
The ROV Hercules is shown approaching the Lost City
(Image Credit: IFE, URI-IAO, UW, Lost City Science Party; NOAA/OAR/OER; The Lost City 2005 Expedition)
For centuries, ancient seafarers have told tales of fabled lost lands. They have been known by many names—Ultima Thule, Hy-Brasil, the Fortunate Isles, and of course, the legendary lost city of Atlantis.
Now, scientists say Earth’s hidden plumbing system may be feeding one of its strangest ecosystems—an area on the Atlantic sea floor that conjures images of such legendary landscapes lost to time and memory.y.
Known as the Lost City hydrothermal field, this ancient Atlantic oddity is doing more than just broadening our view on how extremophiles thrive in some of our planet’s least hospitable environments: it offers a potential model for how extraterrestrial life may thrive elsewhere in our solar system.
In a recent paper published in Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Geosystems, an international team of researchers finally discovered the system behind these hydrogen- and methane-rich alkaline hot springs that feed the Lost City ecosystem.
The white carbonate chimneys that emit these gases provide an alternative to sunlight as the Lost City’s primary energy source, allowing life to thrive in a challenging deep ocean environment.

A view of the Lost City hydrothermal vent, located adjacent to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(Image Credit: Susan Lang, University of South Carolina/National Science Foundation/ROV Jason 2018 WHOI)
Searching Near The Lost City
Those precious nutrients coming from these vents were created by underground reactions. It turns out that the water feeding the Lost City is likely part of a larger underground system, where extreme processes imbue the liquid with essential nutrients.
The discovery came from nearly a mile below the Atlantis Massif, a large block of Earth’s crust that forms an underwater mountain range. This dome-shaped region stretches for 10 miles and rises 14,000 feet above the ocean floor.

Above, a map shows the location of the Lost City on the Atlantis Massif
(Image Credit: NOAA)

(a) Bathymetric map of the Atlantis Massif indicating the location of Site U1601, Hole U1309D, and the Lost City hydrothermal field (LCHF) (b) Seismic line Meg 4 with locations of the newly drilled Hole U1601C and Hole U1309D. The high velocity gabbroic rock penetrated by Hole U1309D (red) contrasts with the mostly serpentinized peridotite at Hole U1601C. (c) Downhole lithology of recovered material from Hole U1601C highlights the depths from which water samples were collected within the borehole.
Credit: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (2026). DOI: 10.1029/2026gc012967
Geologists believe this formation originated between 1.5 and 2 million years ago, as tectonic plate movement pulled it out from beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, forming a new feature on the ocean floor.
From aboard the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) ship Resolution, scientists drilled their 4,160-foot-deep hole about 2,600 feet north of the Lost City. They were intrigued to find that the water recovered from the hole had a chemical composition extremely similar to that of water emerging from the Lost City vents.
Beneath The Ocean Floor
From their drill site, they pumped water from varying depths up to the surface for examination.
Roughly the first 1,500 feet consisted primarily of seawater and freshwater from the drilling process, yet at lower depths, they found water that had risen from beneath the rock. At the deepest depths, up to 80% of the sample came from these subterranean regions.
Their detailed analyses revealed that the water had reacted with the surrounding minerals to gain calcium while losing magnesium, a reaction that would require prolonged exposure to rocks at a temperature of at least 572°F. Despite this finding, the hole was much cooler when the team took their samples.
Typically, a water-rock reaction with gabbroic and ultramafic rock would produce such results that are high in calcium, yet with no magnesium. Other components, such as lithium, rubidium, cesium, and strontium, were found in the water at both the bore site and Lost City.

One of the Lost City’s many carbonate spires is shown in this image from the 2005 Lost City Expedition
(Image Credit: IFE, URI-IAO, UW, Lost City Science Party; NOAA/OAR/OER; The Lost City 2005 Expedition)
The findings are consequential for providing the first direct evidence of this extremely hot water circulating beneath the Atlantis Massif through gabbroic and ultramafic rock. In this hidden plumbing system, seawater reaches deep within oceanic plates, providing energy to these deep-sea environments and potentially supporting their microbial life.
The chemistry tells the tale
The composition of the formation water offers compelling clues. Its zero-magnesium, high-calcium signature is a textbook indicator of extensive water–rock reaction in gabbroic and ultramafic rock. In addition to calcium, the fluid picked up abundant lithium, rubidium, cesium and strontium from the rock. Such a signature closely matches models of the deep endmember of Lost City's vent fluids. This deep-water chemistry closely resembles the "fuel" that emerges at Lost City.
The deeper the borehole, the greater the share of rock-derived water. The graphic illustrates how seawater becomes less dominant with depth, while water that has reacted with hot rocks increasingly takes over, reaching about 80% of the deepest samples.
Credit: Generated using AI tools with the image adapted from Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (2026). DOI: 10.1029/2026gc012967
The researchers emphasize the importance of this result. As they write, "Our results provide the first direct evidence for deep, high-temperature fluid circulation through gabbroic and ultramafic lithologies beneath the Atlantis Massif." They have found the elusive deep source of the vents' fluid.
The water's journey—plunging, heating up and then rising—demonstrates a hidden plumbing system. "These findings demonstrate how seawater circulates deep into oceanic plates and transports chemical energy to shallower environments, potentially supporting microbial life," the team notes. Rocks deep in the crust are now shown to be generating and channeling the hydrogen-rich fluid that fuels Lost City's ecosystem.
Looking to other worlds and the future
This finding has far-reaching implications. It indicates that hydrogen-enriched natural water can form through reactions involving deep crustal rocks, an important area of research for understanding Earth's energy cycles and searching for extraterrestrial life. Lost City is considered one of the sites analogous to habitable environments on ice-covered ocean worlds.
However, the authors stress the limitations of the current findings because the samples are heavily mixed. In particular, the borehole fluid samples were taken a few days after drilling and were mixed with seawater, freshwater and drilling fluid. The exact proportions contributed by gabbro versus ultramafic rock remain uncertain, and the study does not yet prove a direct pipe between this borehole and the Lost City chimneys.
In the future, the researchers will return to the hole once it has stabilized and use gas-tight samplers to capture purer formation water (including dissolved hydrogen). Improved samples will help refine how and where the deep fluid reacts with rock and how much chemical energy it delivers.
For now, scientists have peered into one of Earth's last great frontiers: the deep, fractured ocean crust. Their findings suggest that far below the Lost City vents, scalding, hydrogen-rich fluids circulate through the basement rock. This ancient, hidden reservoir of energy may prove central not just to our own planet's mysteries, but to understanding where life could thrive in sunless seas beyond Earth.
Feeding The Lost City
As researchers have now demonstrated that hydrogen-enriched water can naturally form deep within the Earth through rock reactions, researchers say there are major implications for our understanding of the Earth and beyond.
For one, it adds a new element to Earth’s energy cycles, explaining how life persists under such difficult, dark conditions. Secondly, it offers intriguing new ideas about how life might persist in extraterrestrial environments, as humans continue to search for it elsewhere in the cosmos. The strange conditions of the Lost City ecosystem are thought to be a potential model for how life could persist in the global oceans of ice-covered worlds such as Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus.
However, some uncertainty about the samples does remain. Seawater, freshwater, and drilling contaminants were present in the samples, and the exact proportions attributable to gabbro or ultramafic rock are unknown. Also, while this is evidence for an underground connection between the borehole and the Lost City chimneys, it is not conclusive proof that they are connected.
Plans are already underway to return once the borehole has stabilized to collect pristine samples that will allow researchers to answer questions about where and how these reactions occur, as well as the amount of energy they add to the water. From the most inhospitable regions on Earth to the quest for organisms among the stars, the research underway deep within our oceans is providing new answers to how such life persists.
The recent paper, “Borehole Waters From Hole U1601C (Atlantis Massif) Provide Constraints for a Deep-Sourced Formation Water That (Could) Feed the Lost City Hydrothermal Field,” appeared in Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Geosystems on July 12, 2026.
- Micah Hanks, Editor in Chief of The Debrief, also contributed to this reporting.
- Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.
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