Alien shock: President Reagan attempted to warn the world about alien species - claim

PRESIDENT Ronald Reagan subtly attempted to declassify the existence of aliens, a conspiracy theorist has claimed.

The most “hellish” planet that’s ever been found is believed to rain rocks, has very deep lava seas, and extreme wind speeds.

The planet, which is called K2-141b, is located approximately 200 light-years away from us and was first detected by the Kepler Space Telescope in 2018. Now researchers from McGill and York Universities have predicted the weather conditions and they are extremely hellish to say the least.

K2-141b is considered a “super Earth” and is about five times larger than our planet. It orbits its host star in an exceptionally short amount of time of just 0.3 Earth days. It is located just 665,000 miles from its host star. For comparison, the closest planet to our sun is Mercury and it takes 88 days to complete a full orbit at an average distance of around 36 million miles with a surface temperature that can reach as high as 840 degrees Fahrenheit.

K2-141b has magma oceans that are 60 miles deep.

According to the study, the rocky K2-141b planet has 60-mile deep lava seas, over 3,000 miles per hour wind speeds, and surface temperatures reaching more than 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit. It is tidally locked which means that only one side of the planet faces its star at all times. Actually, it is so hot on the dayside that it can vaporize rock. However, temperatures on the night side are completely opposite at -328 degrees Fahrenheit which is cold enough to freeze nitrogen. The extreme change in temperatures is the reason why the wind speeds are at a whopping 3,000 mph. (An artist’s impression of the planet can be seen here.)

Giang Nguyen, who is the lead author of the study, stated that the entire planet is made up of rocks, from its surface, to the ocean, and even the rain. The sodium, silicon monoxide, and silicon dioxide evaporates, rises up into the atmosphere, becomes condensed, and comes back down into the magma ocean as “rain” even though there are rocks falling from the sky. They were able to predict the weather by conducting several computer simulations.

(Not K2-141b)

Professor Nicolas Cowan from McGill University and who is a co-author of the study, said, “All rocky planets­, including Earth, started off as molten worlds but then rapidly cooled and solidified. Lava planets give us a rare glimpse at this stage of planetary evolution.”

Now they have to wait and see whether or not their predictions are correct and they’re hoping that the data collected from the Spitzer Space Telescope and the upcoming launch of the James Webb Space Telescope will give them more information regarding the planet’s extreme weather conditions.

This hellish planet has magma oceans, rock rain and 3,000-mile winds

Their study was published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and can be read in full here.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Military Captured Extraterrestrial, Ret. Air Force Tom Carey, 70 Years of Disclosure

Tom Carey has a BS degree in Business Administration from Temple University, a Masters Degree in Anthropology from California State University, Sacramento, and he also received a fellowship to pursue a Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of Toronto. Tom became interested in UFOs while in high school and rekindled that interest in 1986 when he became the MUFON State Section Director for Southeastern Pennsylvania.

Since 1991, Tom’s research has focused solely on the so-called “Roswell Incident” that occurred near the town of Roswell, New Mexico in July, 1947. Tom also became a Special Investigator for CUFOS [the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies] in 1992 and served on its Board of Directors from 1997 through 2001. Tom has appeared as a guest on a number of radio and television shows concerning the Roswell Incident as well as appearing in several filmed documentaries.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

Alien Skull And Hat Seen Over Ancient Volcano In Mexico, Oct 8, 2020, TV News Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Oct 8, 2020
Location of sighting: Volcano Popocateptl, Mexico

The eyewitness was watching a local Mexico news cast about the volcano exploding and he noticed something strange...a giant skull wearing a hat appeared over the volcano. I see it too, and I think you might also. This skull may be a sign to anyone who is thinking of climbing the mountain. The mouth of the volcano is a well known entrance to an underground alien base about 6 miles below the surface. Even the ancient Aztecs have stories about the gods entering and leaving through the mouth of the volcano. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Huge UFO Appears Over Florida, Suddenly Stops...Then Disappears. Nov 5, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Nov 5, 2020
Location of sighting: Levy County, Florida, USA
Source: MUFON

 

Now this is an interesting case. The eyewitness saw this object moving in the sky. It slowed down to a stop and then disappeared. That screams out alien technology. Often UFOs cloak after they travel through our atmosphere from space. They make it appear as a meteor so they go unnoticed on radar and then seconds later they will raise the cloaking shields. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Woman Figure Found In Space, Mind Blowing Detail! NASA Source! Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: Nov 7, 2020

Location of discovery: Stellar Nursery

Source: 

• https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2020/hubble-snaps-a-special-stellar-nursery/

Here is something you don't see everyday. A woman figure viewed from behind in space! Thats right, its labeled as a stellar nursery by NASA. The woman figure really stands out well. You can easily see the head, shoulders, dress, long pony tail of hair. Aliens in a type 3 civilization have the ability to manipulate entire solar systems, nebulas and even suns. This is obviously the work of just such a civilization. Why make such a thing? To commemorate an important person in their society, to also show other alien species what they can do. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

To learn more about types of civilizations out there, please listen to the video below of astrophysicist Michio Kaku. Awesome guy. SCW

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

This video was captured in Warminster, Wiltshire in UK and shows mysterious blue orbs just hovering above the town. The strange appearance of blue orbs lasted for about 40 seconds. 

The second clip shows a bright unknown object hovering over the ocean in Abu Dhabi AE 

Witness:

I saw a white ball moving slowly across the horizon. It was moving in a straight line. I could hear no noise. It moved past a hotel, over a small island, and I believe eventually out over the water past the island. It moved in a straight line. 

We see many helicopters out there and this was nothing like a helicopter. It eventually disappeared from sight. I am guessing it turned to moved across the island, out towards the water where we could no longer see it. 

Mufon 

1: Blue orbs hovering Warminster, UK 

Date of sighting: 2020-09-5

Report: https://mufoncms.com/cgi-bin/report_handler.pl?req=view_long_desc&id=112139 

2: Bright unknown object hovering over the ocean in Abu Dhabi AE 

Date of sighting: 2020-11-05

Report: https://mufoncms.com/cgi-bin/report_handler.pl?req=view_long_desc&id=112135

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

US Soldiers Recorded on Video While Discussing Aliens, UFOs and Majestic 12

An exciting video showing what seems to be a group of army soldiers discussing their experiences openly with UFOs and aliens has made the rounds online. It starts with a soldier, who appears to be the most knowledgeable of the group, talking about his interaction with the aliens and how he encountered UFOs throughout his career.

He even describes the aliens that captured him in his drawings.

In this clip, he also showcased a picture that he snapped himself of the UFO that he had observed the aliens in.

The clip looks unaltered or unedited as the lip movements perfectly sync up with the visuals. Also, what is the reason he draws the face of an alien on the whiteboard?

Don’t forget to follow us on Facebook for the latest UFO news, videos & photos.

Link: www.facebook.com/LatestUFOSightings/

More interestingly, the soldiers can be heard mentioning the famous Majestic 12 program.

The video also shows more about this remarkable statement issued by an army soldier. Watch it and send to your friends. The footage may make skeptics on the existence of aliens and UFOs change their minds after seeing the short clip.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

2 blue Orbs filmed over Warminster, UK 5-Oct-2020

These 2 linked UFOs were filmed in the sky above Warminster, a garrison town and civil parish in western Wiltshire, England on 5th October 2020.

Witness report:

2 blue orbs hovering. This video was in Warminster, Wiltshire in uk, there is 2 blue orbs just hovering above the town. Lasted for about 40 seconds.

Don’t forget to follow us on Instagram for the latest UFO videos & photos.

Link: instagram.com/latestufos/

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

UFO Landing at Socorro the Zamora Incident - PART I

The Zamora UFO incident is one of the most interesting on record

The Lonnie Zamora incident was an alleged UFO close encounter. It occurred on Friday, April 24, 1964, at about 5:50 p.m., on the outskirts of Socorro, New Mexico. Several primary witnesses emerged to report their version of the event, which included the craft's approach, conspicuous flame, and alleged physical evidence left behind immediately afterward. Lonnie Zamora, a Socorro police officer who was on duty at the time, claimed to have come closest to the object and provided the most prolonged and comprehensive account. Some physical trace evidence left behind—burned vegetation and soil, ground landing impressions, and metal scrapings on a broken rock in one of the impressions—was subsequently observed and analyzed by investigators for the military, law enforcement, and civilian UFO groups.

The event and its body of evidence is sometimes deemed one of the best documented and most perplexing UFO reports. It was immediately investigated by the U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and FBI, and received considerable coverage in the mass media. It was one of the cases that helped persuade astronomer J. Allen Hynek, one of the primary investigators for the Air Force, that some UFO reports represented an intriguing mystery. After extensive investigation, the Air Force's Project Blue Book was unable to come up with a conventional explanation and listed the case as an "unknown".

Sighting

Alone in his patrol car, Sergeant Lonnie Zamora was chasing a speeding car due south of Socorro, New Mexico, on April 24, 1964, at about 5:45 p.m.,^[4] when he "heard a roar and saw a flame in the sky to southwest some distance away—possibly a 1/2 mile or a mile." Thinking a local dynamite shack might have exploded, Zamora broke off the chase and went to investigate.

Though Zamora says he did not pay much attention to the flame, that the sun was "to west and did not help vision", and he was wearing green sunglasses over prescription glasses. In interviews with Air Force investigators for Project Blue Book he goes to some lengths to describe the long, narrow, funnel-shaped "bluish orange" flame. He thought there might be some dust at the bottom, and attributed it to the windy day. The weather was "Clear, sunny sky otherwise—just a few clouds scattered over area."

He describes the noise as a roar, not a blast, that changed from high frequency to low frequency that lasted possibly 10 seconds and stopped. He explains that his car windows were down. Zamora notes no other possible witnesses except possibly the car in front, which he estimates might have heard the noise but not seen the flame because it would be behind the brow of the hill from their viewpoint.

Zamora struggled to get his car up the steep hill. Successful on the third attempt, he noted no further noise. For the next 10–15 seconds he proceeded west. It was then that he noticed a shiny object, "to south about 150 to 200 yards", that at first he took to be an "overturned white car ... up on radiator or on trunk", with two people standing close to it, one of whom seemed to notice him with some surprise and gave a start. The shiny object was "like aluminum—it was whitish against the mesa background, but not chrome", and shaped like a letter "O". Having stopped for a couple of seconds, Zamora approached in his car meaning to help.

Zamora only caught a brief sight of the two people in white coveralls beside the "car". He recalls nothing special about them. "I don't recall noting any particular shape or possibly any hats, or headgear. These persons appeared normal in shape—but possibly they were small adults or large kids."

Zamora drove towards the scene, radioing his dispatcher to say he would be out of his car "checking the car in the arroyo." He stopped his car, got out, and attended to the radio microphone, which he had dropped, then he started to approach the object. According to Zamora,

Hardly turned around from car, when heard roar (was not exactly a blast), very loud roar—at that close was real loud. Not like a jet—knows what jets sound like. Started low frequency quickly, then roar rose in frequency (higher tone) and in loudness—from loud to very loud. At same time as roar saw flame. Flame was under the object. Object was starting to go straight up—slowly up. Object slowly rose straight up. Flame was light blue and at bottom was sort of orange color. From this angle, saw the side of object (not end, as first noted). Difficult to describe flame. Thought, from roar, it might blow up. Flame might have come from underside of object, at middle, possibly a four feet area—very rough guess. Cannot describe flame further except blue and orange. No smoke, except dust in immediate area.^[5]

Keeping the object in view he ran behind his car, bumping his leg on the rear fender and dropping his glasses, and continued running northwards away from the object, which was still near the ground. He now gives a more detailed description of the object. "Oval in shape ... smooth—no windows or doors ... Noted red lettering of some type. Insignia was about 2½' high and about 2' wide I guess. Was in middle of object ... Object still like aluminum-white." He also noted that the object was still on the ground when the roar started.

Zamora describes how the object took off:

After fell by car and glasses fell off, kept running to north, with car between me and object. Glanced back couple of times. Noted object to rise to about level of car, about 20 to 25 feet guess—took I guess about six seconds when object started to rise and I glanced back. I ran I guess about halfway to where I ducked down—about fifty feet from the car is where I ducked down, just over edge of hill. I guess I had run about 25 feet when I glanced back and saw the object level with the car and it appeared about directly over the place where it rose from. I was still running and I jumped just over the hill—I stopped because I did not hear the roar. I was scared of the roar, and I had planned to continue running down the hill. I turned around toward the object and at same time put my head toward ground, covering my face with my arms. Being that there was no roar, I looked up, and I saw the object going away from me. It did not come any closer to me. It appeared to go in straight line and at same height—possibly 10 to 15 feet from ground, and it cleared the dynamite shack by about three feet. Shack about eight feet high. Object was travelling very fast. It seemed to rise up, and take off immediately across country.

Zamora went back to his car and contacted the Sheriff's office by radio:

I picked up my glasses (I left the sun glasses on ground), got into the car, and radioed to Nep Lopez, radio operator, to "look out of the window, to see if you could see an object." He asked what is it? I answered "It looks like a balloon." I don't know if he saw it. If Nep looked out of his window, which faces north, he couldn't have seen it. I did not tell him at the moment which window to look out of.

He watched the object fly away, swiftly but silently and without flame:

As I was calling Nep, I could still see the object. The object seemed to lift up slowly, and to "get small" in the distance very fast. It seemed to just clear the Box Canyon or Six Mile Canyon Mountain. It disappeared as it went over the mountain. It had no flame whatsoever as it was traveling over the ground, and no smoke or noise.

Zamora inspected the area and was soon joined by a colleague, Sergeant Chavez, who did not see the object:

Gave directions to Nep Lopez at radio and to Sergeant M.S. Chavez to get there. Went down to where the object had been and I noted the brush was burning in several places. At that time I heard Sgt. Chavez (N.M. State Police at Socorro) calling me on radio for my location, and I returned to my car, told him he was looking at me. Then Sgt. Chavez came up, asked me what the trouble was, because I was sweating and he told me I was white, very pale. I asked the Sgt. to see what I saw, and that was the burning brush. Then Sgt. Chavez and I went to the spot, and Sgt. Chavez pointed out the tracks.

Zamora says that he had noticed that the object had what looked like legs:

When I first saw the object (when I thought it might be a car) I saw what appeared to be four legs of some type from the object to the ground. At the time, I didn't pay much attention to what it was—I thought it was an accident—I saw the two persons. I didn't pay any attention to the four "legs?" The four "legs" were at the bottom of the object, slanted outwards to the ground. The object might have been about three and a half feet from the ground at that time. I just glanced at it.

Zamora tries to account for the disappearance of the two people:

Can't tell how long [I] saw object second time (the "close" time), possibly 20 seconds—just a guess—from time got out of car, glanced at object, ran from object, jumped over edge of hill, then got back to car and radio as object disappeared. As my mic fell as I got out of car, at scene area, I heard about two or three loud "thumps," like someone possibly hammering or shutting a door or doors hard. These "thumps" were possibly a second or less apart. This was just before the roar. The persons were not seen when I drove to the scene area. Just before Sgt. Chavez got to scene, I got my pen and drew a picture of the insignia on the object.

Witnesses, investigation and publicity

Within hours, word of Zamora's encounter had reached the news: many people had heard the radio traffic, including a few reporters. Within days, reporters from the Associated Press and United Press International were in Socorro. Members of civilian UFO study group APRO were on the scene within two days, as were officers representing the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book. NICAP investigators appeared the following Tuesday. The first NICAP investigator was Ray Stanford, who would later write a detailed book account of his investigation.

Other witnesses

Several independent witnesses reported either an "egg"-shaped craft or a bluish flame at roughly the same time and in the same area—some of them within minutes of Zamora's encounter, before word of it had spread.

Stanford wrote about a number of corroborating witnesses in his book, including two tourists named Paul Kies and Larry Kratzer, who were approaching Socorro in their car from the southwest, less than a mile from the landing site. They apparently witnessed either the landing or takeoff and reported seeing the flame and brownish dust being kicked up. Their story was reported in the Dubuque, Iowa Telegraph-Herald a few days later after their return.

A family of five tourists from Colorado headed north also saw the oval object as it approached Socorro at a very low altitude, going east to west just south of town. It passed directly over their car only a few feet above it. After the encounter, the tourists stopped for gas in Socorro. Their identity was never discovered, but the story was learned from the service station operator, Opal Grinder, who reported the incident at the time^[7] and later signed an affidavit in 1967. According to Grinder, the husband told him "Your aircraft sure fly low around here!" and that the object almost took the roof off their car. The man thought it was in trouble since it came down west of the highway instead of the nearby airport to the south. He saw the police car headed up the hill towards it, and he thought to render assistance.^[8]:16

According to Stanford, another witness called an Albuquerque television station around 5:30 p.m. to report an oval object at low altitude traveling slowly south towards Socorro.^[8]:82 This report was also brought up by KSRC Socorro radio newsman Walter Shrode when he interviewed Zamora on the radio the next day. Zamora said he hadn't heard of the report. Shrode thought this was likely the same object that Zamora encountered only 20 minutes later and helped corroborate his report.^[6][9] Several other stories appeared in New Mexico newspapers in succeeding days of other sightings of oval-shaped objects, including another landing case with burned soil near La Madera in northern N.M.^[10] Also similar to the Socorro incident, the FBI report on the La Madera case further noted the witness reporting a blue-white flame associated with the object, four rectangular, V-shaped landing marks, and several circular marks about 4 inches in diameter.^[11]

Stanford also noted that there were a large number of aural witnesses to the object's loud roar during takeoff and landing. One member of the Socorro sheriff's office told him that "hundreds of persons" on the south side of town had heard it. Stanford said he personally spoke to two women who heard the roar just before 6 p.m. They said that there were two distinct roars, maybe a minute or so apart.^[8]:85–87

In addition to these witnesses, Stanford said three other people called the police dispatcher immediately after the incident, before it was publicized, reporting a bright flame. In October 2009, Stanford said that Chavez, the first policeman to provide backup for Zamora, had privately told fellow police officers that he too had seen the object rapidly departing to the west over the mountains as he approached the site.^[12] In interviews, Zamora said that Chavez arrived within about two minutes after he radioed him for backup: "...the object was still about a couple of moments up there when he arrived"^[6] and "If he (Chavez) had just paid attention he would seen it (flying off towards the mountains)."^[13] However, in public statements, Chavez maintained that he arrived too late to see the object. When Chavez first arrived at Zamora's position where the object had departed, he also noted that burnt bushes were still smoldering and Zamora appeared to be in a state of shock.

Multiple policemen arrived soon after to help investigate, including Ted Jordan and James Luckie. All noted fresh burning at the site. Luckie and Chavez were quoted in the Socorro newspaper saying that clumps of grass and burned greasewood bushes were "still hot" when they arrived.^[14] Chavez was also quoted saying that dry grass was still "smouldering"^[15] as were the greasewood plants.^[16] Jordan later filled out a sworn statement saying, "When I arrived, greasewood branches were still smoking."^[8]:160 Zamora was likewise quoted about the green bush "burned bare by exhaust heat" and that it was "still smoking several minutes after the craft's departure."^[17] The FBI report written by the agent on the scene within two hours similarly reported that all first responders noted "four irregularly shaped smouldering areas."^[18]

Chavez was again quoted in an Air Force report written two days later about smoking brush. “[Chavez] then went to the area were the craft or thing was supposedly sighted and found four fresh indentations in the ground and several charred or burned bushes. Smoke appeared to come from the bush and he assumed it was burning, however no coals were visible and the charred portions of the bush were cold to the touch.”

Chavez was further reported securing the area and scouring the ground looking for the presence of other human activity. He could find no other tire tracks besides Zamora's and was "adamant" that there was no other "track activity" (footprints or other marks) in the area. In addition, Chavez was also quoted in the report saying that the indentations appeared to be new: "He stated that the marks were definitely 'fresh', and the dirt showed evidence of 'dew' or moisture."^[19]

Similarly, several policeman later told Stanford that whatever had produced the rectangular, wedge-shaped landing traces appeared to have penetrated into the moist subsoil, as the bottoms of the traces were moist for several hours, suggesting that the traces were freshly made. Hynek also commented on the freshness of the soil impressions in a letter to astronomer Donald Menzel: "I have the word of nine witnesses who saw the marks within hours of the incident, who tell me the center of the marks were moist as though the topsoil had been freshly pushed aside."^[20]

The FBI investigator also observed that the rectangular marks "seemed to have been made by an object going into the earth at an angle from a center line" pushing "some earth to the far side." Also observed were "three circular marks in the earth which were small, approximately four inches in diameter and penetrated in the sandy earth approximately one-eighth of an inch."^[21] Speculation in Stanford's book was that these were ladder indentations for the crew to exit and enter the craft.

Air Force investigation

The evening of the encounter, Army Captain Richard T. Holder (then the senior officer at White Sands, as the higher-ranking officers had gone home for the weekend) and FBI agent Arthur Byrnes, Jr. together interviewed Zamora. However, for reasons that remain unclear, the FBI asked that their presence at the scene be kept quiet.^[22]:213 Zamora speculated that the object was some kind of newly developed craft being tested at White Sands Missile Range or at nearby Holloman Air Force Base. Holder shot down this idea, and was later quoted in a Socorro newspaper as saying that there was in military custody "no object that would compare to the object described ... There was no known firing mission in progress at the time of the occurrence that would produce the conditions reported."

After interviewing Zamora, Holder and several military police officers went to the scene. Using flashlights, they cordoned off the site, took measurements and took samples of the sand and the scorched bushes. The claim of "fused sand" being recovered from the landing site was for some time unsubstantiated; even Hynek said he had not heard such rumors during his investigations.^[22]:218

The next morning, a Sunday, Holder took a telephone call from a Colonel at the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As a young Captain, Holder was surprised and nervous to be speaking to such an important, high-ranking officer. At the Colonel's command, Holder gave a report of his investigation over a secure scrambled line. Even years later, Holder would wonder^[23] about such important U.S. military officials, "why in the world were they so interested?"

Astronomer J. Allen Hynek (Blue Book's consultant) arrived in Socorro on Tuesday, April 28. He met with Zamora and Chavez, and interviewed them about the encounter. Hynek and Air Force Major Hector Quintanilla initially thought the sighting might be explained as a test of a Lunar Excursion Module, though after some investigation, Hynek determined that this could be definitely ruled out as an explanation for what Zamora saw.^[22]:213 In a memorandum Hynek wrote^[23] that "Zamora & Chavez were very anti-AF [Air Force]". The Air Force was suggesting that the affair was a hoax, but Zamora was "pretty sore at being regarded as a romancer" and it took over half an hour for Hynek to "thaw him out" and hear the account from the only eyewitness.

Hynek also wrote^[23] that "The AF is in a spot over Socorro"; they were also suggesting that the encounter could be attributed to Zamora having seen an unidentified military craft, though no craft could be matched to Zamora's report. Hynek agreed with many others that this explanation "won't go down" as plausible.

Hynek further wrote^[23] "I think this case may be the 'Rosetta Stone' ... There's never been a strong case with so unimpeachable a witness." Also noting his growing frustration with Blue Book, Hynek wrote, "The AF doesn't know what science is."

The fused sand

In 1968, physicist and UFO researcher James E. McDonald located Mary G. Mayes, who asserted that when she was a University of New Mexico doctoral student in radiation biology, she had been asked "to analyze plant material from the Socorro site. Afterwards, she was to turn in all records and samples, and heard no more about it."^[22]:218

When interviewed by McDonald, Mayes reported that she and two others had worked on studying physical evidence from the Socorro site, but she could not remember the names of the others. According to Mayes, she had examined the site the day after the event, and had gathered plant samples for analysis. Mayes later determined that the plants which had allegedly been burnt by the UFO's flames were, unusually, "completely dried out".^[22]:219 Mayes also found no evidence of radiation, but found "two organic substances" she was unable to identify.^[22]:219

Mayes also reported to McDonald an area of apparently "fused sand", where the sand had taken on a glassy appearance, near where the object had allegedly landed and then departed. The area of glassy sand was roughly triangular, measuring about 25 to 30 inches (760 mm) at its widest, though it gradually tapered down to about 1 inch wide; it seemed about a quarter of an inch thick. Mayes thought the glassy areas looked as if a "hot jet hit it."^[22]:219

Mayes said she would investigate to determine the other people who investigated the site, but McDonald's files give no indication she ever contacted him about the subject.^[22]:219

Artist’s Impression of the Zamora incident

Object speed and acceleration 

According to Stanford's reconstruction of the event from on-site interviews with Zamora, the time was probably no more than 20 seconds from when the object went to silent operation, rapidly accelerated towards the perlite mill at the base of the nearby mountains, and then rose rapidly, a distance of about 2 miles (3.2 km).^[8]:34 Assuming constant acceleration, these numbers can be used to estimate the object's acceleration, average speed, and final speed. Assuming constant acceleration, the acceleration would be given by 2d/t^2, where d is the distance of 2 miles (3.2 km) or about 3,200 meters, and t is the time of 20 seconds. The final speed would be 2d/t and the average speed d/2. This works out to a final speed of 720 miles/hour, an average speed of 360 miles/hour, and an acceleration of 16 meters/sec^2, or about 1.7 times Earth gravity of 9.8 meters/sec^2.

These high values rule out many conventional explanations, such as a helicopter or balloon. A high-performance jet aircraft or rocket propulsion could conceivably produce the acceleration and near-supersonic speed, but neither forms of propulsion are silent. The Air Force report on the incident also said that they analyzed the soil and found no evidence of chemical propellants, as might be expected from a jet or most rocket engines. Further, no contemporary craft was capable of vertical take-off and such high speeds. The oval object described by Zamora also lacked any wings or other external structures that might have provided lift.

Is there a connection to the Fertilizer case?

Winds 

Contemporary New Mexico newspapers reported a low-pressure storm system moving through the state with wind gusts kicking up dust. Zamora likewise reported winds were "blowing hard" out of the south-southwest or maybe southwest, judging by the dust created as he drove up the dirt road to the scene. Hynek variously reported winds either out of the south or southwest. A recent review of historical wind data confirmed the large low-pressure system at the time with winds at all surrounding weather stations out of the south to southwest.^[24] Since the object departed to the west-southwest, the winds would further rule out any passive flying object such as a balloon, which would have to fly into the wind.

Sketches of the strange object

Aftermath 

In 1966 the president of the Socorro County's Chamber of Commerce, Paul Ridings, proposed developing the site to make it more accessible to tourists. Consequently stone walkways and steps were built into the arroyo from the mesa top, besides a rock walkway circling a supposed landing site, with some wooden benches. The location of these was however some quarter mile from the landing site, which was then suspected to be contaminated by radioactivity.^[25] In 2012 Socorro city officials Ravi Bhasker and Pat Salome commissioned local artist Erika Burleigh to paint a mural on a spillway facing Park Street to commemorate Zamora's UFO sighting.^[26] Zamora became so tired of the subject that he eventually avoided both ufologists and the Air Force, taking a job managing a gasoline station. He died on November 2, 2009, in Socorro from a heart attack; he was 76 years old.

An example of the strange symbol on the side of the craft

Hoax claims and rebuttals 

Some debunkers suggested that the affair was a hoax. Harvard astronomer Donald Menzel first suggested that Zamora had been the victim of a complex prank engineered by high school students who "planned the whole business to 'get' Zamora." (Hynek suggested this to some Socorro citizens, who discounted the idea.) Years later, Menzel argued that Zamora had misidentified a dust devil.

Journalist and prominent UFO skeptic Philip J. Klass first suggested that the Zamora sighting was due to misidentified ball lightning. When this debunking was itself debunked (notably by atmospheric physicist and UFO advocate Dr. James E. McDonald), Klass switched gears and suggested the Zamora sighting was part of a scheme Zamora had invented with Socorro's then-mayor, Holm Bursum, Jr., to attract tourism, claiming Bursum owned the land where Zamora's encounter occurred. Bursum didn't own the property as Klass claimed.^[27] Klass nevertheless claimed that Bursum hoped Zamora's "fabricated" UFO story would lure tourists to Socorro, and Bursum could then develop the UFO landing site into a tourist attraction. Both Bursum and Zamora consistently denied these accusations as ridiculous.

UFO skeptic Steuart Campbell dismissed Klass's hoax allegations. He has suggested that the Zamora sighting was "almost certainly" a mirage of Canopus.^[28]

Blue Book conclusion 

The Air Force issued their formal report on June 8, 1964. Jerome Clark said the report was "riddled with errors", including the claim that there were no other witnesses (several reported their sightings within minutes of Zamora's encounter), and the claim that there were no disturbances to the soil (at odds with Jordan's photos of the scene taken less than an hour after the encounter). Noting that they made no conclusion as to the object's origin (other than to rule out the extraterrestrial hypothesis), the "Air Force was continuing its investigation, and the case is still open."

However, in a secret report prepared for the CIA, Project Blue Book's director, Major Hector Quintanilla, said, "There is no doubt that Lonnie Zamora saw an object which left quite an impression on him. There is also no question about Zamora's reliability. He is a serious police officer, a pillar of his church, and a man well versed in recognizing airborne vehicles in his area. He is puzzled by what he saw and frankly, so are we. This is the best-documented case on record, and still we have been unable, in spite of thorough investigation, to find the vehicle or other stimulus that scared Zamora to the point of panic."^[29]

{ https://en.wikipedia.org/ }

UFO Landing at Socorro the Zamora Incident - PART II

References

Further reading

• Brad Steiger, Project Blue Book, 1976, Ballantine Books, ISBN 0345260910 (contains Air Force's account with maps, Zamora's account, reports of J. Allen Hynek)

External links

• Death of a Legend at Saturday Night Uforia
• Socorro, New Mexico Landing (Lonnie Zamora) 1964 at UFO Casebook
• Dunning, Brian (August 1, 2017). "Skeptoid #582: Lonnie Zamora and the Socorro UFO". Skeptoid.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://en.wikipedia.org/ }

A very rare 2,000-year-old gem seal depicting the Greek god Apollo has been discovered in Jerusalem. Interestingly, experts have stated that whoever owned it probably wasn’t Greek or Roman and that they were more than likely Jewish.

In a statement, Eli Shukron, who is an archaeologist with the Israel Antiquities Authority and a tour guide at the City of David archaeological park, stated, “It is rare to find seal remains bearing the image of the god Apollo at sites identified with the Jewish population,” adding, “When we found the gem, we asked ourselves ‘What is Apollo doing in Jerusalem? And why would a Jew wear a ring with the portrait of a foreign god?’”

Metal statue of the Greek god Apollo.

In a City of David video, Shukron went into further details by explaining, “I don’t think he believed in the god Apollo,” adding, “But he believed in the virtues that the god Apollo offered; light, purity, health, success, which are very, very positive attributes — very, very conventional. Everyone wants to have them.”

The carved dark brown jasper stone was found by visitors to the City of David but were supervised by archaeologists. It was discovered in the soil that had once been the foundation of the Western Wall which surrounded the Second Temple until the Romans destroyed it back in 70 AD.

Drawing of Apollo.

The gem seal (also known as an intaglio) is oval in shape and is quite small, measuring 0.5 inches in length, 0.4 inches in width, and 0.1 inches in thickness (or 13 by 10 by 3 millimeters). The upper side of the gem is carved with the face of Apollo with his long hair, large nose, thick lips, and a prominent chin over a wide neck. The gem dates back to the Second Temple period which was between the years 516 BC to 70 AD. And it is very rare as it is only the third one that’s ever been discovered.

As for its purpose, archaeologists believe that the carved jasper gem was probably attached to a ring and was used as a stamp on beeswax for people’s signatures on different types of documents.

Several pictures of the carved gem seal can be seen here.

A gem seal depicting a portrait of Apollo.

Photo by: Eliyahu Yanai, City of David.

A gem seal depicting a portrait of Apollo.

Photo by: Eliyahu Yanai, City of David.  

The seal in the Sifting Project in the Tzurm Valley.

Photo by: Yael Haeitan

{  https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Space Shuttle Shot Down by UFO Super-Weapon? Biggest Disclosure in Modern History, David Sereda

Was the Shuttle Columbia shot down in 2003 by a UFO Superweapon? David Sereda shares photographs from NASA & MIT that appears to show a cosmic Zap that started at about 20,000 MPH finishing at about 60,000 MPH. Locations of possible bases of Extra Terrestrial Civilizations in the atmosphere and underground, Under Mountains and Under Water.

We also speak with George Moseman, an investment banker with dozens of UFO experiences. in 1995 he saw a Gigantic Mothership with his kids in the Mojave Desert. He also saw a Gold and Purple UFO over Dallas with high powered binoculars after the Columbia burst into pieces.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

A UFO Literally Crashed Here via Leak Project

A UFO Literally Crashed Here via Leak Project

the Aztec UFO Crash site via mountain bike

Hart Trail is located in ponderosa, pinon pine, and Juniper trees. This is a very scenic trail that heads down into the Chama River Canyon Wilderness from the canyon rim. Hart Trail is great for hiking and fishing at the Chama River, horseback riding, backpacking, and picnicking. The vistas offer great opportunities for photography. The trail begins at the edge of the canyon and descends 400 feet within a 1/2 mile after several switch-backs.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

White UFO Over Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on Nov 5, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Nov 5, 2020

Location of sighting: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

 

Guys check out this white object as its passing over the Abu Dhabi area. The craft is following the land area. Its kind of big, about the size of a car. This is very cool and flying very low. This alien craft has zero fear of being seen. 100% alien! Love this raw footage so much. It shows us its movement, its actions of following the land, its speed, color and shape. Wow!

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Is this bizarre 'winged object' flying past the sun a UFO? Mysterious shape is spotted in images released by NASA

• UFO hunters across the globe speculating over mysterious NASA images
• Video shows object floating close to the sun captured by special cameras
• Although it looks like a satellite, it could also be malformed pixels  

By SARA MALM FOR MAILONLINE

UFO chasers around the globe are speculating the origin of a mysterious object spotted on images released by NASA.

According to outer space conspiracy theorists, the object is flying too close to the sun to be human technology, and they have therefore concluded that it is an alien spaceship.

The images were taken by NASA's specialist telescopic cameras used to monitor solar activity earlier this month.  

A YouTube video created by a UFO chaser using the images, posed the question that the shape of the mysterious object indicated that it was more than just 'malformed pixels'.

This has been backed up by other alien believers, including Scott C Waring, editor of UFOsightingsdaily, who believed it to be a ship of alien origin.

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'It's a very simplistic design and what one would expect a larger UFO to have,' he told Express.co.uk.

He added: 'The body of the ship looks very white, but thats only because the heat of the sun is making it very hot, thus it shows up white. ' 

One for the believers:  A close up of the 'alien space ship' spotted by UFO chasers on NASA images

'Aliens':The images were taken by NASA's specialist telescopic cameras used to monitor solar activity

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

Winged Space Craft Shoots Past Sun At Partial Light Speed! Nov 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Nov 5, 2020

Location of sighting: Earths sun

Source: Helioviewer.org

 

I found an interesting spacecraft shooting past our suns last night. The UFO has a very long wing...several miles long! Its leaving a trail behind it, which I believe to be a false trail to make it appear as a meteor or comet. But this object was seen on only one frame of the helioviewer video so this was going so fast that it disappeared in just under a minute. That means it was going partial light speed...maybe 10% light speed. This object was really big and moving fast...at speeds no meteors or comets could attain. This is 100% proof that giant alien spaceships travel through our solar system often and NASA choses to not inform the public about them. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Mars: Alien Body Cut In Two Found Under Altar With Bones, NASA Source! Nov 5, 2020, Photos UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: Nov 5, 2020

Location of discovery: Mars

Source photo: 

• https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA20332.jpg

I was searching through Mars photos when I found something that really screamed for my attention. I discovered an alter. The kind of alter that was sacrificial. I say that because all evidence points to that being its use. You can easily see the bones and trinkets laying on the alter. Religions are a universal thing...belief in a creator gives life purpose for some and guidance for others. It's only logical to think that there is religion out there in the universe...some may be barbaric and some so advanced it would be difficult to comprehend. I also found a tilted over statue and something that looks like a hand weapon...a phaser of sorts. The weapon looks similar to the phaser in the last star trek series. It looks as though a big fight took place in this cultures last moments. I also found a dead body broken in two pieces under the alter. The head, neck spine and ribs area down to the waist. The other area below the waist and two long legs and feet under it but separated from the other half. Sacrificial site for sure.

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Recently, a UFO Fastwalker moving extremely fast at high altitude was captured from a northward pointing Nest camera in the backyard of a home in Abilene, Texas. It looks like the UFO in the last frame finished its flight path, and disappeared into a portal. 

Besides the above mentioned UFO Fastwalker sighting, the same Nest camera captured a second UFO Fastwalker, three days earlier. 

Witness: The UFO Fastwalker captured three days earlier appears out of a spot that appears suddenly and then as the spot it exited from, disappears, it creates and enters a new spot or portal that it hits directly. 

The portal slowly dissipates in place afterwards. This situation happens in a fraction of a second and on the camera recording it is only a combination of about 6 frames or so. If the object was 20 ft across for example, it would have to be at least a few hundred feet above the ground. 

Both events were high speed and the object that we caught in the Nest camera feed on October 18, was first a bright circle and in the next moment was a grey color as if it was engulfed in a sort of fog before entering the portal or point that had manifested. 

At that point the spot disappears slowly in the next frame or two. One important fact that I noticed upon further review is that an upright dark grey or black cylinder shape happened to slowly appear and dissipate to the east, right before the event. This seemed to be around a quarter mile to the east of it from what I could tell. 

To add to my credibility, I am active duty Air Force and have seen many aircraft flying during the day and night from multiple deployed locations and stateside bases. Nothing I have seen is anything like what we captured on the camera. Mufon report here. 

  

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

Crazy UFO Week – Best UFO videos in November 2020

This really was a crazy week! In UFO sphere and otherwise! Watch the video below and let’s check the best UFO videos that were filmed recently.

Don’t forget to follow us on Youtube for the latest UFO videos.

Link: youtube.com/c/LUFOS-UFO

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

This day in UFO History: Travis Walton Abduction

If the extraterrestrial hypothesis is controversial, then abductions of humans by alien beings is controversial squared, if not cubed. There’s intense polarization on the issue, not just between UFO skeptics and believers, but between the believers themselves. Is there a person who can share reality story of alien abductions? Famous abduction cases, such as the Travis Walton situation, have been popularized in books and movies, along with the occurrence been validated using polygraph tests administered to all parties involved. While this may not be proof positive that aliens are abducting humans and performing experiments and surgical procedures on them, it does raise questions.

Investigators worth mentioning sightings and abduction reports call themselves Ufologists, and now have precise scientific methods meant for investigating the reports people receive. While many of your methods and findings are usually not recognized by the scientific community overall, it does raise this question of why many people would risk their reputations and careers while in the scientific world by becoming needed for paranormal investigations such seeing that these. Logic would say you need to have something to the UFO and additionally separate question, for the property to take such risks. Of course, there’s no concrete evidence that anyone has taken by an alien spaceship. However, there are those who assert they’ve been kidnapped, and their stories are chilling.

After the Sitgreaves National Forest nearby Heber, Arizona, the occurrence began on Nov. 5, 1975. Walton and his six loggers were heading when they saw a 40 ft. shiny disc soaring in the air. According to his testimony, the disc has an enthusiastic and metallic material, making strange sounds. From the time it got close, the more it became scary to people. Fifteen years later, it was being revealed that the trees where the extraterrestrial craft hovered had been producing wood fibers thirty-six times it did 85 years before. The most curious part is that its core has thickened growth, but only in the direction where the craft had been years ago.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

VIDEO: Bright lights over Forth Worth, Texas 4-Nov-2020

These lights were hovering above Forth Worth, Texas on 4th November 2020.

Witness report: 

Originally 4 lights one moves away, than another disappears and then reappears in the others place.

Don’t forget to follow us on Twitter for the latest UFO videos & photos.

Link: twitter.com/LatestUFOs

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It’s a fact that the origins of Area 51 date back to the early years of the Second World War. The Nevada Test and Training Range soon came to fruition and planted the seeds for what would come in the mid-1950s: Area 51. Highly advanced aircraft, such as the U-2, the SR-71 Blackbird, the Stealth Fighter and the Stealth Bomber were all secretly test-flown from Area 51. Probably the “secret aircraft” known as the Aurora, too. In that sense, many might say, there is no doubt that Area 51 has a valid reason for keeping just about everything under wraps. Indeed, considering the fact that those aforementioned aircraft were being built, tested, and flown when the Cold War was still in place and the Soviet Union had still yet to fall, one can easily see why stringent measures would be taken to ensure that the U.S. Government’s most advanced aircraft would be subject to incredible secrecy. It makes total sense. But, is there just too much secrecy for a squadron or several of strange, futuristic aircraft?

As most will know, there is one thing – more than any other – that sets Area 51 apart from just about every other military or government facility in the United States: it’s the sheer extent of the government’s determination to make sure that absolutely nothing gets out of Area 51 and no one gets in, unless you have the correct clearance. Of course, and particularly so in today’s climate of uncertainty, everyone needs to be vigilant. And that includes everyone who works at Area 51, too. They are, after all, just like us, regular people with lives and families. The big difference, though, is they know the reasons for so much secrecy and we don’t. It would be hard – in fact, impossible – to find a military installation in the United States that protects its secrets to a greater degree than Area 51. Those who stray too close to portions of the Nevada desert that the staff of Area 51 would prefer to keep under wraps risk large fines, imprisonment and even death, and all in the name of national security.

Aircraft are banned from flying close to or over Area 51. They can even be shot down out of the sky, if circumstances dictate and warrant such drastic action. When, in 1974, NASA’s astronauts on-board Skylab took an aerial photo of the base, all hell broke loose in the defense and intelligence-based communities of the United States. The CIA and the Department of Defense quickly got involved. Major concerns were expressed about how on Earth (or, in this case, off it) such a thing could have happened. Secret files were created, most of which have never publicly surfaced. Motion-detector equipment peppers the landscape. Cameras are everywhere. Guards patrol the local roads for any perceived suspicious characters. Night-vision technology ensures that no one can penetrate the base in the early hours of the morning.

Skylab

The government practically refuses to acknowledge not just the existence of Area 51, but even its name. That same government refused to offer help on the 1996 movie Independence Day, and all because a substantial portion of the movie revolved around Area 51 and the 1947 incident at Roswell, New Mexico. All of the above is astonishing. No facility in the United States comes even close to the level of secrecy and paranoia that surrounds Area 51. Which brings up an important question: is all of this overwhelming secrecy just in place to protect next-generation after next-generation of aircraft? Or, are the rumors and the whispers true? You know the ones, of course:  the claims that deeply hidden at Area 51 are the remains of the Roswell wreckage, recovered flying saucers, and alien corpses. Maybe, even living aliens are at the base, too.

Regardless of where you, me and everyone else stands on the matter of what goes on at Area 51, there can be no doubt that it is the UFO-driven rumors and revelations which attract so much attention. Certainly, there’s no doubt it was Bob Lazar who, in the late 1980s, set the wheels in motion for the controversy to begin and for the media and the public to sit up and take notice. Consider the following: in her 2011 book, Area 51, Annie Jacobsen told the story of a man named Alfred O’Donnell, who had provable links to Area 51. O’Donnell told Jacobsen that the Roswell wreckage and the grossly mutated human crew aboard were secretly transferred to the Nevada Test and Training Range in 1951, after previously being secretly stored at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. The story suggest the bodies may well still be stored there. Perhaps in a museum-like state. Moving on, we should note there are certain threads running through the tales of UFOs at Area 51 that should make us cautious of what we are told about the base and its work. Let’s not forget that Bob Lazar told of how his mind may have been messed with – possibly using updated MK-Ultra-type technologies. Certain portions of his memories were wiped clean. He felt that his very brief glimpse of a small creature at S-4 may have been a staged event; an event designed to make him think that live extraterrestrials were hidden at the base, when they may not have been.

There can be no doubt that the alien angle of the history of Area 51 excites many. Maybe that’s what the U.S. Government is counting on. After all, not even the power of all the military-, defense-, and intelligence-based agencies in the United States can prevent a few leaks of classified information. So, perhaps to keep eager Ufologists away from stumbling on covert programs concerned with new aircraft designs, next-generation weapons-systems, mind-control techniques and more of a down to earth nature, they swamp those same Ufologists with enticing tales of extraterrestrial conspiracies and the ever-popular Roswell affair. For the people at Area 51, it may be a case of this: if you can’t plug the genuine leaks, then swamp them with far more tantalizing and enticing tales of E.T. A good argument could be made that this is exactly what has happened. At times, the targeted people might have been patriotic American citizens who overstepped the mark in their quests to find out if alien life really does hang out at Area 51. On other occasions, and particularly during the Cold War, the targets may have been Soviet spies, seeking the very same answers. Dangling an alien carrot – so to speak – would be the perfect way to reel in and arrest eager Russian agents who were trying to figure out what was going on deep in Nevada. And if that carrot never really existed – except in the minds of those running the disinformation programs – then all the better.

Something that dates back decades has prompted the U.S. Government to turn Area 51 into a veritable impenetrable fortress. Is this all about secret aircraft? Aliens? Both? Or something else completely? We still don’t know. We may never know.

ALL RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Astronomers find the Moon's 'long-lost twin': Large rock that broke off from our satellite four BILLION years ago is spotted hiding behind Mars

• Researchers from Northern Ireland studied asteroids that trail behind Mars 
• Found one asteroid has a composition that is 'strikingly similar' to the moon  
• The asteroid measures 1km across and is believed to be four billion years old

By JOE PINKSTONE FOR MAILONLINE 

The long-lost twin of the moon has been spotted trailing behind Mars, according to a new study.

The 3,280-foot-wide asteroid called (101429) 1998 VF31 was first spotted 22 years ago, and new analysis reveals it is 'strikingly similar' to the moon. 

Scientists from the Armagh Observatory and Planetarium (AOP) in Northern Ireland used the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) and the Very Large Telescope (VLT) to study the space rock.  

The lead author of the study, Dr Apostolos Christou from the AOP, believes it is possibly a chunk of moon that was dislodged by an enormous impact during the Solar System's formative years, around four billion years ago. 

However, while the origin of this rock may be lunar, the research team say it is also possible it could have stemmed from the Martian surface. 

Scroll down for video 

The asteroid is a Mars Trojan which orbits the Sun while trailing behind the red planet at an angle of about 60 degrees relative to the Sun, in a so-called Lagrange point. These are locations in a planet's orbit where the gravity of the Sun and the planet balances out, allowing a rock to remain in a static location. L4 is ahead of Mars and L5, where VF31 is, sits behind Mars

Dr Christou studied the space rock with a technique called spectral matching.

'It's similar to the photo-IDing done by the police when chasing crooks, you try to match your data - the spectral profile - against the same type of data taken from other objects, for example other asteroids or meteorites,' he told MailOnline. 

'None of these matches were particularly satisfactory until we included spectra of the Moon in our analysis. The similarity to parts of the lunar surface was striking.'

The asteroid is part of a group known as Mars Trojans, and their origin is a long-standing astronomical mystery. 

They orbit the Sun while either trailing behind the red planet at an angle of about 60 degrees relative to the Sun, L5, or 60° in front of Mars, L4. 

For example, if Mars reaches a point in its orbit deemed to be the same as 12 o'clock on a clock face, the Trojans will be at two o'clock. 

They stay in this location because they are trapped at a Lagrange Point, a patch of space where the gravitational pull of various celestial bodies balances out. 

As a result, they never go around Mars and always lurk behind it, following in the planet's wake.

The study, which was funded by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), reveals that VF31 is very different in composition to all the other Mars Trojans. 

This, Dr Chrisotu told MailOnline, was surprising. None of the other Trojans had any resemblance to the moon, making this object unique.  

The research team speculates that the moon may have been struck by an asteroid, called a planetesimal, causing VF31 to chip off the surface.   

'The early solar system was very different from the place we see today,' Dr Christou says. 

'The space between the newly-formed planets was full of debris and collisions were commonplace.

'Large asteroids – we call these planetesimals – were hitting the Moon and the other planets. 

'A shard from such a collision could have reached the orbit of Mars when the planet was still forming and was trapped in its Trojan clouds.'   

Although the researchers are unable to say conclusively that the space rock is a fragment of the moon, the evidence is convincing. 

To test if it would even be possible for the asteroid, which is less than a kilometre in diameter, to have originated from the moon and end up in Martian orbit the researchers crunched the numbers. 

Previous studies show that for a rock to escape the moon's gravity, it would have to be travelling at 2.4 km/s (5,368 mph).

For it to then enter an orbit around the Sun, it would have to be travelling at a minimum of 3.5 km/s (7,829 mph).

The researchers say it is possible for a rock fragment of around one kilometre in diameter to travel at this speed if the moon is hit by a projectile at least 125km (77 mils) in size, travelling at 10 km/s (22,369 mph).

Such a monumental collision would create a crater measuring 974 km (604 miles) across. 

In order for a loose piece of rock from the lunar surface to escape the moon's gravity and enter a solar orbit it would require the moon to be hit with a projectile at least 125km (77 mils) in size, travelling at 10 km/s (22,369 mph). This would create a crater measuring 974 km (604 miles), much smaller than the Aitken crater (pictured) on the far side of the Moon, which is far bigger than this. This proves it is at least possible for the asteroid to have come from the moon 

A 1km-wide asteroid called (101429) 1998 VF31 was first spotted 22 years ago and new analysis reveals it is 'strikingly similar' to the moon, astronomers say

(stock)

'This is considerably smaller than the size of the largest lunar basin, therefore this scenario is at least plausible,' the researchers write in their study, published today in the journal Icarus.  

While there has not been another asteroid discovered which could be an ancient remnant of the moon, the researchers believe there could well be more undiscovered lunar 'twins'. 

'It is sensible to expect that if there is one there could be more,' Dr Christou says. 

'However, to preserve those objects for 4 billion years until today they would need to have been trapped early on in similar "safe havens" along the orbits of nearby planets, Mars or the Earth. 

'Perhaps there is some other asteroid out there that looks exactly like this one; so far we haven't found it. But we will keep looking.' 

WHAT IS A LANGRANGE POINT?

A Lagrange point is a spot in space where the combined gravitational forces of two large bodies are equivalent to the centrifugal force of another body. 

The way the forces interact creates a net directional force of zero and allows an object to stay stationary in space.  

These points are named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange, an 18th-century mathematician who wrote about them in 1772. 

major astronomical bodies have five points - labelled L1, L2, L3 L4 and L5. 

L1, L2 and L3 are all unstable as they rely entirely on a fragile equilibrium. 

L4 and  L5 are far more stable.  

L1 - Between the two objects. This location between the sun and the Earth is currently occupied by SOHO - Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and the Deep Space Climate Observatory.

L2 - The second spot is a million miles beyond Earth and in the opposite direction to the sun. This is currently occupied by NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and will be the target area for the upcoming James Web telescope. 

L3 -  This spot lies behind the sun and away from Earth. This spot remains, as of yet, unoccupied. 

L4 and L5 - They lie along Earth's orbit at 60 degrees ahead of and behind Earth. 

Nasa has created the four concepts and has said they will likely be positioned at L2 - an astronomical position a million miles beyond Earth and in the opposite direction to the sun

Read more:

• Composition and origin of L5 Trojan asteroids of Mars: Insights from spectroscopy - ScienceDirect

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

A new study has suggested that astronomers have located our moon’s “long-lost twin”. The asteroid, that’s called (101429) 1998 VF31, measures 3,280 feet (1 kilometer or 0.62 miles) in width and is located behind Mars. Even though it was first discovered 22 years ago, recent studies have just revealed that it is “strikingly similar” to our moon.

The asteroid was studied by scientists from the Armagh Observatory and Planetarium (AOP) in Northern Ireland and they believe that it did break off of our moon approximately 4 billion years ago during a gigantic impact.

In an interview with MailOnline, Dr. Apostolos Christou from AOP explained how they used spectral matching to study the space rock. “It’s similar to the photo-IDing done by the police when chasing crooks, you try to match your data – the spectral profile – against the same type of data taken from other objects, for example other asteroids or meteorites,” he said, adding, “None of these matches were particularly satisfactory until we included spectra of the Moon in our analysis. The similarity to parts of the lunar surface was striking.”

Some of the moon’s many craters.

The asteroid is part of the Mars Trojans and orbits our sun at around a 60 degree angle either behind or in front of the Red Planet. It is stuck in the Lagrange point which is a spot where the combined gravitational forces of two bigger objects cancel each other out, causing the third smaller body to remain in place.

Based on their research, scientists noticed that VF31 is much different than the other Mars Trojans as it had certain resemblances to our moon. They think that a big asteroid hit the moon which caused a piece of the lunar surface to break off.

Dr. Christou explained this further, “The space between the newly-formed planets was full of debris and collisions were commonplace.” “Large asteroids – we call these planetesimals – were hitting the Moon and the other planets.” “A shard from such a collision could have reached the orbit of Mars when the planet was still forming and was trapped in its Trojan clouds.”

Prior studies were conducted in order to predict the series of events in which the lunar chunk would have been launched into space. Based on the fact that the rock is only about a kilometer in width, it would have been flying at a speed of around 5,368 miles per hour in order to leave the gravitational pull of the moon. It would have then been traveling at a minimum speed of 7,829 mph when it entered into the sun’s orbit.

And in order for the space rock to travel at this tremendous speed, the moon would have been hit by an object that measured at least 77 miles and traveling at around 22,369 mph prior to the impact. The impact would have made a crater that measured approximately 604 miles in width. In their study (which can be read here), the researchers wrote in part, “This is considerably smaller than the size of the largest lunar basin; therefore this scenario is at least plausible.”

What’s even more shocking is that there may be more moon “twins” lurking around the solar system. “Perhaps there is some other asteroid out there that looks exactly like this one; so far we haven’t found it. But we will keep looking,” Dr. Christou stated.

While it isn’t confirmed yet that the space rock is in fact a piece of the moon, the new research is certainly compelling.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Actor Dan Aykroyd Reveals His Own UFO and Men In Black Experiences via Coast to Coast AM

Actor Dan Aykroyd Reveals His Own UFO and Men In Black Experiences

COAST TO COAST AM INSIDER Archived Show – George Noory welcomed Dan Aykroyd and David Sereda, who talked about their new documentary film, Dan Aykroyd Unplugged on UFOs. Aykroyd, who’s had a long-standing interest in ufology, said he’s had two of his own UFO experiences and that he serves as the Hollywood consultant for MUFON.

Of all the cases he’s studied, the one he said that stands out most for him featured police officer audio tapes with live descriptions of a UFO that was pursued around Trumbull County, Ohio in 1994.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

Skinwalker Ranch Latest News & Photos - Coast to Coast AM - October 2020

Skinwalker Ranch Latest News & Photos – Coast to Coast AM – October 2020

Chris Bartel worked for Robert Bigelow as a security officer and spent time at the Skinwalker Ranch. His photography of the ranch will be on display at the University of Maryland Art Gallery in 2021.

Chris, along with Taras W. Matla, Associate Director of the Gallery, joined George Knapp to discuss the exhibit and the experiences Chris had when working on the ranch, providing a rare glimpse into the mystique surrounding the location while highlighting its grandeur and natural beauty.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

Dr. Steven Greer: Preparing For Contact... Early Age Experiences of the UFO Phenomenon

COAST TO COAST AM INSIDER Archived Show - Dr. Steven Greer returned to discuss his memoir Hidden Truth: Forbidden Knowledge, as well as to comment on ufology and disclosure. His latest book chronicles his UFO/alien encounters that began at an early age. At 8 he saw his first UFO, a silvery disc, and later he began to have lucid dreams where he was onboard the craft.

At 17, Greer said he had an NDE where he experienced “cosmic consciousness” (being at one with the universe) with two enlightened beings. Later in 1973, while at the top of a mountain, he described encountering a 3-4 ft.-tall ET lifeform that floated him into a spacecraft where he meditated with several ETs from different planetary systems.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

Dark Structure Found On Moon, Possible Mining Machinery, Nov 4, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: Nov 4, 2020
Location of discovery: Earths moon
Source: 

https://quickmap.lroc.asu.edu/?

extent=-66.6878324,62.1318642,-66.369266,62.1661005&proj=10&layers=NrBsFYBoAZIRn

pEBmZcAsjYIHYFcAbAyAbwF8BdJUTBbSfI0yq8iioA

Guys I found this really cool looking UFO that has landed on the moon. I was using an Arizona State University/NASA map so its not just a photo...and it had a measurement in the lower right hand corner. The ruler says this craft is 50 meters across. The craft also had a long horn like arm coming out one side of the front and an huge black opening into the craft. This could be some kind of mining craft, but it is a bit small. Probably a transport for equipment and such. Made a video to give you more looks at this and see it on the actual map. Please subscribe to my channel UFO Sightings Daily.

Stay cool.

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Glowing UFO Over Ancient City of Thessaloniki Greece Aug 15, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Aug 15, 2020

Location of sighting: Thessaloniki, Greece

 

Watch this video and you will see a huge flashing UFO over the ancient city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The city was founded over 2335 years ago in 315 BC. That makes this area a very important location since aliens can monitor the human inhabitants over a long time period and make accurate predictions of the future of the city. This glowing light looks similar to the one seen a back in 2011 over Dome of Rock (Holy temple) in Jerusalem in which thousands saw the UFO and recorded it. This...is the same UFO. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

BELOW IS A NEWS VIDEO OF THE EXACT SAME UFO IN 2011 OVER THE HOLY TEMPLE OF DOME OF ROCK, JERUSALEM. 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

White Cloud Orb Has Nowhere To Hide Over Mazatlan, Mexico, Oct 24, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Oct 24, 2020

Location of sighting: Mazatlan, Mexico 

 

This UFO was recorded over Mexico last week. The white craft is seen not moving in the wind, but does rise higher. This UFO looks really similar to the cloud orbs I often seen shooting in and out of the clouds. These orbs are AI controlled, meaning no alien pilot, but then again, the AI controlling it is alive. Fantastic catch of an orb watching the people below. Since its a cloudless blue sky, the white orb stands out easily. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

White UFOs Over Honfleur, Canada On Nov 2, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Nov 2, 2020
Location of sighting: Honfleur, Canada
Source: MUFON

 

Some white objects were recorded a few days ago over Canada. The person was in a moving car so the objects are a bit difficult to see, but you can see there are white objects moving in the sky. Although this could be a flock of geese or ducks its very hard to say for sure. UFOs or flock of geese...impossible to say for sure without a more close up look. Still, such UFOs have been recorded shooting in and out of clouds. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

 

Eyewitness states:

Yesterday November 2, 2020 my kids and I were driving home to Honfleur, Quebec and we saw something in the sky that seemed very strange to us. 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Kid On School Bus Records UFO Over Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Nov 2, 2020, MUFON, UFO Sighting News. 

Date of sighting: Nov 2, 2020
Location of sighting: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

 

A student was still in a school bus when he recorded a dark triangle object passing his school. The boy asked his friends "What is it?" Then he responded to himself saying UFO, and then possibly a kite. But as I watch this strange object in the sky the diamond shape does remind me of thousands of UFO reports that came in just this year alone of such similar looking craft. Even the US Navy have reported some infrared footage with a UFO that looks very close to this one over Philadelphia. This video is powerful evidence that UFOs not only exist, but are deliberately allowing themselves to be seen in public places. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

UFO fleet flying across Long Beach, California 3-Nov-2020

These multiple unidentified flying objects were seen and recorded in the sky above Long Beach, a coastal city and port in Southern California. This happened on Tuesday, 3rd November 2020.

Don’t forget to follow us on Facebook for the latest UFO news, videos & photos.

Link: www.facebook.com/LatestUFOSightings/

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Possible TR-3B UFO sighting over Pomona, California 1-Nov-2020

Check out this interesting footage of a possible triangle UFO – T3-RB that was filmed over Pomona, a city in Los Angeles County, California. This happened on Sunday, 1st November 2020 at around 4pm.

Witness stated that it was not moving for about 3 hours.

Check out this amazing book about the top 10 UFO cases in the history.

Get your’s on Amazon: Top 10 UFO Sightings: Best Cases: Aliens are visiting us

{  https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Unknown lights witnessed over Melbourne, Australia 25-Oct-2020

These bright unidentified flying objects were filmed in the sky above Melbourne, Australia on 25th October 2020.

Witness report: 

Not sure what we seen… never seen this before. Living on the spacecoast we seen a lot of beautiful rocket Launches. What we seen doesn’t make sense. I posted the videos online to ask others. Some people saying Flares but no aircraft flying or sounds of one in the air. It was a very still night and clear sky’s. My video would’ve been better if I didn’t have a bright street light in my way. I was able to video some at the end when I grabbed my phone.

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SCIENTISTS CONFIRM THE SOURCE OF MYSTERIOUS RADIO BURSTS IN THE MILKY WAY

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

CRASH

SCIENTISTS OBSERVE GALAXY CLUSTER COLLISIONS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE

ACROSS THE VAST COSMOS, EACH GALAXY stretches some 3,000 to 300,000 light years in diameter. These massive structures tend to be separated from one another by millions of light years. But some are much closer together, grouped to form one of the largest structures in the universe — a galaxy cluster.

Galaxy clusters contain hundreds to thousands of galaxies, bound to one another by the force of gravity.

Incredibly, these huge structures can also collide, smashing into one another over the course of millions of years. Hidden in these collisions are clues to how the universe itself formed and evolved. For the first time, a team of scientists has observed nine massive collisions between galaxy clusters in the early universe. These cataclysmic events, which took place 7 billion years ago, are the most distant to have ever been observed.

The observations are detailed in a study published Monday in the journal Nature Astronomy.

Gabriella Di Gennaro is a researcher at Leiden University in the Netherlands and lead author of the new study. She and her team looked for these collisions by observing a sample of galaxy clusters.

"We didn’t know how many of these clusters were colliding," Di Gennaro tells Inverse. "We looked at ones located far in the universe."

Using the Dutch-European network of linked LOFAR antennas, the researchers gathered unprecedentedly detailed data from galaxy clusters located at greater distances than ever before.

As galaxy clusters merge together, the motion created by the collision accelerates the particles located within the clusters to almost the speed of light. As they come in contact with the magnetic fields of the clusters, the accelerated particles emit radio waves.

Di Gennaro compares it to throwing a stone in a lake, and the ripples that are created from the impact.

"These ripples generate turbulent motions inside the clusters," she says. "It’s all about turbulent motion, shock waves that propagate from the point of impact to the external parts of the lake."

Previous attempts to capture these radio waves were unsuccessful because our instruments were just not powerful enough to catch them from such long distances. The radio waves observed in this study were produced by collisions that took place 7 billion light years away. The universe is currently 13.8 billion years old. So these collisions took place around halfway through its cosmic lifespan.

By observing the galaxy cluster collisions, the scientists were surprised to find that the mergers produced brighter radio emissions than previously expected for a young universe.

"What we see now, and what we see 7 billion years ago, is actually the same," Di Gennaro says. "The only difference we can see is that when the universe was young, there was a higher probability of finding these collisions."

Astronomers study galaxies in order to test out the current theories of cosmology and the model that they have of the universe.

"Galaxies are the final point of evolution," Di Gennaro says.

Observing galaxies can inform scientists of processes such as star formation and understanding the laws of physics that govern the universe.

As the technology behind space telescopes continues to improve, scientists are expecting to observe a lot more of these distant collisions and be able to analyze them in more detail.

Abstract: 

In the present-day Universe, magnetic fields pervade galaxy clusters¹ and have strengths of a few microgauss, as measured from Faraday rotation². Evidence for cluster magnetic fields is also provided by the observation of megaparsec-scale radio emission, namely radio halos and relics³. These are commonly found in merging systems⁴ and are characterized by a steep radio spectrum S_ν (α < −1, where S_ν∝ν^α and is ν the observing frequency). It is widely believed that magneto-hydrodynamical turbulence and shock waves (re-)accelerate cosmic rays⁵ and produce radio halos and relics. The origin and amplification of magnetic fields in clusters is not well understood. It has been proposed that turbulence drives a small-scale dynamo^{6,7,8,9,10,11} that amplifies seed magnetic fields (which are primordial and/or injected by galactic outflows, such as active galactic nuclei, starbursts or winds¹²). At high redshift, radio halos are expected to be faint, owing to losses from inverse Compton scattering and the dimming effect with distance. Moreover, Faraday rotation measurements are difficult to obtain. If detected, distant radio halos provide an alternative tool to investigate magnetic field amplification. Here, we report Low Frequency Radio Array observations that reveal diffuse radio emission in massive clusters when the Universe was only half of its present age, with a sample occurrence fraction of about 50%. The high radio luminosities indicate that these clusters have similar magnetic field strengths to those in nearby clusters, and suggest that magnetic field amplification is fast during the first phases of cluster formation.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

Would you believe that sunlight has the ability to change the course of asteroids and comets? It can. Consider the example of asteroid Bennu, which made headlines last month when NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft successfully collected a sample of dust from its surface (the spacecraft is due to return to Earth in 2023). Bennu has been known since at least 2012 to undergo the delicate nudge of what is called the Yarkovsky effect. It’s a minuscule push on an asteroid, imparted by nothing more than sunlight.

The effect of sunlight on rotating asteroids is tiny in contrast to the gravitational forces acting on asteroids as they move through the solar system. But – over many years – the tiny pushing effect of sunlight mounts up, so that asteroids have a tough time sticking to their orbits. Rotating asteroids drift widely over time. It’s a factor that complicates the picture for scientists trying to assess the long-term risk of asteroids on Earth-crossing orbits.

• The 2021 lunar calendars are here! Order yours before they’re gone. Makes a great gift!

The Yarkovsky effect – sometimes called the Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effect – happens because, just as on Earth, the side of an asteroid facing the sun is warmed by sunlight. On asteroid Bennu, for example, a single spin takes just 4 hours and 17.8 minutes, so the part of the asteroid’s surface that faces the sun is constantly shifting. As Bennu rotates, it continuously expels heat from its ever-shifting sunlit side. As its surface heats up during the day and cools down at night, Bennu gives off radiation that can act as a sort of mini-thruster.

This tiny force is the Yarkovsky effect. Because of it, Bennu’s rotation has been found to be speeding up by about 1 second per century. In other words, Bennu’s rotation period is getting shorter by about 1 second every 100 years.

The animation below shows how sunlight alters the orbit of a rotating asteroid via the Yarkovsky effect.

The Yarkovsky effect also changes the orbit of asteroids. For asteroids that spin in a prograde direction – that is, the asteroid spins in the same direction it’s orbiting – the asteroid gets a push in the direction of its orbital motion. The asteroid speeds up and moves out to a slightly larger orbit.

The opposite happens for an asteroid rotating in a retrograde direction, opposite from its orbital motion. A retrograde rotator gets pushed backwards due to the Yarkovsky effect. It is effectively slowed down and falls towards the sun on an increasingly smaller orbit.

The OSIRIS-REx team explains how this works in the video below:

Knowing the precise orbit of the asteroid is essential to a successful spacecraft encounter. That’s why – for asteroid Bennu, the target of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft mission – astronomers observed every close passage of the asteroid and bounced signals from radio telescopes off the asteroid’s surface. By measuring the delay in the return signal, researchers were able to measure accurately how far the asteroid was from Earth. Repeated observations beginning in 1999 (when the asteroid was discovered) and into this century – using the Arecibo and Goldstone radio telescopes – revealed the Yarkovsky effect acting on asteroid Bennu.

• Read more: Astronomers find a Yarkovsky effect for infamous asteroid Apophis

Between 1999 and 2012 – when a measurement of the Yarkovsky effect for asteroid Bennu was first announced – Bennu had wandered by about 100 miles (160 km) from where it otherwise would have been. The discrepancy is entirely the result of heat radiating from the asteroid’s surface.

Like the proverbial tortoise racing the hare, slow and steady is the way the Yarkovsky effect manifests itself. If you guessed that the thrust imparted by radiation is tiny, you would be right. Asteroid Bennu – 68 million tons of mass, a third of a mile (half a kilometer) wide – is being pushed around by a force equal to, as team member Steven Chesley said in 2012, the weight of three grapes on Earth. That’s about half an ounce (14 grams).

Understanding the evolution of our solar system requires taking into account all the forces at play, no matter how small. If the weight of three grapes can shove an entire asteroid off course by 100 miles over a dozen years, what about over 1,000 years? Or a 100,000? Or a billion?

Ivan Yarkovsky (1844-1902).

Image via Wikipedia.

The Yarkovsky effect was first described by a Russian civil engineer named Ivan Yarkovsky around the year 1900. Yarkovsky, born in 1844, worked for the Alexandrovsk railway company for more than 20 years, exploring railroad technology. During that time, he also dabbled in other scientific pursuits. His interest in the motions of the planets led to the publishing of a pamphlet describing the effect that would come to bear his name.

His work would have been lost had it not been rediscovered by Ernst Opik and made widely known in 1951.

In the years since Yarkovsky published his musings, planetary astronomers have come to realize that his effect has most likely dramatically changed entire families of asteroids and played an essential role in the movement of objects from the main asteroid belt to Earth. In fact, without this effect, the Earth would have experienced fewer asteroid impacts over its history. One is left to wonder if any mass extinctions were the result of just half an ounce of pressure on one side of a rock quietly orbiting between Mars and Jupiter.

Astronomy often focuses on the large, the vast, and the highly energetic. But sometimes, very small forces can alter the evolution of an entire planetary system. The Yarkovsky effect is one example. An imbalance in the radiation of heat off an asteroid changes its orbit.

And that change can make the difference between the status quo and mass extinction.

Title page of Ivan Yarkovsky’s pamphlet, privately published in Bryansk, Russia in 1901. This is where the concept of his effect appeared for the first time (although in a context that’s now obsolete; he assumed that ether existed between solar system bodies).

Image via Scholarpedia..

• Bottom line: An ounce of force from an imbalance in sunlight can steer asteroids into (or out of) Earth-crossing orbits. This is the Yarkovsky effect, a minuscule push on an asteroid, imparted by nothing more than sunlight. Given a long-enough time, the effect can drastically alter the layout of the solar system.
• Read more: Astronomers find a Yarkovsky effect for infamous asteroid Apophis

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

Neanderthals and Humans Were at War… For 100,000 Years!

Once much of Eurasia was dominated by Neanderthals, our archaic human ancestors. And the extinction of Neanderthals is one of the great mysteries in science. An evolutionary biologist and paleontologist now believe that the extinction of Neanderthals was the result of losing a 100,000-year war with anatomically modern humans. It seems that the expansion of our ancient human ancestors across Eurasia was a result of conquest.

The Neanderthals and the ancestors of the modern humans separated in Africa over 500,000 years ago. Homo neanderthalensis migrated into the Middle East and spread over much of Europe and Asia. According to BBC Future they “They weren't our ancestors, but a sister species, evolving in parallel.” The Neanderthals were not primitive cavemen and women: they were comparatively quite advanced. They were capable hunters who lived in complex social systems. Neanderthals had a culture, and even buried their dead, which may indicate they even had some form of religion.

Neanderthals Were Predators and Territorial Like Us

Anatomically modern humans left Africa about 200,000 years ago. We know that they encountered Neanderthals because there is some evidence of interbreeding between the two hominins. This may indicate that the two species lived in harmony and even cooperated.

Nicholas R Longrich, who teaches evolutionary biology and paleontology at the University of Bath, Britain wrote in Science Alert that “It's tempting to see them in idyllic terms, living peacefully with nature and each other, like Adam and Eve in the Garden.” Many philosophers believed that war and violence are modern phenomena that were biproducts of civilization.

Prehistoric Neanderthals or Homo Sapiens? It's difficult to say as we were so similar.

(Gorodenkoff / Adobe Stock )

But as Longrich writes in Science Alert “Biology and paleontology paint a darker picture.” Neanderthals were predators and they were hard-wired to be territorial. They would defend their territory with violence, and they would work in a cooperative way to fight off all trespassers. This means that the extinction of Neanderthals could not have been easy.

Territorial Behavior

Defending one’s territory and using violence to do so, if necessary, was a trait that Neanderthals, modern humans and chimpanzees all inherited from their ancestors. As a result, modern humans and our sister species, the Neanderthals, were programmed to be violent when protecting their territory.

Longrich told BBC Future that “ cooperative aggression evolved in the common ancestor of chimps and ourselves 7 million years ago.” This impulse is the root of all organized violence and war. The expert also stated in Science Alert that “War isn't a modern invention, but an ancient, fundamental part of our humanity.” Evidence for this is everywhere in the archaeological record and in our earliest myths.

• DNA Study Reveals We Have a Mystery Human Ancestor
• Neanderthals Mated with Modern Humans Much Earlier than Previously Thought, Study Finds
• Neanderthals may have been the first to boil their food

Neanderthals were remarkably similar to modern humans. They behaved as we do, and Longrich said in Science Alert that “If Neanderthals shared so many of our creative instincts, they probably shared many of our destructive instincts, too.” So, when the ancestors of modern humans left Africa and encountered other species of archaic humans, conflict and war was inevitable.

The Stone Age archaeological record has provided us with some examples of prehistoric stone tools or weapons of violence. Probably, these tools were used for daily life and territorial defense.

(Jiffy Photography / Adobe Stock )

A look at the paleontological record shows that there is evidence of trauma on the bones of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. The primitive weapons found by archaeologists at prehistoric sites also tell a tale of violence, as the bone record does. In particular, it seems that young Neanderthal males showed signs of injuries from blunt force trauma. These would have been the fighters of their groups and this may indicate that they were injured or killed in violent confrontations. While some deaths may have been accidental, some may have been the result of raids and ambushes.

The Extinction of Neanderthals Took 100,000 Years!

There is a real possibility that Neanderthals and early humans were engaged in violence similar to the inter-tribal conflicts of the past and even present. The Neanderthals resisted the incursions of modern humans into their territories. Longrich told the Daily Express that this “led to a 100,000-year war to determine who was top dog.” So, the extinction of Neanderthals was not fast: it took humans a long time to achieve.

The Neanderthals were formidable foes. This was because they survived for tens of thousands of years after encountering modern humans. They were capable hunters, and they had the skills and weapons to resist newcomers. Moreover, they were stockier and stronger than our ancestors, and probably had better night vision, which could have helped them in ambushes after dark. This means that the extinction of Neanderthals was not necessarily an obvious outcome. We won but not so fast . . .

A prehistoric cave painting showing a battle between two groups, who may have been Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens. As we know, the Homo Sapiens were the ones who won the war.

(lolloj / Adobe Stock )

So How Did Humans Eventually Win This Long War?

The war between the two human species ebbed and flowed for many thousands of years. Likely there was a stalemate between the two species for countless millennia and it was a war of attrition. BBC Future reports that “In Israel and Greece, archaic Homo sapiens took ground only to fall back against Neanderthal counteroffensives.” It took our ancestors some 75,000 years to achieve the extinction of Neanderthals from what is now Israel and Greece.

No one is sure why early modern humans were ultimately able to prevail against their sister species. The Daily Express quotes Longrich as stating that “It’s possible the invention of superior ranged weapons – bows, spear-throwers, throwing clubs – let lightly-built Homo sapiens harass the stocky Neanderthals from a distance using hit-and-run tactics.” Over time, we evolved and acquired advantages that, eventually, resulted in the extinction of Neanderthals.

However, it is also possible that our ancestors used better hunting techniques and had other strategic advantages. Our early hunting groups may have been bigger than those of the Neanderthals. And with more fighters, humans may have had an advantage.

The theory that our ancestors eventually overcame the Neanderthals through violence, seems to support the view that they disappeared because they were exterminated by H. sapiens . However, there are also other theories to explain the extinction of Neanderthals, including disease, failure to adapt to changing environments and even a lack of genetic diversity.

• Top image: Neanderthal warrior           
• Source: Gorodenkoff / Adobe Stock

By Ed Whelan

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

The Juno spacecraft has seen the first hints of bright flashes of light, called “elves” or “sprites” (illustrated), distinguishable in part on their size, high in Jupiter’s atmosphere.

JPL-CALTECH/NASA, SWRI

By Maria Temming

• Questions or comments on this article? E-mail us at feedback@sciencenews.org

{ https://www.sciencenews.org/ }

“Meeting an advanced civilization could be like Native Americans encountering Columbus” 

– Stephen Hawking

• Alexander Panov is a top scientist at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State University. He is the leader of the SETI scientific and cultural center under the Council on Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), and chairman of the Life and Mind in the Universe department of the Council on Astronomy of the RAS. Panov told the Russian state media outlet RIA Novosti that the reason humans haven’t been formally introduced to alien civilizations is that we’re just an experiment.
• Panov believes that extraterrestrials have the whole of humanity under Earthly imprisonment, and they do not want to interfere with our natural progression to see if we will evolve into anything worthwhile, or whether we’ll just destroy everything in our paths on a quest for answers that have always been beyond our reach. We are essentially cosmic entertainment. “It lies in the fact that highly humanized civilizations do not interfere in our development and have created a quarantine zone around us, a radio silence zone so as not to interfere with our independent development,” Panov told RIA Novosti.
• If Panov’s theory is accurate, the we humans are down here making art, writing books, and hoping that our social media followers will “like” our stupid photos. We think we’re at the top of the food chain. All the while, interplanetary beings are up there tapping on the aquarium glass, giving us stupid pet names, and talking about how cute we are. They must be amused at how we use different interpretations of manmade texts to wage wars against each other, commit acts of terror, and otherwise keep us from getting along.
• Our extraterrestrial overlords must marvel at how Americans now have two presidential candidates fighting over a political office that neither would be able to find, if not for GPS. If Earth really is just entertainment for a superior class of extraterrestrials, they are getting their money’s worth. Why would they want to reveal themselves and ruin a good thing?
• So it’s probably for the best that we keep the aliens laughing. Otherwise, they might get bored, swoop down here with ray-guns blazing, and show us what it’s really like to live in a dystopia. The last thing any of us need is to become sex slaves to a society of malevolent green anarchists.

If you hang around outside long enough at night, it’s impossible not to wonder, “Are we alone in the universe?” Especially if you’ve just consumed a handful of magic mushrooms and are listening to “Echoes” from Pink Floyd’s Meddle album. Oh, and if there happens to be a couple of dogs barking incessantly in the background, forget about it. That’s when those deep thoughts really start to make a man feel like a lost character in the last twenty minutes of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, and he’s catapulting at speeds through unseen dimensions only to end up at the death bed portal known as the end. You can almost smell the door that leads to the other side.

Whew!

Let’s just say they were really good shrooms, and leave it at that. But it goes without saying that even without mind-altering chemicals coursing through the old noggin, the question remains: Are we the only “intelligent” life floating around in outer space? Religious nuts often scoff at the idea of life outside our pissant planet – their guidebook doesn’t say anything about beady-eyed men — but evidence has surfaced over the decades showing that there’s a pretty damn good chance other civilizations exist. And maybe, perhaps, quite possibly, those big-head bastards aren’t huge fans of humanity. Or better yet, maybe they are our master controllers, and we’re all just part of one big project assembled for their amusement. Yikes! The apostles didn’t write anything about that, did they?

It might sound a bit far-fetched to suggest that we are actually walking around in an alien ant farm and that life as we know it cannot be explained because we’re nothing but meaningless specimens of test-tube tomfoolery. But that could be the case. No, this isn’t some warped idea that I conjured during a psychedelic trip underneath the starry skies. It is one that a leading Russian scientist would be willing to bet his left nut and a bottle of vodka on. Well, we didn’t actually ask him whether he’d give up a testicle if his theory proved to be a load of caca, but he seems pretty confident.

And, truthfully, it’s probably for the best that we keep the aliens laughing as long as humanly possible. Otherwise, they might get bored, swoop down here with all ray-guns blazing, and show us what it’s really like to live in a dystopia. The last thing any of us need is to become sex slaves to a society of green anarchists and spend the rest of our days getting violated by a creature with seven peckers.

All of a sudden, the upcoming election doesn’t sound so bad.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://brobible.com/ - https://exonews.org/ }

HELLO?

SCIENTISTS PINPOINT HOW MANY PLANETS IN THE MILKY WAY COULD HOST LIFE

THE MILKY WAY CONTAINS AT LEAST 100 BILLION PLANETS. And scientists are hell-bent on finding which ones might harbor life.

Our galactic neighborhood may be bustling with other worlds, but a new study estimates that a mere 300 million of those 100 billion planets may have the right ingredients for life.

And some of them may be closer than we think.

The study, published on preprint server ArXiv and accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal, provides perhaps the most reliable estimate of habitability in our galaxy to date

Previous guesses at how much of the Milky Way may be habitable have ranged between as much as 40 billion and as low as six billion planets.

But by using data from exoplanet hunting missions such as Kepler and Gaia, the researchers behind the new study claim that their estimate is much more accurate.

“This is the first time that all of the pieces have been put together to provide a reliable measurement of the number of potentially habitable planets in the galaxy,” Jeff Coughlin, an exoplanet researcher at the SETI Institute and Director of Kepler’s Science Office, and co-author of the new study, said in a statement.

The astronomers homed in on three main determinants for habitability. First, they estimated the number of exoplanets similar in size to Earth in the Milky Way — these are most likely to be rocky planets. Then, they looked at how many stars are similar in age and temperature to our Sun. Lastly, they considered whether the planets have the conditions necessary to support liquid water, a critical ingredient for life.

Older studies only considered the distance of a planet from its host star to calculate habitability — a gross measure, the new study suggests. Instead, this research also takes into account how much light a planet would receive from its star based on more than mere distance alone. NASA's Kepler mission zoomed in on stars to see if there are planets orbiting within their habitable zone. Meanwhile, the European Space Agency's Gaia mission measured the positions, distances, and motions of stars to get a more definitive estimate of how much light — and thus, heat — they bestow on their planets.

The study found that there could be 300 million habitable planets in the Milky Way. Some are just 30 light years from the Sun, the data suggest.

Scientists have confirmed the existence of more than 4,000 exoplanets, although 3,000 more suspected exoplanets are awaiting confirmation. Some of these planets have shown signs of potential habitability, but whether they do host life will be extremely difficult to determine.

“Knowing how common different kinds of planets are is extremely valuable for the design of upcoming exoplanet-finding missions,” Michelle Kunimoto, member of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and co-author of the new study, said in a statement. “Surveys aimed at small, potentially habitable planets around Sun-like stars will depend on results like these to maximize their chance of success.”

Abstract: 

We present occurrence rates for rocky planets in the habitable zones (HZ) of main-sequence dwarf stars based on the Kepler DR25 planet candidate catalog and Gaia-based stellar properties. We provide the first analysis in terms of star-dependent instellation flux, which allows us to track HZ planets. We define η⊕ as the HZ occurrence of planets with radius between 0.5 and 1.5 R⊕ orbiting stars with effective temperatures between 4800 K and 6300 K. We find that η⊕ for the conservative HZ is between 0.37+0.48−0.21 (errors reflect 68\% credible intervals) and 0.60+0.90−0.36 planets per star, while the optimistic HZ occurrence is between 0.58+0.73−0.33 and 0.88+1.28−0.51 planets per star. These bounds reflect two extreme assumptions about the extrapolation of completeness beyond orbital periods where DR25 completeness data are available. The large uncertainties are due to the small number of detected small HZ planets. We find similar occurrence rates using both a Poisson likelihood Bayesian analysis and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Our results are corrected for catalog completeness and reliability. Both completeness and the planet occurrence rate are dependent on stellar effective temperature. We also present occurrence rates for various stellar populations and planet size ranges. We estimate with 95% confidence that, on average, the nearest HZ planet around G and K dwarfs is about 6 pc away, and there are about 4 HZ rocky planets around G and K dwarfs within 10 pc of the Sun.

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{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

There have been many cases of what have come to be called “alien abductions,” in which strange entities from beyond our understanding seem to whisk away unsuspecting victims, who often come back with very odd tales to tell. Such cases have happened to people of all ages and all walks of life, and it is a pervasive phenomenon in the world of ufology. Some of these really seem to stand out, and here we will look at the bizarre case of a simple farmer who one day went out on a routine chore and had his life changed forever in an experience that would haunt him for the rest of his life.

It started in a rural ranching area of Venado, Tuerto, in the country of Argentina, where on the morning of September 6th, 1978, 12-year-old Juan Pérez went out to gather up some of their grazing horses that were wandering out in the fields. The boy dutifully rode his horse out into the nearby field where the horses were, passing some uncommonly thick fog along the way, and as he rode he would claim that he saw several silver, disc-shaped craft suddenly fly overhead. Not only this, by the strange objects then began illuminating the fog with beams of multicolored light and an eerie glow, which caused Juan’s horse to panic and buck, threatening to throw him off. This was all weird enough that the frightened boy returned home, but his father was angry with him for not fulfilling his duty and so sent him out again into that mist, and here is where things would get even weirder still.

Juan managed to get out to the field again without incident, but it was here that he would come across quite a strange sight, in the form of a large flying saucer sitting right there in the field as if it had every business in the world being there. The large disc was described as being domed, with round portholes lining its side, and although Juan was scared, he could not take his eyes off the otherworldly sight before him. As he stood there dumbfounded and gawking at the alien object, a door apparently slid open to extend a ladder and then disgorge a huge, 7-foot tall entity from within. This entity was wearing a metallic suit, oversized gloves, and a cylindrical helmet, with a tube extending from it to the craft behind it, possibly some sort of breathing apparatus, and it raised an arm to gesture for Juan to approach.

Amazingly, Juan did not run away, but rather got off his horse and approached the strange humanoid figure, with which he ascended into the bowels of the craft itself. The first thing the boy noticed was that everywhere he looked was covered with blinking and flashing instrument panels, and while this didn’t scare him at first that would change as he went deeper into the ship. He came across a room in which there seemed to be a dead animal lying sprawled out upon a table, either a cow or a horse, Juan couldn’t be sure which, half gutted, and hunched over this macabre carcass there was some sort of mechanized being, seemingly hard at work dissecting it. This was shocking enough that Juan ran back outside, where he was once again confronted with that tall humanoid figure. The being then offered one of his gloves as proof of the encounter, taking it off to reveal a clawed, reptilian hand, and as Juan took the glove it apparently pricked his arm to draw blood.

This seemingly aggressive action by the creature and the revelation that its hand was so freakishly inhuman caused Juan to freak out, hopping on his horse and riding back home as fast as he could. As he did so, the ship reportedly detached some sort of metallic orb, which chased the boy, hovered over him, and sucked the glove up into itself, after which it flew off. When Juan returned home, he did so without that physical evidence, but he nevertheless told his family all about what had happened. The mention of the dead animal was very odd, as the father had found a dead and mutilated cow on the property not even a week before, and making it even more mysterious was that the horse Juan had been riding would inexplicably fall ill and die just a few days later.

Juan Perez

No one ever would really believe Juan’s story, and he would become the object of ridicule, ending up a recluse living out on his farm alone and with only some dogs to keep him company. However, it made the rounds in the news enough that it caught the attention of famed UFO researcher Jacques Vallee, who would investigate it all, interview the witness, and write of the case in his 1990 book Confrontations – A Scientist’s Search for Alien Contact. It would also become the main subject for a documentary by Argentinian filmmaker Alan Stivelman, entitled Witness of Another World (Testigo de Otro Mundo ), which has been widely touted as one of the best UFO documentaries out there. Stivelman would say of his film:

In the beginning, I proposed to make this film in order to decode the mystery behind the UFO phenomenon. This mission was overshadowed by the acute sadness that Juan brought with him and the desire to understand why he had to have lived through that supernatural experience that marked him for the rest of his life. It was there, as a filmmaker, that I had to make a crucial decision for the rest of the shooting. To continue with the investigation of the UFO phenomenon, to stay only in the phenomenological aspect, or to attend to Juan, to his suffering, and to look for a way to help him.

The case of Juan Pérez is especially interesting not only in its bizarre elements, but also who it happened to. This was a simple rancher out in Argentina, who was mostly illiterate and who just wanted to work hard in his own little world away from the big cities of civilization. He was far removed from the world of UFOs and all of that strangeness, had no reason to make up such an absurd tale, and indeed it caused him a great amount of trouble and ridicule, which made him pretty much a hermit for life. Why would he do this? It must be noted that despite the hardships it caused him, Juan has never deviated from his story and insists it is all true, and Vallee notably proclaimed that he found Juan to be a very sincere and reliable witness who at least truly believed what he was saying of his otherworldly experience. What happened to Juan Pérez on that strange evening? We may never know for sure, but it remains a remarkable case in the realm of alien abduction cases.

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{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

It’s pretty inevitable that if you have been involved in subjects like UFOs, Cryptozoology and conspiracy-theorizing for a long time, your thoughts, beliefs and conclusions are going to alter – whether to a mild degree or to a significant degree. For example, had someone said to me when I was twenty that by the time I was in my thirties I would have totally dismissed the theory that aliens crashed outside of Roswell, New Mexico in early July 1947, I would have laughed. Or, just outright dismissed them. But, the fact is that I did change my mind. Very much the same goes for me and the Rendlesham Forest “UFO landing” of December 1980. Earlier this year I wrote a book titled The Rendlesham Forest UFO Conspiracy. It presented a controversial scenario. Namely, that nothing of an extraterrestrial nature occurred. Rather, that it was a series of secret, military experiments. With all of that in mind, I thought today I would show you what I think is the ultimate example of mind-changing in the world of UFOs. It’s a story that revolves around a man named Gordon Creighton.

For years, Creighton was the editor of the once-very-popular magazine, Flying Saucer Review. When he passed away in 2003, none other than the U.K.’s Times newspaper ran an obituary on the man himself. An extract from that same obituary reveals the following: “Government service occupied most of the working life of Gordon Creighton, but he perhaps made his greatest mark as an authority on unidentified flying objects. His conviction that extraterrestrials were visiting Earth seemed oddly at variance with the more orthodox worlds of diplomacy and Whitehall. His expertise took him into government research on maps in oriental and other languages with the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, and he spent eight years as an intelligence officer on Russian and Chinese affairs at the Ministry of Defense. It is said that in the intelligence post he worked directly below the secret Whitehall department where the Air Ministry and the RAF were studying information on UFOs.”

Like so many people who got into the UFO subject in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Creighton strongly believed that the Flying Saucer phenomenon was the result of visitations to the Earth by extraterrestrials from faraway worlds. It should be noted, however, that over time Creighton’s views on the overall mystery began to change. By the latter part of the 1970s, it was very clear to his colleagues that Creighton was edging away from the extraterrestrial theory and towards something very different. And, what might that “something” be? Well, I’ll tell you. None other than the Middle Eastern Djinn. The late Rosemary Ellen Guiley was an acknowledged expert in the field of the Djinn. Rosemary said: “In Arabian lore, djinn (also spelled jinn) are a race of supernaturally empowered beings who have the ability to intervene in the affairs of people. Like the Greek daimones, djinn are self-propagating and can be either good or evil. They can be conjured in magical rites to perform various tasks and services. A djinni (singular) appears as a wish-granting ‘genie’ in folk tales such as in The Book of 1001 Nights collection of folk tales.”

Nick Redfern and Rosemary Ellen Guiley (Nick Redfern, 2017)

Rosemary added: “In Western lore djinn are sometimes equated with demons, but they are not the same. They are often portrayed as having a demonic-like appearance, but they can also appear in beautiful, seductive forms. The djinn are masterful shape-shifters, and their favored forms are snakes and black dogs. They also can masquerade as anything: humans, animals, ghosts, cryptids, and other entities such as extraterrestrials, demons, shadow people, fairies, angels and more.” Rosemary offered more on the Djinn: “They are born of smokeless fire (which in modern terms could be plasma). They live very long lives but they are not immortal. According to some accounts, they live with other supernatural beings in the Kaf, a mythical range of emerald mountains that encircles the Earth. In modern terms, they live in a parallel dimension.”

For Creighton, all of that amounted to a major change of mind: from aliens to Djinn. And no looking back.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

1KM UFO Cloaked In Cloud Over Mount Rainier, Oct 27, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Oct 27, 2020
Location of sighting: Mount Rainier, Washington, USA

Here is a fantastic video Lisa Caroline-Enera of Youtube of a UFO cloaking as a cloud over Mount Rainier. She caught one of the most amazing UFO cloaked in clouds that I have ever been privileged to see. The UFO inside the cloud must be gigantic because that cloud area covers almost one km across! UFOs often create a cloud around the ship in order to fly slowly and low to the ground. How do they contain the cloud? I believe the clouds are held by the ships shields which wont allow the cloud particles to move through the shield, thus the cloud is contained around the UFO without being destroyed. 

Scott C. Waring 

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }