Analysis of a Martian meteorite reveals evidence of water 4.4 billion years ago

by University of Tokyo

A meteorite that originated on Mars billions of years ago reveals details of ancient impact events on the red planet. Certain minerals from the Martian crust in the meteorite are oxidized, suggesting the presence of water during the impact that created the meteorite. The finding helps to fill some gaps in knowledge about the role of water in planet formation.

There's a longstanding question in planetary science about the origin of water on Earth, Mars and other large bodies such as the moon. One hypothesis says that it came from asteroids and comets post-formation. But some planetary researchers think that water might just be one of many substances that occur naturally during the formation of planets. A new analysis of an ancient Martian meteorite adds support for this second hypothesis.

Several years ago, a pair of dark meteorites were discovered in the Sahara Desert. They were dubbed NWA 7034 and NWA 7533, where NWA stands for North West Africa and the number is the order in which meteorites are officially approved by the Meteoritical Society, an international planetary science organization. Analysis showed these meteorites are new types of Martian meteorites and are mixtures of different rock fragments.

The earliest fragments formed on Mars 4.4 billion years ago, making them the oldest known Martian meteorites. Rocks like this are rare and can fetch up to $10,000 per gram. But recently 50 grams of NWA 7533 was acquired for analysis by the international team in which Professor Takashi Mikouchi at the University of Tokyo was participating.

"I study minerals in Martian meteorites to understand how Mars formed and its crust and mantle evolved. This is the first time I have investigated this particular meteorite, nicknamed Black Beauty for its dark color," said Mikouchi. "Our samples of NWA 7533 were subjected to four different kinds of spectroscopic analysis, ways of detecting chemical fingerprints. The results led our team to draw some exciting conclusions."

It's well known to planetary scientists that there has been water on Mars for at least 3.7 billion years. But from the mineral composition of the meteorite, Mikouchi and his team deduced it's likely there was water present much earlier, at around 4.4 billion years ago.

"Igneous clasts, or fragmented rock, in the meteorite are formed from magma and are commonly caused by impacts and oxidation," said Mikouchi. "This oxidation could have occurred if there was water present on or in the Martian crust 4.4 billion years ago during an impact that melted part of the crust. Our analysis also suggests such an impact would have released a lot of hydrogen, which would have contributed to planetary warming at a time when Mars already had a thick insulating atmosphere of carbon dioxide."

If there was water on Mars earlier than thought, that suggests water is possibly a natural byproduct of some process early on in planet formation. This finding could help researchers answer the question of where water comes from, which in turn could impact theories on the origins of life and the exploration for life beyond Earth.

• A Martian mash up: Meteorites tell story of Mars' water history

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{ https://phys.org/ }

Mars is so arid because its water is constantly escaping into space, as seen in this illustration. A new study suggests this process can occur higher in the atmosphere and more quickly than previously thought.

GSFC/NASA, LASP/CU

By Lisa Grossman

• Questions or comments on this article? E-mail us at feedback@sciencenews.org

{ https://www.sciencenews.org/ }

-

SCIENTISTS THINK THEY'VE FINALLY DISCOVERED WHAT HAPPENED TO MARS' WATER

HOW DID MARS LOSE ITS WATER? 

It’s one of the Solar System’s most enduring mysteries on one of its most intriguing planets.

Now, thanks to NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, scientists have gained a richer understanding of the Martian atmosphere, getting to the core of how the planet functions — and they think they have an answer to the enigma.

To understand where the Martian water went, scientists looked up — a little over 92 miles, or 150 kilometers above the Martian surface, to be precise. What they found is detailed in a new study published Thursday in the journal Science.

Shane Stone is a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona and one of the authors on the new study. Looking at this specific part of the planet's atmosphere, rather than its surface, was critical to the scientists' newfound understanding of what happened to its water, he tells Inverse.

“This is the part of the atmosphere where we're transitioning from the atmosphere to space. It’s not a hard edge, but a smooth transition,” Stone says.

All planets with an atmosphere, including Earth, have this transitory space. Earth’s is known as the exosphere. It’s where the light from stars breaks apart neutral molecules into their constituent parts, like carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.

And it is in this transitional space that Stone’s team found traces of water.

“It’s a real surprise and has significant implications for understanding the escape of water from the planet,” Stone says.

DUST DEVILS

According to the new data, dust storms rising from the Martian surface appear to have been slowly sucking away the planet's water over the course of millions of years by sweeping water molecules up on a wild journey into the atmosphere. This happens on Earth, too — evaporated water molecules travel upwards until they condense from a gas back into a liquid, becoming rain-filled clouds. Where this process happens is known as the hygropause.

“On Mars, the hygropause is not operating as efficiently as it should be, not as efficiently as Earth’s hygropause,” Stone says. As a result, when water moves into Mars' upper atmosphere, it reacts with atmospheric molecules and is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen — the hydrogen can then escape the Martian atmosphere entirely, the study suggests — and is ultimately lost to space forever.

The findings shed light on the Red Planet's evolution from a wet world, perhaps similar to Earth, to the desert-like world we know today. Scientists believe that while the Martian surface is riddled with ancient lake beds and rivers, the only water remaining may be trapped underground.

MARTIAN WEATHER

 MAVEN can conduct research during Martian dust storms. While most other satellites take circular orbits, meaning they look at the same part of Mars at the same time of day, over and over again, MAVEN “samples different conditions on Mars continually, in terms of times of day, longitude and latitude," Stone says.

The Red Planet experiences regular regional dust storms, but in 2018 the planet was overtaken by a global dust storm. Stone describes the event as “very lucky” for the team, as it provided an unprecedented view of how the entire planet reacts to a storm.

Not everyone would refer to the 2018 storm as "lucky." While MAVEN was busy watching the skies, NASA’s Opportunity rover was patrolling the Martian surface. The dust storms settled on Opportunity’s solar panels, blocking out the sun’s rays and depriving it of energy — eventually putting an end to the rover’s historic journey.

“We were absolutely ecstatic when we got that dust storm...it giveth and it taketh away,” Stone says.

Abstract: 

Mars has lost most of its once-abundant water to space, leaving the planet cold and dry. In standard models, molecular hydrogen produced from water in the lower atmosphere diffuses into the upper atmosphere where it is dissociated, producing atomic hydrogen, which is lost. Using observations from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft, we demonstrate that water is instead transported directly to the upper atmosphere, then dissociated by ions to produce atomic hydrogen. The water abundance in the upper atmosphere varied seasonally, peaking in southern summer, and surged during dust storms, including the 2018global dust storm. We calculate that this transport of water dominates the present-day loss of atomic hydrogen to space and influenced the evolution of Mars’ climate.

Correction: 

• A previous version of this article misstated the constituent parts of carbon dioxide. We regret the error.

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{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

STELLAR FOSSILS REVEAL THE "KRAKEN" IN THE MILKY WAY'S PAST

BY: MONICA YOUNG 

• RELATED POSTS

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{  https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/ }

Astronomers were able to detail our Milky Way galaxy’s first “family tree” and it revealed that the largest collision occurred around 11 billion years ago with another galaxy that was named after a mythical sea monster.

The collision between the Milky Way and Kraken galaxies is definitely an exciting revelation for those who work in the field of astronomy because it occurred about 11 billion years ago when our galaxy was in its developmental stages and its early history has remained a mystery for so many years.

While intergalactic collisions were fairly common in ancient times, the one that occurred between Milky Way and Kraken was so massive that it actually changed our galaxy’s appearance. A few examples of ancient collisions include the “Helmi Streams” event that occurred approximately 10 billion years ago; the Sequoia event that happened about a billion years later; and the Gaia-Enceladus event that occurred a short time later around 9 billion years ago. In fact, the Gaia-Enceladus event was believed to have been the biggest ever collision with our galaxy until experts uncovered the Kraken event.

Milky Way

According to Dr. Diederik Kruijssen from the University of Heidelberg and who co-authored the study, since the merger with Kraken occurred 11 billion years ago when our galaxy was around four times smaller than it is today, it would make sense that the event changed its appearance.

Our galaxy is huge at about 100,000 light-years across with spiral arms and a peanut-shaped core. So in order for the experts to find out how it became so massive, they used artificial intelligence to study global clusters that contain up to a million stars.

Dr. Kruijssen as well as Dr. Joel Pfeffer from Liverpool John Moores University and a team of international researchers created computer simulations of our galaxy called E-Mosaics which allowed them to study different global clusters.

Milky Way

There are over 150 clusters in the Milky Way and many of them were created in other small galaxies that eventually merged with ours. Around five galaxies with over 100 million stars and approximately 15 galaxies with a minimum of 10 million stars all merged into the Milky Way, with the largest ones colliding with us between 6 and 11 billion years ago.

Their research was published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society where it can be read in full.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

B-52 Encounter With An Alien Craft Near Minot Air Force Base

A reproduction of the events from the Minot Air Force base incident

MINOT AIR FORCE BASE – Project Blue Book case dated October 24, 1968, when missile crews, control personnel and maintenance personnel observed a UFO in the vicinity of the base. The following is the tape between the air controllers and the B-52 crew with call sign JAG Three one.

At 0330 hours: The controllers received the information that there was a UFO 24 miles to the northwest. A B-52 jet bomber (JAG 31) flying at 2000 feet was on a calibration check and requests a clearance from radar personnel.

At 0334 “MIB (Minot) approach control does JAG 31 have clearance to WT fix at Flight Level 2000?”

JAG 31, Roger climb out on a heading of 290 climb and maintain 5000. Stand by for higher altitude. We’re trying to get it from center now.

At 0335, the controller asked, “And JAG 31 on your way out to the WT fix request you look out toward your one o’clock position for the next fifteen miles and see if you see any orange glows out there? “Roger, roger glows 31, “Someone is seeing UFOs again!” “Roger I see a…….. (Rest of transmission garbled)

An aerial view of the facility

At 0352, The controller then radioed, “Three one, the UFO is being picked up by weather’s radar also. Should be at our one o’clock position three miles now”

The pilot said, “We have nothing on our airborne radar and I’m in some pretty thick haze now and unable to see out that way.”

At 0358, the pilot then requested an instrument guided approach, and received instructions. The pilot called, and then the transmitter went dead, but they could hear instructions from the ground. The controller asked them to squawk ident,” which meant to use the aircraft’s transponder which would paint the controller’s radar with a large, glowing blip with the aircraft’s identification.

At 0400, the controller then radioed, “JAG 31 if you hear me squawk ident…JAG 31 ident observed. Cleared for the approach attempt. Contact on frequency 271 decimal three and you’re cleared for the low approach. They continued to have radio problems for another couple of minutes.

At 0402, they were able to communicate easily. The pilot said, “Our UFO was off to our left side when we started penetration.

A depiction of the sighting from the control tower

“Roger, understand you did see something on your left side.” “We had a radar return at about a mile and a quarter, at nine o’clock position for about the time we left 200 to 14…”They discussed the troubles with the transmission and then, the controller asked, “Affirmative. I was wondering how far out did you see that UFO?”

“He was about one and a half miles off our left wing at 35 miles when we started in and stayed with us ’til about 10.”

“I wonder if that could have been your radio troubles?”

“I don’t know…. But that’s exactly when they started. “At 0413, Jag 31 are you observing any more UFOs? Negative on radar. We can’t see anything visually.

JAG 31, request you have someone report to base ops after you land.

What we have, then, was a group of sightings made by men on the ground, at the missile sites scattered around the base. There was radar sightings from ground and weather’s radar. There were visual sightings from the crew of the B-52, and an airborne radar sighting where the target traveled at 3,000 miles per hour.

Scope photographs were taken. There were sightings made by S.Sgt. Bond the FSC at Nov. Flight, S.Sgt. Smith at Oscar-1, Julelt, and Mike Flight Team and a number of men in widely scattered locations.

The object landed at location AA-43 and the entire observation lasted for 45 minutes. Fourteen other people in separate locations also reported the UFO. Security alarm were activated for both the outer and inner ring at the missile sites. When the guards arrived at the outer door it was open and the combination lock on the inner door had been moved.

Witness sketch of the UFO sighting

An image of the radar readings

Editors Note:

The case in my estimation was never investigated properly. Project Blue Book personnel never sent a representative and the case was essentially written off despite the interest of several Strategic Air Command generals including 15th Air Force’s Major General Nichols.

The sighting was officially explained by on November 13, by Lt. Col. Hector Quintanilla who wrote, “The following conclusions have been reached after a thorough study of the data submitted to Foreign Technology Division. The ground visual sightings appear to be of the star Sirius and the B-52, which was flying in the area.

The B-52 radar contact and the temporary loss of the UHF transmission could be attributed to a plasma similar to ball lightning. The air visual from the B-52 could be the star Vega, which was on the horizon at the time, or it could be a light on the ground, or possibly a plasma. No further investigation by the Foreign Technology Division is contemplated.

This is a classic Blue Book case where dozens of Air Force personnel who see B-52s and stars nightly have their testimony doubted. They know when they’ve seen a UFO. In this case the scientists doing the Condon report agreed that this was a real UFO.

The apparent damage to the missile site and disruption of B-52 radio transmissions was in my opinion a threat to primary nuclear offensive systems and should not have been trivialized. The records speak for themselves. This article was taken from Scientific Ufology written by Captain Kevin D. Randle USAFR.

It appears Quintanilla either did not care or had instructions to write off most of the sightings with any available excuse. I wonder why the reports were white washed, while the Air Force’s scientific advisor Alan Hynek was coming to the opposite conclusion that, UFOs were real? NOTE: The above image is CGI.

KEN PFEIFER WORLD UFO PHOTOS AND NEWS

HTTP://WWW.WORLDUFOPHOTOS.ORG

HTTP://WWW.WORLDUFOPHOTOSANDNEWS.ORG

HTTP://WWW.NEWDISCOVERIES51.YOLASITE.COM

HTTP://WWW.UFOCASEBOOK.COM CASE FILES

GOOGLE…………….KEN PFEIFER UFO

YOU TUBE…………….KEN PFEIFER RADIO SHOWS

Source: 

• http://worldufophotosandnews.org/?p=28142

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30 Meter UFO Shoots Out Of Volcano In Mexico, Nov 14, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Nov 14, 2020

Location of sighting: Popocatepetl, Mexico

Source: Live Cam

 

I was watching the live cam and noticed a bright object coming out of the volcanos side. At first I thought it was the moon, but the object shot away in under two minutes and the moon moves slowly. The stars above the volcano never moved while all this was happening. The glowing object had a trail behind it for about 3 seconds after leaving the volcano side exit, but the trail soon disappeared. I have observed this and Colima for over 12 years and caught many UFOs entering and leaving this volcano. That is why I have come to the conclusion that there must be an alien base 6km below the volcano and that the volcano is not really active naturally, but made active by the aliens to keep curious humans away. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

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1 Orb splits into 5 orbs over Boston, MA 13-Nov-2020

This video was just posted on MUFON’s website today. This strange event apparently happened over Boston, Massachusetts on 13th November 2020.

Witness report: 

It’s not a balloon or a star Witnessed by 3

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Orbs appearing then disappearing over Cream Ridge, NJ 14-Nov-2020

This UFO sighting happened over Cream Ridge, New Jersey on 14th November 2020.

Witness report: 

The video attached is NOT our first experience of this. This is NOT a plane, these orbs appear and disappear as they’re moving. Planes fly around because we live by Fort Dix so we can tell what is a plane and what is not. This is no plane or helicopter.

Check out this amazing book about the top 10 UFO cases in the history

Get your’s on Amazon: Top 10 UFO Sightings: Best Cases: Aliens are visiting us

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UFO Video: “Seen by a few people over Lake Gaston, North Carolina tonight”

This UFO sighting video was just submitted to us through our Facebook page. This happened on 13th November 2020 over Lake Gaston, is a hydroelectric reservoir in North Carolina.

Witness report: 

Seen by a few people over Lake Gaston , North Carolina tonight. Up to 5 lights and someone saw fireballs at sunset. We saw 4 lights, 2 sets running parallel really slow with no other lights. Right at sunset.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

UFOs have been seen over soccer matches. Numerous football players – including the American kind – have reported UFO encounters. So it would be an easy connect-the-dots conclusion that there might be a Universe Cup someday that includes both humans and ETs. Might there also be a universal Ultimate Fighting Championship to determine the top cosmic mixed martial arts fighter? UFC star Diego Sanchez wouldn’t be surprised by that. In fact, he may already have been scouted by the opposition.

“Today a powerful portal of light energy is open. If there ever was a night to connect with the universe tonight is the night. I have been celebrating and connecting all day.”

What got veteran UFC welterweight and middleweight champion Diego “The Nightmare” Sanchez so excited that he spent the day tweeting about it instead of working out for his next bout?

“I was doing energy work on my patio as a ufo flew right up on me I called for my daughter quick quick she watched this thing Hoover only hundreds of feet away Albuquerque is a trip sightings are regular here. But this shit was contact tonight it was obvious it was watching me”

Alien UFC?

Watching for what? Sanchez, who lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico, says he was working out, so this could have been ETs checking him out for a future bout – or perhaps looking to expand their team by adding a human … albeit an old one by UFO standards – Sanchez is 38. Maybe they’re looking for a trainer – he’s been competing since 2002 and fought as recently as September 27, 2020 – a fight he lost by unanimous decision.

Or could it be something else?

Sanchez once claimed he thought he was dying after smoking weed. When he made weight for his UFC 171 fight against Myles Jury, he celebrated with a dinner of raw beef and raw eggs – which made him ill and caused him to lose the fight. And, of course, he’s a mixed martial arts fighter, so he’s taken a lot of blows to the head. That could explain how few of the commenters on his Twitter feed seem to accept his sighting as legitimate. It would be nice to have some photos or videos (he doesn’t seem to have those) or a sworn testimony from his daughter (no word on that either).

Did you say you saw a UFO? Well, I see Uranus.

On the other hand, Sanchez isn’t the only to have claimed to see a UFO. Former Light Heavyweight Champion Tito Ortiz reported seeing one in 2017 (it turned out to be a SpaceX rocket launch) and former welterweight titleholder Georges St. Pierre, without going into details, has claimed in interviews that he’s deathly afraid of space aliens and occasionally loses large blocks of time which he cannot explain. (I’m not saying it’s blows to the head, but …)

What, if anything, did Diego Sanchez see from his New Mexico patio? Until we get more witnesses or an official challenge from an ET UFC for a bout, it’s a mystery.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Experts have recently studied two Egyptian mummies that were discovered back in the year 1615 in a rock-cut tomb. The remains were analyzed by using CT scans that revealed interesting facts about the deceased individuals.

The two mummies, in addition to a third one that was on display in Egypt, are the only surviving “stucco-shrouded portrait mummies” from the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Saqqara. And they weren’t buried in coffins as their bodies were put on wooden boards and then wrapped up in a textile that was decorated with gold, 3D plaster, and a portrait of the individual. They were described as a “beautiful mummy shroud” by Stephanie Zesch, who is a physical anthropologist and Egyptologist at the German Mummy Project at Reiss Engelhorn Museum in Mannheim, Germany, as well as the lead researcher of the study.

The three mummies that were studied were an adult male and two females (one adult woman and one teenager) who lived sometime during the late Roman period (30 BC to 395 AD). The females were both still wearing several necklaces and other artifacts were found with the individuals such as coins that may have been placed with them as a payment to the Roman and Greek deity Charon who was said to carry the souls of the deceased across the River Styx.

(Not the mummies mentioned in this article.)

The CT scans showed what types of medical conditions the individuals suffered from, such as advanced arthritis in the adult female’s left knee. In an interview with Live Science, Zesch stated, “The examination of the individuals yielded that they died at rather young ages … however, the cause of death of the individuals could not be determined.”

As for their body sizes and when they died, the male, who passed away between 25 and 30 years of age, was about 5 feet 4 inches tall. He had two unerupted teeth (those are teeth that hadn’t grown in yet) and numerous cavities. Several of his bones were broken but researchers believe those happened when he was unwrapped after being found.

The adult female, who stood around 4 feet 11 inches in height, passed away between 30 and 40 years of age. The female teenager was approximately 5 feet 1 inch in height and passed away when she was between 17 and 19 years old. The scan revealed that she had a benign tumor in her spine (called vertebral hemangioma) which was odd as it normally shows up in people over 40 years of age.

(Not the mummies mentioned in this article.)

The adults’ brains were not preserved and they couldn’t find any proof that they had been removed prior to their burials. On the other hand, the teenager’s brain was preserved (despite shrinking over the years) as well as her internal organs. “We are quite sure there was no removing the brain or the internal organs,” Zesch noted, adding, “It’s very probable that those mummies were only preserved because of a kind of dehydration with the use of [the desiccation mixture] natron, but there is not a huge amount of embalming liquids.” (Pictures from the scans can be seen here.)

An example of a ‘grain mummy’ (600 – 400 BC) in the form of the god Horus ( CC by SA 4.0 / Wolfgang Sauber )

Archaeologists from the Reiss Engelhorn Meuseu, Germany, had to use CT scans as, unlike other mummies, the bodies were coated in a hard plaster shell - not wood

They are the only known surviving 'stucco-shrouded portrait mummies' from Saqqara - an ancient Egyptian necropolis - and were first discovered in 1615

Dating back to between the third and fourth century AD, researchers found they contained the remains of a teenager girl, a man in his 20s and a woman in her 30s

An example of a ‘corn mummy’ in the form of the god Osiris. While the mummy looks like a small child, it is actually made with mud and grains

( CC by SA 3.0 / Bombaladan )

The man died between the ages of 25 and 30, was about 5ft 4in and some of his bones were broken and jumbled - possibly due to someone trying to unwrap him

At least one of the three mummies had been buried with their organs - including the brain - and both females were wearing necklaces, according to the researchers

The body is placed on a wooden board, covered in a shroud and then coated in plaster and gold to create a shell which is then painted to show the whole body

The research was published in the journal PLOS One where it can be read in full.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

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{ https://www.hln.be/ }

The Dulce Secrets! Shocking ET Underground Bases

COAST TO COAST AM INSIDER Archived Show -  Author Richard Sauder returned to discuss the latest evidence of underground bases and tunnels. During the first two segments he was joined by the Director of Astrosciences Research Network, Bill Hamilton, who became interested in underground bases as part of his research into UFOs.

Given maps by John Lear, Hamilton said he checked out Dulce, NM to see if he could find any evidence for an underground base that was allegedly jointly operated by aliens and the US military. A security guard named “Thomas” said he escaped from Dulce’s cylindrical base that extended down seven levels, but was not able to provide any proof, reported Hamilton, who added that the area is also known for anomalies such as orbs, UFOs, and animal mutilations. 

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3.7 Mile Long UFO Orbiting Saturn, Lets Contact It! Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: Nov 13, 2020
Location of sighting: moon of Saturn

NASA Source: 

• https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/ijiraq/in-depth/

I was checking out Saturn and accident came across a moon which is not a moon, but an alien ship orbiting Saturn. Moons rotate...this does not. Moons are usually round, this is not. Moons are thousands of miles across, this is not. 

NASA says this object from end to end is 3.7 miles across or 6km. The object is 11.4 million miles from Saturn and has an orbit of 452 days. This UFO is similar to a few others that have been seen passing Earths sun. 

Now we have identified a 3.7 mile long UFO orbiting Saturn...I would assume the next step would be to try to contact it using a radio telescope and send the same message on several different methods...radio waves, micro waves, and laser. Yes all three methods have been used in the past to send messages...and the last...laser is currently being used by NASA headquarters to talk to the space station. I bet Elon Musk would have the know how to send such a message to the exact position of this alien ship. If anyone could...he's the man for that job.

 

100% proof that aliens are orbiting Saturn! 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

According to coasttocoast, in the video of The Tin Biscuit PodCast the 'dybbuk' box is opened to reveal a doll made with human hair, coins, a dried flower, and a creepy sketch, assuming that the bizarre contents were possibly used in a ritual to summon and bind a demon. 

Image left: Aleister Crowley.

What many people don't know is that the occultist Aleister Crowley, who founded the religion of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century, and his friend Jack Parson who was an American engineer, chemist and also a thelemite occultist, were the founders of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Aerojet Engineering Corporation. 

Actually, JPL stands for “Jack Parson Laboratory” named after Jack Parson but since its inception in 1958 the truth of NASA’s occult origins has been discretely hidden from public awareness and they changed the name of JPL into Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

See also AEON of HORUS: The occult history of NASA

  

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