hear anything. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Worldwide UFO Reports

Australia Disc

Melbourne — While driving going towards store around 3 pm, on November 4, 2015, my gps started acting up and we ended up getting lost three times. I asked a passenger to take pictures of the bridge, where we got lost. While outside I heard a humming sound like a train, but that was not likely, since we were close to the freeway. While going home passenger took two more pictures. After arriving home and dropping off the passenger, I got a call about the picture that she noticed a different object in the picture. That is when they started calling people and start-getting opinion on what was in the picture. I was called about it and just relaying what has transpired. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Note: This disc is showing up in many photographs. It is possible certain phones have this background in their picture data. Of course, there have been messages claiming advanced UFO incursions.

Canada UFO

Toronto –Mel Jakob writes, “This photo was shot over Toronto on November 19, 2013. I do include the needed information written directly on them.

Thanks to Adaraworld

 Montreal – This bright light was seen in the area of Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. Thanks to MUFON CMS

India Lights

Bangalore Hsr Layou — I just returned from my work around 5 am IST time on October 29, 2015, decided to smoke after a hard day at work.

While smoking I observed a bright object hovering above the moon and flashing lights. Therefore, I took a picture of it. It was hovering around a minute by the time I decided to take another snap I was gone.

It was clear sky with no trails of cloud anywhere. Thanks to MUFON CMS

New Zealand Lights

Churton Park — Driving back home with my uncle, coming down a hill on November 5, 2015. Looking upfront thru the windshield of the car, the object was straight ahead. I thought the three red colors were antenna’s aviation lights of star shape. The silent flying objects crossing the sky in a perfect formation, stable speed, and crossing my vision field. When I realized they were neither aviation lights nor airplanes, I asked my uncle to stop the car to be able to have a clearer view of all the details of that event.

Note: fireworks in the area started 15 minutes before the event and lasted all night. White dots appeared on my iPad video although we physically saw red color lights. The area being hilly, they just disappeared from view behind a mountain. Thanks to MUFON CMS

United Arab Emirates Cylinder

Whilst taking footage of a local amusement park at night from 150 meters above ground, the following photograph was taken showing an anomalous cylinder object in the sky.

If it turns out to be something of interest, I also have the raw file if that helps.

Appreciate your support, and hopefully you can give me some insight into what the image shows, how big it could be, etc.

Thanks to MUFON CMS

UK/England Sunrise Light

Beesands, Devon — From my brother’s previous house which looks out to sea, I frequently went out early to photograph the wonderful sunrises as on September 26, 2009. I was observing and saw an object above the horizon. On this morning, I was surprised to see the object. It looks like a hang glider, but out there at that time how could a hang glider be up there so far from land. In addition, I checked with the Coast Guard to see if anything unusual had been reported. There is nothing on the two photos I took at 7.26 am, so where had this thing come from so quickly. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Blackpool, Lancashire, NW England — Guys, this really looks like there was a cloaked alien in the room with her, observing her on November 2015. Some of the photos today are unique in that they capture more detail than ever before. For instance, my iPhone 6s captures 4k video. What I am saying is this little alien, (he looks about 4 feet tall) was observing her, for scientific or for personal reasons. Look at the alien’s eye. It is looking right at her. It has no hair, and shiny skin. I enhanced the photo with shadows only to allow us to see his face better. Website Link
Scott C. Waring ufosightingsdaily

News states:
A mother has fled her flat after she was photo bombed in a sulfide by what appears to be a ghost. Natasha Boden, 26, a mother-of-one from Blackpool, Lancashire, took the picture of herself after dyeing her hair blonde, only to find the shape of a spirit face on her shoulder in the resulting image. Mark Donohue, and two-year-old daughter Dolly are currently looking for somewhere else to live. She said she was reduced to tears when she zoomed in on the selfie and will not return to the property because she thinks it might be haunted. I’m absolutely petrified. Thanks to MUFON CMS

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Europa: Facts About Jupiter's Icy Moon and Its Ocean

Complex and beautiful patterns adorn the icy surface of Jupiter's moon Europa, as seen in this color image intended to approximate how the satellite might appear to the human eye. The data used to create this view were acquired by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in 1995 and 1998. Credit: NASA/JPL/Ted Stryk View full size image

Europa is one of the so-called Galilean moons of Jupiter, along with Io, Ganymede and Callisto. Astronomer Galileo Galilei gets the credit for discovering these moons, among the largest in the solar system. Europa is the smallest of the four but it is one of the more intriguing satellites.

The surface of Europa is frozen, covered with a layer of ice, leading scientists to believe there is a very active ocean beneath the surface. The icy surface also makes the moon one of the most reflective in the solar system.

Discovery

Galileo Galilei discovered Europa on Jan. 8, 1610. It is possible that German astronomer Simon Marius (1573-1624) also discovered the moon at the same time. However, it is Galileo who is most often credited with the discovery. For this reason, Europa and Jupiter's other three largest moons are often called the Galilean moons. Galileo, however, called the moons the Medicean planets in honor of the Medici family. [Photos: Europa, Jupiter's Mysterious Icy Moon]

The discovery of the Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter helped scientists realize that the planets in our solar system, including Earth, revolved around the sun and not the Earth.

Europa's name

In Greek mythology, Europa was abducted by Zeus, who had taken the form of a spotless white bull to seduce her. She decorated the “bull” with flowers and rode on its back to Crete. Once in Crete, Zeus — who is a counterpart of the Roman god Jupiter — then transformed back to his original form and Europa was seduced by Zeus. Europa was the queen of Crete and bore Zeus many children.

For centuries, the four largest moons of Jupiter didn't have actual names. Instead, Galileo gave each moon a number, from one through four. Of the four large moons, Europa was believed to be the second closest to Jupiter, which is why Galileo also called it Jupiter II.

In 1892, Amalthea was discovered. Amalthea was closer to Jupiter than any of the Galilean moons, so it was believed Europa was actually the third closest moon to Jupiter, making the name Jupiter II obsolete. Now, with the discovery of even more satellites closer to the planet, Europa is considered Jupiter's sixth satellite.

It was Simon Marius who first proposed that the four moons be given their current names. But it wasn't until the 19th century that the moons were officially given the so-called Galilean names we know them by today.

A translation of the key passages of Galileo Galilei's journal detailing his discovery of four moons orbiting Jupiter. Galileo made these sketches after discovering four moons orbiting Jupiter in January 1610. The moons, later named Io, Europa, Callisto and Ganymede, were the first discovered beyond Earth.
Credit: NASA

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Facts about Europa

Age: Europa is estimated to be about 4.5 billion years old, about the same age of Jupiter. 

Distance from the sun: On average, Europa's distance from the sun is about 485 million miles (or 780 million kilometers).

Distance from Jupiter: Europa is Jupiter's sixth satellite. Its orbital distance from Jupiter is 414,000 miles (670,900 km). It takes Europa three and a half days to orbit Jupiter. The same side of the Europa faces Jupiter at all times.

Size: Europa is 1,900 miles (3,100 km) in diameter, making it smaller thanEarth's moon, but larger than Pluto. It is the 15th largest body in the solarsystem, and the smallest of the Galilean moons.

Temperature: Europa's surface temperature at the equator never rises above minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 160 degrees Celsius). At the poles of the moon, the temperature never rises above minus 370 F (minus 220 C).

These images show the trailing hemisphere of Jupiter's moon Europa taken by the Galileo spacecraft at a distance of about 677,000 km. The left image shows Europa in approximately true color and the right image shows Europa in enhanced color to bring out details. The bright feature towards the lower right of the disk is the 45 km diameter crater Pwyll.
Credit: NSSDC Photo Gallery

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Characteristics of Europa

A prominent feature of Europa is its high degree of reflectivity. Europa's icy crust gives it an albedo — light reflectivity — of 0.64, one of the highest of all of the moons in the entire solar system.

Scientists estimate that Europa’s surface is about 20 million to 180 million years old, which makes it fairly young.

Observing pictures taken by the Galileo spacecraft, scientists believe Europa is made of silicate rock, and has an iron core and rocky mantle, much like Earth does. Unlike the interior of Earth, however, the rocky interior of Europa is surrounded by a layer of ice that is approximately 62 miles (or 100 km) thick.

Experts also think there is an ocean deep beneath the surface of the moon, and that it is possible this ocean contains some form of life. The possibility that there is extraterrestrial life on Europa has sparked the imaginations of many, and is one of the reasons interest in Europa remains high. In fact, recent studies have given new life to the theory that Europa can support life.

The surface of the moon is covered by a saltwater ocean. And, because the moon is so far from the sun, this ocean is frozen across the surface of the moon. 

The surface of Europa is covered with cracks. Many believe these cracks are the result of tidal forces on the ocean beneath the surface. It's possible that, when Europa's orbit takes it close to Jupiter, the tide of the sea beneath the ice rises higher than normal. If this is so, the constant raising and lowering of the sea caused many of the cracks observed on the surface of the moon.

It is also thought that the ocean beneath the surface sometimes erupts through the surface (much like lava erupts from a volcano) and then freezes. Icebergs observed on the surface of the moon may support this theory.

Obtaining samples of the ocean may not require drilling through the icy crust. In 2013, the Hubble Space Telescope identified geysers of water vapor spewing from the moon's south pole. The plumes subsequently disappeared, leading scientists to wonder if the features were a cyclical event.

In 2014, scientists found that Europa may host a form of plate tectonics. Previously, Earth was the only known body in the solar system with a dynamic crust, which is considered helpful in the evolution of life on the planet.

Europa's atmosphere

Europa has a tenuous oxygen atmosphere, likely the result of charged particles from the sun hitting water molecules on the moon's surface, breaking the molecules into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. While the hydrogen escapes the moon's surface, oxygen is left behind.

Europa: Where life may evolve?

The presence of water beneath the moon's frozen crust makes scientists rank it as one of the best spots in the solar system with the potential for life to evolve.

"The story of life on Earth may have begun in our oceans, and that's because — of course — if we've learned anything about life on Earth, it's that where you find the liquid water, you generally find life," Kevin Hand, an astrobiologist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a video about Europa.

"Hidden beneath Europa's icy surface is perhaps the most promising place in our solar system beyond Earth to look for present-day environments that are suitable for life," NASA officials wrote in a statement. "The Galileo mission found strong evidence that a subsurface ocean of salty water is in contact with a rocky seafloor. The cycling of material between the ocean and ice shell could potentially provide sources of chemical energy that could sustain simple life forms."

The icy depths of the moons are thought to contain vents to the mantle much as oceans on Earth do. These vents could provide the necessary thermal environment to help life evolve.

If life exists on the moon, it may have gotten a kick from deposits from comets. Early in the life of the solar system, the icy bodies may havedelivered organic material to the moon.

Exploration of Europa

The Galileo mission, launched by NASA in 1989, is responsible for much of the information we have on Jupiter and the bodies surrounding it. It took more than six years for the unmanned Galileo spacecraft to reach its destination. The craft stayed in orbit of Jupiter from December 8, 1995 until Sept. 21, 2003. [Best Jupiter Missions of All Time]

In 2013, the U.S. National Research Council's Planetary Science Decadal Review issued its 10-year recommendation for NASA's planetary exploration program. Exploration of Europa was ranked as the highest-priority mission. Since then, NASA has been working toward a mission to Jupiter's icy moon.

Additional reporting by Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor

Additional resources

• NASA Solar System Exploration: Europa
• University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics: Galilean Moons
• Planetary Society: Europ

Remarkable Object Discovered at the Edge of Our Solar System—Is it an Alien Satellite?

Astronomers have recently discovered the Solar System’s farthest known object and rumors about it being an extraterrestrial satellite are already spreading.

 

Scientists have uncovered the existence of the farthest object known in our solar system. It is over 100 times farther from the Earth than our planet is from the Sun. The previous record holder was a small planetoid called Eris, situated at 90 times the distance between us and the Sun.

 

Scott Shepherd disclosed this information at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society Division held in Maryland.

 

Finding out more about this mysterious body could be very important due to its location, which is in a part of the solar system called the Oort Cloud, somewhere farther than the Kuiper Belt. Objects travelling through this very old part of the solar system have been proved to follow the same orbit for billions of years, with no exceptions.

 

However, the discovery is too recent for anyone to establish the new found body’s complete trajectory. Scientists estimate that its orbit would take it closer to our Sun.

 

Michael Brown, who works for the California Institute of Technology says: “There’s no reason to be excited yet, I’d be willing to bet it has some more mundane explanation.”

 

This recent discovery is probably an insignificant part of the wonders that lie beyond the Oort Cloud. So far, only two other bodies are known from that part of the Solar System. The first was spotted by Brown himself and named Sedna and the second is commonly known as Biden and was first documented by Chadwick Trujillo and Scott Sheppard.

 

 

Biden never gets closer to our sun than 80 AU (AU=Astronomical Unit – 93 million miles, or roughly the distance from the Earth to the Sun), while Sedna’s trajectory takes it the closest at 76 AU.

 

Astronomers think that the newly-discovered body would never get closer to our star than 103 AU, which would place it in the very mysterious and intriguing place that is the Oort Cloud. If they’re wrong, and the new body gets at about 50 AU from the sun, it would be in the vicinity of bodies more known to mankind, who follow a longer, (stretched) orbit due to the considerable amount of gravity generated by Neptune.

 

Bodies from the Oort Cloud are far more interesting to astronomers that the ones from the Kuiper Belt because they are too distant to the planet Neptune to ever be influenced by its gravity. Sheppard believes the trajectories of objects from the Oort Cloud could reveal secrets about the beginning of our Solar System.

 

The discovery was made using the Subaru telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, and the small planet is estimated to measure between 300 and 500 miles in diameter. The plan is to search for it again as soon as the skies are clear, this time in Chile, and repeat the procedure after a year or so in order to estimate its trajectory and find out if it is really set in the Oort Cloud.

 

 

 

Some extreme believers are of the opinion that the object, which is not too large, could be still, or at least not follow a specific orbit. That rapidly led to the theory that (if it’s not orbiting) the body is in fact artificial, which would mean it was left there on purpose by another civilization or somehow got stuck there, perhaps due to vast amount of gravity generated by two or more large bodies or planets located close on different sides of the new discovered body.

 

This would make it impossible for it to orbit a body as it would be pulled by another. The theory is improbable though, as the forces acting on the body would’ve caused it to consume itself by now in that case. Or maybe it’s still being ripped apart and was once much larger. Even our best telescopes are probably not able to spot debris this far out.

 

The fact that so little is known about it makes every theory possible. What’s yours?

 

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US Air Force Pilot Speaks Out About What He Was Ordered To Do When The Military Tracked A UFO

We are ALL Aliens and Life came to Earth from Space

According to new research, its very likely that we are all in face Aliens that came from elsewhere in the universe to Earth. Ladies and gentleman the controversy has been served after Astronauts on board the International Space Stations discovered marine plankton on one of the Stations windows.

Another point for ‘Panspermia’ here as researchers say that this is further evidence to support the idea that life came to our planet from elsewhere in the cosmos.

While Russian experts state that these tiny organisms were brought to the station by ‘air currents from the sea’ where plankton is found in abundance, other scientists argue that it is impossible for plankton to ‘travel’ to the ISS, meaning that these organisms must have originated from somewhere else.

The finding was made possible thanks to high precision equipment although researchers have no idea how the organisms ended up at the International Space Station.

Further research on the organisms discovered on the International Space Station showed that the organisms are not native to Baikonur, Kazahstan, where some of the modules originated. This means that it is extremely unlikely that the organisms  were hauled into space from the launch although there is a possibility that they were transferred from US parts of the ISS since NASA launch sites are located near the Atlantic Ocean.

“The results of the experiment are absolutely unique. We have found remains of sea plankton (…). This should be studied further, “said cosmonaut Vladimir Soloviev, head of one of the Russian orbital missions. According to Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe , from the Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology, algae or diatoms have been previously found in meteorites that fell to Earth.

‘This is the first time that we have evidence that points towards complex living organisms falling from the skies to Earth.

‘The space station is orbiting the earth in a total vacuum, there is no air, so it is a total defiance of the laws of physics to say these organisms were blown into space from Earth.

‘The only explanation is that they have come from elsewhere in space, and this supports long-held theories that plankton, and therefore all life on Earth including humans, originated from organisms in space.

‘Everything that we have on the Earth is derived from space, including humans.’

Originally posted on www.ewao.com – Posted here with permission.

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Senior SETI Scientist Believes YOU Might Be a Martian

Seth Shostak, Senior Researcher for SETI and a leading astronomer, says life on Earth derives from life on Mars.

 

 

He writes : “It’s possible that billions of years ago, tiny bits of biology quit the Red Planet and infected ours. If so, your family tree — and that of every other terrestrial life form — has its deepest roots not in the ancient oceans of Earth, but in the vanished seas of Mars.”

 

Panspermia is a theory suggesting life on Earth was generated from micro-organisms coming not necessarily from other planets, but from outer space. Shostak reminds us the idea is very old but no scientist or astronomer could ever completely rule it out even today.

 

Some have even brought up the idea that microorganisms would be strong enough to travel through space and arrived here being carried by different forces along the cosmos, but Shostak disagrees and says no living organism could survive out there. He believes it would be much easier to make the journey if the organisms were buried inside sediments (rocks).

 

 

"After all, space is hardly benign: cosmic rays, extreme temperatures, and prolonged desiccation will relentlessly corrode any biology that takes too much time en route. Being inside a rock helps.”

 

This theory’ deriving from the one explained earlier, is called lithopanspermia.

 

Shostak says that if microorganisms somehow survived space travel, they couldn’t have done so for a very long period of time, so they’re likely to be from Mars, which is closest. He also points out that not long after the Big Bang, there was a period when the Earth was constantly showered with debris coming from Mars. Although most took longer, few of these rocks arrived here in just around a year. His opinion is that there could be living organisms tough enough to endure that amount of time in space.

 

"Astrobiologists have identified terrestrial bacteria able to zone out in spore form for a million years. If you eventually put them in contact with water, they’ll come back to life like sea monkeys.”

 

In 2013, a biochemist and professor from the Westheimer Institute for Science and Technology called Steven Banner released a paper on the theory that life here came from Mars. He claims to have found proof that the red planet had safe enough environment to host life sometime long ago.

 

Scientific American responded:

 

"The new argument, in a nutshell, is that young Mars had a more oxygen-rich atmosphere than Earth did 4 billion years ago, and was drier. This would have resulted in a different mineralogical surface environment, one that could have provided a catalyst for the assembly of key RNA molecules and all the biotic chemistry leading to life as we know it.

Subsequent asteroid impacts on Mars would have spewed chunks of rock into space, carrying life (presumably in microbial form) through the solar system and onto the surface of a youthful Earth.”

 

Scientists from the University of Sheffield believe human kind is already in possession of a multitude of such organisms and say more of them keep coming to our planet but we just haven’t been interested.

 

"The evidence points towards theories that complex living organisms are falling from the skies to Earth,” professor Milton Wainwright declared last year for the Daily Express. “There is growing evidence that says this DNA comes from space and it is carried into our atmosphere on micro-meteorites before dissipating.”

 

 

 

Lee Speigel also told the Huffington Post that : “I am absolutely convinced that life is not restricted to planet Earth because I have found the remains of life forms that are absolutely, conclusively extraterrestrial.” The organisms he’s referring to, of course, came from Mars.

 

Returning to Seth Shostak, he recently added: “As intriguing as it is, panspermia doesn’t offer any clues about life’s origins. Indeed, it only seems to push the problem of biology’s beginnings to another planet. But there’s this: If life can spread, then countless worlds could be encrusted with biology even if generating it in the first place is difficult or highly improbable.”

 

Next time something, no matter how small, falls on your shoulder, remember. It could be a martian.

 

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