Lost Aquiry Civilization: LiDAR Reveals Millions Lived in the Amazon
Lost Aquiry Civilization: LiDAR Reveals Millions Lived in the Amazon
A latest study has uncovered that the Amazon rainforest, which has always been assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness before the arrival of Europeans, was the site of a huge civilization now referred to as Aquiry. This civilization existed between 600 BC and 850 AD and occupied the southwestern part of the Amazon. The real shock is that it supported millions of people leaving behind extraordinary monuments for centuries under the thick jungle.
As is the case with all these revelations in the last decade, LiDAR was used to establish the presence of a settlements across about 4200 square kilometers of thick jungle in the Acre and Amazonas states of Brazil. The laser technology allowed for the identification of almost four hundred huge constructions that had never been noted before. Huge geometrical structures such as circles, squares, rectangles, and octagons served ceremonial or political purposes instead of forming settlements.
The sheer scale of the discovery cannot be overemphasized. The accomplishment of the Aquiry civilization spanned an area of 183,000 square kilometers, which is comparable to the total area of Syria or the UK. Extrapolating from the surveyed area, scientists estimate there could be over 20,000 such earthworks across the region. This civilization grew in size during the first millennium, and according to scientists, it might have comprised up to three million people. This number is much greater than earlier calculations based on more conservative assumptions concerning the pre-Columbian population of the Amazon.

Tequinho archeological site in Acre Brazil.
Monumental Earthworks and Social Complexity
The Aquiry people left a significant impact on nature, creating geoglyphs by digging ditches up to five meters deep and using the soil removed to make mounds. Some of these geometric forms are several hundred meters across, displaying advanced organizational capabilities as well as knowledge of mathematic principles. The biggest of geoglyphs spans an area of close to 50 hectares. Since there was no stone in the area, the Aquiry only used earth to create their geoglyphs. As a result, unlike other civilizations that were contemporary with Aquiry, they did not leave behind any rock ruins.
As indicated by modern research and according to indigenous oral tradition, these places acted as the centers for building relations between the different communities, and other important beings. They were meant to serve the purpose of gathering places for different rituals, trade, political matters, and also displays of generosity of the local chieftains. In turn, rituals included dances, music, feasts, and games, showing that the society was highly developed in terms of social and ritual activities overall.
- Lidar Scans Reveal Many Lost Cities, Thousands of Earthworks in the Amazon
- Over 10,000 Earthworks in the Amazon Revealed By LiDAR
The Aquiry were not a single unified kingdom but a network of many different communities sharing a common worldview. This diversity is reflected in the varying dimensions, shapes, and construction methods of the earthworks. The major centers were often connected by wide, remarkably straight roads and causeways, forming a carefully planned regional network. "The cultures and societies that composed the Aquiry shared a common worldview and constructed ceremonial centers in a variety of monumental geometric forms," explained Professor Martti Pärssinen of the University of Helsinki, who led the study.

Diverse earthwork types with their topographical contexts.
Credit: Pärssinen, M et al., Nature (2026)
Shaping the Amazonian Landscape
The findings, published in the journal Nature, overturn the long-held belief that the Amazon was a pristine wilderness before European arrival. The Aquiry actively managed their environment on a vast scale, burning sections of bamboo-dominated forest to clear land for their monumental centers and for fields of maize, squash, and manioc. Building and maintaining these centers for around 1,500 years required a large workforce, a division of labor, and sophisticated administrative and cosmological motivations.
Furthermore, the civilization practiced sophisticated agroforestry. The study revealed that the prevalence of valuable, protein-rich tree species in the region—such as the Brazil nut and the peach palm—is the result of long-term human interaction. The Aquiry deliberately promoted the growth of culturally significant trees to the detriment of other species, shaping the forest's biodiversity in ways that are still visible today. This finding has direct implications for understanding the biocultural history of the Amazon and even for future climate models.
"The results we obtained disrupt our understanding of the Amazonian region's past," said Pärssinen. "The research shows that human impact on the Amazon environment has been much greater than previously believed."
A Mysterious Collapse and Unanswered Questions
Despite these significant discoveries, much about the Aquiry civilization remains unknown. Researchers have not yet determined what languages these communities spoke or what they called themselves. (The name "Aquiry" derives from the Indigenous Arawakan designation for the Acre River, meaning "river of caimans"). The civilization's apparent rapid disappearance around 850 AD is equally puzzling.
This timeline coincides strikingly with the relatively abrupt collapse of the Classic Maya civilization in Mesoamerica and the decline of the Tiwanaku and Wari cultures in the Andes. The temporal coincidence raises intriguing questions about possible continental-scale climatic or social factors that may have affected multiple civilizations across the Americas during that same period.
As archaeologists continue to scan the vast, uncharted expanses of the Amazon, it is likely that thousands more ancient settlements and earthworks lie hidden beneath the jungle canopy. If similar population densities are found elsewhere in Amazonia, the total pre-Columbian population of the Amazon could have reached tens of millions—a revelation that would fundamentally rewrite the history of the Americas.
- Top image: Aerial view of the Fazenda Colorada geoglyph in Acre, Brazil, dated c. AD 1283.
- Source: Nirvana2013 / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0
By Gary Manners
References
- Killgrove, K. 2026. Lasers reveal hundreds of geoglyphs made by a mysterious civilization in the Amazon rainforest thousands of years ago. Live Science. Available at: https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/americas/lasers-reveal-hundreds-of-geoglyphs-made-by-a-mysterious-civilization-in-the-amazon-rainforest-thousands-of-years-ago
- MacDonald, C. 2026. The Amazon's lost civilisation: Hidden network of 20,000 structures reveals rainforest once teemed with MILLIONS of people. Daily Mail. Available at: https://www.dailymail.com/sciencetech/article-16015869/Amazons-lost-civilisation-Hidden-network-structures.html
- Pärssinen, M., Kalliola, R., Ranzi, A. et al. 2026. Over 20,000 precolonial earthworks in the Southwest Amazonia. Nature. Springer Nature. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10835-7
- García, A., 2026. The Aquiry civilization inhabited the southwestern Amazon with millions of people for 1,500 years and collapsed at the same time as the Maya. La Brújula Verde. Available at: https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2026/07/the-aquiry-civilization-inhabited-the-southwestern-amazon-with-millions-of-people-for-1500-years-and-collapsed-at-the-same-time-as-the-maya/
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