Phoenix Lights Incident Strikes Again! Phoenix, Arizona! Feb 9, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Feb 9, 2025
Why are they now starting to disclose suppressed exotic technologies?
Mysteries at Sea: New Details About UAPs Spotted by U.S. NavyThe mystery of the unmanned aerial systems (UAS) spotted in the skies over New Jersey last year has been attributed to commercial, hobbyist, and law enforcement drones. Misidentified manned aircraft, helicopters, and even stars were also likely culprits. The sightings created a form of mini-hysteria as many looked to the skies over the Garden State.
The FAA has further confirmed that some sightings were likely previously undisclosed research drones. Whether the disclosure puts the matter to rest is unlikely, as there will always be those who believe they saw something unexplainable in the night sky.
Another mystery is gaining traction again, one related to a potential mystery of the deep. That situation is even more complex, as a video captured by United States Navy sailors two years ago is making the rounds online, and there may be no easy answers.
A previously shared video showed four “tic-tac-shaped” objects emerging from the water before flying away. There was no conclusive explanation previously, and we’re surprisingly no closer to determining what the objects may be, even as it was widely seen.
Documentary filmmaker Jeremy Corbell suggested that additional individuals who witness such unexplained phenomena firsthand may be reluctant to come forward.
“It’s a long-haul thing. UFOs have been taboo for so long. It’s now admitted they’re flying without impunity in a restricted airspace, and we have footage like this. Military footage of an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) from a Navy warship in a critical area, just off the coast of California. It’s gonna take time,” Corbell told NBC News.
Several sailors who served aboard the Independence-class littoral combat ship (LCS) USS Jackson had previously claimed to have witnessed the incident with the objects in 2023. It was just the latest unexplained incident of such objects, with other reports occurring in 2004 and then again in 2019.
The USS Jackson’s Senior Chief Operations Specialist Alexandro Wiggins, a twenty-three-year veteran of the U.S. Navy and a radar expert, recently came forward to offer a few new details about what he saw off the California coast during his shift in the combat information center (CIC). After an object appeared on the screens, Wiggins went to get a closer look.
“To my surprise, which is something I’ve never witnessed, was a light I noticed on the horizon, it looked as if it were surfacing out of the water and going up,” Wiggins explained to 8 News Now.
“We only saw the one, and then we saw the second one. It was only when we zoom out that we realize, holy crap, there’s two more out here, a total of four.”
He added that after returning to the CIC, he employed the ship’s SAFIRE thermal imaging sensor to acquire and track a target. The objects displayed no exhaust signature and produced no thermal trail.
However, Wiggins claimed, no formal incident report was filed because the objects remained at a safe distance and weren’t seen as a threat to the ship.
“I am skeptical about what I saw that day,” Wiggins continued. “Maybe one day I’ll know what that was, and I’ll be like eighty or ninety years old, and it’ll be normalized like… the stealth fighter or Area 51. It’ll be public at some point, but then I’ll be old.”
It may take more witnesses to come forward, but as Corbell noted, sailors may not want to make waves. In the meantime, the U.S. Navy has acknowledged that its personnel have witnessed things that can’t be explained. Is it a top-secret drone program being developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), an enemy surveillance program, or something else?
Time may tell.
Curiosity rover finds largest carbon chains on Mars from 3.7 billion-year-old rock
The longest molecules ever found on Mars have been unearthed by NASA's Curiosity rover, and they could mean the planet is strewn with evidence for ancient life.
Molecule chains containing up to twelve carbon atoms linked together were detected in a 3.7 billion-year-old rock sample collected from a dried-up Martian lakebed named Yellowknife Bay, according to a study published March 24 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
These long carbon chains are thought to have originated from molecules called fatty acids, which, on Earth, are produced by biological activity. While fatty acids can form without biological input, which may be the case on Mars, their existence on the Red Planet means that signs of life may be lurking within its soil.
"The fact that fragile linear molecules are still present at Mars' surface 3.7 billion years after their formation allows us to make a new statement: If life ever appeared on Mars billions of years ago, at the time life appeared on the Earth, chemical traces of this ancient life could still be present today for us to detect," study co-author Caroline Freissinet, an analytical chemist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research in the Laboratory for Atmospheres and Space Observations, told Live Science.
The molecules — hydrocarbon strings of 10, 11 and 12 carbon atoms called decane, undecane, and dodecane — were detected by Curiosity's Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument.
The Curiosity Rover arrived on Mars in 2012 at the Gale Crater, a massive 96-mile-wide (154 km-wide) impact crater formed by the planet's collision with an ancient meteorite. In the years since, the rover has traveled about 20 miles (32 km) across the crater, investigating places including Yellowknife Bay and Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons), a 3.4-mile-high (5.5 km-high) mountain in the center of the crater.
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Nicknamed "Cumberland", the sample analyzed for the new study was drilled by Curiosity in 2013 from Yellowknife Bay, and previous analyses found it to be rich in clay minerals, sulfur, and nitrates.
But despite many thorough tests, the hydrocarbon strings in the sample remained undetected for more than a decade. The hydrocarbons were actually discovered by accident as part of an attempt to find the building blocks of proteins — known as amino acids — in the sample.
The researchers behind the new study thought to test out a new method for finding these molecules by pre-heating the sample to 1,100°C (2,012°F) to release oxygen before analysis. Their results showed no amino acids, but, by pure luck, they discovered the fatty molecules hiding there instead.
"The excitement was super high when I saw the peaks on the spectrum for the first time," Freissinet said. "It was both surprising and not surprising. Surprising because those results were found on the Cumberland sample that we had already analyzed many times in the past. Not surprising because we have defined a new strategy to analyze this sample."
"New method, new results," she added.
The researchers suggest that the molecules may have broken off from the long tails of fatty acids named undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, and tridecanoic acid, respectively. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl (-COOH) acid group at the end.
NASA graphic showing the long-chain organic molecules decane, undecane, and dodecane, which are the largest organic molecules discovered on Mars to date.
(Image credit: NASA/Dan Gallagher)
To test this theory, the researchers mixed undecanoic acid into a Mars-like clay in the lab before performing a test similar to that carried out by the SAM instrument As expected, the undecanoic acid broke down to decane, indicating that the carbon chains could indeed have originated from fatty acids.
On Earth, molecules like these are overwhelmingly produced by biological processes, but they can also occur naturally without life. However, non-biological processes usually only result in fatty acids with fewer than 12 carbon atoms, the researchers say. While the longest carbon chain detected by SAM had 12 carbons, the instrument is not optimized to detect longer molecules, meaning that it is possible longer chains were also present.
"There is evidence that liquid water existed in Gale Crater for millions of years and probably much longer, which means there was enough time for life-forming chemistry to happen in these crater-lake environments on Mars," study co-author Daniel Glavin, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, said in a NASA statement.
Regardless of what made them, the detection of the carbon chains and their likely origins as fatty acids confirms that Curiosity can detect molecules of this kind, and that the molecules can remain preserved for billions of years in the Martian environment. The researchers hope to one day bring samples of Martian soil back home to Earth to properly analyze the contents, and hopefully solve the mystery of the Red Planet's elusive life once and for all.
"We are ready to take the next big step and bring Mars samples home to our labs to settle the debate about life on Mars," said Glavin.
Was There a Lunar Eclipse on Day of Jesus' Crucifixion? NASA, Bible Say Yes
Despite assertions to the contrary, science and religion are not always at odds. This has been demonstrated once again, as an intriguing NASA discovery appears to offer verification of the Biblical accounts of Jesus’ crucifixion, according to researchers from Oxford University.
Using models that chart the historical positions of the sun, moon, and Earth, NASA confirmed a lunar eclipse took place on Friday, April 3, 33 AD—a date traditionally believed to coincide with Jesus’ death. That evening, observers in Jerusalem would have witnessed the moon rising in a darkened sky, tinted red by the Earth’s shadow. This type of eclipse creates what is known as a blood moon, and this cosmic phenomenon has sparked renewed interest among scholars and Christians alike. The Bible does indeed say that the sun turned dark and a moon that appeared like blood on the day when Jesus was killed—as would actually be expected, if NASA’s calculations are correct.
The words that suggest an ancient lunar eclipse come from a verse that has gained traction again in recent years, particularly on platforms like TikTok, where users are rediscovering ancient prophecies through a modern lens.
“‘Christian texts mention that the Moon turned to blood after Jesus’s crucifixion—potentially referring to a lunar eclipse, during which the Moon takes on a reddish hue,’” NASA noted following their calculations, which were completed several years ago. This idea aligns with this passage in Acts 2:20: “The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and glorious day of the Lord.”
Lunar eclipse and blood moon seen over Kuwait in 2018.
(Irvin Calicut/CC BY-SA 4.0).
Many Biblical historians believe the eclipse described in NASA’s records may be the same one referenced in scripture. Despite being written in the form of a prediction, the verse from Acts is spoken by the apostle Peter during a gathering 50 days after the crucifixion. Because of this timing, some experts interpret Peter’s statement as a direct recollection of recent events, including the eerie sky on the day Jesus died.
However, not all scholars accept such an interpretation. Some argue that Peter’s words in Acts were not an eyewitness account but rather a quote from the Book of Joel, written centuries earlier, and were meant to reference a future time when Christ would return. That passage—Joel 2:28–31—similarly describes cosmic signs: “The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes.”
But Oxford researchers Colin Humphreys and W. Graeme Waddington disagree with this interpretation. They have cross-referenced the Biblical account and the eclipse data to argue that the crucifixion and the lunar eclipse took place at the same time, and that the apostle Peter was not predicting the second coming of Christ but rather emphasizing how prophecy had already been fulfilled in their lifetimes. Their work presents the possibility that a real astronomical event—the April 3 eclipse—could have been seen by witnesses in Jerusalem, adding a dramatic visual component, as well as a prophetic element, to the crucifixion narrative.
Peter preaching the gospel to his followers after Jesus’ death, in painting by Jan Styka from late 19th century.
Humphreys and Waddington also highlight a lesser-known source from the New Testament apocrypha to back up their theory: a document sometimes referred to as the Report of Pilate. Though not part of the canonical Bible, the apocryphal text provides vivid imagery that mirrors Joel’s prophecy. It reads: “At his crucifixion the sun was darkened; the stars appeared and in all the world people lighted lamps from the sixth hour till evening; the moon appeared like blood.” The researchers believe this supports their hypothesis, offering yet another account of unusual atmospheric events occurring at the time of Jesus’ death.
The darkness itself is referenced in Matthew 27:45, which states: “From noon until three in the afternoon darkness came over all the land.” This passage aligns with descriptions of the crucifixion in multiple Gospels and further reinforces the association between celestial disturbances and this pivotal moment in Christian history.
As Good Friday is commemorated around the world, the timing of the holiday remains intricately connected to both religious tradition and astronomical patterns. Good Friday always falls two days before Easter Sunday, which is determined by a formula that tracks the lunar cycle. Specifically, Easter takes place on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox. This method of calculation has ancient roots and was designed to maintain Easter’s connection to the Jewish festival of Passover, which is governed by the Hebrew lunar calendar.
Master of the Legend of St. James: The Crucifixion, ca 1480, oil on wood.
Jesus’ crucifixion is believed to have occurred around Passover, and the Gospels describe his resurrection on the Sunday that followed. To reflect this timeline, early Christians sought to establish a calendar that would keep Easter in close relation to both Passover and the spring equinox. This alignment not only preserved theological significance but also highlighted the cosmic themes embedded in the crucifixion story.
As science and scripture continue to intersect, modern tools like NASA’s eclipse data provide a deeper look into the historical contexts behind Biblical events. In this case the total weight of the evidence suggests the Bible can be accurately interpreted as a history book as well as a sacred religious text.
With respect to the ancient lunar eclipse, whether one views such celestial signs as divine miracles or naturally occurring phenomena, their symbolism endures, and will continue to do so regardless of what the ultimate truth might be.
By Nathan Falde
Pope Francis Has Died! The Vatican Has Over 50 Miles of Underground Archives Containing the World’s History
Pope Francis has died! However, not many people know that the Vatican has over 50 miles of underground archives containing the world’s history. Let that sink in… 50 miles. And this isn’t even a conspiracy theory.
The Vatican’s Secret Archives are real and located in one of the most famous religious and cultural places in the world—the Vatican. These archives stretch across 53 miles of shelving and include 35,000 volumes of catalogs. They hold documents that are over 1,200 years old.
The name “Secret Archives” adds to their mystery and makes people think of hidden secrets or dark stories. Because the indexes aren’t public and access is limited to certain scholars, many people imagine that the archives hold shocking or even strange things. Some even believe the Vatican is hiding aliens there! (Source)
But in truth, the archives are not actually meant to be “secret.” The word “secret” comes from a Latin word, secretum, which really means “private.” These archives were always meant to store the Pope’s official documents, letters, and important Church records.
Inside, you’ll also find some of the Church’s most valuable historical papers, with some dating back to the 700s. For a long time, not even religious scholars could read them. That changed in 1881 when Pope Leo XIII, a forward-thinking Pope, opened the archives to researchers. Since then, the documents have helped tell the story of both the Church and the wider world.
One of the most important documents in the Vatican’s Secret Archives changed the course of religious history. It’s the official paper that shows the Catholic Church kicking out Martin Luther. Luther was a German man who challenged the Church by writing his famous 95 Theses, which started the Protestant Reformation. In response, Pope Leo X wrote a statement called Decet Romanum Pontificem, officially excommunicating Luther. This allowed Luther to start his own church and created a major split in Christianity that still affects the world today.
Another fascinating document in the archives is called the Chinon Parchment. It records the trial of the Knights Templar, a Catholic military group that was accused of crimes like heresy during the Crusades. The parchment is huge—about the size of a dining table—and was lost for hundreds of years due to a filing error. It wasn’t rediscovered until 2001, hidden in a box with other papers. Once found, it was properly sorted and made available to researchers.
When the Vatican made the Chinon Parchment public in 2007, it revealed something surprising: in 1308, Pope Clement V had actually cleared the Knights Templar of heresy. This new information helped restore the group’s reputation, which had been damaged for centuries.
All these documents—and many more—are stored in a special place near the Vatican Library in Rome. The archives include regular stacks and reading rooms, but also an underground fireproof bunker to protect delicate materials. There’s even a school for clergy to study history, and because it’s the Vatican, there’s sacred art to enjoy as well.
Access to the archives isn’t open to everyone. Only carefully approved scholars are allowed in. Still, the Vatican has become a bit more open in recent years. In 2010, journalists were allowed to visit for the first time—partly due to public interest after Dan Brown’s book Angels and Demons. In 2012, the Vatican held a public exhibition for the archives’ 400th anniversary, showing off some of its most important documents.
In 2019, Pope Francis announced that the Vatican would open up its archives on Pope Pius XII. During an event honoring the 80th anniversary of Pius’s election, Francis said, “The Church is not afraid of history.”
Throughout history, some people have had a deep knowledge of many subjects. One such person was a Russian man named Genrikh Mavrikiyevich Ludvig. He was very smart and skilled in ancient cultures, architecture, engineering, and old languages. Some people even compared him to Leonardo da Vinci. It’s said that Ludvig was able to access secret files from the Vatican and may have found information about ancient aliens.
Ludvig’s story became more widely known in 2011 when a Russian newspaper called Sovershenno Sekretno published an article about him. The writer described Ludvig as a large man with a bald head, a big forehead, and a beard. His eyes were intense and he often got into trouble with the Soviet government. In 1938, he was accused of being a Vatican spy and sent to a concentration camp.
The writer, who had been one of Ludvig’s students, remembered attending a lecture by him in the 1960s. At first, it seemed interesting, but then it became confusing as Ludvig talked about many different topics like language, history, plants, and science. The writer wasn’t sure if Ludvig was a genius or a mystic. However, he said meeting Ludvig changed his view of the world.
Ludvig claimed that during the 1920s, he was allowed to read secret documents in the Vatican Archives, a huge collection of very old records. These documents are usually hidden from the public for 75 years. He said he found strange texts about ancient codes, alchemy, and even stories about aliens and UFOs visiting Earth long ago. (Source)
According to Ludvig, some of these texts talked about aliens helping early civilizations like the Egyptians, Mayans, and Mesopotamians. He studied the Mayan symbols and believed they showed images of spaceships and astronauts. He even said there were signs of nuclear weapons being used in ancient times, like melted walls in Babylon.
Ludvig also had a deep interest in the Sumerians, one of the first known civilizations. He believed that they suddenly advanced around 4000 BC, learning to build cities, use irrigation, invent the wheel, and create writing. Their early writing was made up of picture-like symbols and dated back to around 3200 BC.
He also believed that the pyramids in Egypt were not just tombs, but tools for spiritual or cosmic communication. Ludvig thought Christian images of angels came from an earlier culture called the Etruscans.
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During World War II, even while he was a prisoner in the GULAG, Ludvig worked as an inventor and engineer. Between 1941 and 1943, he created 17 military inventions. Today, many UFO researchers and people who believe in ancient aliens know his name.
In 2016, leaked emails from Hillary Clinton’s campaign showed that her advisor, John Podesta, had received messages about UFOs and extraterrestrial life. One of the emails came from astronaut Edgar Mitchell, who said that the Vatican was aware of alien life. He also spoke about the need to keep peace in space and prevent it from being used for war.
Despite these amazing claims, not everyone believes Ludvig’s story. There is not much solid evidence to prove he really saw the secret Vatican documents or discovered all this information.
In his other interview with James Landoli on “Engaging The Phenomenon,” Daniel Sheehan, who was a former Chief Council for the United States Jesuit order, revealed intriguing details about his conversations with the head of the Vatican archives regarding the Vatican’s knowledge of extraterrestrial life. Sheehan shed light on his involvement in a groundbreaking initiative to address the theological and philosophical implications of the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence.
During the interview, James raised the topic of David Grusch‘s claim that the Vatican possessed knowledge of extraterrestrial phenomena. Sheehan discussed his access to the classified files of the Project Blue Book, where he encountered photos of UFO crash retrievals and concrete evidence of non-human piloted vehicles.
He proposed the formation of a task force involving all 54 major religious denominations to address the issue from a theological perspective. However, at that time, there was insufficient consensus, and the proposal was declined. Sheehan is currently working through his New Paradigm Institute to organize a global summit conference involving world religious leaders to discuss the recent recovery of an extraterrestrial spacecraft.
“The United States government is in possession of biological evidence and has actually taken into custody alive an extraterrestrial person. They’re keeping this secret, interrogating the being, and distorting the information to justify massive expenditures on weapon development under the guise of a perceived threat.”
– Daniel Sheehan
Sheehan highlighted the Vatican’s acknowledgment of the possibility of extraterrestrial life. He referenced a formal statement issued by the Catholic Church on November 10, 2009, authorized by Pope Benedict. The statement, issued by Father Jose Gabriel Alfuz, a director of the Pontifical Observatory in Rome, recognized the increasing discovery of exoplanets and called for a global discussion on the philosophical and theological implications of the imminent discovery of extraterrestrial life.
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Could Octopuses Be Earth’s Next Civilization Builders If Humanity Disappears?
A photograph of a colorful octopus.
YAYIMAGES/Curiosmos.
Mass extinctions have shaped life on Earth for millions of years, erasing dominant species and paving the way for new life to thrive. From the asteroid that ended the reign of the dinosaurs to the current biodiversity crisis driven by human activity, each extinction reshapes the evolutionary landscape. As the climate changes and ecosystems degrade, researchers warn that humans could be steering the planet toward another mass extinction.
This sobering possibility raises a fascinating question: which species might inherit the Earth if humanity vanishes? Dr. Tim Coulson, an ecologist at the University of Oxford, suggests an unlikely candidate—octopuses.
“Octopuses have a distinct advantage in the race for survival,” Coulson explains. Unlike humans, they exist in diverse habitats, from shallow coastal waters to the deep sea. Their adaptability could allow some species to endure even catastrophic changes. “If humans ceased hunting them, octopuses might have the opportunity to diversify and expand their habitats over time,” he adds.
While the notion of octopus civilizations may sound far-fetched, history shows that ocean-dwelling creatures can evolve rapidly after mass extinctions. Dr. Andrew Whiten, a zoologist at the University of St. Andrews, points out that mammals rose to prominence after dinosaurs vanished, paving the way for humans. Could octopuses follow a similar path?
Octopuses already display remarkable problem-solving skills. From using coconut shells as makeshift shelters to escaping aquarium tanks, these marine animals show a level of intelligence rarely seen in other species. Some even use tools to solve puzzles, a trait often associated with advanced cognitive abilities.
“An octopus’s nervous system functions more like a distributed processing network than a central brain,” explains Dr. Andy Dobson from Princeton University. “Their intelligence comes from their ability to coordinate multiple limbs and process vast amounts of sensory data.”
Their dexterity also sets them apart. “Octopuses can manipulate objects with unparalleled precision,” says Coulson. “While crows and other birds exhibit tool use, they don’t match the fine motor skills of an octopus.”
Despite their intelligence, octopuses face significant obstacles in evolving into complex societies. Dr. Peter Godfrey-Smith of the University of Sydney highlights their solitary nature. “Octopuses lack the social structure necessary to build a culture,” he explains. “For them to form communities, they’d need to develop stronger social bonds and nurture their young differently.”
These changes, however, may be a long shot. Octopuses have existed for over 100 million years without evolving significant social behavior. Still, recent studies suggest that some species show signs of communal living, offering a glimmer of hope for their societal potential.
Ironically, human activity could hinder octopuses’ evolutionary journey before it even begins. Pollution, ocean warming, and overfishing threaten marine life globally. Microplastics, in particular, may harm octopuses in ways scientists are only beginning to uncover.
If not octopuses, who might inherit the Earth? Dobson speculates that nematodes—tiny, resilient worms—could dominate, while Godfrey-Smith places his bets on highly adaptable birds like cockatoos.
Whether or not octopuses ever build underwater cities, their unique traits make them one of nature’s most intriguing survivors. As humanity confronts its impact on the planet, understanding the resilience of other species could offer insights into the future of life on Earth.
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Mars Has the Remnants of a Lopsided Magnetic Field
Simulation of the magnetic fields that were formerly found surrounding Mars.
Credit - Ankit Barik / Johns Hopkins University
Scientists have known for a while that Mars currently lacks a magnetic field, and many blame that for its paltry atmosphere - with no protective shield around the planet, the solar wind was able to strip away much of the gaseous atmosphere over the course of billions of years. But, evidence has been mounting that Mars once had a magnetic field. Results from Insight, one of the Red Planet's landers, lend credence to that idea, but they also point to a strange feature - the magnetic field seemed to cover only the southern hemisphere, but not the north. A team from the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics thinks they might know why - in a recent paper, they described how a fully liquid core in Mars could create a lopsided magnetic field like the one seen in Insight’s data.
The Earth's core isn't completely molten despite what you may have learned in elementary school. There are two distinct cores - a solid "Inner" core and a molten "Outer" core. The inner core remains solid due to the immense pressures on the iron and nickel found there. So, the magnetic field that covers our whole planet is, in fact, created only by the Outer Core.
Researchers have long thought that a similar dynamic, solid inner and molten outer core, was present on Mars when it maintained a magnetic field billions of years ago. After about 3.9 billion years, the rocks that formed some of the large impact basins from that time, such as Hellas and Isidis, would contain rocks that would have magnetized while they were cooling due to the presence of the field. Since they don't, there is little evidence for a strong global magnetic field past that point. The going theory was that, as the planet's core cooled, the entire core became solid, eliminating the spinning molten metal that creates the magnetic field in the first place.
Fraser discusses the question of when Mars' dynamo shut down.
However, there was a strange feature in Mars' magnetic field—a massive difference in strength between the field in the northern and southern hemispheres. This dichotomy was first noticed during the Mars Global Surveyor mission back in 1997, but data from the Insight lander also confirmed a stark difference between the two hemispheres.
Various explanations have been offered for why the dichotomy existed. These ranged from the effects of large asteroid impacts to very early localized tectonic activity. However, the scientific community has not widely accepted previous explanations.
Enter the new theory from Chi Yan of the University of Texas and their co-authors. Theirs is a two-fold explanation. First, the red planet could have had a wholly molten core, and second, a massive temperature difference between the northern and southern hemispheres led to the heat escaping only in the southern hemisphere.
Magnetic fields can be artificial - as Fraser discusses here.
In Mars' case, a molten core would be a primary mover of the process known as a "planetary dynamo," which creates planetary-scaled magnetic fields. With a solid inner core like the Earth's, the dynamo effect could have been disrupted by inefficiencies in the system's fluid dynamics.
It could also explain how the temperature gradients allow such uneven heat extraction. If the southern hemisphere had much higher thermal conductivity, heat would be more likely to flow through it, causing the churning that creates the planetary dynamo to happen primarily on the southern side of the planet.
To prove their point, the authors created a model version of early Mars using a supercomputer at the Maryland Advanced Research Computing Center. They varied the fluid dynamics of Mars as well as the conductivity of its crust. They found that the conditions that most accurately matched the results from Insight and Global Surveyor occurred when Mars' core was wholly molten, and there was a significant difference in the thermal conductivity of the northern and southern hemispheres.
Keeping Mars' any artificial atmosphere Mars has would require a magnetic field - or something similar.
As with all research, there is plenty more left to do. The authors suggest further analysis of some of the seismic data from Insight to see if any additional data was already collected that could align with the molten core theory. Other potential paths forward could include improved modeling for a broader range of internal and external planetary conditions or a deeper understanding of Martian meteorites from various regions and times.
For now, this new theory seems to hold water—or molten iron, depending on who you ask. But there is a lot more work that needs to be done to prove this theory and its implications for the existence of life on Mars.
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Searching for Life on Mars in the Snow and Ice
Artist's impression of water under the Martian surface. Credit: ESA
The surface of Mars is extremely cold, irradiated, and desiccated. But at one time, the planet was much warmer and wetter, with flowing water, lakes, and even an ocean covering most of its northern hemisphere. Because of this, scientists speculate that life may have emerged on Mars billions of years ago and could still be there today. Ever since the Viking 1 and 2 missions landed on the surface in 1976, the search for evidence of past (and maybe present) life has been ongoing.
As missions like Curiosity and Perseverance continue to explore promising regions that were once lakebeds (the Gale and Jezero craters), there are still questions about where to look next. In a recent paper, researchers proposed searching for photosynthetic bacteria embedded in the snow and ice around Mars' mid-latitudes. Using "radiatively habitable zones" on Earth as a template, they argue that photosynthetically active bacteria could survive within exposed patches of ice.
The research was led by Dr. Aditya Khuller, a postdoctoral researcher at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the University of Washington's Polar Science Center (UW-PSC). He was joined by colleagues from the UW Applied Physics Laboratory, the School of Earth & Space Exploration at Arizona State University (SESE-ASU), and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (InstAAR) at the University of Colorado Boulder (UC Boulder). The paper that detailed their findings was presented at the 56th Lunar Planetary Science Conference (2025 LPSC).
On Earth, bacteria can survive and thrive in ice, even at depths of several meters. Earth's protective ozone layer protects these organisms from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, allowing them to safely absorb what is known as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). On Mars, which has a thin atmosphere (less than 1% of Earth's) and no ozone layer, about 30% more damaging UV radiation reaches the surface. However, numerical modeling predicts ice and snow around the equator can melt below the surface.
The presence of this liquid water at these depths could make these subsurface environments the most easily accessible locations for future astrobiology missions. To investigate this possibility, the team developed a radiative transfer model (RTM) based on previous research that employs the Delta-Eddington method (a simplified means of calculating radiative fluxes). This model allowed them to simulate vertically-stacked layers of snow, ice, and Martian dust.
Since solar flux has not yet been measured within ice on Mars, the team employed glacier ice in Greenland as an analog. Their results showed that in all cases, most of the solar radiation is absorbed within the top few meters of the ice, but increases based on grain size. Overall, they found that solar radiation can reach a maximum depth of about 6.5 meters (21.3 ft) in clean ice. At the same time, biologically damaging UV penetrated to about 3 m (~10 ft) in clean granular, packed ice (firn). Their results also indicated that PAR penetration varied considerably based on the amount of dust in the ice.
For ice with 0.01% dust, PAR reached just 25 cm (~10 inches) below the surface, while the peak penetration depth of UV was reduced to about 7 cm (2.75 inches). For ice with 0.1% dust concentrations, this was reduced to only 5 cm (~2 inches), with a peak UV penetration of 1.5 cm (0.6 inches). Overall, they found that Mars may have radiatively habitable zones within exposed patches of mid-latitude ice at depths ranging from a few centimeters for dusty ice to several meters for cleaner ice.
On Earth, microbes require temperatures of more than -18 °C (-0.67 °F) for cell division to occur. Meanwhile, favorable solar radiative conditions and the presence of liquid water are required for photosynthesis. And while conditions within the Martian polar ice are too cold for melting to happen at these depths, numerical models suggest that small amounts of melt and runoff can occur in exposed patches of mid-latitude snowpack just beneath the surface. As the team indicates, this could have significant implications in the search for life on Mars:
"Under similar ephemeral near-freezing conditions, widespread microbial habitats containing cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, fungi, diatoms, and heterotrophic bacteria are found in the shallow subsurface (top few centimeters to meters) of ice sheets, glaciers, and lake ice containing dust and sediment on Earth.
"In the summer, ice in the shallow subsurface melts due to solar heating at these locations. Photosynthesis then occurs in the subsurface, below a translucent ice lid, with nutrients scavenged from the dust and sediment present in the subsurface liquid water. During winter, the subsurface liquid refreezes, and photosynthesis ceases until the next summer."
Therefore, if ice and snow in equatorial regions experience seasonal melting, microbes like cyanobacteria could combine this water with nutrients from Martian dust in the ice to conduct photosynthesis. If such habitats exist, they would constitute the most easily accessible locations for finding evidence of life on Mars.
Further Reading:
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NASA discovery linked to Jesus' crucifixion 'reveals exact day Christ died'
A discovery by NASA may confirm the Biblical account of Jesus' crucifixion, according to researchers from Oxford University.
The Bible states that the sun turning into darkness and the moon into blood, which some scholars believe referenced events following Christ's death.
NASA's models, which trace the positions of the Earth, moon, and sun through history, show a lunar eclipse occurred on Friday, April 3, 33AD — the year traditionally linked to Jesus' death.
The cosmic event would have been visible in Jerusalem shortly after sunset, and the position of the moon would have given it a reddish hue.
The Biblical historians believe the lunar eclipse identified by NASA was the same written about in the Bible.
The NASA discovery was made in the 1990s, but is now going viral on TikTok as today is known among Christians as the day Jesus was crucified.
'Christian texts mention that the Moon turned to blood after Jesus's crucifixion—potentially referring to a lunar eclipse, during which the Moon takes on a reddish hue,' NASA noted.
The American space agency added that scholars narrowed narrowed down a possible date of the crucifixion to Friday, April 3, 33AD, because a lunar eclipse o
Christians across the world are celebrating Good Friday to commemorate the crucifixion and death of Jesus. A discovery by NASA has provided proof of accounts of Jesus' death in the Bible
The Bible verse that discusses the moon appears in Acts 2:20, which states: 'The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and glorious day of the Lord.'
Scriptures details how the apostle, Peter, shared the words 50 days after the crucifixion, leading some experts to believe he was recalling events witnessed during Jesus's death.
However, many historians argue that the passage was meant to prophesize the second coming of Jesus.
That is because Peter was quoting from Joel 2:28–31, a passage that speaks of cosmic signs and spiritual awakening: 'The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes.'
Because the Book of Joel was written centuries before the crucifixion, many scholars believe Peter was explaining how the crucifixion was previously prophesied by Joel.
Colin Humphreys and W. Graeme Waddington, biblical scholars from the University of Oxford used NASA's findings, along with textual references of the crucifixion to argue that the moon did in fact to red blood following Jesus' death.
They theorized that Peter was not giving a prophecy about the coming of Jesus, but was telling the crowd that Joel's prophecy was filled.
NASA's astronomical models, which can track the positions of the Earth, moon and sun throughout history, revealed that a lunar eclipse occurred on Friday, April 3, 33AD
According to the Gospels, darkness fell over the land from noon to 3pm while Jesus hung on the cross, which the researchers said closely aligns with the imagery described in Joel's prophecy.
Humphreys and Waddington argued that Peter's use of the phrase 'the sun shall be turned into darkness' referenced Matthew 27:45: 'From noon until three in the afternoon darkness came over all the land.'
The researchers also pointed to lesser-known texts in the New Testament apocrypha, which contains writings about Jesus' life, such as his infancy, divine nature, and relationships with his family and disciples.
The New Testament apocrypha, however, was not included in the traditional biblical canon because it was not considered divinely inspired.
However, Humphreys and Waddington highlighted a verse, the so-called Report of Pilate, as further evidence of unusual celestial events during the crucifixion.
'At his crucifixion the sun was darkened; the stars appeared and in all the world people lighted lamps from the sixth hour till evening; the moon appeared like blood,' the verse reads.
Thus, they said, provides more evidence that Jesus died on the day of the ancient lunar eclipse.
Christians across the world are celebrating Good Friday to commemorate the crucifixion and death of Jesus.
Good Friday is always two days before Easter Sunday, which is determined by the first full moon after the first day of spring, and then it is the first Sunday following that full moon.
The method stems from early Christian efforts to align the holiday with Jewish Passover and astronomical events.
Jesus is believed to have been crucified around Passover, which is based on the Hebrew lunar calendar.
According to the Gospels, Jesus rose from the dead on the Sunday following Passover.
Early Christians wanted Easter to reflect this timing, so they sought a system that would keep Easter connected to Passover and Jesus' resurrection.
Has Nessie found a friend? 'Two monsters' caught on camera at famous Scottish loch in incredible new clip
Jaw-dropping footage captures the moment two loved-up 'Nessies' emerge from the depths of their watery abode in Scotland.
Or so claims monster hunter, Eoin O'Faodhagain, who spotted the two 'captivating' shapes while watching the famous Loch Ness via webcam.
'On close examination of the footage, there are actually two creatures breaking the surface,' he said.
'The first disturbance that rose up out of the water was of a smaller height, and also not as long as the second.
'The second was longer and higher, out of the water by at least four feet, with a distinct hump at the rear, and a smaller one at the front.
'I believe the images represent two Loch Ness monsters.'
In Eoin's footage, two mysterious shapes can be seen surfacing in the distance, one after the other, separated by a short expanse of water.
In subsequent clips, captured a few minutes later, one shape resurfaces nearby and then moves steadily south, against the flow of the water.
In Eoin's footage, the two mysterious shapes can be seen surfacing in the distance, one after the other, separated by a short expanse of water
The existence of Scotland's legendary Loch Ness Monster has been hotly-debated for nearly a century. Affectionately referred to as Nessie, the large marine creature is said to inhabit the freshwater loch south of Inverness - and be a species as yet unknown to science
Mr O'Faodhagain, a veteran Nessie hunter, believes the footage could show a courtship display.
He said: 'It is the behaviour of both objects that make this sighting intriguing.
'What is going on? Could it be something to do with breeding – a male Nessie showing off to a female Nessie to attract her attention?
'Or is it just feeding behaviour? But if it was this, I would imagine this behaviour would be visible all the time on the surface.'
He added: 'It was captivating observing these three examples of unexplained phenomena in Loch Ness.'
The sighting was recorded using a webcam maintained by Visit Inverness Loch Ness (VILN) at Shoreland Lodges, near Fort Augustus at the loch's southern end.
It unfolded over the span of several minutes last Saturday, April 12.
Given the distance from the camera, Eoin estimates that the first creature was 10 to 12 feet long, while the second was 15 to 18 feet long.
Mr O'Faodhagain, a veteran Nessie hunter, believes the footage could show a courtship display or a 'mating dance' - an act preceding sexual intercourse
Famously, the legendary marine creature is said to inhabit the freshwater loch southwest of Inverness
'There are no known creatures in Loch Ness that come near those dimensions,' he said.
'It is unexplained what these live creatures are – you have to label them Nessies.'
Mr O'Faodhagain, 60, often logs on to watch the water from his home in County Donegal, Ireland.
Over the years, he's racked up multiple entries in the Official Loch Ness Monster Sightings Register.
The earliest report of a monster in Loch Ness is AD 565, but 'Nessie' became a global phenomenon in 1934 upon the publication of Surgeon's Photograph, which purported to show the beast (although doubts surrounding the snap's authenticity remain).
In the near-century since, many visitors have taken blurry photographs of what they think to be the beast in the 23-mile loch.
The VILN webcams can be watched live online at visitinvernesslochness.com.
Rumours of a strange creature living in the waters of Loch Ness have abounded over the decades, yet scant evidence has been found to back up these claims.
One of the first sightings, believed to have fuelled modern Nessie fever, came in May 2, 1933.
On this date the Inverness Courier carried a story about a local couple who claim to have seen 'an enormous animal rolling and plunging on the surface'.
Another famous claimed sighting is a photograph taken in 1934 by Colonel Robert Kenneth Wilson.
It was later exposed as a hoax by one of the participants, Chris Spurling, who, on his deathbed, revealed that the pictures were staged.
Other sightings James Gray's picture from 2001 when he and friend Peter Levings were out fishing on the Loch, while namesake Hugh Gray's blurred photo of what appears to be a large sea creature was published in the Daily Express in 1933.
Robert Kenneth Wilson, a London physician, captured arguably the most famous image of the Loch Ness Monster. The surgeon’s photograph was published in the Daily Mail on April 21, 1934 - however it was later proven to be a fake
The first reported sighting of the monster is said to have been made in AD565 by the Irish missionary St Columba when he came across a giant beast in the River Ness.
But no one has ever come up with a satisfactory explanation for the sightings - although in 2019, 'Nessie expert' Steve Feltham, who has spent 24 years watching the Loch, said he thought it was actually a giant Wels Catfish, native to waters near the Baltic and Caspian seas in Europe.
An online register lists more than 1,000 total Nessie sightings, created by Mr Campbell, the man behind the Official Loch Ness Monster Fan Club and is available at www.lochnesssightings.com.
So what could explain these mysterious sightings?
Many Nessie witnesses have mentioned large, crocodile-like scutes sitting atop the spine of the creature, leading some to believe an escaped amphibian may be to blame.
Native fish sturgeons can also weigh several hundred pounds and have ridged backs, which make them look almost reptilian.
Some believe Nessie is a long-necked plesiosaur - like an elasmosaur - that survived somehow when all the other dinosaurs were wiped out.
Others say the sightings are down to Scottish pines dying and flopping into the loch, before quickly becoming water-logged and sinking.
While submerged, botanical chemicals start trapping tiny bubbles of air.
Eventually, enough of these are gathered to propel the log upward as deep pressures begin altering its shape, giving the appearance of an animal coming up for air.
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Scientists now say MILLIONS of planets could be teeming with life - as a water world is found to have the right conditions
Scientists have stunned the world with the news that life likely does exist on a faraway planet.
K2-18b – which is more than twice as big as Earth and 120 light-years away – sits within the habitable zone of its star in the Leo constellation.
According to a new University of Cambridge study, its atmosphere contains huge quantities of chemicals, which on Earth are only made by living organisms.
Planet K2-18b is a suspected a 'hycean' world – a rocky planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere and vast oceans of water.
It's probable that K2-18b's oceans are filled with something like phytoplankton – tiny organisms that feed on the energy from the nearby star.
But what's exciting is that K2-18b is very unlikely to be a one-off in the universe – meaning many others that are similar likely exist too.
Peter Vickers, a philosophy of science professor at Durham University, said there are likely 'millions' of planets outside our galaxy hosting some kind of lifeforms.
'If it does turn out that K2-18b has life, then it is virtually guaranteed that there are million more exoplanets harbouring extraterrestrial life,' he told MailOnline.
Planet K2-18b is a suspected a 'hycean' world - a rocky planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere and vast oceans of water
(artist's impression)
But what's exciting is that K2-18b is very unlikely to be a one-off in the universe - meaning many others like it likely exist
Professor Vickers added: 'Hundreds of millions is pretty safe estimate and not overblown.'
Planet K2-18b is in the same galaxy as us – the Milky Way – but there are billions to trillions of estimated galaxies in the universe.
The academic stressed that we've only sampled a 'tiny, tiny percentage of planets' in our galaxy alone, using various space and Earth-based telescopes.
So the universe as a whole surely has many more planets waiting to be found that have conditions right for life to thrive.
'It would be like dipping a cup at random in an ocean and getting a fish, and then asking the question whether there are probably lots of other fish in the ocean, he said.
And if you think biological activity does exist out there in the vast reaches of space, the likelihood is that experts in the field would agree with you.
A survey by Professor Vickers and colleagues conducted last year suggests this is the general consensus among astrobiologists (scientists who study extraterrestrial life).
Out of 521 astrobiologists who responded, 86.6 per cent agreed or strongly agreed it’s likely that extraterrestrial life (of at least a basic kind) exists somewhere in the universe, while less than 2 per cent disagreed and 12 per cent were neutral.
On Earth, DMS and DMDS are only produced by living organisms - mostly microbial life such as marine phytoplankton (like the ones pictured). Life on K2-18b could be similar
No life beyond Earth has ever been found and there is no evidence that alien life has ever visited our planet. But this may be due to extraterrestrial life being too scared of 'dangerous' and 'violent' humans
(artist's impression of the typical 'alien' concept)
What's more, 88.4 per cent of non-astrobiologists agreed – showing astrobiologists aren't biased toward believing in extraterrestrial life compared with other scientists.
'So, based on this, we might say that there’s a solid consensus that extraterrestrial life, of some form, exists somewhere out there,' said Professor Vickers and colleagues in a piece for The Conversation.
British science writer and biologist Matthew Ridley believes it would be 'fairly bizarre' if Earth was the only planet in the universe with life on it.
'Given the scale of the universe, it would be more surprising if life did not exist in it,' he says in today's Daily Mail.
'If [life] started billions of years earlier on other planets, then it is probable that it has had time to generate not just microbes and algae, but technology-generating beings too, and probably super-intelligent ones.'
However, Viscount Ridley said perhaps 'we should keep quiet and not let the aliens know we exist' in case our planet is destroyed or conquered.
Mark Buchanan, a physicist and science writer, also thinks there are many more exoplanets like K2-18b that harbor similar lifeforms.
'It's only in the past decade or so that our telescopes have become powerful enough to find and examine planets orbiting other stars,' Buchanan told MailOnline.
Using data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), astronomers identified huge quantities of chemicals only made by living organisms on Earth. They have picked up the chemical fingerprints of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) - molecules that are primarily produced by microbial life such as marine phytoplankton
'Plausible estimates put the number of potentially life supporting planets in the hundreds of millions or more.
'The universe really is a big place and we're just beginning to explore what is out there.'
Buchanan called the new announcement from University of Cambridge scientists a 'fascinating finding' as it suggests there's 'more advanced life forms elsewhere'.
The new findings provide the 'strongest hint yet' of biological activity outside our solar system according to the researchers – although they are yet to be definitively confirmed.
Investigations into planet K2-18b are being led by Dr Nikku Madhusudhan, an astrophysicist at the University of Cambridge, who called it a 'hycean' world – a rocky planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere and oceans of water.
Planet K2-18b – more than eight times the mass of Earth and over twice as big – was discovered 10 years ago, but it was only in 2019 that the presence of water vapour in K2-18b's atmosphere was reported.
Then, in 2023, the James Webb telescope detected carbon dioxide and methane in its atmosphere, as well as a shortage of ammonia – a 'very profound' finding because it indicates there's a water ocean underneath a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.
Arguably even more exciting, however, is the discovery of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) in the planet's atmosphere.
Earlier observations of K2-18b identified methane and carbon dioxide in its atmosphere. This was the first time that carbon-based molecules were discovered in the atmosphere of an exoplanet in the habitable zone (a planet outside our solar system that's at just the right distance from its star for life to realistically proliferate)
On Earth, DMS and DMDS are only produced by life, primarily microbial life such as marine phytoplankton – suggesting a similar form of life on the distant planet.
In fact, scientists have been unable to think of any natural geological or chemical process that could create DMS without living organisms.
What's more, concentrations of DMS and DMDS in K2-18b’s atmosphere are estimated to be thousands of times stronger – more than 10 parts per million by volume compared with one part per billion on Earth – conjuring a scenario of an ocean world teeming with life.
However, the team 'remain cautious' and want to obtain more data before officially announcing that life has been found on another world.
The observations have reached the ‘three-sigma’ level of statistical significance – meaning there is a 0.3 per cent probability that they occurred by chance.
To reach the accepted classification for scientific discovery, the observations would have to cross the five-sigma threshold, meaning there would be below a 0.00006 per cent probability they occurred by chance.
Between 16 and 24 hours of follow-up observation time with JWST may help them reach the all-important five-sigma significance.
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Life on Mars WAS possible! Scientists say carbon residue in the Red Planet's rocks show it was habitable billions of years ago
It’s one of the most profound questions in science – did life ever exist on Mars?
Now, experts have unearthed evidence that the Red Planet was once habitable.
Scientists have found carbon residue in Martian rocks, indicating that an ancient carbon cycle existed.
And it means the Red Planet was likely once warm enough to sustain life.
Researchers have long believed that, billions of years ago, Mars had a thick, carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere with liquid water on its surface.
This carbon dioxide and water should have reacted with rocks to create carbonate minerals.
However, rover missions and analysis from satellites so far haven’t detected the amounts of carbonate on the planet’s surface predicted by this theory.
But that’s all just changed, thanks to data collected by NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover.
The NASA Curiosity rover (pictured) found large deposits of a carbon-rich mineral on Mars. Here, it can be seen exploring the Red Planet's surface
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover sees its tracks receding into the distance at the 'Ubajara' site. This site is where the rover made the discovery of siderite, a mineral that may help explain the fate of the planet’s thicker ancient atmosphere
Information recovered from three drill sites reveals the presence of siderite, an iron carbonate mineral.
It was picked up within the sulfate-rich rocky layers of Mount Sharp in Mars’ Gale Crater.
‘The discovery of abundant siderite in Gale Crater represents both a surprising and important breakthrough in our understanding of the geologic and atmospheric evolution of Mars,’ said Benjamin Tutolo, associate professor at the University of Calgary and lead author of the paper.
To study the Red Planet’s chemical and mineral makeup, Curiosity drills three to four centimetres down into the subsurface then drops the powdered rock samples into its CheMin instrument, which uses X-ray diffraction to analyse rocks and soil.
‘Drilling through the layered Martian surface is like going through a history book,’ said Thomas Bristow, research scientist at NASA Ames and coauthor of the paper.
‘Just a few centimetres down gives us a good idea of the minerals that formed at or close to the surface around 3.5 billion years ago.’
The discovery of carbonate suggests that the atmosphere contained enough carbon dioxide to support liquid water existing on the planet’s surface.
Carbon is vital for life on Earth because it's the fundamental building block of all living organisms, forming the basis of their molecules, including DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates.
NASA's Curiosity rover has collected 42 powderised rock samples with the drill on the end of its robotic arm
Mars is called the Red Planet primarily due to the presence of iron oxide, or rust, on its surface. Experts say the new findings suggest it was likely once warm enough to sustain life
It also regulates the planet's temperature.
As the atmosphere thinned – which is thought to have happened around 4 billion years ago - the carbon dioxide transformed into rock form.
‘The abundance of highly soluble salts in these rocks and similar deposits mapped over much of Mars has been used as evidence of the ‘great drying’ of Mars during its dramatic shift from a warm and wet early Mars to its current, cold and dry state,’ Dr Tutolo added.
‘It tells us that the planet was habitable and that the models for habitability are correct.
‘The broader implications are the planet was habitable up until this time, but then, as the CO2 that had been warming the planet started to precipitate as siderite, it likely impacted Mars’ ability to stay warm.’
He said it’s clear that small changes in atmospheric CO2 can lead to huge changes in the ability of the planet to harbour life.
‘The most remarkable thing about Earth is that it’s habitable and it has been for at least four billion years,’ he added.
‘Something happened to Mars that didn’t happen to Earth.’
NASA’s Curiosity rover landed on Mars on August 5, 2012, and has travelled more than 20 miles (34 kilometres) on the Martian surface.
The findings were published in the journal Science.
The Mars Curiosity rover was initially launched from Cape Canaveral, an American Air Force station in Florida on November 26, 2011.
After embarking on a 350 million mile (560 million km) journey, the £1.8 billion ($2.5 billion) research vehicle touched down only 1.5 miles (2.4 km) away from the earmarked landing spot.
After a successful landing on August 5th, 2012, the rover has travelled about 11 miles (18 km).
It launched on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft and the rover constituted 23 per cent of the mass of the total mission.
With 80 kg (180 lb) of scientific instruments on board, the rover weighs a total of 899 kg (1,982 lb) and is powered by a plutonium fuel source.
The rover is 2.9 metres (9.5 ft) long by 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) wide by 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) in height.
The Mars curiosity rover was initially intended to be a two-year mission to gather information to help answer if the planet could support life, has liquid water, study the climate and the geology of Mars an has since been active for more than 3,700 sols
The rover was initially intended to be a two-year mission to gather information to help answer if the planet could support life, has liquid water, study the climate and the geology of Mars.
Due to its success, the mission has been extended indefinitely and has now been active for over 3,700 sols.
The rover has several scientific instruments on board, including the mastcam which consists of two cameras and can take high-resolution images and videos in real colour.
So far on the journey of the car-sized robot it has encountered an ancient streambed where liquid water used to flow, not long after it also discovered that billions of years ago, a nearby area known as Yellowknife Bay was part of a lake that could have supported microbial life.
US government announces it has achieved ability to 'manipulate space and time' with new technology
The Trump Administration quietly revealed it has futuristic technologies that literally bend time during a speech on 'the golden age of American innovation.'
The director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Michael Kratsios, declared that the US currently has the ability to 'manipulate time and space' and 'leave distance annihilated.'
Kratsios made the bold statement on Monday during the Endless Frontiers Retreat, a scientific conference in Texas focused on promoting US technological innovations to maintain global competitiveness.
The rest of the director's speech touched on American breakthroughs of the past and undoing Biden-era policies that the Trump Administration claims stifled innovation - adding that the regulatory process on new tech has been a burden since the 1970s.
Kratsios actually referenced this again at the end of his speech, saying that Americans will soon have the choice to 'craft new technologies and give themselves to scientific discoveries that will bend time and space.'
Kratsios did not clarify his points, but they may have been a hyperbolic reference to recent breakthroughs in AI and quantum computing.
Currently, there is no device publicly known that can literally 'manipulate time and space' or make distance irrelevant.
President Donald Trump recently lauded the capabilities of the new 6th generation F-47 fighter jet on March 21. Trump also made reference to a mysterious secret weapon on April 9
President Donald Trump has not been shy about its focus on Earth-shattering innovations, especially when it comes to space and technology.
During his first term in 2019, President Trump created a new branch of the military, the US Space Force, with the mission 'to secure our nation's interests in, from, and to space.'
The White House also has a very public relationship with Elon Musk, whose commercial spaceflight company SpaceX has become a key player in NASA's ongoing missions and has its sights set on delivering astronauts to Mars within the next five years.
However, the comments that the US already has the ability to manipulate time and space stoked the flames of government conspiracy theorists online.
'Did he just say the quiet bit out loud?' one person on X asked.
'Is this the US secret weapon Trump was talking about?' another person asked, referencing a cryptic statement by President Trump on April 9.
'We have a weapon that no one has a clue what it is. And this is the most powerful weapon in the world, which is more powerful than anyone even close,' Trump claimed.
DailyMail.com has reached out to the White House for comment.
Michael Kratsios stoked wild speculation online after he said that the US currently has the ability to 'manipulate time and space' and 'leave distance annihilated'
Kratsios added that Americans are still seeking to explore 'endless frontiers' and that the country will soon have the technological inventions on hand to reach them.
'Our technologies, and what we do with them, will be the tools with which we will make the destiny of our country manifest in this century,' Kratsios said.
The director noted, however, that the US would first need to safeguard US intellectual property from nations like China and also keep American companies from exporting these innovations overseas.
The speech by Trump's science policy director is just the latest in a growing pile of 'evidence' some say may prove there's more going on in Washington and in the US military than the public knows about.
Recently, scientists told DailyMail.com that time travel is possible - and people have already done it.
In 1915, Albert Einstein presented his theory of general relativity to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin and proved that time travel is possible.
As bizarre as this situation sounds, Einstein's theories show that this type of time travel is not only possible but extremely common.
Dr Alasdair Richmond, a philosopher and time travel expert from the University of Edinburgh, told DailyMail.com: 'Einstein teaches us that how fast time passes in your surroundings varies with your velocity.'
Essentially, this means the faster you travel, the slower you experience time.
So, if you're on a plane or train, you will be experiencing time slower than anyone standing still and experiments have shown this is true.
Astronauts aboard the International Space Station travel around the Earth at speeds close to 17,500 mph, fast enough to experience slight time travel.
For example, NASA astronaut Scott Kelly has spent 520 days on the station and, as a result, has aged a little bit slower than his identical twin, Mark Kelly, who stayed back on Earth.
If Kratsios was referring to some sort of faster-than-light travel (also known as warp speed), well, scientists have recently proven that this was possible too.
According to NASA, time travel involves moving through time faster than one second per second. In Interstellar (pictured) this is done by getting close to a black hole but, in reality, the same can be achieved just by getting on a plane
A 2024 study published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity, suggested that real-life warp drive is not just a far-fetched concept of science-fiction after all.
Researchers from the University of Alabama and the Applied Physics Laboratory believe warp speed could be possible by bending the rules of physics using Einstein's theory of general relativity.
They proposed creating a 'warp bubble' around a spaceship using a shell of regular matter, like dense particles or dark matter, to compress spacetime in front of the ship and expand it behind.
This bubble would let the ship travel faster than light without breaking the laws of physics, and crucially, it doesn't need exotic 'negative energy' that past theories required.
Mysterious 'portal' discovered on Mars by NASA that could lead to new world of alien life
NASA has admitted that an over 300-foot-wide hole in the surface of Mars could be a 'portal' leading to an underground world of alien life.
The American space agency shared the shocking image of a massive opening in the Martian landscape on Sunday for its Astronomy Picture of the Day.
Rather than leave people with a mystery, NASA speculated that the giant hole appears to lead to a mysterious 'lower level' that may support life.
'Holes such as this are of particular interest because they might be portals to lower levels that extend into expansive underground caves,' NASA researchers said.
'If so, these naturally occurring tunnels are relatively protected from the harsh surface of Mars, making them relatively good candidates to contain Martian life,' they added.
It's quite a statement by NASA, which has consistently tried to manage the public's expectations of finding extraterrestrial life both on other planets and here on Earth.
So far, the focus has been on microbial life that may be hiding in frozen oceans on Earth's neighboring planets and moons.
However, researchers noted that there could be 'expansive underground caves' on the other side of this hole, adding that this area could soon become a major target of future astronauts landing on Mars.
NASA released an image of a massive hole in the surface of Mars on April 13 as part of the agency's Astronomy Picture of the Day series
NASA pointed out that this image, originally taken in 2017 by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, actually shows several holes in the planet's surface.
'There are numerous holes pictured in this Swiss cheese-like landscape, with all-but-one of them showing a dusty, dark, Martian terrain beneath evaporating, light, carbon dioxide ice,' the researchers wrote.
That most noticeable ditch is the perfectly rounded hole in the upper-right portion of the satellite photo - a giant cavity spanning roughly 328 feet.
Making the discovery even more mysterious is the fact that this hole also has a circular crater surrounding it.
As for what caused it, the NASA team speculated that it may have been created by a meteor impact, but the bigger question now is what's sitting at the other end of this pit.
'These pits are therefore also prime targets for possible future spacecraft, robots, and even human interplanetary explorers,' NASA added.
Although scientists believe Mars was once more Earth-like billions of years ago, the best hope of finding signs of life today rests in NASA's rovers, satellites, and future astronauts discovering underground caves or lava tubes in the long-dead Martian surface.
Since Mars now lacks a strong magnetic field and thick atmosphere, its surface is constantly bombarded by high levels of cosmic and solar radiation, which can be deadly to life as we know it.
Mars is believed to have several similar holes that may be craters from meteor impacts, potentially leading a vast system of underground caves and lava tubes
The USGS Astrogeology Science Center has mapped hundreds of possible sites that experts believe could be entry points to subterranean caves on Mars
However, life may have been able to survive below the soil thanks to the natural shielding of these caves and tubes - meaning astronauts might be able to find evidence or even fossils of living organisms here.
America's experts on underground mysteries and seismic activity - the US Geological Survey (USGS) - were even brought in to find these caves.
In 2019, the USGS Astrogeology Science Center revealed a stunning map detailing over 1,000 candidates that their experts believe could be cave entrances scattered throughout the surface of Mars.
Unfortunately, USGS noted that their review used data coming in from probes flying 250 miles above the Martian surface.
Glen Cushing, a space scientist from the USGS Astrogeology Science Center, said: 'It is impossible to see how far any of them extend beneath the surface.'
'Not knowing which instances are caves and which are merely alcoves with modest lateral extent, we are careful to express that these are 'candidate' cave entrances,' he added in the 2019 release.
Other space missions, including the European Space Agency's Mars Express, have also found evidence of ancient lava tubes beneath the planet's dormant volcanoes.
However, this newly released photo makes it undeniably clear that there's at least one hole on Mars which leads to an unknown subterranean layer.
The soonest human astronauts may be able to see this enormous hole for themselves could be in 2028.
SpaceX founder Elon Musk recently appeared on the Joe Rogan Experience podcast, where he rapidly accelerated the timeline for people arriving on the Red Planet.
Previously, the goal was to land the first astronauts on Mars by 2030 at the earliest.
Musk said that SpaceX's 'default plan' was to 'launch several Starships to Mars at the end of next year.'
These are the same type of space vehicles SpaceX has been testing, with some of the recent tests ending in a fiery explosion.
These missions would also have no crews and would see if the vehicles could successfully land on the Red Planet. Musk added that he's hoping his company will launch a total of five of these remote-controlled starships to Mars in 2026.
Scientists have found the origin of WATER on Earth - and say it didn't come from asteroids after all
With an abundant supply of liquid water, Earth is one of the few places in the universe where life can develop and flourish.
But scientists have long wondered where exactly all of our life-giving water came from in the first place.
Finally, scientists from the University of Oxford have the answer - and say that, contrary to popular belief, Earth's water did not come from asteroids after all.
Instead, the researchers believe that the ingredients for the water in our oceans and rivers were actually part of Earth from the very beginning.
In their study, the team analysed a rare asteroid made of a material very similar to the rocky debris which came together to make Earth.
Using a powerful beam of X-rays, the scientists found that these materials were 'incredibly rich' in hydrogen, which forms water when combined with oxygen.
Co-author Tom Barrett, a PhD student at the University of Oxford, told MailOnline: 'The big conclusion of this study is that hydrogen, and by extension the ingredients for water, were incorporated into Earth by its primary building blocks, making it an inevitable consequence of our planet’s formation.
'This may mean that water on the surface of planets is not as unlikely as previously thought.'
Scientists say they have finally solved the puzzle of where Earth's water came from, and they say it wasn't delivered by asteroids
(stock image)
To explain how life was able to develop on Earth, and whether it could exist on other planets, scientists first need to figure out how liquid water came to exist.
We know that the water on Earth was formed by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen, so the debate has often centred on how these elements came to Earth.
Many believed that the rocks which came together to make the Earth 4.55 billion years ago were too poor in hydrogen to explain all the water we see on the planet today.
It was therefore suggested that water might come from space rocks rich in hydrogen or covered with ice from elsewhere in the universe which hit the Earth 100 million years ago.
Since we can't see what the early Earth was like directly, the best way to test this theory is to look for meteorites that have been drifting through space since the planet formed.
In their new study, published in the journal Icarus, researchers studied a meteorite dubbed LAR 12252 which had been found in Antarctica.
LAR 12252 is a rare type of meteorite called an 'enstatite chondrite' which has a composition similar to that of the early Earth.
A French research team had previously shown that this rock contained hydrogen hidden inside tiny spherical structures called chondrules.
The researchers analysed a rare meteorite found in Antarctica (pictured) which has the same composition as the early Earth. Their study revealed that this space rock was much richer in hydrogen, one of the ingredients of water, than expected
But the way in which their study was conducted meant it wasn't clear whether this hydrogen was an original 'intrinsic' part of the rock or whether it was contamination from Earth.
To learn more Dr Barrett and his co-authors used a technique called X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure spectroscopy.
This works by shining a very powerful X-ray beam onto the material and looking at each atom absorbs energy to work out what element it is and what kind of chemical it is part of.
When the researchers shone the X-ray on the edges of the chondrules, where water had been found before, they found that these areas were extremely rich in a chemical called hydrogen sulphide.
Since this rock is so similar to the composition of the Earth when it formed, this suggests that the planet may have already had enough hydrogen for liquid water to form.
Dr Bryson says: 'Our work suggests that water did not need to be delivered from asteroids.
'The material that created Earth likely contained enough hydrogen, in the form of hydrogen sulphide, to explain the entire water budget of Earth.'
Additionally, the location of the hydrogen-rich chemicals in the meteorite is a strong sign that their findings are accurate.
Using a powerful beam of X-rays the researchers found that some parts of the rock were exceptionally rich in hydrogen sulphide. This means that the early Earth might have had all the hydrogen it needed right from the start
Since this type of meteorite is such a good match for the building blocks of Earth, the researchers believe that there was no need for asteroids to deliver water to the planet since there was already enough hydrogen here
While the material around the spherical chondrules was rich in hydrogen sulphide, parts of the meteorite which had signs of contamination such as cracks or rust had none.
This tells the researchers that the hydrogen in the meteorite must have been part of its structure before it arrived on Earth.
Co-author Dr James Bryson, associate professor of mineralogy at the University of Oxford, told MailOnline: 'We are pretty confident that the meteorites we have measured are a good repression of Earth's building blocks.
This is because the meteorite contains the same ratio of stable isotopes, types of elements, as found near the interior of Earth.
This doesn't mean that none of Earth's water came from asteroid impacts, since we have good evidence that some water on the planet's surface was delivered in this way.
However, this shows that some of the water on the surface and most of the water in the interior, which is the majority on the planet, was there from the beginning.
Dr Bryson says: 'Our findings just show that there was enough hydrogen in Earth from its inception to form abundant water - we don't know when or how that happened, but we hope our research will inspire those questions to be examined.'
