Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
Vrijdag 18 augustus 2017
Methane May Explain How Ancient Mars Had Liquid Water
Methane May Explain How Ancient Mars Had Liquid Water
Harvard scientists have suggested that methane on ancient Mars may explain why it was once warm enough to support liquid water on its surface. The findings are published in Geophysical Research Letters.
What made Mars warmer in its history is a bit of a mystery. Previous theories have leaned towards carbon dioxide, which, as we know from Earth, is a decent greenhouse gas. But even though CO2 makes up 95 percent of the thin Martian atmosphere today, it can’t account for a much thicker atmosphere necessary to support significantly warmer temperatures in the past.
So, the team modeled how methane might behave in the atmosphere of Mars billions of years ago, when the Sun was 30 percent fainter than it is today (known as the faint young Sun paradox). Various geological processes are thought to have been releasing much more methane into the atmosphere back then than today.
This methane would have been slowly converted to hydrogen and other gases, a process that is sort of happening on Saturn’s moon Titan today. When the effects of methane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide were combined, the team found they did a better job at warming early Mars than carbon dioxide alone by trapping incoming solar radiation.
“This research shows that the warming effects of both methane and hydrogen have been underestimated by a significant amount,” said Robin Wordsworth from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) in a statement.
In 1977, the late astronomer Carl Sagan suggested Mars could have been warmed by hydrogen in its past. But this is the first time we’ve got a good estimate of the effect it might have had, alongside methane.
And we might get a better insight into methane on Mars soon, too. ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) is currently in orbit around the Red Planet, with the goal of working out where the methane in the Martian atmosphere is coming from. And this may have implications for life existing on other planets.
“Early Mars is unique in the sense that it’s the one planetary environment, outside Earth, where we can say with confidence that there were at least episodic periods where life could have flourished,” said Wordsworth. “If we understand how early Mars operated, it could tell us something about the potential for finding life on other planets outside the Solar System.”
We met at Mike’s Place, the greasy spoon near Kent State with the X-Wing parked out front. It seemed appropriate – it was fifty years ago, this week, that James Evans’ father chased some kind of spacecraft into Pennsylvania. They seated us inside the converted school bus near the back of the place. He ordered biscuits and gravy and told me about what his old man saw, back in 1966.
“He didn’t like to talk about it,” James said. “And when he would, he always said, ‘I wished I’d never seen it.’”
Dale Spaur was a deputy Sheriff for Portage County in 1966. Big dude – 6’7”. Wicked sense of humor. Former gunner on a B-51 in the Korean War. He was known on the force for having a bit of a lead foot, reprimanded for taking turns too fast in his cruiser on Main Street in Ravenna. He worked the night shift with his partner, Wilbur Neff, known as “Barney” to friends. Spaur was a good cop with a good family – a wife and two boys at home. But everything changed the morning of April 17, 1966.
Spaur and Neff were called out to an abandoned vehicle on the side of State Route
224, near the town of Atwater, at about 5 a.m. It was an isolated stretch of country road, lined with trees.
They got out of their cruiser to investigate and that’s when Spaur spotted a glowing craft rising out of the woods. It reached treetop level and then began to move toward them, according to an article that appeared in the Record-Courier the following day. It was shaped sort of like an ice cream cone tipped on its side, a little pointed end sticking up in the back, and it made a sound like “an over-loaded transformer.” When it came close, they could feel the heat baking off of it. Slowly, it started east, down 224.
The two deputies returned to their cruiser and radioed in to dispatch. The sergeant on duty told them to follow it. The chase was on.
The faster Spaur pursued in his cruiser, the faster the object accelerated. Soon they were speeding east down old Route 14 into the rising sun, the odometer edging past 100 mph. Occasionally they’d have to stop for lights or traffic, though, and when they did the craft slowed down, too, like it was playing a game of “cat-and-mouse,” Spaur would later explain.
Along the way, Spaur and Neff were joined by East Palestine police officer, Wayne Huston, who followed in his own car. They chased the UFO all the way into Pennsylvania, where Spaur was finally forced to stop for gas. Another cop – Frank Panzanella – was already waiting at the service station. The four officers watched the UFO dart straight up into the sky and disappear.
By the time Spaur made it home, the local newspapers had the story. The national news picked it up and within three days, they were getting calls from Japan. At the station, Spaur and Neff were ridiculed. Neff took it in stride but it really got to Spaur, who lost twenty pounds from the stress of it all. Then men from Project Blue Book – the military’s Cold War UFO-investigation department – arrived. After interviewing everyone, they determined that the object the four police officers saw that morning was the planet Venus refracted through fog.
By all accounts, Spaur suffered an emotional breakdown after this. Within six months, he’d lost his job. His wife left with the children. In October, a Plain Dealer reporter found him living out of a motel, subsisting on peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. “Thirty-four years old and what do I have? Nothing,” he said. “Who knows me? To everyone, I’m Dale Spaur, the nut who chased a flying saucer.”
James didn’t know who his real father was until he was thirteen – after the divorce, his mother remarried and James was adopted by his stepfather. He was watching Good Morning America with his older brother, Dale Jr., when a tall man was invited on the program to talk about flying saucers.
“My mother came in and said, ‘That’s your dad.’” The boys wanted to meet him so Daneise called the television station and the show’s producers passed along her message. Two weeks later, Dale Spaur pulled into the driveway in a big pickup truck. “I remember watching him get out,” said James. “It was like he unfolded out of the truck when he stepped out, he was so big.” During his visit, he told his boys about his adventures since leaving Portage County.
It had taken time, but Spaur had finally gotten his life back together. Not long after that reporter found him at the motel, Dale moved to West Virginia, where he worked in the mines. He had a terrible accident there, falling seventy feet down a shaft, breaking his back. He lay in a coma in the hospital for several days, eyes wide open but completely out of it. “A nurse was supposed to sit with him the whole time,” said James. “But she only lasted a couple hours. I guess she came running out of the room, screaming, ‘This man is possessed by an alien!’”
When he recovered, Spaur moved back to Ohio and settled in Rocky River. He remarried, opened a bar called the Avenue at West 65th and Detroit Road in Cleveland, and on rare occasions told stories about the UFO he called “Floyd,” which he claimed visited him sometimes when nobody else was around.
Later, he did a little consulting for Stephen Spielberg’s movie, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, but walked off set in a huff after he found out the main character was not a cop, said James. The film opens with a police officer chasing a UFO shaped kind of like an ice cream cone on its side.
Spaur died on April 4th, 1983, never recovering from severe pneumonia after catching the flu. James remembers an endless stream of people he’d never seen before at his father’s funeral. He never knew his father had so many friends. “I look up and five Eskimos are standing there. Where did they come from? How did they know my father?”
I asked James what he thinks after all these years. What did his father see in the skies above Portage County fifty years ago?
“He believed what he saw was extra-terrestrial,” said James. “I believe him. Nothing we made could fly like that. In Pennsylvania, it hovered over his car. He could feel the heat coming off it. Then it went straight up and disappeared. Poof. Gone! And remember, my father served in the Air Force. You couldn’t put a bird up there he doesn’t recognize.”
If there’s definitive proof, the military has it. Spaur and Neff kept a camera in the cruiser. They took dozens of photographs. But when Blue Book came to town, the G-men confiscated the negatives. They have never been released.
A video was submitted to a UFO investigation organization showing something zipping in front of the camera during a shot of the U.S. capital building on Fox News.
The video was submitted earlier today to the Mutual UFO Network’s (MUFON) UFO reporting database. The witness did not have much to say. The report simply says, verbatim: “It flew infront of the capital building while I was watching Fox News.”
A video and a screenshot from the video were also included. The witness did indicate the sighting took place in Rolling Meadows, Illinois, presumably the city where the witness lives.
Screenshot of video provided by the witness.
(Credit: MUFON)
In the video, the object appears to be cylindrical and shiny. It moves quickly and steadily from the bottom left of the screen to the upper right. The shape of the object might not indicate the true shape and size of whatever passed in from of the camera. The object was likely close to the camera, making it seem very large. Since it was moving so quickly, the object’s shape could also appear more elongated than it actually is.
Closeup of object in video.
In many cases such as this, birds and bugs are mistaken for something more mysterious. Motion blur cause the object to appear elongated and large, like a giant flying saucer. However, often in those cases wings flapping cause the object to look like it has ridges or multiple appendages. That effect cannot be seen in this video. I uploaded a version of the video slowed down to 10%, seen above.
So what is it? I dunno. I suppose it could also be a hoax or maybe a yellow frisbee. Take a look at the video yourself and let us know what you think.
A video was submitted to a UFO investigation organization showing something zipping in front of the camera during a shot of the U.S. capital building on Fox News.
The video was submitted earlier today to the Mutual UFO Network’s (MUFON) UFO reporting database. The witness did not have much to say. The report simply says, verbatim: “It flew infront of the capital building while I was watching Fox News.”
A video and a screenshot from the video were also included. The witness did indicate the sighting took place in Rolling Meadows, Illinois, presumably the city where the witness lives.
Screenshot of video provided by the witness.
(Credit: MUFON)
In the video, the object appears to be cylindrical and shiny. It moves quickly and steadily from the bottom left of the screen to the upper right. The shape of the object might not indicate the true shape and size of whatever passed in from of the camera. The object was likely close to the camera, making it seem very large. Since it was moving so quickly, the object’s shape could also appear more elongated than it actually is.
Closeup of object in video.
In many cases such as this, birds and bugs are mistaken for something more mysterious. Motion blur cause the object to appear elongated and large, like a giant flying saucer. However, often in those cases wings flapping cause the object to look like it has ridges or multiple appendages. That effect cannot be seen in this video. I uploaded a version of the video slowed down to 10%, seen above.
So what is it? I dunno. I suppose it could also be a hoax or maybe a yellow frisbee. Take a look at the video yourself and let us know what you think.
On the modern battlefield, it appears drones are here to stay — and the latest development may see them bearing arms far more precise than a bomb or grenade.
Duke Robotics, a private company that specializes in military technology, announced the TIKAD last week, an eight-rotor drone platform capable of carrying and shooting infantry small arms. The TIKAD is one of the small drones to carry direct-fire weaponry like rifles and grenade launchers. Although the company appears to be in the first stages of development, it represents a new force on the battlefields of the future.
Smaller military drones, like the U.S. military’s fixed-wing RQ-11 Raven, are usually used for observation, not direct combat (with the exception of small, kamikaze drones). While guerrilla forces in Syria, Iraq, Ukraine, and other battlefields have utilized commercial quadcopter drones to drop bombs and spy on enemy positions, firing a projectile weapon like a gun from a small airborne platform is incredibly difficult. The recoil of a typical infantry rifle would heavily distort any shot the drone could take, which the TIKAD claims to solve with a complicated rig that it claims “takes the full force of the weapon’s recoil” and readjusts its aim to fire again.
Duke says it has already supplied an early version of the system to the Israeli military, which used it in combat, according to Defense One. They also report the Israeli military has agreed to purchase several TIKAD units.
Duke Robotics was founded by Lt. Col. Raziel “Razi” Atuar, a 20-year veteran of the Israeli military and a reservist in the Israeli Special Forces, who told Defense One he wanted the flying weapons system to address the challenges of precision targets in a dense, urban battlefield. For instance, a larger drone, helicopter, or artillery system can take out hostile forces on top of a building but usually not without significant destructive force.
“You have small groups [of adversaries] working within crowded civilian areas using civilians as shields,” Atuar told Defense One. “But you have to go in. Even to just get a couple of guys with a mortar, you have to send in a battalion and you lose guys. People get hurt. The operational challenge, it bothered us.”
The company’s promotional video — it’s still openly trying to attract investors — features a few shots of a weapon firing from the platform. It’s clear it still has a lot to address to make it a viable weapon (accurate sustained fire at range is important, the video does not show that), however.
Merkwaardige witte dwerg is mogelijk het restant van een mini-supernova
Tim Kraaijvanger
De witte dwergster LP 40-365 reist op hoge snelheid door de Melkweg en heeft een vreemde samenstelling. Onderzoekers beweren dat deze witte dwerg mogelijk het restant is van een supernova-explosie.
De witte dwerg bevat geen koolstof, helium en waterstof. Waarschijnlijk is de witte dwerg het overblijfsel van een type Iax-supernova. “Een supernova van het type Iax is eigenlijk een mini-supernova,” vertelde onderzoeker Ryan Foley in 2013. “Het is het onderdeurtje van de supernova-familie.”
Er zijn twee soorten supernova’s, namelijk type Ia en type II. Bij een type II supernova spreken we over de explosie van een zware ster. Een type Ia ontstaat in een dubbelstersysteem. Een witte dwerg die rond een rode reus cirkelt, kan materie van die rode reus naar zich toetrekken. Hierdoor neemt de massa van de witte dwerg toe. Wanneer de massa van de witte dwerg te groot wordt (en de Chandrasekhar-limiet overschrijdt) stort de witte dwerg ineen, waarna deze explodeert.
Toch is er nog een derde variant, waarbij de witte dwerg de explosie overleeft. Zo’n mini-explosie kan op twee manieren ontstaan. Mogelijk ontbrandt de buitenste laag helium eerst, waardoor er een schokgolf door de witte dwerg gaat. Een andere optie is dat de witte dwerg door de druk van de laag helium eerst ontploft. Eén ding staat wel vast: in veel gevallen overleeft de witte dwerg het geweld – in tegenstelling tot witte dwergen van het type Ia – wel. “De ster is gehavend, maar blijft bestaan.”
LP 40-365 zou wel eens zo’n restant kunnen zijn. Er missen namelijk elementen die bij een type Iax-explosie inderdaad verloren gaan, zoals helium. Daarnaast is de witte dwergster erg licht en vliegt het object op grote snelheid door ons sterrenstelsel. Ook dat zijn twee aanwijzigingen dat de ster het overblijfsel is van een mini-supernova.
Burgerwetenschappers Gerald Eichstädt en Seán Doran hebben data van de Juno-ruimtesonde gebruikt om een fantastische foto van Jupiter te maken.
Op deze foto is het noorden links en het zuiden rechts. De Grote Rode Vlek verdwijnt bijna uit beeld, terwijl de zuidelijke wolkenbanden rechts in beeld verschijnen. De foto is gemaakt op 10 juli 2017 op een afstand van 16.535 kilometer van de wolkentoppen van de grootste planeet van het zonnestelsel.
NASA biedt de data van Juno aan op deze website. Iedereen kan deze gegevens downloaden. Zo maken sommige burgerwetenschappers mooiste kunstwerken, zoals de onderstaande foto van Isabela de Gois Laufer met de titel ‘Van Goghs nachthemel’. Rechts zie je de vier onbewerkte foto’s die De Gois Laufer heeft samengesmolten.
De foto van Eichstädt en Doran is net zo spraakmakend. De 16.350 kilometer brede Grote Rode Vlek spat haast van het scherm. In het echt ziet deze eeuwigdurende storm er qua kleur iets minder fel uit. De Grote Rode Vlek is een storm die al meer dan 350 jaar woedt.
Sinds juli 2016 draait de Juno-ruimtesonde om Jupiter. Dankzij deze ruimtemissie hebben onderzoekers al veel geleerd over de gasplaneet. “We zijn veel te weten gekomen over de kern, compositie, magnetosfeer en polen,” zei hoofdonderzoeker Scott Bolton anderhalve maand geleden. “Daarnaast zijn we veel nieuwe foto’s rijker.”
Forse aardscheerder schiet op 1 september langs onze planeet
Tim Kraaijvanger
De 4,4 kilometer grote planetoïde Florence vliegt over twee weken langs de aarde. De afstand bedraagt op 1 september zeven miljoen kilometer.
De afstand tussen de aarde en Florence is dus gelukkig veel groter dan tussen planetoïde 2012 TC4 en de aarde. Planetoïde 2012 TC4 schiet op 12 oktober op zo’n 44.000 kilometer langs de aarde. Toch is het appels met peren vergelijken. 2012 TC4 is een brokstuk met een doorsnee van slechts zestien meter. Florence is een forse jongen van 4,4 kilometer. Dat is toch wel andere koek! Stel, Florence zou botsen op de aarde, dan zou dit grote gevolgen hebben voor onze planeet.
“Sinds we zijn begonnen met het volgen van aardscheerders is er nog nooit zo’n grote planetoïde als Florence zo dicht in de buurt van de aarde gekomen,” zegt manager Paul Chodas van NASA’s Center for Near-Earth Object Studies. Dit biedt natuurlijk ook veel mogelijkheden. Zo gaan allerlei observatoria foto’s maken van Florence, waardoor onderzoekers veel meer te weten komen over deze planetoïde. Zo gaat het Arecibo-observatorium radarbeelden maken, waardoor details op Florence zichtbaar zijn van slechts tien meter groot.
De planetoïde is in maart 1981 ontdekt door Schelte Bus van het Australische Siding Spring-observatorium en is vernoemd naar de Britse verpleegkundige Florence Nightingale. Gelukkig hoeven we niet bang te zijn dat de planetoïde binnenkort tegen de aarde knalt. De baan van de planetoïde is goed vastgelegd. Tot het jaar 2500 komt de planetoïde niet dichterbij de aarde dan zeven miljoen kilometer. Dat is toch wel een geruststelling.
Eerste private maanlander zet mogelijk pas in 2018 voet op de maan
Caroline Kraaijvanger
De deadline van de Google Lunar X Prize is – wederom – een beetje opgeschoven: naar maart 2018.
Het zou in 2017 enorm spannend worden rond en op de maan. Maar liefst vijf private partijen zouden proberen om vóór 31 december 2017 de maan te bereiken en zo de Google Lunar X Prize (zie kader) in de wacht te slepen. Maar alles wijst er nu op dat het dit jaar niet meer gaat gebeuren, nu de wedstrijdorganisator de deadline – opnieuw – heeft uitgesteld. De private partijen hebben nu tot 31 maart 2018 de tijd om voet op de maan te zetten.
In 2007 werd de Google Lunar X Prize aangekondigd. Wie er voor het eerst in slaagde om voor 2015 een rover op de maan te zetten, deze rover minimaal 500 meter op de maan te laten afleggen, foto’s en filmpjes op de maan te maken en naar de aarde te sturen, wint een slordige 25 miljoen euro. Hoewel velen enthousiast aan de slag gaan, blijkt de deadline van 31 december 2015 te ambitieus. En dus wordt deze opgeschoven naar 31 december 2017. Maar ook dat blijkt nu dus niet haalbaar.
De partijen Op dit moment zijn nog vijf private teams in de race voor de hoofdprijs: SpaceIL, MoonExpress, Synergy Moon, TeamIndus en Hakuto. Alle partijen hebben inmiddels een raket weten te vinden die hun rover kan lanceren. Maar blijkbaar zijn er toch enige twijfels of dat wel op tijd gaat lukken. En dus is de de deadline nu wat opgeschoven. De private partijen moeten hun missie nu uiterlijk op 31 maart 2018 hebben afgerond. In theorie kan er nu dus ook in 2018 nog gelanceerd worden.
Nieuwe prijzen En dat niet alleen. De wedstrijdleiding heeft nog twee Milestone Prizes toegevoegd die de partijen kunnen winnen. De eerste is de Lunar Arrival Milestone Prize. Deze is weggelegd voor partijen die een baantje rond de maan trekken of dat overslaan en direct op de maan landen. De prijs? 1,75 miljoen dollar. De tweede prijs is de Soft Landing Milestone Prize. Om deze prijs – zo’n 3 miljoen dollar – te kunnen innen, moet een partij vanaf het maanoppervlak data naar de aarde versturen en zo bewijzen dat deze zachtjes op de maan is geland. Deze – en andere Milestone Prizes – worden verdeeld onder alle partijen die de mijlpalen voor 31 maart 2018 weten te bereiken.
De allereerste maanlanding lijkt dus nabij, maar wel ietsje verder weg dan we tot begin deze week dachten. Dat is misschien wat teleurstellend, maar laten we niet vergeten dat hier vijf partijen bezig zijn om geschiedenis te schrijven. En dat kost tijd als je het goed wilt doen.
Na de Google Lunar X Prize Voor de meeste teams die nog in de race zijn voor de hoofdprijs is de Google Lunar X Prize niet het einddoel, maar de opmaat naar meer. Zo hoopt MoonExpress op termijn bijvoorbeeld mijnbouw te gaan bedrijven op de maan.
In kwalsterrenstelsels – die gekenmerkt worden door lange ‘tentakels’ – gebeurt iets bijzonders.
De processen die leiden tot het ontstaan van deze ‘kosmische kwallen’ blijken er ook voor te zorgen dat gas het centrale deel van de kwalsterrenstelsels – waar zich een zwart gat bevindt – kan bereiken. Dat schrijven astronomen in het blad Nature. Ze deden hun ontdekking met behulp van het MUSE-instrument op de Very Large Telescope.
Kwalsterrenstelsels De onderzoekers bestudeerden met de telescoop zeven kwalsterrenstelsels. Deze sterrenstelsels worden gekenmerkt door ‘tentakels’ (slierten gas) die soms wel tienduizenden lichtjaren lang zijn. Deze tentakels ontstaan door zogenoemd ram pressure stripping. Door onderlinge zwaartekrachtswerking duiken sterrenstelsels met flinke snelheid in clusters vol soortgenoten. Onderweg stuiten ze op heet, dicht gas dat dienst doet als een soort krachtige tegenwind en ervoor zorgt dat de stelsels lange gasstaarten achter zich laten.
Veel actieve zwarte gaten Wat astronomen nu ontdekt hebben, is dat maar liefst zes van de zeven bestudeerde kwalsterrenstelsels een actief superzwaar zwart gat hebben. En dat is heel opmerkelijk. Want normaliter heeft minder dan tien procent van de sterrenstelsels een actief superzwaar zwart gat. “Dit sterke verband tussen ram pressure stripping en actieve zwarte gaten was niet voorspeld en is ook nooit eerder gemeld,” vertelt onderzoeker Bianco Poggianti. “Het lijkt erop dat het centrale zwarte gat zich kan voeden doordat een deel van het gas niet wordt weggeblazen, maar het centrum van het stelsel bereikt.” En dat zou betekenen dat onderzoekers een nieuwe manier ontdekt hebben waarop zwarte gaten van brandstof worden voorzien.
Een kwalsterrenstelsel.
Afbeelding: ESO / GASP collaboration.
De kip of het ei? Maar hoe weten ze nu zo zeker dat de ram pressure stripping leidt tot actieve zwarte gaten en dat het niet andersom is: dat een actief zwart gat leidt tot het ontstaan van slierten weggeblazen gas? Natuurlijk hebben onderzoekers ook die mogelijkheid onderzocht. Maar ze achten het zeer onwaarschijnlijk dat het zo zit. Ze wijzen er bijvoorbeeld op dat de bestudeerde kwalsterrenstelsels zich bevinden in een deel van de cluster waar de kans dat heet, dicht gas van het intergalactische medium een sterrenstelsel aan lange tentakels helpt, het grootst is. En dus is het volgens de onderzoekers minder aannemelijk dat een actief zwart gat de tentakels veroorzaakt.
Belangrijke ontdekking “Deze MUSE-waarnemingen wijzen erop dat er een manier bestaat waarop gas naar de omgeving van het zwarte gat kan terugstromen,” vertelt onderzoeker Yara Jaffé. “Dat is een belangrijke ontdekking, omdat de verklaring van de slecht begrepen verbanden tussen superzware zwarte gaten en hun moederstelsels hiermee een stapje dichterbij is gekomen.”
De onderzoekers zetten hun studie naar kwalsterrenstelsels voort. En hopen uiteindelijk te weten te komen “hoeveel en welke gasrijke sterrenstelsels die clusters binnendringen een periode van verhoogde activiteit in hun kernen doorlopen,” vertelt Poggianti. “De astronomie worstelt al lang met de vraag hoe sterrenstelsels ontstaan en veranderen in ons uitdijende en evoluerende heelal. Kwalsterrenstelsels zijn een sleutel tot een beter begrip van de evolutie van sterrenstelsels, omdat zij bezig zijn met een dramatische transformatie.”
Met opsporingsmethoden ontwikkeld om het oudste leven op aarde te vinden, gaat de marsrover op zoek naar voormalig leven op Mars.
Eerdere Marsrovers zochten naar bewijs dat Mars ooit leefbaar kan zijn geweest, maar waren niet in staat om ook daadwerkelijk leven te detecteren. Maar daar komt in 2020 verandering in, als NASA opnieuw een rover naar Mars stuurt. Deze rover zal namelijk op zoek gaan naar direct bewijs voor (voormalig) leven op Mars.
Instrumenten De instrumenten die de rover daarvoor inzet, zijn oorspronkelijk ontwikkeld om op aarde te zoeken naar de oudste sporen van leven. Of om levensvormen op te sporen die in extreme omstandigheden – bijvoorbeeld diep onder de grond of nabij hydrothermale bronnen – leven. De methoden zijn de afgelopen jaren intensief op aarde gebruikt en gaandeweg steeds verder verbeterd. En daarmee zijn ze meer dan klaar voor een buitenaards avontuur. Een avontuur dat misschien wel resulteert in de ontdekking van buitenaards leven.
Sample return Overigens draait de Mars 2020-missie natuurlijk niet alleen om de zoektocht naar buitenaards leven. Het is tevens de opmaat naar een heuse sample return mission: een missie waarbij monsters van Mars naar de aarde worden gebracht voor onderzoek. Zo bezit de Mars 2020-rover van titanium gemaakte buisjes waarin 30 tot 40 monsters van elk zo’n 15 gram kunnen worden opgeslagen. De rover zal deze vullen met interessante monsters en ze opslaan op een veilige locatie op het oppervlak van Mars. In de toekomst kunnen deze monsters dan tijdens een sample return mission worden opgepikt.
Op dit moment wordt er nog hard aan de Mars 2020-missie gesleuteld. En er moeten ook nog een aantal belangrijke knopen worden doorgehakt. Bijvoorbeeld omtrent de landingsplaats van de rover. Op dit moment zijn er nog drie kandidaten in de race (lees er hier meer over). “We hebben nog enkele lastige beslissingen te nemen,” erkent Williford.
“In this research, we propose to construct soft robotics entirely out of self-healing elastomers. On the basis of healing capacities found in nature, these polymers are given the ability to heal microscopic and macroscopic damage.”
Getty/BBC
Robots can now regenerate themselves using soft materials
That doesn’t sound so bad … unless you add the following three words:
“I’ll be back.”
Scientists at the Brije Universiteit Brussel in Belgium have invented robots with self-healing appendages that can “recover” after being stabbed, cut, smashed, shot, blown to bot bits or anything else its human overlords can do to it. OK, stabbed and cut – yes. The rest? Those capabilities aren’t available … yet.
The process, described in the current edition of the Science Robotics Journal , is surprisingly simple. The team built robotic arms and grippers covered with soft rubbery polymers. When bumped, bruised or dented, the polymers bounce back to their original shapes on their own almost immediately. When cut or gouged, no bandage is needed to stop any bleeding or polymer leakage and the robot doesn’t require a painkiller or workmen’s compensation. All it needs is a little heat and a little time. According to the study, the material will close and seal after just 40 minutes at 80 degrees C (176 degrees F) and will return to full strength and flexibility after 24 hours at 25 degrees C (77 degrees F).
(credit: Bram Vanderborght )
This seemingly slow but miraculous healing depends on the soft polymer’s network of cross links that allow the heat-induced process known as the Diels-Alder reaction to take place. According to professor and researcher Bram Vanderborght of VUB in an interview with Wired UK, the heat causes the cross link molecules to break, creating mobility that allows them to realign and, when the heat is removed, close the gaps, heal the ‘flesh’ and completely repair the damage.
“Realistic damage could be healed completely without leaving any weak spot. The prototypes were able to fully resume their tasks.”
If you just imagined a robot looking at a human holding a blowtorch to its severed finger and yelling, “Come on! Hurry up! I’ve got work to do!”, you’re not far off. Vanderborght already sees applications for the self-healing robots with the soft polymer hands in the grocery industry — for picking up delicate items – and on factory floors where the machines that smash human thumbs and cut off fingers will not be held liable when doing the same thing to a robot’s self-healing hand.
Will the robot sneer at the hurtful factory machine and snarl, “I’ll be back” Only time will tell.
HAWKING: 'THERE ARE ASPECTS OF REALITY BEYOND THE CAPACITY OF HUMAN BRAINS.'
Extraterrestrials are out there for sure, Hawking says, but he added that it is "probably in our best interests to avoid any contact rather than seeking them out." In a recently released documentary series, he reveals his latest thinking on some of the universe’s greatest mysteries.
In the new series aired on the Discovery Channel, Stephen Hawking made the following conclusion:
"A few life forms could be intelligent and pose a threat. Contact with such a species could be devastating for humanity, with aliens raiding our planet for resources and then moving on."
HE GOES ON TO SAY:
“We only have to look at ourselves to see how intelligent life might develop into something we wouldn’t want to meet. I imagine they might exist in massive ships, having used up all the resources from their home planet,” Hawking says. “Such advanced aliens would perhaps become nomads, looking to conquer and colonize whatever planets they can reach.”
HAWKING CONTINUES:
“If aliens ever visit us, I think the outcome would be much as when Christopher Columbus first landed in America, which didn’t turn out very well for the Native Americans,” he concluded.
Recently, another popular astronomer, Lord Rees, issued the following warning about alien life for humanity in a lecture.
“I suspect there could be life and intelligence out there in forms we can’t conceive,” he said. “Just as a chimpanzee can’t understand quantum theory, it could be there are aspects of reality that are beyond the capacity of our own brains.”
HAWKING: 'THERE ARE ASPECTS OF REALITY BEYOND THE CAPACITY OF HUMAN BRAINS.'
Extraterrestrials are out there for sure, Hawking says, but he added that it is "probably in our best interests to avoid any contact rather than seeking them out." In a recently released documentary series, he reveals his latest thinking on some of the universe’s greatest mysteries.
In the new series aired on the Discovery Channel, Stephen Hawking made the following conclusion:
"A few life forms could be intelligent and pose a threat. Contact with such a species could be devastating for humanity, with aliens raiding our planet for resources and then moving on."
HE GOES ON TO SAY:
“We only have to look at ourselves to see how intelligent life might develop into something we wouldn’t want to meet. I imagine they might exist in massive ships, having used up all the resources from their home planet,” Hawking says. “Such advanced aliens would perhaps become nomads, looking to conquer and colonize whatever planets they can reach.”
HAWKING CONTINUES:
“If aliens ever visit us, I think the outcome would be much as when Christopher Columbus first landed in America, which didn’t turn out very well for the Native Americans,” he concluded.
Recently, another popular astronomer, Lord Rees, issued the following warning about alien life for humanity in a lecture.
“I suspect there could be life and intelligence out there in forms we can’t conceive,” he said. “Just as a chimpanzee can’t understand quantum theory, it could be there are aspects of reality that are beyond the capacity of our own brains.”
UFO HUNTERS SPOT 'WEIRD ORBS' IN THE BLUEHILL SKIES NEAR BOSTON
UFO hunters took a video of a mysterious objects glowing in the sky while they were lost in Bluehills near Boston.
According to reports three young hikers set off looking for UFOs on BlueHill reservation area in Boston.They were later lost in the woods and had to be rescued. Ramona DeFranco,18 of Plymouth one of the hiker said their harrowing night in the forest paid off when they spotted several UFO's in the sky during their expedition, she saw 2 UFO's in the Sky they have never seen before in night sky at this time of the year
"well, we saw these two ships that had these bright spotlights and then we saw a weird orb that looks sort of a beacon in the sky," she told reporters
She showed the reporter a photo of mysterious objects she said had been taken with her smart phone. The UFO's were reported to the National UFO Reporting Center [NUFORC] and remains unexplained.
Infinite Solar Power Technology Could Completely Change Our Future
Land Art Generator Initiative
IN BRIEF
According to an energy expert, the proliferation of solar energy is going to allow for cheap and effectively infinite energy, with prices plummeting to as little as a penny per kW.
Solar energy is slowly being integrated into major infrastructure projects, which will only help speed it along the path to energy dominance.
THE SUN GOES UP, AND OIL GOES DOWN
Last 2016, solar power saw a resurgence — from cheaper solar panels to innovative roofing for houses and cars, to solar powered roads, and even to powering an entire island. It seems we have entered a new age in solar energy. Well, it doesn’t end there. In the years to come, we may see the rise of solar power, according to Thierry Lepercq, French energy company Engie SA’s head of research, technology, and innovation.
“The promise of quasi-infinite and free energy is here,” Lepercq declares, in an interview with Bloomberg. His arguments aren’t based on any environmental concern. Rather, he takes the perspective of price.
“Solar, battery storage, electrical and hydrogen vehicles, and connected devices are in a ‘J’ curve,” Lepercq said. “Hydrogen is the missing link in a 100 percent renewable-energy system, but technological bricks already exist.” Lepercq believes that the price of solar power will probably fall below $10 per megawatt-hour (roughly 1¢/kWh) in the world’s sunniest places.
As a consequence of the rise of renewables, oil prices are expected to plummet. “Even if oil demand continues to climb until 2025, its price could drop to $10 if markets anticipate a significant fall in demand,” he said.
“As carmakers offer more electrical vehicles with a range exceeding 500 kilometers, charging stations being progressively deployed and more cities banning gasoline and diesel cars, a shift will progressively take place,” Lepercq added.
Indeed, gone are the days when people viewed renewable energy sources as too expensive. Instead, we are moving away from conventional coal-based sources, which could even be more expensive in the future.
SOLAR POWER SHINES
Lepercq isn’t alone in seeing the price potential of renewables, particularly solar energy. The World Economic Forum (WEF) recently published a report showing how solar power now costs cheaper than fossil fuels.
[R]enewable energy technology, especially solar and wind, has made exponential gains in efficiency in recent years, enough to achieve economic competitiveness and, in an increasing number of cases, grid parity. For instance, the unsubsidized, levellized cost of electricity (LCOE) for utility scale solar photovoltaic, which was highly uncompetitive only five years ago, has declined at a 20% compounded annual rate, making it not only viable but also more attractive than coal in a wide range of countries.
This is all because, as mentioned above, we have seen an increased use of solar energy. Innovations thrived. Nations and private corporations were both in on it, too. We are seeing the construction of large-scale solar energy infrastructure.
Are extraterrestrials watching what’s going on in Washington these days? It would be nice to know that someone or something is and perhaps that’s why some people believe they saw a UFO buzz past the US Capitol Building on a Fox News broadcast. Has this ever happened before? Yes! It turns out this year is the 65th anniversary of the 1952 UFO sighting that has come to be known as the Washington National Airport Sightings, the Invasion of Washington or the Washington Flap. Flap? Sounds like these sightings might be related. Let’s find out.
The 2017 Washington Flap II started on August 14 when a story about college interns on Capitol Hill showed a clip of the US Capitol Building that appeared to include a yellow saucer-shaped UFO flying in front of it. The blurry object appears to be much closer to the camera than to the Capitol, which prompted speculation that it’s a plastic flying disc (you know the brand), a flying creature or a CGI graphic. Are people REALLY tossing discs that close to Capitol security guards these days? And if it’s CGI, it’s pretty poor. Since there were no reports of any unknown aircraft breaching DC airspace on August 14 (Would we really hear about them? Definitely.) and the witness is one of the thousands of anonymous sources in DC, that’s all we have on this sighting. For now, you’ll have listen very hard to hear any flapping.
On the other hand, the flapping in 1952 was loud and clear.
“Never before or after did Project Blue Book and the Air Force undergo such a tidal wave of (UFO) reports.”
Aerospace historian for the Smithsonian Institution and UFO skeptic Curtis Peebles sets the stage for the 1952 sightings – yes, there were more than one. At 11:40 p.m. on July 19, 1952, Washington National Airport (now known as Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) air traffic controller Edward Nugent saw seven objects on his radar 15 miles (24 km) south-southwest of the city and notified his superior, Harry Barnes, who watched them with him. Upon checking, Nugent found that other controllers in the control tower and controllers at nearby Andrews Air Force Base also saw the UFOs, which had increased in number and were traveling randomly across the sky at an estimated 130 miles per hour. The objects vanished when two Air Force jets arrived and returned again after the jets left to refuel.
One week later on July 26, UFOs were spotted by a stewardess and a captain on a flight into Washington National Airport. The strange lights were seen by other pilots in the nearby airspace and an officer at Andrews Air Force Base.
Both incidents made national news and President Harry Truman demanded explanations. In what was called the largest Pentagon press conference since World War II, Air Force Major Generals John Samford and Roger Ramsey said the UFOs were “misidentified aerial phenomena” like stars or meteors and the blips on radar screens were caused by temperature inversions. A 1969 scientific report released by the Air Force concluded that a temperature inversion strong enough to create the radar blips was meteorologically impossible, but the theory has joined swamp gas and weather balloons in the annals of non-alien UFO explanations.
It doesn’t look like the 2017 Washington Invasion was a temperature inversion. Was it a toy disc, a bird or a bug? Possibly. CGI? Maybe. Will it go down in history like the 1952 Flap? Highly unlikely.
And whatever happened to those UFOs seen before and afterthe inauguration? Shouldn’t someone find out why those aliens haven’t done anything for us yet?
Clouds on 'Failed Stars' Resemble Those on Neptune
By Charles Q. Choi, Space.com Contributor
Researchers have found Neptune-like bands of clouds circling the surface of a brown dwarf, an object in between the size of a planet and a star.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
For the first time, scientists have seen bands of clouds drifting across the skies of failed stars known as brown dwarfs.
This work could help scientists analyze Earth-like planets someday, the new study's researchers said.
In the past 25 years or so, astronomers have confirmed the existence of more than 3,500 exoplanets, or planets outside Earth's solar system. Scientists have also detected numerous so-called brown dwarfs, objects that are about 13 to 90 times the mass of Jupiter — too big to be planets, but not quite big enough to be true stars. Researchers sometimes call brown dwarfs "failed stars," because nuclear fusion never ignited in their cores. [Brown Dwarf Photos: Failed Stars and Stellar Misfits Revealed]
Scientists have previously detected evidence of clouds on exoplanets and brown dwarfs. However, this is the first time that cloud bands have been spotted on one of those objects, study team members said.
Previous work suggested that brown dwarfs have much in common with giant exoplanets in terms of size, temperature and composition. As such, study lead author Daniel Apai, who is an astrophysicist and planetary scientist at the University of Arizona in Tucson, and his colleagues investigated brown dwarfs to learn more about giant exoplanets.
The fact that many brown dwarfs are located away from stars makes them easier for astronomers to examine than many giant exoplanets, Apai told Space.com. In contrast, giant exoplanets are typically obscured partly by the brightness of their stars, he added.
In the past five years, a number of studies have found that the infrared light from many brown dwarfs could vary in unusual ways over time. However, until now, there was no convincing explanation for this phenomenon.
To help solve this mystery, Apai and his colleagues analyzed data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. They focused on the way the infrared brightness of three brown dwarfs changed over time as the objects completed a total of 192 rotations over the course of 1.5 years.
The observations of these brown dwarfs helped "derive crude maps for how their clouds are distributed and how they evolve," Apai said.
The scientists discovered rotating bands of clouds in the atmospheres of these brown dwarfs that are broadly similar to bands of clouds seen on Neptune. As the bands on the brown dwarfs rotated, slight differences in the speeds of the bands generated a pattern of beats in their infrared light, explaining the mystery regarding their shifting brightness, Apai said.
"This is the first time that the presence of bands is shown in brown dwarfs," Apai said. He added that scientists have not yet reported any evidence for bands of clouds in exoplanets.
Although the researchers looked at only three brown dwarfs, "the fact that all three brown dwarfs behaved the same way suggests that what we see should be a common, perhaps general behavior," Apai said. "What we learn from brown dwarfs should be applicable to the majority of the gas giant exoplanets, too."
In the future, the next major NASA space telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, will help researchers analyze brown dwarfs and exoplanets in even greater detail, Apai said."The same technique we used for brown dwarfs now could be used to build crude maps of Earth-like planets, once we have the right telescopes, and NASA is exploring some designs that could do that in the future," he added.
The scientists detailed their findings in the Aug. 18 issue of the journal Science.
The Mars Colony of the Future Could Be Powered by This Advanced Microgrid
By Elizabeth Howell, Seeker
Credit: 3quarks
SpaceX and Tesla CEO Elon Musk wants to put a million people on Mars in the next century. They'll be ferried to the Red Planet on a fleet of spaceships that can each carry 100 or more people, and make their living in an environment bereft of oxygen and full of danger.
While you can't breathe the air on Mars, with some creative thinking you could bring in many of the comforts of home. Mars has great potential for energy generation. While its atmosphere is dusty, the sun's light reaches down to the surface, allowing for solar panels. And the wind that provides the driving force of erosion on Mars could be harnessed for wind farms.
The industrial manufacturing giant Siemens is trying to plan for this reality.
"Mars will be the ultimate microgrid," the company says on its website. "With no centralized power sources, communities will one day rely on decentralized energy systems."
Their first major test case: an indigenous reservation about 5.5 hours north of San Francisco. The Blue Lake Rancheria is home to the Aboriginal Wiyot, encompassing members of the Wiyot, Yurok, Tolowa, and Cherokee tribes. It's a 91-acre area, with 53 members living among coastal mountains and large redwood trees.
While the area is rich in natural resources — unlike Mars — the Wiyot have endured regular interruptions with the Pacific Gas & Electric power grid in recent years. That's where Siemens stepped in.
"They got the idea that they wanted to do something about it, and their No. 1 objective was improve reliability, and… to reduce the carbon footprint," said Clark Wiedetz, director of microgrid and renewable integration at Siemens Energy Management.
The result is a microgrid, completed in April, that is expected to save the community more than $200,000 a year. It includes a 500-kilowatt array of solar panels that were designed and built by REC Solar, a Tesla battery storage system, and contributions from other partners. Siemens maintains the microgrid through a computer-operated management system that decides where best to allocate power resources.
"They have the ability to replace what power they take from the grid, when that makes sense or when it's down," Wiedetz said.
The Siemens system makes decisions about where to put the power, basing its analysis on historical data. If a storm were to knock out the power, for example, the microgrid would predict how much power is needed for the Red Cross shelter on site, and allocate resources accordingly.
"A colony on Mars may one day be powered by the types of on-site systems that are already hard at work on Earth," the company says.
Though a similar system could be the answer to sustaining power on Mars, it's hard to know right now what a Martian equivalent would need.
"We don't know what variables to work in the equation," Wiedetz explained. But he said the microgrid system does have some advantages. One big one is that it doesn't rely on cloud computing, which would likely not be in place on Mars. The Wiyot residents can also take on maintenance themselves, with remote assistance — just as astronauts would be expected to do so in deep space.
The microgrid system is adapted from previous software used for utility companies for energy management. It's a new use for the 20-year-old technology, and Wiedetz said Siemens is looking at other ways to implement it, but they're not yet ready to reveal where they plan to do so.
Tesla, which has positioned itself as a major player in battery development, has worked on other microgrids before. In 2016, the company announced that it and its subsidiary SolarCity helped the entire island of Ta’u in American Samoa. Thanks to a newly installed microgrid with solar panels and Tesla batteries, the island (which used to burn 100,000 gallons of fuel a year) could have full power for three days — even when it's cloudy.
'Explosive Auroras': What Causes These Strobe Light Displays?
By Jesse Emspak, Live Science Contributor
High-speed video of the northern lights has revealed why the glorious celestial shows sometimes flicker like strobe lights: It's all about the gases.
A team from the University of Tokyo and Japan's Institute of Polar Research spent three years taking high-speed video of the aurora borealis. They were looking for pictures of "explosive auroras," which flash on and off rather than making the curtain-like shapes that most aurora photographers seek.
What they found was not only the well-known flickering that happens every tenth of a second, but also faster pulses. Some auroras, they found, flickered at 50 to 60 times per second, and some at 80 times per second. [Aurora Photos: See Breathtaking Views of the Northern Lights]
Auroras happen when charged particles from the sun hit Earth's magnetic field at altitudes of a few thousand miles. Those charged particles are driven at high speed along the magnetic field lines and collide with atoms of gas in the far upper atmosphere of Earth, a region called the exosphere. When that collision happens, the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the air emit light, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration website. Whereas oxygen gives off a greenish-yellow or red light, nitrogen typically emits a blue light, according to NASA.
The Northern Lights don't always create curtains of color. Sometimes they flash like strobe lights.
Credit: Atiketta Sangasaeng/Shutterstock
By looking at the video footage, the researchers could track the faster pulses of light to see their regular frequency, which suggested the flickering happens because some atoms have what is called a cyclotron frequency, they said. The cyclotron frequency is how often an ion — an atom stripped of one or more electrons — revolves around a magnetic field line in a spiraling motion. In the case of oxygen, the atoms spiral at about 10 times per second. This creates an electromagnetic ion cyclotron, or EMIC wave, which propagates through the gas of charged particles (called a plasma). EMIC waves start high in the atmosphere, from an altitude of about 1,800 miles down to 900 miles (3,000 to 1,500 kilometers). The waves are oscillations in the electrons of the various gas atoms — oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen — which move back and forth near magnetic field lines. (It's like a crowd of people doing the wave in a stadium.)
The EMIC waves generate waves in the plasma itself, and those waves interact with the charged particles. Those charged particles — mostly free electrons — get to the atmosphere at lower altitudes, about 250 to 60 miles (400 to 100 km) up, hit molecules of gas in the atmosphere and make auroras. Meanwhile, as the wave travels along the magnetic field lines, it stimulates the ions in the plasma to glow at a characteristic frequency. When charged particles, stimulated by the EMIC wave, all move in unison, they emit radiation we can see as a flicker with a "beat" that matches the cyclotron frequency. Carefully examining the flickering can reveal what gases are in the plasma.
"Looking at the flickering in detail thus helps us to diagnose the ambient plasma environment in space," study co-author Ryuho Kataoka of the National Institute of Polar Research told Live Science in an email.
The observations show that there's more to the flickering than oxygen, which has a cyclotron frequency of 10 times per second. The other, faster flickering was likely due to hydrogen. "Hydrogen ions' cyclotron frequency is 16 times faster than oxygen's, while helium ion's cyclotron frequency is four times faster than oxygen's," Kataoka said. "So, if you had 10 hertz oxygen frequency as a base line, then 'hydrogen-band' EMIC waves appear at the frequency range between 40 hertz and 160 hertz." That's right where the faster flickering was.
In the video footage, you can see the characteristic green of oxygen at 60 to 120 miles (100 to 200 km) up. At higher altitudes, oxygen emits in the red wavelength range.
"Astronomical objects with magnetic fields are found throughout the cosmos, with Earth being one of them. On such objects, we observe excitation of plasma waves by accelerating particles, and the interactions between plasma waves and particles, are occurring all over the place," Kataoka said in a statement. "However, Earth is the only place we can observe these phenomena in detail."
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