Since the 1980s, sightings of large, triangular-shaped UFOs, usually described as being black in color, making a low humming noise, and very often with rounded rather than angled corners, have been reported throughout the world. The sheer proliferation of such reports has led some ufological commentators to strongly suspect that the Flying Triangles (as they have come to be known) are prime examples of still-classified aircraft, the development of which was secretly begun in the 1980s by elements of the U.S. Department of Defense. Largely, UFO researchers are split into two camps: that the Flying Triangles are the creations of the American military or that have been flown by extraterrestrials. There is, however, another theory for all of this mystery. It’s a theory that pops up now and again; however. It is tied to the issue of nothing less than time-travel. I must stress that the theory was addressed in the early part of the 1990s, but faded away. The theory also kind of vanished into the woods – so to speak, and quite literally – of England’s Cannock Chase expansive woods.

The late Omar Fowler, a UFO expert who died in 2017, had a theory that the so-called Flying Triangles just might be nothing less than the aerial vehicles of time travelers. Fowler had a good reason for that. On one occasion, in September 1992, over a large area of woodland in central England called the Cannock Chase, Omar secured a piece of testimony from a man named Alan Ball. He agreed to meet Ball on the Chase one morning. Incredibly, Ball claimed that he was taken on-board a huge, black, Flying Triangle late one night – and while he was driving home – when he was “beamed into” the craft and subjected to a series of medical experiments by three small, humanoid figures in what “looked like a medical lab.”

(Nick Redfern)

The late U.K. researcher, Omar Fowler, with a model of a “Flying Triangle”-type UFO

Ten or fifteen minutes into the experimentation, Ball claimed that his mind was flooded by images of the U.K., in ruins. It was a definitive Armageddon: buildings, in all directions, were destroyed; charred human bodies lay everywhere; and it was clear that a nuclear event occurred. And the assumption was that the event was not alone. That the U.K. – and possible everywhere else – had been destroyed. After having the terrifying vision, Ball was dropped off the craft – literally, from a door about five feet above the woods. Ball was in a state of terror – and for several days. Particularly of interest is the fact that Fowler had in his files two extremely similar cases – and also at the Cannock Chase woods – of people taken onto Flying Triangles and exposed to images in their minds of a massive apocalypse. Fowler was still open on the idea that the Flying Triangles could be extraterrestrial in nature. However, he wasn’t able to shake off the disturbing possibility the craft were piloted by time travelers, and that what Ball and the two other people were seeing was a future still to come – and that all three victims had been taken to the future and then returned to in 1992. Should we consider those who pilot the Flying Triangles to be us, but from a faraway time?Maybe, so. To a degree, Omar Fowler did.

(Nick Redfern)

The lair of the Flying Triangles at England’s Cannock Chase

Admittedly, there is no reason why such a theory should be dismissed and tossed away. And, indeed, there is the intriguing fact that the Flying Triangles look like next-generation versions of our “Stealth” bombers and “Stealth” fighters. Moreover, the very fact that the FTs look like they came from our world – but from an Earth far ahead of us, time-wise – is yet another reason to think the Flying Triangles are flown by people just like us. Could they be historians? Looking to prevent us from destroying ourselves? The theories are many. The answers, though, are most definitely not.

ALL RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{  https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

LATEST UFO VIDEOS - Belgisch UFO-meldpunt

UFO Geel (Belgium) 18-11-2021

Beelden van UFO-waarneming gemaakt te Geel (België) op 18 november 2021.

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Beelden van UFO-waarneming gemaakt te Zemst (België) op 2 november 2021.

UFO Menen (Belgium) 16-10-2021

Beelden van UFO-waarneming gemaakt te Menen (België) op 16 oktober 2021.

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Beelden van UFO-waarneming gemaakt te Rotselaar (België) op 14 oktober 2021.

UFO Edegem (Belgium) 11-10-2021

Beelden van UFO-waarneming gemaakt te Edegem (België) op 11 oktober 2021.

UFO Aarschot (Belgium) 27-09-2021

Beelden van UFO-waarneming gemaakt te Aarschot (België) op 27 september 2021.

UFO Gent (Belgium) 21-09-2021

Beelden van UFO-waarneming gemaakt te Gent (België) op 21 september 2021.

UFO Kleine-Brogel (Belgium) 10-09-2021

Beelden van UFO-waarneming gemaakt te Kleine-Brogel (België) op 10 september 2021.

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

UFO Makes 90 Degree Turn Near Sun, Nov 10, 2021, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Nov 10, 2021
Location of sighting: Earths Sun
Source: Helioviewer.org

 

This may appear as nothing to most people, but to me, it's 100% proof that UFOs exist near our sun. You see, nothing made in nature could make a hard right turn in space, and yet, we see that here. Clearly there is only a single explanation for it...that it's an intelligently controlled spacecraft. Thats why I recorded it and posted it here. Its undeniable proof that intelligent space faring aliens exist in our solar system. And that is important to know. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 { https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Silent black mass 'boomerang shaped, slowly traveled southeast above Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 

Vector shaped object photographed over Santa Cruz, California and strange rotating lights in the sky caught on security camera in South Chesterfield, Virginia.

credits:

• www.mufon.com

  

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

Ancient Aliens: UFO Captured on Camera in Puerto Rico (Season 16) | History

UFO experts confirm the origins of strange objects captured on camera by NASA during a 1996 mission in Puerto Rico, in this clip from Season 16, "The Space Travelers."

Watch all new episodes of Ancient Aliens, Fridays at 9/8c, and stay up to date on all of your favorite The HISTORY Channel shows at

• http://history.com/schedule. #AncientAliens

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

Over 82 Alien Species Are In Contact With Earth

In the twenty-first century, the world has been swamped with various accounts of extraterrestrial interaction with people on the planet Earth, and it has been suggested that there is perhaps too much information available for people to take the phenomenon seriously, particularly as so much of it is false.

According to several experts and conspirators, there are approximately 82 documented extra-terrestrial races that have developed direct or indirect communication with us.
Proof such as declassified papers, photographs, and videos can be seen all over the world. Normally, while looking for any sort of evidence linked to extraterrestrial existence, we do this through three key channels.
The first involves abductees and contactees, as well as observers to the UFO phenomena. The second arises from informants who might involve retired government employees or military officers.

Source: ​

• http://humansarefree.com/2018/01/over...

Below you can find out the stories of the following alien races:

Dracos, Reptilians, Agharians, Aghartians, Alpha-Draconians, Altairians, Amphibians, Anakim, Andromedans, Anunnaki, Nimrod, Antaries, Atlans, Al-Gruualix, Airk, Akart, Alabram, Baavi, Bernarians, Blue People, The Blues, Buttahs, Cetians, Tau Cetians, Chameleon, Chirons, Deros, Dracos, Reptilians, Dorsay, Dries, El-Manouk, Elffaf, Ellina, The Council Of Five, Orela, Egarot, Ginvo, Redan, Emerther, X5-Tykut, X-1Z, The Felines, Gizan, Graysli, Solipsi Rai, The Greys, The Invisibles, Iguanoids, Reptiloids species, Indugutk, Jighantik, Jefok, Kalenia, Killimat-Arr, K-Arr, Killy-Tokurt, Kurs, Gods of Lands, Annunaki, Lyran, Lang, Maitre, Moovianthan-Kayphik, Magell, Matrax, Mythilae, The Messengers, Kurs, Kurs Washington DC, Nagas, Reptiloids, reptilians, Nordics, Negumak, Independecnce day, The Orange, The Pleyadiyans, Puritav-Illumu, Nosyv-7, Rak, Ramay, Smad, Strom, Sirians, Tarice, Tisar-3, Tengri-Tengri, Tanzany, Titanic Accident, Telosian, Lemurians, Lemuria, The Teros, Lunarians, The Ummites, Lyran, Vegans, Venusians, Vinnitvary, Zeta Reticulai, and the Annunaki.

Part 1

• https://youtu.be/T2Fsn0B3ti8

Part 2

• https://youtu.be/x5Y9opJ0-aU

Part 3

• https://youtu.be/auz-_rHntaw

Read here:

• https://helenastales.weebly.com/blogu...

Follow us on facebook:

• https://www.facebook.com/ufo.maniaII/

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Workers digging on the property of an old spinning factory in Turkey in an area that had not been used in over 30 years found a mysterious intact skeleton of a strange looking creature with long hind legs, short front ones, pointy nails instead of feet and extremely sharp teeth. Better yet (for investigators, at least), the skeleton had some flesh still intact. Dinosaur? Mutant? Or should we start the countdown … 3-2-1 … is this the first known skeleton of a Chupacabra (ignoring the fact that it was found in Turkey, not Texas or Puerto Rico)?

Sharp teeth did you say?

Yusuf Kıtay, the operating officer of the excavation, said the workers found the animal skeleton while they were working in an area that has not been used for the last 30-40 years outside a factory in Iğdır, a far eastern near the border with Armenia. The long-tailed skeleton was of a creature that would have stood about one meter (3.3 feet) tall and appears to have died recently. While the long hind legs might suggest it was a kangaroo, the head is the wrong shape entirely for it to be an Australian marsupial. Kitay did the right thing – he had the workers carefully remove the skeleton intact from the site and, after photographing it (a series of photos can be seen here), delivered the remains to the Iğdır University’s Biodiversity Application and Research Center.

It’s not THAT big

“Then we will ensure that this skeleton is preserved in a museum.”

So this is not just a deformed stray animal but something that is museum quality? That sounds strange. Which museum? Archeology World reports that Belkıs Muca Yiğit, a lecturer at Iğdır University, told Anadolu Agency (AA) that researchers there would attempt to identify the species of the animal and then donate it to a museum. That’s curious … it it’s an out-of-place animal like an escaped pet, why donate it to a museum? If it’s indeed the most well-preserved dinosaur skeleton complete with DNA-filled flesh, why not study it more? If it’s cryptid (note: there were no telltale dead livestock reported), why not announce the unique discovery in a three-part miniseries on some cable channel? And why have there been no further updates besides the initial report over a week ago? Is this the victim of some sort of radiation leak or worse – a strange experiment?

This could just be a misshapen common animal or an escaped pet. The secrecy makes it questionable. Let’s hope we get an update soon.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

Something Weird Is Happening on the Moon's Far Side

When we look at the Moon, we only see its one side. The other lunar hemisphere, known as the far side, or the dark side of the Moon, is always hidden from us. In 1969, the Apollo 10 astronauts heard something unusual on the far side of the Moon. Apollo 10 lost contact with the mission control and started receiving a mysterious radio signal.

This signal could not be from the Earth because Apollo was on the far side of the Moon, and no one on the planet could see or contact them. The astronauts heard the spooky sounds for about an hour until they emerged to the side of the Moon facing the Earth.

However, the astronauts did not report this to the mission control because they were scared and thought they would be grounded on mental health issues. For more than four decades, people believed that the mission went according to the plan. There was nothing weird about it. Then, finally, the incident came to light when the recorded transcripts were declassified. Now the question that everyone wanted an answer to was, What was there on the Moon’s far side?

Was someone really trying to contact the astronauts? What was the source of the unusual sounds? Before answering all these intriguing questions, let’s see what’s there on the far side of the Moon.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

700 Meter UFO Hidden In Cloud Seen Over Beach In UK, Nov 20, 2021 Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Nov 20, 2021

Location of sighting: Seaham beach, North East UK

Source: IG account 

https://www.instagram.com/victoria.t.lawson/

This is an absolutely mind-blowing photo of a UFO that had made a cloud cloak around it. The eyewitness states, "I was just a cloud, but it looked like a UFO." Well she might be in for a surprise because she recorded an alien disk hiding inside of cloud shield. You see, the metallic disk inside has an energy shield around it protecting it, but this shield can also hold smoke within it. Thus...alien ships that have to fly too low and are too big will put in the effort to hide from human eyes by hiding within a DIY cloud. Except humanity is getting wise to alien tactics and our cameras are snapping daily worldwide. This is an alien craft over the beach in UK. Its 100% proof that the UK is visited frequently by UFOs and that they often are headed to underwater bases on the ocean floor off the UK coast. Cant miss a 700 meter UFO passing overhead can you? Well, aliens think you will. 

 

Recent UFO videos released by the US government tracking on infrared video a UFO...showed a UFO that tried to make a smoke trail in order to distract the military plane tracking it. Also in Sept 1957 a US Army private was on guard duty and took photos of a ring UFO...clearly showing the craft before during and after it made the clouds around it to hide within. Proof...we already have the proof. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

Eyewitness states: 

It was at Seaham beach yesterday afternoon in northeast UK. It was just a cloud but I thought it looked like a UFO. 

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Lights Over Chesterfield, Virginia Nov 18, 2021, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: November 18, 2021
Location of sighting: Chesterfield, Virginia, USA
Source: MUFON 

These bright lights were seen in Virginia a few days ago. They appear similar to searchlights but should not be mistaken for them. Such lights have been seen over the ocean by sailers, where there was nothing but water. These lights flew intentionally and were recorded at 11 pm when most people would be home sleeping. I have confidence that these were actual alien craft. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

White Orb Over Paris, France On Nov 8, 2021, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: November 8, 2021

Location of sighting: Paris, France

Source: MUFON

 

This week a white orb was recorded flying over Paris this week. The orb seemed to glow even during the day and move as if it were intelligently controlled. These orbs appear white when far away, taking on the color of clouds, and are easily seen when traveling between clouds with a blue sky behind them. Most often they hide within the edges of clouds, recording and observing. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Anyone who has ever had the indescribable good fortune to fly into space has always described the experience as incomparably memorable. 

The majestic view of our home planet as it spins in space, so quiet and peaceful from a distance, is likely to have left a lasting impression on all astronauts. 

However, not all reports of the space travelers' experiences paint such a peaceful picture. In fact, some astronauts have already reported inexplicable, sometimes eerie experiences that have happened to them in space. 

Now you too can hear about the mysterious reports that have made our jaws drop!

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

Massive UFO: daytime sighting over Rome, Italy 16-Nov-2021

Here’s one really interesting daytime footage of a huge UFO hiding in a clouds over Rome in Italy. It was taken on Snapchat as soon as the witness spotted it.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

Alien organisms: Hitchhikers of the galaxy?

by University of Adelaide

Scientists warn that without good biosecurity measures, 'alien organisms' on Earth may become a reality stranger than fiction.

Published in international journal BioScience, a team of scientists, including Dr. Phill Cassey, Head of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Adelaide, are calling for greater recognition of the biosecurity risks ahead of the space industry.

"In addition to government-led space missions, the arrival of private companies such as SpaceX has meant there are now more players in space exploration than ever before," said Associate Professor Cassey. "We need to take action now to mitigate those risks."

Space biosecurity concerns itself with both the transfer of organisms from Earth to space (forward contamination) and vice-versa (backward contamination). While the research points out that at present the risk of alien organisms surviving the journey is low, it's not impossible.

Dr. Cassey said: "Risks that have low probability of occurrence, but have the potential for extreme consequences, are at the heart of biosecurity management. Because when things go wrong, they go really wrong."

The research provides clear evidence of how humans have spread organisms to the remotest regions of the earth and sea, and even into space.

To address the risks of invasive species from space travel, the authors suggest the emerging field of 'invasion science', which deals with the causes and consequences of introducing organisms into new environments, could offer valuable learnings. This includes the fact that insular systems such as islands, lakes, and remote habitats, are most vulnerable to invasion threats.

Further insights that could be applied include protocols for early detection, hazard assessment, rapid response and containment procedures currently used in response to invasive species threats.

Dr. Cassey said: "It is far cheaper to prevent biological contamination by implementing protocols on Earth than it is on Mars, for example."

Both Dr. Cassey and co-author Dr. Andrew Woolnough from the University of Melbourne and the University of Adelaide suggest that with some of the best biosecurity in the world Australia is well-positioned to contribute expertise in this area.

"We have a fantastic opportunity to contribute to international policy and to develop biosecurity mitigation measures that can be used by the expanding private space industry. This is an untapped economic development opportunity," Dr. Woolnough said.

Despite the value to space biosecurity, the authors state that invasion biologists have yet to be involved in Committee on Space Research Planetary Protection planning. In the research they argue this should change because "greater collaboration between invasion biologists and astrobiologists would enhance existing international protocols for planetary biosecurity—both for Earth and for extraterrestrial bodies that could contain life".

Explore further

• Stowaway frogs being stopped by border security

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://phys.org/ }

Image: SpinLaunch

One of the brutal truths about getting things off the Earth and into space is contained in something called The Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, which, to put it absurdly simply, means that most of the volume of a rocket leaving Earth will be needed for fuel. That’s why the rockets you see are huge towers of fuel and oxidizer with just a little area up top for the payload. A startup company called SpinLaunch is hoping to work around this grim equation by spinning rockets really, really fast in a circle. That name may have given it away?

The company just had its first successful test of the system on October 22, sending a test vehicle “tens of thousands of feet” into the sky.

Image: SpinLaunch

The process is known as “kinetic launching” and utilizes a huge electric motor-powered centrifuge called the Suborbital Accelerator, which looks kind of like a turbocharger the size of the Statue of Liberty.

Image: SpinLaunch

The Suborbital Accelerator is a huge vacuum chamber (i.e. there’s no air to create aerodynamic drag) with a carbon fiber rotating-arm style centrifuge inside it. The arm spins the payload (which can include a second-stage rocket to potentially reach orbit) and then a high-precision mechanical release flings it out of that tube, where it then shoots out into space.

Image: SpinLaunch

The current Suborbital Accelerator is about one-third the scale of the planned final one, and for this test the accelerator was only spun up to about 20 percent of its capacity, which was all that was needed to send the 10 foot test payload up those tens of thousands of feet.

Plans for a much larger Orbital Accelerator show a bigger angled vacuum chamber and release tube:

Image: SpinLaunch

Essentially, the big spinner is taking the place of a conventional rocket’s massive and fuel-thirsty first stage, allowing for much smaller rockets with much better fuel-to-payload ratios to be developed.

Here’s a video SpinLaunch released of their test:

I’m guessing that membrane the rocket bursts through is there to maintain the vacuum chamber integrity, and is not just for dramatic effect?

Image: SpinLaunch

The proposed launch vehicle does have a pleasingly old-school aesthetic about it, looking like a carbon-fiber Buck Rogers kind of deal:

Image: SpinLaunch

The company claims that adapting satellites and other space hardware for the high-G spinning process is no big deal:

This engineering process has been used to develop high-g reaction wheels for 20kg and 200kg-class satellites, deployable solar arrays and electric propulsion modules. Even unmodified smartphones, action cameras, and telescope lenses have survived without damage. In comparison to mechanical systems, electronics are surprisingly simple to ruggedize for kinetic launch. Because of the relatively low mass of resistors, capacitors, and electronic chips, many existing designs can be flown without any substantial modifications.

I suspect that this method wouldn’t be suitable for crewed launches, though.

The company has already raised about $35 million, and they have a Department of Defense launch contract, so maybe we’ll be seeing more things yeeted into earth orbit in this massive mechanical discus style.

An emissions-free space launch system will be popular as the world strives to become more environmentally friendly. SpinLaunch claims that in the future, it will be able to launch complete constellations of satellites into the atmosphere’s most mission-critical layers.

The corporation also notes that in the future, when vast numbers of people are flying into space, structures, equipment, and supplies will need to be launched.

That comment appears to imply that SpinLaunch envisions a future in which it will be able to launch items heavier than 440 pounds satellites. The launch system’s development began in 2015. SpinLaunch’s accelerator achieved a record for the fastest spinning tip speeds two years after the project began. However, the launch last month was the most significant milestone in the project’s history.

It is uncertain how big the orbital-class accelerator should be. The suborbital accelerator is 50.4 metres tall, and the orbital-class accelerator would definitely be far larger. To put things into perspective, the Statue of Liberty is 46 metres tall. SpinLaunch claims that their suborbital technology will be valuable in the long run as a satellite qualifying facility.

{ https://jalopnik.com/ 

https://spacexmania.com/}

Marine Biologists Discover New Species of Octopus

by Natali Anderson

The newly-discovered octopus species inhabits the shallow waters off southwest Australia and belongs to the Octopus vulgaris group, according to a new paper published in the journal Zootaxa.

The star octopus (Octopus djinda).

Image credit: Mark Norman / Amor & Hart, doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.7.

“Benthic shallow-water species are among the most studied and best understood octopods, and are, therefore, of high interest to researchers and fishers,” said Dr. Michael Amor from the Western Australian Museum and Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria and Dr. Anthony Hart from the Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratory.

“This attention can lead to an improved understanding of species boundaries and distributions, including the potential identification of cryptic taxa.”

“Cryptic speciation is common among octopods and examples are prevalent throughout the order Octopoda.”

“Octopuses have few hard body parts or diagnostic taxonomic traits. Further, morphological plasticity that is linked to local environmental conditions and the limited utility of traditional molecular markers have compounded our likely underestimation of species richness among octopods.”

“Within Octopoda, perhaps the most iconic example of this phenomenon is observed among members of the Octopus vulgaris group,” they added.

“This species-group represents one of the greatest octopus fisheries targets, and are of broad scientific interest (e.g., cell biology, environmental science, fisheries research, neuroscience, physiology, robotics).”

The newly-discovered species is conspecific with another member of the Octopus vulgaris group — the common Sydney octopus (Octopus tetricus) from Australia’s east coast and New Zealand — but is morphologically and genetically distinct.

Named the star octopus (Octopus djinda), the marine creature is distributed along the southwest coast of Australia, from Shark Bay to Cape Le Grand.

“This distribution closely reflects the territory of the traditional custodians of this land, the Nyoongar people (‘a person of the southwest of Western Australia’),” the researchers said.

“To recognize their connection to this land, a Nyoongar translation of ‘star’ (djinda) was selected as a species name. This use of ‘star’ (luminous) reflects the shared recent ancestry with, and now-understood distinction from, Octopus tetricus.”

The new species is a medium to large octopus, with a mantle length of 10.9-17.7 cm (4.3-7 inches).

“Octopus djinda supports a highly productive fishery and is currently one of two octopod fisheries worldwide to have received sustainable certification from the Marine Stewardship Council,” the scientists said.

“Its taxonomic description provides formal recognition of the taxonomic status of southwest Australia’s common octopus, Octopus djinda, and facilitates appropriate fisheries catch reporting and management.”

_____

• Michael D. Amor & Anthony M. Hart. 2021. Octopus djinda (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): a new member of the Octopus vulgaris group from southwest Australia. Zootaxa 5061 (1): 145-156; doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.7
  

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ http://www.sci-news.com/ }

UFO Shoots Past Saturn, Aug 21, 2021, -VIDEO - UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: August 21, 2021

Location of sighting: Saturn

 

This eyewitness was watching Saturn through his telescope when he caught a strange large object shoot past the northern pole of the planet. The object was huge, about the size of a moon, yet its not in orbit around the planet, but instead skims the polar region and then began to slowly pull up as it passed the pole. The object is thin, about 1/5th the thickness as it is long. What this is...is unknown, but its size, shape and speed all point to this being an alien craft. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states: 

This truly is REAL untouched footage of something unidentified captured on camera. most likely something natural within the realm of science. again this is just a video for clickbait meant to reach more people with an interest in authentic astronomical observations. 

 Equipment Specs 

1200mm Focal Length 254mm 

Aperture 10mm 

Eyepiece 3x Barlow Lens

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

Scientists Warn of “Alien” Invasions and the Need for Planetary Biosecurity

By AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The era of space exploration brings with it a new risk: invasion. The peril comes not from little green men arriving on flying saucers but, rather, from microbiological contamination of Earth from extraterrestrial environments and vice versa. Writing in BioScience, Anthony Ricciardi, of McGill University, and colleagues describe the dangers posed by such organisms and outline an approach to address the threat.

The authors caution that biological contamination endangers both ecosystems and human well-being. “Owing to their massive costs to resource sectors and human health, biological invasions are a global biosecurity issue requiring rigorous transboundary solutions,” say Ricciardi and colleagues. And that threat may be more immediate than previously anticipated. Despite considerable microbial caution among space agencies, say the authors, “bacterial strains exhibiting extreme resistance to ionizing radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants have been isolated in NASA ‘clean rooms’ used for spacecraft assembly.”

However, outlined within the article is a possible approach to addressing this alarming scenario: the emergent field of invasion science, in which practitioners study the causes and consequences of organism introductions beyond their evolved ranges. “Research in invasion science has produced novel insights for epidemiology, rapid evolution, the relationship between biodiversity and community stability, and the dynamics of predator–prey and parasite–host interactions, among many other concepts,” say Ricciardi and colleagues. They go on to explain that “Protocols for early detection, hazard assessment, rapid response, and containment procedures currently employed for invasive species on Earth could be adapted for dealing with potential extraterrestrial contaminants.”

The authors highlight a number of insights from invasion science that could be brought to bear on issues of space biosecurity, such as the fact that insular systems such as islands, lakes, and remote habitats are most vulnerable to invasion threats. Similarly, invasion biology has delivered insights about the difficulty of invasion forecasting and the crucial importance of early detection in managing microbial threats. Ricciardi and colleagues suggest that portable real-time DNA sequencing technologies, coupled with databases of known organismal contaminants, could enable rapid responses.

Despite their value for space biosecurity, the authors state that invasion biologists have yet to be involved in Committee on Space Research planning. This should change soon, they argue, because “greater collaboration between invasion biologists and astrobiologists would enhance existing international protocols for planetary biosecurity—both for Earth and for extraterrestrial bodies that could contain life.”

Reference:

• “Planetary Biosecurity: Applying Invasion Science to Prevent Biological Contamination from Space Travel” 17 November 2021, BioScience.
  DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab115

{ https://scitechdaily.com/ }