'This is unprecedented': Why the Pentagon's recent UFO file releases are so important

Leonard David

Navy pilots have reported encountering a variety of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP).

Credit: DOD/U.S. Navy

As "The X Files" famously told us, "the truth is out there." But at the same time, inquiring minds are immersed today in finding out whether or not the proof is out there — specifically, proof that at least some unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) come from somewhere beyond Earth.

The UAP acronym originally stood for "unidentified aerial phenomena," a term that itself was a rebranding of "unidentified flying object" (UFO). And UFO was a replacement of sorts for the long-lasting and stylish "flying saucers."

Whatever the terminology, truth and proof in today's fractured and somewhat conspiratorial society could be construed as strange bedfellows.

UAP study team

Mike Gold is president at Redwire Space, an innovative aerospace and defense company. In 2022 and 2023, he served on the NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study Team, a council of 16 experts across diverse areas on matters relevant to potential ways to investigate UAP.

Gold's past roles include NASA associate administrator for space policy and partnerships, acting associate administrator for the Office of International and Interagency Relations, and senior advisor to the administrator for international and legal affairs. While at NASA, he led the development and implementation of the Artemis Accords.

That past also includes 13 years at Bigelow Aerospace, during which he established the company's Washington office and oversaw the launches of Bigelow's Genesis 1 and Genesis 2 spacecraft, which showcased the use of expandable habitat technology.

A public meeting of NASA's Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) Independent Study Team on May 31, 2023. Mike Gold is second from the right in the front row.

Credit: NASA/Joel Kowsky

Exposing the truth

Gold's ongoing UAP interests were highlighted in 2024 during a hearing of the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Oversight and Accountability titled "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Exposing the Truth."

"We must be thorough in collecting information, fearless in making conclusions and open to following the data no matter how mundane or extraordinary the results may be," Gold told the lawmakers. "As the saying goes, the truth is out there. We just need to be bold enough and brave enough to face it."

Space.com caught up with Gold recently to discuss his current UAP views and his work with The Disclosure Foundation as an advisory board member.

A "football-shaped" UAP (unidentified anomalous phenomenon) observed by an infrared sensor on a U.S. military platform in 2024. The Pentagon released this observation on May 8, 2026.

Credit: U.S. Deparment of War

Follow the data

"I would say that I came out the same way I came in," Gold said of his past work for the NASA UAP study team, "and that was objective and wanting to follow the data."

While the NASA group's final recommendations seem to be lost in the fabric of time and space, Gold said that, under the current presidential administration, NASA is taking the UAP issue quite seriously, as is the rest of the federal government.

"NASA is doing its best to contribute to the Department of War releases on UAP," said Gold. "I will note that what is being released by NASA is publicly available and has been. But I think it's beneficial for the White House to flag some of the most interesting aspects that we have from NASA archives."

Gold said, for instance, that the 1972 Apollo 17 moon landing report included imagery showing three lights in a triangular shape that was flagged in recent Department of War (DOW)/NASA-released documents.

"NASA is a proactive participant in all of this," he added, noting that having imagery identified as anomalous is "very powerful in fighting the stigma."

There are champions inside the space agency who want to pursue the UAP issue, according to Gold.

"They feel a lot more comfortable when you've got the White House putting out some of the NASA imagery and saying that this is indeed anomalous," he said.

This image captured during NASA's Apollo 17 moon mission in December 1972 contains three "dots" in a triangular formation in the lower right quadrant of the lunar sky that is clearly visible upon magnification of the image.

Credit: NASA/Do

Disclosure process

Gold brought up the fact that he is a "recovering lawyer." However, that status doesn't free him from pondering the implications of a UAP "full disclosure" — if that ever happens.

"As I think about disclosure, we are absolutely in the disclosure process. This is what the White House documents are. You have to applaud this Trump administration. This is unprecedented what's occurring. At the very least, I view this as evolutionary disclosure," Gold said.

"It's a process of looking at the information objectively," he added. "I think when others use the term 'disclosure,' it can be inherently attached to the revelation of the existence of non-human intelligence."

But that's not the way Gold views disclosure.

"It is a process where we are objectively evaluating information and then following the data and the conclusions wherever they take us," he said. "That may be something extraordinary; it may be something ordinary. The point is that we don't know."

The big reveal?

Still, if the outcome is literally out of this world, could the public handle it? Gold is optimistic on some fronts.

"I think the public could deal with the fact that extraterrestrials exist," he said. "Polls already indicate that they believe that. I also think the public can deal with the fact that we've had an extraterrestrial crash retrieval program."

Nevertheless, there are more challenging questions, Gold said, like "where we came from. Who are we? And what about the abduction phenomenon? Those secondary questions might be more difficult."

However, even if there were good reasons for keeping this issue secret, "what you can't do is keep it secret from Congress, because then we are no longer a democracy," Gold advised. "So at a minimum, our elected officials have to be briefed. They have to know. We have to have oversight."

Common sense action

Gold thinks that what's happening now is a huge shift and of great benefit to the country.

"I know that there's disappointment relative to perhaps the nature of what's being released," he said. "But you have to understand the bureaucratic process. It's what can be done immediately."

A year from now, Gold said that he anticipates even more releases from the government that will be even more interesting.

"I'd like to see NASA adopting a recommendation from the Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study Team to include UAP and the aviation safety reporting system," he said. "That, to me, is a common-sense action that would dramatically increase the amount of UAP data that we have.

"It would not be just for science but for national security purposes. Because when I say UAP, that includes adversarial drones that are unidentified," Gold said. "Doing so could be done with little money and be so valuable," he added.

In the end, objectivity is Gold's north star when it comes to UAP.

"I am critical of people who say that this is definitely nothing extraordinary and those who say that this is definitely something extraordinary. We need to go right up the middle of this and take a look at the data. Let the data speak for itself," said Gold. "So, apologies. I am remaining violently neutral."

RELATED

Pentagon UFO Files Just Turned Terrifying — 3 Unclassified Unknown Objects Appeared

This is unprecedented': Why the Pentagon's recent UFO file releases are so important #Shorts

UAPs and Government Secrets: What is Finally being Disclosed?

{ https://www.yahoo.com/news/ }

Now, a preprint paper by researchers Jacob Haqq-Misra of Blue Marble Space and Ravi Kopparapu of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center examined 112 videos released this year under the Presidential Unsealing and Reporting System for UAP Encounters (PURSUE).

The researchers, both of whom serve on the UAP Science Advisory Council to the U.S. government, say their study highlights significant limitations on analysis of the purported UAP videos due to missing or redacted sensor data, which prevents civilian researchers from having enough of the tools necessary to determine whether seemingly fast-moving objects in the videos actually display anomalous velocities.

Kopparapu and Haqq-Misra’s new study, which has not yet undergone peer review, highlights a fundamental problem that has impeded analytical efforts involving UAP videos collected by U.S. military personnel: that the apparent speed of an object suggested by its movement across a camera’s field of view is not necessarily an accurate indication of its real physical velocity.

In an email to The Debrief, Haqq-Misra explained that while the new study is among the first to explore the limitations on what can be discerned about these objects based on analysis of the current batch of PURSUE releases, the underlying problem is not a new one for researchers tackling the UAP problem.

“I think our conclusion will come as no surprise to people in the aviation, aerospace, and intelligence communities who have already been closely following UAP disclosure,” Haqq-Misra told The Debrief, though expressing that the conclusions he and Kopparapu present “may not be fully appreciated in the broader public discussion.”

“I get lots of questions from friends, family, and other scientists about my opinion of the government ‘UAP disclosure’ data,” Haqq-Misra said. “A lot of people haven’t even looked at the data and may assume that there is more available than we really are getting.”

In terms of what data has been made available to the public since May, Haqq-Misra says the limitations are obvious.

“Most of the useful quantities are redacted,” he said. “It is also not immediately obvious that what appears to be a fast-moving object in an infrared sensor video might be a mundane object (like a bird) much closer to the camera.”

Analyzing the DOW’s ‘PURSUE’ UAP Videos

The videos Haqq-Misra and Kopparapu analyzed, all of which are currently available at the U.S. Department of War website, were acquired by targeting pods and other turret-mounted camera systems aboard military aircraft or similar government platforms. The collection includes infrared and electro-optical imagery, much of it showing unidentified objects either crossing the camera’s field of view or being actively tracked by the sensor.

Haqq-Misra and Kopparapu reviewed all 112 videos to determine what kinematic information could be extracted from them. At its simplest, analysts can measure how quickly an object moves across a video in pixels per frame. However, the problem arises when it comes to converting that apparent motion into an actual velocity—a process that requires several additional pieces of information.

In an email to The Debrief, Kopparapu, who expressed that his views are based on his own independent analysis and do not reflect those of NASA, said there was one primary form of data that, if it were to accompany future video releases, could make them far more useful to scientists working to understand the performance characteristics of the objects they convey.

“Based on our preliminary mathematical analysis, perhaps the single most important missing quantity is the range; the distance between the object and the observing platform, ideally measured over time,” Kopparapu told The Debrief. “Without range, something moving rapidly across the image could be a small nearby object moving relatively slowly or a much larger, distant object moving extremely fast.”

Additional information Kopparapu says would be very useful would include details about the camera’s field of view, as well as “the motion of the observing platform and viewing geometry.”

In their recent paper, Kopparapu and Haqq-Misra detail the specific measurements that would be required to determine an object’s velocity. However, Kopparapu expressed to The Debrief that “Some apparent anomalies could even arise from sensor or imaging effects,” adding that without the additional data outlined above, “there is simply not much more that can be concluded scientifically.”

Haqq-Misra told The Debrief that one of the goals of the UAP Science Advisory Council is to make recommendations about what kinds of data future PURSUE releases might be able to include that would enable independent scientists to conduct more accurate and meaningful kinematic analyses. 

“We are hopeful that our recommendations based on analyses of sensor videos like these will lead to additional release of data that may even help us resolve some cases,” Haqq-Misra told The Debrief, echoing Kopparapu’s sentiments about the importance of having access to information about the object’s range from the camera system at the time the video was captured.

“Knowing the distance from the camera to the object is essential,” Haqq-Misra said. “This information might be under the redacted black boxes of some of the videos, so unredacted videos would be best.”

UAP Transparency vs National Security

The question of whether information currently redacted from government UAP videos can be safely released to scientists without compromising U.S. national security—as well as how much of that data should be released—remains a sticking point between Pentagon officials and the broader scientific community.

For researchers like Haqq-Misra, one solution might involve having some form of verifiable U.S. government record that certifies certain portions of the redacted information, without necessarily conveying that in the videos themselves in ways that could compromise sensitive information about the systems used to obtain the footage.

“Even just telling us the distance on an official government document would help!” Haqq-Misra told The Debrief.

“The flight trajectory of the aircraft with the observing camera is another important piece of data,” Haqq-Misra added. “In some cases, this data may simply be lost, but if flight logs exist for any of these cases, that would also help.

Although Haqq-Misra adds that technical information about the specific cameras used to capture a given video would “make the data even more useful,” the U.S. Department of War regulates much of this technical data under strict security classification, export control, and Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) policies. Such restrictions are imposed to protect critical capabilities like sensor resolution, focal lengths, tracking algorithms, and other capabilities or technical properties that might potentially be exploited by foreign adversaries if they were revealed publicly.

While U.S. military concerns over the release of such information is often warranted, without access to it, the nature of how some military systems operate can make it difficult—if not impossible—to make meaningful determinations about the objects detected.

One example includes objects that are being actively tracked while they are filmed. By its design, a targeting system can move its camera to keep an object near the center of the frame, making the subject’s apparent movement approach zero, even if it is traveling rapidly through the environment. The resulting imagery can create the illusion of a stationary object and becomes unhelpful without access to additional information about the object’s movement.

GOFAST: A Case Study in Transparency?

Another example where the appearance of an object’s movement on video can differ significantly from its actual speed appears in the well-known Navy “GOFAST” video. Haqq-Misra and Kopparapu note that this footage was once widely interpreted as evidence of an object moving at extraordinary speed near the ocean surface. However, subsequent analysis using available telemetry showed that much of its apparent motion resulted from parallax generated by the observing aircraft, with its calculated motion ultimately being consistent with wind-borne drift—in other words, the object was most likely a balloon.

The important difference between the GOFAST video and those included in recent PURSUE releases, the researchers note, comes down to the amount of additional information that was available.

“In the GOFAST case, sufficient information was available to constrain the object’s motion relative to the observer and assess it in relation to reported wind conditions,” Haqq-Misra and Kopparapu write in their recent study. Notably, following its initial unauthorized release in 2017 along with two other historical U.S. Navy videos of alleged UAP, the Pentagon eventually determined that GOFAST did not reveal any sensitive information that compromised U.S. national security.

“After a thorough review, the department has determined that the authorized release of these unclassified videos does not reveal any sensitive capabilities or systems, and does not impinge on any subsequent investigations of military air space incursions by unidentified aerial phenomena,” an April 2020 Pentagon statement read. Seemingly, this case would appear to demonstrate that in at least some cases, enough additional information could remain unredacted in future UAP video releases to allow similar technical determinations to be made.

DOW-UAP-PR113: Anomalous Appearance, but Limited Information

Another example Kopparapu and Haqq-Misra look at in their paper involves a video in the recent PURSUE releases designated DOW-UAP-PR113, which features an infrared video reportedly recorded over the western United States in 1996.

The footage depicts what appears to be a compact dark object (or possibly two moving in very close proximity) rapidly crossing the camera’s field of view. Based on Kopparapu and Haqq-Misra’s measurements, the object travels approximately 142 pixels per frame, equivalent to roughly 2.2 frame widths per second, and remains directly visible for only about one-tenth of a second.

One thing that makes the video unique among the PURSUE releases is the presence of markings in the imagery, which the researchers say allows them at least a limited ability to reconstruct an approximate angular scale and horizontal field of view. However, like in other cases, too little information is present to be able to make a complete determination about the object’s motion and capabilities.

For Kopparapu, circumstances like these demonstrate why he advises against drawing conclusions based on what can often appear to be remarkable speed or other capabilities in the PURSUE videos, yet without ruling them out necessarily as being mundane.

“With such limited data, I would urge people to avoid both extraordinary conclusions and outright dismissal,” Kopparapu told The Debrief. “Something can look extremely anomalous when we are seeing only a small part of the information needed to understand it.”

What the PURSUE Videos Can—and Cannot—Tell Scientists

Fundamentally, Haqq-Misra and Kopparapu believe that the videos currently made available under the PURSUE initiative cannot demonstrate—nor can they necessarily be used to exclude—the presence of anomalous kinematics displayed by the alleged UAP they contain.

This issue extends beyond just the PURSUE releases, however, since similar limitations can arise even with imagery captured by conventional cameras, whose technical capabilities are easily discernible. For instance, a single camera primarily measures angles, meaning some aspects of an object’s three-dimensional motion simply cannot be reconstructed based on that imagery alone.

To overcome such problems, Haqq-Misra and Kopparapu point to the use of multi-sensor approaches by independent research efforts.

In terms of what kinds of scientific observations might constitute a “genuine” UAP in future detections, Haqq-Misra says he and his colleagues with the UAP Science Advisory Council are already providing recommendations for the kinds of sensor platforms that could be leveraged to capture better UAP imagery and other data in the future.

“We have already provided recommendations for sensors that could be deployed to collect better quality data for understanding these objects,” Haqq-Misra told The Debrief. “An ideal observatory would be a multi-modal and multi-site observatory, leveraging video observations from infrared to visible and including other modalities such as radio, radar, and audio data collection.”

“The Galileo Project at Harvard is an example of a privately funded effort following this experimental design,” he adds.

Overall, the researchers say that while based on their analysis “the PURSUE sensor videos in their present form cannot fully resolve unidentified cases or conclusively indicate anomalous velocities,” the new research presents a meaningful early step toward identifying future strategies that may help researchers obtain better, more useful data.

“Reality takes time,” Kopparapu told The Debrief, “but fallacy does not.”

“Careful scientific investigation, accompanied by access to the underlying data, is the only reliable way to make progress on these cases,” he adds.

Kopparapu and Haqq-Misra’s recent paper, “Limits on Velocity Recovery from the PURSUE Sensor Videos,” appeared on the arXiv.org preprint server.

• Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.

RELATED

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/science/ }

Lost in space: Link spacecraft sent to rescue falling Nasa Swift telescope fails

An ambitious attempt to save one of Nasa's longest-running space observatories has been abandoned after the spacecraft sent to rescue it ran into serious trouble. Here's what went wrong and what's next.

An artist’s concept of Nasa’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory.

(Photo: Nasa)

Nasa has called off a first-of-its-kind attempt to rescue an ageing space telescope after the spacecraft sent to save it developed a stubborn control problem in orbit.

The agency and Katalyst Space said on Wednesday, August 19, that Link will no longer capture and raise Nasa’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory to a higher orbit.

Instead, Link will still attempt to rendezvous with Swift and carry out operations nearby, allowing engineers to collect data that could help future satellite-servicing missions.

An artist's concept of the Link spacecraft docking with Swift Observatory.

(Photo: X)

Swift’s orbit is falling, and it has been doing so a bit faster because increased solar activity has strengthened the drag from Earth’s upper atmosphere.

Without the planned intervention, Nasa expects the observatory to re-enter the atmosphere and burn later this year.

AN AMBITIOUS MISSION

Swift has spent more than 20 years in orbit after launching on November 20, 2004.

Nasa originally designed it for a two-year primary mission, but it continued operating for decades.

To extend its life, Nasa awarded Katalyst a contract in September 2025 to design, build, test and launch Link in less than a year.

The spacecraft was finally launched on July 3, 2026, aboard a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket released from the company’s Stargazer aircraft over Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands.

After launch, Link established contact with Earth and passed several early checks.

By July 15, Nasa said its power and propulsion systems had been commissioned, while an early issue involving one of its three reaction wheels had been addressed through software patches and operational changes.

Then Link began spinning.

WHAT WENT WRONG WITH NASA'S SWIFT MISSION?

On July 28, Nasa said two of the spacecraft’s three reaction wheels were not operating and that some functionality had been lost in its cold-gas thruster system.

The spin caused communications issues and threatened the spacecraft’s ability to control its orientation.

Some progress followed after the issue had been identified.

An artist's concept of the Link spacecraft sent to rescue the falling telescope. (Photo: Nasa)

By July 31, a series of thruster burns had reduced Link’s spin rate from about 9 degrees per second to less than 4 degrees per second.

Nasa and Katalyst said potential routes to the original mission were still being examined.

But now the correction has proved to be inadequate as Link continues to face problems. So much so that Nasa has cancelled the mission to save one of its most successful creations.

WHY IS SWIFT OBSERVATORY SO IMPORTANT?

Swift is not just a falling, ageing telescope.

Launched to study gamma-ray bursts, among the most powerful explosions in the universe, Swift carries three instruments that observe gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet and visible light.

The observatory's speed is also crucial.

After detecting a gamma-ray burst, Swift can rapidly turn towards it and study the fading afterglow, helping scientists understand events such as exploding stars and the mergers of neutron stars.

The rescue may have failed, but Nasa has said that Link’s next rendezvous attempt can still demonstrate technologies needed to service spacecraft in orbit.

For the falling Swift, however, the clock is running out.

- Ends

Published By:Aryan

NASA Is Trying to Save a Space Telescope Before It Falls

{ https://www.indiatoday.in/ }

Doomed NASA space telescope set for uncontrolled fall to Earth after failed rescue mission 

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

NASA called off the mission to save its dying space telescope on Wednesday, dooming it to a fiery reentry later this year.

The space agency had spent $30 million in hopes of sending another spacecraft to push its Swift Observatory into a higher orbit and avoid an uncontrolled fall back to Earth. The exact date and location of reentry are not yet known.

Artist's illustration of Katalyst Space Technologies' LINK spacecraft meeting up with NASA's Swift space telescope in Earth orbit.

© NASA

The rescue spacecraft, named Link, went into an uncontrollable spin a few weeks after its liftoff in early July. 

While flight controllers managed to slow Link’s tumble, issues continued to plague its pointing and positioning in orbit.

NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman said in a statement: 'This is not the outcome we were working toward, but it does not change why this mission was worth attempting.'

Satellite Rescue Mission

© NASA

Swift was launched in 2004 to study gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the universe, and other cosmic objects and events. 

It was designed for a two-year prime mission.

After 21 years of science operations, Swift’s low Earth orbit began to rapidly decay because of increased solar activity. 

NASA had spent $30 million in hopes of sending another spacecraft to push its Swift Observatory into a higher orbit and avoid an uncontrolled fall back to Earth 

Link was developed by Katalyst Space, an aerospace startup based in Flagstaff, Arizona, that specializes in robotic spacecraft, on-orbit satellite servicing, and autonomous space infrastructure.

The rescue craft launched in early July to approach the observatory, also known ​as Swift, some 216 miles in space, grapple onto it and ​then tug it to a higher orbit of roughly 373 miles, extending its life by years.

However, Link suffered its own issues, sending engineers scrambling for weeks in an attempt to regain control.

The team uploaded new positioning control software last week that slowed but did not stop its errant spinning.

Katalyst and NASA said in a joint statement ‌on ⁠Wednesday: 'Following continued monitoring and assessment of the LINK spacecraft, Katalyst Space and NASA together have concluded that ​due to ongoing attitude control issues, the mission will not include the capture ​and boost of NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory.'

The goal to boost the observatory's orbit ​and extend its ​life by years, ⁠the first US mission of its kind, was an ambitious endeavor for Katalyst, which said it built and tested ​the Link rescue vehicle on an unprecedented nine-month production schedule. 

Katalyst CEO Ghonhee Lee said in a statement: 'We took on this high-risk, high-reward challenge and are proud of the milestones we reached along the way.'

Swift Observatory captured the afterglow of a gamma-ray burst. The bright rings are X-rays scattered by dust layers within our galaxy. Multiple space and ground-based telescopes witnessed one of the brightest explosions in space when it reached Earth

However, Link still will attempt to conduct rendezvous and proximity operations with NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory to demonstrate key capabilities for the future of space exploration. 

Isaacman said: 'NASA should be willing to move quickly and take smart risks when the potential return is worth it, and that is exactly what we did with this mission.

'The team moved with extraordinary speed to give Swift a chance to carry out more science while advancing capabilities America will need for satellite servicing in the future. 

'We are going to learn everything we can from Link’s rendezvous attempt and put those lessons to work on the missions that follow.

RELATED

{ https://www.dailymail.com/sciencetech/index.html }

SpaceX has scarred the moon forever: Before–and–after images reveal how Elon Musk's out–of–control rocket carved a 60–foot crater into the lunar surface

• READ MORE: Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos want to put data centres in space 
  

By XANTHA LEATHAM, EXECUTIVE SCIENCE EDITOR

NASA has revealed its first official images of an enormous crater made when a SpaceX rocket smashed into the moon.

Earlier this month, an out–of–control SpaceX Falcon 9 second stage careened into the lunar surface at 5,400 miles per hour (8,690km/h).

Scientists believe that the 9,920lbs (4,500kg), 39ft–long (12m) rocket would have hit with a force equivalent to 15,000 sticks of dynamite, or three tonnes of TNT.

Now a NASA satellite has captured pictures showing the result of the impact – revealing a 60–foot–wide (18m) crater surrounded by streaks of lunar rock thrown up by the rocket's impact.

'Spotted: Falcon 9 impact site,' NASA wrote on X.

'NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has captured images of a new crater on the moon.

'The crater formed on August 5, 2026, when a SpaceX Falcon 9 upper stage impacted the lunar surface.'

In the remarkable image, the new crater is clearly visible with a darkened rim and dark streaks emanating from its centre.

   

This image shows the moon's surface before the rocket crashed into it (left). Here, the new 60–foot–wide crater can be seen, surrounded by streaks of lunar rock (right)

One of Elon Musk's discarded SpaceX rockets crashed into the moon. Pictured: The rocket launching in January 2025, from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida

NASA used its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to capture images of the impact as it passed over the site during orbit earlier this month.

Engineers tilted the spacecraft so its cameras would point toward the crater as the satellite passed 60 miles above the moon, travelling one mile per second.

As well as measuring its width, scientists were able to work out that the crater is less than 10ft (3m) deep.

They were also able to confirm the crater's coordinates – 19.4759°N, 266.7138°E at 511 metres (1,676ft) elevation.

'The images show bright and dark rays stretching out from the crater,' NASA said in a statement.

'The darker streaks are made of surface dust and rocks altered over a long time by solar wind, galactic cosmic rays and micrometeorite impacts.

'This weathered material was excavated by the collision from 1.5 feet into the lunar surface.

'The brighter streaks near the crater rim are made of fresh material excavated from deeper underground.'

The crash occurred near the Einstein crater on the northwestern limb of the moon, which was facing the sun at the time of the collision. 

As a result, the initial flare from the crash was not visible from Earth. 

Commenting on the new image, which was shared on X, one person joked: 'SpaceX making lunar graffiti', while someone else commented: 'X marks the spot.'

Another wrote: 'Am I the only one to think the new crater on the moon is a really bad thing? We haven't done great things to Earth, now we're smashing into the moon?'

Earlier this month a Korean lunar satellite was able to capture the first images of the crash site, with the blackened crater clearly visible on the lunar surface.

The Korea Aerospace Research Institute's (KARI) Danuri spacecraft flew over the impact site at 7.34am BST, shortly after the SpaceX rocket collided.

The orbiter also managed to grab images 30 minutes before the impact, revealing a striking before and after.

Meanwhile, a group of researchers from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía in Spain claim they have recorded the only footage of the impact actually taking place.

A Korean lunar satellite captured the first images of the new crater left behind by Elon Musk's abandoned SpaceX rocket that crashed into the moon 

The Falcon 9 booster hit just behind the moon's limb, meaning that the actual flash of impact was hidden.

However, astronomers think they managed to catch the rising plume of dust and debris that the force of the impact kicked out into space.

The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in January last year.

It was carrying two private lunar landers, Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost and ispace's Resilience, into lunar orbit and was not intended to crash into the moon.

The Falcon 9's primary booster is designed to be reusable, safely returning to Earth after pushing the upper stages out into space.

However, the later sections are simply jettisoned and left to drift through space, where they often burn up in Earth's atmosphere after several years.

While it was never intended to hit the moon, a combination of lunar gravity and unexpected solar weather eventually pushed this particular secondary stage into a collision course with our lunar satellite.

This was initially spotted by independent astronomers, who noticed the rocket's dangerous trajectory, before being confirmed by NASA's Centre for Near–Earth Object Studies.

The Daily Mail has contacted SpaceX for comment.  

WHO HAS BEEN TO THE MOON?

In total 12 people have walked on the moon.

1 + 2. Apollo 11 - July 21, 1969

Neil Armstrong made history by becoming the first person to set foot on the lunar surface, before he he was followed by crewmate Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin.

3 + 4. Apollo 12 - November 19 and 20, 1969

Pete Conrad and Alan Bean were the moon walkers on the Apollo 12 mission. 

The Apollo 12 crew experienced two lightning strikes just after their Saturn V rocket launched.

5 + 6. Apollo 14 - February 5, 1971 

Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell were part of the Apollo 14 mission. They launched on January 31, 1971, and landed in the Fra Mauro region of the moon, the original destination for Apollo 13.

7 + 8. Apollo 15 - July 31, 1971

Dave Scott and James Irwin landed on the moon and stayed for three days, until August 2.

 9 + 10. Apollo 16 - April 21, 1972

John Young and Charlie Duke were the next men to walk on the moon. When the crew reached lunar orbit, the mission almost had to be aborted because of a problem with the command and service module's main engine.

11 + 12. Apollo  17 - December 11, 1972

The final people to walk on the moon were Eugene (Gene) Cernan and Harrison (Jack) Schmitt. 

Before he left the moon, Cernan scratched the initials of his daughter Tracy into the lunar regolith. Since the moon does not experience weather conditions like wind or rain to erode anything away, her initials should stay there for a very long time. 

All the men who have been to the moon 

{ https://www.dailymail.com/sciencetech/index.html }

If We Discover Extraterrestrial Life, What Happens Next?

By Chuck Brooks - Contributor

Summary

The search for extraterrestrial life has evolved from philosophy to a serious scientific and national security concern, with governments and NASA actively investigating Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena. While discovering alien intelligence could spark a scientific renaissance, offering advancements in medicine, energy, and technology, it also presents unprecedented security challenges. Different levels of discovery, from biosignatures to direct contact, carry varying societal disruptions. Risks include potential hostility, information warfare through deepfakes, and complex geopolitical issues regarding ownership and control of contact. Therefore, humanity needs a global framework for verification, coordination, and resilience to manage such a monumental event. The strategic question is not merely if we are alone, but if we are truly ready for the profound implications of an answer.

Radio telescope, a large satellite dish against the night sky tracks the stars. Technology concept, search for extraterrestrial life, wiretap of space.

getty

For much of human history, the question of whether we are alone in the cosmos was largely confined to philosophy, theology, and science fiction. Today, it is increasingly associated with science, national security, and risk management.

Something significant has changed. Our ability to seek for life beyond Earth is increasing, and governments are becoming more open and serious about investigating inexplicable findings in our skies and space.

NASA has launched an official UAP study, while the US government continues to release and analyze UAP-related data. Recent reports have also revealed a new wave of government disclosure and scientific interest in UAP data. And Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb has been appointed as the head of a new White House group to study unidentified anomalous phenomena or UAP. As chair of the UAP Science Advisory Council, Loeb has built a team of researchers from a wide range of disciplines, from data science and instrumentation to biology, oceanography, anthropology, and psychology.

These are positive steps toward inquiry. But for me, the most intriguing question is not merely if alien intelligence exists. It is what happens to mankind if we have strong evidence that it exists. A real finding of extraterrestrial life could be the most significant scientific event in human history. It could also become the most significant security challenge we have ever faced.

The Disclosure Threshold

There is a significant distinction between discovering microbial life on Mars, identifying an atmospheric biosignature on an exoplanet, getting a recurring artificial radio broadcast, locating an extraterrestrial artifact, and making direct contact with an intelligent society. Each indicates a varying degree of scientific and societal disruption.

That distinction is important because discovery does not instantly become disclosure, and disclosure does not automatically become contact. A scientific observation can be independently validated, and a signal can be evaluated. An artifact could potentially be studied. Contact is something entirely different.
Contact adds another intelligence to the human security equation. There would be almost no historical precedent for dealing with it. 

Upside: A Scientific Renaissance

If an extraterrestrial culture is located and shown to be peaceful, the potential benefits might be enormous. The first and most evident benefit is information. Humanity has spent centuries learning the fundamentals of physics, chemistry, and biology. Beyond our own technological experience, a mature society may have information amassed over thousands, millions, or even billions of years.

Even limited access to such knowledge may hasten scientific discovery. We should not believe that an extraterrestrial culture will simply offer us a technological encyclopedia. Communication might be challenging. Their mathematics, language, biology, and conceptual frameworks may be fundamentally different from ours.

However, even an exchange of information could reveal how another culture solved difficulties that we are currently facing. That could revolutionize medicine. Healthcare may eventually be one of the most significant recipients of alien knowledge. An advanced civilization capable of interstellar travel would have likely overcome at least some extremely tough challenges in biology, energy, materials, and information.

Consider finding that we can avert certain diseases via biological mechanisms that we have yet to identify. Consider novel methods for cancer, neurological disease, infectious disease, and genetic abnormalities. Consider technologies capable of regenerating damaged tissue, mending cellular structures, or significantly increasing healthy human longevity.

These are theoretical possibilities. However, many now-commonplace technologies were once novel. Artificial intelligence is already speeding up drug research, protein analysis, and medical diagnostics. Quantum computing offers new possibilities for molecular simulation and optimization. Biotechnology is progressively converging with computation.

The end outcome might be a new medical paradigm based not only on illness treatment but also on understanding and altering biological systems at levels beyond our current capabilities. An extraterrestrial biological encounter would necessitate biosafety and biosecurity measures that were unprecedented in human history.

Energy: The End of Scarcity?

Energy could be another transformative opportunity. Our society still struggles to generate, store, and distribute energy efficiently. Every major technological development, from industrialization to computing, relied on improved energy systems.

If an advanced society demonstrated dramatically new techniques of energy generation, storage, or transmission, the consequences may be significant. We may discover novel techniques for nuclear fusion. We may discover new materials for energy storage. We could learn to manipulate electromagnetic fields more efficiently. Alternatively, the technologies may be so far beyond our current understanding that we do not notice their uses right away.

Science fiction illustration of an interplanetary spaceship,

getty

Transportation: Beyond What We Know

Extraterrestrial technology could have the greatest impact on transportation. Human mobility is still limited by physics, energy density, propulsion, atmospheric drag, and distance. An extraterrestrial civilization capable of flying between star systems would have had to tackle obstacles that now appear practically insurmountable. If humanity finally discovers how another society manages propulsion, the implications could go far beyond speedier aircraft. We might potentially build new propulsion systems, self-driving spacecraft, advanced navigation, improved materials, and entirely new ways to space travel.

The economic ramifications would be huge. Space could evolve from a place frequented by a few governments and corporations to a true extension of human civilization. The Moon, Mars, asteroids, and possibly other star systems might all become part of a much broader human transportation network.

Technology: The Ultimate Tech Transfer

The most important finding might not be a machine. It is a principle. Human beliefs about what is achievable frequently limit technological growth. The semiconductor revolution occurred as humans learned to manipulate materials and information on increasingly small scales. Decades of improvements in computing, mathematics, and data have led to the development of modern artificial intelligence. Quantum technologies capitalize on physical phenomena that traditional computing cannot efficiently mimic.

An extraterrestrial culture could operate under an entirely different technological paradigm. It could have invented new materials, computer systems, modes of communication, or new ways to manipulate matter and energy. Even reverse-engineering one small piece of technology can spark decades of scientific research.

Artificial intelligence robot

getty

What if the technology is intelligent?

Humanity is already grappling with the security implications of autonomous AI agents. We are developing systems capable of making judgments, interacting with networks, and carrying out tasks with minimal human intervention.

Extraterrestrial technology has the potential to introduce new types of machine intelligence. We would need to make no assumptions. Every item would have to be considered as potentially autonomous, network-enabled, and capable of functions we don't comprehend.

The Black Swan: What If They're Not Friendly?

This scenario is when optimism must give way to risk management. An aggressive encounter could constitute a black swan event. Human civilization revolves around human actors. Our international law, military doctrine, intelligence systems, diplomacy, emergency management, cybersecurity frameworks, and economic institutions all make the assumption that players are humans. 

The moment extraterrestrial intelligence appeared, many of those preconceptions would vanish. And hostility would not necessarily resemble an alien invasion from a Hollywood film. The greatest threat may be technological asymmetry. Civilizations thousands, or millions, of years ahead of us might avoid attacking our cities. It may be able to destroy communications, satellites, navigation, energy systems, transportation, or financial infrastructure without ever reaching Earth.

The Information War Could Start Before Contact

Another risk that could be more urgent than a physical attack is information interruption. The public would face an onslaught of photographs, films, alleged communications, and fabricated evidence. Artificial intelligence and deepfake technologies would exacerbate the problem tremendously.

Within minutes after a claim of extraterrestrial encounter, millions of falsified videos may be available online. Some would be entertaining. Others would be misinformation. Some may be purposely created by opposing countries, criminal groups, or political movements.

The people would have difficulties discerning between genuine evidence and fake media. Such scenarios are why authentication technologies, trustworthy communications, and transparent scientific methods are critical. Humanity requires an information architecture capable of addressing one fundamental question: what is real?

UFO and man silhouette

getty

Disclosure would also be a geopolitical event. If the United States—or another country—were the first to make credible contact, the implications would be felt instantly in international politics. Who owns the extraterrestrial technology? Who has the right to speak with extraterrestrial civilizations? Who manages the data? Should this information be classified? Should it be shared with allies? Should it be released to the public? These questions lack commonly accepted answers. It would necessitate governance.

Humanity Would Need a Global Contact Framework.

If genuine evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence is discovered, the response should not be limited to a single government, military group, or commercial corporation. The scientific community would require a role. So would national governments. So would international organizations, as well as the general public.

We would require methods for scientific verification, communication, biological containment, cybersecurity, technology management, intelligence evaluation, economic continuity, and public communication. Most significantly, we would require international coordination.

The most important preparation is resilience. We cannot foresee what an extraterrestrial culture will do. We may prepare by strengthening the systems that enable society to withstand unpredictability. In a world of developing technology and increasingly complicated hazards, we cannot assume that every disruption is preventable. We need to be able to absorb shocks, adapt, and recover. That approach applies whether artificial intelligence, a pandemic, a cyberattack, a geopolitical catastrophe, or something we don’t understand causes the next great disruption.

The Human Question.

An extraterrestrial encounter, in the end, would be a human narrative as much as a technological one. For thousands of years, humans have gazed into the night sky, wondering if anyone else is looking back. If the answer was finally yes, our perceptions of ourselves would shift.

We would no longer be able to see humanity as the sole known intelligent civilization. Our religions and philosophies would face new questions, and our scientists would explore an entirely new intellectual frontier. Our children will grow up knowing that Earth is not the only location where intelligence has arisen, which may separate us. Or it could unite us.

The discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence, or interdimensional intelligence, may serve as a reminder to humanity that our differences—national, political, economic, and cultural—are insignificant when compared to the scale of the universe. However, we should not romanticize the possibility. A civilization technologically advanced enough to reach Earth could be peaceful, indifferent, curious, exploitative, or hostile. We simply do not know. That uncertainty is precisely why the topic merits careful consideration rather than mockery or sensationalism.

Artificial intelligence AI robot finger making contact with human hand

getty

From Science Fiction to Strategic Planning

The most responsible attitude is to avoid extremes like "aliens are coming" or "aliens do not exist." It is simply "we don’t know." As a result, we need to investigate, verify, and prepare. This is the essence of risk management. Today’s scientific instruments are growing increasingly capable. Next-generation observatories, AI-powered signal processing, and techno signature studies are improving our ability to find evidence of life beyond Earth.

At the same time, experts warn that even evidence of extraterrestrial life may be difficult to detect since biosignatures might be subtle or ambiguous. We should expect the initial discovery to be more modest than a spacecraft landing on the White House grounds. It could be a chemical signature. A repeated signal. An unexplained technological trend. An artifact. Or it could be something we don't yet recognize.

The initial step should be scientific humility. The second goal should be transparency. The third option should be resilience. And if we ever move beyond identifying extraterrestrial intelligence to speaking with it, mankind should approach that moment with the same mix of curiosity and caution that has motivated our greatest technological triumphs.

The greatest discovery in human history may also create the greatest risk-management problem in human history. Contact with extraterrestrials would take that idea to the next level. Humanity will have to choose not only what we want to learn from the cosmos but also what kind of society we want to be when the universe ultimately responds if we discover that we are not alone.

Whether or not we are alone is no longer the only question. Whether or not we are ready for the response is the strategic question.

RELATED

What Happens If We Find Extraterrestrial Life?

What Happens If We Detect Alien Life? Scientists Unveil New Rules | WION Podcast

Alien Contact Could Spark a Battle for Dominance, Warns Space Chief | WIONPodcast

Alien Life Breakthrough? Scientists Detect Strange Hidden Signal | WION ORIGINALS

{ https://www.forbes.com/ }

James Webb Telescope Records City Lights

For thousands of years, we have looked up at the stars and asked the same agonizing question: Are we alone?. We have listened for radio signals, we have scanned for lasers, and we have found nothing but silence.

The Last Lesson of Jacques Vallée

What seventy years of uncertainty can teach us about the human being inside the mystery

Meredith Spearman MSN, RN

Jacques Vallée gave an address at Contact in the Desert (CITD) this May, remembering J. Allen Hynek, and there is a photograph in it that I keep returning to.

Ted Phillips took it outside Boulder in the fall of 1966. Eight men stand in a dry field with the Flatirons behind them, dressed in the dark suits and narrow ties of the period. Vallée identifies the gathering as an early meeting of the Invisible College, the informal network he and Hynek helped build when the institutions around them made serious investigation nearly impossible.

There is Douglass Price-Williams, a UCLA psychiatrist and anthropologist. Dave Saunders, the statistician who served on the Condon Committee. Leo Sprinkle, a psychologist studying abduction reports. Dick Henry from NASA headquarters. Claude Poher, a French physicist. Hynek and Vallée. Fred Beckman from the University of Chicago Hospital.

Psychiatry. Psychology. Anthropology. Statistics. Medicine. Physics. Astronomy.

The photograph is striking not only because of who is in it, but because nobody appears to find the arrangement unusual. Half the group came from psychiatry, psychology, statistics, or medicine. At the beginning, the human side of the phenomenon was not an accommodation made after the serious work was finished. It was part of the serious work.

Vallée’s own seven-person research team included his wife, Janine, as its psychologist and statistician. He identifies her as a co-author of his early books. The people attempting to establish the subject as a legitimate scientific problem understood that whatever was happening in the sky was also happening inside human perception, memory, belief, culture, and life. They could not yet say what the phenomenon was, and that uncertainty enlarged the table rather than narrowing it.

Sixty years later, the field risks forgetting what the photograph knew by instinct. Our instruments point upward. Our hearings concern airspace, surveillance, sensor data, metallurgy, propulsion, classified programs, and declassification schedules. The witness is often treated as the least reliable component of the event, a noisy instrument through which the valuable information must be filtered.

The person becomes interference.

That departure from the field’s beginnings may be among the most consequential. It is also the part of Vallée’s legacy we are in the greatest danger of losing.

His subject was never merely the object. It was the larger system formed among the object, the witness, the culture, the physical trace, the report, the institution receiving it, and the beliefs altered in its wake. He resisted every attempt to tear one element free and call it the whole. That resistance is the heart of his work.

A Larger Unit of Study

Vallée is often remembered as the mystic of modern ufology: the theorist of Magonia, the trickster, the control system, the intelligence that may appear through the symbolic vocabulary of whatever culture encounters it. In the public imagination, he became the elegant French scientist standing at the border of the inexplicable.

What disappears from that portrait is the informaticist.

Vallée built computerized catalogues of UFO cases when computers could barely sustain a conversation with their own data. In the 1960s, he developed an artificial-intelligence system for astronomical research and envisioned interactive databases through which investigators could test hypotheses across thousands of reports. His unpaid team proposed using a real-time computer catalogue to complement the Condon investigation. The Air Force agreed. Northwestern University refused to authorize the work.

His instinct was methodological before it was metaphysical. A luminous object could not be placed on a laboratory bench after it vanished. Its report could be classified, compared, cross-referenced, and situated within a larger pattern. The report was not identical to the event, but it was the record the event left behind.

I recognized that instinct the first time I read him, because it is the discipline I was trained in before I became a nurse informaticist. I have always felt a particular kinship with the way Vallée thinks, because I spent years as a data scientist after being a nurse, and data science is, underneath everything else, a discipline about the distance between events and the records we are able to make of them. We rarely possess the event itself. We possess the measurement, the memory, the observation, the code, the note written by someone with limited time and imperfect categories. We build knowledge from those records while trying not to forget the distance between what happened and what the record was capable of holding.

Vallée built much of his career inside that distance, decades before my field had a name for it.

He insisted on physical evidence. He studied landing traces, radar observations, physiological effects, instrument readings, and cases with multiple witnesses. He also understood that matter did not exhaust the event. A sighting could leave a mark on the ground while rearranging a witness’s understanding of reality. A close encounter could have biological effects, psychological effects, symbolic content, and consequences that spread through families and communities. The layers did not cancel one another. Together, they formed the case.

This is why describing Vallée as either a nuts-and-bolts researcher or a mystic misses the architecture of his thought. He did not move from science toward spirituality as though one had replaced the other. He widened the unit of study. Again and again, the field wanted an object. Vallée kept finding a system.

The Discipline of Not Knowing

In Passport to Magonia, Vallée compared contemporary UFO reports with older stories of fairies, aerial beings, abductions, apparitions, and supernatural visitors. The names and costumes changed with culture. Certain structures appeared to persist: an encounter, disorientation, altered time, a message, a return, and a life divided into before and after.

This line of inquiry led toward his control-system hypothesis. The phenomenon, he proposed, might not be understood by accepting its apparent identity or message at face value. What presented itself as an extraterrestrial visitor might not be extraterrestrial. What appeared spiritual might not be benevolent. What offered revelation might be influencing belief for reasons the recipient could not perceive.

The important methodological question became less What does it say it is? and more What does it do?

How does it enter a belief system? What behavior follows? What institutions form around it? What kinds of authority does it produce? What happens to a person or a culture after the encounter?

Vallée turned that skepticism in every direction. He distrusted official dismissal, but he also distrusted easy extraterrestrial explanations. He questioned military narratives, charismatic contactees, salvational movements, and anyone who claimed that the mystery had privately appointed them its interpreter. In Messengers of Deception, he warned that stories of superior beings and imminent transformation could become instruments of manipulation, obedience, and political control.

One faction of the field wants to turn the encounter into hardware. Another wants to turn it into revelation. The first reduces the witness to a sensor. The second risks turning the witness into a disciple. Both promise relief from uncertainty, and both can take the experience away from the person who had it. Vallée’s better inheritance is the refusal of that relief.

He followed physical evidence without pretending that matter told the whole story. He investigated folklore, consciousness, and meaning without declaring every anomalous experience a sacred teaching. He remained open without becoming credulous, and skeptical without becoming dismissive. After more than six decades of investigation, he did not hand the field a final ontology. That absence is not the failure of his career. It may be its deepest integrity.

This May, the same season as the address that opened this piece, he made that refusal explicit. Forbidden Science 7: Final Report closed a set of journals he had kept for nearly seventy years, and he has called it his withdrawal from visible research. It does not name a final theory. It does not resolve the object. It states, plainly, that premature certainty is dangerous; which may be the one conclusion seventy years of evidence actually produced. He is routing what comes next toward an archive at Rice University for the researchers who will continue after him, and toward organizations like uNHIdden, built specifically around the psychological welfare of the witnesses themselves.

Vallée did not teach us what to believe about the phenomenon. He taught us how much must remain in view while we do not know: the trace, the pattern, the deception, the symbol, the social consequence, the institution, and the human life through which the mystery passes.

Uncertainty, in this tradition, is not indecision. It is a discipline.

Where the Secrets Are

Near the end of his Contact in the Desert address, Vallée says that the real secrets were never confined to the Pentagon, the White House, or the vaults of private industry. They remain in the minds and lives of the millions of ordinary people who have encountered these objects and the forms of life associated with them.

“They still are,” he adds.

The sentence quietly relocates the center of the field. The repository everyone keeps trying to open is not only a classified archive. It is a population.

These people wake up and go to work. They raise children, lose marriages, change religions, abandon religions, sleep with the lights on, begin painting, stop trusting themselves, become convinced they have been given a purpose, or spend decades trying to recover the person they were before that one impossible night.

Their experiences may eventually reveal something about consciousness, perception, trauma, folklore, intelligence, or the formation of belief. They may arise from several unrelated causes that have been forced together beneath a single unstable name. Some may never be explained. None of those possibilities alters the fact that the consequences are already here.

Vallée does not say that human beings are necessarily the metaphysical center of the phenomenon. We do not know what the phenomenon is centered on, or whether it possesses anything we could call an intention. What we know is that human beings are where its consequences become lives.

The same passage in his address holds two obligations beside each other. Vallée says that some cases contain potentially important physical evidence, yet remain unpublished out of deference to the families and communities involved. The scientific value matters. So does the human cost of exposing it. He does not purchase one by sacrificing the other. That may reveal more about his legacy than any single theory. He preserved the evidence without forgetting the person to whom the evidence happened.

I hear in his words the outline of a public health problem. That is my extension of Vallée’s work, not a clinical model he proposed himself.

A population is reporting experiences that can produce enduring psychological, social, spiritual, and bodily effects. Yet the systems meant to receive those people have few pathways, categories, or standards of care suited to what they describe. The absence of an agreed explanation becomes an excuse for the absence of support. Thus, a population goes underserved.

Vallée’s method suggests a different clinical posture: just as he cautioned researchers against accepting the phenomenon’s presentation as a final explanation of its identity, a clinician need not ratify an experiencer’s proposed ontology in order to take seriously what the experience has done.

A person may describe extraterrestrials, spirits, interdimensional beings, military technology, angels, future humans, or an intelligence for which no existing category is adequate. Care does not require the clinician to confirm any of those explanations. It does not require ridicule or reflexive correction either.

The clinician can ask what changed.

What happened to the person’s sleep, body, relationships, work, identity, and sense of safety? Which assumptions about reality collapsed? Which new beliefs became consoling, frightening, or overwhelming? Has the experience produced isolation, grief, grandiosity, terror, purpose, transformation, or some unstable mixture of them? Can the person live beside the unanswered question without being consumed by it?

Vallée did not propose a treatment model. But his method suggests a posture of care that mirrors the method his hypothesis requires. Do not begin by adjudicating appearances. Follow the changes produced in the belief system. In research, that means asking what the encounter does. In care, it means asking what the experience has done to the person, then helping them integrate those changes without forcing either belief or disbelief upon them.

The immediate clinical question is not whether the story is ontologically true. It is whether the person can carry what happened to them.

We can remain uncertain about the object without remaining uncertain about our obligation to the person.

When the Account Enters a System

Consider a hypothetical woman driving home from a night shift on a county road.

Something happens.

Perhaps there is a light over a field. Perhaps the radio goes silent. Perhaps an hour disappears. Perhaps she experiences a presence she cannot describe without sounding impossible even to herself.

She has no language for it. Her heart races. Her hands shake. She becomes certain she is dying. She pulls onto the shoulder because she can no longer hold the car straight. She sits in the dark with her hazards flashing.

Then a trooper taps on the window.

From that moment, the experience has entered a system. The dispatcher needed a call type before anyone arrived. The officer needs a disposition. If she describes what happened, she risks being recorded as delusional or placed on a psychiatric hold. If she refuses to explain, she is a frightened woman alone on a road at three in the morning, behaving unpredictably, which may lead to the same conclusion. She has several seconds to decide which version of herself might still be believed.

An ambulance may arrive. A paramedic writes a run report. An emergency department receives her. A nurse assigns an acuity and records a chief complaint. A physician reads what came before. Somewhere farther downstream, if she is persistent, fortunate, and still willing to speak, she may reach a clinician prepared to listen.

By then, several records exist. A dispatch entry. An officer’s narrative. A run report. A triage note.

Each was written by someone under pressure, using categories designed for other kinds of events. Each shapes what the next person believes before meeting her. One phrase, “possible psychiatric”, can follow her through every subsequent encounter.

The object, whatever it was, has disappeared. The documentation remains.

Vallée spent a career studying what happened when an anomalous event entered systems of reporting, classification, culture, and belief. Healthcare should examine the same process in itself. What happens when an experience passes through our forms, codes, handoffs, and assumptions? What is preserved? What is discarded? What does the record make easier to see, and what does it make impossible to say?

The person is not merely a source of testimony. She is also the site on which every institutional response leaves another trace.

A diagnosis. A joke. A revelation. A data point. A threat. A story she learns never to tell again.

The human being may or may not be the phenomenon’s intended center. She is certainly the center of our responsibility once the account reaches us.

The care she receives should resemble Vallée’s best method. It should remain curious without becoming credulous, skeptical without becoming contemptuous, attentive to patterns without reducing the person to one. It should resist pretending that the first available category has solved what happened. It should study the effects while leaving the ultimate cause open.

The Books in the Briefcase

There is a detail in Vallée’s address that I have been unable to put down.

Hynek travelled with two heavily annotated books. One was William James’s Is Life Worth Living? The other was Rudolf Steiner’s Knowledge of the Higher Worlds, carried so often that its binding tore and its pages worked loose.

In the James essay, Hynek had marked a passage describing the physical order of nature, as science knows it, as “merely weather, doing and undoing, without end”.

A man who spent his life studying the sky marked a sentence about what the instruments could not tell him.

During a drive from Denver to Boulder in November 1966, Vallée asked why Hynek had allowed himself to become involved in questions most scientists could pass an entire career without touching. Hynek replied that hard science was the best available route toward the fundamental questions of the larger world, but those questions led directly to the nature of the human spirit and its relationship to the universe.

This should not be read as proof that Hynek possessed a hidden spiritual solution to the UFO problem. The books reveal no secret doctrine. They show a scientist who allowed his questions to remain larger than his methods. He did not discard science when it reached its limits. He carried those limits with him.

After Hynek died, Mimi Hynek asked Vallée to meet with her in Arizona. She gave him the books because Allen had wanted him to have them. Vallée says their real value lay in the margins, in the handwritten evidence of a mind returning repeatedly to questions no instrument could settle. There is something deeply human in that inheritance.

Vallée received no final theory. He received another man’s unfinished thinking.

Vallée is eighty-six now, and I don’t think it’s a coincidence that he closed his own record this May in almost the same gesture Mimi Hynek made in that room in Arizona. He is not handing anyone a final theory either. He is handing over seventy years of unfinished thinking, on purpose, to an archive at Rice for whoever keeps researching and to an organization built around witnesses’ welfare for whoever keeps caring for them. I don’t know if he thinks about it in those terms. I know I can’t read the scene with Mimi Hynek without thinking about what it will mean when someone, someday, is handed his own torn and annotated record, and what it will ask of whoever receives it.

The torn binding, the loose pages, the underlining, the marks made privately beside sentences that had followed Hynek across years and distances: this was what passed from one researcher to another. Not an answer. A way of remaining in relationship with the question.

Vallée closes his address with Robert Oppenheimer’s distinction between two ways of thinking, the way of time and the way of eternity. Neither can be reduced to the other. Neither tells the whole story. That may be the narrow path the field has repeatedly failed to hold.

The nuts-and-bolts approach gives us the way of time: measurements, materials, trajectories, causal sequences, and records. The spiritual approach reaches toward eternity: meaning, consciousness, transformation, destiny, and the possibility that an encounter belongs to a reality larger than our categories can contain. Either can become a form of fundamentalism when it declares itself sufficient.

Vallée’s legacy asks us to inhabit the tension. Follow the evidence without mistaking evidence for totality. Remain open to meaning without treating meaning as proof. Recognize that physical, psychological, symbolic, and social dimensions may coexist without collapsing neatly into one another.

The photograph in Boulder captures that discipline before the field had a name for it. Eight people stood together because no single discipline could plausibly own the mystery.

What the Photograph Asks of Us

The photograph should not be romanticized. The Invisible College existed because established institutions had failed. Its necessity was an indictment.

Nor is the lesson simply that future councils and review boards should add a psychologist, nurse, or physician to the guest list. A board can contain the human sciences and still treat the witness as an inconvenient container for more valuable data. A research program can administer mental-health questionnaires and never regard the participant’s welfare as important beyond the usefulness of the report.

Centering the human being is not a seat. It is a habit of attention.

It means understanding that the event does not end when the light disappears. It continues through memory, interpretation, family, belief, culture, documentation, research, treatment, and silence. It continues through every person who handles the account afterward.

The field can continue searching for physical evidence. And it should. It can build better sensors, databases, classification systems, and methods for distinguishing genuine anomalies from noise. But it cannot call its work complete while treating the human consequences as contamination.

Whatever the phenomenon intends, if it intends anything, we still have a choice about how we show up in response to it.

We can use the unknown as another reason to accumulate authority, enforce orthodoxies, divide the world into believers and fools, and surrender our uncertainty to whoever speaks with the greatest confidence. We can turn the mystery into hardware alone, or into scripture.

We can also allow it to enlarge our moral imagination.

We can ask how we might create forms of care capable of receiving experiences that exceed our categories. How we might remain rigorous without becoming cruel, and open without surrendering discernment. How we might help someone rebuild a livable world without demanding that she first prove what shattered the old one.

The phenomenon does not have to be benevolent for us to become more humane in response to it. It does not need to contain a message for the mystery to alter how we treat one another.

That choice is ours, regardless of what stands behind the experience.

Vallée’s career does not tell us what was in the field with the woman at three in the morning. It tells us not to pretend that we know.

His legacy asks something harder: that we remain useful to her while we do not know. That we receive the experience without forcing it into either pathology or revelation. That we help her understand what it has done to her world, what it has taken from her, what it may have opened, and how she might build a life spacious enough to contain what cannot yet be resolved.

Eight people stood in a field in Colorado in 1966, and the human being still belonged inside the question. As new institutions rise around the mystery, that may be the inheritance most worth protecting.

The instruments can keep pointing toward the sky.

Someone must remain beside the person beneath it.

The mystery may last the rest of her life.

Our obligation to one another does not have to wait for it to end.

{ https://mazetometanoia.substack.com/ }

What should be done if an asteroid is detected only a few days before it collides with Earth? The answer turned out to be close to the plot of the movie Armageddon. A nuclear charge really can knock a dangerous body off course, but an explosion near the surface provides too weak a push. Chinese engineers calculated another method. First, a deep crater is punched into the asteroid, and then the charge is detonated inside it.

Artist’s illustration of a spacecraft approaching a dangerous asteroid

Very Little Time for Preparation

Among known near-Earth asteroids, more than ten thousand have diameters greater than 140 m. None of them is currently on a collision course with Earth. But planetary-defense specialists emphasize that a great many similar objects have still not been detected.

The interval between the discovery of such a body and its impact could be just a few days. In that amount of time, neither a gravity tractor nor a slow orbital shift would produce results. Only one method remains — transferring the maximum amount of energy in a single attempt.

Two Approaches to Choose From

Both options were developed by specialists from the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology together with colleagues from the Beijing Institute of Technology, the China Academy of Engineering Physics, and the University of Auckland. The work was published in the peer-reviewed journal  Space: Science & Technology, while a brief summary is provided by Phys.org. 

The first approach is the simplest. A spacecraft carrying a warhead would have to crash into the side of the asteroid and detonate the charge at a precisely determined moment. Microsecond-level accuracy would be required, and the structure would have to withstand impacts from fragments traveling at enormous speeds.

The problem is that in this case it is impossible to select an optimal point for the explosion. The amount of energy transferred into the rock would be relatively small. A significant portion of it would simply dissipate into space.

First a Hole, Then an Explosion

The second scenario is more complicated and develops a method tested in practice in 2022. At that time, the spacecraft of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission crashed into the asteroid Dimorphos and slightly changed its orbit. The main consequence of the impact was a crater on the surface.

Artist’s illustration of the DART mission spacecraft. Credit: NASA / JHU APL

It was this crater that suggested the idea. If a conventional impact leaves a depression, several consecutive impacts at the same point would make it much deeper. For this purpose, a tandem impactor with two metal rods would fly toward the target. They would strike the same point one after another and punch a hole significantly deeper than an ordinary crater. The nuclear charge would then be lowered into it.

The simulations showed how much more effective this would be. For an asteroid one kilometer in diameter, detonating a three-megaton charge in a shallow pit on the surface changed the body’s velocity by only 9.2 cm/s. The same warhead in a crater 30 m deep produced more than 30 cm/s. The deeper the explosion occurs, the smaller the fraction of energy that escapes into empty space.

What Remains Unknown?

The authors based their calculations on a solid basalt monolith. Real hazardous bodies are most often piles of rocks held together by weak gravity. The simulations do not show how such a structure would behave under a nuclear explosion.

The engineering side also remains unresolved. The launch vehicle would have to enter a trajectory close to the target’s orbit, survey the surface, plan two consecutive impacts, and deliver the warhead precisely into the resulting hole. All of this would have to be done through a cloud of debris created by the previous impacts.

Even if the technology were ready, a legal obstacle would remain. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty, signed by both the United States and China, prohibits placing in Earth orbit or stationing in space any objects carrying nuclear weapons. 

Detection Is More Important Than the Weapon

All of these schemes make sense only if the threat is detected in advance. A kinetic push is sufficient if years remain before impact. The nuclear option is considered a last resort for kilometer-scale objects.

The specialized NEO Surveyor spacecraft, which NASA is building specifically to detect near-Earth objects, is planned for launch in September 2027. It will operate in the infrared range, allowing it to see dark bodies that reflect alm

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

Another photograph from Mars has sparked debate among the online community about the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The archival image, taken by a NASA rover back in 2023, only recently attracted the attention of social media users because of a strange detail in the corner of the frame.

Strange figure on Mars. Source: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The black-and-white raw image shows a barren and desolate Martian landscape. However, observant viewers noticed a silhouette in the upper left corner that reminded many of a “jellyfish” or an unidentified flying object (UFO). The image was taken by the right navigation camera of the Curiosity rover. Interestingly, at the same moment the spacecraft captured a series of images of the same area, but the unusual “jellyfish” appeared in only one of them.

Storm on Social Media

The image, published on Reddit, immediately triggered a wave of discussion. Some users reacted emotionally to the photograph, accusing space agencies of concealing information about extraterrestrial technologies that could potentially help humanity.

Others take a more pragmatic view. Skeptics point to the Fermi Paradox and note that such “anomalies” are most often the result of digital glitches, camera sensor artifacts, or solar flares that distort images. Similar discoveries that resemble familiar objects are also often simply a product of our imagination — a phenomenon known as pareidolia.

Contact or Optical Illusion?

Independent Mars researcher Jean Ward noted on the social network X that the object visually appears to be connected to the planet’s surface or resembles a tripod. At the same time, he emphasized that without direct investigation at the site, any conclusions remain only speculation.

The mysteries of such Martian anomalies will likely be resolved only after humans set foot on the Red Planet. In particular, SpaceX founder Elon Musk has repeatedly stated his intention to begin construction of the first city on Mars within the next 5–7 years.

• According to Daily Star

• Posted in News, Science

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

When scientists acquired the capability to analyze the spectra of celestial objects in detail and ascertain their chemical composition, one substance in particular attracted their attention — water. Researchers have now identified that water exists abundantly beyond Earth, and this discovery has significantly impacted our understanding of space.

Water. Source: science.howstuffworks.com

The greatest enigma of the universe

Water is a compound composed of a single oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Its presence in celestial bodies is particularly intriguing to scientists, as it prompts the fundamental inquiry regarding the potential for life to exist there. However, what explains the heightened focus on water?

The response to this inquiry is inherently linked to another: the degree to which extraterrestrial realities resemble those observed on Earth. This question has engaged philosophers for approximately 2,000 years. However, during that period, scientists’ comprehension of terrestrial processes was considerably limited. Atmospheric phenomena, forest fires, rivers, mountains, animals, and plants were all perceived as consequences of merely four elements: water, fire, earth, and air.

At least, that is what Aristotle — the preeminent scientific authority for the next thousand years — and his teacher Plato asserted. There was no consensus regarding the composition of the celestial spheres — spheres believed at the time to encircle the stationary Earth — but the fifth element, the ether, was cited as their primary constituent. Consequently, the celestial was distinguished from the earthly even at the level of its composition. After all, no one could physically touch it and deny its nature.

Aristotelian elements. Source: www.vecteezy.com

Centuries elapsed, during which humanity accumulated considerable knowledge. Newtonian mechanics came to dominate the field of astronomy, and it became evident that the motion of celestial bodies adheres to the same laws that govern objects on Earth. Concurrently, Aristotle’s theory of the four elements started to diminish in credibility, making room for modern atomic theory and thermodynamics, which ultimately succeeded in explaining all transformations of matter as chemical reactions.

Nevertheless, the question of whether it is impossible to touch and examine particles from space within a laboratory setting remained unresolved. This, it appears, transformed the inquiry into whether there exists a location in space analogous to Earth into one to which scientific investigation cannot provide an answer. It is unsurprising that the 18th-century philosopher Immanuel Kant described the starry sky and the realm within the human soul as the two phenomena that we cannot comprehensively understand through rational means.

Water as the foundation of life

However, the 19th century brought about significant changes in this domain. On one hand, spectroscopy was developed, enabling the determination of the chemical composition of any object, regardless of its distance, without physical contact; on the other hand, biochemistry and cell theory emerged. It became evident that life, too, is a series of chemical processes occurring in aqueous solutions, and that even each individual cell of a living organism can be regarded as a microscopic reservoir encapsulating these processes.

Living cells. Source: blog.labtag.com

It appears that at the onset of the 20th century, scientists possessed all necessary opportunities to detect extraterrestrial life. However, as humanity’s understanding of the surrounding world expanded, there was a corresponding increase in the belief that the answer to whether life — or rather, the conditions necessary for its existence — exists beyond Earth was most probably negative.

This caused further pessimism, as it was revealed that humanity had dedicated numerous centuries to overcoming what appeared to be a fundamental barrier to “touching” space, solely to find that it was devoid of life.

This was predominantly attributable to the constraints inherent within 20th-century technological capabilities. It facilitated spectroscopic investigations primarily focusing on celestial bodies within the Solar System and stars that possess adequate quantities of both hydrogen and oxygen; however, these studies were limited to observing molecules where these elements are not properly combined.

A spectrogram depicting water in various states. Source: www.acamedia.info

What renders liquid water distinctive are its chemical properties. It dissolves a substantial amount of inorganic substances, while large organic molecules can merely float freely within it and attach individual atoms and groups of atoms with relative ease. Other substances either decompose organic matter too readily or, conversely, are incapable of dissolving certain substances or hinder the formation of stable solutions.

This is precisely why the quest for liquid water in extraterrestrial environments during the 1990s emerged as a principal objective of contemporary astronomy, as a favorable response would inherently imply the existence of conditions conducive to life — and potentially life itself — somewhere. This enthusiasm persists to the present day.

There is a considerable amount of water present in space

During the 1990s and 2000s, the prevailing perspective concerning water in space commenced a significant evolution. It was established that water, primarily in the form of ice, exists even at the Moon’s poles. Additionally, on Mars, water may exist in a liquid state, albeit as supersaturated solutions.

The Korolev Crater on Mars is filled with ice. Source: Wikipedia

In the outer regions of the Solar System, however, the quantity of ice was found to be nearly comparable to that of rock. Specifically, the moons of the giant planets predominantly comprise ice and may potentially contain it in liquid form at certain depths.

Water has also been detected beyond the Solar System — initially in proximity to quasars, and subsequently within cold gas and dust clouds. In 2010, it was established that water, as a substance, is not as scarce in the universe as previously believed, and that it predates the formation of the Solar System.

In essence, water itself is not considered particularly significant; however, out of habit, individuals persist in discussing every occurrence of its detection as a potential indication of extraterrestrial life.

The quasar APM 08279+5255, in proximity to which water was identified. Source: Wikipedia

A noteworthy instance is the case of the exoplanet K2-18 b. Initially, in 2019, water vapor was identified through spectroscopic analysis. Subsequently, methane and other organic compounds were also discovered. Ultimately, in 2025, the detection of dimethyl sulfide garnered considerable attention, with many asserting that it indicated potential signs of life.

Nevertheless, the researchers who have been examining it over numerous years exercise considerable caution in their assertions, and this prudence is justified. Indeed, K2-18 b is characterized as a super-Earth that exceeds our planet in size by a factor of 2.6 and is approximately 8.63 times more massive.

Research indicates that it is probable that the celestial body in question is a “Hycean” — a planet characterized by a surface entirely submerged beneath an ocean several hundred kilometers in depth. Situated above this body is presumably a dense atmosphere, which does not contain substantial quantities of oxygen. This atmosphere primarily comprises hydrogen and a minor proportion of water vapor.

It is highly probable that the planet experiences a significant greenhouse effect; however, even if the surface temperature remains within a habitable range for life on Earth, the atmospheric pressure renders the existence of living organisms impossible.

Planet K2-18b. Source: Wikipedia

Therefore, should we proceed to search for water?

Overall, the circumstances concerning K2-18 b demonstrate the extent to which the “water is life” paradigm can influence our understanding. However, it is important to recognize that numerous other factors are equally significant; nonetheless, many individuals persist in relying on concepts that originated during a period when it was assumed that this substance was rare in the cosmos.

The fact remains that the existence of water, even in its liquid state, no longer serves as the definitive indicator of life in space. Researchers have identified a considerable number of relatively complex organic molecules in such environments, including constituents of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

The stage at which complex chemical reactions may be regarded as indicative of life remains a subject of debate. Nevertheless, it is now evident that the initial steps in this process occurred when these molecules were still in space, with the most liquid water they contained existing as thin films on the surfaces of silicate grains.

Therefore, should we investigate the presence of water in space? Certainly, particularly if it exists in liquid form, as it remains the fundamental medium for sustaining life. Should every discovery of water be regarded as a groundbreaking revelation that challenges our current understanding of space? Not necessarily, as we already recognize that space is inhabited by life, at least in its simplest manifestations.

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/ }

Gordon Cooper, Ufo's en Overheidscover-up: Een Analyse van een Pionier in de Ufo-verschijnselen

Inleiding

De geschiedenis van de menselijke zoektocht naar buitenaards leven en mysterieuze luchtverschijnselen is doorspekt met verhalen, getuigenissen en controverses. Een figuur die een bijzonder prominente rol speelt in deze geschiedenis, is Leroy Gordon Cooper Jr., een van de eerste Amerikaanse astronauten en een man die niet alleen de ruimte verkende, maar ook de grenzen van publieke overtuigingen over UFO’s verlegde. Cooper’s overtuigingen dat sommige UFO’s buitenaardse voertuigen waren en dat de Amerikaanse overheid bewijzen verborgen hield, hebben een blijvende impact gehad op de publieke perceptie van het fenomeen. Dit essay onderzoekt Cooper’s leven, zijn overtuigingen, de bewijsvoering en de kritische tegenstand, en plaatst zijn verhaal binnen de bredere context van de UFO-discussie en overheidsgeheimen.

1. Het Leven en de Carrière van Gordon Cooper

Gordon Cooper werd geboren op 6 maart 1927 en overleed op 4 oktober 2004. Als een van de originele Mercury Seven astronauten wordt hij herinnerd als een van de meest ervaren en gerespecteerde ruimtevaarders van zijn generatie. Zijn carrière begon als piloot bij de Amerikaanse luchtmacht, waar hij zich onderscheidde als testpiloot en militair tacticus. In 1963 behaalde hij een historische prestatie door als laatste Amerikaanse astronaut solo in de ruimte te vliegen tijdens de Mercury-Atlas 9 missie, waarbij hij meer dan 34 uur in orbit doorbracht. Twee jaar later leidde hij de Gemini 5 missie, die een record vestigde voor de duur van een ruimtevlucht tot dat moment.

Deze indrukwekkende prestaties zorgden ervoor dat Cooper een reputatie opbouwde als een betrouwbare en competente ruimtevaarder. Zijn ervaring en status maakten zijn latere uitspraken over UFO’s en de overheid extra opvallend. Cooper’s publieke profiel was daarmee niet alleen dat van een ruimtevaarder, maar ook die van een kritisch denker en een man die zich niet liet afschrikken door de publieke opinie of de officiële standpunten van NASA en het Amerikaanse leger.

2. De Edwards Air Force Base en de UFO-ervaringen

Een van de meest bekende incidenten die Cooper aanhaalt, vond plaats rond 1957 op Edwards Air Force Base. Volgens Cooper was er een camerateam betrokken bij een project voor precisielandingen, dat een metallic, schotelvormig object vastlegde dat kort op een droogmeer landde. Het object zou met behulp van landingsondersteuning even hebben gestaan, alvorens stil en geruisloos op te stijgen en met hoge snelheid weg te vliegen. Cooper beweert dat hij de film die hiervan gemaakt was heeft ingezien en dat deze een bijzonder onbekend en authentiek object liet zien.

Het mysterieuze aspect van dit verhaal is dat de film nooit is vrijgegeven, nooit is teruggevonden en dat er geen officiële documenten of onafhankelijke bevestigingen bestaan die het incident ondersteunen. Desondanks hield Cooper vol dat de film echt was en dat het bewijs van een buitenaards voertuig was. Hij stelde dat de film naar militaire autoriteiten was gestuurd volgens de protocollen, maar dat hij nooit te weten kwam wat er verder mee gebeurde. Het ontbreken van fysiek bewijs en de afwezigheid van officiële documentatie zorgen voor twijfel en scepticisme onder onderzoekers.

Officieel NASA-portret – Cooper in zijn Mercury-ruimtepak, een van de bekendste afbeeldingen van de originele Mercury-astronauten.

3. Cooper’s overtuigingen over buitenaardse bezoekers

Vanaf de jaren 1970 tot aan zijn overlijden bleef Cooper zich uitspreken over UFO’s. Hij was ervan overtuigd dat niet alle waarnemingen door mensen konden worden verklaard door natuurlijke of menselijke oorzaken. Tijdens interviews stelde hij dat ervaren militaire piloten en radaroperatoren objecten hadden gezien die zich ver hielden van de mogelijkheden van conventionele vliegtuigen en meteorologische verschijnselen. Hij benadrukte dat veel van deze getuigen betrouwbare en getrainde waarnemers waren, die hun rapporten niet uit eigenbelang of voor sensatie hadden gedaan.

Volgens Cooper waren de prestaties van sommige UFO’s zo geavanceerd dat ze niet konden worden toegeschreven aan de technologie van de aarde in de jaren 1950 en 1960. Hij beschreef objecten die plotseling konden versnellen, scherpe bochten maakten, stil konden zweven zonder zichtbaar voortstuwingssysteem en geluidloos opereerden. Cooper stelde dat deze kenmerken duidden op buitenaardse technologie, mogelijk afkomstig van een geavanceerd buitenaards ras dat de aarde bezocht.

Hij betoogde dat de overheid zich bewust was van deze fenomenen en dat er bewijs was dat geheime documenten en buitenaardse artefacten werden verzameld, maar dat de publieke kennis werd onderdrukt. Cooper riep op tot een internationale samenwerking om deze fenomenen serieus te onderzoeken, en stelde dat de meeste UFO-rapporten niet konden worden verklaard door natuurlijke of menselijke oorzaken.

4. Overheidsbedekking en geheime documenten

Een kernpunt in Cooper’s betoog was dat de Amerikaanse overheid, en mogelijk andere overheden, bewijs van buitenaardse bezoekers had gevonden en dat dit werd verborgen voor het publiek. Hij beweerde dat militaire en inlichtingendiensten UFO-incidenten classificeerden en dat belangrijke bewijzen, zoals crash-landers en mogelijk buitenaardse lichamen, in geheime dossiers waren opgeborgen. Volgens Cooper was de reden hiervoor vooral nationale veiligheid: men wilde geen paniek zaaien of de militaire strategische belangen schaden.

Cruciaal is dat Cooper nooit concreet bewijs kon leveren dat de overheid daadwerkelijk buitenaardse voertuigen of lichamen had ontdekt. Zijn claims waren gebaseerd op persoonlijke observaties, anekdotes van collega’s en zijn interpretatie van de informatie die hij had. NASA en het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie hebben altijd volgehouden dat er geen bewijs is voor buitenaardse aanwezigheid en dat geen enkele officiële onderzoeksinstantie bevestigde dat de VS informatie achterhield.

De recente openheid van de Amerikaanse overheid over zogenaamde Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) heeft de discussie nieuw leven ingeblazen. Hoewel sommige rapporten onverklaard blijven, heeft de overheid benadrukt dat er geen bewijs is dat deze objecten buitenaards zijn. Cooper’s overtuiging dat er een grote geheime operatie gaande was, blijft daarmee een controversieel en onverifieerbaar standpunt.

Gordon Cooper – nette, formele kleding.

5. Kritische Beschouwing: Skeptici en de Beperkingen van Cooper’s Verhaal

Hoewel Cooper’s status en ervaring hem een zekere geloofwaardigheid geven, staat zijn verhaal niet los van kritische beschouwing. Een belangrijk punt van twijfel is dat het nooit officieel bewijs van de door hem genoemde incidenten is vrijgegeven. De film van de Edwards-landing, die volgens Cooper bewijs zou zijn, ontbreekt nog altijd in het publieke domein. Dit gebrek aan tastbaar bewijs voedt scepsis onder onderzoekers en wetenschappers.

Daarnaast is het belangrijk om te erkennen dat menselijke herinneringen over lange tijd kunnen vervormen. Het is niet ongebruikelijk dat getuigen, vooral bij complexe of ongebruikelijke gebeurtenissen, details aanpassen of verkeerd interpreteren. Cooper’s verhalen evolueerden over de jaren; wat begon als een eenvoudige observatie, werd later uitgebreid tot uitgebreide theorieën over overheidsbedrog en buitenaards bezoek.

Critici wijzen er ook op dat sommige waarnemingen en getuigenissen kunnen worden verklaard door natuurlijke fenomenen of menselijke technologie, zoals geheime militaire vliegtuigen of experimentele wapens. Daarnaast kunnen misinterpretaties van weersverschijnselen, sterren of atmosferische lichten leiden tot foute identificaties van UFO’s. Dit ondermijnt de stelling dat alle UFO’s buitenaardse oorsprong hebben.

6. De Technologie en de Mogelijkheid van Buitenaardse Bezoeken

Een van de kernargumenten van Cooper was dat bepaalde waargenomen kenmerken van UFO’s niet konden worden verklaard door de toenmalige menselijke technologie. Hij benadrukte dat objecten konden accelereren zonder zichtbaar voortstuwingssysteem, stil konden zweven, plotseling van richting konden veranderen en snelheden konden bereiken die voor menselijke vliegtuigen onmogelijk waren.

Deze beschrijvingen worden vaak aangehaald door voorstanders van het buitenaardse thema en worden ondersteund door diverse getuigenissen van piloten en radarwaarnemingen. Sommige onderzoekers stellen dat deze prestaties inderdaad de technologische capaciteiten van een geavanceerde buitenaardse beschaving suggereren. Anderen betwijfelen dat dergelijke waarnemingen niet kunnen worden verklaard door natuurlijke verschijnselen of geheime aardse technologie, zoals nieuwe geheime wapens of vliegtuigontwerpen.

De wetenschap staat voor de uitdaging om deze fenomenen te verklaren. Tot nu toe hebben geen technologische of fysische principes bevestigd dat zulke prestaties mogelijk zijn met onze huidige kennis. Hierdoor blijven deze waarnemingen een mysterie dat mogelijk wijst op buitenaardse technologie, maar ook kan worden toegeschreven aan nog onbekende natuurlijke of menselijke oorzaken.

Mercury-Atlas 9 (“Faith 7”) – Foto's genomen vóór zijn historische missie in mei 1963, waarin hij 22 keer rond de aarde draaide.

7. De Erfenis en de Betekenis van Cooper’s Verhaal

Gordon Cooper’s betrokkenheid bij de UFO-discussie geeft het onderwerp een bijzondere dimensie. Als een van de meest gerenommeerde astronauten en testpiloten, wekt zijn geloof in buitenaardse bezoekers en geheime overheidsdeksels de aandacht van zowel believers als skeptici. Zijn verhalen hebben bijgedragen aan de publieke interesse en hebben de discussie over de mogelijke aanwezigheid van buitenaards leven in de ruimte versterkt.

Toch is het belangrijk te onderkennen dat Cooper’s claims niet door onafhankelijke, fysische bewijzen worden ondersteund. Zijn verklaringen blijven gebaseerd op persoonlijke observaties, getuigenissen en interpretaties. De officiële standpunten van overheden en wetenschappelijke instanties blijven dat er geen bewijs is dat UFO’s buitenaardse oorsprong hebben of dat er een grootschalige dekmantel gaande is.

Zijn nalatenschap is daarom dubbelzinnig: hij heeft de discussie over buitenaards leven en overheidsgeheimen sterk beïnvloed, maar zijn claims blijven controversieel en niet volledig verifieerbaar. Zijn verhaal symboliseert de menselijke zoektocht naar antwoorden op de meest fundamentele vragen over ons bestaan en onze plaats in het universum.

Gemini 5-missie – Afbeeldingen van Cooper met astronaut Charles “Pete” Conrad Jr. voor en na hun achtdaagse Gemini 5-vlucht in 1965.

Conclusie

Gordon Cooper was niet alleen een pionier in de ruimtevaart, maar ook een belangrijke stem in de UFO-discussie. Zijn overtuigingen dat sommige UFO’s buitenaardse voertuigen waren en dat de Amerikaanse overheid informatie verborgen hield, hebben bijgedragen aan de publieke fascinatie en het debat over buitenaards leven. Hoewel zijn verhalen en observaties een intrigerend beeld schetsen en de verbeelding prikkelen, ontbreekt het aan concreet bewijs dat zijn beweringen bevestigt.

De discussie rondom Cooper’s claims illustreert de spanning tussen menselijke nieuwsgierigheid en wetenschappelijke scepticisme. Het roept vragen op over de aard van observaties, de betrouwbaarheid van getuigenissen en de rol van overheidsinformatie. Totdat er tastbaar bewijs wordt gevonden, blijven Cooper’s verhalen een belangrijk, maar debatachtig hoofdstuk in de geschiedenis van de UFO-verschijnselen.

Einde

Bronnen:

• Overheidsrapporten over UAP en UFO-waarnemingen.
• Interviews en publicaties van Gordon Cooper.
• Historische documenten over de Mercury- en Gemini-missies.
• Kritische analyses en wetenschappelijke evaluaties van UFO-verschijnselen.
  • Deze uitgebreide analyse van Gordon Cooper’s verhaal en zijn rol in de UFO-discussie biedt een genuanceerd overzicht dat ruimte laat voor zowel geloof als twijfel, en benadrukt de complexiteit van het fenomeen dat nog altijd de menselijke verbeelding prikkelt.

{ PETER2011 }

Cape Girardeau UFO Crash (1941)

The Cape Girardeau UFO crash of 1941 is an incident said to have occurred in southeast Missouri in late April 1941, several years before the more widely known Roswell crash and roughly one year prior to the Battle of Los Angeles. Most retellings place the event in the late evening, around 9:00–10:00 p.m., during a period of rising pre‑war tension in the United States.

According to family testimony and later UFO researchers, the crash site was located in a rural field west of Cape Girardeau Municipal Airport, between Cape Girardeau and Chaffee, Missouri, near the Mississippi River. Authorities initially described the scene as a downed aircraft. Some accounts add that debris from the crash ignited a small fire in the field, scattering metallic fragments across the area. Reverend William G. Huffman, a local Baptist minister and pastor of Red Star Baptist Church, was reportedly contacted by local authorities—possibly the sheriff’s office or emergency responders—and asked to provide last rites to presumed victims.

Upon arriving at the scene, Huffman allegedly realized the situation was not a conventional airplane crash. Instead of human victims, he encountered three small, non‑human beings lying on the ground outside a disc‑shaped craft. Beyond Huffman, later accounts suggest that local police officers, sheriff’s deputies, firefighters, and possibly medical personnel were present during the early stages of the response. Some sources also claim that photographers, including at least one civilian, arrived before the military assumed control. Military personnel reportedly arrived shortly afterward, possibly from nearby installations such as the Sikeston Army Air Base, and took command of the site. Witnesses were allegedly sworn to secrecy under national security warnings, with threats of serious consequences for speaking about what they had seen.

Huffman reportedly observed a round, saucer‑like craft, often described as silver or metallic in appearance and measuring roughly 15–20 feet in diameter. Some versions of the story describe the craft as broken in half or cracked open. Strange symbols resembling hieroglyphics were said to be etched along the craft’s exterior and interior walls. A few retellings also mention an unusual sulfur‑like odor near the wreckage. Inside, the craft allegedly contained a small metal chair along with simple gauges and controls. Later retellings expanded this description to include multiple chairs and a central pedestal topped with a gyroscope‑like mechanism, details that do not appear consistently in the earliest accounts. Charlette Mann later remarked that these interior features closely resemble descriptions found in other UFO reports that surfaced decades afterward.

The beings found near the craft were consistently described as small, gray‑skinned figures with disproportionately large heads and dark, oversized eyes. Primary descriptions place their height at roughly three to four feet, often described as child‑sized, though later retellings introduced wider estimates. They reportedly had no visible hair, minimal facial features, small nostrils, thin mouths, and either no external ears or only small indentations where ears would normally be. Accounts agree that there were three beings in total: two deceased and one still alive. The living being was described as barely responsive, with long arms, three fingers on each hand, and cool, moist skin likened to that of a fish. Some sources suggest it reacted defensively when approached, discouraging closer examination. Reverend Huffman reportedly performed prayers over the beings, an experience said to have deeply shaken him and altered his worldview and faith.

One of the most striking elements of the story is the alleged photograph taken at the scene. According to Mann, the image showed two men holding one of the beings upright by the armpits. The being appeared unclothed, with soft, grayish skin and large, dark, octopus‑like eyes. The photograph was reportedly taken using a personal Brownie camera, secretly brought to the scene by a civilian—possibly a firefighter or photographer—before the military arrived. Fearing repercussions, the photographer allegedly gave the image to Reverend Huffman for safekeeping.

Mann has stated that she saw the photograph repeatedly during her childhood. After Huffman suffered a stroke in the 1950s, the photo was kept by his son, Guy Huffman. At some point thereafter, the image disappeared, and its fate remains unknown. No verified copy has ever surfaced, though illustrated recreations based on Mann’s descriptions appear in books and documentaries.

Despite being warned to remain silent, Huffman reportedly shared the incident privately with his wife and children after returning home. The story remained largely confined to family discussions for decades. According to Mann, her grandmother, Floy Huffman, disclosed the full account to her on her deathbed in 1984, urging her not to let the story disappear. The incident entered wider UFO literature through correspondence with researcher Leonard Stringfield, culminating in his 1991 Status Report publication, and gained broader attention that same year as Mann began speaking publicly about her family’s experience. She later recounted the story in interviews and at events such as the 2019 UFO Congress.

Supporters of the story emphasize that the incident predates both Roswell and widespread public awareness of flying saucers. Some speculate that it represents an early, secretive recovery of non‑human technology, possibly connected to later U.S. government programs. Others draw parallels to alleged WWII‑era recoveries, such as the 1933 Magenta case in Italy.

Charlette Mann has acknowledged the skepticism surrounding the story but maintains that her role is simply to preserve what her family told her. She has stated that the incident profoundly shaped her life and that sharing it publicly has not been easy.

{ https://unidentifiedphenomena.com/ }

The story says he found something entirely unexpected. Instead of a conventional aircraft, witnesses later claimed there was a disc-shaped metallic craft lying on the ground. Which years later would be called a “flying saucer”.  Nearby the wrecked craft were three small humanoid dead bodies. According to later re-tellings, the corpses were said to be: About 4 feet (1.2 meters) tall. Hairless. Possessing unusually large heads. Having large eyes. Small mouths. Thin arms and legs. Wearing what appeared to be a seamless  and tight metallic suit. Some versions claim strange; unrecognizable  hieroglyphic-like symbols or writings were visible inside or on parts of the craft.

The Military Arrives

According to the legend, military personnel soon arrived and secured the crash site. Witnesses were allegedly instructed never to discuss what they had seen. One frequently repeated part of the story claims a military photographer secretly gave Reverend Huffman a photograph showing him standing beside one of the bodies. The photograph has never been produced publicly.

How the Story Became Public

One reason the case remains controversial is that no reports from 1941 describing the event have been found. Instead, the story first entered UFO literature decades later. In the early 1990s, UFO researcher Leonard Stringfield published an account after receiving information from Charlette Mann, Reverend Huffman’s granddaughter. She said her grandfather privately told the family about the extraordinary incident shortly before his death and had remained silent for many years because of alleged government pressure.

Leonard H. Stringfield is one of the best-known figures in UFO research, particularly for his investigations into alleged UFO crash-retrieval cases. Although he did not claim to have personally witnessed the alleged 1941 Cape Girardeau incident, he was the first researcher to publish it in detail, bringing the story to the attention of the UFO community. Stringfield (1920–1994) served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II and became interested in flying saucers shortly after the war. During the 1950s he was associated with the civilian UFO research organization CRIFO (Civilian Research, Interplanetary Flying Objects). Later, he became famous for a long series of reports investigating claims that the U.S. military had recovered crashed UFOs and non-human bodies. Rather than insisting every story was true, he generally presented witness testimony and discussed its strengths and weaknesses.

According to Stringfield, the story reached him through another respected UFO researcher, Raymond E. Fowler. In the late 1980s or about 1990, Fowler received a letter from Charlette (or Charlotte) Mann, a woman whose grandfather had allegedly witnessed an extraordinary event in 1941. Fowler believed Stringfield would be especially interested because he was collecting reports of crashed UFOs, so he forwarded the letter to him. Stringfield then contacted Mann directly. He interviewed her by telephone and asked her to prepare a more detailed written account of what her grandfather had told the family over the years.

When Stringfield published the case

Stringfield first published the Cape Girardeau story in July 1991. It appeared in Status Report VII: UFO Crash/Retrievals – The Inner Sanctum, one installment of his well-known UFO Crash/Retrievals report series. This was not a mass-market magazine article but a special research publication distributed primarily among UFO investigators and interested readers. The publication included: Charlette Mann’s letter. Stringfield’s personal comments including that Mann’s story could be true, even though there was no real proof.  His assessment is that the report deserved preservation because it fit the pattern of other alleged crash-retrieval accounts he had collected.

Why Some People Believe It

Supporters point to several factors: The account predates the Roswell incident by six years. Reverend Huffman was reportedly considered an honest and respected minister. The family’s version of the story remained fairly consistent over time. Later researchers attempted to identify possible officials and locations that might match the narrative. No evidence about a fraud or a hoax regarding the story ever surfaced to the public, even after eighty five years, 2026, the year of this online article.

Reasons for Skepticism

Most historians and many UFO researchers remain unconvinced because: There are no official police, military, or newspaper reports from 1941 describing such a crash. No wreckage or artifacts have ever been recovered. The famous alleged photograph has never surfaced. The principal account is secondhand, based on what Reverend Huffman’s granddaughter said he privately told family members years later. The story only became widely known roughly fifty years after the alleged event.

Countering The Skeptics

The important thing to remember is that the federal government, at least, wanted the whole incident to be keep secret and ordered a big “hush up”. There would also be severe penalties for anyone who would speak about the matter which can include instant arrest and jailing. In some cases, UFO talkers, allegedly claimed, without any proof, many, many years later, to have been threatened with “disappearing and would never by found” by military authorities as punishment for not remaining silent. So naturally there is going to be no government reports publicly known about the UFO crash with dead aliens, nor wreckage or artifacts publicly recovered, no UFO photograph; no extraterrestrials photograph publicly surfacing, and a private family member story about a crashed flying disk and dead aliens taking about fifty years to be mentioned publicly when there finally seemed to be a safe time to do so.

Legacy

Despite the lack of conclusive evidence, the Cape Girardeau case has become one of the most discussed alleged UFO crash stories before Roswell. It has inspired books, documentaries, podcasts, and continuing debate within the UFO community. Some researchers refer to it as the “First Roswell,” while skeptics view it as a compelling local legend that cannot be verified. Whether the event represents a genuine, hidden historical incident or a story that grew over time remains unresolved. At present, there is no verified evidence that extraterrestrial beings or a crashed spacecraft were recovered near Cape Girardeau in 1941. But, there might be an official government file in highly protected storage on the strange occurrence that is highly classified and marked as “top secret”.

{ https://mysticsciences.com/ }

Scramjets Face Challenges in Bridging the Supersonic-to-Hypersonic Gap

In their study, project leader Professor Jiro Kasahara and colleagues explain that hypersonic engines capable of propelling aircraft above Mach 5, or five times the speed of sound, “have been actively researched for the development of high-speed transport systems.” Among the most noteworthy designs developed in this pursuit is the scramjet engine.

While tests have shown they can reach these speeds, scramjets fail to maintain ignition below Mach 5. As a result, Professor Kasahara and colleagues note that “other propulsion systems are needed to accelerate a vehicle to those speeds.”

Turbo-ramjet engines have offered some support. However, these airbreathing engines top out at speeds approaching Mach 3-4. The study authors note that this discrepancy has resulted in “a gap with scramjet engines.”

To bridge this gap, the research team decided that rather than increasing the upper speed limit of the turbo ramjet, they would instead explore lowering the “operating limit of scramjet engines to Mach 3–4.”

According to the team, the primary challenge in reducing scramjet speeds below Mach 5 is the corresponding reduction in the total temperature of the airflow entering the engine. Consequently, they explain, “ignition becomes more difficult.” In fact, they concede, “autoignition is not expected” at the sub-Mach 5 speeds they were targeting. This meant the team had to find a way to improve igniter performance.

RD Torch “A Promising Candidate” for Scramjet Ignition

When selecting an ignition enhancer, the team noted that previous efforts have explored solutions ranging from spark plugs, glow plugs, and pulse detonators to lasers, plasma torch igniters, and even burned-gas (deflagration) torches. However, the authors observed that most previous studies focused on “higher Mach numbers than those targeted here.” As a result, they add, ignition performance in a scramjet engine under low-flight-Mach, low-temperature conditions “remains unclear.”

The team evaluated a cylindrical rotating detonation combustor (RDC). Unlike other electrically based solutions such as spark plugs or glow plugs, the team described the RDC as “a combustor in which detonation waves continuously propagate along the inner wall surface to burn the fuel–oxidizer mixture.”

The researchers explained that detonation waves are supersonic combustion waves initiated by shock waves inside the scramjet’s combustion chamber. Although the system has been studied as a rocket engine, to achieve their results, the team used what they called a rotating detonation torch (RD torch), comparing the design to conventional deflagration torches, which initiate ignition by “uniformly burning the fuel and oxidizer throughout the combustion chamber” and then continuously injecting the burned gas into the scramjet combustor.

“The RD torch, like conventional deflagration torches, burns fuel and oxidizer in the combustor and continuously discharges combustion gases into the cavity and is therefore also classified as an active ignition device,” the team explained, adding that “we consider the RD torch to be a promising candidate for use as an igniter in scramjet engines.”

“Ignition and Flameholding of the Main H2 Were Successfully Achieved”

Before conducting the tests, the Nagoya University team set out three primary objectives. First, they wanted to design a custom RD torch “capable of operating at a mass flow rate comparable to that of conventional deflagration torches” and use that design to “investigate the combustion conditions in the RD torch under supersonic flow.” Second, they planned to examine the detonation wave’s propagation characteristics within the RD torch, and third, they hoped to achieve ignition and flameholding under conditions equivalent to flight Mach numbers from 3 to 4.

After completing their testbed RD torch and thus the study’s first objective, the researchers conducted a series of combustion experiments. Critically, they performed these experiments in the scramjet model combustor and a vacuum chamber model.

According to their published results, the team’s RD torch, designed to bridge the supersonic to hypersonic gap, “successfully achieved continuous injection of burned gas into the cavity, with combustion nearly completed even during main H2 combustion.”

“Based on the observed increases in flame height and width in the flame chemiluminescence images, ignition and flameholding of the main H2 were successfully achieved under simulated flight Mach 3–4 conditions, with the RD torch operating in detonation mode,” they write. “Notably, the mainstream flow in the scramjet model combustor remained supersonic.”

The team presents these results as “demonstrating robust torch operation,” adding that “the RD torch functioned as intended.”

When discussing the success of the RD torch in their approach, the Nagoya University team said their results “confirm successful supersonic combustion and demonstrate the RD torch’s ability to reliably ignite and sustain main H2 combustion under low-Mach scramjet conditions, highlighting its potential for practical application in future airbreathing hypersonic engines.”

The study “Experimental Study of a Cylindrical Rotating Detonation Combustor for Scramjet Ignition” was published in the Journal of Propulsion and Power.

• Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and has spent the last six years as Associate News Editor and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him at christopher@thedebrief.org

RELATED

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/tech/ }

Researchers Document Ancient Egyptian Tomb in Detail

The Theban Necropolis contains over 400 tombs. Previous studies have determined that the burial space was used and reused from its construction during Egypt’s Twenty-fifth Dynasty (754-656 BCE) until its abandonment during the Ptolemaic period (305-30 BCE).

However, archaeologists are still searching for new clues to the people who built them and those buried inside. Dr Miguel Ángel Molinero Polo, a professor of Egyptology at the University of La Laguna and the senior author of the study detailing the team’s discoveries, said researchers have “few details” about how people who entered the tombs behaved. Dr. Polo also noted a lack of knowledge about these people’s motivation “in each historical period” the site was in use, and how they “conceptually reconfigured the pre-existing space” as time passed.

The research team ultimately determined that the best way to explain the methodology for placing the human remains and individual dog remains found in the ancient Egyptian tomb was to excavate the chamber and photograph the mummies. They also decided to create sketches and descriptions of the mummy’s position, orientation, and any possible relationship with the overall structure. 

Archaeologists Unearth 16 Mummified Bodies and Related Funerary Items

As the team began cataloging their findings, they realized the chamber contained nine funerary deposits, which they described as “individual and multiple burials.” The site also contained several “associated funerary objects.”

“We found a total of 16 mummified human individuals, a mummified dog, and a disturbed deposit containing the remains of at least four individuals,” explained Dr. Jared Carballo-Pérez, a researcher at the University of La Laguna and the study’s first author.

After further examination, a pattern began to emerge. For example, the earliest burials were relatively separated. These earliest bodies were also placed in coffins, with funerary nets and amulets. These burials also contained what Dr. Molinero Polo termed “an assemblage containing costly items, such as the contents held in Phoenician amphorae,” placed with or near them. The research said these discoveries suggest that these individuals were likely “of high social standing.”

When the researchers examined the second layer, they noted that bodies were less carefully placed and instead “inserted into any space available.” Critically, this shift occurred towards the end of the 25th dynasty and into the Persian period (around 680-404 BCE).

Examples of the new interment method include limb positioning. In one case, an arm was found folded in, and in others, two arms were folded.

This positioning differed from earlier burials, where the arms were stretched out. The team also cataloged a change in body position in the ancient Egyptian tomb, with later mummies deposited vertically. The team said the resulting “superposition of bodies” was found in two-thirds of the burial chamber.

Still, Dr. Molinero Polo explained, although the vertically positioned bodies were not placed in coffins, the remains were “carefully mummified.” The researcher said the later internments “can be associated with upright jars that point to a specific ritual not found in the earlier phases of the tomb’s use.”

Mummified Dog Buried with Humans Suggests Intimate Relationship

Perhaps the most unexpected find inside the ancient Egyptian tomb was the remains of a mummified dog. Even more unexpected, the animal’s remains were buried with human remains “one on top of another.”

“One detail I find quite beautiful is the presence of a mummified dog placed directly on top of the mummies of a man and a woman,” said Carballo-Pérez.

The researcher said this preferred, intimate placement could suggest a close relationship between the animal and its humans, “an idea that I think is quite easy to empathize with.” Carballo-Pérez said the unexpected placement could also reflect a change in funerary or ritualistic practices, “with an animal taking on the role of a psychopomp, a symbolic helper in the journey to the afterlife.”

Although an initial examination gave the team the impression the site’s internment became less organized over the centuries, they said that impression was likely false. For example, the team notes that bodies buried in the Osirian position, meaning both arms folded, suggest that the ancient Egyptian tomb “did not become disordered or without structure, or that cultural rites were lost.”

“The detailed study of the bodies indicates neither chaotic accumulation nor a loss of the original ritual over time,” Dr. Carballo-Pérez explained. “Rather, there was a spatial logic in which each new deposition was adapted to the presence of previous bodies – a kind of funerary memory in the processes of reuse.”

The team conceded that it was sometimes difficult to identify the sequence of some of the funerary deposits, including what they described as the “disturbed” remains of four individuals. They also suggest that the chamber was likely flooded several times over the centuries, experienced periodic fires, and human re-entry, which “transported debris within the tomb.”

Still, Carballo-Pérez concluded that their findings suggest deposits previously considered ‘disordered’ can now be reinterpreted.

“This helps us develop a better understanding of the social behaviors behind funerary practices,” the researcher explained.

The study “From individualized mummies to collective accumulations: an archaeothanatological analysis of funerary reuse in Theban Tomb 209 (Twenty-Fifth Dynasty–Ptolemaic Egypt)” was published in Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology.

• Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and has spent the last six years as Associate News Editor and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him at christopher@thedebrief.org

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/science/ }

What seven decades of hunting for aliens tells us

by Mark Thompson, Universe Today

Since the 1950s, humanity has been searching for extraterrestrial life with increasingly sophisticated tools. But after decades of space probes, meteorite analysis, radio telescopes, and UFO investigations, what have we actually found? A new piece of analysis by a team led by Seyed Sina Seyedpour Layalestani from the Islamic Azad University in Iran has looked at the most compelling evidence to date; from ancient space rocks that fell to Earth carrying the building blocks of life itself. The paper is published in the International Journal of Astrobiology.

The Murchison meteorite, which crashed into Australia in 1969, is older than our solar system at 7 billion years. Recent analysis revealed something extraordinary, that all five nucleobases that form DNA and RNA (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil) were present in this ancient stone. These molecules, confirmed as extraterrestrial in origin, fundamentally challenge the assumption that life's ingredients formed exclusively on Earth.

The Orgueil meteorite that exploded over France in 1864 tells a similar story. This carbonaceous rock contains not just amino acids like glycine and alanine, but structures resembling microfossils, tiny forms that look similar to magnetotactic bacteria found in Earth's oceans. While scientists initially dismissed these as contamination or mineral formations, recent studies have confirmed their extraterrestrial origin.

Space probes have expanded the search beyond meteorites. Rovers on Mars discovered liquid water streams and frozen ice. The Cassini spacecraft found massive glaciers on Saturn's moon Enceladus. The Phoenix lander confirmed water ice just three centimeters below the Martian surface. These discoveries reveal that the basic requirements for life; water, organic compounds, and energy sources, seem to exist throughout our solar system.

Radio telescopes have detected more than 100 organic molecules in interstellar dust clouds, including amino acids and nucleic acid components. These findings strengthen the panspermia hypothesis, the idea that life's building blocks are distributed throughout space, potentially seeding planets across the galaxy

But what about intelligent alien civilizations? Despite decades of UFO reports and SETI programs broadcasting messages into space, no confirmed evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence exists. Most UFO sightings have conventional explanations, from ball lightning in the atmosphere to plasma phenomena in the thermosphere. The supposed alien bodies presented to Mexico's Congress in 2023 were quickly dismissed as artificial constructs.

The challenge isn't lack of evidence for life's ingredients, instead it's proving that these ingredients actually formed living organisms elsewhere. The presence of DNA building blocks in billion-year-old meteorites doesn't confirm that alien bacteria existed, only that the chemistry for life occurs naturally in space.

Enter artificial intelligence. New AI algorithms can analyze meteorite chemistry to distinguish biological from non-biological origins of organic compounds. Machine learning helps filter noise from radio signals and identify atmospheric biosignatures on distant exoplanets. Where human analysis might overlook subtle patterns in vast datasets, AI excels.

We've found the pieces. The building blocks of life exist throughout space. Whether those pieces assembled into living organisms, microbial or intelligent, remains the universe's most tantalizing unanswered question.

{ https://phys.org/space-news/ }

Lost 'mega-escarpment' across ancient USA may explain Grand Canyon's missing billion years

by University of Southampton

edited by Sadie Harley, reviewed by Robert Egan

Scientists have found evidence that a colossal cliff stretching thousands of kilometers across ancient North America may have exposed the heart of the Grand Canyon nearly a billion years before it was carved by the Colorado River.

The study, led by the University of Southampton in the UK, proposes that a vast "great escarpment" of steep rocky cliffs formed when the supercontinent Rodinia broke apart 800 million years ago.

Experts suggest the 1-kilometer-high (0.6-mile-high) cliffs extended along much of western North America, driving erosion of enormous volumes of rock and exposing an ancient crystalline basement now visible in the Grand Canyon in southern Arizona.

Lead author Thomas Gernon, a professor of Earth science at Southampton, said the Grand Canyon has a geological record spanning 2 billion years, but more than half of its rock record appears to be missing.

He added, "Our paper suggests the Canyon's basement rocks were progressively brought to the surface as part of an immense escarpment that developed during the breakup of an ancient supercontinent.

"The findings also shed light on the formation of the Great Unconformity, a mysterious gap in the rock record that spans over a billion years."

A cliff line across a continent

The study, published in Geology, included experts from the University of Southampton, GFZ Helmholtz Center for Geosciences and the University of Potsdam, both in Germany, and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in the U.S.

According to their findings, the ancient great escarpment would have stretched across what are now Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Illinois.

This is where intense erosion ultimately exposed some of North America's oldest rocks, most famously those at the Grand Canyon, Gernon said.

The researchers combined plate tectonic reconstructions with landscape evolution data to recreate how western North America evolved as Rodinia fragmented.

The reconstruction showed the Grand Canyon occupied the same position relative to the ancient continental margin as many of today's great escarpments in South Africa and Brazil.

As the escarpment slowly retreated inland over tens of millions of years, it is predicted to have stripped away up to 8 kilometers (5 miles) of rock in places.

The findings are consistent with evidence that the region experienced extraordinary erosion of some 5–10 kilometers (3–6 miles) of rock long before the modern canyon formed.

Clues to a missing rock record

"This long-lived tectonic landscape provides a missing piece in understanding why erosion associated with the Great Unconformity varies so dramatically across the southwestern U.S.," Gernon said.

"Our work suggests that tectonic uplift related to continental rifting and breakup created both steep slopes and high ground, providing the mountainous terrain that rivers and glaciers could readily erode."

The study also reveals the ancient escarpment may have influenced far more than the Grand Canyon itself.

By creating a long-lived mountainous rim around western Laurentia—the ancient core of North America—it may have controlled where rivers flowed, sediments accumulated and when rising seas flooded the continent before the so-called Cambrian explosion, when complex life rapidly diversified.

Gernon added, "Today's escarpments in Africa, Brazil, India and Antarctica provide windows into the forces that shape continents over hundreds of millions of years.

"By comparing the Grand Canyon's ancient history with active landscapes like the Great Escarpment of South Africa, we're able to see North America's most iconic geologic landmark in an entirely new light.

"Our findings could help geologists reinterpret other ancient continental interiors where similarly large gaps occur in records, offering a better understanding of how Earth's continents have changed over hundreds of millions of years."

{ https://phys.org/earth-news/earth-sciences/ }

In a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers demonstrate a method that combines mass spectrometry with machine learning to estimate what researchers call “molecular assembly,” or MA.

The concept comes from Assembly Theory, which attempts to quantify molecular complexity by identifying the minimum number of construction steps needed to build a molecule. Researchers argue that when highly complex molecules appear repeatedly and in abundance, their existence may point to a process that is consistently steering chemistry down particular pathways.

That could make molecular assembly useful as an “agnostic” biosignature—one that does not depend on alien life sharing Earth’s chemistry.

A novel framework suggests life might be revealed not by single clues, but by subtle patterns spanning many worlds, offering a different lens for detecting life in the universe.

Credit: Stock

“There is a growing interest in ‘agnostic’ life detection strategies: methods that can identify molecular signs of life without needing an exact understanding of what that life might look like, or how it might interact with a complex, poorly characterized environment,” the researchers write. “The measured assembly index, defined as the number of steps along the shortest construction pathway, is fixed for each molecule and does not depend on external conditions, such as the environment in which the molecule might be detected or the specific ‘alien’ biochemistry from which it might arise.”

The researchers’ proposed “agnostic” approach could become increasingly important as scientists encounter tantalizing, but often ambiguous, chemical signals in the search for alien life.

Methane on Mars, phosphine reported in Venus’s atmosphere, and dimethyl sulfide proposed as a possible biosignature within exoplanet atmospheres have all attracted attention because living organisms can produce those compounds.

However, biology is not the only way to make them. Methane, for example, can emerge from geologic processes. Dimethyl sulfide is strongly associated with life on Earth, yet it has also been detected in cometary material and produced in laboratory experiments simulating primordial chemistry.

The presence of a particular molecule, in other words, does not necessarily tell scientists what produced it. Molecular assembly approaches the problem from a different angle. Under Assembly Theory, researchers calculate the shortest possible pathway for constructing a molecule from simpler building blocks. A molecule with an MA of 40, for example, has a shortest construction pathway twice as long as one with an MA of 20.

The reasoning is rooted in probability. Undirected chemistry has an enormous range of possible molecular structures. As molecules become more complex, the odds of repeatedly producing the same highly elaborate structure shrink unless something constrains the process.

Biological systems store and use information to direct chemical reactions toward particular outcomes, permitting organisms to manufacture the same complicated molecules again and again instead of wandering randomly through the immense space of possible chemistry.

Previous experiments cited in the study found an approximate dividing line between abiotic and biological samples at an assembly index of around 15.

Perhaps more importantly, in the search for alien life, scientists would not necessarily need to know what a molecule is before recognizing that it is unusually complex.

That could be especially useful on worlds such as Mars, Europa, Enceladus, or Titan, where spacecraft may encounter compounds unlike anything commonly found on Earth.

Several proposed planetary missions use, or could use, mass spectrometers. These instruments analyze molecules by measuring ions’ mass-to-charge ratios.

More sophisticated multistage mass spectrometers can repeatedly break molecules apart, giving indications of their structure and assembly history. But spacecraft operate under severe limits on power, mass, computing capacity, and instrument complexity. Many planetary missions, therefore, rely on simpler, single-stage mass spectrometry.

To close that gap, the researchers trained an XGBoost model on standardized mass spectra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology Chemistry WebBook. The model learned to estimate molecular assembly directly from single-stage spectra.

According to the study, it reduced relative mean squared error threefold compared with the best-performing baseline model, cutting the figure from 0.12 to 0.04.

The model also tended to underestimate molecules with especially high MA values. For a life-detection system, that bias could be preferable. It means the model was more likely to be conservative than to classify a molecule as an unusually strong biosignature mistakenly.

Researchers envision future spacecraft using this kind of analysis autonomously. A rover or lander that detects molecules with unusually high assembly scores might flag the surrounding area for closer inspection, prioritize certain samples, or identify material worth returning to Earth.

The study explicitly evaluated conditions designed to resemble instruments proposed for missions to Titan and Europa.

The same framework also raised another, more speculative possibility: when the researchers compared very large molecular databases, they identified several medical compounds with unusually high MA values. Their complexity was not the product of biology alone, but of deliberate human synthesis.

That led the team to suggest that particularly complex artificial molecules might serve as “molecular technosignatures”—chemical evidence oftechnology, rather than life itself.

For now, however, the method remains far from being a ready-to-fly alien-life detector. Instrument settings strongly affected performance. In simulated experiments, changing impact energies could nearly double prediction error, while one comparison increased it by more than 2.3 times. Molecules that break apart unusually easily can also cause the model to overestimate assembly, while molecules that resist fragmentation may be underestimated.

The researchers therefore describe the study as a proof of concept. Turning the approach into an effective tool for planetary investigation would require standardized databases, careful instrument calibration, and chromatographic separation to isolate individual molecules before analysis.

Future versions could also combine mass spectrometry with other techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance or infrared spectroscopy. Infrared measurements, the researchers suggest, extend aspects of the approach to the remote study of exoplanet atmospheres.

Yet the wider goal is significant. Instead of deciding beforehand what alien biology should produce, scientists could search for evidence that a process has persistently directed chemistry toward highly specific, complex outcomes.

“In this work, we presented a proof-of-concept demonstrating the potential use of ML to predict the MA molecular complexity as a biosignature from in situ mass spectrometers during future space missions,” the researchers write. “Although the application of ML in life detection remains a nascent endeavor, it holds significant promise.”

The recent study, “Molecular Assembly as a Universal Biosignature Measurable by Mass Spectrometry,” appeared in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

• Tim McMillan is a retired law enforcement executive, investigative reporter and co-founder of The Debrief. His writing typically focuses on defense, national security, the Intelligence Community and topics related to psychology. You can follow Tim on Twitter: @LtTimMcMillan.  Tim can be reached by email: tim@thedebrief.org or through encrypted email: LtTimMcMillan@protonmail.com 

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/space/ }