Mystery as two massive celestial bodies appear in the night sky over Dubai

Mystery as two massive celestial bodies appear in the night sky over Dubai
Joe Rogan with Travis Walton: Encounter with Aliens

This clip is taken from the Joe Rogan Experience #1597 with Travis Walton.
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Close Encounters of the Short Wave Radio Kind: Aliens and Channeling

Within the field of “UFO Contactees,” “Space Brothers,” and “Space Sisters,” there are a number that are very well known. They include George Van Tassel, Dana Howard, Truman Bethurum, Mollie Thompson, Orfeo Angelucci, George King and Margit Mustapa. And they were just the tip of the iceberg. Then there are the far lesser-known experiences of a young man named Bob Renaud. On one particular night in July 1961 (just two months before the Betty and Barney Hill abduction), Renaud picked up an extraordinary message while “browsing around the shortwave bands” in his small, Massachusetts town. It began with a series of bleeps but was soon replaced by a female voice, which later identified herself as one Linn-Erri. So the story goes, the eighteen-year-old Renaud was told: “I am called Linn-Erri, and my associates and I come from the planet Korendor. We are speaking to you from our spaceship many miles above earth.”
As was the case in so many Contactee-themed cases of the 1950s and 1960s, Renaud had repeated and extensive chats with his newfound alien friends, many of which were focused on the aliens’ fears that we, the Human Race, were on the verge of destroying ourselves. Also closely following the trend of so many Contactees, Linn-Erri and her comrades took Renaud on trips to secret, alien installations, and taught him to create complex machines, one of which was somewhat akin to an old-style television set. It reportedly allowed Renaud to see Linn-Erri in the flesh, so to speak. She was a ravishing blond, who looked to be about nineteen years of age, but who claimed to be closer to her mid-seventies – in human years.
Greg Bishop and Adam Gorightly brought the story to a new generation in their 2018 book, “A” is for Adamski: The Golden Age of the UFO Contactees.” The pair wrote: “…Renaud received instructions on how to adjust his television set to receive visual transmissions from outer space and soon Linn-Erri materialized on the screen, a beautiful, statuesque blonde possessing the all too earthly dimensions of 37-22-36!” The adventures didn’t end there. Still with Gorightly and Bishop: “In the early morning hours of December 22, 1962, an average-looking car carrying some average looking fellows (Korendorians in disguise) picked up Renaud and took him for a ride to an isolated area where he was treated to a demonstration of an anti-gravity device that levitated a huge rock one hundred feet into the air and then disintegrated it with a ray gun.” Not only that, in quick time Renaud channeled no less than twelve books – all of which were focused on the philosophy and science of the Korendorians.
As for the specific appearance of the Korendians, we have this: “They were deep blue, almost indigo, with smaller pupils because of Korendor’s light being about 1/6 brighter at the Korendian surface than our sun’s on Earth. There were no discernible eyebrows (or in fact any hair at all). The skull structure over the eyes protruded more than a Terran’s, perhaps to shade the eyes from overhead sunlight. The ears were smaller in relation to the head than ours, lobeless and distinctly peaked at the top. They were pressed almost flat against the head. The nose was small, with slit nostrils. The mouth was slit-like, with lips that were less pronounced than ours, and slightly narrower in proportion to the jaw. It was curled upward in what on Korendor must pass for a smile.”
It’s not unreasonable to suggest that this could all have been provoked by nothing stranger than the late night, hormone-driven fantasies of a young man run wild. But, there is something that makes Bob Renaud’s story very intriguing. The name, Linn-Erri, is very similar to the Gaelic word, “Lionmhairreacht,” which is pronounced “Lin-errich” and that translates into English as “abundance.” On top of that, even the name of the aliens’ alleged home planet, Korendor, is worth commenting on. It’s a word very similar – if not near-identical – to the Gaelic “Cor-Endor,” which means “mound of Endor,” or as Whitley Strieber described it, “a place of oracle.” For more on the Gaelic angle of the UFO phenomenon, click here.
Strange and Mysterious Photographs: The UFO Phenomenon, Part 2

As I said yesterday: “Today’s article is a bit different to most of my articles. This one is a 2-part feature that is focused on controversial photographs in relation to the UFO mystery. As to why it’s a bit different, it’s because there’s not a UFO in sight. Rather, the pictures I’m going to talk about are from very different angles. You’ll see what I mean.” Indeed, you will. The second-part revolves around photos taken during an alleged alien autopsy – or more than one. It’s a story I was put onto by U.K.-based ufologist Jenny Randles. In 1997 I interviewed Jenny regarding a strange series of events she found herself in, back in late 1986 (you can find the full story in Jenny’s From Out of the Blue book). It was a very curious saga involving allegedly classified documents, dead aliens, crashed flying saucers, and much more. It all began in October 1986, when Randles came into contact with a man who had then recently left his employment with the British Army. According to the man, he had in his possession a large stash of still-classified material on UFOs that he had acquired under very controversial circumstances.
The story that “Robert” told was as remarkable as it was inflammatory. Roughly a year or so earlier, an American individual, employed by the U.S. military and working at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, came across the computerized files while engaged in repairing one particular system at the base. And we’re not talking about just a few pages of material. According to what Robert told Randles and ufologist Peter Hough, the number of pages was huge. The man allegedly printed around six hundred pages of material, which wasn’t even anywhere near the overall total. It turns out that – allegedly – the man in question was friends with Robert’s commanding-officer in the British Army; the two having met on an exchange-program. Fearful about what he had got himself into, the computer-specialist gave the hundreds of pages of material on those aforementioned crashed saucers and alien autopsies to the CO. From there, they reached Robert.
One of the papers referenced the autopsy of a strange body. Randles also said: “There was a lot of material about Roswell, including photographs of the UFO and of the aliens. One of the most detailed files was an autopsy report – that ran close to 200 pages in length – of the bodies recovered from the Roswell crash. Robert remembered the name of the doctor who had written it. It was Dr. Frederick Hauser, a name I’d never seen connected with UFOs in any way whatsoever. Robert said that there was a very detailed account that was mostly filled with medical jargon about the autopsy which he didn’t understand, and there was a photograph of this entity with a slit right down the middle from the neck to the navel.”
A still from the “Alien Autopsy” video
And there was still more to come. Jenny said of those elusive photos: “One of the first things Robert said was that the aliens were very human-looking. He said that the head was completely bald, but the most unusual feature of the face was the nose, which was almost flush into the face, almost unnoticeable. He couldn’t tell from the photographs, but the autopsy report made it clear that the beings were slightly smaller than average human size – about five feet in height.” Randles also told me: “Bearing in mind, 1986 was years before the autopsy film [from Ray Santilli] surfaced. In fact, the connections with the autopsy film and with what Robert told me are chillingly similar. One of the impressions that you get from the alien autopsy footage is that the body is very human-like; and is around five foot in height. I have to say it struck me as soon as I saw the footage that this was very similar to what Robert had described.” And, as Ross Condit told me: “Not sure if this will ultimately bear fruit, but I did some internet research and dug up a Captain Frederick V. Hauser who was the CO of the 450th Medical General Dispensary Unit in Vienna in Feb. 1946. He was University of Michigan class of 1940, so the timing is tight but works.”
“Operation Cloverleaf”: The Most Dangerous Weapons Testing Program In World History!
(MULTIPLE) UFOs Seen During Space X LivestreamI’ve heard the “ice crystals” explanation for different NASA UFO sightings and while it’s valid, I don’t think we should rely on it. Especially when accompanied by other interesting UFOs…
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VIDEO: UFOs witnessed over Kearney, Missouri 6-Feb-2021

This triangular formation of lights was filmed over Kearney, MO on 6th February 2021.
Witness report:
We leaving my mother in law’s house and driving out of her subdivision when I saw them and pointed them out to my wife. We live within 20 miles of Kansas City International and see planes coming for approach on a regular basis and know what a plane looks like, These were just read glowing and no distinguishable marks. Lead 3 were in a rigid never changing triangle shape 2 following one merged with the triangle and the other just faded away. This was all to the southeast of our location and they were traveling south to southwest. The Triangle eventually faded out. or turn away so that we could no longer see it. Very brief visually. I am a trained observer from my time in the US Navy and never seen anything like this ever, Not Chinese lanterns or anything else. I have a very short video from my phone but it is not good quality
Study: Humans Can Communicate From Brain To Brain (Telepathy)
A study out of the University of Washington sheds interesting light on the human capability to communicate between brain and brain without words. Also known as telepathy.
If emerging science begins to change our knowledge of who we truly are, might this new understanding of what it means to be human change the way we live our lives?
Fascinating research out of the University of Washington successfully replicates a direct brain-to-brain connection between multiple pairs of people in a scientific study, following-up on the teams initial demonstration.
The study involved six people who were engaged with each other in pairs from different areas of campus. Researchers sent signals from one person’s brain over the internet to another person in an attempt to control the other’s hand motions with thought.
In order to properly conduct the study researchers needed to separate the subjects and close off certain perceptions of the study method. Each sender of thought was placed in front of a computer game where he or she had to defend a city by firing a cannon and intercepting rockets launched by a pirate ship. But, the senders were not able to interact with the game physically. The only way they could properly defend their city was through thought. When a rocket was coming or when they wanted to fire a cannon, they had to think about doing that intentionally.
Across campus, each receiver sat in a dark room with headphones on and no ability to see the computer game. Their right hand was positioned overtop the touchpad that would fire the cannon when tapped. If brain-to-brain connection was successful between the two pairs, the send would effectively be able to get the receiver to tap the touchpad and fire the cannon.
From a technology standpoint, researchers used two types of noninvasive instruments that can connect with human brains in real-time. One participant was hooked up to a electroencephalography machine that reads brain activity and sends electrical pulses via the web to the receiver. The receiver is wearing a swim cap with a transcranial magnetic stimulation coil placed near the area of the brain that controls hand movements.
This setup effectively allows one person to send a command that would in theory move the hand of another person simply through thought.
“The new study brings our brain-to-brain interfacing paradigm from an initial demonstration to something that is closer to a deliverable technology,” said co-author Andrea Stocco, a research assistant professor of psychology and a researcher at UW’s Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences. “Now we have replicated our methods and know that they can work reliably with walk-in participants.”
UW students Darby Losey, left, and Jose Ceballos are positioned in two different buildings on campus as they would be during a brain-to-brain interface demonstration. The sender, left, thinks about firing a cannon at various points throughout a computer game. That signal is sent over the Web directly to the brain of the receiver, right, whose hand hits a touchpad to fire the cannon.
Credit Mary Levin.
It was found that accuracy varied depending on each pairing. The accuracy range was from 25 to 83 percent. Misses were mostly found to be caused by the sender failing to accurately execute the thought to send the “fire” command. The researchers also were able to quantify the exact amount of information that was transferred between the two brains.
Interestingly the degree of accuracy being low in subjects who couldn’t properly extend intention to the receiver also indicates that it isn’y simply just thoughts that affect our reality but actually the intention. Therefore during study of the phenomenon accuracy in whether or not subjects are truly intending vs just thinking is crucial.
For me personally, this brings interesting insight to my theory that thoughts don’t create reality, but that there needs to be a power behind that thought. A strong intention, emotion, feeling, etc. Further to that, it takes deep practice and a level of mastery to truly train yourself to impact physical reality with thought and intention.
This isn’t the first time brain-to-brain communication has been demonstrated scientifically. Another research team from the company Starlab in Barcelona, Spain, recently published a study with very similar results to the one above. Direct communication between two human brains was demonstrated but this one only featured two subjects.
Also, a study was done that demonstrated telepathy between humans during dreams.
The research team from the University of Washington has been granted a new $1 million grant from the W.M. Keck Foundation so they can take their work to the next level. This clearly illustrates the validity and impressive potential implications of their work.
“Imagine someone who’s a brilliant scientist but not a brilliant teacher. Complex knowledge is hard to explain – we’re limited by language,” said co-author Chantel Prat, a faculty member at the Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences and a UW assistant professor of psychology.
It feels like we are living in a time where new discoveries are truly making us question what it means to e human. Who are we? What are our capabilities? If the story of who we truly are changes, would that change how we choose to create our society and life?
Thankfully there are many brilliant people out there not only doing this work to bring forth cutting edge science. Of course this new science does come with opposition and controversy as paradigms are challenged by these ideas. It’s my feeling that there is little value in simply calling this work “pseudoscience” as it often is called, as it only seeks to cast off this work without truly looking into it and remembering to stay curious and playful.
“The day science begins to study non-physical phenomena, it will make more progress in one decade than in all the previous centuries of its existence.”
– Nikola Tesla
Source
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The great saucer invasion: The day six 'spaceships' landed in England
The great saucer invasion: The day six 'spaceships' landed in England
By Tanya Gupta - BBC News

They had big metal domes, emitted a strange, ominous hum and appeared one morning in a straight line across southern England. For a few hours, members of the public, police and the Army really believed alien spaceships had landed - until it was revealed to be a stunt by students. But how was the hoax so successful?
They had metal domes, emitted a strange and ominous hum and appeared in a straight line one morning in the south of England. The public, the police, and the Army believed they had landed extraterrestrial spaceships until it was revealed that it was a student joke. But how did they make the deception so successful?
The apparently extra-terrestrial vessels prompted a major police and military response, witnessed by Ray Seager who was with other children playing outside when one of the six saucers was found in the Isle of Sheppey on 4 September 1967.
"We all came running over, and there it was," he said. "There were no two ways about it. It was there.
"It was the old flying saucer shape. It was a silver, big dome with the thing round the outside. Yes, it was a flying saucer."
While the children were excited, he recalls there was also real fear as the police arrived.
"They started coming up the hill, and as they started getting close, they started gesturing to us, all the kids, to move away. And they were frightened I think, just as much as we were."
Newspapers reported how the saucers were watched, listened to and weighed at police stations and one RAF base throughout the day.
The Sheppey saucer was removed by RAF helicopter, while satellite experts were called to a "landing" site in Berkshire amid reports the object found there was bleeping and hissing and full of a mysterious liquid.


From the moment apprentices at Farnborough's Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) came up with the idea for the hoax, there was a determination it should be convincing, said engineer Chris Southall.
All of them were interested in sci-fi, and they set out to create a design that would not be recognisably human.
There could be no giveaway features on the saucers, such as portholes or aerials, nor anything that might be seen on terrestrial inventions such as a plane or a boat.
First they made the metal-coated, fibreglass saucers by forming plaster moulds to build them in two halves, and then they sandwiched them together with electronic sound equipment inside.

"When you turned the saucers upside down, it flicked a switch and started a battery," Mr Southall said.
"We were putting them out in secret, in the middle of the night, in the early hours, and we didn't want them to make a noise until then. Only when we left, we turned them upside down and the noise started - and then we got away quick."
The saucers were also filled with a flour and water mix that fermented inside and turned into foul-smelling slime.
"We wanted to make something that looked really alien," he said.
They were placed in six locations in a straight line from east to west - Queenborough on the Isle of Sheppey, Bromley in south London, Ascot, the village of Welford, near Newbury, in Berkshire, Chippenham in Wiltshire and Clevedon in Somerset.

Engineer Rog Palmer, who was also on the committee, organised teams of two or three apprentices to take the saucers to each location and briefed each group about how to carry out the task, including what to say if stopped by the police - that they had stayed out late at a party.
And by the time the saucers were discovered, the pranksters were back in their hostel - where 500 apprentices lived - bleary-eyed over breakfast after being up all night, but very excited.
They had risen to the task of planting the "spaceships" without detection, but were they prepared for the extraordinary success of their hoax?

Mr Southall, now 72 and an environmental campaigner who runs an eco-house in Clacton, Essex, remembers it was the era of Sputnik and space exploration - and says the whole point of the hoax was for it to be taken seriously.
"We thought the government should have some sort of plan if aliens did land," he said.
"So we gave them a chance to try out whatever plan they had - but they didn't have one."
He recalls the surprise of the apprentices when police and Army responders blew one saucer up and dropped another.
David Clarke, media law expert at Sheffield Hallam University and a consultant and curator for the National Archives UFO project, believes the response to the hoax was flawed.
"One of the saucers when they actually drilled into it, because it was full of this compacted, sort of papier-maché mess, actually exploded and showered the police officers with this stuff.
"If it had been some kind of radiation hazard, how would they have dealt with that? It would have been a disaster area.
"And what did they do? Just washed it down the drains."

Dr Clarke and Mr Southall agree that in 1967 the public imagination was already gripped by UFO fever - at the time the Ministry of Defence was receiving near-daily reports of sightings.
But despite this climate, the apprentices did not expect the huge media response, which included international coverage and double-page spreads.
"It was more than we hoped for," Mr Southall said.
The events of that day remain something of a blur for him, but he remembers trekking to a TV studio in the evening after the hoax had been exposed.
By the time the papers went to press, journalists had been told about the prank, but it didn't deter them from reporting it as an alien invasion, Mr Southall said.
Press cuttings from the time reveal official sources "tended to be snappy" when questioned about the hoax.
But police confirmed no action was to be taken against the pranksters, with one Bromley officer quoted as saying: "We are taking it like gentlemen."
Mr Southall admits that to put the police and Army to such an inconvenience today would have entirely different consequences.
"Those were hippie days," he said. "We were apprentices from the RAE and people had a kinder attitude to us because of who we were, and in those days it was different."
Now, he says, the saucers would be treated as explosive devices and detonated - and the hoaxers could end up in jail.
"That's one of the interesting things looking back at this, 50 years on.
"The times we live in now are much harsher, and I don't think we could do it now. We would end up in trouble."
Real UFO?
Remembering when a 'UFO' landed near Bracknell and sparked mass panic
The "flying saucers" landed in a paddock in a home in Winkfield in 1967
Hugh Fort - Reporter

The UFO that landed in Winkfield in 1967
As far as a student pranks go, creating an incident which received worldwide coverage is fairly good going. But that is exactly what happened back in 1967 when an "alien invasion" took place.
The extraordinary events happened on September 4 that year.
Christopher Lever, then a worker in the city who lived in Winkfield, found a mysterious silver saucer in a paddock at his home in the village on the outskirts of Bracknell.
He didn't know at the time, but five other similar "spacecraft" were found around the country, which sparked fears of an Independence Day-style alien invasion.
Some of the devices that landed elsewhere in the country bleeped when they were touched, and others emitted a foul-smelling liquid. The saucer in Winkfield did neither.
The police were called and the "flying saucer" was taken to the police station in Ascot.
An investigation was carried out and gradually it was revealed the "alien invasion" was an elaborate hoax by engineer apprentices at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough.
Another of the "saucers" was found in the wilds of West Berkshire in Welford near Newbury.
The historian John Keeling spoke to BerkshireLive about the incident in 2008.
He said: “There used to be a satellite tracking station nearby so Christopher contacted them.
“They passed it to their station engineer Roger Kenyon, who thought the best part of valour was to stand at a distance and throw pennies at it – he thought it might blow up or angry little green men might emerge.
“When he ran out of change he went closer. Eventually the police were called and officers from Bracknell came and took the saucer to the station in Ascot.”
The incident was so high profile it prompted a government investigation and secret files into the incident were released in 2011.
The papers revealed they were fitted with a motion sensitive alarm that went off if they were moved. They were also filled with a foul-smelling green gunge.
People were so scared by the crafts that in some areas the army was called in.
While the incident was debunked as a hoax, a recent report has revealed Berkshire as a hotspot for UFO sightings. And the area has a long history of mysterious activity in the skies.
Berkshire is the home of the first ever UFO sighting, in the skies above Windsor Castle way back in 1783.
{ https://www.getreading.co.uk/ }
JADES will go deeper than the Hubble Deep Fields
Astronomers announced this month that a new deep-field survey called JADES will be carried out with the James Webb Space Telescope, Hubble’s much-anticipated successor. The Webb is due to launch later this year.
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field (in its eXtreme version) is the deepest view of the universe yet obtained … and will be, until JADES takes over. It stretches approximately 13 billion light-years and includes approximately 10,000 galaxies. It took 11.3 days for the Hubble Space Telescope to collect these ancient photons. Try downloading the largest version and zoom in on different sections. We’re seeing these galaxies as they were billions of years ago. How might they look today?
Image via NASA/ ESA/ S. Beckwith (STSci)/ HUDF team.
Astronomers announced a new deeper-than-ever sky survey this month (January 15, 2021), to be conducted with the James Webb Space Telescope, the Hubble telescope’s successor, scheduled for launch in October of this year. The new survey is abbreviated JADES, which is short for James Webb Space Telescope Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey. The survey will be like the Hubble Deep Fields, but deeper still. Its main goal is to see far away in space – and thus far back into the very young universe – and image it just at the end of the so-called Cosmic Dark Ages, that is, at the time when gas in the universe went from being opaque to transparent. This is also the time when the very first stars were forming – very large, massive and bright stars – in a veritable firestorm of star birth when the young universe was less than 5% of its current age.
The Webb telescope will be located near the second Lagrange point – a relatively stable region of space, gravitationally speaking, known as L2 – some 930,000 miles (1.5 million km) from Earth. To conduct the new survey, the Webb telescope will be staring at a small point of space for nearly 800 hours (approximately 33 days) to be able to see fainter objects than those ever seen before and thus to find the first generation of galaxies. Astronomers want to know, among other things, how fast did these galaxies form, and how fast did their stars form? They also want to look for the very first supermassive black holes, which are thought to lie at the hearts of nearly all large galaxies, including our Milky Way.
The long-anticipated launch of the James Webb Space Telescope has been postponed a number of times for a variety of reasons, most recently because of effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. It is the formal successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, but is equipped with instrumentation able to image further into the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum than Hubble could.
This capability also makes it a worthy successor to the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope which recently went into retirement.
What makes the infrared part of the spectrum so important for surveys like JADES? If you look really deep, you will also look back in time, and the farther back in time you look, the more redshifted the galaxies are (the farther away they are, the faster they move away from us, and the more their light has been shifted towards the red part of the spectrum). This means that the light we want to observe, originally in the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum, might not even show much in the optical part anymore. Instead, it’s been shifted to longer wavelengths, into the infrared regime.
In other words, the use of infrared cameras is necessary to be able to see the light from the first generation of galaxies. Daniel Eisenstein, a professor of astronomy at Harvard University, said:
Galaxies, we think, begin building up in the first billion years after the Big Bang, and sort of reach adolescence at 1 to 2 billion years. We’re trying to investigate those early periods. We must do this with an infrared-optimized telescope because the expansion of the universe causes light to increase in wavelength as it traverses the vast distance to reach us. So even though the stars are emitting light primarily in optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, that light is shifted quite relentlessly out into the infrared. Only Webb can get to the depth and sensitivity that’s needed to study these early galaxies.
In fact, the James Webb Space Telescope was built specifically for this purpose. Up to now, infrared images are much less resolved – less clear – than optical images, because of their longer wavelength. With its much larger collecting area, the Webb will be able to image, in infrared, at the same resolution – detail – that Hubble could obtain in the optical part of the spectrum.
Get ready for a whole new set of mind-blowing images of the universe, this time in the infrared, from Webb!
After having successfully deployed its solar panels – precisely as it’s supposed to do once it’s in space – the Webb telescope is shown here ready for the final tests on December 17, 2020, at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Then it will be packed up and transported to French Guyana, to be launched on October 31, 2021, via an Ariane V rocket.
Image via NASA/ Chris Gunn.
The use of deep field surveys is a young science, for two reasons. First, astronomers didn’t have the right instrumentation before Hubble to do them. Second, it’s also because no one initially knew the result of staring into a piece of empty space for a long time. Such a long stare into the unknown would require valuable observation time, and if this long observation didn’t produce any results, it would be considered a waste.
But in 1995, Robert Williams, then the director of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), which administrates the Hubble telescope, decided to use his “director’s discretionary time” to point the Hubble toward a very small and absolutely empty-looking part of the sky in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major the Great Bear. There were no stars visible from our Milky Way (or extremely few), no nearby galaxies visible in the field, and no visible gas clouds. Hubble collected photons for 10 consecutive days, and the result, the Hubble Deep Field, was a success and a paradigm changer: A patch of sky about as small as the eye of George Washington on an American quarter (25-cent coin) held out at arm’s length, showed a 10 billion-light-years-long tunnel back in time with a plethora of galaxies – around 3,000 of them – at different evolutionary stages along the way. The field of observational cosmology was born.
This was done again in 1998 with the Hubble telescope pointed to the southern sky (Hubble Deep Field South), and the result was the same. Thus we learned that the universe is uniform over large scales.
Next was the installation of a new, powerful camera on Hubble (the Advanced Camera for Surveys) in 2002. The incredible Hubble Ultra Deep Field was acquired in 2004, in a similarly small patch of sky near the constellation Orion, about 1/10 of a full moon diameter (2.4 x 3.4 arc minutes, in contrast to the original Hubble Deep Fields north and south, which were 2.6 x 2.6 arc minutes). And so our reach was extended even deeper into space, and even further back in time, showing light from 10 thousand galaxies along a 13-billion-light-years-long tunnel of space. If you’ll remember that the universe is about 13.77 billion years old, you’ll see this is getting us really close to the beginning!
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field was the most sensitive astronomical image ever made at wavelengths of visible (optical) light until 2012, when an even more refined version was released, called the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field, which reached even farther: 13.2 billion years back in time.
The JADES survey will be observed in two batches, one on the northern sky and one on the southern in two famous fields called GOODS North and South (abbreviated from Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey).
Marcia Rieke, a professor of astronomy at the University of Arizona who co-leads the JADES Team with Pierre Ferruit of the European Space Agency (ESA), explained:
We chose these fields because they have such a great wealth of supporting information. They’ve been studied at many other wavelengths, so they were the logical ones to do.
View larger. | Look closely. Every single speck of light in this image is a distant galaxy (except for the very few ones with spikes which are foreground stars). This telescopic field of view is part of the GOODS South field. It’s one of the directions in space that’ll be observed in JADES, a new survey that aims to study the very first galaxies to appear in the infancy of the universe.
Image via NASA/ Hubble Space Telescope/ James Webb Space Telescope site.
The GOODS fields have been observed with several of the most famous telescopes, covering a great wavelength range from infrared through optical to X-ray. They are not fully as deep (the observations don’t reach as far back) as the Ultra Deep Field, but cover a larger area of the sky (4-5 times larger) and are the most data-rich areas of the sky in terms of depth combined with wavelength coverage. By the way, the first deep field, HDF-N, is located in the GOODS north image, and the Ultra deep field/eXtreme (don’t you love these names?) is located in the GOODS south field.
There are a large number of ambitious science goals for the JADES program pertaining to the composition of the first galaxies, including the first generation of supermassive black holes. How these came about at such an early time is a mystery. As well, the transition of gas from neutral and opaque to transparent and ionized, something astronomers call the epoch of reionization, is not well understood. JADES team member Andrew Bunker, professor of astrophysics at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, who is also part of the ESA team behind the Webb telescope, said:
This transition is a fundamental phase change in the nature of the universe. We want to understand what caused it. It could be that it’s the light from very early galaxies and the first burst of star formation … It is kind of one of the Holy Grails, to find the so-called Population III stars that formed from the hydrogen and helium of the Big Bang.
People have been trying to do this for many decades and results have been inconclusive so far.
But, hopefully, not for much longer!
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