What If Genetically Modified People Became the Norm?

What If Genetically Modified People Became the Norm?

SHENZEN, China — Amy and John Bollinsworth are sitting on a white couch in the waiting room of BabyX, China’s chain of premiere fertility clinics. Two days ago they flew from London with a mixture of excitement and anxiousness for today’s appointment with their genetic counselor.
After a month’s discussion and going through the BabyX’s gene catalogue, they’re ready to pick out the traits of their future baby: a piercing blue eyed, curly-red haired girl with tiny freckles on her face and a gene enabling her to sleep just a couple of hours a night and feel rested.
It is 2070, the year when China registered five million “designer babies” being born, up 20% from last year and expected to continue growing. BabyX, a part state-owned enterprise, is at the forefront on the boom. Developed out of GHealth, a consumer genomics company offering genetic tests to improve fertility treatments, BabyX received the first commercial baby-engineering license in 2030.
“We’re happy to be able to provide a high quality genetic service to our customers coming from over 50 countries across the world,” said Xiao Bao, head of BabyX business operations, speaking at a recent launch of a new product line in Beijing — a gene catalogue of sports traits including increased reaction speed, endurance, among others.
BabyX is one of many companies which sprung up during the genomics revolution in the first half of the 21st century. In 2014 the total sequencing market was estimated at $1.9 billion, with the potential market being estimated at $23 billion. For reproductive testing market, the opportunity was estimated to be close to $2.0 billion annually.
The “designer babies” are created using CRISPR gene editing, a technique that allows genes to be modified at specific desired locations within the genome and that became commonly used in laboratories around the world in early 2010s.
Gene editing is done using a tool called CRISPR-Cas9. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats. The name refers to the DNA sequence within the bacterial system where CRISPR was initially discovered. The DNA sequence repeats itself over and over again with unique sequences in-between the repeating palindromic ones. Cas9 is a protein which acts like molecular scissors, while a guiding piece of RNA (the other molecule essential to life) works as a small tag pointing Cas9 to which area in the DNA it should go and then where it should make very precise cuts. One way to think about CRISPR is as a text editor where you could search the given text of your genome, find the place where you want to edit it and make a change.
The technology has developed rapidly since the 2010s, although it initially ran into heavy resistance. Around forty countries, including China, discouraged or banned the editing tool to genetically engineer germline cells — cells whose change in the genome will be passed onto the progeny.
After publishing the first study on human embryos in 2015, where scientists attempted to modify a gene responsible for B-thalassaemia, a fatal blood disorder, China took the lead from the US in genome editing of embryos.
Whereas in the US, the federal funding of germline gene editing research was prohibited, the B-thalassaemia study was funded by the Chinese government. Within the next decade, technical challenges on the road to designer babies were overcome. One of the biggest challenges was preventing CRISPR going rogue and acting on unintended sites within the genome. This could lead to unwanted mutations such as inadvertently activating a cancer-causing gene or allowing pieces of chromosome to come together in a genomic rearrangement called a translocation, one of the causes of diseases like chronic myeloid leukemia. But by 2025 CRISPR system evolved up to the point where such off-targeting was strictly controllable.
The same year, 2025, China established its Human Fertilization Agency and lifted the ban on embryo genome editing, paving the way to commercializing the science behind it. The role of the Human Fertilization agency was to issue licenses to private and governmental organizations to use embryo genome editing for commercial and research purposes.
This move prompted huge criticism from some quarters, summoning an unusual alliance between parts of the scientific and religious communities. Critics appealed to UNESCO’s Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rightsand the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, which declare the human genome part of the heritage of humanity. Others said it violated the altered children’s human rights.
In China, these arguments were brushed aside. “China supports human rights and is a leader in the fight to improve health around the world with use of genetic engineering. UNESCO declarations do not create a legally binding obligations for the countries which signed them,” was the only short statement given from the communications department of the Human Fertilization Agency. After this act, a number of private designer genomic clinics sprung up in China.
The first “designer baby” was born in 2030 in Tianjin: Adam, a boy with purple eyes and golden locks framing his heart-shaped face. Like the Bollinsworths’ future daughter, Adam also had the ability to sleep just a couple of hours a day and feel rested. The activation of this gene enhanced the productivity of the working population by 3 percent around 2070, when the generation after Adam’s began entering the workforce. In the 2030s, though, it initially just meant longer sleepless nights for Adam’s parents.
Adam and other designer babies were born with enhanced intellectual abilities and physical appearances, designed to be more attractive based on population wide polls. However, the superhuman life they were given to lead came at a price.
In the decades after Adam’s birth debates raged from questions of serving genetically enhanced people to the need for different grading systems adapted to designer children’s enhanced abilities. Private schools appeared, offering accelerated curriculum specially catering for designer children. Education specialists warned that designer children could face similar challenges as gifted learners. A 2006 study, reported that 67% of gifted individuals experienced some form of bullying by the age of 14 within the educational system and therefore could face higher rates of suicide and depression.
The rise of genetically-modified people also quickly provoked fear, particularly in the US.
On Time Magazine’s 2040 Person-of-the-Year cover, a 10 year-old Adam stared out under the headline, “U.S. or Them” — just a decade after he had appeared on it under a celebratory one. A month earlier, the U.S. had banned entrance to all genetically-modified people, except in cases where the modification was medical-related.
“We won’t let those monsters enter our country and procreate with our citizens!” Benjamin Jackson, the country’s controversial president, had told TV cameras, as he signed an executive order imposing the ban.
There had also been a fearful reaction in Europe, where France required special visas for GM-people entering. Countries enforced strict border controls where the special visa stamped in the passport contained a barcode with person’s stored genome sequence, allowing immigration officers to see what modifications had been made.
Just five years before that, in 2035 the world had celebrated a milestone together. Thirty two OECD countries had recorded zero new cases of cystic fibrosis. In more than two thirds of cases the difference between suffering the disease or not had proved to be just a single missing letter in a person’s genome.
This disease was just one of many genetic disorders that future generations in developed countries would know nothing about. Progress was still uneven though, while developed nations were making huge strides towards disease eradication, developing countries faced the same problems as in the past: poor medical access and unaffordable prices of genetic engineering. Similar to prices of insulin which soared in 2010s, the price of a genetic modification didn’t depend only on the price of technology. Although the technology was getting cheaper, prices often depended more on the politics around governments and the pharmaceutical companies providing the service. Genetic engineering of embryos came coupled with IVF treatments, which, according to the Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago, in their basic form without CRISPR came with a price tag of $15,000, making them unattainable for populations of developing countries.
But, while throughout the 2030s the world embraced editing embryo’s genomes as a way to eradicate heritable diseases, enhancing the genetic traits of your offspring remained intensely contested.
The EU and the US initially banned any kind of genetic manipulation which didn’t directly aid disease prevention and treatment. Asian and Latin American countries, however — led by Japan, China, Brazil and India — allowed the creation of designer babies under one condition: a designed life couldn’t create life, all people created this way were compulsorily born sterile.
Unsurprisingly, the technology was quickly identified as a potential means of population control, particularly in countries where policies meant to target overcrowding were already in place. The same year Adam was born, China, released a planning document estimating a 1:1 ratio of designer vs. normal newborns would lead to a decrease in the population numbers. India projected that by 2080 a quarter of its births would be designer babies, conducted under a public births program. As the GM-people matured, adoptions also surged.
After half a year in China and two IVF treatments, Amy and John Bollinsworth returned to London expecting a child. Not everyone was pleased by their decision — some friends refused to hold baby Jemima. Many things though were the same for them as any other family — there were still waiting lists for childcare, and the scrambling later to get her into the right school catchment area. Even in a world of genetically-designed life some things didn’t change.






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