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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES

UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
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Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie! Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek! België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch. Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen! Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie. Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen. Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek! Blijf Op De Hoogte! Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren! Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.

ASTRONOMERS DISCOVERED AN OBJECT TRAVELING AT 99.99999999999999999999951% OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT

ASTRONOMERS DISCOVERED AN OBJECT TRAVELING AT 99.99999999999999999999951% OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT

One of the most entertaining names that I’ve come across in the physics sector is the “Oh My God Particle.” Scientists also refer to this  particle as the “ermahgerd particle” (kidding, kidding. It’s not really called that, but it is called the “Oh My God Particle”).  Now, the first thing that may pop into some of your minds is the Higgs Boson, which was discovered in 2012. This isn’t too surprising as the media went around calling it the “God Particle.” However, these two particles are very different.
So what is the Oh My God Particle? Well it is a simple, lowly proton. So why the name?

This proton had the effective mass-energy of a baseball traveling at 90 km/h (56 mph)! This type of particle is known as a cosmic ray, they’re generally just protons but can sometimes be a Helium atom or even an electron. What makes them so interesting is that they’re traveling very near the speed of light, and the Oh My God Particle is the fastest ever found.

Discovered back in 1991 in Utah, this very high energy particle is likely to have originated from around the Supermassive Black Hole in the galaxy Centaurus A before it made its journey to the Earth. Now we mentioned that it was traveling near the speed of light… 
Well how near? Well this proton had a energy level of about 50 joules of energy, which is enough to briefly light up a 50 Watt light bulb. This may not seem like much energy, but since a single proton weighs 1.67e-27 kg (or 0.167 with 26 zeroes before it), it must have had an incredible speed.
And that speed has been calculated to being about 99.9999999999999999999995% of the speed of light! That means that, per a second, it was traveling only 1.5 quadrillionths of a meter slower than the speed of light. Not to worry though, even though this particle had the mass-energy of a baseball, if you were to be hit by one of these in the head while walking down the street, you wouldn’t be knocked unconscious.
I hope now you can appreciate why it is called the Oh My God Particle…the scientists that detected this particle probably yelled that out when they worked out how fast that single proton was traveling.

{ http://sci-article4u.blogspot.be/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 23:27 Stuur door

The hidden world under Antarctica: Researchers reveal what lies beneath the ice

The hidden world under Antarctica: Researchers reveal what lies beneath the ice

Researchers have revealed what actually lies under the western parts of the icy continent of Antarctica.

There is a hidden world under Antarctica, in a new study, researchers have shown giant ‘wetlands’ 800 metres beneath the Ice in western Antarctica. Thanks to the Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling (WISSARD) project financed by the National Science Foundation (NSF) researchers are one step closer to discovering exactly what lies beneath the thick ice sheets covering most parts of the icy continent.

Reports indicate that Lake Whillans — first discovered in 2007, covering a staggering area of 20sq miles— which lies beneath 800 meters of ice in Western Antarctica is eerily similar to a ‘wetland.’

Researchers hope that further studies will allow them to understand how sea levels rise, and how ice behaves in response to global warming.

“It is amazing to think that we did not know that this lake even existed until a decade ago.,’ said Helen Amanda Fricker of Scripps, who initially discovered Subglacial Lake Whillans in 2007 from satellite data.

‘It is exciting to see such a rich dataset from the lake, and these new data are helping us understand how lakes function as part of the ice-sheet system.”

Researchers now know that Subglacial Lake Shillans is fed by ice ad contains small amounts of seawater from ancient marine sediments which can be found on the seabed of the lake. The water of the lake periodically drains to the ocean through some channels connecting the lake, however, with insufficient energy to carry much sediment.


The new data will allow researcher to better comprehend the extensive  biogeochemistry and mechanics of Lake Whillans, but will also help them improve current models of how Antarctic subglacial lake systems interact with the ice located on the surface and the sediments located below it

Three separate papers analyzed the studies obtained in January of 2013, when the WISSARD project managed to successfully drill through the ice sheet reaching Subglacial Lake Whillan, retrieving water and sediment samples from a body of water that had remained in isolation from direct contact with Earths Atmosphere for thousands of years.

Two of the most interesting papers were those published in Geology and the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

According to lead author Alexander Michaud, of Montana State University, they used data taken from a 38-centimeter (15-inch) long core of lake sediment to characterize the water chemistry of the subglacial lake and its sediments. They discovered that lake water primarily originates from melting at the base of the ice sheet covering the subglacial lake and that there was a minor contribution from seawater, trapped in the sediments under the ice during the last interglacial period, a time when the Antarctic ice sheet eventually retreated.

Scientists have found that the ancient, isolated reservoir of ocean water has the ability to affect the biogeochemistry of this lake system.

The second paper published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, lead author Timothy Hodson of Northern Illinois University and his colleagues looked at core sediments taken fro the lake in hopes of discovering more about the relationship of the ice sheet, subglacial hydrology, and underlying sediments. Their discoveries show that while numerous floods pass through the lake every once in a while, the flow of the floods lacks energy in order to erode extensive drainage channels.

Researchers concluded that that the environment beneath the Icy continent is very similar to a wetland within the coastal plain on other parts of the planet.

What we have to understand is that around 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent called Gondwana. Around 25 million years ago, Antarctica as we know it, gradually broke apart from Gondwana.

According to research, Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets. Au contraire, during its long history, Antarctica was located farther north and experienced a tropical or temperate climate, meaning that it was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancient life forms.

{ https://www.ancient-code.com/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 23:12 Stuur door

UFOs in the sky above Cessnock and Singleton weren't from another planet

UFOs in the sky above Cessnock and Singleton weren't from another planet

Image result for UFO south-west of Cessnock.

UFO: A strange triangular-shaped craft spotted in the sky, south-west

UFO south-west of Cessnock.

Image result for UFO south-west of Cessnock.

UFO: Strange triangular-shaped lights in the sky spotted south-west of Cessnock

... UFO sighting in Hunter Valley sky | VIDEO, PHOTOS, POLL .

Could they be UFOs or some kind of military craft?

This thought came to mind when a man reported dozens of lights in the night sky south-west of Cessnock and north towards Singleton.

The man captured the lights on video. Some lights were still, some were flashing. 

The man, who did not want to be named, first saw the lights while out on his deck, calling his dog in.

He lives in an area surrounded by bush and state forest near the Watagan Mountains, not far from the Laguna area.

“Looking to the north, I noticed three flashing lights coming towards me,” he said.

“All of a sudden one went to the left, the other to the right, and the third one kept coming our way.”

Soon others came over the horizon, shocking the man and his wife.

They’d lived in the area for years, but had never noticed so many lights in the sky before.

“I noticed most of them did a U-turn and went back again. I thought ‘this is strange, am I in a movie, like one of those attacks from Mars,” he said.

“There were so many out there, it was such a spectacle.”

The man said that helicopters and aeroplanes occasionally fly over, but “this seemed quite odd” because the craft were “flying together”.

“Normally when an aeroplane or helicopter goes by, we can hear it – even in the house.

“These were quiet.”

The Singleton Military Area is to the north of the man’s property. A Department of Defence spokesman said Singleton barracks “didn’t have anything going on which they think could have been responsible”.

The man said the craft first appeared in the sky about 8pm on Thursday.

“Most had three or four flashing lights on them,” he said.

“They turned around and went back north. By 8.30pm, they were all gone and the sky was clear of these flashing lights.”

About 15 to 20 minutes later, the aircraft had returned.

He could see them for another half hour or so.

“At the very end, there was only one or two I could see doing this strange kind of loop,” he said.

“They were coming out from north to south, then they turned around and went back north again.”

Did he think they were UFOs?

“The first thing my wife said was ‘they’re UFOs’, but I don’t really believe in UFOs.”

He thought they could possibly be military drones.

He wondered if someone could help identify the craft.

“I’m curious because it’s an odd thing and I don’t have an explanation,” the man said. 

“I’m one of those people that likes to have an answer to these things. Maybe somebody else saw it. If a number of people saw it, there could be different perspectives on it.

“Someone in the aeronautics industry might recognise the lights and know what kind of craft it is.”

Topics posted the man’s story on Reddit and YouTube.

Thankfully someone out there in internet land was able to solve the mystery.

A post under the name HydraMonkey, said the lights came from “regional link flights placed into holding whilst waiting to land” at Sydney Airport.

“The article says the flights started at about 8pm. At that time there were three flights in holding just south of the Singleton Military Area with a Virgin flight just breaking from holding and moving south. 

“To the west three larger jets are moving to final approach for Sydney.”

But why did the man not hear any sound coming from the planes?

“There was a very strong westerly blowing wind on Thursday that went as far to affect normal flights at Sydney,” HydraMonkey said.

“Depending on where he was, the wind might have been moving sound away from him.”

If anyone has a UFO story to share, let us know at topics@theherald.com.au.

{ http://www.theherald.com.au/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 22:45 Stuur door

Three separate people have photographed a 'UFO' over Plymouth

Three separate people have photographed a 'UFO' over Plymouth

Three people have now come forward to say they reckon they saw a UFO in skies over Devon and Cornwall

BY SHAUNA CREWES, EDD MOORE 

A Plymouth man is among three people who claim they have photographed and filmed a UFO in skies over Plymouth.

The Herald reported last week how Alan Kingwell, 62, shot a timelapse video in his garden - and later discovered the mysterious dark shapes when he edited the film.

The video shows two dark shapes "flying" motionlessly in the blue sky and sometimes being covered by clouds.

The suspected UFO over Plymouth, filmed from Liskeard
The suspected UFO over Plymouth, filmed from Liskeard  (Image: Alan Kingwell)

And after seeing similar shapes on one of his photographs, David Shepherd, from Plymstock, believes he may have seen the same thing.

Mr Shepherd reckons he photographed a "block blob" earlier in the summer.

READ MORE

After his eye was caught by an ‘X’ shape of airplane contrails in the sky, David noticed a little black shape beneath them which he believes “looked similar” to the one seen in Mr Kingwell's footage.

Like the potential UFO seen on the video sent in by Alan, the black shape seemed to linger for “about 10 minutes” and then disappeared suddenly.

David Shepherd, from Plymstock, took this photograph
David Shepherd, from Plymstock, took this photograph  (Image: David Shepherd)

And John Mooner, from Newton Abbot, has also seen a similar thing on September 15.

"I was sky watching looking for anything out of the ordinary when I started to look around the edge of some far off clouds through my Nikon P900 camera viewfinder," he said.

READ MORE

"The camera was zoomed in about half way and that's when I spotted it. There was an object that was hovering just above one of the clouds.

"The object was stationary so I quickly took a photograph and watched as the object remained in that position for about a minute before it finally began to move.

John Mooner took this photograph (zoomed in, inset)
John Mooner took this photograph (zoomed in, inset)  (Image: John Mooner)

"The object flew off at incredible rate of speed heading towards some thick cloud cover where by I lost sight of it."

Whilst many experts are quick to dismiss such photos as being down to camera faults, birds or balloons, the resemblance is there and we may have to admit that we aren’t alone in the universe.

Nick Pope, who used to investigate UFOs and other mysteries for the Ministry of Defence, told MailOnline : "In cases where nothing unusual is seen at the time, but where something strange is noticed when viewing film footage later, a suspicion must be that there's an issue with the camera.

"I appreciate that the witness saw something later, through his binoculars, when he returned to the scene, but this could be totally unconnected, and by his own admission he only glimpsed this for seconds.

'It could have been something quite ordinary, like birds or balloons, but by that time the witness was thinking 'UFOs', and may well have had that classic X-Files "I want to believe' mindset.'

The shapes over Plymouth follow a number of recent UFO sightings across the UK.

Last week a group of alien experts claimed a nudist beach in Wales could be attracting visitors from outer space.

A series of strange glowing objects have recently been spotted above Morfa Dyffryn, a beach between Harlech and Barmouth famous for its naturist area.

{ http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 22:28 Stuur door

NASA’s InSight Mars Lander to Investigate Inside the Red Planet

NASA’s InSight Mars Lander to Investigate Inside the Red Planet

PIA17358.jpg
IN BRIEF
NASA's InSight Mars lander will be the first mission to examine the deep interior of the Red Planet to boost our understanding of how all rocky planets form. It will also provide data for other Mars missions, including possible manned SpaceX flights.

DEEP INTO THE PAST

NASA’s next mission to Mars will see the spacecraft InSight exploring the deep interior of the Red Planet, in the hopes of discovering more about how all rocky planets — including Earth — formed. Preparations for the 2018 mission have ratcheted up this summer, and NASA says it is on track for a May launch from central California’s Vandenberg Air Force Base. This will be the first mission to focus on the deep interior of Mars.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Lockheed Martin The Mars lander portion of NASA’s InSight spacecraft is lifted from the base of a storage container to be tested in a Lockheed Martin clean room facility in Littleton, Colorado. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Lockheed Martin

After the spacecraft lands on Mars near the equator, it will place two main instruments permanently on the surface using a robotic arm: a seismometer to detect seismic waves from earthquakes and meteor impacts, and a heat probe to measure heat coming from the core. Scientists hope they will gain insight into the inner layers of the planet using these tools.

Meanwhile, a third experiment will assess perturbations in how Mars rotates on its axis, using radio transmissions in order to make better guesses about the size of the planet’s core.

The launch was originally set for March 2016, but problems with equipment necessitated a delay, with the launch rescheduled for sometime during the two weeks beginning May 5, 2018. The lander should reach Mars the Monday after Thanksgiving of the same year.

Depending on what they discover about the Red Planet, NASA may gain more insight into the stability of Mars and its history since formation. This in turn might yield information about its potential for colonization — something on the minds of everyone thinking about Mars today, including Elon Musk of SpaceX, who is partnering with NASA for a 2018 mission. Fans of SpaceX are also waiting for a possible September update on the company’s plans for Mars missions, including possible manned flights.

{ https://futurism.com/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 22:12 Stuur door

Eindelijk ontcijferen wiskundigen dit 3.700 jaar oude Babylonische kleitablet

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Geschreven door peter om 22:02 Stuur door

The Most Interesting Science News Articles of the Week

The Most Interesting Science News Articles of the Week

Each week we uncover the most interesting and informative articles from around the world, here are 10 of the coolest stories in science this week.

The Cassini spacecraft has plunged into Saturn, sending back its final communications before burning up in the ringed planet's atmosphere.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

And just like that, it was gone.

The final stream of data from Cassini was received at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in southern California. The spacecraft communicated with Earth via the Deep Space Network, a series of telescopes around the world that keep contact with spacecraft that fly beyond the moon. The Deep Space Network is managed from JPL. [Read more about the end of Cassini.]

What brings together Nobel Prize winners, unconventional research, a mini-opera about incompetence, and not one, but two barrages of paper airplanes? The Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony, of course.
Credit: M. Weisberger/Live Science

Many important questions are asked in the pursuit of science, but here's one that isn't heard very often: Why so serious?

At the 2017 Ig Nobels, held in the Sanders Theatre at Harvard University, researchers representing five continents made an appearance to acknowledge the dubious achievement of acquiring an Ig Nobel. [Read more about the funny research.]



Two pages of the 240-page Voynich Manuscript.
Credit: Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library

The story was tailor-made for headlines: The indecipherable Voynich Manuscript that once stumped the best code breakers of World War II had finally been cracked, and it was a simple health-and-wellness guide for medieval women.

Or not. [Read more about the lost language.]

View image on Twitter
View image on TwitterView image on Twitter

Okay, biology twitter, what the heck is this?? Found on a beach in Texas City, TX. #wildlifeid

Hurricane Harvey stranded a mysterious fanged eel on the beach in Texas, leaving the animal to die, rot and bloat. But despite its untimely end, the creature has since become an internet star.

[Read more about the eel.]

Illustration by Evald Hansen based on the original plan of grave Bj 581 by excavator Hjalmar Stolpe; published in 1889 (Stolpe, 1889)
Credit: Evald Hansen/American Journal of Physical Anthropology

A high-status Viking warrior who was thought to be a man turns out to be a woman, a new DNA analysis finds.

One of the graves was that of a presumed Viking warrior, whose remains were buried with a range of warlike weapons. For decades, however, researchers assumed that the burial was that of a high-status male officer. [Read more about the new find.]

Successful rockets are all alike, but every unsuccessful rocket is unsuccessful in its own way.
Credit: SpaceX/YouTube

Get ready for out-of-this-world fiery blasts on "How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster," a new SpaceX blooper reel produced by Elon Musk, the company's founder and CEO.

The conflagrations really are like no other, and Elon insists that they're "just a scratch" or a "rapid unscheduled disassembly" in some cases. [Read more about the bloopers.]

Two territorial hippopotamuses foiled a crocodile that tried to wrestle a wildebeest into a water hole, as seen in a dramatic video of the encounter. [Read more about animal superheroes.]

Uncontacted Indians in the Brazilian Amazon, filmed from the air in 2010.
Credit: Survival International

Brazilian authorities are investigating reports that gold miners killed about 10 members of an uncontacted tribe in the Amazon rainforest.

The indigenous rights group Survival International warned that such an attack could mean that a large percentage of the tribe has been wiped out. [Read more about the story.]

Archaeologists in England are excavating the ruins of the fort of Vindolanda, which was once at the northern edge of the Roman Empire.
Credit: The Vindolanda Trust

Military brats of ancient Rome probably played soldier to pass the time.

Birley's team discovered the toys after lifting the stone foundations from a more recent renovation of the fort. They found damp, black, oxygen-free soil sealed underneath —good conditions for preserving artifacts. [Read more about the toys.]

A new technique pushes the limits of how cold molecules can get to a tiny fraction of a degree above absolute zero. [Read more about absolute zero.]

Follow Live Science @livescience, Facebook & Google+.

{ https://www.livescience.com/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 21:53 Stuur door

$100 Million E.T. Hunt Spots 15 Mysterious Light Flashes

$100 Million E.T. Hunt Spots 15 Mysterious Light Flashes

Artist's illustration of a fast radio burst reaching Earth, with colors signifying different wavelengths.
Credit: Jingchuan Yu, Beijing Planetarium

A $100 million search for intelligent aliens has spied 15 bizarre, repeating flashes of light coming from a distant galaxy.

The galaxy — a dwarf known as FRB 121102 that lies 3 billion light-years from Earth — is a known source of such brief, high-energy fast radio bursts (FRBs). But the newly detected pulses stand out, astronomers said.

"Bursts from this source have never been seen at this high a frequency," Andrew Siemion, director of the Berkeley SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley, said in a statement. [Are Mysterious Fast Radio Bursts Propelling Alien Spacecraft? (Video)]

Siemion is a team member with Breakthrough Listen, a $100 million project that's searching for potential signals from alien civilizations from the 1 million stars closest to the sun, the 100 galaxies nearest our own Milky Way, and the galactic plane.

Some researchers think FRBs — which were discovered in 2007 and remain mysterious today — could be such alien signals. For example, astronomers have speculated that FRBs may be generated by powerful lasers designed to blast alien craft through space at high speeds — a propulsion method akin to that being developed by Breakthrough Listen's ambitious sister project, Breakthrough Starshot. (Aliens aren't the only possible explanation, of course; some scientists think FRBs are likely emitted by fast-rotating neutron stars, for instance.)

So, FRB 121102 — which, as its name suggests, was discovered on Nov. 2, 2012 — was a natural target for the Breakthrough Listen team, researchers said. The scientists, led by Berkeley SETI Research Center postdoctoral researcher Vishal Gajjar, detected the 15 new pulses on Saturday (Aug. 26) using the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia.

"As well as confirming that the source is in a newly active state, the high resolution of the data obtained by the Listen instrument will allow measurement of the properties of these mysterious bursts at a higher precision than ever possible before," Gajjar said in the same statement.

A sequence of 14 of 15 fast radio bursts (FRBs) detected by the Breakthrough Listen team using the Green Bank Telescope. The streaks across the colored energy plot are the FRBs appearing at different times and different energies because of dispersion caused by 3 billion years of travel through intergalactic space.
Credit: Breakthrough Listen/UC Berkeley

To be clear, the Breakthrough Listen team isn't claiming that FRB 121102's pulses are evidence of alien life. But the new observations, and others like it, could lead to a better understanding of FRBs and other puzzling phenomena, researchers said.

"Whether or not fast radio bursts turn out to be signatures of extraterrestrial technology, Breakthrough Listen is helping to push the frontiers of a new and rapidly growing area of our understanding of the universe around us," Siemion said.

The Breakthrough Listen project was announced in July 2015 by billionaire entrepreneur Yuri Milner and a team of scientists, including famed cosmologist Stephen Hawking.

Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

{ https://www.space.com/ }

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Geschreven door peter om 21:22 Stuur door

Time Travel Isn't Possible…Or Is It?

Time Travel Isn't Possible…Or Is It?

Could wormholes — a theoretical phenomenon predicted by general relativity — create shortcuts through spacetime and make time travel possible?
Credit: Shutterstock

Paul Sutter is an astrophysicist at The Ohio State University and the chief scientist at COSI Science Center. Sutter is also host of Ask a Spaceman, We Don’t Planet, and COSI Science Now. 

Special relativity teaches us that the three dimensions of space and the solitary dimension of time are woven together like a fabric. It's impossible to think of them as separate entities, only a singular unified entity — space-time. We can't think of motion through space without being mindful of motion through time, and vice versa. Left-right, up-down, back-forth and past-future are all on equal footing.

And yet, time does seem a little different. We have complete freedom of movement within space, but we cannot avoid our future. Time seems to have an "arrow," whereas the spatial dimensions are ambidextrous. Given the unity between time and space, it leads to the obvious question: Is time travel, of any sort, possible? Under any circumstances? At all? [How Time Travel Works in Science Fiction (Infographic)]

Many science fiction stories explore humanity's desire to travel back in time. Is such a thing really possible in our universe?
Credit: Universal

Oddly enough, the answer is yes! We cannot avoid moving into our futures, but we can control the rate that we move through time. This is a consequence of another lesson from relativity: Not all clocks are the same. 

The speed at which you move through space determines the speed at which you move through time. In the succinct phrase: Moving clocks run slow.

IF you could build a big enough rocket (don't ask me how, that's an engineering problem) to provide a constant acceleration of 1g (9.8 meters per second per second; the same acceleration as provided by the Earth's gravity at its surface), you could reach the center of the Milky Way galaxy — a healthy 20,000 light-years away — in just a couple decades of your personal time.

You could stop for a few hours, have a picnic near Sagittarius A* (the black hole at the center of the galaxy), and then hop back in to your rocket and come back to Earth.

By the time you return you'll be eligible for retirement benefits, if the institution providing those benefits is even around, because while you only traveled for a few decades according to the clock on your ship, about 40,000 years would've passed on the Earth.

Time is relative, but it still flows in the same direction for everyone. To ask if we can go into reverse is the domain of general relativity (GR) — this is the mathematical language we use to not only understand gravity, but the full connection between space-time and motion. 

In GR, we ask a slightly more technical question: Is there any arrangement of matter and energy (the stuff that warps space-time) to permit the existence of closed time-like curves, or CTCs? I know this is jargon but it's a fun phrase to toss around at parties. "Curve" here means a path, "time-like" means you never go faster than the speed of light, and "closed" means it returns to its starting point — in other words, its own past.

So, Oracle of Einstein, are CTCs permitted?

Yes!

Well…. 

Creators of science fiction love to play with time travel, but is such a thing possible in the real universe?
Credit: BBC

There are about half a dozen known configurations of space-time that allow CTCs, or time travel into the past. For example, Kurt Gödel (of Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem fame) discovered that if the expansion of the universe was accelerating (which it is) and the universe is also rotating, CTCs would be allowed and we could travel into our past on a whim.

As far as I can tell, Gödel used this solution to point out to Albert Einstein that perhaps GR wasn't all it was cracked up to be — I mean, come on, shouldn't any self-respecting theory of the natural world avoid such an obviously absurd solution? 

But Gödel's point was moot — all observations indicate that the universe is not rotating, so that particular solution does not apply to our universe, and time travel into the past is verboten.

Ah! But what if we were to construct an infinitely long massive cylinder and set it spinning on its axis near the speed of light. It would drag on space-time around it, and certain paths around that spinning cylinder would end up in their own past. Good thing there are no infinitely long massive cylinders in the universe, or we might have to worry.

Wait, I've got one: If you make a wormhole (a shortcut between two distant locations in space-time) and send one end racing off near the speed of light and bring it back, the normal time-dilation effects would put one end in the "future" of the other, so you could waltz right through the wormhole throat and end up in your past. What's that? Wormholes require "negative mass" to exist, and negative mass does not exist in the universe? Well, hmm.

It's the same story every time (pardon the too-hard-to-resist pun). For every scenario we concoct in general relativity to allow CTCs and time travel into our own past, nature finds a way to confound our plans and rule out the scenario.

What's going on? General relativity allows — in principle — time travel into the past, but it appears to be ruled out in every case. It seems like something funny is afoot, that there ought to be some fundamental rule to disallow time travel. But there isn't one. We can't point to any particle interaction at the subatomic level that clearly prevents the formation of CTCs.

The inevitable progression of time from the past to the future resembles another indomitable law of nature: entropy. That's the iron law of thermodynamics that states that closed systems go from ordered to disordered. (This law explains why an egg will never just happen to unscramble itself if you leave it alone long enough). Is time linked to entropy? Maybe, but that's the subject of another article….

Learn more by listening to the episode "Is time travel possible?" on the Ask A Spaceman podcast, available on iTunes and on the Web at http://www.askaspaceman.com. Thanks to Jack S., Evan W., @myscienceylife, and @TanyaDavis. for the questions that led to this piece! Ask your own question on Twitter using #AskASpaceman or by following Paul @PaulMattSutter and facebook.com/PaulMattSutter.

Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

{ https://www.space.com/ }

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Dickinsonia was toch echt een dier

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Hoe houden we grip op de killer robots?

{ https://www.scientias.nl/ }

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What Existed Before The Big Bang?

What Existed Before The Big Bang?

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Scientists have a few theories.

Most of today's scientists agree the universe as we know it started with the Big Bang. But one question still puzzles experts: What happened before that?

For most of history, it was assumed the universe was fixed, running from the infinite past to the infinite future — meaning, the universe always was, and will always continue to be.

But with Albert Einstein's proposed theory of relativity and the rise of quantum mechanics, new ideas began sprouting up everywhere.

Cosmologists Sean Carroll and Alan Guth proposed one theory known as Two-Headed Time. This is similar to the infinite cosmos idea, except the Big Bang happened in the middle.

According to the theory, a distorted mirror of our universe contracted until 14 billion years ago when it eventually reached its minimum size. Then the Big Bang happened, and our universe has been expanding ever since.

Other physicists have suggested we live in a multiverse, in which our universe sprouted from a parent universe and could be one of many.

Another theory is our universe could be the output of a black hole in another universe: The black hole attracts matter, which gushes out a hole at the other end and gives birth to our universe.

Others propose what's known as the Big Bounce. The idea here is one universe collapsed inward and then bounced back to make an entirely different one.

But perhaps there was nothing before the Big Bang, not even time itself. This is the most widely accepted theory, with some well-known supporters, like cosmologists Alexander Vilenkin and Stephen Hawking.

Scientists currently don't have a way to test any of these proposals; today's telescopes can't even see as far back as the Big Bang, let alone what came before it.

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Humanity is on the verge of discovering alien life, NASA higher-ups say.

Physicists hope within the next few decades, any of these theories or one that's yet-to-be-discovered might finally help explain how the universe began.

 { https://www.newsy.com/ }
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If Aliens Exist, How Would They Find Earth?

If Aliens Exist, How Would They Find Earth?

It might be easier than you think.

Let's assume for a minute that intelligent extraterrestrials exist and that they're just as curious about the universe as we are. If they were looking for habitable exoplanets, how would they find Earth?

It might be easier than you think. Radio signals have been expanding into space since we first harnessed the technology in the 1900s. We've even purposely broadcast messages directly at other stars in the hopes that aliens are listening. So far, they haven't returned our calls.

And if transmissions don't give us away, our emissions might. Since the mid-1700s, we've been filling the atmosphere with a multitude of greenhouse gases. This pollution could be visible to alien astronomers — in the same way they could detect oxygen in our atmosphere. More emissions would slightly alter our atmospheric makeup, indicating that Earth is habitable and that we're a tech-savvy civilization.

There are also maps to Earth currently gliding through space aboard NASA's twin Voyager spacecraft. If aliens ever intercept and decode it, they'll have a handy set of directions.

Or, extraterrestrials might employ one of our most commonly used methods to find exoplanets — transits. Every time a planet crosses in front of its host star, the star's light dims at regular intervals. One team of researchers plotted out which parts of the sky would have the best view of our solar system and found that out of the thousands of known exoplanets, nine are ideally placed to observe Earth transits.

But even if aliens searching for habitable worlds do happen to spot Earth, it could take upward of thousands of years to make contact.

{ https://www.newsy.com/ }
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Could Aliens Ever Spot Earth?

Could Aliens Ever Spot Earth?

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500-Million-Year-Old Creature Looks Like Space Alien in Re-Creation

500-Million-Year-Old Creature Looks Like Space Alien in Re-Creation

A dinner-plate-sized sculpture of a pea-sized Cambrian sea creature, Agnostus pisiformis. This trilobite-like creature dates back 500 million years.
Credit: Esben Horn

It looks like a space alien, or maybe a very deformed clam. But really, it's a re-creation of a 500-million-year-old life-form.

New images show a sculpture of Agnostus pisiformis, a now-extinct arthropod that used to live in what is today Scandinavia. These creatures, just four-tenths of an inch (1 centimeter) long when they were alive, are nevertheless known in exact anatomical detail because they've been preserved so perfectly in shale and limestones.

"The incredible degree of preservational detail means that we can grasp the entire anatomy of the animal, which, in turn, reveals a lot about its ecology and mode of life," Mats E. Eriksson, a geology professor at Lund University who commissioned the sculpted re-creation as part of a new paper in the journal Earth-Science Reviews, said in a statement.

According to that paper, A. pisiformis started life as a larva and developed into adulthood by repeatedly shedding and regrowing its hard exoskeleton. Its body was protected by two shields that looked a bit like clam shells when the animal curled up. Little is known about the creature's ocean-going lifestyle, but it probably plucked bits of organic matter out of the water for food. [Photos: Strange, Eyeless Creatures from the Cambrian Period]

An assemblage of real Agnostus pisiformis fossils.
Credit: Per Ahlberg

The odd little critter is also useful to modern scientists as what's called an index fossil. Index fossils are fossils that appear in only a particular time period, so they're used to date layers of rock: If the fossils appear in a rock layer, there's no question about when that layer formed.

Artists at 10 Tons studio in Denmark created the new lifelike sculptures of A. pisiformis. The process was painstaking and involved multiple steps with hand-modeled clay, wax molds and silicon casts. The final sculptures were made with translucent silicon, and each is about the size of a dinner plate — much larger than the real creatures, which makes it easier to see their anatomy. The artists made a partially unrolled sculpture, mimicking the arthropod's likely positioning during swimming, as well as a rolled-up version to show how its exoskeletal shields would have protected it. They also made a model of the creature as it appears under a scanning electron microscope.

Agnostus pisiformis is an index fossil used to accurately date the layers of rocks where it is found. Many well-preserved fossils discovered in shale and limestone enable researchers to reconstruct their anatomy, including soft tissue.
Credit: Esben Horn

The researchers and artists hope their creations will go on display in a traveling exhibit about the bizarre animals of the Cambrian seas. In their paper, they called the period "one of the most exciting times in Earth history." The Cambrian period was the time of the Cambrian explosion, a rapid diversification of life that gave rise to a host of oddball creatures.

Original article on Live Science.

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{ https://www.livescience.com/ }

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The science of Close Encounters: could we use music to talk to aliens?

The science of Close Encounters: could we use music to talk to aliens? 

CloseEncountersStill_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRytlnBYZqv7cg5L24ah38n6dqKSUeGboYpAFEv-LaIk.jpg?imwidth=450

Close Encounters of The Third Kind

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Close Encounters of the Third Kind suggested that, while light years and galaxies may separate humble humankind and extraterrestrial life, the universal language of music could transcend such differences. Before the mothership opens its glowing gates in Steven Spielberg’s 1977 classic, its passengers collaborate with human experts on a giddy light and sound symphony.

As the film is re-released in cinemas nearly 40 years later, we seem no closer to making first contact with aliens. But if we did, would music really be the best way to communicate with them? 

Close Encounters of the Third Kind was somewhat timely: on September 5, Nasa launched its Voyager programme, which, four decades later, continues to study the solar system. Jonah Katz, a linguistics professor at West Virginia University, tells The Telegraph, “those records were included 'just in case' the probes somehow ended up being discovered by an extraterrestrial; that wasn't the point of the Voyager mission at all”.

Golden Record: Greetings to the Universe contained pictures of life on Earth - such as a woman in a supermarket - as well as music that reflected the diversity of humankind’s creative capabilities. Bach was on there, along with Mozart, Beethoven and Stravinsky, as well as Azerbaijani folk music and Chuck Berry - a controversial choice at the time as some deemed his song Johnny B Goode to be “adolescent”. (Carl Sagan, the Cornell University academic who chaired the record’s creation, argued that there were “a lot of adolescents on the planet”.)

The discs also came with a diagram of how to play them, in the hope that extraterrestrial life might come across the Voyager spacecraft and discover the record. Two years ago, the contents were uploaded online, so all of humankind could listen to them, too. 

In 2008, Nasa beamed a Beatles song towards the North star, but again, this was more for human benefit - a means of celebration of the Beatles' and Nasa's shared anniversaries - than for any aliens.

Nasa engineers installing the 'Golden Record' into Voyager
Nasa engineers installing the 'Golden Record' into Voyager

A couple of years later, scientists from SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute, explained at a conference that human art and music would be of far greater interest to alien life than maths or physics, which have previously been used to try and contact aliens.

Douglas Vakoch, the director of interstellar message composition at SETI, said at the time: “If they’re so advanced, we probably can’t teach them about science, but we can tell them what it’s like to be at this precarious point where we don’t know if we’re going to continue as a species.”

But Katz believes that using the fundamentals of mathematics to communicate with aliens is still a better strategy. “[Music] tends to be 'tacked on' to other kinds of messages that represent more fundamental information about the universe and our place in it,” he says. The laws of physics and maths don’t vary between different points of the universe, but the laws of music do. As Katz explains: “There's no particular reason to think that, say, a melody in a major key would be interpretable or pleasant for an alien. The major scales is not even universal across human cultures.”

The SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) telescope array 
The SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) telescope array in California CREDIT: REUTERS

Bearing scales in mind, the chances of the aliens using exactly the same 12-note chromatic - as they do in Close Encounters of the Third Kind - is extremely unlikely. “It would be extremely far-fetched for extraterrestrials to coincidentally stumble across the same pitch collections, using the same 12-note chromatic,” says Katz.  

Say, however, that our music was heard by aliens and they managed to make sense of its scale, what could we expect to hear back? Spielberg’s symphony isn’t so unrealistic - theoretically speaking, at least: “We often repeat melodies or harmonies more than once, but alter them in some way on the repetitions,” says Katz. “So maybe if we sent a particular kind of melody or harmonic sequence into space, an alien that 'understands' human music could send back a slightly altered repetition to us to show understanding.”

After that, it’s just a case of waiting to see if they want to invade our planet and turn us into slaves, or not.

Related Topics

{ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ }

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Octlantis is a just-discovered underwater city engineered by octopuses

Octlantis is a just-discovered underwater city engineered by octopuses

Gloomy octopus in Octlantis.

The gloomy octopus, lonely no more in Octlantis. (Scheel et al.)

Gloomy octopuses—also known as common Sydney octopuses, or octopus tetricus—have long had a reputation for being loners. Marine biologists once thought they inhabited the subtropical waters off eastern Australia and northern New Zealand in solitude, meeting only to mate, once a year. But now there’s proof these cephalopods sometimes hang out in small cities.

Gloomy octopus of Octlantis. Evicted citizen of Octlantis. (Scheel et al.)

In Jervis Bay, off Eastern Australia, researchers recently spotted 15 gloomy octopuses congregating, communicating, dwelling together, and even evicting each other from dens at a site the scientists named “Octlantis.” The international team of marine biologists, led by professor David Scheel of Alaska Pacific University, filmed these creatures exhibiting complex social behaviors that contradict the received wisdom that these cephalopods are loners. Their study was published in the journal Marine and Freshwater Behavior and Physiology (paywall).

The discovery was a surprise, Scheel told Quartz. “These behaviors are the product of natural selection, and may be remarkably similar to vertebrate complex social behavior. This suggests that when the right conditions occur, evolution may produce very similar outcomes in diverse groups of organisms.”

The mystery of Octopolis

Gloomy octopus. Life in Octlantis. (Peter Godfrey-Smith)

It’s not yet clear what led to the creation of Octlantis or if these sorts of congregations are common.

At least one other gloomy octopus site was found recently, though; it was discovered in 2009, not far away in Jervis Bay, and named Octopolis. At that time it was considered a total anomaly. Researchers believed that the cephalopods gathered there because an unidentifiable human object happened to have formed a central point that the cephalopods surrounded with dens. The unknown artifact was a single object about 30 cm long, heavily encrusted, possibly made of metal. The site has been observed for seven years now, and at any given time, there are somewhere between two and 16 octopuses there.

The gloomy octopus posse. Gloomy posse (each letter indicates an octopus). (Scheel et al.)

In Octlantis, however, there is no similarly mystifying human object to explain the gloomy octopus congregation.

The likely explanation, said Stephanie Chancellor, a study co-author and doctoral student in biological sciences at the University of Illinois-Chicago, in a statement, is that in both Octopolis and Octlantis there were several seafloor rock outcroppings dotting otherwise flat and featureless areas. “In addition to the rock outcroppings, octopuses who had been inhabiting the area had built up piles of shells left over from creatures they ate, most notably clams and scallops. These shell piles, or middens, were further sculpted to create dens, making these octopuses true environmental engineers,” she said.

Gritty city life

Gloomy octopus in Octlantis. Civilization and its discontents. (Scheel et al)

Like any urban environment, Otocopolis and Octlantis can be tough places to live. Citizens must be scrappy. The company and food are abundant but all the activity in the cities also attracts predators, including sharks.

There’s also a lot of aggression apparently, although the researchers can’t yet explain why. Gloomy octopus males seem to spend a great deal of time chasing each other out of dens. Scheel is hesitant to speculate about what exactly this behavior means. “We are still studying this,” he said.

Lonely no more?

Gloomy octopuses aren’t the only supposedly solitary cephalopods to have been spotted interacting socially in the last decade.

Scheel believes that octopus behavior probably hasn’t changed in that time. Rather, humans’ ability to observe the behavior has. Today more divers are in the water with cameras and better technology to quickly communicate findings amongst divers and scientists.

Octlantis.

Complex social behavior evolves over generations. (Scheel et al.)

However, that doesn’t mean cities like Octopolis and Octlantis are super common. “Congregations such as these probably occur wherever shelter is limited to small patches of habitat, and food is plentiful,” he posits. But the marine biologist does suspect the findings show gloomy octopuses have been socializing for a very long time. “Most commonly, the gloomy octopus seems to den by itself,” Scheel writes. “For these complex behaviors to occur, I think that they must encounter one another and interact regularly over generations, even if at any time there are more octopuses living a solitary life than interacting consistently throughout every day.”

{ https://qz.com/ }

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LAWSUIT REVEALS THE NSA RECEIVED 29 “EXTRATERRESTRIAL MESSAGES” FROM SPACE, A LONG TIME AGO

LAWSUIT REVEALS THE NSA RECEIVED 29 “EXTRATERRESTRIAL MESSAGES” FROM SPACE, A LONG TIME AGO

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NSA ontving 29 buitenaardse boodschappen uit de ruimte. Wat proberen ze ons te vertellen?

NSA ontving 29 buitenaardse boodschappen uit de ruimte. Wat proberen ze ons te vertellen?

NSA ontving 29 buitenaardse boodschappen uit de ruimte. Wat proberen ze ons te vertellen?

In een document van de National Security Agency (NSA) wordt bevestigd dat er al contact is geweest met buitenaards leven.

De Amerikaanse geheime dienst heeft bijna 30 boodschappen ontvangen vanuit de ruimte, zo valt af te leiden uit het document.

Niet alle boodschappen uit de ruimte konden worden ontcijferd. Sommige bevatten een wiskundige formule, terwijl andere bestaan uit andere coderingen. Eén van de boodschappen bevat het periodiek systeem.

Rechtszaak

Het contact tussen de aarde en de ruimte heeft plaatsgevonden via de satelliet Spoetnik van de Sovjet-Unie. De NSA heeft het geheime dossier moeten vrijgeven na een jarenlange rechtszaak.

In oktober 2004 moesten de documenten eigenlijk al worden vrijgegeven, maar het duurde tot april 2011 voordat ze eindelijk beschikbaar waren.

De NSA heeft jarenlang geprobeerd te voorkomen dat dit document naar buiten zou komen. Een rechter oordeelde echter dat dat in strijd is met de wet.

Mysterie

Dr. Howard Campaigne en enkele andere wiskundigen van de NSA moesten de boodschappen ontcijferen.

Hij gaf aan dat zijn team sommige boodschappen had weten te ontcijferen, maar dat andere in mysterie gehuld bleven.

“We weten inmiddels wat de basissymbolen betekenen en belangrijker nog: we weten hoe de zinsbouw in elkaar zit,” zei hij.

Meer gegevens

“We hebben enkele woorden voor complexe begrippen en als we meer gegevens krijgen kunnen we ze vertalen,” voegde hij toe.

In het stuk staat alleen niet wat Campaigne en zijn collega’s precies hebben ontdekt en welke woorden ze hebben kunnen vertalen.

Het document is hier te bekijken.

[Collective-evolution] 
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Planet 9 Probably Isn’t an Exoplanet, After All

Planet 9 Probably Isn’t an Exoplanet, After All

planet_9_art_1_14001-1-750x300.jpg
IN BRIEF
Scientists thought Planet 9 might be an exoplanet captured by the Sun in its early days, but new mathematical applications have proven that the likelihood of planet-swapping for the potential new solar sister is near zero. This raises the question: how could the big planet have gotten so far out there?

NO STRANGE WANDERER

Planet 9 probably isn’t from another star, according to researchers from the UK and Switzerland. According to a paper on the Cornell University Library archive, while previous studies show how planet-sized objects can be captured during the early evolution and dissolution of stellar nurseries, it seems several constraints reduce the probability of interstellar planet-swapping to a near-zero value, in the case of Planet 9.

Not long ago, scientists like Alexander Mustill of Lund University observed unusual orbital characteristics of several objects in the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt — a cloud of frozen objects beyond the orbit of Neptune — and hypothesized the presence of an interstellar interloper; essentially, a (former) exoplanet snatched up by the Sun’s gravitational forces soon after it was born, roughly 4.5 billion years ago.

Roughly 20 times the mass of Earth, this ninth planet’s effects on other distant bodies would place it in an eccentric elliptical orbit, up to 60 degrees off the solar orbital plane. If confirmed, Planet 9 is estimated between 150-350 AU away. That’s at least 150 times farther from the Sun than the Earth.

Image Credit: NASAblueshift via VisualHunt / CC BY

It’s difficult for a massive planet to form so far from the interior of a new solar system, where most of the mass accumulates into planets. Consequently, some speculated that Planet 9 may have been captured, or “stolen” from another star in the Sun’s salad days.

At present our Sun is in a low-density stellar environment betwixt the spiral arms of our galaxy. But since planet formation occurs almost immediately (on a cosmic timescale) after a star is born, when the sun was born — in one of the denser, stellar-nursery sectors of the galaxy — it was in close proximity with other stars and their newborn planets.

A RAUCOUS STELLAR NURSERY

In their paper, the authors set out to determine whether a significant fraction of stars can capture free-floating planetary-mass objects (FFLOPs) in original, star-birthing environments where orbits are close enough to allow our young Sun to pilfer Planet 9.

They found that the number of planets pulled away from wide and fragile orbits is independent of the total mass of a star-forming region. Put another way: common sense suggests more people meet up in a city than a small town, even by brute force of statistics. But if humans were stars, and dates were planet-swaps, Twin Peaks would see as many meetups as New York City. (Though there aren’t that many Dale Coopers.)

Indeed, the fraction of planets expected to be swapped depends on the initial bulk velocity of their stellar nursery (i.e., the speed and direction of a whole group of newborn stars). The researchers found that FFLOPs are twice as likely to swap in looser, unbound regions of stars undergoing rapid expansion than in regions tight enough to collapse into a star cluster.

In contrast, planets swapped in tight-knit star clusters are more likely to have had bulk velocities that placed their trajectory in the neighborhood where Planet 9 could be swept up. That means that there was a good entry window for Planet 9 to be swapped, but it would have been one of the most rare and improbable kind.

(EXO)PLANET 9: A F(F)LOP HYPOTHESIS

Considering both dense and loosely packed stellar groups together, the scientists found the number of candidate planets that meet the conditions necessary for Planet 9 to be where we think it is is extremely low; around 5-10, from an initial population of 10,000 FFLOPs.

The authors of the study concluded that only 1-6 percent of planets are snatched by stars in star-forming sectors, in the regions with a significant population of FFLOPs. This means the probability of Planet 9 being a step-planet of interstellar swapping is almost zero, much lower than the estimate provided by Mustill et al.

The-Kuiper-orbit_v4.jpg

The authors explained their differing conclusion as a result of alternate mathematical methods of calculating initial star velocities, and the absence of the “rogue planet” assumption. However, this raises the question: how could something 20 times the mass of Earth get so far out?

How planets (and their orbits) form in young solar systems remains a big mystery in astrophysics. As with many other things, the initial conditions of planet formation set the cosmic stage for everything to come, influencing the behavior of every other planet in our system. That’s why when spacecraft like Juno map the interior Jupiter, considered the first formed planet in our solar system, we get a peer into the ancient wonders of how our solar system came to be the way it is, and this knowledge will enhance our search for life in the far reaches of the galaxy.

{ https://futurism.com/ }

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