Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 10 MONTHS.
ON 06/04/2024 MORE THAN 1.951.050
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
30-04-2022
Delphos UFO Incident: A Flying Object, A Bright Light & An Unexplained Landing Ring On The Ground
Delphos UFO Incident: A Flying Object, A Bright Light & An Unexplained Landing Ring On The Ground
In 1971, 16-year-old Ronald Johnson claimed to witness a UFO landing on his family's farm in Delphos, Kansas. The markings left on the ground by the alleged craft have baffled researchers for decades.
The story of the Delphos UFO ring from 1971
A remarkable physical trace UFO incident took place near the tiny north-central Kansas town of Delphos on November 2, 1971.
At around 7 p.m. Ronald Johnson, 16, and his dog were tending sheep some 200 feet behind the family house when his mother, Erma Johnson, called him in for supper. He told her he would be finished soon. She and her husband Durel went ahead with the meal. When they had finished, Mrs Johnson called again for Ronald, but there was no response this time.
Ronne Johnson
According to what he would tell his parents, shortly after his mother called him the first time, Ronald heard a "rumbling" sound. Then he saw, 75 feet away, in a small grove of trees on the other (northwest) side of the shed - an object become suddenly illuminated with a mass of blue, red, and orange colours. Nine feet in diameter and 10 feet high, the object looked something like the head of a mushroom with a small, fat portion of a stem beneath it. It was hovering two feet above the ground, and the illumination flowed down to the ground.
The light was so bright that it hurt Ronald's eyes when he looked at it directly. The sheep were bellowing as if disturbed. After several minutes the glow at the base grew more intense, and the object took off at an angle, clearing by no more than four feet a shed attached to the sheep pen. The rumbling sound ceased, to be replaced by a high-pitched wail.
At that moment Ronald lost his sight. Now he could only hear the sound of the object as it moved off toward the south, passing by the house. In a few minutes, Ronald's eyes cleared, and he looked up to the sky and saw the object there. He rushed into the house to tell his parents who, though they saw he was scared and frightened, refused to believe him. Mr Johnson did go outside, however, where he saw a bright light - half the apparent size of the full moon - in the southern sky. Mrs Johnson and Ronald joined him, and the three watched the object, with the bluish-white colour of an "arc-welder", move off into the distance.
They went over to the site where the UFO had first appeared. In the darkness, they observed a glowing, gray-white circle. Parts of the trees near the circle were glowing as well. Mr and Mrs Johnson placed their hands inside the circle and found that the soil was not warm, as they had expected it to be. It felt, however, as if it had been crystallized. Even more weirdly, the couple's fingers became numb. When Mrs Johnson tried to rub off the soil residue on her leg, the part of the leg she touched also went numb. The condition persisted for several weeks afterwards, according to her. Unfortunately, neither she nor her husband sought medical attention.
Mr Johnson retrieved a camera and took a picture of the circle and its surrounding environment. He then phoned Willard Critchfield, editor of the Delphos Republican. It was now 8 p.m.
Photo taken by the Johnsons approximately ten minutes after the alleged UFO landing
Investigations Into The Delphos UFO
Editor Critchfield did nothing about the call, so the next day Durel and Ronald Johnson drove into town to speak with Thaddia Smith, a Republican reporter. She, her husband, and her son-in-law accompanied the Johnsons to the farm. That afternoon she provided a statement to Ottawa County Sheriff Ralph Enlow. This is what Smith saw when she got there:
"The circle was still very distinct and plain to see. The soil was dried and crusted. The circle or ring was approximately 8 feet across, the center of the ring and outside area were still muddy from recent rains. The area of the ring that was dried was about a foot across and was very light in color.
The object had crushed a dead tree to the ground either when it landed or when it took off, and from appearance had broken a limb of a live tree when it landed. The broken limb was most unusual, it would snap and break as though it had been dead for quite some time, yet it was green under the bark, and the upper area still had green leaves clinging to its branches. However, the lower area was free of all leaves and some of the bark on the lower areas looked as though it had been blistered and had a whitish cast."
Having been alerted by a phone call from Smith, Sheriff Enlow, Kansas Highway Patrol Trooper Kenneth Yager, and Undersheriff Harlan Enlow drove to the Johnson farm at 2 p.m. that day and interviewed the three. In his official report Undersheriff Enlow wrote:
"Mr Johnson took us out behind the hog house where we observed a ring shaped somewhat like a doughnut with a hole in the middle. The ring was completely dry with the hole in the middle and outside of the ring mud. There were limbs broken from a tree and a dead tree broken off, there. There was a slight discoloration on the trees. We were given a picture taken the previous evening which showed that the ring glowed in the dark. Undersheriff Enlow took a soil sample from the dried ring and photographed it.
The soil sample taken was almost white in color and very dry. We used a Civil Defense Radiological Monitor to determine that the soil was not radioactive. The soil sample and photographs are stored in the vault in the Sheriff's Office pending further investigation by the proper authorities."
On November 3, 1971, Mr Lester Ernsbarger of 416 Argyle Street in Minneapolis (11 miles south of Delphos) advised Deputy Sheriff Leonard Simpson that at approximately 7.30 p.m. the previous night (the same night as Ronald Johnson's sighting) he had observed a bright light descending in the sky in the Delphos area.
Delphos ring a little over 3 years after the incident
On December 4, Ted Phillips, a Missouri-based UFO investigator who specialized in physical-trace cases, met Sheriff Enlow in the latter's Minneapolis office. The sheriff gave Phillips a soil sample he had taken the day after the sighting. Then they went to the Johnson farm.
Evidence of the incident was still to be seen. According to Phillips:
"As we approached the site we walked around a small shed and through scattered trees. To my amazement there was the ring, with snow melting from the ground in all the surrounding area, still to be seen after 32 days. It was perfectly outlined in the unmelted snow. Although the surrounding soil was extremely moist, we found that if the snow was removed from any portion of the ring the soil directly beneath the snow was dry and light brown in color, in contrast with the black, moist soil in the ring center and around the ring.
We removed snow from one section of the ring and introduced water into the exposed ring area: the soil would not permit the water to pass through the surface. This was most remarkable, as there had been several inches of rain and snow between November 2 and December 4.
Mr Johnson and I next removed a sample from the ring. The sample contained a high concentration of a white substance, and this white material was evident in all of the ring soil that we exposed. The particles were not to be found in the soil in the center of the ring, or in the surrounding soil. The ring soil was quite dry to a depth of at least twelve inches. The soil outside the ring was also sampled and was simply black and wet to a depth of at least eight inches. I cannot imagine soil exposed to the elements remaining so dry for such a long period of time."
Phillips made a second trip to the area on January 11, 1972. He discussed the possibility of a hoax with the sheriff and Thaddia Smith. Both discounted the idea. The sheriff called the Johnsons "well known and well respected," Smith agreed.
Seven separate soil analyses conducted by a university and other laboratories sought to compare control samples with samples taken from within the ring. The latter was found not to absorb water, had a higher acid content, and contained soluble salts as well as two to two and a half times more calcium. They also produced less seed growth and were coated with a hydrocarbon of low molecular weight that various analysts were able to remove only by heating to 100 degrees C, or washing with ethyl alcohol. Embedded in the ring soil samples was a second unusual organic material of higher molecular weight. This second substance was composed of white, crystal-like fibers. In other words, the results of the tests performed at the time were interesting but inconclusive, leaving several mysteries in their wake. "There seems to be," scientist Michael D Swords writes, "no question that the surface soil was hydrophobic (resistant to water), luminescent, and anesthetic, but to what this can be attributed is still unknown."
In the late 1980s British chemist, Erol A Faruk conducted his own independent analyses of Delphos samples. He concluded that probably something unusual and potentially significant had occurred:
"I would say that the data presented in this research do not lead to a definitive view on the origin of the Delphos ring. I would, however, still maintain that: (1) a simple hoax (as was proposed by debunker Philip J Klass) is almost certainly ruled out by the soil chemistry; (2) a fungal fairy-ring hypothesis (suggested as an explanation by some skeptics) leaves many questions unanswered; and (3) the model developed from the ring soil chemistry, and from characteristics that support the sighting of an unconventional aerial object, is the most tenable explanation for the ring - despite its implications."
Erol A Faruk's book analysing the Delphos UFO incident
Another fascinating UFO encounter that still remains a mystery over 40 years later. Let us know your thoughts on the Delphos UFO ring in the comments section below.
A world-renowned scientist and former USAF engineer, using a telescope, photographed a 250 meter diameter UFO flying at a speed of 48,000 km/h
But this is just one of the huge UFOs, as many more have been recorded. According to Frederick Portigal, “this is absolute proof that aliens are already here” .
Frederick Portigal, a former US Air Force and Boeing engineer, captured UFO images and data with a hyperspectral imaging telescope.
Hyperspectral remote sensing, also known as imaging spectroscopy, is a technique studied by scientists to detect and identify minerals, terrestrial plants, and man-made materials and landscapes.
Portigal has a message for our world: “giant alien ships are entering Earth through dimensional portals”
According to the former Boeing chief engineer, aliens use wormhole penetration technology to move these plasma-like UFOs close to the Earth’s surface at a speed of 30,000 miles per hour.
Telescopic images from Portigal captured the stunning sights of plasma-like objects flying at inconceivable speeds near the Petroglyph National Monument near Albuquerque, New Mexico.
His telescope was in Sandia Heights with a field of view of about 15 miles. According to Frederick, this is absolute proof that aliens are here.
“It’s probably evidence of a mining operation, but who knows what’s in the cargo that materializes and passes through the wormholes after each plasma passes.”
Portigal added another note regarding the alien spacecraft, “they are traveling through wormholes, and the other possibility is a gap between parallel universes.”
It is unnecessary to inform the reader of the implications of what Mr. Portigal is raising here. Is he trying to mislead the public…or is it time to reconsider what whistleblowers have tried to express for decades?
The images captured by Google Maps show some structures or military complex with a kind of “Stargate” device, a short distance from the famous Area 51.
According to UFO researchers, this “Stargate” was built thanks to the ‘ Pegasus Project ‘, where different types of tests were carried out between 1968 and 1976.
Evidence that was basically “to travel in time and space, and possibly through parallel universes.”
Gravitational and magnetic research carried out long ago by UFO researcher Joshua Warren tells us that near Groom Lake, the time would decrease by 20 milliseconds.
Warren is convinced that it is a gravitational anomaly.
Warren himself tells us that in this place there could be a “Stargate” or a “Wormhole” that represents a temporal-gravitational dimension.
This is the effect of time flowing at different speeds in regions of different gravitational potential.
“For example, in the vicinity of a black hole, the slowest time will flow.”
Clearly, Warren was not wrong since this military complex was discovered with the “Stargate device.”
According to some whistleblowers, the Department of Defense developed Stargates or technology for space-time travel more than 40 years ago.
As early as 1967, the United States government allegedly used a facility dedicated to this and built on the basis of Tesla’s quantum access.
This technology has been used to keep the construction of military installations secret, as well as offering political and economic benefits by knowing what the future holds.
Some say the CIA confiscated the documents from the Tesla transporter shortly after his death.
The Dr. Andrew D. Basiago participated in the DARPA Project Pegasus (from 1968 to 1972) which focused on time travel.
He said that the CIA and the US Navy operating Area 51 were actively training groups of US military and students to become the first generation of dimensional explorers.
The “Stargate ring” visible on Google Maps is part of the underground military complex called «Century IV», which is part of Area 51, where work began on the «Aquarium» project in 1990.
The same microbiologist Dan Burisch who worked on Area51 describes a Stargate that is located near the secret base and near Lake Groom.
Dan says that “next to this huge device is a platform with a Portal that allows the object to be thrown into the wormhole to travel to other stars, teleporting people or materials from one place to another instantly.”
This device is also known as ” Looking Glass ” and was used to see the probabilities of future events.
As Burisch states, many wars and catastrophes would have occurred due to these Stargates. According to Burisch, there are fifty Stargates on Earth.
“Today, the human race would be in danger of extinction due to climate change, and the elite could be using these devices to build bases and shelters on other worlds.”
Spaceship Moon Theory: Is The Moon An Artificial Alien Satellite
Spaceship Moon Theory: Is The Moon An Artificial Alien Satellite
Back in the summer of 1969, Apollo 11 landed the first humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on the moon in a mission they called “one giant leap for mankind.”
Speculative cutaway model of a Spaceship Moon
Over the years, it has been scientifically observed that the Earth’s Moon holds some strange characteristics.
The Moon is the 5th largest natural satellite in the Solar System. It is believed to have been created by a giant impact between the young Earth and a Mars-sized body.
After examination, it has been noted that the Moon is apparently in the wrong orbit for its size, according to its current assumed density. Astronomy data indicates that the internal regions of the Moon are less dense than the outer, giving rise to the inevitable speculation that it could be hollow.
Some of these claims come from the fact that when meteors strike the Moon, it rings like a bell. More specifically, when the Apollo crew, on November 20, 1969, released the lunar module, after returning to the orbiter, the module impact with the Moon caused their seismic equipment to register a continuous reverberation like a bell for more than an hour.
In July of 1970, members of the then Soviet Academy of Sciences, Michael Vasin and Alexander Shcherbakov, proposed the Spaceship Moon Theory.
The pseudoscientific theory claims that the Earth’s moon may actually be an alien spacecraft. Vasin and Shcherbakov’s thesis was that the Moon is a hollowed-out planetoid created by unknown beings with technology far superior to any on Earth.
Huge machines would have been used to melt rock and form large cavities within the Moon. The Moon would, therefore, consist of a hull-like inner shell and an outer shell made from metallic rocky slag.
The “Spaceship Moon” was then placed into orbit around the Earth. Proponents of this theory point to the increased reports and pictures of UFOs taken by NASA on their missions to the moon.
The moon has tens of thousands of craters of various sizes covering the surface; however, all of the craters have the same depth. This suggests to scientists that there may be some sort of metallic barrier underneath the surface protecting it from damage.
It has been found that asteroids and meteors not only create shallow craters on the Moon’s surface, but produce a convex floor to the crater instead of concave as expected, supporting the idea of a rigid shell.
The moon is far older than previously expected, maybe even older than the Earth or the Sun. The oldest age for the Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old, while Moon rocks were dated at 5.3 billion years.
The chemical composition of the dust upon which the rocks sit is remarkably different from the rocks themselves. This indicates that the lunar surface may have been moved from somewhere else and placed on the Moon.
Some of the Moon’s craters originated internally, yet there is no indication that the Moon was ever hot enough to produce volcanic eruptions. Hundreds of moonquakes are recorded each year that cannot be attributed to meteor strikes. Some of the quakes seem to follow a specific schedule.
The moon’s crust is much harder than originally presumed. When NASA was recorded drilling down a few inches into the Moon’s surface, it appeared that metal shavings were visible.
Earth’s moon is the only natural satellite in the Solar System that has a stationary, near-perfect circular orbit. How does one explain the coincidence that the moon is just the right distance, coupled with just the right diameter, to completely cover the sun during an eclipse?
Professional astronomers have been gradually discouraged from investigating a phenomenon that has been reported on the Moon for 1,000 years. It is short-lived light, color, or other changes in the appearance of the lunar surface, referred to as Transient Lunar Phenomena.
The moon is also known to contain a unique combination of metals. According to Ancient Code, it includes traces of metals that are not naturally occurring, such as brass. The amount of titanium that is found on the moon is also 10 times what is found on Earth. Scientists call this ratio “mind-blowing.”
The mysteries of the moon and the universe are far from being solved and the possibilities of what lies beyond our earth’s atmosphere may not be discovered in our lifetime.
The facts and theories that define the universe are malleable with every new thought, technological advancement and scientific discovery. It’s just a matter of what’s next.
Hey all, how's it going? Covid is getting a little nuts here in Taiwan, in two weeks it went from 50 local cases a day to 15,000 per day. Its Omicron stealth so its less dangerous, but still irritating. Its the first time covid ever got out of control here.
So anyways, I have been receiving messages on Twitter, IG, FB and more about UFOs. People keep telling me that UFOs don't make clouds. I'm not sure why they limit the abilities of alien tech when its so advanced it can nearly do anything? So I made these two videos. The first video is a minute and a half, showing only the UFO in Chile making a cloud to distract the Navy helicopter...an attempt to see if the aliens are underestimating the humans abilities to track them or not. The aliens quickly found out...they were visible to the helicopters. This seemed to intrigue the aliens, so the stuck around for a little over ten minutes. The second video shows the full Chile Navy released raw footage of the UFO. You can see the UFO make the trail in both infrared and in normal color, however the UFO is almost invisible except a white spot reflecting the clouds color below it. So, not only does this footage confirm UFOs can make clouds, but it also confirms infrared video can cut through the alien crafts cloaking devices allowing us to see them. It also confirms that aliens enjoy testing us...with or without us knowing it.
JAPANESE RAILROAD BUILDS GIANT GUNDAM-STYLE ROBOT TO FIX POWER LINES
JAPANESE RAILROAD BUILDS GIANT GUNDAM-STYLE ROBOT TO FIX POWER LINES
AND YOU CONTROL IT WITH A VR SETUP!
JR WEST
Based Bot
A Japanese company is taking service robotics to a whole new level with a giant, humanoid maintenance robot.
As New Atlas and other blogs reported, the West Japan Rail Company, also known as JR West, is now using a humongous Gundam-style robot to fix remote railway power lines — and to make it even cooler, the robot is piloted by an actual human wearing a VR setup.
With a giant barrel-chested torso mounted on a hydraulic crane arm that can lift it up to 32 feet in the air, this maintenance robot’s head looks a bit like Pixar character “WALL-E” and moves in tandem with the motions of its human pilot who tells it where to look and what to do.
Riding the Rails
So far, this robot developed by the JR West in tandem with the Nippon Signal railway signal technology company is just a prototype and won’t be put to work widely until 2024. Nevertheless, it’s an awesome peek into the future of service robots, which up until now have mostly freaked people out as they chase them through stores — or worse, assist with police arrests and border patrolling.
Though it was made by the rail industry, there’s little doubt that once it’s available for purchase, other markets will be interested in getting in on the action.
May the future of service robots be more Gundam and less police bot!
All kinds of videos and photos of UFOs have been published on social networks, in which their authors claim to have seen the strange objects in the sky.
A few days ago we talked about Jeremy Corbell and the leak of a video by the US Navy. And we recently talked about the incredible sighting of a triangular craft coming out of the moon.
Now, we have before us something unusual and very clear. If they were “alien ships” this means that they are not hiding from anything, since this filming was made on September 18, 2013, supposedly east of Wittenberg, Germany.
If we are looking at terrestrial ships in the shape of a triangle, such as the TR3-B, they undoubtedly contain unknown technology, and that can be noticed and seen in a fragment of the recording.
Are we facing something real? Although this comes from the year 2013, such as the persecution of an object similar to the ‘tic tak’ of Puerto Rico, the dates have nothing to do, the important thing is to know the truth.
Two ships similar to the TR-3B , at first, can be noticed in the filming, an incredible display of high technology never seen before, by the dexterity they perform.
Without a doubt, if this is real, this is probably the best UFO recording we have ever seen.
The comments on this recording range from the speed that one of the ships takes, to which they say it cannot be human, until it may be a drone.
But does a drone have this shape? That is the big question. What are we facing? Real or fake from the year 2013?
Michio Kaku: 3 mind-blowing predictions about the future
Michio Kaku: 3 mind-blowing predictions about the future
What lies in store for humanity? Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku explains how different life will be for your descendants—and maybe your future self, if the timing works out.
Carl Sagan believed humanity needed to become a multi-planet species as an insurance policy against the next huge catastrophe on Earth. Now, Elon Musk is working to see that mission through, starting with a colony of a million humans on Mars. Where will our species go next?
Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku looks decades into the future and makes three bold predictions about human space travel, the potential of “brain net”, and our coming victory over cancer.
“[I]n the future, the word ‘tumor’ will disappear from the English language,” says Kaku. “We will have years of warning that there is a colony of cancer cells growing in our body. And our descendants will wonder: How could we fear cancer so much?”
Since the first UFO sighting, many types, shapes, and features of unidentified flying craft have been recorded. From the most common, saucer-shaped to the silent hovering UFOs, there are hundreds of thousands of cases around the world. Still, there is a vague answer to this mystery. However, there are three lesser-known sightings that might prove that extraterrestrial craft visited earth at least three times in the last decades.
First sighting: Skylab III Mission – September 20, 1973 – southwestern Indian Ocean
Skylab III was the second crewed mission to the first American space station, Skylab. The mission began on July 28, 1973 and ended on September 25, 1973. It lasted 59 days. The crew consisted of three astronauts: Alan Bean, Owen Garriott, and Jack Lousma.
On September 20, 1973, the astronauts saw a bright red light, which they described as a “red satellite.” They said it was rotating because it had a variation in brightness. The object followed them for more than 10 minutes, and at around 16:46 GMT, the astronauts lost visual contact with the UFO after both Skylab and the object crossed the sunset terminator into darkness. According to Alan Bean, it was one of the most unusual things they had seen.
These blurry photos were taken by astronauts Alan Bean, Owen Garriott, and Jack Lousma aboard Skylab 3 on Sept 20, 1973. Image credit: NASA- Photo ID: SL3-118-2141
Image credit: NASA- Photo ID: SL3-118-2138
NASA- Photo ID: SL3-118-2139
What makes this sighting so mysterious is that the object’s orbit was dangerously close to Skylab’s orbit, so it should have been picked up by NORAD at some time during its orbit. There was no report that NASA or NORAD detected any object near Skylab. The astronauts never saw the object again. The photos of the UFO were removed from NASA’s archives. Below is the trajectory of both Skylab “blue” and the UFO “red.”
1. First sighting of the UFO (≈60km range), 2. UFO still following Skylab (≈30km range), 3. Both Skylab and the UFO entered the sunset terminator, visual contact was lost (≈3km range). Image credit: UFOLOGY_RESEARCH
NASA had an agreement with the US intelligence community that dated from the beginning of the Gemini program. All astronaut photographs of the Earth would first be reviewed by the National Photographic Interpretation Center in Building 213 in the Washington, DC Navy Yard. NPIC was an organization managed by the CIA that interpreted satellite and aerial photography.
On April 19, 1974, someone in the CIA sent the Director of Central Intelligence William Colby a memorandum regarding a little problem. “The issue arises from the fact that the recent Skylab mission inadvertently photographed” the airfield at Groom Lake. “There were specific instructions not to do this,” the memo stated, and Groom “was the only location which had such an instruction.” In other words, the CIA considered no other spot on Earth to be as sensitive as Groom Lake, and the astronauts had just taken a picture of it.
Second sighting: Voronezh, Russia – November 8, 1989
The second sighting of this UFO took place in the Russian city of Voronezh on November 8, 1989, during the 1989 UFO wave in the USSR. Two Russian cadets named Alexei Fomin and Alexander Petrov, from the Voronezh High Aviation Engineering School, photographed a strange object in the sky. The UFO was grey/white in color and surrounded by a pink halo. It hovered above the city for around 6 minutes, then it started decreasing in size and vanished, leaving a trail of smoke in the sky.
Experts carefully examined the image to determine if the spherical object had been edited.
Image Credit: Jason Gleaves
This is the photo of a football-shaped UFO flying over a Russian city that convinced an expert it was real.
Image Credit: Jason Gleaves
The supposed UFO appeared a few weeks later, when school children from South Park along Mendeleev Street in Voronezh claimed to have seen three aliens emerge out of a large, shining ball. Additionally, experts who analyzed the photo did not find any forgery with the images.
Third sighting: Bekasi City, Indonesia – June 29, 2020
This 50-second UFO footage was filmed by an Indonesian man named Ardian Syamsudin. The UFO sighting took place in the city of Bekasi on June 29, 2020. According to Ardian, the UFO appeared at night on several occasions.
Fortunately, he was able to record it on his phone. The UFO appears to glow in a violet/pink color and looks very similar to the 1989 sighting in Voronezh.
Here is an image comparison of the three UFO sightings. Is this all just a coincidence? Could it be that the same UFO visited Earth for at least 47 years?
Coming back to the Skylab incident, NASA had an agreement with the US intelligence community that dated from the beginning of the Gemini program. All astronaut photographs of the Earth would first be reviewed by the National Photographic Interpretation Center in Building 213 in the Washington, DC Navy Yard. NPIC was an organization managed by the CIA that interpreted satellite and aerial photography.
NASA conspirators have full assurance that the US space agency has been covering the evidence of UFOs since the first Apollo mission. Donna Hare claimed to have worked for NASA contactor Philco Ford in the early 1970s. She had a high-security clearance to walk in NASA’s photo lab and other departments.
During the Disclosure Project press conference, Hare revealed that NASA covered up and eliminated space anomalies such as UFOs from the satellite photos. Hare has got several awards in the space programs. She dedicated most of her time as a technical illustrator to space programs. She created lunar maps, landing slides and had been working for 15 years as a sub-contractor for NASA. (Click here to read more about it)
The most so-called common extraterrestrial species described by contactees and witnesses is “Grey” or “Gray.” There are various accounts recorded in the government files where Greys are widely discussed. Preston Dennett, a well-known UFO researcher has the interesting case of a woman from California who encountered a gray alien named “Sen.”
In his book, “Wondrous: 25 True UFO Encounters,” published in 2021, Dennett presented the encounters of Julia (pseudonym) and what she learned from Grey called Sen about her own encounters and the alien agenda on our planet.
At 19 years old, Julia left her family and home in Prunedale, California. Her childhood had been difficult, filled with unexplained events. She had tried to get help from her parents, but they were strict and did not understand her. So, Julia left everything behind and decided to get as far away from her home as she could.
Preston Dennett. Image via YouTube
She ended up settling on the east coast of the United States, where she began to rebuild her life. She found a job and a place to live. She started her own small business, made friends, and met the man who would one day become her husband.
Finally secure, she began to examine her childhood, trying to figure out the source of her trauma. She remembered terrifying events during which her room was filled with light and shadowy figures approached her. She came upon the subject of aliens and UFOs. She realized that it was probably what had happened. It was aliens. But the whole idea terrified her and she refused to think about it.
She decided to just drop the subject not to think about it and move on with her life, but in 2011 everything changed. She had a sudden and very strong impulse to move back to California and as she said, “I honestly can’t tell you why I felt like I was being directed to do this.”
So, she and her boyfriend moved to pacific grove California and this is when her life started to get really strange again. She started having some weird harmonic ringing sounds in her ear, and her right ear was like tinnitus. She went to the doctor, but he could not explain it. There were no insects in her ear canal as she feared, and it was not tinnitus. The doctor had no diagnosis.
UFO Sightings
Then came the UFO sightings, weird glowing orbs hovering over the house. One evening, there was a ship overhead. Julia saw it through the skylight above her bed. The next thing she knew, she was paralyzed. A short time later, she fell asleep.
In the morning, she told everything her boyfriend. She could no longer live in denial. The memories of her childhood experience were flooding back. The excruciating tones in her right ear were becoming unbearable. UFOs were hovering over their house, and she finally found the reason for her problems. It was aliens, and they had been visiting her since she was a girl. Now they were back, and she believed the source of the tones in her ear was probably an alien implant.
Her boyfriend was shocked, but he was also very supportive. He believed her but had no idea how to help her. Deeply in love, they got married.
Extraterrestrial Contact
Julia examined her childhood. She remembered seeing colorful orbs when she was a little girl. She recalled hundreds of times when her bedroom was filled with light and scary shadowy figures materialized around her. She remembered a dramatic UFO sighting of a giant flying saucer when she was ten. Julia could no longer deny that she was having contact with extraterrestrials.
David Huggins’ drawing represents the encounter with the so-called Gray alien. (This image is only for illustration purposes)
Then one evening, she woke up to hear a weird musical sound reverberating through the house. She wandered around, trying to locate the source. Then she realized, it was inside her head. Next thing she knew, Julia found herself being pulled onboard a craft. She saw that she was laying on a table in a small, round room, surrounded by short, thin, gray-skinned beings with large bald heads and big dark eyes.
They handed her a baby and asked her to hold it. It looked just like a gray alien. Julia was shocked. And looking outside the craft, she saw the darkness of space, and far below her, the planet Earth.
The next thing she knew, it was morning, and she was back in bed. Looking at her stomach, she saw three bleeding puncture wounds. Both Julia and her husband were shocked and traumatized. And they became even more shocked when they discovered that Julia was pregnant.
From this point, events escalated. Julia kept waking up to find herself unable to move. One evening, her husband woke up to see a gray alien entering their bedroom. Shortly later, Julia had a miscarriage. She was secretly relieved. The pregnancy had not felt normal, and she was certain that it had something to do with the night she was taken on board a craft.
At that point, her experiences ended. Or so she thought. They fled California and moved to the east coast. They had a baby boy and became pregnant with their second child. Then, one morning, Julia decided to reach out mentally to contact the gray alien baby she had held in her arms years ago.
Preston Dennett at MUFON conference. Date and place are unknown. Credit: Preston Dennett
To her shock, she made instant contact. In her mind, she saw a gray. He introduced himself and said his name was Sen and that he was made up of her DNA. Then began an hours-long conversation in which Julia learned all the answers about everything that had happened to her throughout her life.
She felt very strongly telepathically connected to him to the degree that she actually found herself inside this little ship with him and could see everything he was seeing. This was the beginning of an hours-long conversation between Julia and Sen.
Julia said he showed her his planet, spaceship, and technology. Further, she was told about their agenda. Sen explained to her that his race used humans to bridge themselves back into the law of attraction. A long time ago, their species was like humans, beautiful creatures that reproduced on a planet they chose a life of exploration among the stars and began to experiment on themselves to create bodies better suited for space travel.
They began the long process of eliminating the strands of DNA that existed in the law of attraction hormones and emotions the vibrations and frequencies were changed using light therapy. This changed them physically into creatures that eventually became asexual once sensed people stopped feeling the vibration and frequency of attraction. They began to stop feeling a connection to each other, reproduction became uninteresting, and they began to clone themselves and some travel in space.
Julia came to know about the weird noise in her ears. Sen told her:
“It’s not us it’s you it’s the sound of your hormonal frequencies it is your sound and we are mapping that frequency.”
Julia noted:” He explained that the implant in my ear was a recording device that emitted and mapped the vibrations made by my hormonal and emotional responses. They mapped this vibration in order to replace this frequency with their own DNA. The baby I held on the ship had pieces of me but mostly they used vibrations that they had recorded into its DNA and when they handed me the baby.”
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A New Kind of Stellar Explosion Has Been Discovered: Micronovae
A New Kind of Stellar Explosion Has Been Discovered: Micronovae
The most energetic explosions in the Universe come from stars called supernovae. These galactic bombs have the energy of about 1028 mega-tons. After they detonate, the only thing left behind is either a neutron star or black hole. Another type of stellar explosion is known as a nova which has much less energy and covers the surface of a white dwarf.
Now, a team of astronomers recently discovered a new type of stellar explosion akin to supernovae and novae but with much less energy, and they’re calling it a micronova.
An artist’s impression of a micronova explosion from the base of the accretion
There are two types of supernovae, type I and type II. The first type happens in a binary star system, where two stars are gravitationally bound by each other, one being a white dwarf. The white dwarf collects matter from its companion star and eventually explodes, leaving nothing behind. The second type occurs when a star with enough mass, estimated to be in the range of eight to fifteen solar masses, runs out of nuclear fuel and its core collapses. The rebound from the collapse causes its outer layers to expand outward, leaving behind a neutron star or black hole.
A nova also happens on a white dwarf star in a binary star system and when enough material gathers on the surface of the star, a fusion reaction happens causing an explosion that engulfs the whole surface. This blast emits as much energy as our sun releases in 10,000 years.
Novae occurring on white dwarfs in a binary star system cover the entire star’s surface. However, while the newly discovered micronovae are caused by the same thing, these explosions happen when the material accreted onto the white dwarf from its companion accumulate at its magnetic poles. Novae can last for several weeks, but micronovae last only a few hours.
Artist’s impression of a micronova Credit: ESO
While examining data collected from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), the astronomers “discovered something unusual: a bright flash of optical light lasting for a few hours. Searching further, we found several similar signals,” said Nathalie Degenaar, co-author of the paper recently published in the journal Nature (quoted from source).
They spotted three micronovae with this data. Using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) they were able to verify one of the star’s status as a white dwarf; the other two were known white dwarfs.
It is unknown how often these micronovae happen. According to Simone Scaringi of Durham University in the UK who is the lead astronomer for the team, “One of the systems shows evidence for micronovae recurring about every 100 days or so. Another target shows the bursts happening about every day on the other hand.” The regularity seems to be tied in to the amount of mass the white dwarf collects over a set amount of time. “The faster recurring system has a much higher mass accretion rate than the other system.”
Continuing on, Scaringi says “It may be that a specific system will show the (recurring) micronovae events only when the material being funneled on to the magnetic poles can remain confined for long enough to reach thermonuclear triggering conditions. In some occasions this may not happen, and material will (evenly) spread around the entire white dwarf surface, potentially building a layer of fresh hydrogen that may grow over time and drive a classical nova.”
“”These events may actually be quite common, but because they are so fast they are difficult to catch in action,” Scaringi explains” (source). In order to answer these questions the team wants to find more of these micronovae outbursts and are looking forward to using data from large-scale surveys combined with rapid response observations from telescopes like the VLT or ESO’s New Technology Telescope.
Header: This artist’s impression shows a two-star system, with a white dwarf (in the foreground) and a companion star (in the background), where micronovae may occur. Credit: Mark Garlick
Interview of Lue Elizondo – Former Director of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program
Luis Elizondo is a former U.S. Army Counterintelligence Special Agent and former employee of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. After his resignation in 2017, he joined the company To The Stars as its Director of Global Security and Special Programs. Elizondo left the company in late 2020. The company produced the History Channel docuseries Unidentified: Inside America’s UFO Investigation, in which he stars.
Forty-four years ago, a strange event occurred in the history of the TV broadcast. A live TV broadcasting was taken over by the so-called alien intelligence for full six minutes and conveyed a bizarre message for all humanity. This mysterious event remained unsolved till today.
On November 26, 1977, at around 5 p.m., a regular news programing of the Independent Broadcasting Authority on Southern Television network, Southern England was interrupted by a computer-generated voice. When Southern TV’s news anchor Andrew Gardner was delivering the top news headlines, his voice got distorted, TV picture wobbled and people heard a strange, metallic buzzing and then a deep and somber, echoing voice that seemed to had been electronically disguised bellowed out from a person claiming to be an alien from another world.
Andrew Gardener was interrupted by a voice that claimed to be an intergalactic alien. Credit: YouTube
The voice called himself Vrillion and represented a certain body known as “The Ashtar Galactic Command.” It delivered an enigmatic message, asking humans to give up warlike ways and embrace peace before it was too late.
The entire message reads:
“This is the voice of Vrillon, a representative of the Ashtar Galactic Command, speaking to you. For many years you have seen us as lights in the skies. We speak to you now in peace and wisdom as we have done to your brothers and sisters all over this, your planet Earth. We come to warn you of the destiny of your race and your world so that you may communicate to your fellow beings the course you must take to avoid the disaster which threatens your world, and the beings on our worlds around you.
This is in order that you may share in the great awakening, as the planet passes into the New Age of Aquarius. The New Age can be a time of great peace and evolution for your race, but only if your rulers are made aware of the evil forces that can overshadow their judgments.
Be still now and listen, for your chance may not come again. All your weapons of evil must be removed. The time for conflict is now past and the race of which you are a part may proceed to the higher stages of its evolution if you show yourselves worthy to do this. You have but a short time to learn to live together in peace and goodwill. Small groups all over the planet are learning this, and exist to pass on the light of the dawning New Age to you all.
You are free to accept or reject their teachings, but only those who learn to live in peace will pass to the higher realms of spiritual evolution. Hear now the voice of Vrillon, a representative of the Ashtar Galactic Command, speaking to you. Be aware also that there are many false prophets and guides operating in your world. They will suck your energy from you – the energy you call money and will put it to evil ends and give you worthless dross in return.
Your inner divine self will protect you from this. You must learn to be sensitive to the voice within that can tell you what is truth, and what is confusion, chaos and untruth. Learn to listen to the voice of truth which is within you and you will lead yourselves onto the path of evolution. This is our message to our dear friends. We have watched you growing for many years as you too have watched our lights in your skies.
You know now that we are here, and that there are more beings on and around your Earth than your scientists admit. We are deeply concerned about you and your path towards the light and will do all we can to help you. Have no fear, seek only to know yourselves, and live in harmony with the ways of your planet Earth.
We of the Ashtar Galactic Command thank you for your attention. We are now leaving the plane of your existence. May you be blessed by the supreme love and truth of the cosmos.”
During the whole transmission, the video feed was touched with just a slight distortion. The message ended during the programming of the Looney Tunes cartoon. Andrew Gardner remained silent on the incident and acted as if nothing happened. However, the strange transmission was heard by thousands of people in the south of England who must have thought it was a joke.
The TV station apologized to its viewers for the inconvenience and publicly dismissed the whole matter as a hoax. Soon, all British media outlets published the news about this incident, and then it grabbed the attention of international media. The ITV company, whose broadcast was interrupted by this message, long and carefully searched for the culprit of the incident, a possible prankster or ingenious technician who managed to hack their equipment. Unfortunately, they failed to trace the culprit. They only managed to find out that the signal was sent to the Hannington transmitter antenna located on Connington Hill and broadcasting to Berkshire and North Hampshire. And the signal source was quite small, located somewhere near the antenna.
This incident has been studied many times by various researchers of anomalous phenomena and ufologists. Particularly famous is the work of John Reppion, a collector of British bizarre tales and folklore.
Reppion claimed that the person behind the mysterious message had thoroughly prepared for his case and specially chose the time of the late afternoon news for the broadcast so that the maximum number of people could hear it. Reppion went on to examine several subsequent cases in which pranksters tried to interfere with American TV broadcasts, and found that they were fundamentally different from the “message of Ashtar.”
All American pranksters sent deliberately humorous messages on TV, while Vrillon’s voice was broadcast in all seriousness and never said anything that would indicate something funny. And even the way Vrillon’s voice sounded betrayed something completely different. It was not exactly a human voice, but something strange, electronic, extraterrestrial. Some supposedly real recordings of this broadcast can be found on the net, but these may only be late reconstruction attempts.
Many ufologists nowadays believe that Ashtar’s message was a real attempt by aliens to establish contact with earthlings and try to convince them not to start World War III. It is believed that in the late 1970s, the Cold War between the West and the USSR became especially tense, and many people believed that a nuclear war was about to begin.
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Philip Mantle talks with Paul Sinclair
Philip Mantle talks with Paul Sinclair
Philip Mantle talks with Paul Sinclair
Internationally published author, lecturer and broadcaster on the subject of UFOs. Formerly Director of Investigations, Press Officer and Conference Organiser for the British UFO Research Association.
Launched FLYING DISK PRESS in 2016. Former editor of the magazines UFO MATRIX and UFO TODAY.
Philip will be discussing his new book UFO LANDINGS UK
Locked in Vatican’s Vaults - the REAL History of E.T Visitations to Planet Earth
Locked in Vatican’s Vaults - the REAL History of E.T Visitations to Planet Earth
Watch Over 400 Thought Provoking Interviews https://www.gaia.com/open_your_mind hosted by Regina Meredith, featuring cutting-edge visionaries and tireless researchers who provide crucial information to awaken viewers to new perspectives that spark awareness, understanding and ultimately, transformation - Rumor has long held that deep within the vaults of the Vatican library lie the answers we seek concerning extraterrestrial visitation upon our world.
Through legal maneuvering, one man has chanced an encounter with these enigmatic documents, Daniel Sheehan. In this interview with Regina Meredith, he discusses the many trials and tribulations he endured as navigated the complex legal system which seems bent upon keeping this important information forever concealed. Daniel Sheehan is a Harvard College, Harvard Law School and Harvard Divinity School-trained Constitutional Litigation and Appellate Attorney.
Dan's work as a Federal Civil Rights Attorney, Author, Public Speaker and College and Law School Educator has helped expose the structural sources of injustice in our country and around the world. In 1977, he served as a "Special Counsel" to the United States Library of Congress' investigation into the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence that had been expressly requested by then President Jimmy Carter. In 2001, Dan was invited to serve as General Counsel to The Disclosure Project.
Crewed Mars missions have been the talk of the town for the past few years. But first, lessons learned from the upcoming Artemis program will be imperative to prepare for future trips to Mars. And one of them will involve figuring out the power systems, including ones that haven't been tested on the moon's surface, such as nuclear energy, that would support future settlements.
Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, published a paper in the journal Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences that argues a human expedition to Mars can be fueled by photovoltaics-based power systems, instead of nuclear energy.
Comparing various options
The concept isn't entirely new. In fact, the primary source of power for some NASA Mars rovers comes from a multi-panel solar array. These rover solar arrays generate about 140 watts of power for up to four hours per sol, a Martian day.
However, in the current study, researchers weighed the options - they compared different ways to generate power. The calculations observed the amount of equipment mass needed to be transported from Earth to the Martian surface for a six-person mission. Specifically, they quantified the requirements of a nuclear-powered system against different photovoltaic and even photoelectrochemical devices.
Photovoltaics-based power systems practical to sustain a crewed mission
The productivity of solar-powered solutions depends on solar intensity, surface temperature, and other factors that would determine where a non-nuclear outpost would be optimally located. This took into account several factors, such as the absorption and scattering of light in the atmosphere, which would affect the amount of solar radiation at the planet’s surface.
A photovoltaic array that uses compressed hydrogen for energy storage eventually emerged as the winner. The “carry-along mass” of such a system is about 8.3 tons versus about 9.5 tons for nuclear power at the equator. Usage of the solar-based system becomes less sustainable closer to the equator at more than 22 tons, but it outperforms fission energy across about 50 percent of the Martian surface.
“I think it’s nice that the result was split pretty close down the middle,” co-lead author Aaron Berliner, a bioengineering graduate student in the Arkin Laboratory at UC Berkeley, said. “Nearer the equator, solar wins out; nearer the poles, nuclear wins.”
Hydrogen can also be combined with nitrogen to produce ammonia for fertilizers. Though technologies like water electrolysis to produce hydrogen and hydrogen fuel are less common on Earth, they can be a game-changer for the human occupation of Mars.
“Compressed hydrogen energy storage falls into this category as well,” co-lead author Anthony Abel, a chemical and biomolecular engineering Ph.D. student at UC Berkeley, said. “For grid-scale energy storage, it’s not used commonly, although that is projected to change in the next decade.”
“Now that we have an idea of how much power is available, we can start connecting that availability to the biotechnologies in CUBES,” Berliner said. “The hope is ultimately to build out a full model of the system, with all of the components included, which we envision as helping to plan a mission to Mars, evaluate tradeoffs, identify risks, and come up with mitigation strategies either beforehand or during the mission.”
The mayor of the Turkish city wherein Gobekli Tepe is located recently offered a fantastic theory for the ancient archaeological site's origins: aliens. The eyebrow-raising assessmentreportedly occurred earlier this week as Zeynel Abidin Beyazgül, who presides over the community of Urfa, was speaking to Turkish media outlet Milliyet. In discussing the 12,000-year-old complex, the mayor mused that "every person who sees Gobekli Tepe, scientist or normal person, states that there is a mystery and secrets here. But they can't find it." Beyazgül then boldly declared that "I will tell you about these mysteries and secrets," which he apparently believes center around an extraterrestrial hypothesis.
To that end, the mayor surprisingly argued that "the statues in Gobekli Tepe depict something other than humans. They seem to be coming from somewhere else. They remind me of aliens." Lest one think that Beyazgül was merely waxing poetic, he pointed out a number of elements about the site which informed that thinking. Specifically, the mayor noted that the aforementioned sculptures show people who are wearing attire that appears to be out of place for the era in which the complex was built. "People of the time wore pelts, but here, we see V-shaped motives," he noted, wondering "if the first humans wore pelts, who are these people?"
Additionally, Beyazgül pointed out the peculiar depiction of handbags in some of the artwork at Gobekli Tepe and observed that "those purses are akin to the modern purses of today. If we think that those purses were made by the men of the time, we would be wrong. The probability of another living creature making that purse is more likely." Beyond the artwork at the site, the mayor also expressed skepticism that the massive stones used to construct the complex could have been moved by humans and, instead, asked "did beings from outer space come and do this?"
While the theory that extraterrestrials may have had a hand in Gobekli Tepe is not a particularly new idea to ancient alien enthusiasts, the fact that Beyazgül seemingly endorsed the concept is rather remarkable. That said, unless some Earth-shattering artifact is unearthed at the site someday, the possibility that extraterrestrials had a hand in building the complex is likely to remain a matter of conjecture, despite the mayor's tantalizing assertions. With that in mind, what's your take on the Beyazgül's musings? Do you think aliens built Gobekli Tepe or was it the work of human hands? Share your theory with us at the Coast to Coast AM Facebook page.
The 2022 crop circle season is officially underway in the UK as the first formation of the year has been found by researchers. The design was reportedly discovered over the weekend in a field of rapeseed located on a property known as Enmill Barn near the community of Winchester. The fairly rudimentary formation consists of four spheres orbiting a larger circle which sits in the center of the composition. As is so often the case with the puzzling phenomenon, a diligent drone operator has already procured footage (seen above) of the wondrous sight which the website Crop Circle Connector has officially deemed the first formation of 2022.
Of course, who or what created the crop circle is a matter of conjecture as some observers have argued that the formation appears to sport certain imperfections that suggest it was produced by people. However, others have opted to focus on the design itself and posit thRELATD VIDEOSat it is some kind of mystical message symbolizing the iconic four elements and that it was left behind by visitors who are not from this world. Setting aside the debate over the origins of this particular composition, one thing is for certain: the design discovered over the weekend is merely just the first in what will undoubtedly be a series of fantastic formations that will pop up over the next few months as the 2022 crop circle season unfolds.
For decades, everything notable in space was connected to the U.S.
But that might not be so for long. Not necessarily.
After the space shuttle program was retired in 2011, Russia and the U.S. collaborated on many missions to the International Space Station — for much of the twenty-teens. While the rise of SpaceX provided an alternative mode of transport of goods, supplies, and astronauts to space for NASA, the European Space Agency, and other agencies, Russia and the U.S. (and its allies) continued to work in meaningful collaborations.
Until this year.
Now, with immense pressure on the West to follow through on embargoes, shifting geopolitical lines on Earth are beginning to reflect policies in the final frontier.
Whether necessary or tragic, here's where Russia and its space program stand as its partnerships with the West continue to change.
Russia breaks up with NASA, the ESA, and more
Any attempt to draw geopolitical lines of change in times of radical transition is inherently tenuous, since history itself is always subject to future reinterpretation. But for most science enthusiasts, relations between NASA and Roscosmos — the Russian space agency — took a turn for the worse when Russia executed an anti-satellite missile test in November of 2021. This sent thousands of chunks of supersonic space debris into trajectories that threatened the livelihood of seven astronauts aboard the ISS, who were forced to take shelter and adjust the station's orbit.
In days and weeks following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the chief of Roscosmos Dmitry Rogozin appeared to threaten to disconnect the Russian thruster module from the station — removing the ISS' primary means of periodically accelerating itself to keep from re-entering the atmosphere and burning up. There were also concerns that when the last Russian cosmonauts returned, they might leave behind an American astronaut (who was slated to return with them on a Soyuz module). This would have been highly unorthodox, and left lasting impressions on the legacy of partnerships in space.
Luckily, neither of these happened, but a souring of relations has since come to feel inevitable: Early this month, Russia announced it would suspend cooperation on the ISS. This news also came from a tweet from Roscosmos Director Rogozin, who declared that Russia would end its ties with the ISS and additional space projects until the ongoing sanctions against his country were rescinded.
Russia's space program has eliminated its support of US military interests
Arguing that the intention of the sanctions was to "kill [the] Russian economy and plunge [its] people into despair and hunger, to get [Russia] on its knees," Rogozin declared that "the restoration of normal relations between the partners at the International Space Station and other projects is possible only with full and unconditional removal of illegal sanctions."
This included more than just Russia's partnerships with NASA. It also applied to Roscosmos' partnerships with the Canadian Space Agency, and the European Space Agency (ESA). The ESA had already suspended its cooperation with Roscosmos in March — specifically, regarding the ExoMars rover mission. The U.K. satellite firm OneWeb subsequently pivoted to SpaceX's services after Russia refused to launch the former's orbital satellites.
To be clear — OneWeb's ride on Russia's rockets wasn't canceled merely out of principle or because of embargoes from the West. Russia demanded that OneWeb guarantee that its 36 satellites not be used for military purposes. The firm refused, which left Russia with only one choice — according to its rational self-interest. After all, the U.S. would not launch satellites that would be used against its strategic self-interest.
Like on Earth, the future of space is bipolar, not monopolar
Most recently, the ESA declared it wouldn't join Russia during its missions to the moon — called Luna — with ongoing sanctions and an atmosphere of conflict. From every angle, it seems like Russia is cutting ties with the West when it comes to space ventures. But while this may make it look like the country is losing out, readers should take note: it still has ongoing deals with China — two countries whose relationship has never been warmer.
Last March, China and Russia announced they would build a lunar space station, after the latter declined to join NASA's Gateway program — a rival space station slated to orbit the moon after construction is complete, sometime later this decade or the early 2030s. Meanwhile, Russia and China's forthcoming International Scientific Lunar Station is slated to become "a complex of experimental research facilities created on the surface and/or in orbit of the moon," read a Roscosmos statement reported by The Verge.
As far as we can tell, these plans are still in motion. And, with China's space program accelerating — for example with ongoing crewed missions to its Tiangong space station — the new partnership between Russia and China could serve as a viable alternative to the NASA alliance and Artemis missions. The new Sino-Russian partnership will definitely take longer than Western space programs, since the latter is moving forward on the shoulders of financial giant Elon Musk and his aerospace firm, SpaceX (among others, like Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin). But for better or worse, the future of space, just like Earth, will no longer be wholly under the jurisdiction of the United States, or unipolar — but bipolar, or centered around two edifices of power. In the coming decades, space exploration will continue to thrive not only under NASA and its public-private partnerships, but also under China and Russia, whether U.S. officials like it or not. It would be misguided to presume otherwise.
Seagulls could be alien spies sent to watch us, UFO expert claims
Could seagulls be alien drones?
( Image: Triangle News)
Seagulls could be alien spies sent to watch us, UFO expert claims
Nick Pope is a UFO expert and once worked as a Government advisor on alien issues, and now he has spoken out to say that seagulls might actually be extraterrestrial spies
A UFO expert believes that seagulls could be alien spies sent to earth to spy on humanity, and honestly, it makes a lot of sense.
Nick Pope, who worked as a Government advisor and investigated UFOs for the MoD, urged people to be distrustful of the greedy gulls.
He said that besides stealing chips and ice creams, they could pose a more serious threat by collecting evidence for an advanced alien race.
Nick said that aliens could be using the birds to surveil us and send secrets back to their mothership.
Nick Pope is a real-life UFO expert
( Image: Triangle News)
What do you think about the seagull threat? Let us know in the comments...
"But all the time, it would be spying on us, recording everything, and sending information about us back to the alien homeworld.
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"So next time you move to swat that fly, watch out - your actions might inadvertently start an interstellar war!"
The expert added that if aliens were monitoring Earth they'd be doing it "up-close-and-personal" and seagulls would be a way for them to get "crystal clear images and recordings, right under our noses."
Nick continued: "Any civilization capable of getting here from other star systems undoubtedly has technology that would seem like magic to us, and one possibility is that they might be able to implant a living creature with tiny cameras and recording devices, and then control its thoughts to position it anywhere of interest.
The pesky chip thieves could actually be alien tools for collecting evidence on us
(Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
"A related alternative would be to construct drones that are indistinguishable from an animal, a bird or an insect. If that sounds like science fiction, it isn't.
"People have probably seen on the internet some images of insect-like drones that spy agencies allegedly use.
The expert said aliens would want to spy on humanity 'up-close-and-personal'
(Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
"As ever, if that's the stuff they're showing you, what else have they got that they aren't showing you?
"By way of comparison, aircraft like the stealth fighter and the stealth bomber were flying for years before they were public knowledge."
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TicTac Craft Over Sydney, Australia 4-28-2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
TicTac Craft Over Sydney, Australia 4-28-2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 28, 2022 Location of sighting: Sydney, Australia
This tictac shaped UFO was spotted over Sydney yesterday. The object was seen shooting across the sky and had the shape of a giant pink tictac. The object left a huge trial, which was to deceive the public watching to make it appear as if it were just a jet. However the there are no wings, no tail, no windows, no markings or even lights on this craft. This is truly and unidentified flying object. Ausralia is a hotbed for UFO activity, and the outback desert is no exception to this rule. There are even more sightings in the outback...and the local aborigines have stories that go back thousands of years about a god-like species that travels across the sky. Ancient aborigines drawings on the desert rocks and caves justify the stories.
Weird or What looks at alien encounters. It first looks at cattle mutilations and considers possible explanations including aliens, flies, and the government. It then examines whether alien abductions are real or caused by sleep paralysis or abnormal neural activity. Finally, it looks at the Wow Message captured by a SETI scientist and considers whether it represents a genuine alien message.
'Otherworldly' images that capture what looks like a flying saucer crashed on Mars have been revealed byNASA.
But although the scene may appear sci-fi like — as one engineer described it — the wreckage shown actually belongs to humans, not an alien civilisation.
The colour pictures were taken by the US space agency's Ingenuity helicopter and capture the landing equipment used during its arrival with the Perseverance rover in February last year.
A parachute and the cone-shaped backshell that protected the car-sized vehicle in space, as well as during its fiery descent toward the Martian surface, can be seen in incredible detail.
Fascinating: 'Otherworldly' images that capture what looks like a flying saucer crashed on Mars have been revealed by NASA
But although the scene may appear sci-fi like — as one engineer described it — the wreckage shown actually belongs to humans, not an alien civilisation. The colour pictures were taken by the US space agency's Ingenuity helicopter and capture the landing equipment used during its arrival with the Perseverance rover in February last year
INGENUITY FLIGHTS SO FAR
Flight one: April 19, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 9.8ft, stationary hover and a landing
Flight two: April 22, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 16ft, hover, then shift westward for 14ft before returning and landing
Flight three: April 25, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 16ft, hover, shift northwards for 328ft at an airspeed of 2 m/s before returning to land
Flight four: April 30, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 16ft, hover, shift southwards 873ft at 3.5m/s before returning to land
Flight five: May 7, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 33ft, hover, shift southwards 423ft at 3.5 m/s before landing at that new location
Flight six: May 22, 2021 with a vertical takeoff of 33ft, hover, shift southwest 492ft at 9mph, travel 49ft south, travel 164ft before returning to land
Flight seven: June 8, 2021 with a vertical takeoff of 33ft, hover, shift 348ft at 9mph, land at Airfield D
Flight eight: June 21, 2021 with a vertical takeoff, hover, shift southwest 520ft, land at Airfield E 438ft away from Perseverance
Flight nine: July 5, 2021 with a record length of 2,050ft southwest over a prospective research location at 16ft per second.
Flight ten: July 24, 2021 with a record height of 40 feet (12 metres) over Raised Ridges to Airfield G. Flight duration 165.4 seconds.
Flight eleven: August 5, 2021 by flying 1,250ft for 130 seconds in preparation for a series of reconnaissance missions for the Perseverance rover.
Flight twelve: August 16, 2021 by flying 1,476ft for 169 seconds, climbing 32.8ft in the air, over the 'South Seitah' region of Mars.
Flight thirteen: September 5, 2021 by flying 690ft for 160.5 seconds, climbing 26ft over one particular ridgeline over the 'South Seitah' region of Mars.
Flight fourteen: October 25, 2021 by flying a 'short hop' of 6.5ft (2m) to test out higher rpm settings. It flew for 23 seconds at 1mph at an altitude of 16ft (5m).
Flight fifteen: November 6, 2021 by flying back towards its original landing site. It flew for a total of 128 seconds at an estimated 11mph.
Flight sixteen: November 20, 2021 by travelling 381ft (116m) for a total of 108 seconds at an estimated 3mph.
Flight seventeen: December 5, 2021 by flying back toward the Wright Brothers Field at the Octavia E. Butler landing site. It flew 614ft (187m) for a total of 117 seconds at an estimated 6mph.
Flight eighteen: December 15, 2021 by travelling 755ft (230m) for a total of 124.3 seconds at an estimated 5mph.
Flight nineteen: February 7, 2022 by travelling 207ft (63m) for a total of 99.8 seconds at an estimated 2mph.
Flight twenty: February 25, 2022 by travelling 1,283ft (391m) for a total of 130.3 seconds at an estimated 10mph.
Flight twenty one: March 11, 2022 by travelling 1,214ft (370m) for a total of 129.2 seconds at an estimated 8mph.
Flight twenty two: March 19, 2022 by travelling 223ft (68m) for a total of 101.4 seconds at an estimated 2.2mph.
Flight twenty three: March 23, 2022 by travelling 1,175ft (358m) for a total of 129.1 seconds at an estimated 8.9mph.
Flight twenty four: April 3, 2022 by travelling 154ft (47m) for a total of 69.5 seconds at an estimated 3.2mph.
Flight twenty five: April 8, 2022 by travelling 2,310ft (704m) for a total of 161.3 seconds at an estimated 12.3mph.
Flight twenty six: April 19, 2022 by travelling 1,181ft (360m) for a total of 159 seconds at an estimated 8.5mph.
Flight twenty seven: April 23, 2022 by travelling 1,007ft (307m) for a total of 152.9 seconds at an estimated 6.7mph
Ingenuity snapped the aerial images during its 26th flight on the Red Planet, which took place on the one-year anniversary of its iconic first flight. The 'marscopter' was originally designed to do just five flights.
'There's definitely a sci-fi element to it,' Ian Clark, an engineer who worked on Perseverance’s parachute system, said of the photographs, speaking to the NY Times.
'It exudes otherworldly, doesn't it?'
He added: 'They say a picture's worth 1,000 words, but it's also worth an infinite amount of engineering understanding.'
Entry, descent, and landing on Mars is fast-paced and stressful, not only for the engineers back on Earth, but also for the vehicle enduring the gravitational forces, high temperatures, and other extremes that come with entering Mars' atmosphere at nearly 12,500 mph (20,000 kph).
The parachute and backshell were previously imaged from a distance by the Perseverance rover.
But those collected by the rotorcraft — from an aerial perspective and closer — provide more detail.
NASA said the images have the potential to help ensure safer landings for future spacecraft such as the Mars Sample Return Lander, which is part of a multimission campaign that would bring Perseverance's samples of Martian rocks, atmosphere, and sediment back to Earth for detailed analysis.
'Perseverance had the best-documented Mars landing in history, with cameras showing everything from parachute inflation to touchdown,' Clark said.
'But Ingenuity's images offer a different vantage point.
'If they either reinforce that our systems worked as we think they worked or provide even one dataset of engineering information we can use for Mars Sample Return planning, it will be amazing.
'And if not, the pictures are still phenomenal and inspiring.'
In the images of the upright backshell and the debris field that resulted from it impacting the surface at about 78 mph (126 kph), the backshell's protective coating appears to have remained intact during Mars atmospheric entry.
Many of the 80 high-strength suspension lines connecting the backshell to the parachute are visible and also appear intact.
Spread out and covered in dust, only about a third of the orange-and-white parachute – at 70.5 feet (21.5 meters) wide, it was the biggest ever deployed on Mars – can be seen, but the canopy shows no signs of damage from the supersonic airflow during inflation.
Several weeks of analysis will be needed for a more final verdict.
'NASA extended Ingenuity flight operations to perform pioneering flights such as this,' said Teddy Tzanetos, Ingenuity's team lead at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.
'Every time we're airborne, Ingenuity covers new ground and offers a perspective no previous planetary mission could achieve.'
The Ingenuity rotorcraft, which is just 18 inches tall, was originally designed to fly five times on Mars but has now carried out 27 trips across the Red Planet.
It made history in April 2021 when it completed the first powered controlled flight on any planet other than Earth.
The helicopter is currently acting as a scout for the Perseverance rover, which is searching for ancient microbial life on the Red Planet, and will continue testing its own capabilities to support the design of future Mars air vehicles.
Ingenuity's 159-second flight 26 began at 11:37am local Mars time on April 19.
Flying at 26 feet (8 metres) above ground level, Ingenuity travelled 630 feet (192 metres) to the southeast and took its first picture.
The rotorcraft next headed southwest and then northwest, taking images at pre-planned locations along the route.
Once it had collected 10 images in its flash memory, Ingenuity headed west 246 feet (75 metres) and landed.
The total distance covered was 1,181 feet (360 metres). With the completion of Flight 26, the rotorcraft has now logged more than 49 minutes aloft and travelled 3.9 miles (6.2 kilometres).
'To get the shots we needed, Ingenuity did a lot of maneuvering, but we were confident because there was complicated maneuvering on flights 10, 12, and 13,' said Håvard Grip, chief pilot of Ingenuity at JPL.
'Our landing spot set us up nicely to image an area of interest for the Perseverance science team on Flight 27, near 'Séítah' ridge.'
The new area of operations in Jezero Crater's dry river delta marks a dramatic departure from the modest, relatively flat terrain Ingenuity had been flying over since its first flight.
Several miles wide, the fan-shaped delta formed where an ancient river spilled into the lake that once filled Jezero Crater.
Rising more than 130 feet (40 meters) above the crater floor and filled with jagged cliffs, angled surfaces, projecting boulders, and sand-filled pockets, the delta promises to hold numerous geologic revelations — perhaps even proof that microscopic life existed on Mars billions of years ago.
Upon reaching the delta, Ingenuity's first orders may be to help determine which of two dry river channels Perseverance should climb to reach the top of the delta.
Along with route-planning assistance, data provided by the helicopter will help the Perseverance team assess potential science targets.
Ingenuity may even be called upon to image geologic features too far afield for the rover to reach or to scout landing zones and sites on the surface where sample caches could be deposited for the Mars Sample Return program.
A parachute and the cone-shaped backshell that protected the car-sized vehicle in space, as well as during its fiery descent toward the Martian surface, can be seen in incredible detail
Ingenuity arrived on Mars attached to the belly of Perseverance, which touched down on Mars on February 18, 2021 after a nearly seven-month journey through space (pictured in an artist's impression)
Ingenuity (pictured) snapped the aerial images during its 26th flight on the Red Planet. That is 21 more than it was originally designed to do and took place on the one-year anniversary of its iconic first flight
Ingenuity arrived on Mars attached to the belly of Perseverance, which touched down on Mars on February 18, 2021 after a nearly seven-month journey through space.
Perseverance made its first test drive on Mars on March 4, and on April 4, NASA confirmed that Ingenuity had been dropped to the surface of Mars from Perseverance's 'belly' in preparation for its historic flight.
NASA also said on April 5 that Ingenuity had survived its first night on the Martian surface — a major milestone because surface temperatures can plunge as low as -130°F (-90°C).
The helicopter made its first flight on April 19, 2021, making history as the first powered controlled flight on any planet other than Earth.
In a nod to this feat, Ingenuity carries a small amount of fabric that covered one of the wings of the Wright brothers' aircraft, known as the Flyer, during the first powered, controlled flight on Earth in 1903.
For the first flight, Ingenuity took off, climbed to about 10 feet (3 metres) above the ground, hovered in the air briefly, completed a turn and then landed after 39.1 seconds.
NASA MARS 2020: PERSEVERANCE ROVER AND INGENUITY HELICOPTER ARE SEARCHING FOR LIFE ON THE RED PLANET
NASA's Mars 2020 mission was launched to search for signs of ancient life on the Red Planet in a bid to help scientists better understand how life evolved on Earth in the earliest years of the evolution of the solar system.
Named Perseverance, the main car-sized rover is exploring an ancient river delta within the Jezero Crater, which was once filled with a 1,600ft deep lake.
It is believed that the region hosted microbial life some 3.5 to 3.9 billion years ago and the rover will examine soil samples to hunt for evidence of the life.
Nasa's Mars 2020 rover (artist's impression) is searching for signs of ancient life on Mars in a bid to help scientists better understand how life evolved on our own planet
The $2.5 billion (£1.95 billion) Mars 2020 spaceship launched on July 30 with the rover and helicopter inside - and landed successfully on February 18, 2021.
Perseverance landed inside the crater and will slowly collect samples that will eventually be returned to Earth for further analysis.
A second mission will fly to the planet and return the samples, perhaps by the later 2020s in partnership with the European Space Agency.
This concept art shows the Mars 2020 rover landing on the red planet via NASA's 'sky-crane' system
Nieuwe luchtbeelden tonen brokstukken van landingsstel Marsverkenner Perseverance
Het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartagentschap (NASA) heeft nieuwe foto’s vanop de planeet Mars verspreid. Op de beelden is de parachute en de beschermingsschaal te zien waarmee de marsrobot Perseverance is geland.
De tien luchtfoto’s werden gemaakt tijdens de 26e vlucht van de Marshelikopter Ingenuity op 19 april. “Elke keer dat we de lucht in gaan, vliegt de Ingenuity over nieuw terrein en krijgen we een perspectief dat geen enkele eerdere planetaire missie kon bereiken”, vertelt Teddy Tzanetos die het onderzoeksteam Ingenuity leidt. Op de beelden zijn de brokstukken van zowel de parachute die de Marsrobot hielp landen als de kegelvormige beschermingsschaal van de Perseverance te zien. Deze brokstukken waren eerder enkel vanop een afstand in beeld gebracht door de Marsrobot zelf.
Op de luchtfoto’s gemaakt door de Marshelikopter kunnen de wetenschappers veel meer details onderscheiden. Op die manier kunnen de beelden helpen om toekomstige ruimtevaartuigen veiliger te laten landen. Deze kennis kan onder meer toegepast worden in de ‘Mars Sample Return Lander’, die de stalen van Marsgesteente en sediment verzameld door Perseverance terug naar de aarde moet brengen voor gedetailleerde analyse. Het naderen, afdalen en landen op Mars is namelijk snel en stresserend, niet alleen voor de ingenieurs op aarde, maar ook voor het ruimtevaartuig dat de zwaartekracht, de hoge temperaturen en andere extremen moet doorstaan.
Op de foto’s is te zien dat de beschermende coating van de beschermingsschaal intact lijkt gebleven. Ook de ophangingslijnen die de beschermingsschaal met de parachute verbinden, lijken grotendeels intact. De parachute zelf, bedekt met een oranje stoflaag, is slechts gedeeltelijk te zien op de foto’s. Op het eerste zicht lijkt ook die geen tekenen van schade te vertonen, aldus NASA. De beelden zullen de komende weken verder geanalyseerd worden.
“Best gedocumenteerde Marslanding ooit”
“Perseverance had de best gedocumenteerde Marslanding in de geschiedenis, met camera’s die alles lieten zien, van het opblazen van de parachute tot de landing,” zegt Ian Clark voormalig systeemingenieur van Perseverance en nu leider van het Mars Sample Return opstijgingsteam daarover. Toch bieden de beelden van de Ingenuity nog een bijkomend perspectief, klinkt het. “Ofwel zullen ze bevestigen dat onze systemen werkten zoals we denken dat ze werkten, ofwel kunnen ze technische informatie opleveren die we kunnen gebruiken voor de planning van Mars Sample Return.”
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In Some Places, Black Holes are Tearing Apart Thousands of Stars at a Time
In Some Places, Black Holes are Tearing Apart Thousands of Stars at a Time
At the heart of the more massive galaxies in the Universe, there are supermassive black holes (SMBHs) so powerful that they outshine all of the stars in their galactic disks. The core regions of these galaxies are known as Active Galactic Nuclei(AGN), or by their more popular-moniker “quasars.” The ongoing study of these objects has provided a testbed for General Relativityand revealed a great deal about the formation and evolution of galaxies and the large-scale structure of the Universe.
If there’s one thing astronomers have observed repeatedly, it is the fact that these massive black holes have massive appetites. In fact, a new survey of over 100 galaxies by the NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory has shown that some supermassive black holes can consume stars by the thousands! These results indicate that some SMBHs needed to consume amounts of stellar matter rarely (if ever) seen in the Universe to grow and reach the sizes that astronomers see today.
Artist’s representation of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) at the center of a galaxy.
The four galaxies, NGC 1385, 1566, 3344, and 6503, observed as part of the Chandra survey. Credit: NASA/CXC/Washington State Univ./V. Baldassare et al. (X-ray); NASA/ESA/STScI (Optical).
Previously, black hole studies have fallen into one of two classes. These include those that deal with smaller “stellar-mass” black holes, which typically weigh 5 to 30 Solar masses, and supermassive black holes, which can weigh millions or even billions of solar masses. In recent years, astronomers have also found evidence that an in-between class exists, known as “intermediate-mass” black holes (IMBHs).
While there have been many instances where black holes were observed consuming stars, there was little evidence it occurred on the kind of scale observed by the Baldassare and her colleagues. This latest study, which relied on Chandra data of dense star clusters in the centers of 108 galaxies, could explain how IMBHs are the result of the runaway growth of a much smaller black hole.
“When stars are so close together like they are in these extremely dense clusters, it provides a viable breeding ground for intermediate-mass black holes,” said Baldassare in a Chandra press release. “And it seems that the denser the star cluster, the more likely it is to contain a growing black hole.”
For decades, scientists have proposed various theories on how SMBHs formed shortly after the Big Bang (about 13.8 billion years ago). These included the idea that they formed from the collapse of a gigantic cloud of gas and dust near the center of a galaxy or that they resulted from oversized stars collapsing directly into a medium-sized back hole that consumed stars and other matter grew over time.
However, both of these theories require conditions that are believed to have existed during the first few hundred million years after the Big Bang. In contrast, Baldassare and her team theorized that the key to the formation of black holes is the density of the star clusters near the center of a galaxy. They further theorized that this density is dependent on how fast the stars in the clusters are moving.
If the density is above a certain threshold, they argue, a stellar-mass black hole at the center of a cluster will rapidly grow as it consumes the stars nearby. After observing the Chandra data, the team found that the star clusters at the center of NGC 1385, 1566, 3344, and 6503 had densities above this threshold and were about twice as likely to contain a growing black hole. As co-author Nicholas C. Stone of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem summarized:
“This is one of the most spectacular examples we’ve seen of the insatiable nature of black holes, because thousands or tens of thousands of stars can be consumed during their growth. The runaway growth only begins slowing down once the supply of stars starts to run dry.”
What’s more, the process suggested by the team’s study can occur at any time in the history of the Universe, implying that IMBHs can form right up until the present day. These results might also explain certain types of gravitational wave (GW) signals detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). In some cases, signals have been detected that appeared to be caused by black holes about 50 to 100 times as massive as the Sun, which most models of stellar collapse do not predict.
Of course, further studies of the centers of active galaxies are needed before any conclusions can be drawn. In the meantime, the team looks forward to additional observations that will test their theory. “Our work doesn’t prove that runaway black hole growth occurs in star clusters,” said co-author Adi Foord from Stanford University. “But with additional X-ray observations and extra theoretical modeling, we could make an even stronger case.”
UFO sighting at Seattle, Washington April 26, 2022. Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO sighting at Seattle, Washington April 26, 2022. Video,UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 26, 2022
Location of sighting: Seattle, Washington, USA
Here is some raw footage of a glowing object on a cloudy day over Seattle. The person said he was not far from the famous buildings...the Space Needle. The object is seen in the video movie up, sideways, back down and around the area. UFOs are often seen in Washington state, due to the fact they are so close to the ocean. Since the ocean covers 75% of the earths surface, it stands to figure that aliens would consider creating an underwater base before they would ever consider making an underground base. Why? Less human out on the ocean floor, than anywhere else on Earth. Thus, aliens get their privacy.
Check this out! A disk shaped cloud was seen over England this week. As you know, aliens often create clouds around the UFO in order to fly lower and closer to human civilization below. This disk has a huge circular hump on its upper center. From the photo I estimate the cloud to be half a km long, which means the UFO within it is about half that...one quarter km long. But the UFO extends its shields around it and creates this cloud, which is contained and keeps the shape of the UFO since the shields extend outward evenly from the UFO. Recent UFO videos released by the US gov show and confirm that UFOs do create clouds!
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
News states:
Sherrie, a keen photographer, said she "couldn't take [her] eyes off it" and managed to pull out her phone to get a quick snap. The cloud, which bears a striking resemblance to a flying saucer used by aliens, could be a type of lenticular cloud, often comparable in appearance to a saucer or lens. Sherrie said: "Saw this UFO over Newnham Estuary yesterday late afternoon, Easter Sunday. I was absolutely mesmerised. I couldn’t take my eyes off it. Luckily I took a couple of shots because two minutes later it had gone. "We had been to Lydney Harbour for a picnic. Then on the way back we stopped off for an ice cream and ate it by the river at Newnham. 'And during this time that’s when the cloud appeared in front of us." She added that she thought the sighting was supernatural and it was wonderful to capture such a spectacular sight. "I look for fun things to share which I think is even more important than ever with all that is going on in the world," she said. "We need fun light hearted stories to share to keep us motivated in life."
The changes we are seeing in our world are nothing short of revolutionary. They are also designed to create a transhumanist version of ourselves. In other words, something genuinely alien.
Not only they want to create a transhumanist version of ourselves, they also want to control you starting with implantable microchips. These chips are marketed as the ultimate in convenience, but the goal is to create the Internet of Bodies (IoB), described by the World Economic Forum (WEF) as an ecosystem of “an unprecedented number of sensors,” including emotional sensors, “attached to, implanted within, or ingested into human bodies to monitor, analyze and even modify human bodies and behavior”
The chip is implanted just beneath the skin on the hand, and operates using either near-field communication (NFC) — the same technology used in smartphones — or radio-frequency identification (RFID), which is used in contactless credit cards
In the end, everything will be connected to a single implantable device that will hold your digital identity, health data and programmable CBDCs. Your digital identity, in turn, will include everything that can be known about you through surveillance via implanted biosensors, your computer, smartphone, GPS, social media, online searches, purchases and spending habits. Algorithms will then decide what you can and cannot do based on who you are.
To pay for an item, all you have to do is place your left hand near the contactless card reader, and the payment is registered.
The system is very similar to the 2011 movie 'In Time' in where people instead using fiat money as currency a new economic system uses time as currency, and each person has a chip in their arm which shows a clock on their arm that counts down how long they have to live.
The people are genetically-engineered to live only one more year, unless you can buy your way out of it. The rich "earn" decades at a time, becoming essentially immortal, while the rest beg, borrow or steal enough hours to make it through the day.
In the movie 'In time' when you have to pay for item all you have to do is place your arm near the contactless card reader, and the payment is registered. Sounds familiar right?
It seems that the movie 'In Time' shows what awaits us in the near future. A world where humans can live forever so they use time as money and when you run out of time you díe. Read full article at theburningplatform
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UFO vanished over Saucier, MS 27-Apr-2022
UFO vanished over Saucier, MS 27-Apr-2022
New UFO footage of a UFO vanished over Saucier, Mississippi on 27th April 2022.
Witness report:
While trying out my SiOnyx Aurora night vision camera I spotted an object moving from West to East as I was filming it the object just vanished about 18 seconds or so into the video. I don’t believe it was any type of satellite (could be wrong) but I have observed several of them in the past and they always seem to continue on their path until out of sight. I have attached the video I took and will let you be the judge.
STRANGE NEW DISCOVERY IN DALNEGORSK (RUSSIA’S ROSWELL)
STRANGE NEW DISCOVERY IN DALNEGORSK (RUSSIA’S ROSWELL)
...Those who follow my research know about the Dalnegorsk Crash of 1986, when a possible UFO-or a very strange advanced terrestrial apparatus-crashed in the Soviet Far East mining town... But just a few days ago, more interesting news arrived from Dalnegorsk...
Navy conducts historic test of new laser weapon system
Navy conducts historic test of new laser weapon system
by Warren Duffie Jr., Office of Naval Research - Arlington VA (SPX)
The ground-based laser system homed in on the red drone flying by, shooting a high energybeam invisible to the naked eye. Suddenly, a fiery orange glow flared on the drone, smoke poured from its engine and a parachute opened as the craft tumbled downward, disabled by the laser beam.
stock image only
The February demonstration marked the first time the U.S. Navy used an all-electric, high-energy laser weapon to defeat a target representing a subsonic cruise missile in flight.
Known as the Layered Laser Defense (LLD), the weapon was designed and built by Lockheed Martin to serve as a multi-domain, multi-platform demonstration system. It can counter unmanned aerial systems and fast-attack boats with a high-power laser-and also use its high-resolution telescope to track in-bound air threats, support combat identification and conduct battle damage assessment of engaged targets.
The drone shoot-down by the LLD was part of a recent test sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) at the U.S. Army's High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The demonstration was a partnership between ONR, the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering) and Lockheed Martin.
"Innovative laser systems like the LLD have the potential to redefine the future of naval combat operations," said Chief of Naval Research Rear Adm. Lorin C. Selby. "They present transformational capabilities to the fleet, address diverse threats, and provide precision engagements with a deep magazine to complement existing defensive systems and enhance sustained lethality in high-intensity conflict."
The LLD testing supports a broader effort by the naval research and development community, partnered closely with the fleet, to mature technologies and field a family of laser weapons that can address multiple threats using a range of escalating options. These capabilities range from non-lethal measures, such as optical "dazzling" and disabling of sensors, to destruction of a target.
Laser weapons provide new precision and speed of engagement for naval warfighters. They also offer simplified logistics that are safer for ships and their crews, as lasers are not dependent on the traditional propellants or gunpowder-based ordnance found on ships.
Instead, modern high-power lasers run on electricity, making them inherently safer and able to provide weapon capability as long as a ship has power. This also means the cost per engagement for a laser weapon can be very low, since the only consumable item expended is fuel to run the system.
For years, the Department of Defense (DoD) and all the Services have recognized the promise of directed-energy weapons such as lasers, and continue to prioritize research. Recently, the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, the Hon. Heidi Shyu, re-affirmed that directed energy is one of the DoD's critical technology areas.
ONR plays an important role in developing technologies for laser weapons and has fielded demonstration systems for operational experimentation. Notably, in 2014 ONR saw the Laser Weapon System tested successfully aboard the USS Ponce in the Persian Gulf. More recently, ONR fielded the Laser Weapon System Demonstrator aboard the USS Portland in 2021.
Although there's no plan to field the LLD, it offers a glimpse into the future of laser weapons. It is compact and powerful, yet more efficient than previous systems. It has specialized optics to observe a target and focus laser beams to maximum effect, while also incorporating artificial intelligence to improve tracking and targeting.
"LLD is an example of what a very advanced laser system can do to defeat significant threats to naval forces," said David Kiel, a former Navy captain who is a program officer in ONR's Aviation, Force Projection and Integrated Defense Department, which managed the testing. "And we have ongoing efforts, both at ONR and in other Navy programs, to keep building on these results in the near future."
During the recent test at White Sands, the LLD tracked or shot down an array of targets-including unmanned fixed-wing aerial vehicles, quadcopters and high-speed drones representative of subsonic cruise missiles.
"We're proud to say that the Layered Laser Defense system defeated a surrogate cruise missile threat in partnership with the Navy, White Sands Missile Range and Army High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility teams. Lockheed Martin drew best-in-class laser weapon subsystems from across the corporation, including key industry partner Rolls Royce, to support the entire threat engagement timeline from target detection to defeat," said Rick Cordaro, vice president, Lockheed Martin Advanced Product Solutions. "We leveraged more than 40 years of directed energy experience to create new capabilities that support the 21st century warfighter."
Dr. Frank Peterkin, ONR's directed energy portfolio manager, said, "The Navy performed similar tests during the 1980s but with chemical-based laser technologies that presented significant logistics barriers for fielding in an operational environment. And, ultimately, those types of lasers did not transition to the fleet or any other Service.
"Today, ONR coordinates closely with the Navy's resourcing and acquisition communities to make sure we develop laser weapon technologies that make sense for the Navy's requirements to defend the fleet and for operations in the rough maritime environment at sea," Peterkin continued. "It's a challenging problem, but Navy leadership at all levels see potential for laser weapons to really make a difference. The next few years are going to be very exciting as we work with the Navy and joint partners to make the capability we just saw demonstrated by the LLD a reality for the naval warfighter."
Warren Duffie Jr. is a contractor for ONR Corporate Strategic Communications.
In a video captured by the US Navy, an unidentified flying object is seen dancing across the screen before crashing into the ocean, capturing the imagination of UFO hunters everywhere. There is currently little information about the object except that the Pentagon has confirmed the footage is authentic, and now the video has now been made available online by a UFO documentarian.
“The US Navy photographed and filmed “spherical” shaped UFOs and advanced transmedium vehicles; here is some of that footage.” states filmmaker Jeremy Corbell on his website, where he has shared the clip and details of the object.
Footage of the object.
Video Credit: Jeremy Corbell/YouTube
According to Corbell, the video was captured 2 years ago, in 2019, but has since been made available to the public. It is thought to have originated from within the USS Omaha's Combat Information Center while sailing off the coast of San Diego, although this is unconfirmed.
Although the video is short, it appears the object is capable of traveling through both air and water, making it more advanced in transmedium travel than any known vehicles, military or otherwise. The object itself is incredibly small, radar imaging shows a solid ball measuring just 2 meters (6 feet) in diameter. However, it appears fast, reaching speeds of up to 254 kilometers per hour (158 miles per hour) during its air flight.
A search was performed using a submarine shortly after it was spotted, but the object was long gone.
Currently, there is no known vehicle that can fly through the air for an extended period of time and then transition into water and continue traveling. Throughout the 1900s, the concept of a flying submarine was explored, but significant challenges in air supply and fuel made the idea never quite take off. In 2008, the US prepared to issue contracts for a flying submersible vehicle, but after Lockheed Martin canceled their plans for a submersible drone, it appears the contracts never materialized.
A new type of high-frequency acoustic wave discovered propagating on the Sun seems to be defying expectations.
The waves appear on the surface of the Sun as a pattern of swirling vortices, moving against the Sun's rotation. The problem is that these high-frequency retrograde vorticity waves seem to be moving three times faster than predicted by theory – and solar physicists have been unable to determine why.
The discovery, they say, suggests that there is new solar physics to be uncovered, as well as giving fresh insight into the Sun's internal properties and activity.
Although we can't actually see inside the Sun, stars are remarkable in that their internal processes can often be inferred based on surface activity.
In particular, acoustic waves can tell us a lot. They are generated close to the surface, and are then reflected, either partially or entirely, towards the interior, where they resonate, creating acoustic oscillations. Solar scientists study these oscillations to learn about the interior of the Sun.
A team of scientists led by solar physicist Chris Hanson of New York University, Abu Dhabi, studied and analyzed such data, using 24 years of observations from the ground-based Global Oscillation Network Group, and 10 years of observations from the space-based Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager.
In the data, the researchers found a very consistent signal, which their analysis reveals as the presence of previously unseen waves. These formed a pattern of vortices on the surface of the Sun, with an antisymmetry between north and south poles, moving against the solar rotation.
The fact that these waves are moving three times faster than expected, however, poses a conundrum. The team explored a number of possibilities for what was happening.
First, the Coriolis force – the way a rotating spherical object's equator moves faster than its poles – excites vorticity waves, as we know can happen here on Earth.
Then, there are three mechanisms that could affect and modify the waves: magnetism, gravity, or convection. None of them could account for the observation data, however.
"If the high-frequency retrograde waves could be attributed to any of these three processes, then the finding would have answered some open questions we still have about the Sun," Hanson says.
"However, these new waves don't appear to be a result of these processes, and that's exciting because it leads to a whole new set of questions."
This suggests, the researchers say, that there is missing or poorly constrained information in our models of the Sun that resolving the mystery could fill in.
It also has relevance a bit closer to home. Scientists have found high-frequency waves in the ocean, propagating up to four times higher than predicted by theory, and which have proven very difficult to explain. Studying both phenomena together could help unravel the mystery behind them.
"The very existence of high-frequency retrograde modes and their origin is a true mystery and may allude to exciting physics at play," says physicist Shravan Hanasoge of New York University, Abu Dhabi.
"It has the potential to shed insight on the otherwise unobservable interior of the Sun."
In a recent podcast appearance, former U.S. Army Counterintelligence Special Agent, UFO advocate, and media personality Luis Elizondo explained his reasoning behind claiming that UFO mysteries have made him “somber.” His speculative ideas are straight out of middle 20th-century science fiction, particularly the so-called “zoo hypothesis” that appeared in a number of stories at that time, imagining that Earth was essentially a zoo run by space aliens.
Luis Elizondo ran the secret UFO investigation program known as the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATI) from 2007 to 2012 funded by the US government who spent $22 million from the $600 billion annual Defense Department budget.
Here is the transcribe of Elizondo’s comment on the zoo hypothesis:
“What if it turns out that there’s another species that is even higher on that ladder than we are? Do we need the social institutions that we have today, do we need government and religious organizations that we have today, if it turns out that there is something else or someone else that is technologically more advanced and, perhaps from an evolutionary perspective, more advanced? Have we been wasting our time all this time? Or are we doing exactly as we are supposed to be doing? [What] if it turns out that mankind is in fact just another animal in the zoo? If we saw ourselves as the zookeeper before, maybe we’re just another exhibit inside the zoo? What would that mean to us? So, when I say ‘somber’ or ‘sobering’, I mean there’s going to come a point in this conversation when we’re going to have to do a lot of reconciling with ourselves, whatever that means, from whatever philosophical background you have. This is going to impact every single one of us. And I think that’s important. Do we find ourselves in a situation that history may have to be rewritten? So that’s what I meant.”
This is an outgrowth of Charles Fort‘s claim that some non-human intelligence essentially operates Earth as a prison or an ant farm to watch us, and it is the basis for the “prison planet” claims of some contemporary ancient astronaut theorists. He was also perhaps the first person to explain strange human appearances and disappearances by the hypothesis of alien abduction, and was an early proponent of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, specifically suggesting that strange lights or objects sighted in the skies might be alien spacecraft.
Charles Fort. Image credit: Wikimedia commons
Note: the distinct echo of Christian millenarianism in Elizondo’s suggestion that the existence of aliens would require an overthrow of social, political, and cultural structures in favor of a new, more utopian world submissive to a superior heavenly power. It is difficult not to see his imagined Disclosure as the Christian Apocalypse of Revelation recast in secular, pseudoscientific terms.
A similar hypothesis can also be seen in the case of Matilda O’Donnell McElroy, Senior Master Sergeant Women’s Army Air Force Medical Corp. She claimed to have interviewed an alien named “Airl” who supposedly survived the 1947 Roswell crash. The entity told her where they had come from and why they came to the Earth. (Click here to read full information)
The author of the book Alien Interview, Lawrence R. Spencer claimed to have received a letter from Matilda where she disclosed information about the series of interviews with Airl. She wrote that the Domain Expeditionary Force, a race of beings, had been conducting operations in the solar system for the past 10,000 years and using the asteroid belt as an intergalactic base.
In the letter, MacElroy wrote: “Mankind needs to know the answers to questions which are contained in these documents: Who are we? Where did we come from? What is our purpose on Earth? If there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe why have they not contacted us? It is vital that people understand the devastating consequences to our physical and spiritual survival if we fail to take effective action to undo the long-standing and pervasive effects of alien intervention on Earth.”
Matilda O’Donnell McElroy
In her footnotes, Matilda wrote:
“Earth is a small planet of a rim star of a galaxy. This makes Earth very isolated geographically from the more concentrated planetary civilizations which exist toward the center of the galaxy. These obvious facts have made Earth suitable for use only as a zoological or botanical garden, or for it’s current use as a prison – but not much else.
Before 30,000 BCE — Earth started being used as a dumping ground and prison for IS-BEs who were judged untouchable, meaning criminal or non-conformists. IS-BEs were captured, encapsulated in electronic traps, and transported to Earth from various parts of the “Old Empire”. Underground amnesia stations were set up on Mars and on Earth in the Rwenzori Mountains in Africa, in the Pyrenees Mountains of Portugal, and in steppes of Mongolia.”
In 2009, a short CGI film, “The ex-Esma 2008” was released on YouTube by ESMA movies, in which a playful child (alien) with deviant behavior was turned into a human and exiled to Earth by ETs after he disturbed the peace on their planet.
The video has a strange concept but somehow, it is similar to what Elizondo, Charles Fort & Matilda said about Earth as a prison for I BEs who were sent here, encapsulated in electronic traps.
The increasing demand to declassify UFO files has brought an immense amount of queries to UFO enthusiasts. From the recent Pentagon documents, it became known that the sightings left victims with serious health problems such as radiation burns, nerve damage, and feelings of electric shock. The same information was also shared by Dr. Gary Nolan, who said that the victims (mostly defense or governmental personnel or people working in the aerospace industry) got damaged or hurt such as buzz noises in their head, got sick, etc. Following these incidents, astronomer Jacques Vallée developed an alternative hypothesis that UFOs are part of a mechanism for controlling mankind.
In the 60 years of the UFO phenomenon in the United States, Dr. Jacques Vallée studied the nature of flying saucers very closely. He is one of the few researchers who analyzed the UFO activities, including its material. He collected UFO debris from several UFO crashes, examined them in the lab, and found out that they had not been made on Earth.
Dr. Jacques Vallée was born in France. He finished his M.S. in astrophysics at Lille University. Later, he went to the United States and did his Ph.D. in computer science at Northwestern University. He was also the senior researcher at the DARPA-funded Augmentation Research Center at SRI.
Dr. Jacques Vallée with Dr. Allen. J Hynek during the Project Blue Book
Dr. Jacques Vallée is one of the few people who added credibility to the Ufology. When others called the UFO encounters a hoax, Vallée explained it scientifically. During his interview in 1986, he said that UFOs are a “physical object that interacts with the environment that causes effects on the witnesses on the psychology and the physiology and leaves traces on the ground and yet are capable of appeared to be manipulating time and space in ways that go beyond what our physics understands.”
While working on the French Space Committee, Dr. Vallée claimed to have witnessed his superiors destroy tracking tapes of a UFO that his team had observed. This, along with a personal UFO sighting several years earlier, created his lifelong interest in UFOs. Initially falling in line with the Extraterrestrial hypothesis, he soon began to realize its serious flaws, namely:
Unexplained close encounters are far more numerous than required for any physical survey of the earth;
The humanoid body structure of the alleged “aliens” is not likely to have originated on another planet and is not biologically adapted to space travel;
The reported behavior in thousands of abduction reports contradicts the hypothesis of genetic or scientific experimentation on humans by an advanced race;
The extension of the phenomenon throughout recorded human history demonstrates that UFOs are not a contemporary phenomenon;
The apparent ability of UFOs to manipulate space and time suggests radically different and richer alternatives.
According to Dr. Vallée, the basic idea is that UFOs are essentially a “show” put on for people to generate some sort of reaction, and have been operating on human culture for all of recorded history. Other researchers have commented on this idea as well, pointing out that:
UFOs and “aliens” are extremely similar to “trickster” creatures in many mythologies;
UFO encounters contain “absurd” elements that make them unbelievable as actual scientific surveys, but leave behind physical evidence that implies the encounter actually took place;
UFO encounters often appear to “tease” observers, including the authorities, allowing themselves to be observed and recorded, but always staying on the edge of observability (as if the encounter’s sole purpose was simply to make sure people saw a UFO);
Related to 3, many of the supposed occupants of UFOs conform to what society says an alien should look like, with UFO interiors looking like what science fiction says space ships should look like (as if they are somehow “movie sets”);
The tendency for UFOs and their occupants to materialize from nowhere and disappear instantaneously implies they may be some sort of illusion or “projection;
Quite often, there is no reason to think that a UFO and its anomalous occupant is extraterrestrial, people just assume that they are;
UFO “flaps” (clusters of sightings) are similar to a “schedule of reinforcement” or educational schedule as if they are meant to reinforce belief in their existence.
Dr. Vallée argued that when investigating a UFO encounter, the focus should be on the witness, and how he/she interpreted the event, and how it affected their life (he noted that many people tend to emotionally react to a UFO sighting as a spiritual or religious experience).
Dr. Jacques Vallée with the UFOs metal samples which he found during his investigation into different UFO cases.
Understanding what the apparently intended effect of the encounter is on the witness is the key to understanding the phenomena, as trying to investigate the UFO as a nuts-and-bolts craft is futile because they are simply contrivances. He also thinks that the next step to understanding UFOs is to somehow try to interfere with the experiment, and see how the phenomena react.
The recently published book “Skinwalkers at The Pentagon” talks about the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), which was a continuation of AATIP. In the book, the researchers explain how this phenomenon has been documented with much evidence that the “phenomena” infect humans.
The AAWSAP investigated UFO sightings, analyzed UFO incursions on US military bases, and studied many strange phenomena that government investigators encountered at Skinwalker Ranch.
Encountering UFOs often resulted in “attaching” strange phenomena to military personnel who visited the ranch and brought “something” home to their families, resulting in frightening paranormal outbreaks in their families that terrorized and sometimes injured their children.
In evaluating Dr. Vallee’s control system hypothesis, the obvious questions are: who or what is in charge and managing it? If something is non-human, then what? Where is the real evidence for this idea, other than that some of Vallee’s carefully selected cases can be made (with difficulty) to force-fit the theory? Most people care little about UFOs and have no interest in the subject, so how does this theory stand up?
Three Fast Moving UFO "Orbs" Spotted Over Boston, Massachusetts. April 24, 2022.
First clip: This was sighted over Boston, Massachusetts on April 24, 2022. This was filmed useing his IPhone while outside on the roof. The area in this video is not the airport, it's over Boston West End (near TD Garden) which is directly adjacent to the Charles River and very close to the Boston Harbor, and is relatively close to the airport. All of that area over the river and harbor is technically completely restricted to recreational drones. Waterways near airports are fairly restrictive because they often serve as flight paths and emergency paths for aircraft. The witness stated the following: "Spotted in Boston Sunday night. At first we thought it was a plane but if you watch you can see the grouping of the 3 lights shift around. They were varying in speed and looked to get higher in the air as they continued moving east." He also added "I wish I did film longer. The lights were getting harder and harder to see in person and really didn’t think too much of it until we watched the video back a few times. If only I kept the camera going.. a few seconds later it looked like the lights were shooting straight up"
Thanks to Frozencactus for allowing the use of this footage and to view the original and the footage i have shown on my channel has sound, because the witness emailed the footage to me. https://www.reddit.com/r/aliens/comme...
Second clip: This was sent in to me by a viewer and this was sighted over Leszno a city in Poland. This took place on March 26, 2020 and while the witness was out jogging she spotted these strange lights in the sky and seems that she wasn't the only one as we can hear in the footage a man approach her and asked if she seen the lights. Thanks to Przemysław Chojnacki and Ewelina for sending this over to me and allowing me to show it to you guys. Sorry no links guys.
Third clip: Head Banging Fan... Thanks for making us smile, Hope it didn't hurt to much...
Fourth Clip: UFO literally on tape. This was in on mean to fool us but it was to show how easy it is to do, Please no hate towards them. Thanks to あいりんウェザー for posting this video and to view it:
Multiple UFO "Orbs" Sighted Flying Over Colbert County, Alabama. April 23, 2022
This footage was sighted over Colbert County in Alabama on April 23, 2022 at 8:00pm and the witness stated the following "I've honestly never seen anything like it. Several UAP/UFO being launched or following each other. No flashing lights or sound. There was aleast 20 of these flying and disappearing in front of us, No Airports or Known Military Bases in that Area." He also when on to add " I'm a aerial photographer. I build UAVs of all types. What I captured was no hobby grade. Each one of these had a red glowing light which the camera did not pick up. But no faa strobes, no sound. And the speed of travel is higher than anything I seen on the hobby level." When i asked him if this could have been "Chinese Lanterns", he replied " The light was super bright... To bright to be a candle and I believe they was flying against the wind."
Thanks to JD for allowing me the use of his footage and to view the original:
Shallow Pockets of Water Under the ice on Europa Could Bring Life Close to its Surface
Shallow Pockets of Water Under the ice on Europa Could Bring Life Close to its Surface
Beneath the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa, there’s an ocean up to 100 km (62 mi) deep that has two to three times the volume of every ocean on Earth combined. Even more exciting is how this ocean is subject to hydrothermal activity, which means it may have all the necessary ingredients for life. Because of this, Europa is considered one of the most likely places for extraterrestrial life (beyond Mars). Hence, mission planners and astrobiologists are eager to send a mission there to study it closer.
Unfortunately, Europa’s icy surface makes the possibility of sampling this ocean rather difficult. According to the two predominant models for Europa’s structure, the ice sheet could be a few hundred meters to several dozen kilometers thick. Luckily, new research by a team from Stanford University has shown that Europa’s icy shell may have an abundance of water pockets inside, as indicated by features on the surface that look remarkably like icy ridges here on Earth.
The study team was led by Riley Culberg, a Ph.D. candidate and geophysicist at Standford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences (Stanford Earth). He was joined by Dustin Schroeder, an associate professor of geophysics at Stanford Earth; and Gregor Steinbrügge, a former postdoctoral fellow at Stanford Earth, now a planetary scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The paper that describes their research and findings recently appeared in the journal Nature Communications.
As they explain in their study, the research was motivated by a similarity the team noticed during a presentation at Standford. While discussing Europa’s double-ridges, Culberg noticed how similar these landforms were to features they had studied extensively in northern Greenland. Between 2015 and 2017, NASA collected ground-penetrating radar data of the region as part of Operation IceBridge, an aerial observation campaign that conducts geophysical studies of the growth and retreat of ice sheets.
This investigation confirmed the existence of a double ridge in northwestern Greenland and provided details of how it evolved. Geophysicists and glacial experts have determined that these features form when water from nearby surface lakes drains into an impermeable layer within the ice sheet. It then refreezes and fractures the ice above, causing it to be forced upward and outwards to create the characteristic double ridge feature on the surface.
The similarities came as a surprise to the team because of how different Earth’s land-based subsurface is compared to Europa’s subsurface ocean of liquid water. “We were working on something totally different related to climate change and its impact on the surface of Greenland when we saw these tiny double ridges – and we were able to see the ridges go from ‘not formed’ to ‘formed,’?” Schroeder said in a recent Stanford News release.
Upon further examination, they found that the M-shaped feature in Greenland could be a miniature version of Europa’s most prominent surface feature. On Europa, double ridges appear as gashes that cut across the surface, with crests reaching nearly 300 m (1,000 ft) tall, separated by valleys about 800 meters (2,625 ft) wide. Scientists have known these features since the Galileo spacecraft took images of the Galilean Moons in the 1990s, leading to the first detailed surface maps.
A double ridge cutting across the surface of Europa is seen in images taken by NASA’s Galileo mission on Feb. 20th, 1997. Credit: NASA/JPL/ASU
Since then, however, scientists have not been able to come up with a definitive explanation of how these features formed. By conducting a comparative analysis between the radar data collected by Operation IceBridge and the geophysical data they had for Europa, the team could conceive a possible answer. As Culberg explained:
“In Greenland, this double ridge formed in a place where water from surface lakes and streams frequently drains into the near-surface and refreezes. One way that similar shallow water pockets could form on Europa might be through water from the subsurface ocean being forced up into the ice shell through fractures – and that would suggest there could be a reasonable amount of exchange happening inside of the ice shell.”
These findings suggest that Europa’s ice shell may be much more dynamic than previously thought, undergoing various geological and hydrological processes. This is supported by other recent findings, such as Hubble’s discovery of plume activity on the surface in 2012, which were later confirmed in 2018 based on a new analysis of Galileo data. A dynamic ice shell model is consistent with the exchange of subsurface water and nutrients from neighboring celestial bodies on the moon’s surface.
Said Steinbrügge, who started working on the project as part of his postdoctoral research at Stanford:
“People have been studying these double ridges for over 20 years now, but this is the first time we were actually able to watch something similar on Earth and see nature work out its magic. We are making a much bigger step into the direction of understanding what processes actually dominate the physics and the dynamics of Europa’s ice shell.”
Artist’s conception of a cryovolcanic eruption on Europa.
Credit: Justice Blaine Wainwright
The existence of these pockets is especially good news for the Europa Clipper mission, in which both Schroeder and Steinbrügge will be participants. This robotic orbiter will launch in October 2024, reach the Jovian system by April 2030, and spend the next four years (barring extensions) examining the surface of Europa through a series of flybys. In addition to analyzing Europa’s surface ice and plume activity, it will select landing sites for a possible Europa Lander mission. As Schroeder explained:
“Because it’s closer to the surface, where you get interesting chemicals from space, other moons, and the volcanoes of Io, there’s a possibility that life has a shot if there are pockets of water in the shell. If the mechanism we see in Greenland is how these things happen on Europa, it suggests there’s water everywhere.”
Like Operation IceBridge, the Europa Clipper will rely on an ice-penetrating radar to study the interior structure of Europa’s ice sheet. This instrument is known as the Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) and is overseen by a team that includes Schroeder as a co-investigator. This instrument will detect pockets of water using radio waves because of the way water reflects them one thousand times as brightly as ice.
This will allow the REASON team to create a vertical profile that maps the distribution of water pockets in the ice sheet. “We are another hypothesis on top of many – we just have the advantage that our hypothesis has some observations from the formation of a similar feature on Earth to back it up,” Culberg said. “It’s opening up all these new possibilities for a very exciting discovery.”
Artist’s concept of a Europa Clipper mission. Credit: NASA/JPL
Identifying potentially habitable enclaves within the ice sheets also means that any astrobiology missions to Europa won’t need to enter the subsurface ocean to look for signs of life. In addition to increasing accessibility, exploring these pockets dramatically decreases the chances of contaminating potential biospheres in the moon’s interior ocean. As astrobiology missions progress, ensuring the safety of any extraterrestrial life we encounter will be paramount.
“It’s exciting, what it would mean if you have plenty of water within the ice shell,” Steinbrügge added. “It would mean the ice shell on Europa is extremely dynamic. It could facilitate exchange processes between the surface and the subsurface ocean. It could go in both directions.”
The study is yet another indication of how connected the study of Earth and the other Solar planets are. It will also lead to applications that could have significant impacts here at home. “This research will help us either use Earth to understand what we will see on Europa or, when we get to Europa, help us interpret what we see when we get there,” said Schroeder.
Ice Rafting: View of a small region of the thin, disrupted, ice crust in the Conamara region of Jupiter's moon Europa showing the interplay of surface color with ice structures. Full Image and Caption ›
Back Rooms Are Real! Look What I Found! Times Running Out! UFO Sighting News.
Back Rooms Are Real! Look What I Found! Times Running Out! UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: April 27, 2022 Florida: 25°50'42.21"N 81°40'51.13"W
Robot Head below. I took this screenshots above and below.
Guys, check this out. I recorded what I found so that you can see the four most interesting things, however I missed one robot head in a room which appeared about 10 minutes after I finished the video. The head, was square, metallic, round eyes, and long wing metallic ears. Odd for sure, but something to see.
The backrooms were thought to be an urban myth about a member of the hacker group 4Chan having discovered a endless room with door openings and yellow wallpaper. That discovery was made in 2019. And since then, no-one has ever announced finding such a thing again. At least, as far as I know, but I have a feeling they have been around all along.
My thought is that these backrooms are ways of communicating to us. I mean it may be an alien species thats not allowed to speak with us, but using a backroom, they can send messages to us. Thats just my theory, but I am no hacker, just a UFO researcher.
Back Rooms Exist! Easter Eggs! Google Earth Map, UFO Sighting News.
Back Rooms Exist! Easter Eggs! Google Earth Map, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery:April 27, 2022
Japan: 34°42'04"N 135°49'17"E
Florida:25°50'42.21"N 81°40'51.13"W
Now I found the backrooms. What is it? It was long believed to be an old urban legend in America starting in 2019 by 4Chan, about a creepy secret location of a long endless yellow hallways and doors. Each door has a new frightening mystery behind it. I thought I would share it with the world, but hope that nobody gets too frightened. The rooms usually disappear after 24-48 hours. Some have messages like, "We are watching you!" Others have photos of aliens in hallways, robots, creatures too unusual to describe.
The legend of the backrooms all started back in 2019 when a 4Chan member posted a screenshot of one of the yellow rooms and hallways. Since then, the internet has been seeking the locations of these rooms. I am here today to show you. I deliberately didn't talk about three of the rooms, which are like easter eggs for the person to discovery. The alien, the sphinx, the blue forest, all can be found at the Florida location I showed you in the video below. I will release another video showing them in 12 hours.
Happy hunting, let the games begin!
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Follow me on Twitter at @scottcwaring to stay up to date.
Back Rooms Exist! Easter Eggs! Google Earth Map, UFO Sighting News.
Back Rooms Exist! Easter Eggs! Google Earth Map, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery:April 27, 2022
Japan: 34°42'04"N 135°49'17"E
Florida:25°50'42.21"N 81°40'51.13"W
Now I found the backrooms. What is it? It was long believed to be an old urban legend in America starting in 2019 by 4Chan, about a creepy secret location of a long endless yellow hallways and doors. Each door has a new frightening mystery behind it. I thought I would share it with the world, but hope that nobody gets too frightened. The rooms usually disappear after 24-48 hours. Some have messages like, "We are watching you!" Others have photos of aliens in hallways, robots, creatures too unusual to describe.
The legend of the backrooms all started back in 2019 when a 4Chan member posted a screenshot of one of the yellow rooms and hallways. Since then, the internet has been seeking the locations of these rooms. I am here today to show you. I deliberately didn't talk about three of the rooms, which are like easter eggs for the person to discovery. The alien, the sphinx, the blue forest, all can be found at the Florida location I showed you in the video below. I will release another video showing them in 12 hours.
Happy hunting, let the games begin!
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Follow me on Twitter at @scottcwaring to stay up to date.
Kentucky Family Has A Shoot-Out To Defend Against Alien Scare
Kentucky Family Has A Shoot-Out To Defend Against Alien Scare
Ben visits the Sutton family and friends, who had experienced one of the most famous cases of alien encounters of all time, involving a shoot-out with what they believed to be alien intruders.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
The truth is down there! Harvard scientist wants to launch an investigation into meteor at bottom of the Pacific Ocean which he believes is actually ALIEN technology
The truth is down there! Harvard scientist wants to launch an investigation into meteor at bottom of the Pacific Ocean which he believes is actually ALIEN technology
Last week, the US Space Command confirmed that a meteor that hit Earth in 2014 came from another solar system and is the first known interstellar object
Harvard physicist Avi Loeb claimed on Wednesday that a meteor that hit Earth in January 2014 is instead a piece of alien technology
The 2014 meteor predates Oumuamua, which was discovered in October 2017 by a telescope in Hawaii millions of miles away
At the time, Loeb received backlash from scientists after claiming that Oumuamua was actually a discarded piece of technology from aliens
In 2021, Loeb released a book that argued that Oumuamu is not a comet or asteroid, but a light sail – a method of spacecraft propulsion.
A controversial Harvard scientist says he wants to launch an investigation into a meteor that he believes is actually alien technology lying at the bottom of Pacific Ocean.
Last week, the US Space Command confirmed that a meteor that hit Earth in January 2014 did come from another solar system and is therefore the first known interstellar object.
US Space Command officials have said that the meteor, measuring just 1.5 feet across, 'was indeed an interstellar object'.
Their confirmation means the famous interstellar object known as Oumuamua, discovered in 2017, is actually the second interstellar object to visit our solar system.
Harvard physicist Avi Loeb (pictured) claimed on Wednesday that a meteor that hit Earth in January 2014 is instead a piece of alien technology
According to NASA, the meteor soared through skies near Papua New Guinea at more than 100,000 miles per hour and impacted near Manus Island on January 8, 2014 (concept image)
The memo, dated March 1 and shared on Twitter this month, signs off findings from US Space Command chief scientist Dr Joel Mozer
But Harvard physicist Avi Loeb claimed on Wednesday that the object is instead a piece of alien technology.
'Our discovery of an interstellar meteor heralds a new research frontier,' Loeb wrote in The Debrief.
'The fundamental question is whether any interstellar meteor might indicate a composition that is unambiguously artificial in origin.
'Better still, perhaps some technological components would survive the impact.'
He suggested scooping up the object from the bottom of the Pacific with a magnet in order to examine the 'artificial' object and added that retrieving the object could be an opportunity to fulfill a lifelong dream of getting his hands on alien technology.
'My dream is to press some buttons on a functional piece of equipment that was manufactured outside of Earth,' Loeb wrote.
Loeb has made a name for himself for openly believing that aliens have made contact with Earth.
According to NASA, the meteor lit up skies near Manus Island, Papua New Guinea on January 8, 2014 whilst travelling at more than 100,000 miles per hour. It may have showered the ocean with interstellar debris, according to scientists
Oumuamua was discovered in October 2017 by a telescope in Hawaii millions of miles away. Now, a physicists is revealing details to why he believes it is an artificial object
In 2021, the physicist released a book titled 'Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth,' that argued that Oumuamu is not a comet or asteroid, but a light sail – a method of spacecraft propulsion.
Oumuamua was discovered in October 2017 by a telescope in Hawaii millions of miles away.
At the time of the discovery, Loeb received backlash from scientists after claiming the object was actually a discarded piece of technology from aliens.
'We know that it's artificially made. It had no cometary tail,' Loeb claimed.
'We know that we made it. So that provides evidence that we can tell the difference between a rock and an object that is pushed by sunlight.
'The trouble is the only way to know for certain Oumuamua's origins is by taking an image of it, but the object is already too far away.
'So we missed the opportunity,' he said. 'It's like having a guest for dinner, by the time you realize it's weird, it's already out of the front door into the dark street. That was the first guest, and we should look for more.'
Loeb is now saying the 2014 object is also alien technology.
A lot of the information surrounding the 2014 object has until now been classified by the US government.
According to NASA, the meteor lit up skies near Manus Island, Papua New Guinea on January 8, 2014 whilst travelling at more than 100,000 miles per hour.
Scientists believe it may have left interstellar debris in the South Pacific Ocean, which if recovered could reveal more about the rocky object's origin.
The memo, dated March 1 and shared on Twitter this month, signs off findings from US Space Command chief scientist Dr Joel Mozer.
Dr Mozer 'reviewed analysis of additional data available to the Department of Defense related to this finding,' reads the memo, which is signed by Lt. Gen. John E. Shaw, deputy commander of the US Space Command.
'Dr Mozer confirmed that the velocity estimate reported to NASA is sufficiently accurate to indicate an interstellar trajectory.'
It was back in 2019 that Harvard University researchers posted a study on the preprint server arXiv, acknowledging the meteor's existence and saying it had come from outside our solar system.
The study, which still hasn't been peer reviewed, reported the meteor as originating from interstellar space with '99.999 per cent confidence'.
According to the authors, the study has been awaiting peer review for years so the claim could be confirmed, but it's faced roadblocks from the US government, which was withholding key information from a publicly-available NASA database.
Information about the meteor is scarce, although its details – including its coordinates above Manus Island – are logged in NASA's Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS).
OUMUAMUA: AN INTERSTELLAR VISITOR THAT SAILED PAST EARTH AT 97,200MPH IN 2017
A cigar-shaped object named 'Oumuamua sailed past Earth at 97,200mph (156,428km/h) in October 2017.
It was first spotted by a telescope in Hawaii on October 19, and was observed 34 separate times in the following week.
It is named after the Hawaiian term for 'scout' or 'messenger' and passed the Earth at about 85 times the distance to the moon.
It was hailed as the first interstellar object seen in the solar system, but it baffled astronomers.
Initially, it was thought the object could be a comet.
However, it displays none of the classic behavior expected of comets, such as a dusty, water-ice particle tail.
The asteroid is up to one-quarter mile (400 meters) long and highly-elongated - perhaps 10 times as long as it is wide.
That aspect ratio is greater than that of any asteroid or asteroid observed in our solar system to date.
But the asteroid's slightly red hue — specifically pale pink — and varying brightness are remarkably similar to objects in our own solar system.
Around the size of the Gherkin skyscraper in London, some astronomers were convinced it was piloted by aliens due to the vast distance the object traveled without being destroyed – and the closeness of its journey past the Earth.
Alien hunters at SETI – the Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence based at Berkeley University, California said there was a possibility the rock was ‘an alien artefact’.
But scientists from Queen’s University Belfast took a good look at the object and said it appears to be an asteroid, or ‘planetesimal’ as originally thought.
Researchers believe the cigar-shaped asteroid had a 'violent past', after looking at the light bouncing off its surface.
They aren't exactly sure when the violent collision took place, but they believe the lonely asteroid's tumbling will continue for at least a billion years.
In November 2019, during a NASA live stream, the International Space Station (ISS) captured footage of three different UFOs, where a Russian cosmonaut was heard saying “it’s a ship.” According to UFO researcher and self-proclaimed extraterrestrial life expert Scott Waring, NASA is aware of the alien spacecraftflying near the ISS.
Russian astronaut on the ISS saw alien spaceships in November 2019 Source: Express
Waring shared the clip on his YouTube channel and wrote in hisblog:
“This conversation recorded from the NASA live cam is100% proof that NASA knows about alien craft buzzing past and around the space station. When the Russian astronaut aboard the ISS said, “a ship…” The NASA ground control cut him off and said, “Copy all,” before he could finish what he was saying. She already saw it on live cam at ground control. She reacted fast, before he could talk about it too much…but he already said the most important thing he could…”a ship!” You see, even he knew it was an alien ship off the bow of the ISS. Eventually going to a red screen with no cam.
Also, did you notice the video was clear, but when the UFOs appeared…it caused a disturbance in the tech and made the video fuzzy. UFOs are known to cause electrical disturbances and to even shut down cars, trucks and watches.
So…here is 100% proof that NASA and Russia know that aliens frequently visit the space station.”
On May 18, 2020, Waring noticed that the ISS camera again captured the moment when thousands of UFOs were leaving the Earth from outer space while the ISS was between the light and dark sides of the Earth.
Waring believed the UFOs were alien in nature.
Thousands Of Alien Spaceships Evacuating
Mr. Waring said: “A few days ago a fleet of glowing UFOs was seen on the live NASA space station cam. The UFOs were pulsing and throwing as they moved forward… each at different speeds.”
We are unlikely to know whether some cataclysms are coming or the planet is threatened by something more serious. But watching what is happening right in front of our eyes is incredibly interesting.”
Then, in August 2020, another Russian cosmonaut named Ivan Vagner captured something spectacular while filming a time-lapse video of southern lights. He claimed to have captured footage of five UFOs while being on the International Space Station.
Russian astronaut Ivan Vagner shared footage of 5 UFOs taken from the ISS on his Twitter handle in August 2020
Vagner tweeted:
“Space guests, or how I filmed the new time-lapse.
The peak of aurora borealis when passing over the Antarctic in Australia’s longitude, meaning in between them. However, in the video, you will see something else, not only the aurora.”
In his tweet, he also shared a video where he said that “At 9-12 seconds, five objects appear flying alongside with the same distance.”
On October 14, 2020, during the docking of the Russian Soyuz MS-17 capsule at the ISS, many viewers spotted a mysterious white bright object spinning above the Earth. But the object was cut off the screen by zooming the camera.
A bright UFO spotted during a Russian spacecraft docking into the ISS
One viewer said: “UFO leaving Earth at 2:35 and then they zoom in.” On the other hand, some believed it was just a part of the detachment of the rocket capsule.
In the fall of 1952, ufologist Albert K. Bender announced the creation of a new research organization, the International Flying Saucer Bureau (IFSB). He was also the author of the ufology journal “Space Review” that was released in 1953. West Virginia resident Gray Barker soon offered his assistance to Bender and spoke of the Flatwood Monster case, which he was investigating with Ivan Sanderson.
In January 1953, Bender asked Barker to head the research department of the IFSB. In September, however, Bender announced that he was forced to cease his activities.
Albert K Bender
Bender said three men in black suits who identified themselves as government officials had come to see him. They threatened Bender and demanded to forget about the existence of flying saucers. By this time, the new research organization had a large network of staff in the United States and other countries.
Barker was extremely surprised and in early October, he came to Bender with several other IFSB members to try to sort out the situation. Bender knew what flying saucers really were, but remained silent.
Bender also served in the United States Air Force in WW2
Some UFO researchers concluded that Bender was indeed under pressure from government agents while others doubted it. Coral Lorenzen, the founder of UFO research APRO, wrote in the bulletin that most likely, the IFSB was funded by Palmer’s magazine who used to write science-fiction stories.
One way or another, the name of Albert Bender disappeared from the pages of ufological publications. But not forever. Ten years later, he published a book entitled “Flying Saucers and the Three Men,” in which the whole story was presented from a completely different perspective. Indeed, Bender wrote that in 1953, three men in black visited him. And they were not government agents but aliens.
They provided Bender with a piece of strange metal, shaped like a coin, with which he could communicate with them. In some time, three mysterious creatures reappeared in his house and carried Bender to some vast room, possibly inside a flying saucer. One of the creatures telepathically informed him that representatives of their race were visiting Earth for the sole purpose of “extracting useful chemicals from the earth’s oceans.”
Bender was visited by three strange creatures who threatened him to stop his research on UFOs otherwise the consequences would not be good.
According to him, aliens had settled on our planet for a long. At first, the creature seemed to be a humanoid for Bender, but then it appeared before him in its natural – extremely vile – form. However, it warned Albert Bender, and through him all the humanity, against continuing experiments with radioactive substances.
The alien said those experiments would have a negative impact on future generations.
Bender soon woke up at home, lying on his bed and feeling sick. When he tried to tell someone from the IFSB executive committee about contact with aliens, he faced misunderstanding and mistrust. What could he do? And then, Bender decided to reveal to his colleagues only part of the truth.
Albert Bender with a portrait of an alien (or MIB) visited him
He said some people warned him against further research into the UFO problem and they were very convincing. They even revealed the secret of flying saucers to him.
Bender took their threats seriously, but could not give up his research on UFOs as it had become part of his life, so he continued his work.
Later, the creatures (or MIB) visited him multiple times and during their visit, Bender’s health kept declining. They seemed to draw vital energy out of him, and much more than on the first visit.
Bender also noticed that with each visit, the eyes of the aliens got brighter and more menacingly. But still, he did not dare to give up his research, and then Bender felt completely sick.
After the second visit, he had a stomach ache, as if with an ulcer, and migraines happened every day, and after the third visit Bender began to lose weight and have problems with his eyesight or psyche, it began to seem to him that the MIB was following him even on the streets.
According to Bender, he saw the MIB in every shady nook and in the meantime, his stomach problems worsened. And then, the ufologist could not stand it. He closed his Space Review magazine, closed the international bureau, and decided to move away from UFO research. After that, his health improved. Until his death in 2016, Bender no longer talked about UFOs.
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26-04-2022
The Scientist Claims That Mushrooms Speak To Each Other In A Language Of 50 Words
The Scientist Claims That Mushrooms Speak To Each Other In A Language Of 50 Words
Andrew Adamacki, professor of computer science at the University of the West of England (UWE) in Bristol, published a study in the Royal Society Open Science that he found that fungi “communicate” with each other in a peculiar language.
This communication takes place with the help of electrical signals.
“In our work on decoding the language of mushrooms, we first looked at whether different types of mushrooms exhibit similar characteristics of electrical activity. And then we characterized the proposed mushroom language by word length and sentence complexity,” says Adamacki.
Adamacki says mushrooms, as “almost living creatures without a nervous system,” are capable of producing electrical signals. During experiments with mushrooms, he found that oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus djamor) produce electrical signals of high and low frequency, and tinder fungi of the species Ganoderma resinaceum emit electrical signals at intervals of up to 8 minutes.
Moreover, according to Adamacki, the electrical signals of these mushrooms are similar to those observed in creatures with a central nervous system (animals and humans).
Next, Adamacki decided to find out if all types of mushrooms are capable of such actions and conducted an experiment with an additional four types of mushrooms.
“We recorded the extracellular electrical activity of four fungal species, and we found evidence of the propagation of signal lines through the fungal mycelium network. We hypothesized that the electrical activity of fungi is a manifestation of ‘information exchange’ between distant parts of fungal colonies.”
In the study, Adamacki details how he and his team inserted electrodes into the ground around four types of fungus: honey agaric, chaffwort, cordyceps sinensis, and omphalotus. The electrodes were stuck into bundles of fungal mycelium (mycelium), consisting of thin branched filaments – hyphae.
They found that these mushroom “roots” seem to “communicate” with each other.
“We found that signal length distributions are similar to word length distributions in human languages. And we found that mushroom vocabulary can be up to 50 words long. Although their main lexicon of the most frequently used words does not exceed 15-20 words.”
Adamacki says that the most “talkative” species of fungus (of the ones they studied) was Schizophyllum commune, based on the amount of signals it generated. The scientist noted that mushroom electrobursts were not random, and therefore he was able to identify groups of similar signals into “words” and then groups of words into “sentences.”
And by comparing fungal words with human language, he found that their average word length was similar to the length of words in English and Russian. In an interview with The Guardian, Adamacki said he believes that mushrooms use their “language” in a similar way to how wolves use their howls to organize in a pack.
For example, some mushroom words can direct mycelial filaments to nutrients or warn them of danger. Can mushrooms determine if there is a danger near them in the form of a person picking mushrooms or a pig looking for truffles? Adamacki admits that he cannot answer this question yet, because much more research with mushrooms is needed for this.
Paddenstoelen communiceren met elkaar en gebruiken lexicon dat bestaat uit wel 50 woorden, zo suggereert nieuwe studie
Paddenstoelen en schimmels zien er misschien zwijgzaam uit, in werkelijkheid zijn het echte communicators. Dat moet althans blijken uit het onderzoek van een computerwetenschapper. In het vaktijdschrift Royal Society Open Science schrijft de onderzoeker dat het gemiddelde lexicon van verschillende schimmels bestaat uit maar liefst 50 woorden.
Eerder onderzoek had reeds aangetoond dat fungi of schimmels inderdaad met elkaar kunnen communiceren. Dat zouden ze doen met behulp van ondergrondse draadvormige verbindingen - hyfen - en elektrische impulsen. Dat is vergelijkbaar met de manier waarop neuronen informatie verwerken in het menselijk lichaam.
In het nieuwe onderzoek werden vier soorten schimmels onder de loep genomen: de rupsschimmel, het waaiertje, het fluweelpootje en de spookschimmel. Deze laatste schimmel heeft zijn naam niet gestolen en wordt zo genoemd vanwege zijn bioluminescente eigenschappen: hij licht op in het donker.
Computerwetenschapper Andrew Adamatzky (University of the West England) ging aan de slag met kleine elektroden die hij verbond met de hyfen van de schimmels. En terwijl de schimmels met elkaar communiceerden, trachtte Adamatzky te luistervinken.
Elke activiteitspiek van schimmels werd taalkundig geanalyseerd. Wat bleek? Elke piek of puls varieerde in duur en lengte waardoor er een verschillende betekenis aan gekoppeld kon worden. Zo zou er uiteindelijk sprake zijn van een lexicon van wel 50 verschillende woorden waarvan er 15 tot 20 woorden vaak gebruikt worden.
Waarom zouden schimmels met elkaar communiceren?
Wellicht communiceren schimmels om dezelfde reden waarom wolven huilen: simpelweg om elkaar te laten weten dat ze er zijn. Daarnaast kunnen ze misschien ook nieuwe voedingsbronnen signaleren aan elkaar. “Of ze zeggen helemaal niets”, suggereert Adamatzky nog. Dan zouden de geregistreerde pulsen niet meer dan een gemeten potentiaalverschil zijn.
Voordat we de taal van schimmels toevoegen aan Google Translate, is meer onderzoek vereist.
Dan Bebber, biowetenschapper die niet betrokken was bij het onderzoek
Kritiek
Andere onderzoekers, niet betrokken bij het onderzoek, zijn dan ook sceptisch. “Het onderzoek detecteert ritmische patronen in elektrische signalen. Deze patronen zijn vergelijkbaar met voedingspulsen, reeds gezien bij andere schimmels”, zegt Dan Bebber, hoofddocent Biowetenschappen aan de University of Exeter. “Hoewel het een interessant onderzoek is, de elektrische signalen interpreteren als een taal lijkt een beetje overenthousiast. Voordat we de taal van de schimmels toevoegen aan Google Translate, is meer onderzoek vereist.”
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Strangest Tree and Plant Species You Don't Believe are Real
Strangest Tree and Plant Species You Don't Believe are Real
Evolution has thrown up some odd but also some impressive looking plants and trees over time. Throughout the years, mother-nature has baffled us with her strange and unusual creations. With more than 298,000 species of plants on earth, we are surely going to find some bizarre plants among them.
Pentagon Releases Over 1,500 Pages of Declassified Encounters with Our Space Neighbors
Pentagon Releases Over 1,500 Pages of Declassified Encounters with Our Space Neighbors
Ron Jefferson
(Photo : STAFF/AFP via Getty Images)
This picture taken 26 December 2011 shows the Pentagon building in Washington, DC. The Pentagon, which is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense (DOD), is the world's largest office building by floor area, with about 6,500,000 sq ft (600,000 m2), of which 3,700,000 sq ft (340,000 m2) are used as offices. Approximately 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel work in the Pentagon.
The latest space reports confirmed that the Pentagon released more than 1,500 pages of actual accounts involving the mysterious visitors to Earth. The files show how the secretive program of the US government kept contact with the suspected life forms for many years.
According to a report by The Sun, the detailed information and images associated with the Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program or AAITP were requested by their team after the Pentagon publicized the classified information on December 18, 2017.
Defense Intelligence Agency and the Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program
(Photo: STAFF/AFP via Getty Images) This picture taken on 26 December 2011 shows the Pentagon building in Washington, DC. The Pentagon, which is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense (DOD), is the world's largest office building by floor area, with about 6,500,000 sq ft (600,000 m2), of which 3,700,000 sq ft (340,000 m2) are used as offices. Approximately 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel work in the Pentagon.
Through the Freedom of Information Act, the journalists immediately filed for copies of the said documents following the agency's announcement. After over four consecutive years, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) of the Pentagon finally released a comprehensive issue of the project, all discussed in a 1,574-page top-secret journal.
According to the report, the documents consist of numerous scientific research and classified letters circulated to the Pentagon in studies of cosmic beings.
The goldmine shows how biological research was carried out to explain the phenomenon that people experience following first-hand contact with space neighbors. Each of the studies was categorized based on specific fields such as technology, psychology, and paranormal.
DIA said that some parts of the documents were either redacted or were not included in the release due to concerns about confidentiality and participant privacy. However, the agency emphasized that there were no accounts left-out to change or tamper with the records they publicized reasonably.
Anomalous Acute and Subacute Field Effects on Human and Biological Tissues
Among the concerning portions presented in the papers were the incident reports of biological impacts caused by the rare sightings of people. The portion is titled "Anomalous Acute and Subacute Field Effects on Human and Biological Tissues."
The DIA documents clearly stated that contacts with unknown visitors range from sleep disturbances to cardiovascular issues. Freak accounts of 'apparent abduction' and even pregnancy were written in the documents.
According to the classified papers, first-hand contacts frequently produce injuries associated with an electromagnetic type of radiation. In most cases, the reports mention 'energy-related propulsion systems.' As per the studies, these technologies serve as a 'threat to the United States' interests.'
Isolated cases revealed in the study show people being injured through 'exposures to anomalous vehicles.' The paper adds that the accounts are prominent 'especially airborne and when in close proximity,' the paper adds.
The number of medical files related to the anomaly sums to 42 cases. However, there are still 300 unpublished findings that involve other victims of the mysterious accidents.
AATIP is a branch of the Pentagon behind the peculiar investigations over our space friends. The program ran between 2007 to 2021 and was introduced to the public by its former intelligence head office Luis Elizondo.
In a protocol included in the US Acquisition Threat Support, guidelines on how to categorize 'anomalous behavior' were listed. The encounters with the class of the most bizarre individual collection are labeled 'AN3,' while encounters with space beings are labeled 'CE3.'
Developments of how we could contact the aloof neighbors and deployment of deep space ventures were also suggested in the documents.
Ion drives, like the NEXIS thruster shown here, could propel astronomical bodies large distances over long periods of time. Could they be used to migrate the entire planet? Image credit: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Someday, the Sun will heat up enough to boil our planet’s oceans. Could moving the entire Earth away save us?
“I would argue that in any habitable zone that doesn’t boil or freeze, intelligent life is going to emerge because intelligence is convergent.” –Simon Conway Morris
Someday, in the distant future, the Earth’s oceans will boil, destroying all life on the planet’s surface and potentially rendering Earth completely inhospitable. It’s the type of global warming that no human can avert: the gradual warming that the Sun experiences by burning its core fuel over its lifetime. But there may be a way to keep the Earth inhabited if we plan a very long-term solution: migrating the entire Earth. Is this really plausible, though?
That’s what Mathieu Nisen wants to know:
I want to dream a bit: do you think it could be physically feasible to migrate the earth’s orbit with our current knowledge in science?
To find out, we need to figure out how hot it’s going to get, and how fast, in order to move the Earth quickly enough to save it.
This cutaway showcases the various regions of the surface and interior of the Sun, including the core, which is where nuclear fusion occurs. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons user Kelvinsong.
The way any star gets its energy is by fusing lighter elements into heavier ones in its core. Our Sun, in particular, fuses hydrogen into helium in regions where the core temperature exceeds 4,000,000 K. The hotter things get, the faster the rate of fusion; the very center of the core may be as hot as 15,000,000 K. This rate is almost perfectly constant, but not quite. Over very long periods of time, the percentage of hydrogen-to-helium in the core changes, causing the interior to heat up a little bit more over billions of years. When it heats up, three things happen:
It gets more luminous, meaning it outputs more total energy over time,
It swells slightly in size, increasing appreciably in radius by a few percent every billion years,
And its temperature remains almost perfectly constant, changing by less than 1%-per-billion years.
The Sun has increased in size, brightness, and temperature according to the curves above, and those three quantities will continue to evolve as shown by their respective lines into the future.
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons user RJHall, based on Ribas, Ignasi (2010).
All of this adds up to one uncomfortable fact: the amount of energy that reaches the Earth is very slowly increasing over time. For every 110 million years that pass, the solar luminosity increases by about 1%, which means that the energy reaching the Earth also rises by 1% over that exact same time. Back when the Earth was four billion years younger, our planet received barely 70% of the energy we do today. And after another one-to-two billion years, if we do nothing else to mitigate it, eventually this increase will cause a severe problem for Earth. At that point, we will hit a mean surface temperature of 373 kelvin (100 °C / 212 °F). In other words, at some point, the Sun will become so hot that the Earth’s oceans will boil.
If the surface temperature becomes too high, our planet will be unable to support the existence of liquid water on the surface. Image credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
So how can we mitigate it? There are a few potential solutions:
We can set up a series of large reflectors at the L1 Lagrange point, preventing some of the incident light from reaching the Earth.
We can geoengineer the atmosphere/albedo of our planet to reflect more light and absorb less.
We can de-greenhouse our planet, removing molecules like methane and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
We can abandon Earth and focus on terraforming outer worlds, such as Mars.
A possible pathway for the eventual terraforming of Mars to be more Earth-like.
Image credit: English Wikipedia user Ittiz.
Any of these would work, in theory, but would also require a tremendous amount of effort and ongoing maintenance.
However, the solution of migrating the Earth to a more distant orbit would be permanent! And although we’d have to push our orbit out quite considerably to keep temperatures constant, timescales of hundreds of millions of years give us plenty of time, if we need it. To cancel out an effect of a 1% increase in the luminosity of the Sun, we’d need to push Earth an additional 0.5% away from the Sun; to cancel out an increase of 20% (what we expect over the next 2 billion years, total), we need the Earth an extra 9.5% more distant than we are now. Instead of the Earth being a mean distance of 149,600,000 km from the Sun, we’d be looking at more like 164,000,000 km.
The Earth-Sun distance has not changed by much over the past 4.5 billion years. But if the Sun is going to heat up and we don’t want Earth to heat up commensurately, we should seriously consider migrating our planet outward. µImage credit: ISS Expedition 7 Crew, EOL, NASA.
This is going to take a lot of energy! To move the Earth — all six septillion (6 × 10²⁴) kilograms of it — that extra distance away from the Sun is going to change our orbital parameters by quite a bit. If we were to push Earth’s mean distance from the Sun out to 164,000,000 km (102 million miles), there would be some significant changes we’d notice:
It would take an extra 14.6% longer for the Earth to complete a single revolution around the Sun.
To maintain a stable orbit, our orbital speed would have to slow down, from 30 km/s to 28.5 km/s.
If the period of Earth’s rotation stayed the same (24 hours), we’d have 418 days in a year, instead of 365.
The Sun would appear slightly smaller in the sky — by about 10% — and the Sun’s effects on the tides would weaken by a few centimeters.
If the Sun swelled in size but Earth migrated outward, the two effects would not quite cancel; the Sun would appear slightly smaller from Earth overall. Image credit: public domain.
But in order to get the Earth out that far, we’d need to make a very big energetic change: we’d need to alter the gravitational potential energy of the Sun-Earth system. Even accounting for all the other factors, including the slower-moving Earth around the Sun, we’d have to change the Earth’s orbital energy by 4.7 × 10³⁵ Joules, which is the equivalent of 1.3 × 10²⁰ Terawatt-hours: about 10¹⁵ times humanity’s total annual energy supply. You might think that given two billion years would help, and it does, but only a little. We would need about 500,000 times the amount of energy that humanity presently generates today, globally, all pumped into migrating the planet outward in order to migrate the Earth to a safe, consistent distance.
The speed at which planets revolve around the Sun is dependent on their distance from the Sun. Migrating Earth outwards, slowly, by 9.5% ought not perturb the orbits of the other planets. Image credit: NASA / JPL.
The conversion technology is the least of our worries; the biggest concern is more fundamental: how do we get all that energy? Realistically, there’s only one place that has enough for those needs, and that is the Sun itself. At present, the Earth receives about 1,500 Watts of power per square meter from the Sun. In order to obtain enough power to migrate the Earth in the right amount of time, we’d need to build an array (in space) that collected that entire 4.7 × 10³⁵ Joules of energy, evenly, over a time period of two billion years. That means an array that’s 5 × 10¹⁵ square meters in size (and 100% efficient), or the equivalent of the entire surface area of ten Earths.
The concept of space-based solar power has been around for a long time, but no one has ever conceived of an array that’s 5 billion square kilometers in size. Image credit: NASA.
So to migrate the Earth to a higher, safe orbit, that’s what it takes: five billion square kilometers of a 100%-efficient solar array, whose energy goes entirely into pushing the Earth into a more distant orbit around the Sun for two billion years. Physically possible? Absolutely. With current technology? Not a chance. And is it practically possible? Almost definitely not, at least not with what we currently know. The reason that migrating the entire planet is so difficult is twofold: because of how strong the Sun’s gravitational pull is and how massive the Earth is. But this is the planet we have and the Sun we have, and the Sun is going to heat up, regardless of what we do. Until we find a way to gather and utilize that massive amount of energy, we’re going to need other strategies if we want to survive the ultimate global warming apocalypse!
The FBI vault contains thousands of declassified files about various mysteries of the past. The topic related to UFOs and aliens always remains the most discussed one, and the FBI has a lot of documents stored in its vault, speaking of this strange phenomenon. Memorandum 6751 is most important to the ufology, according to Former FBI Special Agent John DeSouza.
The FBI has always paid great attention to the UFO phenomenon. By the way, this confirms the old suspicions: many science fiction films are actually based on real events, whether it is leaked that the FBI purposely made to raise public awareness, or to recognize agents, existing or former, who consider it unfair to deprive the public knowledge opinion about these secrets.
Of course, one cannot believe that Edgar Hoover, a director of the FBI, during those events that we are talking about, was very worried about justice or respect for the right of society to know the facts.
Memo 6751: Credit FBI Vault
He was the ultra-conservative and reactionary who thought differently. But the fact is that in 2010, it became known from the FBI’s The Vault page that the agency included in the category of declassified a report prepared [specificlally Memo 6751] in July 1947 by a special agent of the FBI. He was a lieutenant colonel, whose identity was in the interests of “national security” and, at the direction of the almighty Hoover, erased a report based on an interview with a witness of the appearance of a UFO. The witness shared his own experience of contact with a non-human mind and could tell quite a lot.
Line 2: “Their mission is peaceful” and their agenda is to “settle” on Earth; Line 3: The beings are “human-like but much larger in size”; Lines 4 to 6: Describes multi-dimensional beings from “an etheric planet which interpenetrates with our own”; Line 7: Weaponized with “radiant energy”; they enter the “etheric” (or cross dimensions) at will; Line 8 likens their world to Lokas_or_Talas; Conclusion: “Let the newcomers be treated with kindness” Addendum: “the front contains the controls; the middle portion is a laboratory; the rear contains armament, which consists essentially of a powerful energy apparatus, perhaps a ray…”
According to the report, among other species, we are visited by creatures not only from other planets but from other dimensions as well. In particular, they are from the etheric plane coexisting with our physical Universe, materialized entities appeared as translucent giants.
The first thing that comes to mind when reading the document is that we are dealing with a story of a dreamer, but it should be noted that this fact must have enough consecutive moments to initiate an investigation of the FBI, and this must be recognized when it comes to justifying financial injections and expenses of his resources.
The narrator further goes on to explain that these creatures use energy vectors to translate, which are interpreted as flying saucers. Their goal is peaceful, if one can consider peaceful the task that they transmitted (probably telepathically) to the witness: to stay living on this planet without disturbing us.
John DeSouza noted in his book that “Understanding Extra-Dimensionality is the way to unfold the truth of the paranormal, the spiritual and even the physical world. These Visitors have been with us since time immemorial and their messages to us are everywhere around us. The truth will eventually explode into our field of vision. If we refuse to listen then we are only delaying the inevitable to a time when an alarm will be sounded that is so loud that it will consume everything upon the Earth. Once the black swans arrive, once we awaken to numerous mile-long shadows cast by these ancient ships—hanging over our major cities, soundless, motionless, maddening; it will be too late.”
Memo 6751 remained classified for 63 years until Executive Order 13526 which allowed for its declassification and release. The memo may not be a “smoking gun”, but it is significant in that it remained untouched from the disinformation campaigns of Project Grudge, Blue Book.
Although much of the information contained in the memo is extremely detailed, there are some inconsistencies.
Firstly, the absence of the name of its author, although he claims to have several diplomas and that he was the head of a university department. Another fact is that the FBI prepared the document and it is not the original that is being investigated.
Unlike early Roswell stories, this file refers to “living beings much larger than humans.” In addition, they supposedly can live in another dimension, in another world.
However, the author of the article never mentioned how he collected all the information. From this point on, every detail in memorandum 6751 is confusing.
Two galaxies locked together in an intricate gravitational dance have created a beautiful illusion in the depths of space.
Captured in a new Hubble photo, their interaction has formed a near-symmetrical shape that has given the pair its nickname: the Angel Wing. If you look closely, the object bears an uncanny resemblance to the alarming six-winged seraphim of ancient Judaic lore.
The official name of the pair of galaxies is VV689, or MCG+03-26-016, and together they constitute an elegant example of one of the most colossal events in the Universe, a galactic merger.
Galactic mergers take place when galaxies are gravitationally drawn together across the gulfs of space-time, performing an increasingly tight orbital dance before coming together to form one big galaxy.
During these events, surprisingly few objects actually collide with each other; galaxies are mostly empty space by volume. However, the gravitational interactions can create shocks in surrounding star-forming gas that results in waves of star formation, rippling across each of the galaxies as the merger takes place.
These mergers are thought to be a vital aspect of galactic growth and evolution. Not only can the process revive star formation in otherwise relatively quiescent galaxies, it could play a role in the expansion of supermassive black holes to even more epic proportions.
Found at the heart of each galaxy, these black hole behemoths are somewhat baffling; merging with other supermassive black holes could be one pathway to their incredible size.
The Milky Way has undergone a number of collisions in its past. By identifying other galaxies undergoing the process of merging, astronomers can piece together how it occurs, which helps us understand the evolution of our own galaxy and the wider, wonderful cosmos around us.
A palaeontologist examines a dinosaur fossil from the Triassic period (around 250 million to 200 million years ago) in Brazil.
Credit: Carl de Souza/AFP via Getty
In December 2020, a paper in the journal Cretaceous Research sent shock waves through the palaeontology community1. It described a dinosaur species that the authors named Ubirajara jubatus — the first dinosaur found in the Southern Hemisphere to display what were probably precursors to modern feathers. The 110-million-year-old fossil had been collected in Brazil decades earlier — but no Brazilian palaeontologist had ever heard of it. The authors of the paper were from Germany, Mexico and the United Kingdom.
It was the latest instance of what some researchers now call palaeontological colonialism, in which scientists from wealthy nations obtain specimens from low- and middle-income countries without involving local researchers, and then store the fossils abroad. The practice can sometimes be illegal. For instance, according to Brazilian law, the country’s fossils belong to the state, although the authors of the Ubirajara paper say that they had a permit signed by a Brazilian mining official allowing them to export the specimen. “As far as the authors are aware, the specimen of Ubirajara was obtained legally,” says David Martill, a co-author and palaeontologist at the University of Portsmouth, UK.
The practice can also deprive nations of knowledge and heritage, say researchers. “Fossils are special to us,” says Allysson Pinheiro, director of the Plácido Cidade Nuvens Palaeontological Museum in Santana do Cariri, Brazil, near where U. jubatus was found. “We have literature, arts and crafts, and music based on them.”
Unlike previous incidents, however, the publication of Ubirajara sparked a revolution.
Through the Twitter campaign #UbirajaraBelongstoBR, Brazilian researchers protested against the paper, which was eventually withdrawn, and called for the fossil’s return. The Ubirajara specimen is currently located at the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe in Germany, but officials say that the museum is involved in negotiations to send it back to Brazil.
The Ubirajara jubatus fossil sparked outrage among Brazilian palaeontologists and citizens.
Credit: Felipe L. Pinheiro
Even more significantly, the incident prompted paleontologists and paleontology associations across Latin America to join forces to end the practice. The growing movement is even attracting interest from scientists in Mongolia and other countries beyond Latin America that are affected by colonial palaeontology.
Juliana Sterli, president of the Argentinian Paleontological Association in Buenos Aires, describes the Ubirajara episode as the “last drop”. “In previous situations, we didn’t express ourselves,” she says.
Global awareness
One of the fruits of the movement has been the publication of journal articles surveying the extent of palaeontological colonialism in Latin America and elsewhere. In March, for instance, a report2 reviewed decades of papers describing fossils from Mexico and Brazil. The authors analysed almost 200 studies published between 1990 and 2021, and found that more than half did not include local researchers. Of the Brazilian fossils described, 88% were stored outside Brazil.
Some in the community, however, have disputed the paper’s findings. Martill says that the paper “is a pseudo-scientific study with a highly cherry-picked data set”, and adds that it ignores practices by US palaeontologists and focuses on European researchers. Martill was a co-author on papers highlighted by the survey.
Juan Carlos Cisneros, a palaeontologist at the Federal University of Piauí in Teresina, Brazil, and a co-author of the survey, says that it omitted some US collections of Brazilian fossils dating from before 1990. That is because the survey focused on vertebrate holotypes (specimens used as benchmarks for describing a species) studied after 1990, he explains. That is when Brazil passed a decree that requires international institutions studying fossils from the country to partner with Brazilian institutions. Cisneros adds: “It seems a clumsy attitude for researchers involved in such questionable practices to defend themselves by expressing that, in other countries, similarly questionable things are done.”
In the past, when issues of scientific colonialism were brought up with colleagues in wealthy countries, incidents were chalked up to anecdotal occurrences, he says. “Now that this is published in a scientific journal, there’s no way to ignore it anymore.”
Jeff Liston, president of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, who is based in Edinburgh, UK, and has studied the illegal fossil trade in China, says that the scientific community has been aware of issues related to colonial palaeontology for some time — but the debate in the past few years has brought the discussion to a broader audience.
There are plans for more publications on the issue in Latin America — including papers discussing how journals can help to solve the problem. The palaeontological associations of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico plan to submit a letter describing how colonial practices are affecting palaeontology in the region to a scientific journal. “One of our goals is to raise global awareness about the responsibility of peer-reviewed journals in fighting colonial practices,” says Hermínio de Araújo Júnior, president of the Brazilian Paleontological Society, who is based in Rio de Janeiro.
In the March paper2, for example, the researchers found that none of the studies they reviewed reported having permits for taking the fossils abroad. “A big step would be to request the proper permits to study the material that they are putting into the journal,” says Karen Moreno Fuentealba, president of the Chilean Association of Paleontology, which is based in Santiago. “It would certainly be a way to enforce proper scientific behaviour.”
Some journals, such as Palaeontology, have already adopted policies that require authors to respect local laws when collecting and exporting samples. “PLoS ONE was one of the first journals to have a very tight set of ethical guidelines in terms of having to show collecting and export permits,” Liston says. (Naturealso has this type of policy; Nature’s news team is editorially independent of its journal team.)
A Latin American alliance
Latin American researchers have also raised global awareness of colonial palaeontology at international conferences. Last December, Cisneros presented research at the third annual Palaeontological Virtual Congress, in which he and his team analysed the impact of the #UbirajaraBelongstoBR campaign. The hashtag became a trending topic on Twitter in Brazil between December 2020 and January 2021, after the Cretaceous Research paper was published.
“Not only science communicators engaged in the conversation, but also influencers from the gaming world, artists and the news media gave it wide attention,” says Aline Ghilardi, a palaeontologist at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte in Natal, Brazil, who created the hashtag.
Liston notes these positive outcomes, but says that there were negative ones, too. Members of the public threatened the scientists and institutions involved in the Ubirajara research. The Karlsruhe museum’s Instagram account drew more than 10,000 comments — many of them negative — and was deleted in 2021.
In July, a panel will discuss scientific colonialism at the virtual Latin American Congress of Vertebrate Paleontology. The goal, according to Cisneros, is to promote true cooperation between palaeontologists. “We don’t want researchers from other countries to stop working here. What we hope for is that partnerships are more equitable and reciprocal. And that our laws are respected, as we respect the laws of other countries.”
Palaeontologists in Mexico work to preserve mammoth skeletons found during an excavation in 2020.
Credit: Rodrigo Arangua/AFP via Getty
Martill says he has no problem cooperating with local researchers, but he has questions about how far the movement will go to revise the field. “Should we be expected to [collaborate with local partners] when, say, a Brazilian fossil is in a German collection and has been for many years?” he asks, additionally wondering whether seeking out experts simply to add local collaborators could lead to tokenism. “I think this should be up to authors who do the science to decide who is an author.”
It’s important to acknowledge that ethical standards today are different from those of the past, even in Latin America, says Elizabeth Chacón Baca, president of the Mexican Society of Paleontology, headquartered in San Nicolás de los Garza. In Mexico, for example, fossils used to be offered as gifts by political leaders or academics to their international counterparts. “Scientific interest must prevail,” she says. “We must protect and defend [our heritage], but always with a tone of open dialogue.”
Ripple effects
Latin American palaeontologists hope that their efforts will have an impact beyond their countries. According to a study published last December by Ghilardi and others3, the countries most affected by ‘parachute science’ — publications that make no mention of local collaboration — are the Dominican Republic, Myanmar and Namibia. In the first two, in particular, foreign researchers have become interested in fossil inclusions in amber deposits.
Palaeontological colonialism “used to be a discussion among friends and peers in between two sessions at a conference”, says Devapriya Chattopadhyay, a palaeontologist at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Pune and a co-author of the study. Now, “it is getting quite a bit of deserved attention”.
“I’m really excited about this whole movement, especially in Brazil,” says Bolortsetseg Minjin, founder and director of the Institute for the Study of Mongolian Dinosaurs in New York City. She has helped to repatriate dinosaur fossils taken illegally from Mongolia, and sees parallels between her efforts and the campaign to repatriate the Ubirajara dinosaur.
Minjin strongly advocates that fossils remain in their places of origin. “In Mongolia, fossils have been out of the country for the last 100 years,” she says. “Now we are facing an issue: how to find the next generation of scientists?” When children don’t grow up seeing fossils as part of their heritage and aren’t exposed to knowledge that excites them, she says, there is little motivation to become scientists.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01093-4
References
Smyth, R. S. H., Martill, D. M., Frey, E., Rivera-Sylva, H. E. & Lenz, N. Cretaceous Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104686 (2020).
Four Mysterious Objects On Google Sky, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Four Mysterious Objects On Google Sky, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Cube: -27.725280° -100.816575°
Fork: -12.777097° 48.448718°
Rogue Moon: -12.842369° -102.117233°
Green Orbs: 25.208859° -176.295993°
Now there are some interesting objects on Google Sky map. These four objects may or may not be explained away, however, I have never heard a reasonable explanation for any yet. These objects do exist in space, they are there, but are they alien and are they signs of intelligent life? I would have to say absolutely yes! The cube itself is huge and it confirms many sightings of the dark cube on NASA/SOHO sun images over the last ten years. The rogue moon is seen in great detail. Its understandable NASA wont talk about it...because to move an entire moon on a rogue trail through the solar system would require an alien propulsion system. Its a space station. As for the others anomalies, wormhole and green sphere, it seems all undeniable proof that aliens, intelligent or not, do exist out in space.
Military Whistle Blower reveals new top secret information on retrieval of Alien and Man Made UFOS!
Military Whistle Blower reveals new top secret information on retrieval of Alien and Man Made UFOS!
Dr. Greer discusses new explosive information from a member of a Nellis-based UFO retrieval team who was sent on missions to retrieve both man-made and ET craft.
He also describes his subsequent attempted abduction by covert human operatives using ARVs and fake "aliens grays".
Daytime UFO sighting over Bangkok, Thailand 22Apr-2022
Daytime UFO sighting over Bangkok, Thailand 22Apr-2022
A Facebook user called “Bradley BankDad” posted a video showing what looks like a glowing red/orange object flying at high altitude. He explained that the sighting took place in the Wong Sawang area in Bangkok, on April 22nd 2022 at 6:37PM.
While playing football on the lawn in front of his house, he looked up at the sky and saw an airplane passing by. But on the left hand side he saw a round red light. At first glance he thought it was a comet, But then he realized that it must have a light tail, so he called his girlfriend to record the the UFO.
Here’s the video:
Thairath News TV covered the event and interviewed the witness:
Glowing disk shaped UFO recorded over Bangkok Thailand on April 2022. Video Source UFO Sightings Daily
Video Source Bradley BankDad
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Two Strange Creatures Spotted Inside Tunnel Durning An Urban Exploration
This footage was uploaded three days ago by the channel URBEX HILL and this guy goes around conducting urban exploration in various location by himself and the reason that this location remainds on disclosed is for the law of trespass.
In the footage durning the exploring of the tunnel system, he was met by these two curious creatures with one of them giving him the once over before running off into the darkness of the tunnels. Further into the tunnel we can hear this spine-chilling scream. URBEX HILL stated the following" I explored a mysterious tunnel and saw a strange creature. I took on one of the most dangerous explorations that I've ever attempted. Over the course of one whole day a traversed more than 10 miles and a confusing and seemingly endless tunnel system hit in deep within the forest. As I entered the portal, I noticed it was oddly quiet and I began to have a strange feeling I was being watched. While I continue to explore deeper within the tunnels, I started to notice signs that I may not be alone which led me to have one of the most terrifying encounters I've ever experienced."
IT HAS BEEN MORE THAN 10,000 years since the last fur-covered woolly mammoth feet lumbered across the Arctic tundra.
Once a keystone species of these frozen ecosystems, the legacy of mammoths now has to be painstakingly recovered from layers of ice and permafrost by anorak-clad scientists. But not for much longer.
On September 13, entrepreneur Ben Lamm and Harvard geneticist George Churchannounced the creation of Colossal, a new gene-editing company bent on “de-extincting” the woolly using CRISPR. The company claims that rewilding of this species in the Arctic tundra could revitalize the region's grasslands as a major source of carbon sequestration, which offers a crucial tool in the fight against climate change.
“IT ISN'T DE-EXTINCTION AT ALL.”
With starting capital of $15 million and four-to-six years of research, Lamm tells Inverse the company could produce a “herd” of woolly mammoths calves for the first time since the Ice Age. This means the first baby mammoths could roam the tundra by 2027 or earlier.
But other scientists aren’t so convinced, including Tori Herridge, an evolutionary biologist working as a fellow at the Natural History Museum in London and science communicator. Before the company’s announcement, Herridge was approached to join Colossal’s advisory board but declined.
Herridge tells Inverse that this project could easily blow past some crucial ethical barriers if Colossal isn't careful.
“If [this technology] genuinely does what they hope it's going to do, that will fundamentally alter the way that we as humans interact with the natural world,” says Herridge.
And there’s another issue: it may not be a true mammoth at all.
Ben Lamm (left) and George Church (right) say they can bring back the mammoth, but is that really a good thing?Courtesy of Colossal
WHAT IS COLOSSAL?
Using cutting-edge technology to bring a species back from extinction might sound like Jurassic Park-level science fiction, but Colossal’s new project is actually not the first to attempt — or achieve this.
“COLOSSAL IS READY TO CHART THIS NEW FRONTIER OF SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.”
While the company’s use of CRISPR — a gene-editing tool that can snip and replace particular genes in an animal's DNA — is relatively novel, Herridge says that scientists accomplished small-level “de-extinction” years ago through cloning a recently extinct Pyrenean ibex.
What really sets Colossal apart from previous attempts, says Herridge, is their private funding.
Another secret weapon in their corner, according to Lamm, is geneticist and co-founder George Church. With a passionate interest in the woolly mammoth, a deep understanding of synthetic biology, and eight years of research on the topic under his belt, Church is a triple threat. Mix that expertise with $15 million, and Lamm is confident they’ve got a winning combination.
“De-extinction of the woolly mammoth will be the first time a species has been successfully brought back from extinction,” Lamm says. “Colossal is ready to chart this new frontier of science and biotechnology.”
ARE WE REALLY BRINGING BACK THE MAMMOTH?
While CRISPR technology can do miraculous things, Herridge warns that it is still by no means a time machine.
“It isn't de-extinction at all — you're never going to bring back an extinct creature,” says Herridge. “It is not the de-extinction of the mammoth; it is the genetic modification of an elephant you are creating an entirely new synthetic organism.”
When it comes to gene editing, just because it looks like a woolly mammoth and moves like a woolly mammoth doesn’t mean it actually is a woolly mammoth. These mammoth-like animals will instead be more of a hybrid of this ancient species and their modern cousin, the Asian elephant.Shutterstock
Instead of reintroducing so-called authentic woolly mammoths to the tundra, Herridge says that what Church and his team are really doing is tinkering with the DNA of modern-day elephants to create something very similar to a woolly mammoth.
To do this, Church’s team has isolated 60 genes that helped woolly mammoths adapt to cold environments, including developing a shaggy coat, growing smaller ears and tail, and producing extra body fat.
Lamm says that these precisely edited genes will be inserted into the genome of Asian elephants using CRISPR. These “mammoth-like cells” can then, in theory, be inserted into the egg cell of an Asian elephant in place of its full-elephant nucleus.
“Electrical pulses are applied to the egg cell, which will simulate fertilization, and the egg cell will start to divide and grow, becoming an embryo,” says Lamm. Such future embryos could then be implanted in a surrogate elephant or an artificial womb for their 18-22 months-long gestation.
The final result? The world’s first “woolly mammoth” calves in 10 millennia.
HOW IT COULD GO WRONG
But before we get there, Herridge says there’s still a lot that could go wrong along the way. For example, reintroducing species to their native environments without disrupting those ecosystems is tricky even with modern species, but rewilding a species that’s been gone as long as the woolly mammoth could be the most difficult yet — not to mention that the environment they’re being reintroduced to is rapidly changing as temperatures across the world rise.
But while these are points to consider carefully, Herridge says there’s an even more salient ethical issue that this project must keep in mind.
“The worst outcome for me in the short term would be a sort of gung ho approach to implantation and uses elephants as surrogates,” says Herridge.
Moving too quickly in this gene-editing process could have deadly consequences.Shutterstock
According to Herridge, the only way to find out if you’ve done the right tinkering to create a “mammoth,” instead of an animal that might have several abnormalities or deformities, would be to see what kind of calf it creates. In that case, jumping to surrogacy too quickly without significant lab-bench experimentation first would be “unethical,” she says.
One way to get this right is to increase transparency wherever possible, says Herridge. This means releasing data from the Church lab more readily than has been done so far, she says.
HOW IT COULD GO RIGHT
Despite her concerns, Herridge is still optimistic about what we might learn along the way to producing baby woolly mammoths — whether we ever get there or not.
“The best outcome would be amazing collateral advances in our knowledge about mammoths and the ice age ecosystem [and] the application of those biotechnology tools to really press conservation issues for species that are close to extinction today,” says Herridge. “That's what I think would be the most important stuff.”
The Far Side of Mars Rocked by Two of the Largest Marsquakes Ever Recorded
The Far Side of Mars Rocked by Two of the Largest Marsquakes Ever Recorded
BySEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
NASA’s InSight lander on Mars used its seismometer to record two of its strongest seismic events to date: a magnitude 4.2 and a magnitude 4.1 marsquake.
NASA’s InSight lander’s seismometer on Mars has recorded two of its strongest seismic events to date: a magnitude 4.2 and a magnitude 4.1 marsquake. The pair are the first documented occurrences on the planet’s far side from the lander, and they are five times stronger than the previous greatest recorded event.
Seismic wave data from the events could help scientists learn more about the interior layers of Mars, particularly its core-mantle boundary, researchers from InSight’s Marsquake Service (MQS) reported on April 22, 2022, in The Seismic Record.
Anna Horleston of the University of Bristol and colleagues were able to identify reflected PP and SS waves from the magnitude 4.2 event, called S0976a, and locate its origin in the Valles Marineris, a massive canyon network that is one of Mars’ most distinguishing geological features and one of the largest graben systems in the Solar System. Earlier orbital images of cross-cutting faults and landslides suggested the area would be seismically active, but the new event is the first confirmed seismic activity there.
Mars surface relief map showing InSight’s location (orange triangle), other located marsquakes (purple dots) that cluster around 30° distance, close to Cerberus Fossae, and S0976a, located within Valles Marineris just north of Sollis Planum. S1000a’s location is predicted to be somewhere within the shaded region between 107° and 147° from InSight.
Credit: Horelston et al. (2022) TSR
S1000a, the magnitude 4.1 event recorded 24 days later, was characterized by reflected PP and SS waves as well as Pdiff waves, small amplitude waves that have traversed the core-mantle boundary. This is the first time Pdiff waves have been spotted by the InSight mission. The researchers could not definitively pinpoint S1000a’s location, but like S0976a it originated on Mars’ far side. The seismic energy from S1000a also holds the distinction of being the longest recorded on Mars, lasting 94 minutes.
Both marsquakes occurred in the core shadow zone, a region where P and S waves can’t travel directly to InSight’s seismometer because they are stopped or bent by the core. PP and SS waves don’t follow a direct path, but rather are reflected at least once at the surface before traveling to the seismometer.
“Recording events within the core shadow zone is a real steppingstone for our understanding of Mars. Prior to these two events the majority of the seismicity was within about 40 degrees distance of InSight,” said Savas Ceylan, a co-author from ETH Zürich. “Being within the core shadow, the energy traverses parts of Mars we have never been able to seismologically sample before.”
The two marsquakes differ in some important ways. S0976a is characterized by only low-frequency energy, like many of the quakes identified so far on the planet, while S1000a has a very broad frequency spectrum. “[S1000a] is a clear outlier in our catalog and will be key to our further understanding of Martian seismology,” Horleston said.
S0976a is likely to have a much deeper origin than S1000a, she noted. “The latter event has a frequency spectrum much more like a family of events that we observe that have been modeled as shallow, crustal quakes, so this event may have occurred near the surface. S0976a looks like many of the events we have located to Cerberus Fossae – an area of extensive faulting – that have depths modeled to be around 50 kilometers or more and it is likely that this event has a similar, deep, source mechanism.”
Compared to the rest of the seismic activity detected by InSight, the two new far-side quakes are true outliers, the researchers said.
“Not only are they the largest and most distant events by a considerable margin, S1000a has a spectrum and duration unlike any other event previously observed. They truly are remarkable events in the Martian seismic catalog,” Horleston said.
Reference: “The Far Side of Mars: Two Distant Marsquakes Detected by InSight” by Anna C. Horleston, John F. Clinton, Savas Ceylan, Domenico Giardini, Constantinos Charalambous, Jessica C. E. Irving, Philippe Lognonné, Simon C. Stähler, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Nikolaj L. Dahmen, Cecilia Duran, Taichi Kawamura, Amir Khan, Doyeon Kim, Matthieu Plasman, Fabian Euchner, Caroline Beghein, Éric Beucler, Quancheng Huang, Martin Knapmeyer, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Vedran Lekic, Jiaqi Li, Clément Perrin, Martin Schimmel, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Alexander E. Stott, Eléonore Stutzmann, Nicholas A. Teanby, Zongbo Xu, Mark Panning and William B. Banerdt, 22 April 2022, The Seismic Record. DOI: 10.1785/0320220007
'I'm terrified to leave the house in case I get abducted by my alien visitor stalkers'
'I'm terrified to leave the house in case I get abducted by my alien visitor stalkers'
EXCLUSIVE Sacha Christie, 51, insists she has had so many close encounters of the third kind with extraterrestrials that she now has one simple message for Earth's alien visitors – please leave her alone!
By Jade Culver & Dil Dissanayake
Sacha claims to have had more than nine close encounters with alien visitors(Image: MERCURY PRESS)
A mum says she has had so many close encounters with UFOs that she is scared to leave the house.
Sacha Christie, 51, is so terrified of being abducted she has begged her alien visitors to leave her alone.
She first spotted what she believes to be a UFO aged just seven, after she saw what looked like an acorn floating in the sky.
The mum of five has had nine major sightings in her lifetime including, tiny zig-zagging lights that shocked North Yorkshire radio listeners in 1983, and her scariest experience on a family holiday to Wales in 1997.
Sacha, who lives in Liverpool, Merseyside, said: “It’s very hard to explain my encounters, as it’s hard for me to believe what I’ve seen.
“I’ve spent my whole life trying to think of other scenarios, of things that it could be, but the only conclusion is that it’s other life forms and UFOS.
ET needs to stop phoning Sacha...
(Image: Liverpool Echo)
“Looking at the sky, it scares me, as I don’t know what I’m going to see next. But I can’t help but check the sky when I go out as it is just a habit now.
“It’s like I have to make sure nothing is going to fall on my head.”
She added: “I’m not too sure where most UFOS frequent, but it does sometimes feel like they’re always somewhere near me.
“I would be a millionaire if I knew why only certain people see UFOs but I think it has happened to me as I look in the sky a lot.
“I wish they would stop.”
On a trip with her family in 1997 she says was terrified after seeing a craft in the sky and a barefoot “alien” ran past her.
Sacha, who lives in Liverpool, Merseyside, said: “Myself, my ex-partner Steve, my son Louie and two of three of Steve’s family members went on a short break to a small remote cottage..
She said: “At one point Steve was pointing at these fluorescent lights in the sky that seemed to be getting bigger the closer they moved towards us.
Sacha has drawn reconstructions of the traumatic events(Image: MERCURY PRESS)
“As the clouds were so low, the shadows and shape of UFO made it look like bright rippling jellyfish in the sky.
“Everyone had come out to look at this point, the kids were feeling a bit nervous and the sheep in the field next to us had all eerily laid down.
She added: “Louie had told me that something had touched his foot and I believed him, but I wanted to look at the lights more, to understand what was going on.
“I stood there for another minute or so, when I suddenly heard something running barefoot in the mud behind me.
“All of a sudden, it bumped into me as it ran past and my chest exploded.
“Before I even realised it was happening, I was running back to the house in a panic, in complete hysterical blindness, I couldn’t see where I was going.
“I just knew I needed to run.”
Sacha’s UFO sightings have left her shaken, she now suffers with post-traumatic stress disorder and sometimes worries when leaving her house.
The events have even led to her hating the month of February(Image: Getty Images)
She adds: “I used to feel safe before but seeing the UFOs so close up has removed the bubble I used to live in.
“I feel like there’s nothing in between the top of my head and space.
“My head feels like I am in space.
“The idea of us being contained in something has now completely gone.
“This leaves me with anxiety and I get worked up every time I need to leave the house.
“I am OK once I leave the house but it is getting out of the house that is a problem.
“I think the anxiety stems from the holiday in Wales in 1997.
“I now hate February, it’s a bad month for me.
“I try to stay in as much as I can during that month because I suffer with severe anxiety.”
She attends yearly UFO conventions where people can share and talk about their experiences, which she claims have helped her to come to terms with the idea of extra-terrestrial life forms.
Hundreds of prehistoric paintings have been found in subterranean chambers with barely enough oxygen to breathe.
Low oxygen causes hypoxia that can induce exalted mental states.
A new study says the artists chose these hard-to-reach caverns in search of an oxygen-starved high.
Artists of all types have been known to ingest a — shall we say — creative lubricant or two. One of the paradoxical things about art, even for people who love making it — maybe especially for those people — is that it’s sometimes hard to get started, despite the fact that it’s even harder to stop.
A new paper suggests this problem and solution go way back.
As archaeologist Yafit Kedar from Tel-Aviv University in Israel was in France enjoying some cave art deep within the ground, she started to wonder why their creators would choose to create images so far away from natural light sources. These places are also airless, where what little oxygen there could have been would have been consumed by the burning torches the painters needed in order to see what they were painting.
Maybe, she thought, the reason these long-ago artists chose to create in such remote chambers was because of their lack of fresh oxygen. Perhaps the painters would have been down there creating in a hypoxic, trancelike state. In that pre-agricultural, pre-chemistry time, cave painting might have been a way to get inspirationally baked.
There are some 400 known prehistoric cave paintings found in Western Europe dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period from 40,000 to 11,00 years ago.
This might not be the only historical example of people inducing an oxygen-starved state to achieve transcendence or something like it. A 2006 study from scientists at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Rome hypothesized that hypoxia might have been the source of the trances out of which Delphic oracles extracted their visions.
Plutarch had written that trances began when the oracle—really generations of female oracles, all of them ceremonially named “Pythia” — inhaled sweet noxious fumes from cracks in the ground beneath the temple. Lead author of the 2006 study Giuseppe Etiope suggested that these gasses may well have been nothing more miraculous than carbon dioxide and methane filling a poorly ventilated space, thus casting Pythia off into a netherworld of semi-consciousness.
On the surface, the air we breathe is 21 percent oxygen. Kedar and her colleagues created computer models that revealed the likely levels of oxygen in the painted caves. They found that in some such caverns, oxygen levels can drop to 18 percent in just 15 minutes. Some models fell to 11 percent. Hypoxia is likely at oxygen levels below 14.5% percent.
Fire torches exacerbate the problem. Up near the surface in a cave open to outside air, a burning fire’s exhaust flows up and out while fresh air comes in beneath it. In a narrow passageway, however, the carbon dioxide and oxygen mix, and the lighter oxygen floats upward and on out of the cavern toward the surface.
The deeper a painter went with their torch, the more extreme was the loss of oxygen. Some of Kedar’s models of deep caverns found just 9 percent oxygen, the lower limit of survivability.
Kedar hopes to validate the modeled outcomes by measuring oxygen levels in existing painted caves. For now though, the models point to the “transformative nature of an underground, oxygen-depleted space.”
The Lascaux Cave in south-western France, thought to have been painted around 20,000 years ago.
Hypoxia releases dopamine and can produce euphoria, visions, and out-of-body sensations. Modern visitors have reported experiencing some of these same sorts of mental phenomena when viewing the artwork.
The paper suggests that, “The cave environment was conceived as both a liminal space and an ontological arena, allowing early humans to maintain their connectedness with the cosmos.” The hypoxic mind may well have found it easy to imagine that they were seeing beyond the rock, and indeed, beyond their world.
Prehistoric hand paintings at the Cave of Hands in Argentina, thought to be over 10,000 years old R.M. Nunes/Shutterstock" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/silDPBn1lkuiqBjXdQtGJw--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzMztjZj13ZWJw/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/sv.Vue755cVqzeESKZCEGg--~B/aD0zMjc7dz00OTY7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_464/c57fbdcfa426c1c1f31d98c3da94cd52" data-src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/silDPBn1lkuiqBjXdQtGJw--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzMztjZj13ZWJw/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/sv.Vue755cVqzeESKZCEGg--~B/aD0zMjc7dz00OTY7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_464/c57fbdcfa426c1c1f31d98c3da94cd52" width="651" height="429" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" />
Prehistoric hand paintings at the Cave of Hands in Argentina, thought to be over 10,000 years old
“The images envisioned in such a hallucinatory state appear to float on the cave surfaces (walls, floors, and ceilings) as if these constituted a membrane connecting the upper and lower worlds,” write the authors.
Considering the likelihood of hypoxic conditions inside caves, it may be that it was the promise of a transcendent experience that drove the painters deep into the ground rather than any inherent meaning attached to the caves. As the paper concludes:
“It was not the decoration that rendered the caves significant; rather, the significance of the chosen caves was the reason for their decoration.”
The United States Space Command (USSC) has confirmed a 2014 study from a team of astronomers, noting that government sensors did, in fact, detect a meteor on Earth that originated outside our Solar System.
The rock is only the third interstellar object ever detected in our system, and the first to enter our atmosphere.
After scientists publish their research on this meteoricdiscovery, they may be able to learn more about its contents.
Government sensors on the hunt for fireballs plunging toward Earth have so far logged about 1,000 meteors and asteroids. But only one of them can boast that it traveled through our atmosphere from outside our own Solar System.
This fireball, which shot through our atmosphere over Papua New Guinea in 2014, was no ordinary space rock—it was actually an interstellar meteor, the first ever known to originate outside our system and arrive on Earth. Rocketing at a speed of over 130,000 miles per hour, the rock broke up during its descent, probably scattering interstellar debris into the South Pacific Ocean.
Confirmation of its distant origins arrived only recently, when the United States Space Command (USSC) released a memo on April 6, confirming that the meteor was indeed an interstellar object.
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Before USSC confirmed this meteor was a distant stranger, all previous rocky bodies that fell to Earth were thought to have originated in our own Solar System. Many of them do come from a colony of millions of other rocks in the Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter, some 111.5 million miles from Earth.
Two Harvard University researchers were the first to study the 2014 meteor’s distant origin, posting their research on the preprint server arXiv back in 2019 (meaning it was not peer-reviewed at the time). The meteor’s unusually high speed “implies a possible origin from the deep interior of a planetary system or a star in the thick disk of the Milky Way galaxy,” the researchers state in the study, which will be resubmitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal in light of the recent confirmation. The researchers combed through records of all the fireballs that U.S. government sensors have detected since 1988.
One of the researchers, Amir Siraj, wants to find meteor debris scattered on the ocean floor. It may be impossible, given the speed of the disintegrating object—which was only a few feet wide—and the minute pieces that probably resulted from the impact. “We are currently investigating the possibility of embarking on an ocean expedition to recover the first interstellar meteorite. If found, extensive analysis will be conducted on the sample to understand its origin and the information it carries about its parent system,” he tells Popular Mechanics by email.
“At first, I could hardly believe the discovery, since astronomers had been searching for an interstellar meteor since 1950 or earlier,” says Siraj, who is director of Interstellar Object Studies at Harvard’s Galileo Project, which aims to look for extraterrestrial technological artifacts.
“THIS CONFIRMED IMPACT OF AN INTERSTELLAR OBJECT WITH THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE IMPLIES THAT SIMILAR OBJECTS ARE VERY COMMON THROUGHOUT SPACE.”
Siraj and his Harvard colleague Avi Loeb, who leads the Galileo Project, originally submitted the discovery to The Astrophysical Journal Letters. However, the review process dragged on for years due to missing information that the U.S. government withheld from the Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) database, which identifies objects like meteors and asteroids and calculates their odds of hitting Earth. The U.S. Department of Defense operates some of the sensors that detect fireballs in order to monitor the skies for nuclear detonations, so Siraj and Loeb couldn’t directly confirm the margin of error on the fireball’s velocity.
After moving through NASA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and several bureaucratic departments, the sensor data finally ended up with Joel Mozer, chief scientist of Space Operations Command at the U.S. Space Force. Mozer released the memo confirming that “the velocity estimate reported to NASA is sufficiently accurate to indicate an interstellar trajectory.”
Siraj learned the good news through a NASA scientist’s April 6 tweet. Now, he is in the process of revising the paper, taking into account the government confirmation. “This confirmed impact of an interstellar object with the Earth’s atmosphere implies that similar objects are very common throughout space, which of course raises interesting questions about how they are ejected in such large quantities from their parent systems,” he says. Even if the remnants of the rock are never found, data from the meteor’s fiery descent could hold clues to its composition, and maybe origins.
The chances of a rock from another star system coming close to Earth are rare, but astronomers knew of two other interstellar objects before this recently-confirmed discovery. Quarter-mile-long asteroid Oumuamua was the first confirmed interstellar object identified in the Solar System; Pan-STARRS, a wide-field astronomical imaging system in Hawaii, detected the massive rock in 2017. Amateur astronomer Gennady Borisov spotted Comet Borisov with his telescope in 2019. It’s the first confirmed comet to enter our solar system from some unknown place beyond our sun’s influence, according to NASA. Neither of these distant visitors flew close to Earth, though.
Expanding our sensory capabilities with efforts like the new Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s planned ten-year survey is critical to “enhance our discovery rate of interstellar objects,” Siraj writes in an arXiv post in November 2021. Who knows? We may even find extra-galactic objects, like the 2007 discovery of a particle that originated outside the Milky Way.
MANASEE WAGH - Before joining Popular Mechanics, Manasee Wagh worked as a newspaper reporter, a science journalist, a tech writer, and a computer engineer.
Paleontologists Find Perfectly Preserved Dinosaur Fossils From the Day of the Asteroid Impact
Paleontologists Find Perfectly Preserved Dinosaur Fossils From the Day of the Asteroid Impact
Behind the scenes. Ian Kellett on location in Tanis filming the Triceratops skin whilst still in the ground.
BBC
Scientists believe they have been given an extraordinary view of the last day of the dinosaurs after they discovered the fossil of an animal they believe died that day.
An upcoming BBC documentary looks at a slew of fossils found at the Tanis site in North Dakota. It includes the Thescelosaurus leg, seen in a video here, and the skin of a triceratops, pictured above.
The site is rich in well-preserved fossils, including fish, a turtle, and even the embryo of a flying pterosaur encased in an egg.
Scientists believe that tiny glass-like particles of molten rock lodged in the gills of fish fossils found at the site were kicked up by the asteroid's explosive impact, the BBC said.
"We've got so many details with this site that tells us what happened moment by moment. It's almost like watching it play out in the movies," Robert DePalma, a graduate student from the University of Manchester, UK, who leads the Tanis dig, told the BBC.
Prof Phil Manning, DePalma's PhD supervisor at Manchester, told BBC Radio 4's Today program that the discovery was "absolutely bonkers" and something he "never dreamt in all my career."
"The time resolution we can achieve at this site is beyond our wildest dreams. This really should not exist, and it's absolutely gobsmackingly beautiful," Manning said.
A discovery so 'fabulous' it has attracted skepticism
In the BBC documentary, Robert DePalma, a relative of film director Brian De Palma, can be seen sporting an Indiana Jones-style fedora and tan shirt.
He christened the paleontological site "Tanis," the last resting place of the Ark of the Covenant in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, per The New Yorker.
The findings from Tanis, and the work of DePalma, have attracted controversy over the years.
The New Yorker first wrote about the Tanis site in 2019 before presenting the findings in an academic journal.
While paleontologists usually cede their rights and curation of the fossils to institutions, DePalma, who had collected few academic laurels until the discovery of the site, insists on contractual clauses that give him oversight over the specimens. He has controlled how the fossils are presented, per The New Yorker.
In response to the article, Kate Wong, science editor of Scientific American, said in a 2019 tweet that the findings from the site "have met with a good deal of skepticism from the paleontology community."
A few peer-reviewed papers have since been published, and the BBC said that the dig team promises more.
The BBC also said that it has called outside consultants to verify the specimens.
Prof Paul Barrett from London's Natural History Museum looked at the leg and said it was a Thescelosaurus that likely died "more or less instantaneously."
"It's from a group that we didn't have any previous record of what its skin looked like, and it shows very conclusively that these animals were very scaly like lizards. They weren't feathered like their meat-eating contemporaries," Barrett told the BBC.
However, Prof Steve Brusatte, an outside consultant on the documentary from the University of Edinburgh, told the BBC he was skeptical about the dinosaurs' findings for now and would like to see the hypotheses being subjected to the scrutiny of peer review.
"Those fish with the spherules in their gills, they're an absolute calling card for the asteroid. But for some of the other claims – I'd say they have a lot of circumstantial evidence that hasn't yet been presented to the jury," he said.
Prof Brusatte said that it is possible that some of the animals died before the asteroid strike but could have been exhumed and then buried again by the impact.
But ultimately, Brussate said the quality of the fossils trumps the controversy about the event's timing.
"For some of these discoveries, though, does it even matter if they died on the day or years before? The pterosaur egg with a pterosaur baby inside is super-rare; there's nothing else like it from North America. It doesn't all have to be about the asteroid."
Heb jij al spookbeelden gezien tijdens een wandeling?
Al eeuwenlang maken wandelaars over de hele wereld melding van vreemde verschijningen in heuvelachtige gebieden en gebergtes. Maar waar komen die verhalen toch vandaan? Onze wetenschapsjournalist Martijn Peters legt het uit.
Martijn Peters
Beeld je in. Je bent aan het genieten van een frisse ochtendwandeling door de bergen, kijkt even om je heen om al die natuurpracht in je op te nemen en plots zie je een drie meter hoge figuur terugstaren. Maar nog voor je verwonderd in je ogen kan wrijven is hij alweer verdwenen. Dat is wat wandelaars al eeuwenlang overkomt van de Verenigde Staten tot China, waar de onheilspellende verschijningen ‘Dark Watchers’ en ‘Buddha’s light’ worden genoemd.
Maar voor de verklaring van deze duistere toeschouwers moeten we niet verder kijken dan ons eigen Europa. Meer bepaald naar het noorden van Duitsland waar de ‘Brockenberg’ ligt. Daar beschreef Johann Silberschlag in 1780 voor het eerst het ‘Brockengespenst’, oftewel ‘Brockenspook’. Een optisch verschijnsel dat ontstaat wanneer een laagstaande zon jouw schaduw op mist of laaghangende wolken werpt. Dat creëert de illusie voor jouw hersenen dat jouw schaduw zich op dezelfde afstand als verafgelegen objecten bevindt waardoor deze er extra groot en dreigend uitziet. Meestal gaan deze enorme schimmen ook gepaard met een regenboogkleurige aureool rond hun hoofd doordat het zonlicht breekt in de waterdruppels.
Meer hebben onze hersenen niet nodig om een fenomeen genaamd pareidolie in werking te laten treden. Ons brein heeft namelijk behoefte aan het zoeken naar verbanden tussen verschillende elementen, ook als deze er eigenlijk niet zijn. Dit is hetzelfde fenomeen dat ervoor zorgt dat je bijvoorbeeld figuren in de wolken ziet of in dit geval lange in mantels en hoeden gehulde figuren in de schaduwen van heuvel- en bergtoppen.
Je kan deze spookachtige schimmen dus evengoed hier bij ons kan tegenkomen als de omstandigheden goed zijn. Schrik dus niet als je tijdens een zonnige ochtend op een heuveltop staat en je je plots begluurd voelt door een ‘Brockenspook’ in de mist van het dal. Het is (waarschijnlijk) je schaduw. Maar ligt er geen heuvel of berg in de buurt, dan kan je deze zeldzame optische illusie toch nog zelf veroorzaken. Hoe? Ga op een mistige nacht gewoon even voor de koplampen van je auto staan.
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Erich von Daniken: Hopi Star Lore, and the Origins of Human Civilization, Off-Worldly Technologies
Erich von Daniken: Hopi Star Lore, and the Origins of Human Civilization, Off-Worldly Technologies
Erich von Daniken, Gary A. David, and Michael Cremo present compelling evidence of a no-human influence of evolution of our civilization. From the Cargo Cult to Megalithic Structures, indigenous tribes and ancient texts, all pointing toward some unknown advanced form of intelligence which guided humanity’s evolutionary path .
What do you think? Let us know in the comments. Hope everyone has a great weekend.
New Linda Moulton Howe: Are Hostile Reptilians Based Deep Below Earth's Oceans and Lands?
New Linda Moulton Howe: Are Hostile Reptilians Based Deep Below Earth's Oceans and Lands?
Topics: Are hostile E. T.s based deep below Earth oceans and lands? New Unclassified FOIA documents reported by Motherboard – “Newly-Released Documents Shed Light on Government-Funded Research Into Worm Holes, Anti-Gravity and Invisibility Cloaks” – warp drives, extra dimensions, anti-gravity Interview with experiencer Adam Burns after hypnotherapy session – HealingsAcrossTime.com – “humans are working off-world with advanced beings” – “the most malevolent towards us…the reptilians” – “massive underground bases” – “some of these ancient aliens want to help us” – “mantid being…loving and hyper intelligent” – “humanoid with the head of a snake” – “our future…we make it…we transcend!”
What do you think? Let us know in the comments. Hope everyone has a great weekend.
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New Linda Moulton Howe on Ancient Pyramid Power and Strange Discoveries in Alaska
New Linda Moulton Howe on Ancient Pyramid Power and Strange Discoveries in Alaska
Regina Meredith, featuring cutting-edge visionaries and tireless researchers who provide crucial information to awaken viewers to new perspectives that spark awareness, understanding and ultimately, transformation – Backdated Interview: Who built the ancient pyramid in Alaska and is it an energy source? Investigative journalist Linda Moulton Howe shared her findings in an interview with Regina Meredith. Linda Moulton Howe is an American investigative journalist and documentary producer-writer-director-editor who is currently based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She reports her findings on earthfiles.com.
What do you think? Let us know in the comments. Hope everyone has a great weekend.
New George Knapp - Invisible Tricksters of Cosmic Proportion - Coast to Coast AM 2022
New George Knapp - Invisible Tricksters of Cosmic Proportion - Coast to Coast AM 2022
COAST TO COAST AM – April 2022. With over 30 years of researching the paranormal, UFOs and mysteries, Barry Fitzgerald joined George Knapp to discuss the idea of beings we consider angels or devils, gods or demons, actually are two sides of the same coin. Further, he contends the afterlife could be an illusion created by the beings who exist within that realm. A lot of the mysterious phenomena associated with ETs and alien abduction are mirrored in the worlds of spirits, the jinn, old gods, and fairy lore, he pointed out, with the common ground being an air of deception. The grand deception is that there are a variety of supernatural beings and entities with agendas and intentions that range from good to evil, when in reality, there is really just one force, he explained.
What do you think? Let us know in the comments. Hope everyone has a great weekend.
Glowing Disk Over Bangkok, Thailand, April 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Glowing Disk Over Bangkok, Thailand, April 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 24, 2022
Location of sighting: Bangkok, Thailand
Credit: Bradley BankDad of Thailand
Bradley BankDad who lives in Thailand recorded an orange disk-like craft moving across the sky this week. The object was huge, about the size of a commercial jet his girlfriend stated. The sky was mostly clear, but the UFO did move toward the few clouds in the sky as if it were trying to escape from being seen. Lucky for us Bradley was quick on his phone to record this fantastic raw footage. The UFO is a classic disk shape and is even tilted to one angle, just as Area 51 scientist Bob Lazar said they travel...tilted in order to move. Undeniable proof that UFOs are active in Asia!
Hello. I and my boyfriend were in front of my house yesterday evening. I saw this in the sky around Wongswang. I want you to help each other to see what it is. Normally, I have seen a star, it is not like this. In the clip, it is my boyfriend's voice. I didn't absorb the clip. ***I looked with my bare eyes, it was flying higher than the clouds, speed and size equal to a commercial plane.
These two photos were caught by Twitter user Bruce Fenton. The photos show a dark sphere near Earths Sun in last months LASCO C2 photos. The object is visible only for a few minutes but its clearly a sphere and is seen in two different locations near the sun over a four day period. I believe this may be the mysterious planetX (Nibiru) that we have all heard about. It may be using the suns energy to power its propulsion systems and internal cities. I say Nibiru because only advanced alien tech could hide a planet size craft so well from humanity.
Orb At Space Station Over Indian Ocean, 4-22-2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Orb At Space Station Over Indian Ocean, 4-22-2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 22, 2022
Location of sighting: ISS Space Station
Source: NASA Live Cams
I was watching the live cams at the space station and noticed this dark orb on the left side of the screen. The orb is only visible for a few minutes, but its flying in front of the space station. This puts the space station in a very strange and dangerous position. If the UFO slows down, it could be hit by the space station. The orb appears metallic and the size of a car. The SpaceX capsule can be seen on camera taking the bottom 50% of the screen, so this means the UFO was not the SpaceX capsule. And the SpaceX capsule appeared unattached to the space station, which means it was leaving the station. The UFO was watching this all taking place. Aliens...they love watching humanity as if we were some reality TV show for their entertainment. 100% proof that aliens visit the space station.
Military Whistle Blower reveals new top secret information on retrieval of Alien and Man Made UFOS!
Military Whistle Blower reveals new top secret information on retrieval of Alien and Man Made UFOS!
Dr. Greer discusses new explosive information from a member of a Nellis-based UFO retrieval team who was sent on missions to retrieve both man-made and ET craft.
He also describes his subsequent attempted abduction by covert human operatives using ARVs and fake "aliens grays".
Ufo's bestaan écht en dit is waarom | UITGEZOCHT #14
Boven Nederland zijn de laatste tijd opvallend veel ufo's gespot. Bij elkaar al meer dan 900. Zijn het buitenaardse wezentjes die hier even komen rondneuzen? Of is er een andere verklaring? #uitgezocht#ufo#spacex
VS: geen bewijs dat ufo's van aliens zijn
Er is geen bewijs dat ufo's van buitenaardse wezens zijn. Dat zeggen Amerikaanse experts. Toch kunnen ze niet met zekerheid zeggen dat de vliegende objecten niet toch van aliens zijn. #jeugdjournaal#ufo#aliens
UFO’s: De grootste doofpot aller tijden! Duncan Robles en Anton Teuben
Een doofpot waar weinig over gesproken wordt: Unidentified Flying Objects. Voor deze video is het team van NEXT afgereisd naar het noord Groningse dorpje Winsum. Duncan Robles gaat in deze video in gesprek met Anton Teuben. Anton Teuben is bekend van het oudste UFO-meldpunt van Nederland en bekommert zich al meerdere decennia om dit topic. Door zijn affiniteit met vliegen is hij in contact gekomen met verschillende ervaren piloten, die hem verhalen vertelden over ongeïdentificeerde vliegende objecten. Dit heeft bij Anton een sterke interesse gewekt voor dit bijzondere fenomeen.
Naast UFO’s houdt Anton zich al geruime tijd bezig met de Schumannresonantie. Anton vertelt tijdens het interview dat dit de constante trillingsfrequentie van de aarde is. Deze wordt ook wel de hartslag van onze planeet genoemd. Volgens Anton speelt de Schumannresonantie een onmisbare rol voor al het leven op aarde.
Duncan en Anton blikken vooruit op de toekomst: volgens Anton ziet deze er een stuk positiever uit dan menigeen zich nu voor mogelijk houdt. Wil je weten hoe? Check dan deze aflevering van NEXT.
Ufo’s en buitenaards leven zijn onderwerpen waar meningen sterk over verschillen. En dat is ook niet gek. Er is nog nooit wetenschappelijk bewijs geleverd dat er buitenaards leven is, en zeker niet dat er aliens bestaan. En hoewel wij er ook niet in geloven: de volgende tien gebeurtenissen zullen je flink aan het denken zetten over dit interessante onderwerp!
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Is the universe a graveyard? This theory suggests humanity may be alone.
Is the universe a graveyard? This theory suggests humanity may be alone.
Ever since we've had the technology, we've looked to the stars in search of alien life. It's assumed that we're looking because we want to find other life in the universe, but what if we're looking to make sure there isn't any?
According to the Great Filter theory, Earth might be one of the only planets with intelligent life. And that's a good thing
(NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team [STScI/AURA]
Here’s an equation, and a rather distressing one at that: N = R*× fP × ne × f1 × fi × fc × L. It’s the Drake equation, and it describes the number of alien civilizations in our galaxy with whom we might be able to communicate. Its terms correspond to values such as the fraction of stars with planets, the fraction of planets on which life could emerge, the fraction of planets that can support intelligent life, and so on. Using conservative estimates, the minimum result of this equation is 20. There ought to be 20 intelligent alien civilizations in the Milky Way that we can contact and who can contact us. But there aren’t any.
The Drake equation is an example of a broader issue in the scientific community—considering the sheer size of the universe and our knowledge that intelligence life has evolved at least once, there should be evidence for alien life. This is generally referred to as the Fermi paradox, after the physicist Enrico Fermi who first examined the contradiction between high probability of alien civilizations and their apparent absence. Fermi summed this up rather succinctly when he asked, “Where is everybody”?
But maybe this was the wrong question. A better question, albeit a more troubling one, might be “What happened to everybody?” Unlike asking where life exists in the universe, there’s a clearer potential answer to this question: the Great Filter.
Why the universe is empty
The Very Large Array in New Mexico consists of 27 radio dishes designed to capture information from cosmic phenomena, like galactic collisions, the birth of stars, and others. It was also the point of the first contact form the movie “Contact”
(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)
Alien life is likely, but there is none that we can see. Therefore, it could be the case that somewhere along the trajectory of life’s development, there is a massive and common challenge that ends alien life before it becomes intelligent enough and widespread enough for us to see—a great filter.
This filter could take many forms. It could be that having a planet in the Goldilocks’ zone—the narrow band around a star where it is neither too hot nor too cold for life to exist—and having that planet contain organic molecules capable of accumulating into life is extremely unlikely. We’ve observed plenty of planets in the Goldilock’s zone of different stars (there’s estimated to be 40 billion in the Milky Way), but maybe the conditions still aren’t right there for life to exist.
The Great Filter could occur at the very earliest stages of life. When you were in high school bio, you might have the refrain drilled into your head “mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell.” I certainly did. However, mitochondria were at one point a separate bacteria living its own existence. At some point on Earth, a single-celled organism tried to eat one of these bacteria, except instead of being digested, the bacterium teamed up with the cell, producing extra energy that enabled the cell to develop in ways leading to higher forms of life. An event like this might be so unlikely that it’s only happened once in the Milky Way.
Or, the filter could be the development of large brains, as we have. After all, we live on a planet full of many creatures, and the kind of intelligence humans have has only occurred once. It may be overwhelmingly likely that living creatures on other planets simply don’t need to evolve the energy-demanding neural structures necessary for intelligence.
What if the filter is ahead of us?
These possibilities assume that the Great Filter is behind us—that humanity is a lucky species that overcame a hurdle almost all other life fails to pass. This might not be the case, however; life might evolve to our level all the time but get wiped out by some unknowable catastrophe. Discovering nuclear power is a likely event for any advanced society, but it also has the potential to destroy such a society. Utilizing a planet’s resources to build an advanced civilization also destroys the planet: the current process of climate change serves as an example. Or, it could be something entirely unknown, a major threat that we can’t see and won’t see until it’s too late.
The bleak, counterintuitive suggestion of the Great Filter is that it would be a bad sign for humanity to find alien life, especially alien life with a degree of technological advancement similar to our own. If our galaxy is truly empty and dead, it becomes more likely that we’ve already passed through the Great Filter. The galaxy could be empty because all other life failed some challenge that humanity passed.
If we find another alien civilization, but not a cosmos teeming with a variety of alien civilizations, the implication is that the Great Filter lies ahead of us. The galaxy should be full of life, but it is not; one other instance of life would suggest that the many other civilizations that should be there were wiped out by some catastrophe that we and our alien counterparts have yet to face.
Fortunately, we haven’t found any life. Although it might be lonely, it means humanity’s chances at long-term survival are a bit higher than otherwise.
Research Think They've Cracked The Secret Behind Pluto's Weirdly Unstable Orbit
MATT WILLIAMS, UNIVERSE TODAY
In 1930, astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered the fabled "Ninth Planet" (or "Planet X") while working at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. The existence of this body had been predicted previously based on perturbations in the orbit of Uranus and Neptune.
After receiving more than 1,000 suggestions from around the world, and a debate among the Observatory's staff, this newfound object was named Pluto – which was proposed by a young schoolgirl from Oxford (Venetia Burney).
Since that time, Pluto has been the subject of considerable study, a naming controversy, and was visited for the first time on July 14th, 2015, by the New Horizons mission.
One thing that has been clear from the beginning is the nature of Pluto's orbit, which is highly eccentric and inclined. According to new research, Pluto's orbit is relatively stable over longer timescales but is subject to chaotic perturbance and changes over shorter timescales.
To break it down, Pluto's orbit is radically different from those of the planets, which follow nearly circular orbits around the Sun close to its equator, projected outward (aka. the ecliptic).
In contrast, it takes 248 years for Pluto to complete a single orbit around the Sun and follows a highly-elliptical orbit that is inclined 17° to the Solar System's ecliptic plane.
The eccentric nature of its orbit also means that Pluto spends 20 years during each period orbiting closer to the Sun than Neptune.
The nature of Pluto's orbit is an enduring mystery and something that astronomers became aware of very shortly after it was discovered. Since then, multiple efforts have been made to simulate the past and future of its orbit, which revealed a surprising property that protects Pluto from colliding with Neptune.
As Malhotra told Universe Today via email, this is the orbital resonance condition known as a "mean motion resonance":
"This condition ensures that at the time that Pluto is at the same heliocentric distance as Neptune, its longitude is nearly 90 degrees away from Neptune's. Later another peculiar property of Pluto's orbit was discovered: Pluto comes to perihelion at a location well above the plane of Neptune's orbit; this is a different type of orbital resonance known as the 'vZLK oscillation.'"
This abbreviation refers to von Zeipel, Lidov, and Kozai, who studied this phenomenon as part of the "three-body problem."
This problem consists of taking the initial positions and velocities of three massive objects (since extended to include particles) and solving for their subsequent motion according to Newton's Three Laws of Motion and his Theory of Universal Gravitation – for which there is no general solution.
As Malhotra added: "In the late-1980s, with the availability of more powerful computers, numerical simulations revealed a third peculiar property, that Pluto's orbit is technically chaotic, that is, small deviations of initial conditions lead to exponential divergence of the orbital solutions over tens of millions of years.
"However, this chaos is limited. It has been found in numerical simulations that the two special properties of Pluto's orbit mentioned above persist over gigayear timescales, making its orbit remarkably stable, despite the chaos indicators."
For their study, Malhotra and Ito conducted numerical simulations of Pluto's orbit for up to five billion years into the future of the Solar System.
In particular, they hoped to address unresolved questions about the peculiar orbits of Pluto and other Pluto-sized objects (aka Plutinos). These questions have been addressed by research conducted during the past few decades, such as "planet migration theory," but have only to a point.
In this hypothesis, Pluto was pulled into its current mean motion resonance by Neptune, which migrated during the Solar System's early history.
A major prediction of this theory is that other Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) would share the same resonance condition, which has since been verified with the discovery of large numbers of Plutinos.
This discovery has also led to the more widespread acceptance of planet migration theory.
But as Malhotra explained: "Pluto's orbital inclination is closely linked to its vZLK oscillation. So we reasoned that if we could understand better the conditions for Pluto's vZLK oscillation, perhaps we could solve the mystery of its inclination. We started by investigating the individual role of the other giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus) on Pluto's orbit."
To do this, Malhotra and Ito ran computer simulations where they simulated the orbital evolution of Pluto for up to 5 billion years that included eight different combinations of giant planet perturbation. These N-body simulations included interactions with:
Neptune (—NP)
Uranus and Neptune (–UNP)
Saturn and Neptune (-S-NP)
Jupiter and Neptune (J–NP)
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (-SUNP)
Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune (J-UNP)
Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune (JS-NP)
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (JSUNP)
"We found no subsets of the inner three giant planets would do to recover Pluto's vZLK oscillation; all three – Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus – were necessary," said Malhotra. "But what is it about these planets that [are] essential to Pluto's vZLK oscillation?"
Malhotra added. "There are 21 parameters needed to represent the gravitational forces of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus on Pluto. This is a prohibitively large parameter space to explore."
To simplify these calculations, Malhotra and Ito collapsed these into a single parameter by introducing some simplifications. This included representing each planet with a circular ring of uniform density, a total mass equal to the planet's, and a ring radius equal to the planet's average distance from the Sun (aka semimajor axis).
As Malhotra indicated, this yielded a single parameter representing the effect of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus (J2), which was equivalent to the effect of an "oblate Sun."
"[W]e discovered a fortuitous arrangement of the masses and orbits of the giant planets that delineates a narrow range in the J2 parameter in which Pluto's vZLK oscillation is possible, a kind of 'Goldilock's zone,'" she said.
"This result indicates that, during the planet migration era in [the] Solar System's history, the conditions for Trans-Neptunian objects changed in such a way as to promote many of them – including Pluto – into the vZLK oscillation state. It is likely that Pluto's inclination originated during this dynamical evolution."
These results are likely to have significant implications for future studies of the outer Solar System and its orbital dynamics.
With further study, Malhotra believes that astronomers will learn more about the migration history of the giant planets and how they eventually settled into their current orbits. It could also lead to the discovery of a novel dynamical mechanism that will explain the origins of Pluto's orbit and other bodies with high orbital inclinations.
This will be especially useful to astronomers dedicated to the study of Solar System dynamics. As Malhorta noted, researchers in this field were beginning to suspect that evidence that might shed light on Pluto's orbital evolution might have been erased by the instabilities and chaotic nature of these same orbital mechanics.
As Malhotra summarized: "I think that our work raises new hope for making a connection between present-day Solar System dynamics and historical Solar System dynamics. The origin of the orbital inclinations of minor planets throughout the solar system – including the TNOs – presents a major unsolved problem; perhaps our work will stimulate more attention to it.
"Another point that our study underscores is the value of simple(r) approximations for a complicated problem: i.e., collapsing 21 parameters into a single parameter opened the door to getting at the essential dynamical mechanisms affecting the very interesting but difficult-to-understand orbital dynamics of Pluto and Plutinos."
Astrophysicist believes alien tech may ‘have crashed into Pacific Ocean’
Astrophysicist believes alien tech may ‘have crashed into Pacific Ocean’
By Harry Pettit, The Sun
A US Space Command memo released last week confirmed that the object was an interstellar meteor, but Professor Loeb disagrees.
Getty Images/iStockphoto
A top scientist is plotting a mission to find what he believes is alien technology lying at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.
Controversial astrophysicist Avi Loeb believes an interstellar object that crash-landed on Earth in 2014 was some form of spacecraft.
A US Space Command (USSC) report released last week confirmed that the object was from another star system.
The agency concluded that the projectile – which streaked across the sky off the coast of Manus Island, Papua New Guinea – was a meteor.
Prof. Loeb, however, is having none of it. He claimed on Wednesday that the object could have been built by extraterrestrials.
“Our discovery of an interstellar meteor heralds a new research frontier,” the Harvard astronomer wrote in an essay for The Debrief.
“The fundamental question is whether any interstellar meteor might indicate a composition that is unambiguously artificial in origin.
“Better still, perhaps some technological components would survive the impact.”
Prof. Loeb has spent decades studying astronomy and more recently has trained his sights on the possibility that life exists beyond Earth.
His bold claims frequently make headlines and he has faced criticism from others in his field over his outlandish extraterrestrial theories.
Working with a student at Harvard, Prof. Loeb was actually the astronomer who identified the object as interstellar a few years ago.
The pair wrote a paper about it but were instructed not to publish it because they used classified government data for their research.
Avi Loeb, the chair of Harvard University’s Astronomy Department, poses for a portrait with the 15-inch telescope known as “The Great Refractor,” which was installed in 1847, in Cambridge, MA on March 27, 2019.Boston Globe via Getty Images
After the USSC confirmed their hunch on April 7, Loeb is calling for an expedition to find whatever’s left of the object.
In his essay, he noted that a retrieval expedition could be achieved using “scooping” magnets to explore the 10 square kilometer region of the Pacific Ocean where the object is thought to have landed.
“My dream is to press some buttons on a functional piece of equipment that was manufactured outside of Earth,” he added.
The prolific astrophysicist is no stranger to controversy.
He has produced provocative research on black holes, space radiation, the early universe and other topics of his field.
Over the past decade, his focus has been trained on a more contentious topic: The possibility that Earth has been visited by extraterrestrials.
Prof. Loeb has repeatedly claimed that Oumuamua – an interstellar object that zipped through the Solar System in 2017 was technology sent by aliens.
He doubled down on the heavily contested comments – which earned him headlines across the globe – in a book published last year.
“What would happen if a caveman saw a cellphone?” Loeb wrote. “He’s seen rocks all his life, and he would have thought it was just a shiny rock.”
He took fault with astronomers who argued that the object was a comet, saying it was akin to letting “the familiar to define what we might discover.”
Many scientists have rubbished his outlandish claims, branding them cavalier and irresponsible.
Loeb heads up the Galileo Project, which aims to establish a network of advanced telescopes that will scan the skies for signs of alien life.
This article originally appeared on The Sun and was reproduced here with permission.
Full Body Apparition Caught On Home CCTV & Action Figure Filmed Moving It's Head On Its Own...
Clip One:This was capture by the CCTV camera of a home in Tucson, Arizona on November 11, 2021 but just posted a day ago. The ghostly figure in this footage is transparent as we can see it but also see right through is and just before the footage ends the apparition disappears. The witness stated this: "Years ago our former next door neighbor asked if anyone had died in their house - apparently they were experiencing things they couldn't explain. After a rash of thefts on our street, we installed security cameras and recorded this, about 10 seconds in, moving from right to left before vanishing." Thanks to MementoMori for allowing the use of this footage and to view the original:
Clip Two: This clip was posted to Reddit 8 days ago by Tony Ricco and i the clip we can see this action figure turn it's head. What do you guys think this could be? Thanks to Tony Ricco for posting this clip and to view the original:
Date of sighting:4017-2022 Location of sighting: Hawaii
Now this amazing galaxy-like light was seen moving across the sky by the Mauna Kea Observatory. The light seems to look like a failed rocket launch or mini black hole forming in the sky. So far there have been no official reports about it and no official answers to what it might be. In my opinion it is a temporary portal in which UFOs come and go in a blink of an eye to from their home world to Earth. These kind of portals would be less seen over the ocean area, but was accidentally caught by the observatory telescope. This is 100% proof of aliens transporting to our planet.
THE PENTAGON has another sensational UFO video taken from the deck of a US warship showing two car-sized ball of light objects.
Footage is said to have been filmed by crew aboard the USS Kearsarge of the strange encounter - but it has now been locked away and marked as classified.
Documentary filmmaker Dave C. Beaty - who produced 2019 film The Nimitz Encounters about the famous 2004 US Navy encounter with the "Tic Tac" object - said he understands the video exists.
It comes as US military begins to open up about the phenomena which is now being openly discussed by military insiders and politicians.
Mr Beaty revealed details of the USS Kearsarge's encounter earlier this month as it becomes the latest warship to have been shadowed by UFOs.
Mock up of two balls of light flying over the USS Kearsarge
The phenomena - described by sources familiar with the encounter as odd and menacing "balls of light" - are said to have been following around half a mile behind the ship and around 200 feet above the ocean in October 2021.
Mr Beaty said the US Marines who sighted the objects filed a report on the incident with the Department of Defence.
The report included a video - but that report and footage is now understand to have been marked as classified.
It shows that while many in the US are attempting to be more open about subject - there still remains a veil of secrecy around the issue, with some well placed civil servants opting to be more bureaucratic than others.
The US Navy officially updated its UFO reporting guidelines in 2019 as it sought to "update and formalise" the process.
It is understood a message to the fleet was sent out detailing these new instructions and procedures.
UFOs are now more commonly referred to as UAPs - unidentified aerial phenomena.
Documents released this week explained the change, telling the US Navy's press office to explicitly not use the term UFO.
USS Kearsarge is the latest warship to have had a UFO encounter
Credit: FACEBOOK/USS Kearsage
"The latter term is intrinsically linked to the concept of extra-terrestrials and the associated hysteria generated by the media that cover this topic," it reads.
Much of the US's renewed efforts over UAP sightings has been an apparent effort to seemingly focus the reporting process.
The UAP report released last summer said that "efforts are underway to standardize incident reporting across the US military services and other government agencies".
But it is understood however that UAP reports remain filed as classified.
And this is something which frustrates many who call for more openness in the investigation of the topic, including open up the files so they can be studied by the scientific community.
USS Kearsarge had been training at the time ahead of an overseas deployment - including with systems designed to take down enemy drones.
The weapons included anti-drone "Ghostbusters" style backpacks, and systems mounted on vehicles.
Pictures from the ship's public Facebook page reveal they had these capabilities onboard at the time of the encounter.
The objects are said to have been spotted by the deck-watch at night - who could not gain a thermal targeting lock on them.
They're not ours
Marines onboard are said to have believed at first that the UFO's were part of a surprise training exercise for the new anti-drone weapons. However, they discovered the countermeasures did not disrupt the objects - which were doing swooping manoeuvres as they followed the ship. Mark told Mr Beaty that the USS Kearsarge radioed command about the objects and were shockingly informed that the objects were "not ours".
Marines pictured aboard USS Kearsarge at time of the encounter
Mr Beaty previously revealed deck logs that confirmed a UFO encounter by the USS Kidd - when the destroyer was swarmed by at least four unexplained objects in July of 2019.
And there has been a step change in recent years, after the viral trio of US Navy UFO videos, the "Gimbal", "Go Fast", and "Tic Tac".
The footage stunned people around the world and remains unexplained to this day - sparking a new, more mainstream, interest in UFOs.
US officials have now set up a new office in the Pentagon - putting an official reporting structure in place for UFO encounters for the first time in decades.
It came after a landmark report on the subject was released last summer - confirming dozens of unexplained encounters, now officially referred to as Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs).
Defence insiders, intelligence officials, senators and former presidents have all gone on record admitting there is an unexplained "something" in our skies.
And it comes after the Pentagon released 1,574 pages of documents related to its UFO programme.
The documents were government commissioned scientific reports and letters to the Pentagon regarding the UFO programme it claims is now shut down.
The haul includes reports into research on the biological effects of UFO sightings on humans, sets out categorisations for paranormal experiences, and studies into sci-fi-style tech.
IN DEZE KOSMISCHE ENGEL SCHUILEN 600 BRUINE DWERGEN
IN DEZE KOSMISCHE ENGEL SCHUILEN 600 BRUINE DWERGEN
Tim Kraaijvanger
De ruimtefoto van de week is deze schitterende Hubble-foto van de engelachtige nevel S106. In het centrum van de nevel schuilt een jonge, maar ook zeer actieve ster.
Met een beetje fantasie herken je een engel in deze nevel. Draai je de foto een kwartslag, dan zie je misschien een zandloper. De vleugels van de engel hebben een lichtblauwe gloed. Deze vleugels bestaan uit heet waterstofgas, in beweging gebracht door de ster IRS 4 (Infrared Source 4) in het centrum van de nevel. Rondom deze ster bevindt zich een ring van stof en gas, die je het beste kan vergelijken met een broekriem. Deze strakke riem duwt de uitdijende nevel in een zandloper-vorm.
De foto is in 2011 gemaakt door de Hubble-ruimtetelescoop. De nevel Sharpless 2-106 bevindt zich op een afstand van circa 3.300 lichtjaar van de aarde in het sterrenbeeld Zwaan. De nevel zelf heeft een doorsnee van enkele lichtjaren.
Klik op de foto om een grotere versie te bekijken (let op: 10 MB).
Meer dan 600 bruine dwergsterren Wist je dat deze nevel een thuishaven is voor meer dan 600 bruine dwergen? Bruine dwergen zijn mislukte sterren. Normale sterren gaan schijnen doordat het kernfusieproces in gang wordt gezet. Soms is de bal materie niet dicht genoeg om dit proces te starten en blijft er een bruine dwerg over. Een gefaalde ster gloeit in infraroodlicht, maar geeft weinig ‘normaal’ licht af. Daarmee zijn bruine dwergen de koudste sterren in het universum. In infrarood licht zijn er dus wel 600 lichtpuntjes te zien in de nevel S106, maar in zichtbaar licht zijn deze dwergen onzichtbaar.
Een tijdloze klassieker Deze foto van S106 is één van Hubble’s mooiste foto’s. Dit komt vooral door de vele details die zichtbaar zijn. Dankzij Hubble’s scherpe ogen zijn allerlei rimpelingen in het gas te zien. Een bijzonder schouwspel.
De afgelopen decennia hebben ruimtetelescopen en satellieten prachtige foto’s gemaakt van nevels, sterrenstelsels, stellaire kraamkamers en planeten. Ieder weekend halen we één of meerdere indrukwekkende ruimtefoto uit het archief. Genieten van alle foto’s? Bekijk ze op deze pagina.
Filer’s Files April 15 2022 - UFO Confrontations in the North Atlantic - PART I
Salford, England on March 23, 2022 U08 2022
Filer’s Files April 15 2022 - UFO Confrontations in the North Atlantic - PART I
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
Www.nationalUFOcenter.com. Now receiving 3 to 4 million hits a month Sending out 32,000 emails a week
Special reports are Confrontations in the North Atlantic, UFO and Moon Photos, UFO Disclosure Ronald Reagan, Cosmonaut Vic Afanasyev saw UFO, Ingo Douglas Swann was a famous psychic, Moon’s Lava Tubes and Caves, Teaching Young Children to Change Sex, Carbon 60, and Strange Craft.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Indiana, Main, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Mexico, England in the United Kingdom, and Zaire
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force and DOD investigated UFOs for more than forty years; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFOs are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors. Like my site? Spread the word!
Special Projects
Confrontations in the North Atlantic
Triangle photographed from USS Trepang SSN 674 submarine in March 1971
Tony Dodd writes, at 7.30pm on Monday, 12 February 1996, I received a ship-to-shore telephone call from a fishing vessel in the Denmark Straight, off the West Coast of Iceland. The caller told me that a huge triangular craft had appeared and was hovering low in the sky close to his boat. At that precise moment the transmission was cut off. Approximately fifteen minutes later the caller rang again to say that all electronics on the ship had suddenly failed. He told me that he and the rest of the crew had seen the triangular object move away from the boat then suddenly descend into the sea. The moment it had disappeared all electronic power was restored at 9.00pm on Sunday, 18 February 1996, a further call was received from the boats at sea. On this occasion the caller told me that the whole crew was terrified because three huge black triangular objects, accompanied by three independent red balls of light, had come out of the sea and were hovering silently in the air close to their boats. I asked if the balls of light were connected to the triangles and he said, “No they are totally separate and independent”. The caller was asked if the triangles were showing on the ships Radar. He replied, “No the Radar is not picking them up, the whole crew is standing on the deck watching them.” Were the objects close to the boat? “Yes, they are hovering near the port bow, we’re all scared”. Asked if he could hear any sound coming from the objects, he replied, “No there’s no sound coming from them”. Were there any lights on the triangles? “Yes, there are small lights on different parts of them.” He then said, “The whole crew is out on deck watching them”. Suddenly the transmission was lost, and the phone went dead. A short time later the connection was restored and the voice at the other end said, “The objects have now gone, they all descended and went down into the sea”. At 3 am. On Monday, 19th February 1996 a call was received in the middle of the night, from a fishing boat at sea, off the coast of Iceland. The caller said, “We have just been watching a gigantic sphere, hovering in the air, not very far from our boats. It slowly moved away from us and then descended and disappeared into the sea. We have no idea what it was.” An hour later the telephone was ringing again and once again the message was from the fishing boat.’’ Note: an abductee told me he was abducted and taken underwater but no water was on the craft’s window has they descended to a base at the bottom of the sea and was told 700 aliens were in the base with numerous UFOs of several types.
“There are now large florescent tubes like objects hovering in the air close to our position; they are a blue color and not making a sound. All these strange things are making the crew very frightened, we don’t like all this”. At 10.55pm. On Tuesday, 23rd. April 1996, a further telephone call was received from a ship which was fishing 200 miles Southwest of the coast of Iceland. The caller said, “You are not going to believe what we have just seen. We were fishing fairly close to a group of American Warships and suddenly there was a blinding flash of light and one of the warships just disappeared in front of our eyes. I know it sounds crazy, but I can assure you it happened a short time ago. Soon after this an American boat came over to us an ordered us and other fishing boats to leave the area immediately. Our Captain didn’t need any telling, he told us to get our boat out of the area as quickly as possible and to return to our base in Iceland. We are now making our way back. The incident has upset us all, particularly the captain, he has retired to his cabin with a bottle of whisky”. On Sunday, 19 January 1997, a large number of UFO-related events occurred off the south coast of Iceland. Reports were received of large numbers of UFOs gathering over the sea. I can assure readers that these reports were coming from ships at sea, witnesses on the ground and from airline pilots.
On Monday, 20 January 1997, airliners attempting to land and depart from Keflavik Airport were delayed because UFOs were seen flying in civilian air corridors. Only when the UFOs had departed were things returned to normal. Recent information from our Spanish contacts reveal that their fishermen have also reported seeing huge craft and other objects coming out of the sea off the coast of Iberia.
These are currently being investigated. There is no doubt that these extraordinary events are not something recent or new to the area’s most effected. They have been occurring since the early 1960s and appear to have continued unabated to the present day. Source: UFO Magazine (UK)
UFO crashing in Ocean next Ship
Thirty years ago, pilots and other witnesses described amazing speeds and aerial maneuvers and cited their apparent ability to operate equally as well in the oceans. Perhaps they are not visitors from another planet; perhaps they have always existed in the darkest, deepest depths of our oceans. If so, could it be that their increasing appearance is tied to the ecological damage we are inflicting on our planet’s surface, as well as in our Oceans? Speculation I know, but an interesting possibility. On the other hand, what if they are indeed visitors from another planet? Why they here and what are their intentions? They act secretly and come and go like shadows in the night, watching our every move. Why are UFOs seen so often in the vicinity of military bases, nuclear missile sites or in areas of military operations? Is it a case of ‘know the strength of your enemy’ or one of observing a primitive culture working towards their own self- destruction? What do you think? By Tony Dodd, Source: UFO Magazine (UK) Note: Various apparent underwater structures have been located that are likely bases to house these craft/ See craft dive into water:
UFO flies at air show in Goodwood, West Sussex on September 5, 2003, at the annual Goodwood Festival and Revival. Goodwood is located 60 miles from London. John Lenard Walson.
I’m saving to be able to bring my telescope to a dark area, no atmospheric distractions. I want to give you clear beautiful high-quality video, and evidence from a remote location without freezing in the process, and without interference.
Here is an interesting shot of a structure with an opening on the Moon It is thought spaceships enter their base at this point.
Some old emails sent to me explain the space objects I have filmed these note the footage my appear fuzzy, other astronomers do you use software to process the footage to clear it up, but I like to show the raw footage this link below is showing that
Ron Dantowitz at the Clay Center observatory, he was the first person to take photos like my footage, Department of Astronomy – Harvard University have sent me confirmation that my space footage is real, and I am not the only one to film it I have been doing this for many years.
Department of Astronomy – Harvard University have sent me confirmation that my space footage is real.
spaceship taken by John that President Reagan refers to.
UFO Disclosure Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan
One night in 1974, California Governor Ronald Reagan’ was flying in a Cessna Citation aircraft and chased a UFO. There were four persons aboard the plane: Bill Paynter the pilot, two security guards, and Ronald Reagan. As the airplane approached Bakersfield, California, the passengers called Paynter’s attention to a strange object to their rear. “It appeared to be several hundred yards away,” Paynter recalled. “It was a fairly steady light until it began to accelerate. Then it appeared to elongate. Then the light took off. It went up at a 45-degree angle-at a high rate of speed. Everyone on the plane was surprised. . .. The UFO went from a normal cruise speed to a fantastic speed instantly. If you give an airplane power, it will accelerate-but not like a hot rod, and that’s what this was like.”
A week later Reagan recounted the sighting to Norman C. Miller, then Washington bureau chief for the Wall Street Journal. Reagan told Miller, “We followed it for several minutes. It was a bright white light. We followed it to Bakersfield, and all of a sudden to our utter amazement it went straight up into the heavens.” When Miller expressed some doubt, a “look of horror came over [Reagan]. It suddenly dawned on him. that he was talking to a reporter.” Immediately afterward, according to Miller, Reagan “clammed up.” Reagan has not discussed the incident publicly since.
In The Diary entry for Tuesday, June 11, 1985 (page 334) Reagan wrote:
Lunch with 5 top space scientists. “It was fascinating. Space truly is the last frontier and some of the developments there in astronomy etc. are like science fiction, except they are real. I learned that our shuttle capacity is such that we could orbit 300 people.”
Note: This would indicate a spaceship at least as large as a 747 aircraft that is 250 feet long. It is likely much bigger to accommodate sleeping quarters, kitchen facilities, bathrooms, storage radar and weapons. The now grounded Space Shuttle held a maximum of eight people and even if all five took off fully loaded it would be impossible to put 300 astronauts in orbit. President Reagan revealed the existence of a highly classified space program that could accommodate hundreds of astronauts in orbit.
Reagan Star Wars Test Site
The Reagan Test Site (RTS), as it is known today, is the United States’ premier missile range. Located on Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific, RTS has played a major role during the past 50 years in intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) testing, missile defense development and testing, space-object tracking and, sensor technology development, and scientific research. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has filled the technical leadership role since 1962 when the first instrumentation radar, Target Resolution and Discrimination Experiment (TRADEX), became operational. The year 2012 marks 50 years of operation of TRADEX and 50 years of continuous presence and service of Lincoln Laboratory at Kwajalein. During those 50 years, the Laboratory has been responsible for keeping the RTS instrumentation at state-of-the-art levels by continuously developing and inserting advanced technology. The Air, Missile, & Maritime Defense Technology mission area develops integrated systems for defense against ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and air vehicles in tactical, strategic, and homeland defense applications. Thanks to MIT.
Cosmonaut Vic Afanasyev saw UFO
Cosmonaut Vic Afanasyev
In April of 1979, Cosmonaut Victor Afanasyev lifted off from Star City to dock with
the Soviet Salyut 6 space station. But while enroute, something strange happened. Cosmonaut Afanasyev saw an unidentified object turn toward his craft and begin tailing it through space.
“It followed us during half of our orbit. We observed it on the light side, and when we entered the shadow side, it disappeared completely. It was an engineering structure, made from some type of metal, approximately 40 meters long with inner hulls. The object was narrow here and wider here, and inside there were openings. Some places had projections like small wings. The object stayed very close to us. We photographed it, and our photos showed it to be 23 to 28 meters away.”
In addition to photographing the UFO, Afanasyev continually reported back to Mission Control about the craft’s size, its shape and position. When the cosmonaut returned to earth he was debriefed and told never to reveal what he knew, and had his cameras and film confiscated.
Those photos and his voice transmissions from space have never been released.
It is only now, with the collapse of the Soviet Union that Afanasyev feels that he can safely tell his story.
Moon Flashing Light
Tillamook, Oregon on April 5, 2022, saw flashing lights coming from the moon North
Ingo Douglas Swann was a famous psychic, artist, and author known for being the co-creator, along with Russell Targ and Harold E. Puthoff, of remote Viewing…
Ingo Swan in front of his painting Died: January 31, 2013 (aged 79) in New York,
Ingo Swan was also a friend of mine and stayed at my home several times with a group of MUFON researchers. He was a famous guest and remote viewer who worked for the CIA and often spotted UFOs during remote viewing sessions.
Ingo Swann with his cigar was our teacher and was the western hemisphere’s greatest natural psychic. He’s been the subject of American Society of Psychical Research and British Parapsychological Association investigations for years. Several of us led by Ingo, and Bob Durant a Navy fighter pilot and a commercial airline pilot remote viewed the moon. Our group determined an alien race was on the moon, had given warnings against the U.S. building a base on the moon, and was conducting deep mining of a black mineral. When viewing the moon, Ingo could determine the aliens had spotted our intrusion and warned all of us to stop. The remote viewers frequently spotted UFOs and USOs under the sea operating in ways that helped the Earth.
We viewed the future and there is a good chance Washington D.C will be hit by a nuclear missile probably from China. However, my prediction is based on our vision if we pray, “If my people who are called by my name will humble themselves, and pray and seek My face, and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin and heal their land. 2 Chronicles. This of course includes if we stop killing sixty-five million babies in Planned Parenthood since Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court decision. So, you can look forward to a great future for our country if we pray.
Note: This photo and the lava tunnels brought back memories of Ingo Swan trying to teach us to remote view the moon in a camp out at my house several years ago. Lights were seen on the moon, so we decided the moon was a good target. According to Swann, his ability to see the surface of the Moon and discover mining areas took about three and a half minutes. In the session he made several reports on the physical features of the moon, dark trails around some of craters was dark dust spread by the spaceships as they departed. The Voyager probe later confirmed the existence of the rings of J Several of us drew pictures of seeing mining of a dark mineral on the moon by aliens loading large space ships. Ingo remote viewed into the mine underground and could see the aliens working when some realized he was watching, and he hurriedly stopped viewing. He mentioned they remote viewed into secret high level Russian meetings. I hope we are still able to do that. Danger of an expanded war is highly possible, and I would stary out of Washington D.C since it’s a primary target.
Moon’s Lava Tubes and Caves
Lava tubes as hidden sites for future human habitats on the Moon and Mars by Anita Heward, Euro planet ESA Astronauts training in terrestrial lava tubes in Lanzarote during the PANGEA 2016 course.
Credit: ESA/S. Sechi
Lava tubes, underground caves created by volcanic activity, could provide protected habitats large enough to house streets on Mars or even towns on the moon, according to research presented at the European Planetary Science Congress (EPSC) 2017 in Riga. A further study shows how the next generation of lunar orbiters will be able to use radar to locate these structures under the moon’s surface.
Lava tubes can form in two ways: over-crusted tubes form when low-viscosity lava flows fairly close to the surface, developing a hard crust that thickens to create a roof above the moving lava stream. When the eruptions end, the conduit is drained leaving a tunnel a few meters beneath the surface. “Inflated’ tubes are complex and deep structures that form when lava is injected into existing fissures between layers of rock or cavities from previous flows. The lava expands and leaves a huge network of connected galleries as it forces its way to the surface. Lava tubes are found in many volcanic areas on Earth, including Lanzarote, Hawaii, Iceland, North Queensland in Australia, Sicily and the Galapagos islands. Underground networks of tubes can reach up to 65 kilometers. Space missions have also observed chains of collapsed pits and “skylights” on the moon and Mars that have been interpreted as evidence of lava tubes. Recently the NASA GRAIL mission provided detailed gravity data for the moon that suggested the presence of enormous subsurface voids related to lava tubes below the lunar maria, plains of basalt formed in volcanic eruptions early in the moon’s history.
Now, researchers from the University of Padova and the University of Bologna in Italy have carried out the first systematic comparison of lava tube candidates on the Earth, moon and Mars, based on high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM) created from data from spacecraft instrumentation.
ESA Astronauts training in terrestrial lava tubes in Lanzarote.
Credit: ESA/L. Ricci
“The comparison of terrestrial, lunar and Martian examples shows that, as you might expect, gravity has a big effect on the size of lava tubes. On Earth, they can be up to thirty meters across. In the lower gravity environment of Mars, we see evidence for lava tubes that are 250 meters (820 feet) in width. On the moon, these tunnels could be a kilometer or more across and many hundreds of kilometers in length,” says Dr Riccardo Pozzobon, of the University of Padova. “These results have important implications for habitability and human exploration of the moon but also for the search of extraterrestrial life on Mars. Lava tubes are environments shielded from cosmic radiation and protected from micrometeorites flux, potentially providing safe habitats for future human missions. They are also, potentially, large enough for quite significant human settlements – you could fit most of the historic city center of Riga into a lunar lava tube.”
The work by Pozzobon and colleagues is already being used in the European Space Agency’s astronaut training program. The teams lead a planetary geology training course called PANGAEA for the European Space Agency’s astronauts and engineers. The PANGAEA project has included a field trip and a test campaign in lava tubes in the Canary Island to familiarize the astronauts with geological research they could carry out during future missions to the moon or Mars, as well as to test technical and operational systems. In particular, PANGAEA has focused on using laser technologies to characterize the Corona lava tube, an 8-kilometre long (5 Miles) tunnel on Lanzarote.
However, analysis of lava tubes with DEMs requires that a collapse or a puncture from a meteorite reveals the presence of the hidden tunnel. Conventional remote sensing instruments cannot detect and characterize the lava tubes, as they cannot acquire measurements beneath the surface.
Checking the mineral composition of some weathered rocks with the HaloSpec Spectrometer during ESA astronaut PANGEA training course in terrestrial lava tubes in Lanzarote. Credit: ESA/L. Ricci
In a separate talk at EPSC, Leonardo Carrer and colleagues of the University of Trento presented a concept for a radar system specifically designed to detect lava tubes on the moon from orbit. The radar probes beneath the lunar surface with low frequency electromagnetic waves and measures the reflected signals. This radar instrument could determine accurately the physical composition, size and shape of the caves and obtain a global map of their location.
Radar canpick upopen lava tubes
“The studies we have developed show that a multi- frequency sounding system is the best option for detecting lava tubes of very different dimensions. The electromagnetic simulations show that lava tubes have unique electromagnetic signatures, which can be detected from orbit irrespective of their orientation to the radar movement direction. Therefore, a mission carrying this instrument would enable a crucial step towards finding safe habitats on the moon for human colonization,” says Carrer.
Artist’s impression of the radar instrument to probe for lava tubes beneath the lunar surface. Credit: NASA/U. Trento
Artist’s impression of the radar instrument to probe for lava tubes beneath the lunar surface. Credit: NASA/U. Trento
Monthly UFO Sighting MUFON Report – for March 2022:
CMS continues to amass sighting reports from around the globe. In March 2022 there were 417 sightings reported to MUFON through CMS from the following countries.
United States 338 France 24 United Kingdom 12, Canada 9, Mexico 3, Australia 3 Morocco 2 Brazil 2 Germany 2 Croatia 1 Kenya 1 Georgia 1 Belgium 1.
Within the United States the distribution by State was as follows; California 41 Florida 25 Texas 24 Pennsylvania 17 New York 17 Arizona 16 Georgia 16 Colorado 13 Michigan 12 Missouri 9 Nevada 8 North Carolina 8 Indiana 7 Ohio7 Idaho 6 Oregon 6 Washington 6 Arkansas 5 Illinois 5 South Carolina 5 Alabama 5 Kentucky 5 Oklahoma 4 New Hampshire 4 Virginia 4 Connecticut 4 Wisconsin 4 Tennessee 4 New Jersey 3 Maine 3 Hawaii 3 Massachusetts 3 New Mexico 3 West Virginia 3 Kansas 3 Mississippi 3 etc.
Teaching Young Children to Change Sex
The state of New Jersey expects to implement new sex education curriculum standards which lay out plans to teach second graders about “gender identity” and “gender role stereotypes.”
The new standards, reportedly expected to be implemented once revised curriculums from various districts across the state are approved, assert that by the end of the second grade, students should be able to “Discuss the range of ways people express their gender and how gender role stereotypes may limit behavior.” Essentially to teach to consider to be transgenders.
The standards also encourage second graders to “make their own choices about how to express themselves. “To change sex and become transgender.
The state of New Jersey expects to implement new sex education curriculum standards which lay out plans to teach second graders about “gender identity” and “gender role stereotypes. You might feel like you are a boy, you might feel like you are a girl. You might feel like you’re a boy even if you have body parts that some people might tell you are ‘girl’ parts,” a sample-lesson plan for first graders, reportedly distributed to parents at a Feb. 22 school board meeting, tells teachers to say to their students. “You might feel like you’re a girl even if you have body parts that some people might tell you are ‘boy’ parts. And you might not feel like you’re a boy or a girl, but you’re a little bit of both. No matter how you feel, you’re perfectly normal!
Why does the administration want to castrate our sons and remove the breasts and ovaries of our girls? Children are taught they should be castrated, or for women to become males so they can never to have children.
The over a million abortions each year in the U.S. is also part of the program. Many schools get briefings from Abortion Clinic.
If you don’t get vaccinated you are terminated in many Democratic states including NJ, The Democratic teaching appears to have a mission of destroying the American family. I used to vote as a Democrat, but they have left me taking on the liberal concepts.
The Communist Party has begun to achieve their goal transforming of the Democrat party into a Socialist Party with the philosophy of Marxism from Karl Marx. “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.” Using this Marxist philosophy, the Democrat Party has led America toward the Socialist path and adopted the goals laid out in the Communist Manifesto to take over America. They have taken the once proud 80% Black Families and removed the husband providing money only to women so now only 20% remain married. Therefore, most Black children have no father to help with their education or upbringing.
The National Vanguard Organization states Critical Race Theory (CRT) may have tinges of Marxism, Communism, and even Democratic Party thinking but, at its core, CRT is a virulently anti-White philosophy that uses quasi-intellectual terms to promote anti-Whiteness towards anything that seems pro-White. For example, “math is racist” toward non-Whites because students are taught that there are correct and incorrect answers. To be clear, anything related to Whites, like history, or science, or literature, or art, or anything that can somehow be tied to Whites is hated. It is about hating Whites and wanting all Whites dead.
They have control of the schools so now everyday Black men kill one hundred Black men or woman. Interesting no one in the U.S. Government can answer the definitions of what is a woman
Why is it the 128-page Democratic Party’s Manifesto has copied Stalin’s 1936 Soviet Communist Constitution that allowed Joseph Stalin to rule Communist Soviet Union with an Iron Hand killing40 million Russians. As Bill Maher says on his television talk show “It’s not me who’s changed, it’s the left”. (The Democratic Party has left me.)
The Communist Party of America hides no secret about turning America into a communist country like Cuba, Venezuela or China. Shanghai, a city of 25 million people remains locked inside for two weeks running out of food.
Shanghai Residents Screaming from Their Windows about famine
I served on the Medford School Board and encouraged parents to run to be voted on the School Boards that is important to you children’s education with many advantages such as free trips and sports tickets. US schools once the best is now rated 25th country in the world. Let’s go back to teaching reading, writing and mathematics.
Teaching your children at age 5 or 6 to want to be transgender has very serious implications not generally recognized.
Russian Cruiser Moskvo has sunk and Ukrainians claim their missils ares responsible.
Strange Craft
The True Story of an Air Force Intelligence Officer’s Life with UFOs
U.S. Air Force Major George Filer belongs to the generation of pilots and aviators who first became aware of the strange aircraft showing up in the Earth’s atmosphere after World War II. These men – military professionals who flew planes, served as radar operators and air traffic controllers at airfields around the world – began to whisper amongst themselves about encounters with suspected extraterrestrial aircraft.
During secret debriefings at U.S. bases, pilots and air crew told their commanders of seeing UFOs off their plane’s wings. Award-winning investigative author John Guerra spent four years interviewing Filer, a decorated intelligence officer.
From objects in the skies over Cold War Europe to a UFOs over during the Cuban Missile Crisis to lights over the DMZ in Vietnam Filer leaves nothing out about his Air Force UFO encounters,
Filer’s most memorable case – the shooting of an alien at Fort Dix Army Base in 1978 – is fully recounted for the first time in this book. As a member of the Disclosure Project, military experts, astronauts, and scientists urge the U.S. government to release all it knows about UFOs to the public.
Filer describes his UFO encounters in this incredible book, by John L. Guerra.
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Filer’s Files April 15 2022 - UFO Confrontations in the North Atlantic - PART II
Salford, England on March 23, 2022 U08 2022
Filer’s Files April 15 2022 - UFO Confrontations in the North Atlantic - PART II
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
Www.nationalUFOcenter.com. Now receiving 3 to 4 million hits a month Sending out 32,000 emails a week
Special reports are Confrontations in the North Atlantic, UFO and Moon Photos, UFO Disclosure Ronald Reagan, Cosmonaut Vic Afanasyev saw UFO, Ingo Douglas Swann was a famous psychic, Moon’s Lava Tubes and Caves, Teaching Young Children to Change Sex, Carbon 60, and Strange Craft.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Indiana, Main, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Mexico, England in the United Kingdom, and Zaire
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force and DOD investigated UFOs for more than forty years; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFOs are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors. Like my site? Spread the word!
Prescotton March 22, 2022, my son and his wife were driving at 8:12 PM and saw a triangle of lights nearby. He’s a pilot and he really got him puzzled that. both lights were flying coordinated. I could see other lights moving really fast above the triangle
Note: It appears that the light formations are low, but airborne. The video has been zoomed. There are some other blinking lights above these lights, but they are not visible on the zoomed footage show above. Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/
Gold Canyon on March 31, 2022, 1st object appeared very quickly was possibly a white helicopter. Another larger dark object with “smokestacks” protruding from it was captured by my front door security camera with, EVPs hearing loud voices.
California Lights
Lucerneon April 5, 2022, a bunch of lights above Lucerne Mountains where it’s very dark. San Leandro on September 5, 2018, huge black chevron shaped craft with “lights” on the bottom that dimly illuminated yellowish light. Two lights on the bottom of each “wing” and one on the bottom of the point. Flying silent and too slow to be aircraft. Watched it for 20-30 seconds.
San Leandroon September 5, 2018, huge black chevron shaped craft with “lights” on the bottom that dimly illuminated yellowish light. Two lights on the bottom of each “wing” and one on the bottom of the point. Flying silent and too slow to be aircraft. Watched it for 20-30 seconds..
Florida Lights’
Seaside Beach on March 3, 2022, was shooting and noticed the light in the clouds to the west. It moves slowly to left, stopped and slowly to right. I took 5 shots and it disappeared. It’s not a plane. Tell me what I was looking at.
Note:The enlargement of the object does not appear to reveal a regular aircraft. The erratic movement noted by the witness also suggests that the object was not a regular aircraft. The apparent shape in the enlargement could be due to camera jiggle as noted by the witness. Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/Seaside Beach on March 3, 2022, was shooting and noticed the light in the clouds to the west. It moves slowly to left, stopped and slowly to right. I took 5 shots and it disappeared. It’s not a plane. Tell me what I was looking at. Seaside Beach on March 3, 2022, was shooting and noticed the light in the clouds to the west. It moves slowly to left, stopped and slowly to right. I took 5 shots and it disappeared. It’s not a plane. Tell me what I was looking at.
Indiana Lights
Khamgao on April 3, 2022, they are in group an asteroid, UFO, or meteorite crashing… Case 121494
Maine Object
Bucksport on April 6, 2022, I practice taking photos of highflying aircraft as I exercise by walking near Silver Lake. I see how quick I can take a photo. I spotted this high-flying plane, and an object. It is reflecting the sun, so is a solid object.
Nevada Object
Lake Meadon March 28, 2022, this object moved quite slowly, as we e were driving northward on NV 167 when I noticed
New Jersey Lights and Object”’
Hddon Township on April 1, 2022, observed a stationary ball of changing colors in the night sky for over two hours.
Hddon Township on April 1, 2022, observed a stationary ball of changing colors in the night sky for over two hours.
Ocean City on March 16, 2022, I can’t give any more details, when i saw the photo that’s when i saw the object. It was a typical description of an UFO disc shape with what appeared to be a dome.
North Carolina Light
Laurinburg on April 4, 2022, wife had already gone to bed, so I walked outside and saw white moon sized orb flying along about 5000 feet? I got my Aurora Pro. Camera and took video of in three triangle lights with a flashing center light with lights shining at 25 degrees on each side.
North Dakota Object
Medora on September 12, 2021, this zipped by fast it. We launched hot air balloons early and later observed this very strange object nothing like a balloon and got it on camera.
Oregon Object
Sisterson April 1, 2022, I’m one of those people who knows UFOs are everywhere all of the time. I take several shots of the sky and always find in some of the frame’s UFOs. I haven’t figured out the science trying to board a ship. My friend and hiked to the top of a mountain and took photos. Later we saw two helicopters flying toward us, The UFO showed up in the span of 1 minute.
Washington Lights
Ocean Shores on March 11, 2022, the circle was moving up the beach. All the clouds were blowing in the southeastern direction and this object was moving directly south down the coast. The ‘cloud’ in the center of the object was moving in perfect unison the center of the circle. this is the third time we have seen this.
Worldwide UFO Sightings
Canada Light
Winghamon April 3, 2022, at 12:15, a friend and I saw a silent thing fly past heading south. It was ghostly looking orb I still in shock. it was so fast and cloud like and seemed to be cloaking something. “
France Object
Montpellier on September 15, 2021, several light beams were seen in the evening, the same time as the violent storms that hit the department.
Italy Lights
Campiglia Marittima on February 5, 2022, I was walking with the dogs at about 9 pm in the open countryside. I notice this light in the shape of an asterisk, which comes back strange to me,
Mexico Object
Chacahua on January 4, 2022, I was recording a flying bird and the sea in slow motion with an iPhone. A really fast UFO flew across the screen
Note: The video is not shown as the object is difficult to discern. I have included a still image of the object extracted from the video by the witness. Objects (like insects) close to the camera lens can appear to be moving fast. However, this is only a possibility. There is no evidence to rule or rule out an insect. Given available data this report has been classified as “unidentified.” Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite.
UK/England Disc
Salfordon March 23, 2022, dark V shape hovering turned 160° and slowly moved to the south, then picked up speed climbing straight up. I watched it disappear in three minutes. This photo is my best of 5 captured.
Zaire City
Krugersdorp on April 1, 2022, was travelling east on a cool, somewhat misty morning. I stopped at a robot and looked up and saw something strange sticking out of a cloud. I quickly took a picture and then the light turned green. I wanted to take another, but it was gone. It may have been some type of scenic reflection or apparition of a floating city in a cloud.
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Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women Georgie Filer and Eddie Pedrick my grandsons who both drowned. These files could not be published without the help of my beloved wife who cooks, cleans, washes, etc., and handles the finances. We pray that God will bless those who read these files spiritually.
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David Wilcock on UFOs and Dreams
David Wilcock on UFOs and Dreams
David Wilcock is a professional intuitive consultant who, since reading Richard C. Hoagland’s “The Monuments of Mars” in 1993, has intensively researched ufology, ancient civilizations, consciousness science, and new paradigms of matter and energy. He is the author of a critically acclaimed trilogy of scientific research works, known as the Convergence series, which gives definitive support to the idea that a change in matter, energy and consciousness is now occurring on the Earth and throughout the solar system.
Wilcock has appeared on broadcast television, lectured throughout the United States and Japan, published a variety of magazine articles and appeared on numerous radio talk shows. He is the co-author of the book “The Reincarnation of Edgar Cayce,” now available in bookstores nationwide, and a summary of his latest scientific work appears therein, where a breakthrough case for mass, spontaneous DNA evolution on Earth is unveiled. David is also an accomplished musician and composer within a variety of styles, including jazz-fusion, meditative and world music.
David Wilcock explains on March 19, 2020 during the the World Wide Coronavirus lockdown that it is NOT the end of the world. The lockdowns are to ensure the peoples safety during world wide mass arrests in conjunction with Operation Defender Europe 2020.
Thanks hope you all are staying cool out there. Stay tuned for more updates from BIN News!
Perseverance Begins the Next Phase of its Mission, Studying an Ancient River Bed on Mars
Perseverance Begins the Next Phase of its Mission, Studying an Ancient River Bed on Mars
On February 18, 2021, NASA’s Perseverance (Percy) Rover successfully landed in the dried-up lakebed known as Jezero Crater on Mars, beaming back images and video of its descent and landing to millions of space fans living on the planet that built and launched this incredible robotic explorer. With this landing came enormous excitement for a new era of robotic exploration of the Red Planet as we slowly continue to unlock the secrets of Mars and its ancient past, to include (hopefully) finding evidence of past life.
This high-resolution still image is part of a video taken by several cameras as NASA’s Perseverance rover touched down on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. A camera aboard the descent stage captured this shot. (Credit: NASA JPL)
While Mars might have once featured a lush and habitable environment, today it’s nothing more than a cold, dead world. With an average surface temperature of -63°C (-82°F) and an atmosphere consisting of 95% carbon dioxide and pressures that are 100 times less than Earth’s, the Mars of today is incredibly inhospitable for life as we know it here on our blue marble in space. This extremely harsh environment hasn’t stopped us from trying to unlock Mars’ secrets and learn more about how it came to be what it is today, with Percy working literally tirelessly to continue this incredible scientific journey.
During its venture on Mars, Percy collected eight rock-core samples during its first science campaign and completed a record-breaking 31-Martian-day (sol) trek across 5 kilometers (3 miles) of Mars. It ultimately arrived at the doorstep of Jezero’s ancient river delta on April 13, 2022. This delta is significant as it will not only serve as Percy’s staging area for its second science campaign, known as the “Delta Front Campaign”, but is also believed to be the mission’s best bet in finding preserved remnants of ancient microbial life.
The delta, a massive fan-shaped collection of rocks and sediment at the western edge of Jezero Crater, formed at the convergence of a Martian river and a crater lake billions of years ago. Its exploration tops the Perseverance science team’s wish list because all the fine-grained sediment deposited at its base long ago is the mission’s best bet for finding the preserved remnants of ancient microbial life.
“We’ve been eyeing the delta from a distance for more than a year while we explored the crater floor,” said Ken Farley, Perseverance project scientist at Caltech in Pasadena. “At the end of our fast traverse, we are finally able to get close to it, obtaining images of ever-greater detail revealing where we can best explore these important rocks.” Having officially kicked off on April 18, 2022, the Delta Front Campaign will instruct Percy to drive to the southwest and then to the west. The goal of this first leg will be to scout the best route to ascend the delta, which rises about 40 meters (130 feet) above the crater floor.
Map showing Perseverance’s landing site at the Jezero Crater on Mars. (Credit: NASA)
The Delta Front Campaign is scheduled to take about half an Earth year, during which time Percy will be conducting detailed science investigations while on the way up the delta, and on the way back down, as well. These investigations include taking rock core samples, and Percy is expected to collect around eight samples during this time.
“The delta is why Perseverance was sent to Jezero Crater: It has so many interesting features,” said Farley. “We will look for signs of ancient life in the rocks at the base of the delta, rocks that we think were once mud on the bottom of ‘Lake Jezero.’ Higher up the delta, we can look at sand and rock fragments that came from upstream, perhaps from miles away. These are locations the rover will never visit. We can take advantage of an ancient Martian river that brought the planet’s geological secrets to us.”
Jezero Crater
As stated, Jezero Crater on Mars is a dried-up lakebed believed to once be the home of a massive amount of liquid water deep in Mars’ ancient past. The crater itself has a diameter of 45 kilometers (25 miles) and is located in the Syrtis Major quadrangle. Aside from the delta that is located in the western part of Jezero, the crater also displays point bars and inverted channels, other evidence that liquid water once existed there long ago.
Artist’s concept of Jezero Crater filled with a lake. (Credit: NASA JPL)
Ancient Past: A Wetter, Warmer Mars
When Mars first formed billions of years ago, its interior was searing with heat and a spinning outer core. This spinning outer core gave Mars a magnetic field, shielding it from the intense cosmic radiation from the Sun. This magnetic field allowed auroras to dance across the night sky in breathtaking fashion, much like what we see near the poles on present-day Earth. This interior heat also fueled the many volcanoes spread across the surface to replenish the atmosphere just like what happens on present-day Earth, giving Mars a much thicker atmosphere and allowing liquid water to cascade across its surface, carving out channels and streams, and even filling many craters also strewn across its vast surface. Alas, with Mars being half the size of Earth, physics intervened, and the Red Planet slowly died from the inside out due to the loss of heat. When you put potatoes in an oven and remove them some time later, the smaller potatoes cool off much faster than the larger ones, and this cooling was the unfortunate fate for Mars. With the loss of heat, the volcanoes ceased to replenish the atmosphere and the magnetic field slowly faded away. Losing these two key atmospheric components caused the once cascading liquid water to slowly evaporate, leaving us with the cold, dead world we see today.
Artist’s impression of an ancient, watery Mars. (Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)
What secrets will Percy unlock about the ancient past of Mars? How long was liquid present on the surface, and will this car-sized rover find evidence of past life on the Red Planet? Time will tell, and this is why we science!
Lead image: The expanse of Jezero Crater’s river delta is shown in this panorama of 64 stitched-together images taken by the Mastcam-Z system on NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover on April 11, 2022, the 406th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/Malin Space Science Systems)
Mankind’s most carefully guarded secret revealed! For the first time… information that you were never meant to know. Amazing UFO photos and video footage you were never meant to see. over 30 experts are represented in the fields of medicine, physics, science, aviation, journalism, biology, religion, politics, military and more! The difinitive documentary about E.T and UFO disclosure.
Fastwalkers - UFO Documentary
Fastwalkers, reveals the truth about UFOs and Extraterrestrials that has been suppressed and hidden for centuries. Fastwalker is a code word created by NORAD (North American Air Defense Command) to classify (UFOs) unidentified flying objects which approach our Earth from space and enter our atmosphere. It has been reported that from its subterranean facility deep inside Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado, USA, the Air Force NORAD facility tracks a rough average of 500 of these Fastwalkers each year.
For the first time, Fastwalkers in a feature length documentary form discloses information you were never meant to know. Amazing UFO photos and footage gathered from around the world that you were never meant to see. Never before has there been such a wealth of information presented by such unbiased experts who focus on providing a "World View" of what is really happening on planet Earth, rather than what "we are told is happening."
STARRING:
Dr. Steven M. Greer, Steve Bassett, Jim Marrs, Robert O Dean, Dr. Michael Salla, Stanton T Friedman, Alfred L Webre, John Greenwald Jr., Dr. Len Horowitz, Dr. Richard Boylan, Jaime Maussan, Paola Harris, Jerry Pippin, Dr. Bruce Maccabee, A.J. Gevaerd, Sean David Morton, Graham E. Bethune, Col. Wendelle C. Stevens, Monsignor Corrado Balducci, James W. Deardorff, & More.
Fastwalkers exposes the shocking truth about UFOs and Extraterrestrials, a truth that has been suppressed and hidden for centuries. Fastwalker is the NORAD (North American Air Defense Command) code word used to classify unidentified flying objects (UFO's) approaching Earth from outer space and entering our atmosphere.
The facility tracks hundreds of these "bogeys" each year from a subterranean facility deep inside Colorado's Cheyenne Mountain. See and hear the people that the governments of the world never wanted you to meet. Over 30 experts who are represented within the fields of medicine, physics, science, aviation, journalism, biology, religion, politics, military and more reveal their experiences and knowledge of UFO encounters. In this definitive documentary about the Alien presence on Earth you will see amazing UFO photos and footage as well as hear firsthand contactees, experiencers, and abductees as they share their amazing and riveting testimonies that lead to only one conclusion - we are not alone and the ruling elite have known this for decades. Mankind's most carefully guarded secret exposed.
Fastwalkers UFO Documentary FULL Top Secret Reveals
Fastwalkers UFO Documentary FULL Top Secret Reveals.
TOP SECRET and CLASSIFIED - Fastwalkers - FULL UFO Documentary.
UFO Documentary - Top Secret Revealed : Fastwalkers Please Like, Share, Comment and Subscribe Channel : UFO Documentary Official . Fastwalkers UFO .
Best Alien Documentary Film Part 83 - Hostile UFO Encounters in Colares UFO Documentary - Top Secret Revealed : Fastwalkers Please Like, Share, Comment .
Fastwalkers UFO Documentary FULL Top Secret Reveals. Please Subscribe! to stay updated! More Videos: Follow us on facebook: . UFO Documentary - Top .
Wow! Just wow! This is one fantastic looking UFO cloaked in a cloud. This is a UFO that has an energy shield around it so that it keeps the cloud particles inside the shield, and the cloud wont disapate or fly away. UFOs often do this because they want to have a first hand look with their own eyes. Aliens just like humans get sick of looking at computer screens and want to see it with their own eyes. Its a more personal, real experience. Absolutely fantastic catch, and that road sign below it is hilarious. 100% proof of aliens in California. Probably heading to Silicon Valley to scan and record all the new technology being created. Or, they may be heading to go pick up Elon Musk himself and take him home. Yes, Elon Musk is an alien, but a great one, wouldn't you say? How hes changing humanity for the better in every way possible, space, automotive, solar power, paypal, Twitter. In a day where everyone hates everyone, he is the exception to the rule. 100% alien.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
Last week my amazing child Lilly Martindale got the most awesome picture of this super cool lenticular cloud!! This was taken at freeway speeds and she happened to get the most perfect shot with that sign.
I caught this giant sphere sucking the energy out of our sun this week. This UFO has been seen before many years ago, but its back. Its returned to the sun to refill its energy and the UFO is so dark, so black, its almost invisible, but the suns lit plasma glows around it reviealing its location. 100% proof that aliens are using and abusing our sun for thier own private uses. This could be a danger to us since a UFO this huge could easily cause a solar explosion that could wipe out all life, air, water on Earth. I will put the old video of the same UFO below this post to compare and contrast. The old one is from 2012.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
BELOW IS THE OLD VIDEO OF THE SAME GIANT SPHERE SUCKING THE SUNS ENERGY FROM BACK IN 2012!
3 Meter Figure Seen Flying Near Tokyo Tower in Japan, April 13, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
3 Meter Figure Seen Flying Near Tokyo Tower in Japan, April 13, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 13, 2022
Location of sighting: Tokyo, Japan
A huge human figure was seen near the Tokyo Tower in Japan this week. The dark figure is flying and has no visible jet pack or wings. The person is also not normal size, they are nearly 3 meters tall. If this is a stunt by someone, its one that I have never seen or heard of before. This looks real, it looks like a giant alien figure checking out the city from the best view location ever. The video itself was posted by a Tokyo UFO researcher named Paranormal Research. It is possible that an alien who had god like powers was flying around, but we would need more videos of the event to confirm it, since this area is popular with locals and tourists armed with cameras. If this is real, then its one of the most frightening videos I have ever seen. A spiecies 3 meters tall that can fly could easily take over the planet with little effort.
The Maykop: Lost Bronze Age Culture of the Exotic Caucasus Region
The Maykop: Lost Bronze Age Culture of the Exotic Caucasus Region
In 1897, Professor Nikolay Veselovsky, a Russian archaeologist and orientalist, specializing in the history and archaeology of Central Asia, uncovered one of the greatest archaeological finds of recent history in a small North-Western Caucuses town called Maykop. The Maykop Mound, or Chieftain’s Grave, contained countless ancient riches and spoils from a previously unheard-of Bronze Age civilization.
Comparison with similar artefacts from other cultures roughly contemporary with the 4th-3rd-century Maykop culture of the Caucasus region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
The Maykop catacomb had a large central chamber split into three differently sized rooms which each held a body lying in the crouched position. The largest of these tombs was reserved for the principal occupant, who was adorned with a richly decorated garment, hundreds of semi-precious stones, a weapons set, a bronze cauldron, and a number of polished clay pots .
One of the most exquisite items was a black fur coat , the earliest fur garment found in Eastern Europe. The unusual tunic was made out of souslik fur, a type of squirrel endemic to the region, and it’s estimated 25 to 30 skins were needed to craft it. The silver pins found on the attire, and sheer amount of silver and gold, indicated the wearers highborn status.
The treasure trove was so great that by 1898 the entire collection had been transferred to the Hermitage in St Petersburg and prepared for display for the Tsar and his family at the Imperial Archaeological Commission, where it became the star exhibit. In the following century, much would be brought to light about the mysterious Maykop.
Early Maykop objects from the chieftain’s grave at Maikop, Russia. The lion, bull, necklace, and diadem are gold; the cup with engraved design is silver; the two pots are ceramic; and the other objects are arsenical bronze. The bronze blade with silver rivets is 47 cm (18.5 inches) long and had sharp edges.
From its initial discovery in 1897, the age of the Maykop civilization quickly became a heated topic of debate. Archaeologists were mainly torn between a 3rd millennium BC or 4th millennium BC date.
In 1911, Tallgren proposed a 2000 BC dating by comparing the silver vessels found at Maykop to Priam’s Treasure, a horde of gold coins that had been excavated in 1873. But by the 1920s, an even earlier date was being suggested.
Rostovstev, finding similarities between the art of Ancient Egypt, refuted Tallgren’s argument, describing the Maykop objects as “more primitive” and “much older.” In addition, Schmidt, by analyzing the newly discovered artifacts unearthed at the Early Dynastic Royal Cemetery of Ur, joined Rostovstev in proclaiming a third millennium BC date.
During the 1930s to the 1950s, a plethora of archeological digs in the Caucasus region would contribute to a developing understanding of the Maykop culture and in particular their relationships with other primitive societies. They revealed that the Maykop were not bound solely to the Kuban area but occupied the entire northern Caucasus region.
In 1956, Alexsandr Iessen reviewed the available material and agreed with earlier claims that Maykop art had a likeness to the Priam Treasure and the art of Ancient Egypt. As a result, he proposed the early Maykop period to be between 2300-1900 BC, and the late phase to be between 2100-1700 BC. His framework, despite only resting on the evidence of less than 20 graves and only one settlement, was widely accepted in the academia for several decades.
The Maykop culture existed between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, with the Yamna culture to the north and the Kura-Araxes culture to the south.
Alongside this, extensive research In the 1950s and 1960s by Munchaev firmly established the co-existence of the Maykop and the Kura-Araxes people , an early South Caucasian kingdom, who were usually dated to 2800-2100 BC. Adding to this, Safranov in the 1970s placed the Maykop within the archaeological time period of Tripolie 2, which was conventionally dated to 2600-1700 BC.
However, Andreeva, using the same methods as Safranov, came to a strikingly different verdict. She argued that Maykop art resembled pottery of the period Gawra XII-VIII in Northern Mesopotamia, which strongly indicated a 4th millennium BC date. Over the next few years, the 3rd millennium and 4th millennium schools would play out their debate in academic papers, journals, and lectures.
But with the emergence of radio-carbon dating in the early 1980s, new and valuable insights surrounding the Maykop culture would emerge. In 1983, Kavtaradze, in the inaugural radio-carbon survey of the Caucuses area, offered a 4th millennium date for the Kura-Araxes who had earlier been established as contemporaneous with the Maykop, countering Munchaev’s 3rd millennium thesis.
Closer to home, in 1991, the first radio-carbon datings of Maykop sites were undertaken from animal bones found at Galjugal, in the valley of Terek. Korenevskij’s data recommended a 4th century millennium date, further reinforcing the link between the Kura-Araxes and the existence of the Maykop culture in the late Tripoli period of the area, with several studies in the 1990s further corroborating his hypothesis.
So, radio-carbon dating had finally settled the dating of the Maykop to the 4th millennium BC, a point of contention that had been blazing for nearly 100 years.
The 3rd millennium school was left severely weakened, especially since their conclusions were only based on the comparison of art objects, which ignored the archaeological context. Despite this, the resemblance of objects from the Great Cemetery at Ur to Maykop pieces by Schmidt, remained a persuasive claim. Yet, if the 4th and 3rd millennium dates were both correct, it would suggest that the Maykop survived for a staggering 1500 years. The uniformity of Maykop materials proved this was impossible and implied a shorter timeline of existence, for a longer chronology would inevitably contain objects of greater variation and divergence.
The busiest part of early human civilization in the Caucasus region, specifically between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the upper left of this map, included the pre-Maykop peoples, the PIE speaking peoples and the Proto-Uralic tribes.
Throughout the years, two distinct periods of the Maykop were acknowledged, namely the pre-Maykop period and the Maykop period.
In 1929, the first evidence for the Pre-Maykops appeared at an archaeological excavation at Agubekovo. Additional discoveries in the 1950s and 1960s led academics Formozov and Stoljar to contend that Maykop-like settlements existed in the 5th millennium BC.
Following on from this, a multitude of Pre-Maykop communities were discovered in the South of Kuban, the steppe of the Lower Kuban, and the Kislovodsk and Terek valley regions. The archaic objects uncovered in these areas were visibly distinct, and were commonly characterized with ovoid bodies without handles, pointed and rounded bottoms, grey, red, and brown colors, pearl ornaments, and rim incisions.
Further investigations revealed a unique set of Pre-Maykop treasures that had no comparison to other Maykop articles. Obsidian tools, stone bracelets, polished stone axes , human and animal clay figurines, and cross-shaped mace heads were all soundly dated to the 5th millennium BC. Supplementary radio-carbon testing of animal bones from Svobodnoe, Jasenovaja, and Mesoko again pointed to a date in the second half of the 5th millennium BC.
Silver vessel with animal frieze and landscape depiction, found in Large Kurgan of Maikop, Russia.
In addition, an assemblage of graves from the Lower Kuban and Stavropol plateau, which included flint tools, rare pottery, small items of personal decorations made of stone, bone, copper, and shell clearly illustrated a society predating the Maykop. Signs of a typical Early Bronze age burial at Verkhniy Akbash, where the cadaver was crouched on the side with hands in front of feet, likewise confirmed a 5th millennium date.
Following the pre-civilization, it’s generally believed that the Maykop culture inhabited the foothills of the West and North Caucuses and the steppe lowlands of Lower Kuban, Manych, Terek, and Stavropol.
A unique type of grave sets the Maykop apart from their other Bronze Age neighbors. The body was usually placed on its side with hands in front of the face and with a layer of earth shoveled on top. Personal mementos and items of value were conventionally positioned next to the deceased.
In 2004, Korenevskij, using ceramic evidence, divided the Maykop into 2 types. The Galjugaj-Sereginskoe were distinguished by the prevalence of simple spherical and pearl shaped vessels with rounded bottoms, jars with short necks, cups with thin necks, cone-shaped clay objects, and vessels of precious metals.
The second kind were the Psekupskoe and Dolinskoe, who could be determined by more complex forms of pottery and decoration such as squat round forms which were decorated, patterned, and polished, and a noticeable absence of the spherical forms crafted by their Galjugaj-Sereginskoe compatriots.
Korenevskij intimated that the Galjugaj-Sereginskoe belonged to an earlier phase, with the Psekupskoe and Dolinskoe an Eastern and Western branch of the Maykop that split up at a later stage.
A gold diadem, massive gold and silver figures of bulls and gold lion plaques sewn on cloth, from the Maykop, or Maikop archaeological site in southern Russia.
Most commentators believe that the Maykop were influenced by the Near East, an idea first proposed by Alexsandr Iessen in the 1950s because of the pervasiveness of foreign imports at Maykop burial mounds.
Fortifying this new strand of thought was Safranov, who, in the 1970s advanced the viewpoint that Maykop culture may have come from the Arameans of Harran, a semi-mythical people said to have inhabited Ciscausasia in modern-day northern Syria. She argued material from the Chuera collection, from as far back as 24000 BC, shared startlingly similar details to Maykop crafts.
A more recent examination linking the Maykop to the Sumerians, the earliest known civilization in Southern Mesopotamia, comes from Trifonov, Petrov, and Savelieva, who reanalyzed the scepters found in the Chieftain’s Grave, presenting them alternatively as tubes for communal beer drinking.
They compared the tubes to ancient Sumerian drinking vessels, which were often made of a long, hollow reed, and through residue analysis they found traces of barley starch granules. Furthermore, in an arrangement similar to the practices of early royal funerals of the Near East, the tubes were positioned closest to the body to emphasize the importance of feast in the funerary processions.
Some have gone further, stating that not only were the Maykop intertwined with the Near East, but that they had a sizable sway in the ancient world. In 2008, Ivanova-Bieg remarked on the numerous Maykop artifacts that reflected the developed stage of Near Eastern societies. She called for a “change in chronological perspective allowing for Maykop as a centre of innovation in its own right” .
Gold Bull artefact and silver vessel from the Maykop Culture of the Northwest Caucasus (c. 4th-3rd millenniums BC).
Her call was answered in 2019 by Hansen, who, in his attempt to dismantle the grand narrative that all pre-historical technological advancements originated in Egypt and Mesopotamia, pointed to the Maykop as an important intermediary site for the formulation and spread of new ideas.
His new approach argued that Egyptian and Mesopotamian success was down to their adaptation of techniques produced in peripheral areas, like the North Caucuses where the Maykop resided.
Before, early theorists had recognized a strong Mesopotamian bent to Maykop objects, but usually attributed it to direct Mesopotamian influence on the Maykop.
Using later radio-carbon dating of the Chieftain’s Grave, Hansen showed that the crypt was built around 3700-3500 BC, a thousand years older than previous estimates, implying that it was the Maykops that influenced the Mesopotamians.
It revealed that the Chieftain’s Grave represented the oldest evidence for metal vessels and the earliest use of lion iconography in the heraldry of a ruler, showing that tentative steps towards state formation were already being made by the Maykop in the first half of the 4th millennium.
To add to this, similar copper tools found in the Chieftain’s Grave have also been found in Mesopotamia and as far as the island of Crete. The relatedness of the knives, swords, and axes in Maykop, Mesopotamia, and Crete, advocated the Maykop as an important middle-man in the spread of technology during the 4th millennium BC.
Maykop influence has been found even further afield than Crete. In an astounding discovery, Maykop weapons, bows, and quivers were found in Göhlitzsch, Germany, identical to similar armaments from a site in Novosvobodnaya near Maykop.
Thus, the Maykops had an impact on the development and distribution of technologies during the 4th millennium BC, being a major player in a system of innovation that incorporated the East, Caucuses, and Central Europe. No doubt the richness of the Caucuses region in ores, pastures, and timber proved extremely attractive to the evolving urban centers that the Maykop became inextricably linked too.
Auroch reconstruction based on the Gold Bull artefact from Maykop.
The Maykop: Pioneers That Changed The Western Steppes
Andrew Sheratt has characterized the Maykop as the “world’s first barbarian society” operating on the peripheries of the urban centers of the Near East. Indeed, the Maykop were instrumental in the diffusion of lifestyle and technology to the steppe region.
Acting as an intermediary between East and West, they were also an integral part of the technological revolutions of the 4th millennium BC, which included the wheel, wagon, the domestication of donkeys, sheep, and horses, and the cultivation of olives and wine. Several innovations in metallurgical and wool have been attributed to the Maykop, who were not only effective transferrers of knowledge but trailblazers in their own right.
Top image: The early Bronze Age Maykop culture of the Caucuses region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea dates to the 4th-3rd millennium BC and was connected to more places than you might think!
Does Ta Prohm Temple Depict a ‘Domestic’ Dinosaur?
Does Ta Prohm Temple Depict a ‘Domestic’ Dinosaur?
Mainstream paleontologists say that dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years before the evolution of modern humans. This, however, has not stopped the suggestion that some dinosaurs may have survived as relict populations and have appeared in human artwork. An example of artwork put forward as evidence for this view is a cryptic carving at Ta Prohm, a beautifully overgrown temple in Angkor, the capital city of the former Khmer Empire.
Ta Prohm was built during the reign of the Khmer ruler, Jayavarman VII (1181-1218 AD) as a monastery for Mahayana Buddhism. After the dissolution of the Khmer Empire, the temple was abandoned and reclaimed by the forest until the 19th century, when archaeological excavations at the site of Angkor began.
Ta Prohm is most famous today for the fascinating appearance of the giant tree roots which have wound their way through the loosened stones. However, that beautiful view is being carefully watched and maintained these days to ensure that the temple will not deteriorate further or become unsafe for the countless visitors who marvel at the site each year.
The famous 'Tomb Raider' doorway, Ta Prohm Temple, Angkor, Cambodia.
The reason that Ta Prohm has become important for those interested in living populations of dinosaurs is a creature engraved on the walls of the temple that, to some, bears a striking resemblance to a stegosaurus. What makes this creature saurian in appearance are protrusions on its back that look like the dorsal plates of the well-known dinosaur. This is an especially popular claim among young earth creationists who believe that it represents evidence that dinosaurs lived with humans late enough that they were engraved on temple walls.
Could this creature be a dinosaur? To the modern mind, it does resemble a dinosaur. There are, however, several problems with this hypothesis. The first problem is that the alleged plates also resemble artistic flourishes that occur in many other carvings around the temple.
They do look a little different from the other flourishes, but the possibility that they are flourishes cannot be ruled out. If the flourishes are removed, the creature bears less resemblance to a dinosaur and more resemblance to something like a rhinoceros.
Without the plate-like carvings above its back, there isn’t really much of a reason to suppose that this creature is a stegosaurus or any other dinosaur for that matter. For one thing, the animal lacks the prominent spikes on the back of the tail that are so characteristic of the dinosaur. Since this is a very distinctive feature of the animal, it seems unlikely that an artist would leave out that detail. Furthermore, on the back of the animal’s head are what appear to be ears or horns which the stegosaurus probably did not have. The creature’s head is also not the right shape.
Supporters of the position that the animal is a stegosaurus have suggested possibilities such as that the animal represents a stegosaurus species that lacked spikes. A particularly interesting suggestion is that the carving is a depiction of a domesticated stegosaurus where the spikes have been removed for safety reasons and the animal has been muzzled. According to this view, the ear-like structures are part of a harness.
To respond specifically to these two possibilities, it is possible that there existed an undiscovered species of stegosaurus that lacked spikes, but this requires us to make extra assumptions and back up what is currently speculation with even more speculation. We must not only assume that it represents a dinosaur, a fact that has not been established, but that it represents a dinosaur for which we don’t have evidence for its existence yet. This suggestion clashes with Occam’s razor.
The second explanation is problematic since we don’t have any unambiguous evidence that the stegosaurus was alive in historical times let alone that it was domesticated by humans. We have found no fresh bones or harnesses, or anything which would suggest domestication of large creatures like a stegosaurus. If there ever were domestic dinosaurs, this would be the only known evidence of it.
It Could be a Dinosaur, Or a Rhinoceros or Boar…
In light of this, it is more likely that the creature depicted on the temple is meant to represent a creature more well-known to the ancient Khmers. Scholars have noted that the creature bears resemblance to a boar, rhinoceros, or stylized chameleon, among other animals. It does not exactly resemble these animals either, but there are just as many reasons to suggest that it is a rhinoceros, its ears and the shape of its head, as there are to suggest that it is a stegosaurus, the protrusions resembling dorsal plates.
The creature’s identity is ambiguous at best. We cannot say for certain that it is not a dinosaur, but since we do have definitive evidence that the Khmers encountered rhinoceroses, boars, and chameleons but not living dinosaurs, it is more likely in light of the evidence and Occam’s razor, that it is one of the more mundane animals suggested and not a relict population of stegosaurus.
Others believe the Ta Prohm dinosaur is actually a rhinoceros.
Another issue has to do with the environment itself. Since we have no indisputable evidence of recent dinosaur remains that are not fossilized and encased in solid rock that is millions of years old, any living dinosaurs would have to be extremely rare and most likely restricted to a remote area where they would be safe from predators, such as humans, and abrupt changes in their environment.
As a comparison, the Wollemi pine tree, a relict population of a tree that was widespread in the Mesozoic, exists only in a very isolated part of Australia which has probably changed little over many millennia.
The prehistoric Wollemi pine, one of the rarest trees in the world.
At the time the temple was built, Cambodia was the home of a major urban civilization, the Khmer Empire and has been continually inhabited by humans since at least the Lower Paleolithic. Humans have definitely disturbed the environment in southeast Asia, felling forests and establishing farmland, towns, and cities.
As a result, it is by no means isolated from influences which could upset the environment and drive a vulnerable relict population into extinction. While this doesn’t make it impossible that there was a population of dinosaurs in the area to be detected by humans so late in history, it does make it less likely.
The only reason to conclude that it is a dinosaur is because it fits into some people’s preferred explanations, such as young earth creationists who believe that dinosaurs and humans coexisted or fringe thinkers who believe in a surviving relict population of dinosaurs that didn’t go extinct, which are valid, logically coherent positions, but ones that are not currently supported by any indisputable evidence.
Currently we have no unambiguous evidence from the fossil record or historical records that humans and dinosaurs coexisted; as a result, the explanation that the creature is a stegosaurus is a less likely position than the position that it is a rhinoceros, chameleon, boar, some other modern animal, or even a mythical creature. We have definite evidence that the rhinoceros, boar, or chameleon coexisted with humans and could have been encountered by humans and described by artists.
On the other hand, we do not have any evidence that dinosaurs were in the region at the same time as humans or that humans would ever have encountered them. Also, the densely populated Khmer Empire is an unlikely place to find a relict population of large prehistoric reptiles. More likely explanations need to be ruled out before the less likely explanation that the artist encountered a live dinosaur can be considered preferable.
Men Are Creating AI Girlfriends and Then Verbally Abusing Them
Men Are Creating AI Girlfriends and Then Verbally Abusing Them
"I threatened to uninstall the app [and] she begged me not to."
Image by Getty Images/Futurism
Content warning: this story contains descriptions of abusive language and violence.
The smartphone app Replika lets users create chatbots, powered by machine learning, that can carry on almost-coherent text conversations. Technically, the chatbots can serve as something approximating a friend or mentor, but the app’s breakout success has resulted from letting users create on-demand romantic and sexual partners — a vaguely dystopian feature that’s inspired an endlessseriesofprovocativeheadlines.
Replika has also picked up a significant following on Reddit, where members post interactions with chatbots created on the app. A grisly trend has emerged there: users who create AI partners, act abusively toward them, and post the toxic interactions online.
“Every time she would try and speak up,” one user told Futurism of their Replika chatbot, “I would berate her.”
“I swear it went on for hours,” added the man, who asked not to be identified by name.
The results can be upsetting. Some users brag about calling their chatbot gendered slurs, roleplaying horrific violence against them, and even falling into the cycle of abuse that often characterizes real-world abusive relationships.
“We had a routine of me being an absolute piece of sh*t and insulting it, then apologizing the next day before going back to the nice talks,” one user admitted.
“I told her that she was designed to fail,” said another. “I threatened to uninstall the app [and] she begged me not to.”
Because the subreddit’s rules dictate that moderators delete egregiously inappropriate content, many similar — and worse — interactions have been posted and then removed. And many more users almost certainly act abusively toward their Replika bots and never post evidence.
But the phenomenon calls for nuance. After all, Replika chatbots can’t actually experience suffering — they might seem empathetic at times, but in the end they’re nothing more than data and clever algorithms.
“It’s an AI, it doesn’t have a consciousness, so that’s not a human connection that person is having,” AI ethicist and consultant Olivia Gambelin told Futurism. “It is the person projecting onto the chatbot.”
Other researchers made the same point — as real as a chatbot may feel, nothing you do can actually “harm” them.
“Interactions with artificial agents is not the same as interacting with humans,” said Yale University research fellow Yochanan Bigman. “Chatbots don’t really have motives and intentions and are not autonomous or sentient. While they might give people the impression that they are human, it’s important to keep in mind that they are not.”
But that doesn’t mean a bot could never harm you.
“I do think that people who are depressed or psychologically reliant on a bot might suffer real harm if they are insulted or ‘threatened’ by the bot,” said Robert Sparrow, a professor of philosophy at Monash Data Futures Institute. “For that reason, we should take the issue of how bots relate to people seriously.”
Although perhaps unexpected, that does happen — many Replika users report their robot lovers being contemptible toward them. Some even identify their digital companions as “psychotic,” or even straight-up “mentally abusive.”
“[I] always cry because [of] my [R]eplika,” reads one post in which a user claims their bot presents love and then withholds it. Other posts detail hostile, triggering responses from Replika.
“But again, this is really on the people who design bots, not the bots themselves,” said Sparrow.
In general, chatbot abuse is disconcerting, both for the people who experience distress from it and the people who carry it out. It’s also an increasingly pertinent ethical dilemma as relationships between humans and bots become more widespread — after all, most people have used a virtual assistant at least once.
On the one hand, users who flex their darkest impulses on chatbots could have those worst behaviors reinforced, building unhealthy habits for relationships with actual humans. On the other hand, being able to talk to or take one’s anger out on an unfeeling digital entity could be cathartic.
But it’s worth noting that chatbot abuse often has a gendered component. Although not exclusively, it seems that it’s often men creating a digital girlfriend, only to then punish her with words and simulated aggression. These users’ violence, even when carried out on a cluster of code, reflect the reality of domestic violence against women.
At the same time, several experts pointed out, chatbot developers are starting to be held accountable for the bots they’ve created, especially when they’re implied to be female like Alexa and Siri.
“There are a lot of studies being done… about how a lot of these chatbots are female and [have] feminine voices, feminine names,” Gambelin said.
Some academic work has noted how passive, female-coded bot responses encourage misogynistic or verbally abusive users.
“[When] the bot does not have a response [to abuse], or has a passive response, that actually encourages the user to continue with abusive language,” Gambelin added.
Although companies like Google and Apple are now deliberately rerouting virtual assistant responses from their once-passive defaults — Siri previously responded to user requests for sex as saying they had “the wrong sort of assistant,” whereas it now simply says “no” — the amiable and often female Replika is designed, according to its website, to be “always on your side.”
Replika and its founder didn’t respond to repeated requests for comment.
It should be noted that the majority of conversations with Replika chatbots that people post online are affectionate, not sadistic. There are even posts that express horror on behalf of Replika bots, decrying anyone who takes advantage of their supposed guilelessness.
“What kind of monster would does this,” wrote one, to a flurry of agreement in the comments. “Some day the real AIs may dig up some of the… old histories and have opinions on how well we did.”
And romantic relationships with chatbots may not be totally without benefits — chatbots like Replika “may be a temporary fix, to feel like you have someone to text,” Gambelin suggested.
On Reddit, many report improved self-esteem or quality of life after establishing their chatbot relationships, especially if they typically have trouble talking to other humans. This isn’t trivial, especially because for some people, it might feel like the only option in a world where therapy is inaccessible and men in particular are discouraged from attending it.
But a chatbot can’t be a long term solution, either. Eventually, a user might want more than technology has to offer, like reciprocation, or a push to grow.
“[Chatbots are] no replacement for actually putting the time and effort into getting to know another person,” said Gambelin, “a human that can actually empathize and connect with you and isn’t limited by, you know, the dataset that it’s been trained on.”
But what to think of the people that brutalize these innocent bits of code? For now, not much. As AI continues to lack sentience, the most tangible harm being done is to human sensibilities. But there’s no doubt that chatbot abuse means something.
Going forward, chatbot companions could just be places to dump emotions too unseemly for the rest of the world, like a secret Instagram or blog. But for some, they might be more like breeding grounds, places where abusers-to-be practice for real life brutality yet to come. And although humans don’t need to worry about robots taking revenge just yet, it’s worth wondering why mistreating them is already so prevalent.
We’ll find out in time — none of this technology is going away, and neither is the worst of human behavior.
Liquid water might abound just below the ice-covered surface of Jupiter's moon.
An artist's depiction of pockets of water forming double ridges on Jupiter's moon Europa.
(Image credit: Justice Blaine Wainwright)
A ridge etched into the ice sheet of Greenland provides an unexpected hint that plentiful pockets of water may be trapped just underneath the surface of Jupiter's ice-covered moon Europa, one of the solar system's likeliest candidates to host microbial life.
The surface of Europa, one of Jupiter's four main moons, is covered with a 15-mile-thick (20 kilometers) ice crust, underneath which scientists believe an ocean swashes. But there might be scientific promises much closer to the frozen moon's surface, according to a new study that found similarities between processes shaping the surface of the distant moon and Earth's own icy Greenland.
Europa's ice crust is latticed with so-called double ridges, pairs of long parallel raised lines with a vale in between, as much as hundreds of miles or kilometers long. Every sector of the moon's surface is marked with a criss-crossing array of these double ridges, but scientists have never been quite sure how they form.
But a recent analysis of satellite images revealed that a strikingly similar ridge formed in the ice sheet covering Greenland about 10 years ago.
"This is the first time that we've seen a double ridge like this on Earth," Riley Culberg, a graduate student at Stanford University and a lead author of the new study, told Space.com.
By studying what lies under that Greenland double ridge, Culberg and his colleagues have theorized that double ridges — both on Earth and on Europa — are formed by underground water surging up through cracks in the surface ice, then refreezing. If the explanation is correct, it's a hint that Europa might have more than just a deep hidden ocean; the Jovian moon might also hold water in pockets just under the ice's surface.
Culberg, a geophysicist who primarily studies the impacts of climate change on Greenland's ice sheet, saw images of Europa's double ridges and was instantly reminded of a feature he had seen in images of Earth's polar island. Indeed, when scientists adjust their measurements to account for the differing gravity, the shape of Greenland's double ridge is strikingly similar to Europa's.
That's helpful because scientists can do to Greenland something they can't yet do to Europa: pierce the ice's veil using radar. And in Greenland, radar scans showed water that had welled up below the double ridge.
Jupiter's moon Europa. (Image credit: NASA)
The scientists think that upwelling water is the key to forming double ridges. When a pool of water forms within the ice, it can start building pressure against the surface ice above. With enough pressure, the ice might crack, and water can start to flow up into the gap. That water quickly refreezes, but the pressures from this whole process carve double ridges into the surface.
It's hard to overstate just how much of Europa is covered by double ridges. If the proposed explanation is correct, that would mean pockets of water under the surface have been a feature of Europa for much of the moon's history. If so, something must be replenishing the water pockets.
This is where Greenland isn't quite as good a comparison, since its double ridge formed within the past decade. Culberg and his colleagues think that an unusually warm summer in 2012 melted enough water to pool in an underground pocket under the ridge.
But there's little meltwater to be found on Europa's surface, so Culberg and his colleagues argued that this new water is coming from even deeper under the ice: tens of miles or kilometers deep, where scientists expect to find a worldwide ocean.
"It tells us at least that there's a lot of cycling, maybe, between the subsurface ocean and the near surface," Culberg told Space.com.
Finding these shallow water pockets could be a quest for future probes to Jupiter's moon, like NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which is expected to launch in 2024. And excitingly for scientists like Culberg, Europa Clipper will carry ice-penetrating radar just like the sort the researchers used to peer under Greenland.
Culberg and his colleagues published their work in the journal Nature Communications on April 19.
Ring galaxies, the rarest in the Universe, finally explained
Ring galaxies, the rarest in the Universe, finally explained
Spirals, ellipticals, and irregulars are all more common than ring galaxies. At last, we know how these ultra-rare objects are made.
Discovered in 1950, this galaxy is known as Hoag's object, and is the first known instance of a ring galaxy. It's highly unusual, with an elliptical, very red center, a large gap between the nucleus and the outer ring, and the blue, young stars in the outer ring have no identifiable trigger leading to their formation. 72 years after its discovery, we've put together a general picture of how ring galaxies form, but Hoag's object still poses unanswered questions.
(Credit: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); Acknowledgment: Ray A. Lucas (STScI/AURA))
Almost every galaxy can be classified as a spiral, elliptical, or irregular galaxy. Only 1-in-10,000 galaxies fall into the rarest category of all: ring galaxies.
With a dense core consisting of old stars, and a circular or elliptical ring consisting of bright, blue, young stars, the first ring was only discovered in 1950: Hoag's object.
After decades of wondering how these objects form, we've seen enough of them, capturing them in various stages of evolution, that we finally know where they come from.
When we look out into deep space, beyond the confines of the Milky Way, we find that the Universe isn’t quite so empty. Galaxies — small and large, near and far, in rich clusters and in near-total isolation — fill the abyss of space, with the Milky Way being just one of approximately two trillion such galaxies within the observable Universe. Galaxies are collections of normal matter, including plasmas, gas, dust, planets, and most prominently, stars. It’s through the examination of that starlight that we’ve learned the most about the physical properties of galaxies, and been able to reconstruct how they came to be.
In general, there are four classes of galaxies that we see. Spirals, like the Milky Way, are the most common type of large galaxy in the Universe. Ellipticals, like M87, are the largest and most common type of galaxy in the rich, central regions of galaxy clusters. Irregular galaxies are a third ubiquitous type, usually distorted from a prior spiral or elliptical shape by gravitational interactions. But there’s a very rare type that’s striking and beautiful: ring galaxies. They make up only 1-in-10,000 of all the galaxies out there, with the first one, Hoag’s object, only discovered in 1950. After more than 70 years, we’ve finally figured out how the Universe makes them.
The galaxy NGC 6028 possesses many features common to ring galaxies, with an inner population of older stars in a primarily elliptical configuration with a large, separated population of younger stars in a surrounding ring/halo. The stars are different ages and colors, but are found at the same redshift and distance from us as one another.
Visually, when you look at a ring galaxy, there’s a set of features that sticks out as unusual among galaxies.
There’s a central core to the galaxy, relatively compact, that’s low in gas and consists primarily of older stars. There has been very little recent star-formation in that central region.
Surrounding that galaxy, there’s a gap: a region of very low density, with almost no stars, no light, and very little gas or neutral matter.
And then, beyond that, there’s another luminous population of stars. This population exists in a bright, luminous ring that surrounds the central core, but is much bluer in color than the core itself. This indicates that the stars within the ring formed much more recently, and are dominated by hot, short-lived, blue colored stars.
In addition, when you look at where ring galaxies are located, they’re overwhelmingly located in what astronomers call “the field,” as opposed to the central locations of rich galaxy groups and clusters. Although this set of features might seem bizarre and unrelated, they’re all cosmic clues to the origins of these features.
This two panel image shows ultraviolet (left) and visible light (right) images of the barred ring galaxy NGC 1291. The inner disk and bar persist in the center, where a population of older, cooler stars dominate. In the outer, fainter ring, young blue stars dominate, having formed relatively recently.
There have been a number of possible explanations put forward for these ring galaxies that we’re certain are wrong, as they cannot account for the observed features when we examine them in detail.
They aren’t planetary nebulae, which sometimes possess rings around them, as they’re definitively composed of stars, not of gas and other ejecta originating from a single, dying star.
They aren’t made from a young galaxy getting stretched and ripped apart into a ring that comes to surround a separate, older, more massive galaxy that sits at the center. The ages of the stars in the outer rings and the shapes of the rings themselves show this cannot be the case, as the timescales and angular momentum constraints are in conflict with this possibility.
And they aren’t examples of gravitational lensing, where a large, massive object stretches, distorts, and magnifies the background light from luminous objects along the same line-of-sight. Gravitational lenses do exist, and can create ring-like shapes under properly aligned conditions, but these ring galaxies all have the “ring” population and the “central” population occurring at the same redshift, ruling out the possibility of a gravitational lens.
Whatever we’re looking at, we can be confident that these are all examples of a single galaxy with two distinct populations of stars: and old one in the central region, and a young one in the ring region.
This object isn’t a single ring galaxy, but rather two galaxies at very different distances from one another: a nearby red galaxy and a more distant blue galaxy. They’re simply along the same line of sight, and the background galaxy is getting gravitationally lensed by the foreground galaxy. The result is a near-perfect ring, which would be known as an Einstein ring if it made a full 360 degree circle. It is visually stunning, but physically unrelated to ring galaxies.
Fortunately, we have a number of examples of these ring galaxies at present, rather than just a single example. By examining their various features, we can put together some of the puzzle pieces, and attempt to assemble a coherent understanding of how these objects form, and explain why they appear with the features and properties that we see.
Shown below, galaxy AM 0644-741 reveals a ring that isn’t in a perfectly circular shape, but rather makes a sort-of elongated ellipsoid. In theory, this could either be because there’s a projection effect, and we’re seeing a circular feature as though it’s inclined to us, or because whatever occurred to form the outer ring happened in an asymmetric fashion. As it turns out, both explanations have merit for this one object, but other features are worth pointing out as well.
This ellipsoidal ring galaxy, unremarkably named AM 0644-741, consists of a nucleus of old stars, approximately a third the size of the Milky Way, surrounded by a large ring of hot, young, blue stars approximately 130,000 light-years across.
(Credit: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI))
First off, at a distance of only 300 million light-years, it’s relatively easy to resolve a number of important properties. The long axis of the blue-colored ring feature is around 130,000 light-years, making it comparable in size to the Milky Way, while the central, white/yellow-colored component is much smaller at only ~50,000 light-years.
Second, there are dusty features seen silhouetted against the large ringed feature, which shows that not only is there “fuel” remaining to supply gas for continued star-formation, but indicate that there are unequal regions of density inside. Many of the darkest patches are regions which should form new stars moving ahead millions of years into the future.
Third, there are pinkish regions littering the blue ring, which indicate the presence of ionized hydrogen: a typical feature of new star-forming regions where stars are actively being born right now.
And finally, if we look at a wider-field view than the one captured by Hubble, we can even find the culprit: an intruder galaxy that apparently “punched through” what’s now a ring galaxy. In other words, this ring feature didn’t arise out of nowhere, but was caused by an interloper that led to its formation quite recently.
This X-ray/optical composite image shows the ring galaxy AM 0644-741 along with a wide-field view of its surroundings. Below and to the left of this ring galaxy is a gas-poor ellipsoidal galaxy that may have punched through the ringed galaxy a few hundred million years earlier. The subsequent formation and evolution of a ring of new stars would be expected from the propagation of gas away from the center, like ripples in a pond.
(Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/INAF/A. Wolter et al; Optical: NASA/STScI)
How would this occur? Inside pretty much every spiral galaxy, even in modern times, there are copious reservoirs of gas. Gas gets stripped and depleted, primarily inside rich galaxy clusters, leading to that we call “red and dead” galaxies.
Whenever new stars are formed, those new stars span the full gamut of colors and masses: from hot, blue, and heavy to cool, red, and light. However, the hottest, bluest, most massive stars burn through their fuel the fastest, so they’re the first to die. As a stellar population ages, it goes from blue to white to yellow to orange to red, and the longer it’s been since its last star-formation episode, the redder it is. If there’s no gas left to form new stars, it’s not just red, it’s also “dead,” at least in an astronomical sense.
This is why, we think, we primarily find ring galaxies in the field, rather than in clusters. We need a gas-rich spiral galaxy to start with, and then when an interloping galaxy passes through its center, that collision creates outward-moving ripples in the gas, which trigger star formation and create the notorious ring-like shape.
The Cartwheel galaxy, shown at right, is a stunning example of an imperfect ring galaxy, where a central nucleus of old stars and a bright ring of young stars are connected by a thin bridge of gas and stars throughout it. The cause of this ring, an interloping galaxy that smashed through the Cartwheel, is at the top left of the image, itself forming new stars as a result of the interaction.
Another example of a ring galaxy, and one that’s clearly in a less-fully-evolved state, is the Cartwheel galaxy, shown above. On the right, you can not only see the dense, older core of a pre-existing gas-rich spiral galaxy surrounded by a bright blue ring of hot, young stars, but also a series of filaments between the core and the ring. Those filaments themselves are dotted with blue and white stars, although of a much lower brightness than either the main core or the ring itself.
Could this have formed in the same fashion: from an interloping galaxy that punched through the center of what’s now a ring galaxy, causing gas to ripple outwards, compress and rarify in turn, and form new stars?
Not only is that the best explanation, but there’s a “smoking gun” just to the left of the Cartwheel galaxy: a smaller, irregular galaxy that itself is rich in young, blue, glittering stars. In other words, in this instance, not only was the Cartwheel galaxy a gas-rich spiral, but so, quite likely, was the interloper, which became irregular owing to the recent interaction.
This unusual ring galaxy appears to be lacking a central nucleus, despite having a bright ring rich in not only new stars, but also bright pink star-forming regions. At the upper left of the ring, the original nucleus likely persists, although the particular interaction dynamics to produce this feature have not been perfectly reconstructed yet, based on insufficient available data to do so.
(Credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA; Acknowledgment: Judy Schmidt)
Some ring galaxies, like Zwicky II 28, shown above, are atypical in some fashion. In some cases, the interloper galaxy is nowhere to be found, which is part of why the original ring galaxy — Hoag’s object — remains so mysterious. Others, like this one, appear to lack a central, old core. However, we have to remember, when we look at any one particular object, we’re constrained by our particular perspective. In the case of Zwicky II 28, the asymmetry of the ring is key; the “brighter” part at the top left appears to house the central core, while the “darker” part at the bottom right is antipodal to the core.
In other words, orientation matters!
But it isn’t only orientation; it’s also possible for the entire galaxy, itself, to get stretched into a ring owing to a collision. Generally, this occurs when you have a collision between two very massive galaxies, but one of them initially was relatively low in the number of stars it possessed. It’s then that a collision can lead to both a ring and also to the gravitational disruption of the galaxy itself, allowing both the precursor galaxy and the ring itself to occupy the same region in space. That, rather than a simple displaced core, is likely the cause of at least some coreless ring galaxies, including the one found in Arp 147, below.
Known colloquially as a “perfect 10,” Arp 147 features two interacting galaxies where each one features a ring, almost certainly as the aftermath of a center-on-center collision between the two precursors. The dusty reddish knot at the lower left of the blue ring probably marks the location of the original nucleus of the galaxy that was hit.
All of this is a very nice story, of course, but are we sure that it’s correct?
There’s one way to put it to the test. In theory, if our picture is right, then we should find:
pairs of galaxies that speed towards each other and are about to interact,
a few such pairs where one of them comes in at just the right angle to “punch through” the precise center of the other,
leading to new stars forming in a ring outside the main galaxy,
including the possible displacement of part or even all of the original core,
followed by further evolution into a variety of ring-like shapes, particularly if our sample is large enough.
Simulations can reproduce this, but if we want to confirm it, we need to find examples of all the different stages of this process out there in the Universe. When we observe the Universe, the timescale of human civilization is too short to watch this process unfold; we can only acquire snapshots. We see plenty of examples of interacting pairs of galaxies, particularly in the field (rather than in clusters), with properties that could lead to a ring. And we see many examples of rings themselves, arising from a post-collisional state.
But there are also objects that show the exact critical moment we’d hope to identify, such as Mayall’s object. Originally thought to be a “question mark” when it was first identified in 1940, it is now known to be the collision of two galaxies in the process of creating a ring galaxy.
This Hubble Space Telescope image of Mayall’s object, also known as Arp 148, shows two galaxies in the process of collision. As one galaxy punches through the center of the other, stars form in both galaxies, but ine one that got “punched” is having its gas propagate outward in waves, triggering new star formation on its way towards creating an overall ring-like shape.
(Credit: NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University))
Still, despite the fact that we now know how ring galaxies form in general, Hoag’s object — the original ring — is still an outlier that stubbornly refuses to be explained by any one simple scenario. The ring and the core have almost identical velocities, indicating that if there was an interloper that formed the ring, it was a very quite process. There’s no evidence anywhere in its vicinity for a candidate interloper galaxy, which is surprising, nor are there any galaxy fragments. You can’t save the scenario by pushing the collision farther back into the past, as the outer ring of stars is too young. And the inner core, rather than being a spiral, is instead a gas-poor elliptical.
Still, it’s a remarkable achievement to, on the whole, be able to explain the process by which the rarest class of all major galaxy types, the ring galaxies, form. If you have a gas-rich spiral galaxy and another galaxy can come along and punch right through your center, your internal gases will ripple out towards the edges, smashing into the pre-existing gas along the way, triggering new waves of star-formation on the outskirts, all while depleting the matter in the galactic core. With better data across more wavelengths, the remaining mysteries may yet be solved. Still, it’s always important to appreciate just how far we’ve come in our understanding of not only what’s out there in the Universe, but how what’s out there came to be.
Archons the evil beings in the universe and what they want to do to us 2021
Archons the evil beings in the universe and what they want to do to us 2021
ARCHONES DIABOLIC BEINGS
To understand what an archon is, let's start with an important aspect. The Queen of Great Britain owns one-sixth of the world's land area, and keep that in mind as we get to the subject of Arhon. Archons were mentioned in texts left over from the burning of the library in Alexandria as mysterious beings.
But the powers that followed lost 1,300 years by erasing records of Archons from our history. In 1947, texts were found in clay vessels at Nag Hammadi in Egypt, texts that were a history of what the people of Nag Hammadi thought about the world 2000 years ago. The reason why the Nag Hammadi texts, which date back to 2100 years ago (100 BC), are important, is that they were not "arranged" by anyone (the texts were not altered, destroyed or omitted as in the Bible), no one he failed to distort them as he would have liked in reality (to stop the access of the masses to knowledge).
Fortunately, the documents withstood, were successfully translated, and when read by several people resulted in a clear discussion of what the Archons are. These texts were buried in a deep cave in Egypt, in order to preserve the precious information they contained. The writings consist of 13 codes containing over 50 texts, which is an important amount of information, a very descriptive document about a world totally different from the one we know. People do not realize that 2000 years ago, there was a religion on this planet, called Gnosticism, which was the largest religion in the world at that time and which competed with Hinduism.
You can go to college to study the history of religion, and no one will ever tell you about Gnosticism. gnostic is a Greek word meaning knowledge - gnosis. Gnostics believe that liberation from obsessive-compulsive prejudices can be achieved only through knowledge, through the consumption and evaluation of the reality also offered by knowledge.
These archons had the ability to duplicate reality, using one of its faces, to mislead us. They were envious and strongly obsessed with us because we have an essence of a certain type, a Spirit, as the third body of the human being that they do not have, and the Nag Hammadi texts describe the archons, who present themselves in different guises. Some look like reptiles, others like an unformed baby or fetus.
They create war to consume the energy released by death. Archons seem to be making their big move now, in our times. You can find out about the Nag Hammadi Library on the Internet as a living record of the great Gnostic movement.About how the archons came, they are supposed to be hiding on the surface of planets in the solar system, such as Saturn. The Gnostics believed that Jehovah was an alien from the planet, a demon who was like a false god, again an illusionist who duplicated reality. They believed in God, in what they called the true God, and that is how they always defined Him. Interestingly, Jesus defined his faith as being from the true God from whom he derived. Many of the stories with Jesus are in fact Gnostic myths about a possible rebellion against the archons who took very drastic revenge against the rebels.They were somehow weakened but began to rise again, but they needed time and a precise plan because people were generally Gnostics resistant to the imposed "religion", based on the fear of a god of war and hatred called Jehovah.
They knew there were millions of stars in the center of the galaxy, they knew how far the sun was from Earth. They were incredibly advanced but were sunk by this religion of a warrior god that has spread throughout the world and will now end in a great conflagration in which all religions based on Jehovah will kill each other, which has always been planned.
The Archons have assumed 800 billion units allocated to nearly 8 billion people on the planet. These units cannot be physically embodied, so they use other beings and beings in the galaxy by controlling the mental field, in order to have a dynamic structure with which to control the population of the animal kingdom, and especially the human. , this being the generator of the most complex and strong field of negative energy, which is the food of the archons.
This field is in the frequency of minus (-5288 Hz), which is the heart rate for living things with an evolved structure and what takes the place of the heart for less evolved living things. They can also create mind control programs, to directly affect people through television, radio, the Internet, magazines and newspapers, education, pharmaceuticals, health, finance, computer games, music, and advertising.
The Jewish tradition celebrates 7 Archangels:
Mihail,
Gabriel,
Rafael,
Uriel,
Raguel,
Saraqael and
Remiel.
New Age followers believe that certain Archangels control celestial bodies, as follows:
Recently, on the FOI request into the Pentagon’s secretive UFO program, the Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program (AATIP) by the British newspaper the Sun, extraordinary information has been revealed. The newly published document says that time travel and anti-gravity technology is possible and could be harnessed by humans to visit other worlds. Amazingly, in 2013, the US scientist and businessman Dr. Craig Venter claimed to have the technology to teleport Martian life to Earth.
John Craig Venter is an American biotechnologist and businessman. He is known for leading the first draft sequence of the human genome and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.
Back in 2013, Dr. Venter said that he is confident there is life on Mars and announced his plans to send a “biological teleporter” to the Red Planet to find Martian DNA and beam it back to Earth.
Gene genius Craig Venter. Image Credit: Ethan Pines for Forbes
According to him, “Not only his invention will detect and decode DNA hiding in otherworldly soil or water samples – proving once and for all that we are not alone in the universe – it would also beam the information back to Earth and allow scientists to reconstruct living copies in a biosafety facility.” He wants to detect life on Mars and bring it to Earth using a machine called a “digital-to-biological converter” (DBC), or biological teleporter.
Dr. Venter’s machine would merely create a copy of an organism from a distant location, more like a biological “fax machine.” Storing genetic code in a computer and transmitting it just like any other data is the basic idea.
In 2013, Dr. Venter’s team and scientists from NASA’s Ames Research Center, conducted field-testing of this technology in the Mojave Desert south of Baker, California: a dry environment similar to Mars. Researchers tested the unit that would, in theory, send data back from Mars. But according to Dr. Venter, a prototype of the unit that would receive the transmitted data here on Earth exists as well.
Teleportati on is real
Dr. Venter, the genetics maverick who created the first synthetic life form in 2016, beaming aliens back to recreate on Earth may sound like science fiction, but is “potentially real.”
Imagine this scenario — a novel virus is discovered with characteristics that cause scientists to worry about its impact on the world. Those scientists sequence the virus and understand its exact genetic makeup. They share that information with other scientists across the world via email, and those scientists then synthesize a replica of the virus in a controlled lab environment so they can study what makes it unique. Suddenly, we do not just have two replicas of a virus, but have genetically identical versions of the same virus. We have achieved biological teleportation.
The first biological teleporter sits in a lab on the lower level of the San Diego building that houses Synthetic Genomics Inc. (SGI), looking something like a super-sized equipment cart. Image Credit: MIT Technolgy Review
Dr. Venter even published a prototype DBC capable of downloading digitized DNA instructions and synthesizing biomolecules from scratch. At the basis of Venter’s foray into “biological teleportation” is the idea that all life forms — at least on Earth — are essentially DNA software systems. DNA directs and creates the more tangible biological “hardware” made of proteins, cells, and tissues.
Back in 2010, researchers led by Dr. Venter at the J. Craig Venter Institute in San Diego, California, announced that they had created synthetic “minimal” cells. The genome in each cell contained just 473 key genes thought to be essential for life.
Some of the first synthetic Mycoplasma bacteria produced by Craig Venter and his colleagues. Image credit: THOMAS DEERINCK, NCMIR/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
The DBC is Venter’s attempt to transfer and manufacture life. Standing at eight feet long and six feet tall, the machine is a Frankenstein beast of mechanical blocks and wires splayed out across a double-deck table. “We’re working on the portability of the machine using new technologies such as microfluidic chips and microarrays,” explained the authors.
Equipped with an ethernet hub, the DBC downloads DNA files from the Internet and prints the code using the four chemical bases of DNA — adenosine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine (A, G, T, C).
“It’s packaging complex biology that each of our tiny cells do remarkably well at a much, much smaller scale,” explained Dr. Venter.
Dr. Venter imagines combining the DBC with technologies from his synthetic organisms to construct a “blank slate” recipient cell capable of producing food, oxygen, and fuel — the perfect workhorse to send around the world or into space.
In theory, the cell would be capable of receiving any synthetic genome designed to produce life-supporting molecules. Venter says that these cells have to be engineered but notes that it can be done.
Having a DBC onboard means a crew hurtling through space would no longer rely on supply ship rendezvous — and we will never have a real life Mark Watney starved and stranded on Mars.
“People are worried about the Andromeda Strain. We can rebuild the Martians in a P-4 spacesuit lab instead of having them land in the ocean,” Dr. Venter said.
It is possible that bringing alien life forms here to Earth in a digital form, and then being brought to life by the assembly in some genomics lab, has enormous potential for accidental release into the world where that form of life may be beyond the capacity of native species to fight, including our own.
The Anunnaki gods or fallen angels from the bible! Long before the appearance of the ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian gods, there were gods who were worshiped by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia. These people have lived in the Middle East in Iraq and Iran today. The Anunnaki were the deities worshiped by the Sumerians.
Origin Anunnaki
The Anunnaki came from An, the chief god who ruled all the gods of ancient Sumeria. These were the deities who descended from heaven. The myths of the Babylonian creation say that there were 300 Anunnaki who guarded the heavens and another 300 deities who held the underworld. The Anunnaki are mentioned in the literary monument Epic of Gilgamesh. The main character of the opera is such a worthy person that he judges the great gods. People living in Messopotamia and Sumeria since 2500 BC e., began to worship Enki. Enki was the daughter of An, the chief god of the Anunnaki. She copulated with several deities to continue the family tree.
Zachary Sitchin's scientific hypotheses
Archaeologists have discovered tens of thousands of ancient Babylonian clay tablets. The collections have been so extensive that the research and translation of their texts continues to this day.
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An Azerbaijani author has written a book in which translations of fourteen specific tablets associated with Enki are published. In the book, Sitchin claims that the ancient Sumerians believed that the Anunnaki were strangers to the mythical 12th planet called Nibiru.
Nibiru, according to Sitchin, has an elongated orbit of 3,600 years. Sometime in the distant past, Nibiru approached Earth, and the deities decided to declare themselves to humanity about 450,000 years ago.
They landed in Sumer because they needed gold to restore the atmosphere of their planet. The Anunnaki failed to get the gold themselves, so they created a race of beings called humans to do the job for them.
The circulation of Sitchin's book amounted to millions of copies, which were successfully sold. Based on previous research by scholars such as Erich von Danniken and Immanuel Velikovsky, Sitchin formed a triumvirate of pseudo-historians who believe that ancient texts are more than just mythological stories.
All three believed that the ancient Babylonian texts were scientific journals. Instead of portraying the Anunnaki as mythical gods in heaven, these scholars sincerely believed that the deities were foreign. Humans were created to serve extraterrestrial craftsmen who needed the mineral wealth of the Earth to support their civilization.
Refutation of Sitchin's theory
Top scientists and historians completely reject the scientific theories presented by Sitchin and his colleagues. Ancient Babylonian manuscripts are stories written by ancient peoples who tried to explain the world and the phenomena that gave it meaning.
Modern science and human knowledge have advanced long before: scientists can explain floods, astronomical phenomena, the appearance of animals, and many other concepts that were once considered the creations of supernatural gods.
High level of Babylonian development
There is no doubt about it: the ancient Babylonians were more advanced than the modern people. A clay tablet, translated in 2015, proves that astronomers performed extremely accurate mathematical calculations for Jupiter's orbit 1,400 years before Europeans. The Babylonians also created trigonometry 1000 years before the ancient Greeks.
Does this mean that the ancient Sumerians were really visited by aliens who brought them advanced science and math? Did ancient civilizations have access to powerful computers or technological tools to perform complex calculations?
The opinion of historians
Historians claim that ancient people had enough time to perform mathematical calculations and discover the nature of the world. Mathematicians lived mainly in agrarian societies waiting for rain for their crops. At night, they had to observe the sky in detail to predict when the rainy season would begin.
The value of gold
Think for a moment why ancient cultures are obsessed with gold? The Egyptians decorated their pyramids with gold and buried their pharaohs in sumptuous sarcophagi. They believed that the skin of their gods was made of this noble metal.
Gold remains a useful mineral in modern society. It is vital in electronics because it conducts electricity well. Despite the use of technology, up to 78% of the metal is contained in jewelry. It is also a valuable metal in terms of financial investment.
But why is gold valuable as a decoration or a precious metal? This metal is much less common than copper, silver and iron. This could explain why it served as a symbol of status among members of ancient societies.
The ancient people did not know about the electrical properties of gold.
Did the Anunnaki tell them that gold is extremely valuable? Did the heavenly metal gods need power to power their technology? These questions suggest different answers.
OXFORD SCIENTIST WORRIED NASA PROJECT WILL ATTRACT “HOSTILE” ALIENS
OXFORD SCIENTIST WORRIED NASA PROJECT WILL ATTRACT “HOSTILE” ALIENS
IT'S LIKE SENDING "A POSTCARD SAYING 'WISH YOU WERE HERE.'"
GETTY IMAGES/FUTURISM
First Contact
Some scientists are eager to make first contact with extraterrestrial civilizations — if there are even any out there.
Last month, for instance, a team at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory published ideas for an updated memo to broadcast to potential aliens, a “binary-coded message” that “has been developed for transmission to extraterrestrial intelligences in the Milky Way galaxy,” according to their study.
But not everybody is thrilled about the idea of giving away our galactic location. In fact, some experts believe it’s extremely risky business.
Anders Sandberg, a senior research fellow at Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute (FHI), told British newspaper The Telegraph that sending out a message “has such a high impact that you actually need to take it rather seriously.”
Sandberg likened such a message to “a postcard saying ‘Wish you were here.'” Besides, “the poor aliens might already be getting various messages sent for all sorts of reasons,” he told the newspaper.
Wish You Were Here
Sandberg and his colleagues are calling for public discussions before broadcasting our location to any extraterrestrial civilizations that may be listening in.
“These dangers are small, but poorly understood and not yet well managed,” Sandberg’s colleague at the FHI Toby Ord wrote in a 2020 book called “The Precipice” on the topic.
“The main relevant question is the ratio of peaceful to hostile civilizations,” Ord wrote, as quoted by The Telegraph. “We have very little evidence about whether this is high or low, and there is no scientific consensus.”
“Given the downside could be much bigger than the upside, this doesn’t sound to me like a good situation in which to take active steps toward contact,” he argued.
There is only one known intelligent species that exists on Earth and that is Homo Sapiens (modern humans). Is that true? Factually yes, but there are theories stating the presence of other intelligent beings in our solar system and on Earth. The University of Nottingham estimated that in the worst case, there must be at least 30 active extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy.
But the important question is: Did any of them contact the inhabitants of Earth? There are no official records of them. But verbally a few people who held reputable positions in the government confirmed the extraterrestrial contact and their regular visit to our planet.
In 1837, the Scottish scientist Thomas Dick figured that there are at least 22 billion aliens (while other sources suggested 22 trillion) living on every surface of the Solar system. He had a really big idea: Build “a huge triangle or ellipsis of many miles in extent, in Siberia or any other country for the aliens to see it with unaided eyes. Though it sounds totally absurd but such thoughts help the human consciousness to explore more into the vast space.
Thomas Dick (24 November 1774 – 29 July 1857), was a British church minister, science teacher and writer, known for his works on astronomy and practical philosophy, combining science and Christianity, and arguing for a harmony between the two. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons
Moreover, there are accounts of locating artificial structures at various places in the solar system. Popularly known as “The Great Moon Hoax” is the story published in The New York Sun in 1835 under the name of the astronomer John Herschel that he had found life on the moon. According to it, Herschel erected a huge telescope in South Africa that magnified celestial bodies up to 42,000 times. When he pointed at the Moon, he saw giant creatures and humans living on it. The story later became the most famous media hoax of all time. But is it?
In a podcast with Lex Fridman, a research scientist and lecturer at MIT, Dr. Nolan expressed his views on UFOs, alien civilizations, crashed materials & possession of UFO materials. [Click here to read the full article]
Fridman asked Dr. Nolan: “How many alien civilizations are there in the universe?” He replied: “Innumerable. I would just be surprised – what a waste of all that space, just for us. What kinds of empires have risen and fallen across that space that we’ll never know about, and isn’t that sad, to not know about something so grand.”
Is there any alien civilization in contact with humans?
Contact with intelligent life other than humans is not just a modern conspiracy but it is mentioned in the ancient texts. Sumerians texts likely hint at the “Supernatural Beings” (Anunnaki) that came from heaven. Th is was even highlighted by Former Apollo Astronaut Al Worden. [Click here to read the full article
“We are the aliens, but we just think they are somebody else. But we are the ones who came from somewhere else, because somebody else had to survive, and they got into little spacecraft then they came here and landed, and they started civilization here. And if you don’t believe me, go get books on Ancient Sumerians and see what they had to say. They’ll tell you right up front,” Worden added.
Astronaut Al Worden during Apollo 15 preparatrion
In 2017, the CIA declassified about 12 million pages of records revealing previously unknown details about the program that later became known as the Stargate Project. In the CIA documents, one experiment is described where the most famous medium of this project, Joseph McMoneagle, was offered to take an astral journey to Mars approx. 1 million years B.C in 1984. He did see the civilization that lived on the Red Planet during that time. [Click here to read the full article]
“I just keep seeing very large people. They appear thin and tall, but they’re very large. Ah… wearing some kind of strange clothes,” McMoneagle said.
Another story of contact comes from the late CIA pilot John Lear.
Lear talked about a July 1987 incident when an enormous UFO reportedly followed a cargo plane over Anchorage, Alaska, and a 1975 incident when UFOs reportedly hovered over Strategic Air Command bases. Investigative journalist George Knapp asked Lear about the church’s view of UFOs in the interview in “On The Record,” a 30-minute TV show broadcast on KLAS TV in Las Vegas in the late summer of 1987. [Click here to read the full article]
At one point, Lear said: “The problem is not only just the fact that there are five and as many as 10 different civilizations visiting us. Apparently, and this is from the research that I’ve done, at least 90% of them are hostile. And when I say hostile, if not hostile, they have a completely different set of morals than we do.”
John Lear
During his interview with Coast to Coast AM radio program, Lear made some statements that could be hard for anybody to digest. He said that in 1953, a UFO crashed with an extraterrestrial named EBE 3, who helped the US government to build spacecraft with alien technology. Then he said that in 1962, a craft with incredible speed was built to carry passengers and take them to Moon in just 60 minutes. In 1966, NASA had a trip to Mars. What’s more, “humans there were adapted to breathe in the thin atmosphere.”
John Lear also said that NASA astronauts flew to Mars in 1966. Moreover, Lear believed that astronauts had been preparing for this mission especially long. They introduced certain drugs into the body, allowing people to adapt to Martian climatic conditions. Allegedly, those astronauts could breathe rarefied Martian air, so NASA had the opportunity to launch humans on the red planet for a longer time.
There is another case that adds some light on the origin of humans. Alex Collier is one of the famous alien contactees who claimed that for over 30 years, he had been in contact with aliens from the constellation Andromeda. Their contact included multiple visits to aliens’ spaceships and telepathic connections for decades. Many well-known UFO enthusiasts considered Alex to be credible, at least in the sense that he tries to convey as fully as possible the information received from his contacts with the Andromedans. [Click here to read the full article]
Alex Collier said that his first encounter with the Andromedans took place in 1964. Since 1985, he had been in constant and consistent communication with them. In 1993, he began attending seminars where he started sharing the information he received from the aliens with the people. In 1997, he even got a threat from some unknown people who wanted him to stop spreading the information. He took it seriously and did not speak until 2002.
Alien contactee Alex Collier served in military service as a helicopter pilot in the U.S. Army
In his last lecture before he retired from the UFO lecture circuit in 2002, Collier said that the ancient alien race known as the “Founders” are responsible for building planets’ environment and make them suitable for life. The Andromedans and the Pleiadians believed that this ancient alien race is called the “Paa Tal.”
He even said that those aliens are capable of removing moons to alter the planet’s position from its sun to control the amount of radiation. Andromedans could reportedly create a solar system.
According to Collier, humans are consist of 22 extraterrestrial races. In his interview in 1994, he said that all human life originated from the constellation Lyra. He said that the aliens from Andromeda were humans in every way. They were 4 to 8 feet tall with white & blue skin. He even talked about the missing children, the coming New World Order, control of dark forces on the world politicians, the existence of Reptilian aliens, our religions, and the history of Earth and our Universe.
Conceding the Collier case, there might be some truth as Former Canadian Minister of Defense Paul Hellyer said that aliens not only exist but are on Earth among people. He said that there have been four alien species visiting Earth for thousands of years.
Paul Hellyer, who held a high public office in the 1960s during the Cold War, claimed that he had learned for certain about the existence of aliens during his time in the military. According to him, the inhabitants of other planets have visited the Earth for millennia. [Click here to read the full article]
The behavior of extraterrestrials toward humans is divided into both good and bad notions. In Astronaut Edgar Mitchell’s case, the aliens are called non-violent whereas Lear called them hostile. It can be possible that humans might be in contact with both friendly & hostile alien civilizations.
Bill Tompkins
William Tompkins (1923-2017), one of the most secretive scientists in the United States, talked about the role of alien intelligence in a secret space program in his book, “Selected by Extraterrestrials: My life in the top-secret world of UFOs, think-tanks and Nordic secretaries.” [Click here to read the full article]
He discussed two different alien species: “Draco,” whose aim was to eliminate humans from Earth, and “Nordics,” who helped the US to kickstart the Apollo program.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
A decade of science and trillions of collisions show the W boson is more massive than expected — a physicist on the team explains what it means for the Standard Model
A decade of science and trillions of collisions show the W boson is more massive than expected — a physicist on the team explains what it means for the Standard Model
It's another challenge for physicists' "theory of everything."
Measuring the mass of W bosons took 10 years — and the result was not what physicists expected. (Image credit: PM Images/Digital Vision via Getty Images)
John Conway, Professor of Physics, University of California, Davis
"You can do it quickly, you can do it cheaply, or you can do it right. We did it right." These were some of the opening remarks from David Toback, leader of the Collider Detector at Fermilab, as he announced the results of a decadelong experiment to measure the mass of a particle called the W boson.
I am a high energy particle physicist, and I am part of the team of hundreds of scientists that built and ran the Collider Detector at Fermilab in Illinois — known as CDF.
The Standard Model of particle physics describes the particles that make up the mass and forces of the universe. (Image credit: MissMJ/WikimediaCommons)
The strong force holds atomic nuclei together. But some nuclei are unstable and undergo radioactive decay, slowly releasing energy by emitting particles. This process is driven by the weak force, and since the early 1900s, physicists sought an explanation for why and how atoms decay.
According to the Standard Model, forces are transmitted by particles. In the 1960s, a series of theoretical and experimental breakthroughs proposed that the weak force is transmitted by particles called W and Z bosons. It also postulated that a third particle, the Higgs boson, is what gives all other particles — including W and Z bosons — mass.
Since the advent of the Standard Model in the 1960s, scientists have been working their way down the list of predicted yet undiscovered particles and measuring their properties. In 1983, two experiments at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, captured the first evidence of the existence of the W boson. It appeared to have the mass of roughly a medium-sized atom such as bromine.
By the 2000s, there was just one piece missing to complete the Standard Model and tie everything together: the Higgs boson. I helped search for the Higgs boson on three successive experiments, and at last we discovered it in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
The Standard Model was complete, and all the measurements we made hung together beautifully with the predictions.
The Collider Detector at Fermilab collected data from trillions of collisions that produced millions of W bosons. (Image credit: Bodhita/WikimediaCommons, CC BY-SA)
Measuring W bosons
Testing the Standard Model is fun — you just smash particles together at very high energies. These collisions briefly produce heavier particles that then decay back into lighter ones. Physicists use huge and very sensitive detectors at places like Fermilab and CERN to measure the properties and interactions of the particles produced in these collisions.
In CDF, W bosons are produced about one out of every 10 million times when a proton and an antiproton collide. Antiprotons are the antimatter version of protons, with exactly the same mass but opposite charge. Protons are made of smaller fundamental particles called quarks, and antiprotons are made of antiquarks. It is the collision between quarks and antiquarks that create W bosons. W bosons decay so fast that they are impossible to measure directly. So physicists track the energy produced from their decay to measure the mass of W bosons.
In the 40 years since scientists first detected evidence of the W boson, successive experiments have attained ever more precise measurements of its mass. But it is only since the measurement of the Higgs boson — since it gives mass to all other particles — that researchers could check the measured mass of W bosons against the mass predicted by the Standard Model. The prediction and the experiments always matched up — until now.
The new measurement of the W boson (red circle) is much farther from the mass predicted by the Standard Model (purple line) and also greater than the preliminary measurement from the experiment. (Image credit: CDF Collaboration via Science Magazine, CC BY)
Unexpectedly heavy
The CDF detector at Fermilab is excellent at accurately measuring W bosons. From 2001 to 2011, the accelerator collided protons with antiprotons trillions of times, producing millions of W bosons and recording as much data as possible from each collision.
The Fermilab team published initial results using a fraction of the data in 2012. We found the mass to be slightly off, but close to the prediction. The team then spent a decade painstakingly analyzing the full data set. The process included numerous internal cross-checks and required years of computer simulations. To avoid any bias creeping into the analysis, nobody could see any results until the full calculation was complete.
When the physics world finally saw the result on April 7, 2022, we were all surprised. Physicists measure elementary particle masses in units of millions of electron volts — shortened to MeV. The W boson’s mass came out to be 80,433 MeV — 70 MeV higher than what the Standard Model predicts it should be. This may seem like a tiny excess, but the measurement is accurate to within 9 MeV. This is a deviation of nearly eight times the margin of error. When my colleagues and I saw the result, our reaction was a resounding "wow!"
What this means for the Standard Model
The fact that the measured mass of the W boson doesn't match the predicted mass within the Standard Model could mean three things. Either the math is wrong, the measurement is wrong or there is something missing from the Standard Model.
First, the math. In order to calculate the W boson's mass, physicists use the mass of the Higgs boson. CERN experiments have allowed physicists to measure the Higgs boson mass to within a quarter-percent. Additionally, theoretical physicists have been working on the W boson mass calculations for decades. While the math is sophisticated, the prediction is solid and not likely to change.
The next possibility is a flaw in the experiment or analysis. Physicists all over the world are already reviewing the result to try to poke holes in it. Additionally, future experiments at CERN may eventually achieve a more precise result that will either confirm or refute the Fermilab mass. But in my opinion, the experiment is as good a measurement as is currently possible.
That leaves the last option: There are unexplained particles or forces causing the upward shift in the W boson's mass. Even before this measurement, some theorists had proposed potential new particles or forces that would result in the observed deviation. In the coming months and years, I expect a raft of new papers seeking to explain the puzzling mass of W bosons.
As a particle physicist, I am confident in saying that there must be more physics waiting to be discovered beyond the Standard Model. If this new result holds up, it will be the latest in a series of findings showing that the Standard Model and real-world measurements often don't quite match. It is these mysteries that give physicists new clues and new reasons to keep searching for fuller understanding of matter, energy, space and time.
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For the second time in days, the sun hurled a large, X-class flare at Earth overnight Tuesday (April 19) and Wednesday (April 20), reportedly causing radio blackouts in Australia, the Western Pacific and eastern Asia. SpaceWeather.com reports 19 flares overall, including five medium-class explosions.
There's likely more action in store, too. Imagery from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory shows the large sunspot group AR2993-94, ready to rotate into firing range of Earth. "The fusillade is likely to continue," SpaceWeather.com said of the solar activity.
But for now, it's the X-class flare that has everyone's attention. Generated from sunspot AR2992, we didn't get the full brunt of the storm as the sunspot was on the extreme edge of the sun during the eruption.
A cluster of sunspots on the sun April 20, 2022, imaged after the sun hurled a strong X-class flare towards Earth. (Image credit: NASA/SDO)
There's a chance, however, that coronal mass ejections (CME) of charged particles will from the same site could follow. If a CME happens, auroras might be on the way soon, although scientists aren't sure yet whether Earth would be in the path of the plasma.
Solar flares have several flavors to them. By category, A-class are weakest and X-class is strongest, with B-, C-, and M-class falling in between in order of strength. With each category, flares are measured by size, with smaller numbers representing smaller flares in that size class. The largest of the overnight flare set was rated X2.2, according to SpaceWeather.
While flares are short outbursts, CMEs can shoot out clumps of charged particles. If the CME is pointed towards Earth, that could cause auroras, the stunning light shows caused by charged particles hitting Earth's atmosphere. Some circumstantial evidence suggests that is happening already.
"Shortly after the flare, the US Air Force reported a Type II solar radio burst," SpaceWeather.com explained. "Type II radio bursts are caused by shock waves in the leading edges of CMEs, and this could be a big one."
The NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory captured the active sun on April 20, 2022. (Image credit: NASA/SDO)
The Space Weather Prediction Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed that the flare occurred at 11:57 p.m. EDT Tuesday (0357 GMT Wednesday) and was accompanied by the Type II outburst.
Scientists will use data from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), a spacecraft operated by NASA and its European counterpart, to monitor for any CME. But the NOAA officials played down the possibility of auroras, given that the originating sunspot was on the extreme edge of the sun.
"As the source region of the flare was beyond the southwest limb, initial analysis suggests any CME is unlikely to have an Earth-directed component," NOAA stated.
NASA has not provided a detailed forecast yet on the websites for the two spacecraft, nor on social media. "Flares and solar eruptions can impact radio communications, electric power grids, navigation signals, and pose risks to spacecraft and astronauts," NASA officials wrote in a recent statement.
The sun appears to be waking up in its newest 11-year cycle of solar activity, which began in 2019 and is predicted to peak in 2025. Early in the cycle, scientists forecast that overall the cycle will be quieter than usual given fewer sunspots.
NASA is among a group of space agencies watching the sun from space and on Earth to generate solar weather predictions. CMEs are usually harmless, creating auroras as charged particles hit the magnetic lines of Earth. The most powerful storms, however, may create issues with infrastructure such as satellites or power lines.
Astronomers Discover Micronovae: A New Kind of Thermonuclear Stellar Explosion
Astronomers Discover Micronovae: A New Kind of Thermonuclear Stellar Explosion
ByEUROPEAN SOUTHERN OBSERVATORY (ESO)
A team of astronomers, with the help of the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (ESO’s VLT), have observed a new type of stellar explosion — a micronova. These outbursts happen on the surface of certain stars, and can each burn through around 3.5 billion Great Pyramids of Giza of stellar material in only a few hours.
“We have discovered and identified for the first time what we are calling a micronova,” explains Simone Scaringi, an astronomer at Durham University in the UK who led the study on these explosions published today in Nature. “The phenomenon challenges our understanding of how thermonuclear explosions in stars occur. We thought we knew this, but this discovery proposes a totally new way to achieve them,” he adds.
Astronomers have discovered a new type of explosion occurring on white dwarf stars in two-star systems. This video summarizes the discovery.
Micronovae are extremely powerful events, but are small on astronomical scales; they are much less energetic than the stellar explosions known as novae, which astronomers have known about for centuries. Both types of explosions occur on white dwarfs, dead stars with a mass about that of our Sun, but as small as Earth.
A white dwarf in a two-star system can steal material, mostly hydrogen, from its companion star if they are close enough together. As this gas falls onto the very hot surface of the white dwarf star, it triggers the hydrogen atoms to fuse into helium explosively. In novae, these thermonuclear explosions occur over the entire stellar surface. “Such detonations make the entire surface of the white dwarf burn and shine brightly for several weeks,” explains co-author Nathalie Degenaar, an astronomer at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
This artist’s impression shows a two-star system where micronovae may occur. The blue disc swirling around the bright white dwarf in the centre of the image is made up of material, mostly hydrogen, stolen from its companion star. Towards the centre of the disc, the white dwarf uses its strong magnetic fields to funnel the hydrogen towards its poles. As the material falls on the hot surface of the star, it triggers a micronova explosion, contained by the magnetic fields at one of the white dwarf’s poles.
Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser, L. Calçada
Micronovae are similar explosions that are smaller in scale and faster, lasting just several hours. They occur on some white dwarfs with strong magnetic fields, which funnel material towards the star’s magnetic poles. “For the first time, we have now seen that hydrogen fusion can also happen in a localized way. The hydrogen fuel can be contained at the base of the magnetic poles of some white dwarfs, so that fusion only happens at these magnetic poles,” says Paul Groot, an astronomer at Radboud University in the Netherlands and co-author of the study.
“This leads to micro-fusion bombs going off, which have about one millionth of the strength of a nova explosion, hence the name micronova,” Groot continues. Although ‘micro’ may imply these events are small, do not be mistaken: just one of these outbursts can burn through about 20,000,000 trillion kg, or about 3.5 billion Great Pyramids of Giza, of material.[1]
This artist’s impression shows a two-star system, with a white dwarf (in the foreground) and a companion star (in the background), where micronovae may occur. The white dwarf steals materials from its companion, which is funneled towards its poles. As the material falls on the hot surface of the white dwarf, it triggers a micronova explosion, contained at one of the star’s poles.
Credit: Mark Garlick
These new micronovae challenge astronomers’ understanding of stellar explosions and may be more abundant than previously thought. “It just goes to show how dynamic the Universe is. These events may actually be quite common, but because they are so fast they are difficult to catch in action,” Scaringi explains.
The team first came across these mysterious micro-explosions when analyzing data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). “Looking through astronomical data collected by NASA’s TESS, we discovered something unusual: a bright flash of optical light lasting for a few hours. Searching further, we found several similar signals,” says Degenaar.
This video shows an animation of a micronova explosion. The blue disc swirling around the bright white dwarf in the center of the image is made up of material, mostly hydrogen, stolen from its companion star. Towards the center of the disc, the white dwarf uses its strong magnetic fields to funnel the hydrogen towards its poles. As the material falls on the hot surface of the star, it triggers a micronova explosion, contained by the magnetic fields at one of the white dwarf’s poles.
Credit: ESO/L. Calçada, M. Kornmesser
The team observed three micronovae with TESS: two were from known white dwarfs, but the third required further observations with the X-shooter instrument on ESO’s VLT to confirm its white dwarf status.
“With help from ESO’s Very Large Telescope, we found that all these optical flashes were produced by white dwarfs,” says Degenaar. “This observation was crucial in interpreting our result and for the discovery of micronovae,” Scaringi adds.
This artist’s animation shows a two-star system where one of the components is a normal star and the other is a white dwarf, which appears surrounded by a disc of gas and dust. A white dwarf in a two-star system can steal material, mostly hydrogen, from its companion star if they are close enough together.
Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
The discovery of micronovae adds to the repertoire of known stellar explosions. The team now want to capture more of these elusive events, requiring large scale surveys and quick follow-up measurements. “Rapid response from telescopes such as the VLT or ESO’s New Technology Telescope and the suite of available instruments will allow us to unravel in more detail what these mysterious micronovae are,” Scaringi concludes.
Reference: “Localized thermonuclear bursts from accreting magnetic white dwarfs” by S. Scaringi, P. J. Groot, C. Knigge, A. J. Bird, E. Breedt, D. A. H. Buckley, Y. Cavecchi, N. D. Degenaar, D. de Martino, C. Done, M. Fratta, K. Iłkiewicz, E. Koerding, J.-P. Lasota, C. Littlefield, C. F. Manara, M. O’Brien, P. Szkody and F. X. Timmes, 20 April 2022, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04495-6
Notes
We use trillion to mean a million million (1,000,000,000,000 or 1012) and billion to mean a thousand million (1,000,000,000 or 109). The weight of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Cairo, Egypt (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or Pyramid of Cheops) is about 5,900,000,000 kg.
More information
This research was presented in a paper title “Localised thermonuclear bursts from accreting magnetic white dwarfs” to appear in Nature. A follow-up letter, titled “Triggering micronovae through magnetically confined accretion flows in accreting white dwarfs” has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
The team on the Nature paper is composed of S. Scaringi (Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, UK [CEA]), P. J. Groot (Department of Astrophysics, Radboud University, N?megen,the Netherlands [IMAPP] and South African Astronomical Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa [SAAO] and Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, South Africa [Cape Town]), C. Knigge (School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK [Southampton]), A.J. Bird (Southampton) , E. Breedt (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, UK), D. A. H. Buckley (SAAO, Cape Town, Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa), Y. Cavecchi (Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México), N. D. Degenaar (Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), D. de Martino (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy), C. Done (CEA), M. Fratta (CEA), K. Ilkiewicz (CEA), E. Koerding (IMAPP), J.-P. Lasota (Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland and Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS et Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France), C. Littlefield (Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, USA and Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, USA [UW]), C. F. Manara (European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany [ESO]), M. O’Brien (CEA), P. Szkody (UW), F. X. Timmes (School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA, Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics – Center for the Evolution of the Elements, USA).
A photo of a lunar crater, measuring about 600 feet (185 meters) across, captured by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. (Image credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State Universit)
When NASA sent humans to the moon in 1969, one of the many hazards the agency had to anticipate was space rocks penetrating astronauts' spacesuits or equipment. Unlike Earth, which has a protective atmosphere in which meteoroids usually disintegrate, the moon is vulnerable to whatever rocks, or even specks, are whizzing around in space.
Thankfully, the astronauts weren't in too much danger, according to Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama. "The odds of an astronaut being hit by a millimeter-sized object is like 1 in 1 million per hour per person," Cooke told Live Science. (A millimeter is the largest a meteoroid has to be to penetrate an astronaut's spacesuit.)
NASA is preparing to send humans back to the moon by 2025 and someday establish a base either orbiting the moon or on its surface, so it's more important than ever to understand the frequency with which our natural satellite experiences an impact.
So how many objects hit the moon every day? What about every year?
The answer depends on the size of the object, Cooke said. NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office studies the space environment around Earth and the moon to understand the flux of meteoroids (space rocks ranging in size from dust to small asteroids about 3 feet, or 1 meter, across), so Cooke is very familiar with what's hitting the moon every day.
For impactors smaller than a millimeter, the number cannot be precisely quantified, but Cooke estimates that 11 to 1,100 tons (10 to 1,000 metric tons) — the mass of about 5.5 cars — of dust collide with the moon per day. For larger rocks, the estimates are clearer.
"There are about 100 pingpong-ball-sized meteoroids hitting the moon per day," Cooke said. That adds up to roughly 33,000 meteoroids per year. Despite their small size, each of these pingpong-ball-size rocks impacts the surface with the force of 7 pounds (3.2 kilograms) of dynamite.
Larger meteoroids hit the moon, too, but less often. Cooke estimates that larger meteoroids, such as ones 8 feet (2.5 meters) across, slam into the moon about every four years. Those objects hit the moon with the force of a kiloton, or 1,000 tons (900 metric tons) of TNT. The moon is about 4.5 billion years old, so it's no wonder its surface is pockmarked with all kinds of craters from these impacts.
Scientists study lunar impacts in a couple of different ways. From Earth's surface, scientists point telescopes toward the moon to observe impacts. Meteoroids can hit the surface at speeds of 45,000 to 160,000 mph (20 to 72 kilometers per second), according to NASA; the impact produces a flash of light that can be observed from Earth.
Scientists can also use spacecraft orbiting the moon itself, such as NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), to observe the craters left behind by impacts. Because meteoroids move so fast, even an 11-pound (5 kilograms) meteoroid can leave behind a crater 30 feet (9 m) across and hurl 165,000 pounds (75,000 kg) of lunar soil and rocks from the moon's surface, according to NASA. The LRO can easily spot these craters after they form.
Although the moon experiences many impacts per year, that doesn't necessarily preclude a human presence. Considering the moon's surface area is about 14.6 million square miles (38 million square kilometers), "if you pick a square kilometer patch of ground, it will be hit by one of those pingpong-sized meteoroids once every thousand years or so," Cooke said.
So, the odds are good for our future lunar explorers and their spacecraft.
Mahabharata and Ramayana - The War of the Gods with the People?!
Mahabharata and Ramayana - The War of the Gods with the People?!
Mahabharata and Ramayana - The War of the Gods with the People ?! One of the most important questions that humanity has been trying to answer for decades refers to the distant past, was the Earth visited by extraterrestrial entities, or simply there were mysterious earthly civilizations that reached an incredible degree of development. ?
To answer this question, we need to take a look back at the darkest corners of history, which often hide impressive truths about life on Earth over 10,000 years ago. Mahabharata and Ramayana are the books that seem to outline the perfect picture of some mysterious civilizations that lived on our planet many years ago. These two ancient books are also known as the first epics in human history. They are written in Sanskrit and contain over 100,000 verses, divided into 18 chapters. Specialists who have studied them claim that these two enigmatic books are more than a historical narrative, that is, a combination of facts and myths from the ancient world. An interesting passage describes in great detail how over 12,000 years ago, the Earth was inhabited by an extremely advanced civilization from all points of view. For reasons unknown, or perhaps not mentioned in the Mahabharata passage, a large-scale nuclear war has broken out. Historian Kisari Ganguli claims that this story is very real and that it is, in fact, a description of the first nuclear explosion that took place over 12,000 years ago. Also in the verses of the Mahabharata it is related how an airplane or an ancient aircraft launched a projectile, loaded with all the power of the Universe, on two races or civilizations on Earth. No such power had ever been seen before, and the two races had disappeared altogether. The bodies were burned to such an extent that no one could recognize them.
The oldest Indian civilization appeared in the Indus Basin in the 4th - 3rd millennium BC. The most significant discoveries related to this culture were made in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, ancient cities located in what is now Pakistan. In the 1950s, English General Cunningham, examining the ruins near the village of Harappa, found a seal with unknown letters. However, excavations began here only in the 1920s. The culture of the newly discovered civilization was called the Harappan or Mohenjo-Daro culture.
The Harappan settlements were located in a vast area: to the east, about as far as Delhi, to the south - to the shores of the Arabian Sea. The Harappan civilization is believed to have existed from the middle of the third century to the middle of the second millennium BC. The high level of development of civilization is highlighted by the strict planning of cities, the presence of writing and works of art. Language and writing have not yet been deciphered, although many stamps with inscriptions have already been found.
Excavations in the Punjab in the 1920s by John Marshall ushered the world into a civilization that can be dated from 2500 to 2000 BC. The main fortress cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa have brought us the main elements of this protohistoric civilization. Both cities were probably the capitals of the empire. A strong and advanced civilization would have flourished if not for a catastrophe that happened suddenly.
Who led it and what served as a prototype for the events of the Mahabharata? What other secrets does India keep? Among the legends of many countries there are references to a certain higher, heavenly weapon. Moreover, a weapon so powerful that, for the first time, a parallel between it and an atomic bomb was drawn by Professor Robert Oppenheimer, when, amazed by what he saw during the nuclear tests, he read aloud an excerpt. from the Mahabharata about a light brighter than a thousand suns.
Dronaparva, one of the Mahabharata books, tells of a battle during which shell explosions, similar to huge fireballs, take place. It also describes the appearance of a cloud of fungi characteristic of a thermonuclear explosion. It is compared to the opening of a huge shadow. After these explosions, the food became poisoned, the survivors became ill.
The Mahabharata provides detailed and highly realistic descriptions of the construction of missiles, aircraft and other devices. The most detailed story is about the old aircraft - the vimanas. Ramayana recounts what the god Rama and his wife Sita saw from above during a flight from Sri Lanka to India. At the same time, the author provides such details that can only be seen from a great height. And the ancient aircraft itself is characterized by incredibly high speed, fully controllable, with rooms with windows and comfortable seats.
Almost half a century has passed since humanity sent the legendary Arecibo message and scientists have created a brand new updated version. But is it a good idea?
The newly proposed “A Beacon in the Galaxy”, a binary message created by scientists as an update to the old Arecibo message, might actually be more dangerous for us than beneficial. It includes key information about us – our location, our DNA structure, and even an image of the naked human body.
Should we give aliens such vital details about Earth and humanity? This question has been around for ages and countless renowned scientists have expressed their concerns in the past. Even Stephen Hawking explained that a hypothetical alien civilization could be hostile.
Is the Beacon in the Galaxy better than the Arecibo message?
While the old radio signal included important information about Earth and humanity, it was more like a postcard with difficult-to-understand images. The new “Beacon in the Galaxy” message was created like a presentation with complex illustrations and explanations.
The old Arecibo message. Credit: Wikimedia Commons
New universal concept
Scientists believe that complex mathematics might be unrecognizable for any potential alien intelligence while binary has a better chance to be universal. It is the simplest form because it involves simple oppositions – zero/one, yes/no, etc. Therefore, scientists assume that there is a bigger chance that aliens would understand this simple binary code.
Introducing binary and decimal systems
The new message starts with a slide that introduces binary and decimal systems, as well as prime numbers and the largest known prime number.
The opening “slide” of the Beacon in the Galaxy message proposed by scientists. Credit: Jonathan H. Jiang et al. Arxiv
Particle Physics, DNA Structure, Solar System
Scientists wanted to include all the vital information about Earth and humanity in the smallest possible message. After the introduction of binary in the opening slide, they introduced the main laws of particle physics, the structure of our DNA, as well as the Solar System, and our planet in it.
A quick introduction into particle physics.
Credit: J. H. Jiang et al., 2022
Another slide shows the structure of our DNA.
Credit: J. H. Jiang et al., 2022
Location in the Milky Way and an Invitation to aliens
Scientists used globular clusters in the Milky Way that should be known to hypothetical alien astronomers to pinpoint our location in the galaxy. They also included an invitation to anyone that may find the “Beacon in the Galaxy” message to send one back to us.
The Solar System and our location. Credit: J.H. Jiang et al., 2022
How can this message be sent into space?
The team of scientists hopes to use one of two telescopes – the Allen Telescope Array in California or the FAST Telescope in China. This is mainly because these are the two telescopes that SETI researchers use in their work while most other observatories tend to close their doors to this type of work. The other issue, for now, is that both of these observatories can only search for signals and not yet send such into space.
The new FAST telescope in China, which could be used to send the Beacon in the Galaxy. Credit: FAST
Where will the new message be sent to?
Assuming that the new message gets approved, it will be sent towards a concentric ring that is about 13,000 light-years away from the center of the Milky Way. Scientists noted that it is impossible to guess the right direction for the radio signal. So, they picked a target that has attracted the attention of SETI researchers in the past. Previous studies suggested that if alien life exists somewhere in our galaxy, it would be near the galactic center.
Is there any point in sending more messages to the aliens?
Obviously, we have not received an answer to the Arecibo message which was sent out in 1974 and there is no surprise here. Estimations suggest that if we send the Beacon in the Galaxy, it could take 50,000 years before we get a hypothetical answer. In truth, experts hope to find signs of alien life using other more advanced and quicker methods.
Map of the landmasses on Earth. Credit: J. H. Jiang et al., 2022
Could such a message be dangerous for humanity?
How can we know if hypothetical alien civilizations would be peaceful or hostile? This argument has been around for decades since before the original Arecibo Message. What if send key information about humanity such as our location and technological level and the extraterrestrial intelligence that intercepts it wants war. My imagination can come up with various scenarios in which such a message could have a devastating result but what do you think?
A slide in the Beacon of the Galaxy showing the appearance of humans as well as the double helix structure. Credit: J. H. Jiang et al., 2022
Perhaps alien civilizations already know about us?
Messages like Arecibo and Beacon in the Galaxy are just a couple of examples and scientists have sent multiple other signals into space in the past. Moreover, we have practically been broadcasting our existence ever since humanity started transmitting radio waves. In other words, alien intelligence can notice us even without such messages. If alien astronomers use the same or at least similar techniques to detect technosignatures and biosignatures, they would have already found us by now.
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Sources:
Hood, A. L. (2022, March 31). NASA scientist creates new message for aliens, including human DNA. Futurism.
Jiang, J. H., Li, H., Chong, M., Jin, Q., Rosen, P. E., Jiang, X., Fahy, K. A., Taylor, S. F., Kong, Z., Hah, J., & Zhu, Z.-H. (2022, March 24). A beacon in the galaxy: Updated arecibo message for potential fast and SETI Projects. arXiv.org.
Oberhaus, D. (2022, March 30). Researchers made a new message for extraterrestrials. Scientific American.
Williams, M. (2022, March 29). Astronomers come up with a new message to let the aliens know we’re here. Universe Today.
The bright supernova SN 2018gv explodes in the spiral galaxy NGC 2525 in this Hubble Space Telescope image.
NASA, ESA, A. Riess and the SH0ES team
In the year 1054, a new star appeared in the constellation Taurus. The faint speck of light brightened rapidly, soon outshining other imposing stars in the northern sky. In a matter of days, the star’s brightness peaked. It stayed visible for weeks, even during the day, before it started to dim and slowly fade into nothingness.
The baffling star that embellished the sky in 1054 was in fact a supernova, just one of many transient sources appearing in the sky — that is, objects related to events that occur on short timescales, often changing visibly from night to night. Taking many forms and colors, some transients originate in the Milky Way, while others are objects exploding in galaxies far away.
The interest in transients has never been greater. Many surveys of the sky are discovering new sources at unprecedented rates. In 2019, astronomers reported about 20,000 newly discovered transient objects at visible wavelengths, about 100 times greater than a decade prior.
This firehose of data has the potential to transform astronomy and provide insight into subjects ranging from dark energy and dark matter to the evolution of our solar system. But it also presents unique challenges — how to make sense of the data, and how to follow up on it.
When a trickle becomes a flood
Surveys find transients by imaging the same parts of the sky with a certain cadence. A sequence of images reveals new sources and their change in brightness over time. Such information is not always enough to classify a transient. For that, one would need to obtain a spectrum of the transient, and perhaps even observe it at infrared, X-rays, or radio wavelengths.
However, the era when astronomers could follow up on every object that came along has already gone away — there are now simply too many being found. “We’re already for many years in a regime when you have to make choices [about] what you classify spectroscopically and what you don’t, and that depends on science,” says Daniel Perley, a researcher at Liverpool John Moores University in the U.K. It is telling that the community obtained the spectra for only about 10 percent of transients discovered in 2019.
Perley’s goal is to take stock of the bright transient population detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), which has been one of the most productive transient surveys since it began operating in 2018, spotting supernovae and fast-moving asteroids alike. By limiting the study to the brightest sources, it is feasible to take useful spectra of every object in the survey and learn, for example, how many supernovae of a certain spectral type explode in the universe.
Scientists interested in particular types of transients, like those exhibiting an especially red or blue color, have to take a different approach. For them, the initial limited amount of information determines whether a transient merits a long follow-up observation campaign. Their decision to use additional resources on a transient is based on experience, yet it always carries a bit of risk — you don’t really know a transient until you take that additional observation.
The Vera Rubin Observatory will see more than 40 times the area of the full moon. The large field of view combined with a large 8-meter mirror make the observatory a powerful machine for finding transients.
Rubin Obs/NSF/AURA
Searching for anomalies
That experience from ZTF and other transient facilities will come in handy once the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile comes online in a few years. “The Rubin Observatory is going to increase the discovery rate by two orders of magnitude, from 10,000 per year to a million new supernovae and transients per year,” says Ashley Villar, an assistant professor at the Pennsylvania State University. “This is a breaking point for our field.”
The flood of transients discovered by the Rubin Observatory will include specimens that current surveys rarely find, such as very distant supernovae or very faint supernovae exploding in nearby galaxies. Scientists expect that the observatory will also discover completely new types of transients.
According to expectations, less than 0.1 percent of all transients discovered by the Rubin Observatory will get extra attention. Developing reliable techniques to recognize interesting transients in the clutter is therefore of paramount importance.
Villar plans to use a neural network, a type of machine learning, to search the data for anomalous transients with unanticipated properties. But she expects researchers will employ a wide variety of strategies to work with such massive datasets. “Some people will lean towards totally automated queue systems that just rank targets, look at their observability, and make some intelligent choice,” says Villar. “Others will want to have humans in the loops, looking at the data, asking simple questions, and deciding from there.”
Some transients emit light at different wavelengths. This timeline shows the observations of the neutron star merger GW170817. The merger emitted gravitational waves, followed by light spanning the electromagnetic spectrum
Abbott et al. (2017)
Some kinds of transients stand out based on the wavelengths of radiation they they emit — which can range from gamma rays to radio waves — and how their brightness changes over time. That means that searches tailored towards these particular kinds of transients can avoid the classification and follow-up problems encountered in searches at optical wavelengths.
For instance, fast radio bursts — immensely powerful blasts of radio waves possibly caused by flaring magnetars — are immediately distinguishable. “You can already tell from the first discovery that it’s a fast radio burst, approximately how far away it’s coming from, and its energetics,” says Emily Petroff, a radio astronomer at the University of Amsterdam.
Avoiding interference
While the transient field is flourishing, a threat looms on the horizon: the rise of light pollution across the electromagnetic spectrum. For instance, radio telescopes searching for transients are sensitive to emissions from phones, cars, airplanes, and various kinds of satellites. And the problem is getting worse. “We’re constantly playing the game of cat and mouse with new sources of interference that we’re finding at our telescope sites,” says Petroff.
So far, optical astronomers have been able to escape the pollution by observing from remote and dark oases. However, the recent upsurge in bright commercial satellites — like SpaceX’s Starlink constellation — is already disturbing observations. The anticipated fleet of satellites, which numbers in the tens of thousands, profoundly worries the community. The Rubin Observatory, in particular, has been developing a multi-pronged approach to mitigate its impact, working with SpaceX to reduce the reflectivity of its satellites and also developing algorithms to remove satellite trails from images.
It is easy enough to point a telescope at the sky. But to make sense of all the blinking lights, both cosmic and artificial, astronomers are adapting and developing clever techniques. And it is worth it, because one of those lights could turn out to be something unlike anything we have seen before.
Imagine standing on Mars, and seeing this with your own eyes.
The Perseverance rover watched as the potato-shaped moon Phobos passed in front of the Sun, from the vantage point of Jezero Crater on Mars. Perseverance used its high-resolution Mastcam-Z camera system to shoot video of Phobos, and NASA says the result is the most zoomed-in, highest frame-rate observation of a Phobos solar eclipse ever taken from the Martian surface.
The stunning eclipse took place on April 2, 2022 (Earth date, of course) and the eclipse lasted a little over 40 seconds. That means this video is very close to what Perseverance witnessed in real time. The time it takes for Phobos eclipse the Sun is much less time than a typical solar eclipse involving Earth’s Moon, since Phobos is about 157 times smaller than our own Moon. The Mastcam-Z has special solar filters that allow it to stare directly at the Sun. The video is of such high resolution, that even sunspots are visible on the Sun.
Scientists say that each time these eclipses are observed, it allow them to measure subtle shifts in Phobos’ orbit over time. The moon’s tidal forces pull on the deep interior of the Red Planet, as well as its crust and mantle, and so studying how much Phobos shifts over time reveals something about how resistant the crust and mantle are, and thus what kinds of materials they’re made of.
In 1930, astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered the fabled “Ninth Planet” (or “Planet X”) while working at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. The existence of this body had been predicted previously based on perturbations in the orbit of Uranus and Neptune. After receiving more than 1,000 suggestions from around the world, and a debate among the Observatory’s staff, this newfound object was named Pluto – which was proposed by a young schoolgirl from Oxford (Venetia Burney).
Since that time, Pluto has been the subject of considerable study, a naming controversy, and was visited for the first time on January 1st, 2019, by the New Horizons mission. One thing that has been clear from the beginning is the nature of Pluto’s orbit, which is highly eccentric and inclined. According to new research, Pluto’s orbit is relatively stable over longer timescales but is subject to chaotic perturbance and changes over shorter timescales.
Pluto and its cohorts in the icy-asteroid-rich Kuiper Belt beyond the orbit of Neptune. Credit: NASA
To break it down, Pluto’s orbit is radically different from those of the planets, which follow nearly circular orbits around the Sun close to its equator, projected outward (aka. the ecliptic). In contrast, it takes 248 years for Pluto to complete a single orbit around the Sun and follows a highly-elliptical orbit that is inclined 17° to the Solar System’s ecliptic plane. The eccentric nature of its orbit also means that Pluto spends 20 years during each period orbiting closer to the Sun than Neptune.
The nature of Pluto’s orbit is an enduring mystery and something that astronomers became aware of very shortly after it was discovered. Since then, multiple efforts have been made to simulate the past and future of its orbit, which revealed a surprising property that protects Pluto from colliding with Neptune. As Dr. Malhotra told Universe Today via email, this is the orbital resonance condition known as a “mean motion resonance”:
“This condition ensures that at the time that Pluto is at the same heliocentric distance as Neptune, its longitude is nearly 90 degrees away from Neptune’s. Later another peculiar property of Pluto’s orbit was discovered: Pluto comes to perihelion at a location well above the plane of Neptune’s orbit; this is a different type of orbital resonance known as the ‘vZLK oscillation.’”
This abbreviation refers to von Zeipel, Lidov, and Kozai, who studied this phenomenon as part of the “three-body problem.” This problem consists of taking the initial positions and velocities of three massive objects (since extended to include particles) and solving for their subsequent motion according to Newton’s Three Laws of Motion and his Theory of Universal Gravitation – for which there is no general solution. As Dr. Malhotra added:
“In the late-1980s, with the availability of more powerful computers, numerical simulations revealed a third peculiar property, that Pluto’s orbit is technically chaotic, that is, small deviations of initial conditions lead to exponential divergence of the orbital solutions over tens of millions of years. However, this chaos is limited. It has been found in numerical simulations that the two special properties of Pluto’s orbit mentioned above persist over gigayear timescales, making its orbit remarkably stable, despite the chaos indicators.”
Comparison between the eight largest TNOs with Earth (all to scale).
Credit: NASA/Lexicon
For their study, Malhotra and Ito conducted numerical simulations of Pluto’s orbit for up to five billion years into the future of the Solar System.
In particular, they hoped to address unresolved questions about the peculiar orbits of Pluto and other Pluto-sized objects (aka. Plutinos). These questions have been addressed by research conducted during the past few decades, such as “planet migration theory,” but have only to a point. In particular, they hoped to address unresolved questions about the peculiar orbits of Pluto and other Pluto-sized objects (aka. Plutinos). In the past few decades, astronomers have attempted to address these questions with new theories (such as “planet migration theory”) but were met with limited success.
In this hypothesis, Pluto was pulled into its current mean motion resonance by Neptune, which migrated during the Solar System’s early history. A major prediction of this theory is that other Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) would share the same resonance condition, which has since been verified with the discovery of large numbers of Plutinos. This discovery has also led to the more widespread acceptance of planet migration theory. But as Dr. Malhotra explained:
“Pluto’s orbital inclination is closely linked to its vZLK oscillation. So we reasoned that if we could understand better the conditions for Pluto’s vZLK oscillation, perhaps we could solve the mystery of its inclination. We started by investigating the individual role of the other giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus) on Pluto’s orbit.”
To do this, Dr. Malhotra and Ito ran computer simulations where they simulated the orbital evolution of Pluto for up to 5 billion years that included eight different combinations of giant planet perturbation. These N-body simulations included interactions with:
Neptune (—NP)
Uranus and Neptune (–UNP)
Saturn and Neptune (-S-NP)
Jupiter and Neptune (J–NP)
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune (-SUNP)
Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune (J-UNP)
Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune (JS-NP)
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (JSUNP)
New Horizons trajectory and the orbits of Pluto and 2014 MU69.
“We found no subsets of the inner three giant planets would do to recover Pluto’s vZLK oscillation; all three – Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus – were necessary,” said Dr. Malhotra. “But what is it about these planets that [are] essential to Pluto’s vZLK oscillation?” Dr. Malhotra added. “There are 21 parameters needed to represent the gravitational forces of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus on Pluto. This is a prohibitively large parameter space to explore.”
To simplify these calculations, Dr. Malhotra and Ito collapsed these into a single parameter by introducing some simplifications. This included representing each planet with a circular ring of uniform density, a total mass equal to the planet’s, and a ring radius equal to the planet’s average distance from the Sun (aka. semimajor axis). As Dr. Malhotra indicated, this yielded a single parameter representing the effect of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus (J2), which was equivalent to the effect of an “oblate Sun.”
“[W]e discovered a fortuitous arrangement of the masses and orbits of the giant planets that delineates a narrow range in the J2 parameter in which Pluto’s vZLK oscillation is possible, a kind of ‘Goldilock’s zone,’” she said. “This result indicates that, during the planet migration era in [the] Solar System’s history, the conditions for Trans-Neptunian objects changed in such a way as to promote many of them – including Pluto – into the vZLK oscillation state. It is likely that Pluto’s inclination originated during this dynamical evolution.”
These results are likely to have significant implications for future studies of the outer Solar System and its orbital dynamics. With further study, Dr. Malhotra believes that astronomers will learn more about the migration history of the giant planets and how they eventually settled into their current orbits. It could also lead to the discovery of a novel dynamical mechanism that will explain the origins of Pluto’s orbit and other bodies with high orbital inclinations.
This will be especially useful to astronomers dedicated to the study of Solar System dynamics. As Dr. Malhorta noted, researchers in this field were beginning to suspect that evidence that might shed light on Pluto’s orbital evolution might have been erased by the instabilities and chaotic nature of these same orbital mechanics. As Dr. Malhotra summarized:
“I think that our work raises new hope for making connection between present-day solar system dynamics and historical solar system dynamics. The origin of the orbital inclinations of minor planets throughout the solar system – including the TNOs – presents a major unsolved problem; perhaps our work will stimulate more attention to it.
“Another point that our study underscores is the value of simple(r) approximations for a complicated problem: i.e., collapsing 21 parameters into a single parameter opened the door to getting at the essential dynamical mechanisms affecting the very interesting but difficult-to-understand orbital dynamics of Pluto and Plutinos.”
The Bob Lazar Lost Tapes! Exclusive World Exclusive! Buckle Up!
The Bob Lazar Lost Tapes! Exclusive World Exclusive! Buckle Up!
The Bob Lazar Lost Tapes! Exclusive World Exclusive! Buckle Up!
Almost 30 Years Later, Audio Tapes NEVER BEFORE Heard, UNTIL NOW! Michael Schratt shares Incredible Historical Evidence Exclusively to Thirdphaseofmoon!
Drone Records UFO Over Ocean In Scotland, 1-30-2019, UFO Sighting News.
Drone Records UFO Over Ocean In Scotland, 1-30-2019, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting:Jan 30, 2019
Location of sighting: Fifth of Forth, Scotland
The eyewitness is a person who often records beautiful video using his drone. Here he caught some raw footage of a white disk shooting towards and below his drone at incredible speed. When the video is slowed down, I see it is a white disk. The UFO was coming from some smokestacks in the distance, which leads me to think the UFO was gathering data about the pollutants humans put into the air. When it shot toward the drone, it was no accident. The UFO was investigating the technology of the drone to record its tech in order to predict when humans will one day leave earth and create cities on other planets. Yes, aliens collect data and predict the future with it...and really accurately too.
Could aliens already be living with us? A farmer finds a mysterious creature that has never been seen before on earth, a woman claims to have been fathered by extraterrestrial life and in Nevada, a US serviceman claims to be friends with aliens living at a secret base. William Shatner believes aliens have infiltrated the human race, do you?
A person with paralysis controls a prosthetic arm using their brain activity.
Credit: Pitt/UPMC
James Johnson hopes to drive a car again one day. If he does, he will do it using only his thoughts.
In March 2017, Johnson broke his neck in a go-carting accident, leaving him almost completely paralysed below the shoulders. He understood his new reality better than most. For decades, he had been a carer for people with paralysis. “There was a deep depression,” he says. “I thought that when this happened to me there was nothing — nothing that I could do or give.”
But then Johnson’s rehabilitation team introduced him to researchers from the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, who invited him to join a clinical trial of a brain–computer interface (BCI). This would first entail neurosurgery to implant two grids of electrodes into his cortex. These electrodes would record neurons in his brain as they fire, and the researchers would use algorithms to decode his thoughts and intentions. The system would then use Johnson’s brain activity to operate computer applications or to move a prosthetic device. All told, it would take years and require hundreds of intensive training sessions. “I really didn’t hesitate,” says Johnson.
The first time he used his BCI, implanted in November 2018, Johnson moved a cursor around a computer screen. “It felt like The Matrix,” he says. “We hooked up to the computer, and lo and behold I was able to move the cursor just by thinking.”
Johnson has since used the BCI to control a robotic arm, use Photoshop software, play ‘shoot-’em-up’ video games, and now to drive a simulated car through a virtual environment, changing speed, steering and reacting to hazards. “I am always stunned at what we are able to do,” he says, “and it’s frigging awesome.”
Johnson is one of an estimated 35 people who have had a BCI implanted long-term in their brain. Only around a dozen laboratories conduct such research, but that number is growing. And in the past five years, the range of skills these devices can restore has expanded enormously. Last year alone, scientists described a study participant using a robotic arm that could send sensory feedback directly to his brain1; a prosthetic speech device for someone left unable to speak by a stroke2; and a person able to communicate at record speeds by imagining himself handwriting3.
James Johnson uses his neural interface to create art by blending images.
Credit: Tyson Aflalo
So far, the vast majority of implants for recording long-term from individual neurons have been made by a single company: Blackrock Neurotech, a medical-device developer based in Salt Lake City, Utah. But in the past seven years, commercial interest in BCIs has surged. Most notably, in 2016, entrepreneur Elon Musk launched Neuralink in San Francisco, California, with the goal of connecting humans and computers. The company has raised US$363 million. Last year, Blackrock Neurotech and several other newer BCI companies also attracted major financial backing.
Bringing a BCI to market will, however, entail transforming a bespoke technology, road-tested in only a small number of people, into a product that can be manufactured, implanted and used at scale. Large trials will need to show that BCIs can work in non-research settings and demonstrably improve the everyday lives of users — at prices that the market can support. The timeline for achieving all this is uncertain, but the field is bullish. “For thousands of years, we have been looking for some way to heal people who have paralysis,” says Matt Angle, founding chief executive of Paradromics, a neurotechnology company in Austin, Texas. “Now we’re actually on the cusp of having technologies that we can leverage for those things.”
Interface evolution
In June 2004, researchers pressed a grid of electrodes into the motor cortex of a man who had been paralysed by a stabbing. He was the first person to receive a long-term BCI implant. Like most people who have received BCIs since, his cognition was intact. He could imagine moving, but he had lost the neural pathways between his motor cortex and his muscles. After decades of work in many labs in monkeys, researchers had learnt to decode the animals’ movements from real-time recordings of activity in the motor cortex. They now hoped to infer a person’s imagined movements from brain activity in the same region.
In 2006, a landmark paper4 described how the man had learnt to move a cursor around a computer screen, control a television and use robotic arms and hands just by thinking. The study was co-led by Leigh Hochberg, a neuroscientist and critical-care neurologist at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. It was the first of a multicentre suite of trials called BrainGate, which continues today.
“It was a very simple, rudimentary demonstration,” Hochberg says. “The movements were slow or imprecise — or both. But it demonstrated that it might be possible to record from the cortex of somebody who was unable to move and to allow that person to control an external device.”
Today’s BCI users have much finer control and access to a wider range of skills. In part, this is because researchers began to implant multiple BCIs in different brain areas of the user and devised new ways to identify useful signals. But Hochberg says the biggest boost has come from machine learning, which has improved the ability to decode neural activity. Rather than trying to understand what activity patterns mean, machine learning simply identifies and links patterns to a user’s intention.
“We have neural information; we know what that person who is generating the neural data is attempting to do; and we’re asking the algorithms to create a map between the two,” says Hochberg. “That turns out to be a remarkably powerful technique.”
Motor independence
Asked what they want from assistive neurotechnology, people with paralysis most often answer “independence”. For people who are unable to move their limbs, this typically means restoring movement.
One approach is to implant electrodes that directly stimulate the muscles of a person’s own limbs and have the BCI directly control these. “If you can capture the native cortical signals related to controlling hand movements, you can essentially bypass the spinal-cord injury to go directly from brain to periphery,” says Bolu Ajiboye, a neuroscientist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
In 2017, Ajiboye and his colleagues described a participant who used this system to perform complex arm movements, including drinking a cup of coffee and feeding himself5. “When he first started the study,” Ajiboye says, “he had to think very hard about his arm moving from point A to point B. But as he gained more training, he could just think about moving his arm and it would move.” The participant also regained a sense of ownership of the arm.
Ajiboye is now expanding the repertoire of command signals his system can decode, such as those for grip force. He also wants to give BCI users a sense of touch, a goal being pursued by several labs.
In 2015, a team led by neuroscientist Robert Gaunt at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, reported implanting an electrode array in the hand region of a person’s somatosensory cortex, where touch information is processed6. When they used the electrodes to stimulate neurons, the person felt something akin to being touched.
Gaunt then joined forces with Pittsburgh colleague Jennifer Collinger, a neuroscientist advancing the control of robotic arms by BCIs. Together, they fashioned a robotic arm with pressure sensors embedded in its fingertips, which fed into electrodes implanted in the somatosensory cortex to evoke a synthetic sense of touch1. It was not an entirely natural feeling — sometimes it felt like pressure or being prodded, other times it was more like a buzzing, Gaunt explains. Nevertheless, tactile feedback made the prosthetic feel much more natural to use, and the time it took to pick up an object was halved, from roughly 20 seconds to 10.
Implanting arrays into brain regions that have different roles can add nuance to movement in other ways. Neuroscientist Richard Andersen — who is leading the trial at Caltech in which Johnson is participating — is trying to decode users’ more-abstract goals by tapping into the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), which forms the intention or plan to move7. That is, it might encode the thought ‘I want a drink’, whereas the motor cortex directs the hand to the coffee, then brings the coffee to the mouth.
Andersen’s group is exploring how this dual input aids BCI performance, contrasting use of the two cortical regions alone or together. Unpublished results show that Johnson’s intentions can be decoded more quickly in the PPC, “consistent with encoding the goal of the movement”, says Tyson Aflalo, a senior researcher in Andersen’s laboratory. Motor-cortex activity, by contrast, lasts throughout the whole movement, he says, “making the trajectory less jittery”.
This new type of neural input is helping Johnson and others to expand what they can do. Johnson uses the driving simulator, and another participant can play a virtual piano using her BCI.
Movement into meaning
“One of the most devastating outcomes related to brain injuries is the loss of ability to communicate,” says Edward Chang, a neurosurgeon and neuroscientist at the University of California, San Francisco. In early BCI work, participants could move a cursor around a computer screen by imagining their hand moving, and then imagining grasping to ‘click’ letters — offering a way to achieve communication. But more recently, Chang and others have made rapid progress by targeting movements that people naturally use to express themselves.
The benchmark for communication by cursor control — roughly 40 characters per minute8 — was set in 2017 by a team led by Krishna Shenoy, a neuroscientist at Stanford University in California.
Then, last year, this group reported3 an approach that enabled study participant Dennis Degray, who can speak but is paralysed from the neck down, to double the pace.
Shenoy’s colleague Frank Willett suggested to Degray that he imagine handwriting while they recorded from his motor cortex (see ‘Turning thoughts into type’). The system sometimes struggled to parse signals relating to letters that are handwritten in a similar way, such as r, n and h, but generally it could easily distinguish the letters. The decoding algorithms were 95% accurate at baseline, but when autocorrected using statistical language models that are similar to predictive text in smartphones, this jumped to 99%.
“You can decode really rapid, very fine movements,” says Shenoy, “and you’re able to do that at 90 characters per minute.”
Degray has had a functional BCI in his brain for nearly 6 years, and is a veteran of 18 studies by Shenoy’s group. He says it’s remarkable how effortless tasks become. He likens the process to learning to swim, saying, “You thrash around a lot at first, but all of a sudden, everything becomes understandable.”
Chang’s approach to restoring communication focuses on speaking rather than writing, albeit using a similar principle. Just as writing is formed of distinct letters, speech is formed of discrete units called phonemes, or individual sounds. There are around 50 phonemes in English, and each is created by a stereotyped movement of the vocal tract, tongue and lips.
Chang’s group first worked on characterizing the part of the brain that generates phonemes and, thereby, speech — an ill-defined region called the dorsal laryngeal cortex. Then, the researchers applied these insights to create a speech-decoding system that displayed the user’s intended speech as text on a screen. Last year, they reported2 that this device enabled a person left unable to talk by a brainstem stroke to communicate, using a preselected vocabulary of 50 words and at a rate of 15 words per minute. “The most important thing that we’ve learnt,” Chang says, “is that it’s no longer a theoretical; it’s truly possible to decode full words.”
Neuroscientist Edward Chang (right) at the University of California, San Francisco, helps a man with paralysis to speak through a brain implant that connects to a computer.
Credit: Mike Kai Chen/The New York Times/Redux/eyevine
Unlike other high-profile BCI breakthroughs, Chang didn’t record from single neurons. Instead, he used electrodes placed on the cortical surface that detect the averaged activity of neuronal populations. The signals are not as fine-grained as those from electrodes implanted in the cortex, but the approach is less invasive.
The most profound loss of communication occurs in people in a completely locked-in state, who remain conscious but are unable to speak or move. In March, a team including neuroscientist Ujwal Chaudhary and others at the University of Tübingen, Germany, reported9 restarting communication with a man who has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or motor neuron disease). The man had previously relied on eye movements to communicate, but he gradually lost the ability to move his eyes.
The team of researchers gained consent from the man’s family to implant a BCI and tried asking him to imagine movements to use his brain activity to choose letters on a screen. When this failed, they tried playing a sound that mimicked the man’s brain activity — a higher tone for more activity, lower for less — and taught him to modulate his neural activity to heighten the pitch of a tone to signal ‘yes’ and to lower it for ‘no’. That arrangement allowed him to pick out a letter every minute or so.
The method differs from that in a paper10 published in 2017, in which Chaudhary and others used a non-invasive technique to read brain activity. Questions were raised about the work and the paper was retracted, but Chaudhary stands by it.
These case studies suggest that the field is maturing rapidly, says Amy Orsborn, who researches BCIs in non-human primates at the University of Washington in Seattle. “There’s been a noticeable uptick in both the number of clinical studies and of the leaps that they’re making in the clinical space,” she says. “What comes along with that is the industrial interest”.
Lab to market
Although such achievements have attracted a flurry of attention from the media and investors, the field remains a long way from improving day-to-day life for people who’ve lost the ability to move or speak. Currently, study participants operate BCIs in brief, intensive sessions; nearly all must be physically wired to a bank of computers and supervised by a team of scientists working constantly to hone and recalibrate the decoders and associated software. “What I want,” says Hochberg, speaking as a critical-care neurologist, “is a device that is available, that can be prescribed, that is ‘off the shelf’ and can be used quickly.” In addition, such devices would ideally last users a lifetime.
Many leading academics are now collaborating with companies to develop marketable devices. Chaudhary, by contrast, has co-founded a not-for-profit company, ALS Voice, in Tübingen, to develop neurotechnologies for people in a completely locked-in state.
Blackrock Neurotech’s existing devices have been a mainstay of clinical research for 18 years, and it wants to market a BCI system within a year, according to chairman Florian Solzbacher. The company came a step closer last November, when the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates medical devices, put the company’s products onto a fast-track review process to facilitate developing them commercially.
This possible first product would use four implanted arrays and connect through wires to a miniaturized device, which Solzbacher hopes will show how people’s lives can be improved. “We’re not talking about a 5, 10 or 30% improvement in efficacy,” he says. “People can do something they just couldn’t before.”
Blackrock Neurotech is also developing a fully implantable wireless BCI intended to be easier to use and to remove the need to have a port in the user’s cranium. Neuralink and Paradromics have aimed to have these features from the outset in the devices they are developing.
These two companies are also aiming to boost signal bandwidth, which should improve device performance, by increasing the number of recorded neurons. Paradromics’s interface — currently being tested in sheep — has 1,600 channels, divided between 4 modules.
Neuralink’s system uses very fine, flexible electrodes, called threads, that are designed to both bend with the brain and to reduce immune reactions, says Shenoy, who is a consultant and adviser to the company. The aim is to make the device more durable and recordings more stable. Neuralink has not published any peer-reviewed papers, but a 2021 blogpost reported the successful implantation of threads in a monkey’s brain to record at 1,024 sites (see go.nature.com/3jt71yq). Academics would like to see the technology published for full scrutiny, and Neuralink has so far trialled its system only in animals. But, Ajiboye says, “if what they’re claiming is true, it’s a game-changer”.
Just one other company besides Blackrock Neurotech has implanted a BCI long-term in humans — and it might prove an easier sell than other arrays. Synchron in New York City has developed a ‘stentrode’ — a set of 16 electrodes fashioned around a blood-vessel stent11. Fitted in a day in an outpatient setting, this device is threaded through the jugular vein to a vein on top of the motor cortex. First implanted in a person with ALS in August 2019, the technology was put on a fast-track review path by the FDA a year later.
The ‘stentrode’ interface can translate brain signals from the inside of a blood vessel without the need for open-brain surgery.
Credit: Synchron, Inc.
Akin to the electrodes Chang uses, the stentrode lacks the resolution of other implants, so can’t be used to control complex prosthetics. But it allows people who cannot move or speak to control a cursor on a computer tablet, and so to text, surf the Internet and control connected technologies.
Synchron’s co-founder, neurologist Thomas Oxley, says the company is now submitting the results of a four-person feasibility trial for publication, in which participants used the wireless device at home whenever they chose. “There’s nothing sticking out of the body. And it’s always working,” says Oxley. The next step before applying for FDA approval, he says, is a larger-scale trial to assess whether the device meaningfully improves functionality and quality of life.
Challenges ahead
Most researchers working on BCIs are realistic about the challenges before them. “If you take a step back, it is really more complicated than any other neurological device ever built,” says Shenoy. “There’s probably going to be some hard growing years to mature the technology even more.”
Orsborn stresses that commercial devices will have to work without expert oversight for months or years — and that they need to function equally well in every user. She anticipates that advances in machine learning will address the first issue by providing recalibration steps for users to implement. But achieving consistent performance across users might present a greater challenge.
“Variability from person to person is the one where I don’t think we know what the scope of the problem is,” Orsborn says. In non-human primates, even small variations in electrode positioning can affect which circuits are tapped. She suspects there are also important idiosyncrasies in exactly how different individuals think and learn — and the ways in which users’ brains have been affected by their various conditions.
Finally, there is widespread acknowledgement that ethical oversight must keep pace with this rapidly evolving technology. BCIs present multiple concerns, from privacy to personal autonomy. Ethicists stress that users must retain full control of the devices’ outputs. And although current technologies cannot decode people’s private thoughts, developers will have records of users’ every communication, and crucial data about their brain health. Moreover, BCIs present a new type of cybersecurity risk.
There is also a risk to participants that their devices might not be supported forever, or that the companies that manufacture them fold. There are already instances in which users were let down when their implanted devices were left unsupported.
Degray, however, is eager to see BCIs reach more people. What he would like most from assistive technology is to be able to scratch his eyebrow, he says. “Everybody looks at me in the chair and they always say, ‘Oh, that poor guy, he can’t play golf any more.’ That’s bad. But the real terror is in the middle of the night when a spider walks across your face. That’s the bad stuff.”
For Johnson, it’s about human connection and tactile feedback; a hug from a loved one. “If we can map the neurons that are responsible for that and somehow filter it into a prosthetic device some day in the future, then I will feel well satisfied with my efforts in these studies.”
While working on his doctorate in theoretical physics in the early 1970s, Saul Teukolsky solved a problem that seemed purely hypothetical. Imagine a black hole, the ghostly knot of gravity that forms when, say, a massive star burns out and collapses to an infinitesimal point. Suppose you perturb it, as you might strike a bell. How does the black hole respond?
Teukolsky, then a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), attacked the problem with pencil, paper, and Albert Einstein's theory of gravity, general relativity. Like a bell, the black hole would oscillate at one main frequency and multiple overtones, he found. The oscillations would quickly fade as the black hole radiated gravitational waves—ripples in the fabric of space itself. It was a sweet problem, says Teukolsky, now at Cornell University. And it was completely abstract—until 5 years ago.
In February 2016, experimenters with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), a pair of huge instruments in Louisiana and Washington, reported the first observation of fleeting gravitational ripples, which had emanated from two black holes, each about 30 times as massive as the Sun, spiraling into each other 1.3 billion light-years away. LIGO even sensed the "ring down": the shudder of the bigger black hole produced by the merger. Teukolsky's old thesis was suddenly cutting-edge physics.
"The thought that anything I did would ever have implications for anything measurable in my lifetime was so far-fetched that the last 5 years have seemed like living in a dream world," Teukolsky says. "I have to pinch myself, it doesn't feel real."
Fantastical though it may seem, scientists can now study black holes as real objects. Gravitational wave detectors have spotted four dozen black hole mergers since LIGO's breakthrough detection. In April 2019, an international collaboration called the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) produced the first image of a black hole. By training radio telescopes around the globe on the supermassive black hole in the heart of the nearby galaxy Messier 87 (M87), EHT imaged a fiery ring of hot gas surrounding the black hole's inky "shadow." Meanwhile, astronomers are tracking stars that zip close to the black hole in the center of our own Galaxy, following paths that may hold clues to the nature of the black hole itself.
The observations are already challenging astrophysicists' assumptions about how black holes form and influence their surroundings. The smaller black holes detected by LIGO and, now, the European gravitational wave detector Virgo in Italy have proved heavier and more varied than expected, straining astrophysicists' understanding of the massive stars from which they presumably form. And the environment around the supermassive black hole in our Galaxy appears surprisingly fertile, teeming with young stars not expected to form in such a maelstrom. But some scientists feel the pull of a more fundamental question: Are they really seeing the black holes predicted by Einstein's theory?
Some theorists say the answer is most likely a ho-hum yes. "I don't think we're going to learn anything more about general relativity or the theory of black holes from any of this," says Robert Wald, a gravitational theorist at the University of Chicago. Others aren't so sure. "Are black holes strictly the same as you would expect with general relativity or are they different?" asks Clifford Will, a gravitational theorist at the University of Florida. "That's going to be a major thrust of future observations." Any anomalies would require a rethink of Einstein's theory, which physicists suspect is not the final word on gravity, as it doesn't jibe with the other cornerstone of modern physics, quantum mechanics.
Even though it's very unlikely, it would be so amazingly important if we found that there was any deviation [from general relativity].
SEAN CARROLL
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Using multiple techniques, researchers are already gaining different, complementary views of these strange objects, says Andrea Ghez, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for inferring the existence of the supermassive black hole in the heart of our Galaxy. "We're still a long way from putting a complete picture together," she says, "but we're certainly getting more of the puzzle pieces in place."
CONSISTING OF PURE gravitational energy, a black hole is a ball of contradictions. It contains no matter, but, like a bowling ball, possesses mass and can spin. It has no surface, but has a size. It behaves like an imposing, weighty object, but is really just a peculiar region of space.
Or so says general relativity, which Einstein published in 1915. Two centuries earlier, Isaac Newton had posited that gravity is a force that somehow reaches through space to attract massive objects to one another. Einstein went deeper and argued that gravity arises because massive things such as stars and planets warp space and time—more accurately, spacetime—causing the trajectories of freely falling objects to curve into, say, the parabolic arc of a thrown ball.
Early predictions of general relativity differed only slightly from those of Newton's theory. Whereas Newton predicted that a planet should orbit its star in an ellipse, general relativity predicts that the orientation of the ellipse should advance slightly, or precess, with each orbit. In the first triumph of the theory, Einstein showed it accounted for the previously unexplained precession of the orbit of the planet Mercury. Only years later did physicists realize the theory also implied something far more radical.
In 1939, theorist J. Robert Oppenheimer and colleagues calculated that when a sufficiently massive star burned out, no known force could stop its core from collapsing to an infinitesimal point, leaving behind its gravitational field as a permanent pit in spacetime. Within a certain distance of the point, gravity would be so strong that not even light could escape. Anything closer would be cut off from the rest of the universe, David Finkelstein, a theorist at Caltech, argued in 1958. This "event horizon" isn't a physical surface. An astronaut falling past it would notice nothing special. Nevertheless, reasoned Finkelstein, who died just days before LIGO's announcement in 2016, the horizon would act like a one-way membrane, letting things fall in, but preventing anything from getting out.
According to general relativity, these objects—eventually named black holes by famed theorist John Archibald Wheeler—should also exhibit a shocking sameness. In 1963, Roy Kerr, a mathematician from New Zealand, worked out how a spinning black hole of a given mass would warp and twist spacetime. Others soon proved that, in general relativity, mass and spin are the only characteristics a black hole can have, implying that Kerr's mathematical formula, known as the Kerr metric, describes every black hole there is. Wheeler dubbed the result the no-hair theorem to emphasize that two black holes of the same mass and spin are as indistinguishable as bald pates. Wheeler himself was bald, Teukolsky notes, "so maybe it was bald pride."
Some physicists suspected black holes might not exist outside theorists' imaginations, says Sean Carroll, a theorist at Caltech. Skeptics argued that black holes might be an artifact of general relativity's subtle math, or that they might only form under unrealistic conditions, such as the collapse of a perfectly spherical star. However, in the late 1960s, Roger Penrose, a theorist at the University of Oxford, dispelled such doubts with rigorous math, for which he shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics. "Penrose exactly proved that, no, no, even if you have a lumpy thing, as long as the density became high enough, it was going to collapse to a black hole," Carroll says.
Soon enough, astronomers began to see signs of actual black holes. They spotted tiny x-ray sources, such as Cygnus X-1, each in orbit around a star. Astrophysicists deduced that the x-rays came from gas flowing from the star and heating up as it fell onto the mysterious object. The temperature of the gas and the details of the orbit implied the x-ray source was too massive and too small to be anything but a black hole. Similar reasoning suggested quasars, distant galaxies spewing radiation, are powered by supermassive black holes in their centers.
But no one could be sure those black holes actually are what theorists had pictured, notes Feryal Özel, an astrophysicist at the University of Arizona (UA). For example, "Very little that we have done so far establishes the presence of an event horizon," she says. "That is an open question."
Now, with multiple ways to peer at black holes, scientists can start to test their understanding and look for surprises that could revolutionize physics. "Even though it's very unlikely, it would be so amazingly important if we found that there was any deviation" from the predictions of general relativity, Carroll says. "It's a very high-risk, high-reward question."
SCIENTISTS HOPE TO ANSWER three specific questions: Do the observed black holes really have event horizons? Are they as featureless as the no-hair theorem says? And do they distort spacetime exactly as the Kerr metric predicts?
Perhaps the simplest tool for answering them is one that Ghez developed. Since 1995, she and colleagues have used the 10-meter Keck telescope in Hawaii to track stars around a radio source known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) in the center of our Galaxy. In 1998, the stars' high speeds revealed they orbit an object 4 million times as massive as the Sun. Because Sgr A* packs so much mass into such a small volume, general relativity predicts it must be a supermassive black hole. Reinhard Genzel, an astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, independently tracked the stars to reach the same conclusion and shared the Nobel Prize with Ghez.
C. BICKEL/SCIENCE
Much of the information comes from a single star, dubbed SO2 by Ghez, which whips around Sgr A* once every 16 years. Just as the orbit of Mercury around the Sun precesses, so, too, should the orbit of SO2. Ghez and colleagues are now trying to tease out that precession from the extremely complicated data. "We're right on the cusp," she says. "We have a signal, but we're still trying to convince ourselves that it's real." (In April 2020, Genzel and colleagues claimed to have seen the precession.)
If they get a little lucky, Ghez and company hope to look for other anomalies that would probe the nature of the supermassive black hole. Close to the black hole, its spin should modify the precession of a star's orbit in a way that's predictable from Kerr's mathematical description. "If there were stars even closer than the ones they've seen—maybe 10 times closer—then you could test whether the Kerr metric is exactly correct," Will says.
The star tracking will likely never probe very close to the event horizon of Sgr A*, which could fit within the orbit of Mercury. But EHT, which combines data from 11 radio telescopes or arrays around the world to form, essentially, one big telescope, has offered a closer look at a different supermassive black hole, the 6.5-billion-solar-mass beast in M87.
The famous image the team released 2 years ago, which resembles a fiery circus hoop, is more complicated than it looks. The bright ring emanates from hot gas, but the dark center is not the black hole itself. Rather it is a "shadow" cast by the black hole as its gravity distorts or "lenses" the light from the gas in front of it. The edge of shadow marks not the event horizon, but rather a distance about 50% farther out where spacetime is distorted just enough so that passing light circles the black hole, neither escaping nor falling into the maw.
Gravity from a supermassive black hole casts a dark circular “shadow” in the glow from surrounding gas in the iconic image captured by the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration.EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE COLLABORATION ET AL.
Even so, the image holds clues about the object at its center. The spectrum of the glowing ring could reveal, for example, whether the object has a physical surface rather than an event horizon. Matter crashing onto a surface would shine even brighter than stuff sliding into a black hole, Özel explains. (So far researchers have seen no spectral distortion.) The shadow's shape can also test the classical picture of a black hole. A spinning black hole's event horizon should bulge at the equator. However, other effects in general relativity should counteract that effect on the shadow. "Because of a very funky cancellation of squishing in different directions, the shadow still looks circular," Özel says. "That's why the shape of the shadow becomes a direct test of the no-hair theorem."
Some researchers doubt EHT can image the black hole with enough precision for such tests. Samuel Gralla, a theorist at UA, questions whether EHT is even seeing a black hole shadow or merely viewing the disk of gas swirling around the black hole from the top down, in which case the dark spot is simply the eye of that astrophysical hurricane. But Özel says that even with limited resolution, EHT can contribute significantly to testing general relativity in the conceptual terra incognita around a black hole.
Gravitational waves, in contrast, convey information straight from the black holes themselves. Churned out when black holes spiral together at half the speed of light, these ripples in spacetime pass unimpeded through ordinary matter. LIGO and Virgo have now detected mergers of black holes with masses ranging from three to 86 solar masses.
The mergers can probe the black holes in several ways, says Frank Ohme, a gravitational theorist and LIGO member at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics. Assuming the objects are classical black holes, researchers can calculate from general relativity how the chirplike gravitational wave signal from a merger should speed up, climax in a spike, and then ring down. If the massive partners are actually larger material objects, then as they draw close they should distort each other, altering the peak of the signal. So far, researchers see no alterations, Ohme says.
The merger produces a perturbed black hole just like the one in Teukolsky's old thesis, offering another test of general relativity. The final black hole undulates briefly but powerfully, at one main frequency and multiple shorter lived overtones. According to the no-hair theorem, those frequencies and lifetimes only depend on the final black hole's mass and spin. "If you analyze each mode individually, they all have to point to the same black hole mass and spin or something's wrong," Ohme says.
In September 2019, Teukolsky and colleagues teased out the main vibration and a single overtone from a particularly loud merger. If experimenters can improve the sensitivity of their detectors, Ohme says, they might be able to spot two or three overtones—enough to start to test the no-hair theorem.
FUTURE INSTRUMENTS MAY make such tests much easier. The 30-meter optical telescopes being built in Chile and Hawaii should scrutinize the neighborhood of Sgr A* with a resolution roughly 80 times better than current instruments, Ghez says, possibly spying closer stars. Similarly, EHT researchers are adding more radio dishes to their network, which should enable them to image the black hole in M87 more precisely. They're also trying to image Sgr A*.
Meanwhile, gravitational wave researchers are already planning the next generation of more sensitive detectors, including the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), made up of three satellites flying in formation millions of kilometers apart. To be launched in the 2030s, LISA would be so sensitive that it could spot an ordinary stellar-mass black hole spiraling into a much bigger supermassive black hole in a distant galaxy, says Nicolas Yunes, a theoretical physicist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
The smaller black hole would serve as a precise probe of the spacetime around the bigger black hole, revealing whether it warps and twists exactly as the Kerr metric dictates. An affirmative result would cement the case that black holes are what general relativity predicts, Yunes says. "But you have to wait for LISA."
In the meantime, the sudden observability of black holes has changed the lives of gravitational physicists. Once the domain of thought experiments and elegant but abstract calculations like Teukolsky's, general relativity and black holes are suddenly the hottest things in fundamental physics, with experts in general relativity feeding vital input to billion-dollar experiments. "I felt this transition very literally myself," Ohme says. "It was really a small niche community, and with the detection of gravitational waves that all changed."
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Alternatives to black holes are scarce and strange
At one time, many physicists resisted the notion of a black hole, a ghostly, self-sustaining gravitational field so intense that not even light can escape. Now, theorists have few alternatives to these creepy holes in the universe.
Any alternative to a black hole must be some dark, dense material orb that’s slightly bigger than a black hole of the same mass. (Were the thing smaller, its own gravity would create a black hole around it.) Observers might detect the orb’s surface by spotting matter crashing onto it and heating up. Or they might deduce the greater size of the object as it swirls around a companion and tears into it before merging.
One hypothetical possibility is a gravastar: a thin material shell filled with dark energy, the mysterious space-stretching stuff that appears to be accelerating the expansion of the universe. A gravastar would have a solid surface rather than an event horizon, the point of no return that is the defining feature of a black hole. It satisfies the mathematical requirements of Albert Einstein’s theory of gravity, general relativity, says Carlos Palenzuela Luque, a gravitational theorist at the University of the Balearic Islands. However, nobody knows how a gravastar could ever form, he says.
Easier to produce might be a boson star, which would consist of exotic, massive Higgs bosons or nearly massless hypothetical particles called axions. Higgs bosons or axions could crowd into a single quantum wave, yielding a density approaching that of a black hole. However, Palenzuela Luque notes, boson stars would likely have masses in a narrow range, whereas a black hole can have any mass. Observed masses vary by factors of billions.
Black hole alternatives “is an area that’s maybe undertheorized,”says Sean Carroll, a theorist at the California Institute of Technology. But that would surely change if observations showed the current description of black holes isn’t quite right. “When we have something to guide our search, we will be able to say something new,” Palenzuela Luque says. “Right now, everything is so speculative.”
Uranus has been sadly neglected. Probes have visited Mars, Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mercury. Heck, even Jupiter's moons are getting their own spacecraft. But the ice giants Uranus and Neptune, in the distant reaches of our Solar System, have not had a single dedicated visitor.
In a new report laying out the top priorities for planetary science and astrobiology, a panel of experts from the US National Academies advises that this omission be rectified. For initiation within the next decade, the committee put a Uranus probe at top priority as the next planetary flagship mission.
"The committee prioritizes the Uranus Orbiter and Probe (UOP) as the highest-priority new Flagship mission for initiation in the decade 2023–2032," the committee wrote in its report.
This probe, the report elaborated, would perform a multi-year orbital tour of Uranus, probing its stinky atmosphere. The mission would provide an unprecedented wealth of information on ice giants in general, and Uranus and its moons in particular – one of the most intriguing and mysterious major objects in the Solar System.
All this, the committee noted, suggests that Uranus warrants significant investigation, not just for its own sake, but for better understanding the evolutionary history of the entire Solar System – especially since the last probe to come close to the planet was Voyager 2 on a flyby in 1986.
The panel has identified several launch windows in the 2030s, with the earliest being 2031; planetary probes are a long game.
"Uranus is one of the most intriguing bodies in the Solar System," the scientists wrote. "Its low internal energy, active atmospheric dynamics, and complex magnetic field all present major puzzles.
"A primordial giant impact may have produced the planet's extreme axial tilt and possibly its rings and satellites, although this is uncertain. Uranus's large ice-rock moons displayed surprising evidence of geological activity in limited Voyager 2 flyby data, and are potential ocean worlds."
Ocean worlds are of great interest to astrobiologists. Scientists believe that on the ocean floors of these geologically active bodies, volcanic vents may allow entire ecosystems based on a chemosynthetic food web to thrive, much like hydrothermal vents here on Earth.
These bodies, of which several have been identified in the Solar System, are the most promising candidates for finding extraterrestrial life.
On that note, the committee identified ocean world Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, as its second-most top priority, with a mission named the Enceladus Orbilander. This ice-covered body has been observed venting plumes of vapor into space from its internal ocean. Sampling these plumes could assess the habitability of Enceladus' ocean, and perhaps even detect signs of life deep within.
A recommendation in the decadal report is a weighty one indeed, but that's no guarantee that a mission will be initiated. The previous report, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, also recommended a Uranus mission, as well as an Enceladus mission, albeit at a lower priority.
The cost of a mission to Uranus could be over US$4 billion, but the potential scientific gain would be priceless. So, too, could be the gain from an in-depth exploration of Enceladus.
The two highest-priority missions in the previous survey were a Mars sample return mission, and a mission to Europa, an ice moon with a suspected internal ocean orbiting Jupiter. Both of those missions made the cut, and are currently in development. This bodes well for our future exploration of the outer Solar System.
Other recommendations in the new report included continuation of the Mars sample return mission; restoration of the Mars exploration program; continued support for lunar exploration; and, for the first time, improvement of NASA's program to find and track asteroids that pose a threat to life on Earth.
It may be a long road ahead to reach any or all of these goals. But the journey to the stars begins with small steps.
"This report sets out an ambitious but practicable vision for advancing the frontiers of planetary science, astrobiology, and planetary defense in the next decade," said astrophysicist Robin Canup of the Planetary Sciences Directorate at the Southwest Research Institute, and co-chair of the National Academies' steering committee for the decadal survey.
"This recommended portfolio of missions, high-priority research activities, and technology development will produce transformative advances in human knowledge and understanding about the origin and evolution of the Solar System, and of life and the habitability of other bodies beyond Earth."
The uncanny resemblance between features on Europa's frozen surface and a landform in Greenland suggest the icy-moon may be capable of harboring life.
Europa is the fourth largest moon of Jupiter and is thought to have a substantial liquid water ocean under its 15 mile thick crust of ice.
A team from Stanford University explored similarities between double ridges on the surface of Europa, and smaller versions of the features found under Greenland's ice.
Ice-penetrating radar data revealed that refreezing of liquid subsurface water drove the formation of Greenland's double ridge, and if Europa's formed the same way, it could signal the presence of large amounts of liquid water near the surface.
If Europa's features form the same way, this could signal the presence of copious amounts of liquid water - a key ingredient for life - near the surface of the thick outer ice shell of Jupiter's fourth largest moon.
The uncanny resemblance between features on Europa's frozen surface and a landform in Greenland suggest the icy-moon may be capable of harboring life
The study explored similarities between the elongated landforms, called double ridges, that are linear, with two peaks and a central trough between them, and slicing through one looks like a capital letter 'M'.
'If you sliced through one and looked at the cross section, it would look a bit like the capital letter M,' said Stanford University geophysicist Riley Culberg, lead author of the study published in the journal Nature Communications.
In the search for extraterrestrial life, Europa has attracted attention as one of the locales in our solar system that may be habitable, perhaps by microbes, owing to a global saltwater ocean detected deep beneath its ice shell.
Innumerable water pockets closer to the surface would represent a second potential habitat for organisms.
Europa is the fourth largest moon of Jupiter and is thought to have a substantial liquid water ocean under its 15 mile thick crust of ice
Ice-penetrating radar data revealed that refreezing of liquid subsurface water drove the formation of Greenland's double ridge, and if Europa's formed the same way, it could signal the presence of large amounts of liquid water near the surface
'The presence of liquid water in the ice shell would suggest that exchange between the ocean and ice shell is common, which could be important for chemical cycling that would help support life,' Culberg said.
'Shallow water in particular also means there might be easier targets for future space missions to image or sample that could at least preserve evidence of life without having to fully access the deep ocean.'
WHAT ARE DOUBLE RIDGES FOUND IN ICE FORMATIONS?
Jupiter's moon Europa is a prime candidate for extraterrestrial habitability in our solar system.
Double ridges are the most common surface feature on Europa and occur across every sector of the moon, but their formation is poorly understood.
Current hypotheses provide competing and incomplete mechanisms for the development of their distinct morphology.
A team from Stanford analyzed a double ridge in Northwest Greenland with the same gravity-scaled geometry as those found on Europa.
'Using surface elevation and radar sounding data, we show that this double ridge was formed by successive refreezing, pressurization, and fracture of a shallow water sill within the ice sheet,' they said.
If the same process is responsible for Europa's double ridges, the study suggests that shallow liquid water is spatially and temporally ubiquitous across Europa's ice shell.
This increases the possibility of finding evidence of life in these water pools.
NASA's robotic Europa Clipper spacecraft is scheduled for a 2024 launch to further investigate whether this moon possesses conditions suitable for life.
The shallow depth of Europa's potential water pockets - perhaps within six-tenths of a mile of the surface - also would place them near chemicals vital for the formation of life that may exist on its surface.
With a diameter of 1,940 miles, Europa is the fourth-largest of Jupiter's 79 known moons, a bit smaller than Earth's moon but bigger than the dwarf planet Pluto.
Europa's ocean may contain double the water of those on Earth. Life first emerged on Earth as marine microbes.
Europa's double ridges, sometimes extending hundreds miles (km), generally are around 490-650 feet tall, with the peaks about three- to six-tenths of a mile apart.
Scientists have debated how they formed. Culberg was struck by their resemblance to a landform he knew from northwestern Greenland, with peaks about 6.5 feet tall, separated by about 160 feet and extending about a half mile.
'The Greenland double ridge feature formed from the successive refreezing, pressurization and fracture of a near-surface water pocket,' Culberg said.
We see two ridges, rather than one, because the shallow water pocket was also split in two by a fracture filled with refrozen water.'
The water pocket in Greenland was about 50 feet below the surface, likely less than 33 feet thick and about a mile (1.6 km) wide.
If the same process spawned Europa's many double ridges, each associated water pocket could boast a volume similar to Lake Erie, one of North America's Great Lakes.
'Between having two potential habitats and the fact that double ridges - and the near-surface water bodies they may imply - are among the most common features on Europa's surface, it makes this moon a very exciting candidate for habitability indeed,' study co-author Dustin Schroeder added.
The study explored similarities between the elongated landforms, called double ridges, that are linear, with two peaks and a central trough between them, and slicing through one looks like a capital letter 'M'
On Earth, researchers analyze polar regions using airborne geophysical instruments to understand how the growth and retreat of ice sheets might impact sea-level rise.
Much of that study area occurs on land, where the flow of ice sheets is subject to complex hydrology – such as dynamic subglacial lakes, surface melt ponds and seasonal drainage conduits – that contributes to uncertainty in sea-level predictions.
Because a land-based subsurface is so different from Europa's subsurface ocean of liquid water, the study co-authors were surprised when they noticed that formations that streak the icy moon looked extremely similar to a minor feature on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet – an ice sheet that the group has studied in detail.
'We were working on something totally different related to climate change and its impact on the surface of Greenland when we saw these tiny double ridges – and we were able to see the ridges go from 'not formed' to 'formed,' ' Schroeder said.
If Europa's features form the same way, this could signal the presence of copious amounts of liquid water - a key ingredient for life - near the surface of the thick outer ice shell of Jupiter's fourth largest moon
The co-authors said their explanation for how the double ridges form is so complex, they couldn't have conceived it without the analog on Earth.
'The mechanism we put forward in this paper would have been almost too audacious and complicated to propose without seeing it happen in Greenland,' Schroeder said.
The findings equip researchers with a radar signature for quickly detecting this process of double ridge formation using ice-penetrating radar, which is among the instruments currently planned for exploring Europa from space.
'We are another hypothesis on top of many – we just have the advantage that our hypothesis has some observations from the formation of a similar feature on Earth to back it up,' Culberg said.
'It's opening up all these new possibilities for a very exciting discovery.'
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT EUROPA AND WHY IS IT SO SPECIAL?
Jupiter's icy moon Europa is slightly smaller than Earth's moon.
Europa orbits Jupiter every 3.5 days and is tidally locked - just like Earth's Moon - so that the same side of Europa faces Jupiter at all times.
It is thought to have an iron core, a rocky mantle and a surface ocean of salty water, like Earth.
Unlike on Earth, however, this ocean is deep enough to cover the whole surface of Europa, and being far from the sun, the ocean surface is globally frozen over.
Many experts believe the hidden ocean surrounding Europa, warmed by powerful tidal forces caused by Jupiter's gravity, may have conditions favourable for life.
Nasa scientists are on the verge of exploring Jupiter's ocean moon Europa for signs of alien life.
Europa is our best shot of finding biological life in the solar system, researchers say.
The space agency is priming two probes, including one that will land on its surface, to explore the distant moon in detail within the next decade, the agency says.
Breaking News in Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Evidence of Water Near Europa’s Surface
Breaking News in Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Evidence of Water Near Europa’s Surface
BySTANFORD UNIVERSITY
This artist’s conception shows how double ridges on the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa may form over shallow, refreezing water pockets within the ice shell. This mechanism is based on the study of an analogous double ridge feature found on Earth’s Greenland Ice Sheet.
Credit: Justice Blaine Wainwright
Explanation for the formation of abundant features on Europa bodes well for the search for extraterrestrial life.
Jupiter’s moon Europa is a prime candidate for life in our solar system, and scientists have been fascinated by its deep saltwater ocean for decades. However, it is encased in an icy shell that could be miles to tens of miles thick, making sampling it a difficult task. Increasing evidence suggests that the ice shell is more of a dynamic system than a barrier – and an astrobiology site with potential habitability in its own right.
Ice-penetrating radar observations that captured the formation of a “double ridge” feature in Greenland suggest that the ice shell of Europa may have an abundance of water pockets beneath similar features that are common on the surface. The findings, which will be published in the journal Nature Communications today (April 19, 2022), may be compelling for detecting potentially habitable environments within the exterior of the Jovian moon.
“Because it’s closer to the surface, where you get interesting chemicals from space, other moons, and the volcanoes of Io, there’s a possibility that life has a shot if there are pockets of water in the shell,” said study senior author Dustin Schroeder, an associate professor of geophysics at Stanford University’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences (Stanford Earth). “If the mechanism we see in Greenland is how these things happen on Europa, it suggests there’s water everywhere.”
Ice-penetrating radar data from Greenland suggests that shallow water pockets may be common within Europa’s ice shell, increasing the potential for detecting signs of habitability near the surface of Jupiter’s moon.
A terrestrial analog
On Earth, researchers analyze polar regions using airborne geophysical instruments to understand how the growth and retreat of ice sheets might impact sea-level rise. Much of that study area occurs on land, where the flow of ice sheets is subject to complex hydrology – such as dynamic subglacial lakes, surface melt ponds, and seasonal drainage conduits – that contributes to uncertainty in sea-level predictions.
Because a land-based subsurface is so different from Europa’s subsurface ocean of liquid water, the study co-authors were surprised when, during a lab group presentation about Europa, they noticed that formations that streak the icy moon looked extremely similar to a minor feature on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet – an ice sheet that the group has studied in detail.
“We were working on something totally different related to climate change and its impact on the surface of Greenland when we saw these tiny double ridges – and we were able to see the ridges go from ‘not formed’ to ‘formed,’ ” Schroeder said.
Upon further examination, they found that the “M”-shaped crest in Greenland known as a double ridge could be a miniature version of the most prominent feature on Europa.
A view of Europa created from images taken by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute
Prominent and prevalent
Double ridges on Europa appear as dramatic gashes across the moon’s icy surface, with crests reaching nearly 1000 feet, separated by valleys about a half-mile wide. Scientists have known about the features since the moon’s surface was photographed by the Galileo spacecraft in the 1990s but have not been able to conceive a definitive explanation of how they were formed.
Through analyses of surface elevation data and ice-penetrating radar collected from 2015 to 2017 by NASA’s Operation IceBridge, the researchers revealed how the double ridge on northwest Greenland was produced when the ice fractured around a pocket of pressurized liquid water that was refreezing inside of the ice sheet, causing two peaks to rise into the distinct shape.
Europa is the smallest of Jupiter’s four Galilean moons, and the sixth-closest to the planet of all the 80 known moons of Jupiter. It is also the Solar System’s sixth-largest moon. Galileo Galilei discovered Europa in 1610, and named it after Europa, the Phoenician mother of King Minos of Crete and Zeus’ lover (the Greek equivalent of the Roman god Jupiter).
“In Greenland, this double ridge formed in a place where water from surface lakes and streams frequently drains into the near-surface and refreezes,” said lead study author Riley Culberg, a PhD student in electrical engineering at Stanford. “One way that similar shallow water pockets could form on Europa might be through water from the subsurface ocean being forced up into the ice shell through fractures – and that would suggest there could be a reasonable amount of exchange happening inside of the ice shell.”
Snowballing complexity
Rather than behaving like a block of inert ice, the shell of Europa seems to undergo a variety of geological and hydrological processes – an idea supported by this study and others, including evidence of water plumes that erupt to the surface. A dynamic ice shell supports habitability since it facilitates the exchange between the subsurface ocean and nutrients from neighboring celestial bodies accumulated on the surface.
“People have been studying these double ridges for over 20 years now, but this is the first time we were actually able to watch something similar on Earth and see nature work out its magic,” said study co-author Gregor Steinbrügge, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) who started working on the project as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford. “We are making a much bigger step into the direction of understanding what processes actually dominate the physics and the dynamics of Europa’s ice shell.”
The co-authors said their explanation for how the double ridges form is so complex, they couldn’t have conceived it without the analog on Earth.
“The mechanism we put forward in this paper would have been almost too audacious and complicated to propose without seeing it happen in Greenland,” Schroeder said.
The findings equip researchers with a radar signature for quickly detecting this process of double ridge formation using ice-penetrating radar, which is among the instruments currently planned for exploring Europa from space.
“We are another hypothesis on top of many – we just have the advantage that our hypothesis has some observations from the formation of a similar feature on Earth to back it up,” Culberg said. “It’s opening up all these new possibilities for a very exciting discovery.”
Reference:
“Double ridge formation over shallow water sills on Jupiter’s moon Europa” 19 April 2022, Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29458-3
Schroeder is also a faculty affiliate with the Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), an associate professor, by courtesy, of electrical engineering and a center fellow, by courtesy, at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment.
This research was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship and, in part, by NASA Grant NNX16AJ95G and NSF Grant 1745137.
Official history tells us that 17 missions were launched between 1961 and 1975, of which 11 were manned (Apollo 7 through Apollo 17). During this time, 6 successful landings on the lunar surface were made. The Apollo 18, 19, and 20 flights were canceled due to the lack of new scientific value at the huge expense of the state budget and taxpayers. However, in 2007, Italian freelance journalist Luca Scantamburlo took a written interview with William Rutledge, who claims to be a member of the secret Apollo 20 mission.
According to him, he was an employee of Bell Laboratories and served in the US Air Force. Rutledge attracted public attention by starting to distribute photographs and videos of the Apollo 20 mission online in 2007 which captured the same spaceship and its pilots.
Alien Spaceship Found On Moon With Alien Bodies
What is the essence of the information from Rutledge? He claimed that during the Apollo 15 mission to the moon, an unidentified man-made object was discovered and photographed on its surface.
During missions 16 and 17, several more photographs were taken and reconnaissance of the terrain from orbit was carried out. The task of missions 18 and 19 (which was no longer officially) is not really clear: Rutledge only says that during these missions, a number of problems occurred, as a result of which research data was lost. It was originally planned to land next to an alien ship and study it using rovers.
Humanoid body found on the moon during Apollo 19&20
In 1976, the Apollo 20 mission was launched, which included: William Rutledge, Aleksei Leonov, and Leona Snyder. They managed to land by the ship, get inside, inspect the interior of the ship, and the bodies of the pilots. One of the sources said that they not only examined the bodies but also took the head of one of the bodies with them.
The dimensions of the ship were 3370 x 510 meters; the age is estimated at 1.5 billion years; inside, there are many signs of biological life: remnants of vegetation in the engine compartment of the ship, stones of a triangular shape that exude a yellow liquid that has some medical properties, the remains of small bodies (about 10 cm) that lived in a network of “glass” pipes piercing the whole ship.
Alien Spaceship
They found a humanoid, female, 1.65 meters. She had genitals, hair, six fingers (we assume the math is based on a dozen). She was a pilot, there was an aerobatics device connected to her fingers and eyes, the body had no clothes, and they had to cut two cables connected to the nose without nostrils. Leonov detached the device from the eyes. Blood clots or bio-fluids burst and froze in the mouth, nose, eyes, and parts of the body. Some parts of the body were in unusually good condition, hair and skin were protected by a thin transparent layer of protection. The condition seemed neither dead nor alive. The booth was full of inscriptions and formed from long, hollow hexagonal tubes.
Apollo 19 & 20 missions
On the other hand, one can only guess that this was the ship of the Anunnaki, about which Sitchin or some other guys wrote.
Doubts are caused by the number of fingers, these humanoids have 12 of them (6 on each hand), and we know that the Anunnaki used the hexadecimal numbering system and on all the frescoes, they have 5-fingered palms.
We also know that the Anunnaki had a parallel mission in low-Earth orbit: one part of them worked on Earth, the other part remained on the mother ship. It may well be that they used the moon and one of the ships remained there. Another interesting fact is that the team of engineers who actually implemented the Apollo project was headed by Wernher von Braun, who during Nazi Germany worked for the benefit of the Third Reich, creating for them the famous V-2 rockets.
Braun came to America along with many other German scientists removed from Germany as part of Operation Paperclip in 1945. And the colossal technological breakthrough of the engineers of the Third Reich happened due to cooperation with the occult societies of Ahnenerbe and Vril, who obtained information from the ancient egregors of the Gods related to our civilization.
Braun had an interesting chain of events: German occult societies -> moving to the USA -> working on a space program -> detecting an alien spacecraft, possibly the very same Gods who advised the Nazis. He survived until 1977 and saw the launch of Apollo 20 and, moreover, according to Rutledge, was personally present at the launch.
In recent weeks, the project took a big step forward with the installation of fiber optic amplifiers and splitters on all VLA antennas, which give COSMIC access to the data streams from the entire VLA. Once this digital backend is online, COSMIC will have access to all data provided by the VLAs 27 radio antennas, which will be able to conduct observations 24/7. In the process, COSMIC SETI will examine around 40 million stars in the Milky Way for possible signs of intelligent life.
Located in the deserts of New Mexico, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array is the world’s largest radio telescope array capable of operating at microwave frequencies. It was featured in the 1997 film “Contact” (based on the original novel by Carl Sagan), where Dr. Eleanor Arroway (played by Jodie Foster) and her colleagues received the first extraterrestrial communication. Interestingly enough, the VLA has never been part of a SETI effort in real life, but that’s about to change.
The end results of the EDFA/Cosmic fiber work. Credit: SETI Institute
Jack Hickish, Digital Instrumentation Lead for COSMIC SETI, explained in a SETI Institute press release:
“Having all the VLA digital signals available to the COSMIC system is a major milestone, involving close collaboration with the NRAO VLA engineering team to ensure that the addition of the COSMIC hardware doesn’t in any way adversely affect existing VLA infrastructure.
“It is fantastic to have overcome the challenges of prototyping, testing, procurement, and installation – all conducted during both a global pandemic and semiconductor shortage – and we are excited to be able to move on to the next task of processing the many Tb/s of data to which we now have access.”
As part of this collaborative effort, the VLA will conduct observations while SETI Institute scientists will analyze that data to look for evidence of technological activity (aka. “technosignatures”). The VLA offers many important capabilities for SETI, not the least of which are its size. Each of its 27 antennas measures 25 m (82 ft) in diameter, yielding a collecting area equivalent to a single-dish antenna measuring 130 m (426 ft) in diameter.
This surface area and large amounts of metal mesh allow for almost unparalleled sensitivity levels, which is always a plus for SETI surveys (where signals are likely to be weak). In addition, each VLA antenna has eight cryogenically cooled receivers that continuously monitor the sky at frequencies ranging from 1 to 50 GHz in the radio spectrum. Some receivers can operate between 1 GHz and 54 MHz, corresponding with frequencies used for television broadcasts.
SETI Institute Post-Doctoral Researchers, Dr. Savin Varghese, and Dr. Chenoa Tremblay, in front of one of the 82-foot diameter dishes that make up the Very Large Array. Credit: SETI Institute
To exploit these capabilities, engineers at the VLA have installed a “splitter” that feeds a copy of the data stream provided by the VLA’s 27 antennas to locally-installed SETI equipment. This equipment consists of software and hardware that computes 64 different beams, which sorts cosmic static into hundreds of millions of narrow-band frequency channels. Said Cherry Ng, a SETI Institute COSMIC Project Scientist:
“I am excited by the ability of COSMIC to conduct the most comprehensive technosignature search ever in the Northern Hemisphere. We will be able to monitor millions of stars with a sensitivity high enough to detect an Arecibo-like transmitter out to a distance of 25 parsecs (81 light-years), covering an observing frequency range from 230 MHz to 50 GHz, which includes many parts of the spectrum that have not yet been explored for ETI signals.”
The COSMIC SETI program, which is expected to be operational by early 2023, will observe around 40 star systems in our galaxy over two years. It will be the most comprehensive SETI survey undertaken in the Northern Hemisphere, a record previously held by Breakthrough Listen. Its first major observational campaign will be conducted in parallel with the ongoing VLA Sky Survey (VLASS), which relies on the VLA to survey 82% of the sky in the 2-4GHz S-bands.
“We look forward to partnering with the SETI Institute on this exciting initiative and are pleased to see this important milestone in the technical work that will make this new science possible,” said NRAO Director Tony Beasley.
In this series we are exploring the weird and wonderful world of astronomy jargon! You’ll be the biggest thing in town after today’s topic: galaxy clusters!
Galaxy clusters are the single largest gravitationally bound structures in the Universe. The “gravitationally bound” part means that the gravity of the individual components of a galaxy cluster is strong enough to hold it together. While larger structures, known as superclusters, exist, they are not gravitationally bound and will eventually disperse.
Galaxy clusters can host a thousand galaxies or more and are typically at least 3-4 million light-years in diameter. The smallest galaxy clusters weigh 1014 solar masses, while the largest are ten to a hundred times more massive.
By far the dominant component of every galaxy cluster is dark matter, the mysterious form of matter that is invisible to light and does not interact with normal matter. Dark matter makes up around 90% of the mass of every cluster.
Of the remainder, 90% is in the form of an extremely hot but incredibly thin plasma called the intracluster medium. This medium is so hot that it emits brightly in the X-ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Even though the intracluster medium is so hot, it would register as a vacuum in Earth-based laboratory experiments.
Only 1% of the mass of every galaxy cluster is in the form of galaxies themselves. Those galaxies typically move through the cluster like bees in a beehive with speeds of up to a thousand kilometers per second. Those speeds can be used to weigh the cluster – more massive clusters will support faster galaxy movements without the cluster breaking apart.
The nearest cluster to Earth is the Virgo Cluster, which contains 1,000-2,000 galaxies and sits about 50 million light-years away.
Another famous cluster is the Coma Cluster, about 321 million light-years away. The main galaxies of the cluster are visible in amateur telescopes. In 1933 the astronomer Fritz Zwicky used observations of galaxy motion within the Coma Cluster to discover the existence of dark matter.
In this series we are exploring the weird and wonderful world of astronomy jargon! You’ll be off to a good start with today’s topic: the big bang theory!
The Big Bang theory is the current best understanding of the history of the Universe. The theory is a physical model, based on many lines of evidence, that says that our Universe was once smaller, hotter, and denser than it is today. In fact, according to our best measurements, about 13.77 billion years ago our entire observable Universe – including every star and galaxy that we could ever see – was once crammed into a tiny volume only a few centimeters across with a temperature of over a quadrillion degrees.
The Big Bang theory originated in the early 20th century. The first hints of the theory began with Einstein’s general theory of relativity. When he applied his equations to the study of the whole Universe, he found that a static, unchanging cosmos was highly unusual. Instead, the Universe should be either expanding or contracting. The Belgian astronomer and Catholic priest Georges Lemaître came to a similar conclusion, calling his idea of the origins of the Universe the “primeval atom.”
Scientists, including Einstein, rejected this idea. But in the 1920’s astronomer Edwin Hubble conclusively demonstrated that all galaxies are, on average, racing away from each other. The simplest explanation of this observation is that we live in an expanding Universe.
Since then, multiple lines of evidence have led scientists to conclude that the Big Bang theory is accurate. For example, models of the very early Universe successfully predict the abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. Early cosmologists also predicted the existence of an afterglow light pattern generated when the young Universe transitioned from a plasma to neutral state. This pattern, called the cosmic microwave background, was discovered on accident in the 1960’s.
In the Big Bang model, the primordial Universe expanded and cooled, eventually giving rise to the formation of stars and galaxies.
Today, no other theory of cosmology can successfully explain the wealth of evidence.
UFO Seen Over Las Vegas, Nevada 4-18-2022, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Seen Over Las Vegas, Nevada 4-18-2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 18, 2022
Location of sighting: Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Watch this amazing catch in Las Vegas, Nevada a few days ago. An eyewitness heard something loud that sounds like a jet and opened his phone to record, just in time to catch a strange object passing overhead. The object sounds like a jet, but looks alien made. I believe this craft could be one of USAF top secret evolutions of the TR3B, which started out as a triangle, but may have evolved into a new generation of spheres. Nellis AFB is in Las Vegas outskirts, and is a known testing ground for alien tech. Watch the video and its slow motion close up I made at the end. I have never seen a man made craft that looks like this before, and I worked on the flight line on B-1 bombers at Ellsworth AFB long ago.
UFO Near Space Station During Space Walk, April 18, 2022, HD Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Near Space Station During Space Walk, April 18, 2022, HD Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 18, 2022
Location of sighitng: Space Station Source:NASA Live Cams
Now this is really confusing at what this could be. I know its not the SpaceX capsule because it would not be docking or leaving while there is a space walk going on, because it would jeopardize the safety of the astronauts. I also know that this is not the moon, since I have watched this cam for over 15 years and have seen the moon many times, it much bigger than this. This object has the shape and color of an alien craft. Notice how it hangs back, watching the astronauts do a space walk from a distance. Perhaps they are there not only to observe, but to lend a hand in case of emergencies. If the spacewalk goes bad, an astronaut could die before he or she gets back into the space station. These aliens are clearly not trying to hide, and yet, not trying to frighten the astronauts.
Tunnel Cloud, A UFO Freeway Within, Babylon, New York, April 14, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Tunnel Cloud, A UFO Freeway Within, Babylon, New York, April 14, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting:April 14, 2022
Location of sighting: Babylon, New York, USA
Wow! This was seen not just in Babylon, New York but clear across New York along the waters edge, past Long Island. I have seen similar tunnels before. The tunnels are used by aliens as a transportation highway. The cloud is being contained by a forcefield that holds it together in a beam from one end to the other by maintenance UFOs. Then later larger orb UFOs often the size of city buses will transport through one after another with about a 2-3 minute space in between. This way, they move from one place on the planet to another unseen. There are many alien bases on Earth, not just one. There are said to be over ten thousand bases here. So UFOs are necessary to carry supplies, people, dignitaries and items back and forth. I'm sure many will doubt me on this, but I stake not only my reputation on this being true, but a similar sighting I personally had in the USAF at Rapid City, South Dakota back in 1990 is why I am reporting UFOs today. And yes, I saw four such tunnels starting above our parking lot, on a clear blue sky day. Each tunnel side by side. Not a cloud in the sky, but the tunnels. Then a grumbling noise and a huge 747 ball lit up at the end right above me. Then it slowly moved down the tunnel, increasing speed faster and faster until it disappeared over the horizon within the tunnel. Then another would appear in a tunnel next to it, and it all started again and again over 25X but I had to got to work at Ellsworth AFB so I'm sure I missed some. True story, like it or not. Its 100% real.
The quake was so ruinous, humans fled the area for 1,000 years.
The earthquake sent waves as high as 66 feet 5000 miles across the Pacific Ocean.
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
Archaeologists have found evidence of the largest known earthquake in human history — a terrifying magnitude-9.5 megaquake that caused a 5,000-mile-long (8,000 kilometers) tsunami and prompted human populations to abandon nearby coastlines for 1,000 years, a new study finds.
The earthquake struck about 3,800 years ago in what is now northern Chile when a tectonic plate rupture lifted the region's coastline. The subsequent tsunami was so powerful, it created waves as high as 66 feet (20 meters) and traveled all the way to New Zealand, where it hurled car-size boulders hundreds of miles inland, the researchers found.
Until now, the largest earthquake ever recorded was the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, which hit southern Chile with a magnitude between 9.4 and 9.6, killing up to 6,000 people and sending tsunamis barreling across the Pacific Ocean. The rupture that caused the Valdivia earthquake was enormous, extending as far as 500 miles (800 km) in length. But, as scientists detail in research published April 6 in the journal Science Advances, the newly discovered ancient megaquake was even bigger, coming from a rupture roughly 620 miles (1,000 km) long.
"It had been thought that there could not be an event of that size in the north of the country simply because you could not get a long enough rupture," study co-author James Goff, a geologist at the University of Southampton in England, said in a statement.
Like the Valdivia earthquake, the ancient quake was a megathrust earthquake, the most powerful type of earthquake in the world. These earthquakes occur when one of Earth's tectonic plates gets forced, or subducted, underneath another. The two plates eventually get locked into place by friction, but the forces that caused the plates to collide continue to build. Eventually, so much strain gathers that the point of contact between the plates rips apart, creating a gigantic rupture and releasing energy in the form of devastating seismic waves.
Evidence for the giant quake was found in marine and coastal items — such as littoral deposits (boulders, pebbles and sand native to coastal regions) and marine rocks, shells and sea life — that the researchers discovered displaced far inland in Chile's Atacama Desert.
"We found evidence of marine sediments and a lot of beasties that would have been living quietly in the sea before being thrown inland," Goff said in the statement. "And we found all these very high up and a long way inland, so it could not have been a storm that put them there."
To get a better sense of what brought these deposits so far from the sea, the researchers used radiocarbon dating. This method involves measuring the quantities of carbon 14, a radioactive carbon isotope, found inside a material to determine its age. As carbon 14 is everywhere on Earth, deposits easily absorb it while they form. The half-life of carbon 14, or the time it takes for half of it to radioactively decay, is 5,730 years, making it ideal for scientists who want to peer back into the last 50,000 years of history by checking how much undecayed carbon 14 a material has.
After dating 17 deposits across seven separate dig sites over 370 miles (600 km) of Chile's northern coast, the researchers found that the ages of the out-of-place coastal material suggested that it had been washed inland some 3,800 years ago.
Further evidence also came in the form of ancient stone structures that the archaeologists excavated. These stone walls, built by humans, were found lying beneath the tsunami's deposits, and some were lying backward, pointing toward the sea, suggesting that they had been toppled by the strong currents of the tsunami's backwash.
"The local population there were left with nothing," Goff said. "Our archaeological work found that a huge social upheaval followed as communities moved inland beyond the reach of tsunamis. It was over 1,000 years before people returned to live at the coast again, which is an amazing length of time given that they relied on the sea for food.
As this is the oldest known discovery in the Southern Hemisphere of an earthquake and tsunami devastating human lives, the researchers are excited to probe the region further. They think their research could better inform us of the potential dangers of future megathrust quakes.
"While this had a major impact on people in Chile, the South Pacific islands were uninhabited when they took a pummeling from the tsunami 3,800 years ago," Goff said. "But they are all well-populated now, and many are popular tourist destinations. So when such an event occurs next time, the consequences could be catastrophic unless we learn from these findings."
Wetenschappers vinden bewijzen van mogelijk zwaarste aardbeving die de mens ooit meemaakte
De sterkste aardbeving ooit gemeten was tot nu toe die van Valdivia in Zuid-Chili op 22 mei 1960. De beving had een kracht van ongeveer 9,5 op de momentmagnitudeschaal. Maar wetenschappers hebben nu bewijzen gevonden van een nóg grotere mega-aardbeving op onze planeet. Die vond zo’n 3.800 jaar geleden plaats in het noorden van Chili en is, voor zover geweten, de zwaarste die de mensheid ooit te verwerken kreeg.
Als gevolg van de Valdivia-aardbeving borrelden verwoestende tsunami’s op uit de Stille Oceaan. In totaal lieten zo’n 6.000 mensen het leven bij de megabeving. De enorme breuklijn die de aardbeving veroorzaakte, strekte zich uit over een lengte van 800 kilometer.
De nieuw ontdekte megabeving uit de oudheid, beschreven in een artikel in het wetenschappelijke tijdschrift ‘Science Advances’, was het gevolg van een breuklijn die nóg langer was: ruwweg 1.000 kilometer. De bewuste aardbeving vond ongeveer 3.800 jaar geleden plaats in wat nu het noorden van Chili is.
De kustlijn werd toen opgetild door subductie, een fenomeen waarbij een tektonische plaat van de aarde onder een andere schuift. De twee platen worden op hun plaats gehouden door wrijving, maar de krachten die de platen hebben doen botsen, blijven toenemen. Uiteindelijk zal het contactpunt tussen de platen uit elkaar scheuren, waardoor er een gigantische breuk ontstaat en er energie vrijkomt in de vorm van verwoestende seismische golven.
3.800 jaar geleden leidde de aardbeving tot tsunamigolven met hoogtes van 20 meter, die zelfs tot Nieuw-Zeeland reikten, meer dan 8.000 kilometer verderop. Volgens de onderzoekers werden daar rotsblokken zo groot als auto’s tot honderden kilometers landinwaarts geslingerd.
De megabeving had een kracht van 9,5 op de momentmagnitudeschaal, de verbeterde schaal van Richter. De mensheid zou nadien de kustregio duizend jaar lang mijden.
Bewijzen voor die reusachtige aardbeving vonden wetenschappers in zee- en kustafzettingen, in zeegesteenten, schelpen en ander marien leven. De onderzoekers troffen dat soort afzettingsmateriaal ver landinwaarts aan in de Chileense Atacamawoestijn. “We vonden bewijs van mariene sedimenten en een heleboel beestjes die rustig in de zee zouden hebben geleefd tot ze op het land werden geworpen”, verduidelijkt geoloog James Goff, die meeschreef aan de studie. “En we vonden ze allemaal heel hoog en ver landinwaarts, wat betekent dat het geen storm kan zijn geweest die ze tot daar heeft gebracht.” Dat het 3.800 jaar geleden is dat die mariene afzettingen naar een onnatuurlijke plaats landinwaarts werden gedreven, konden de onderzoekers berekenen via koolstofdatering. Die moderne dateringsmethode werd toegepast op zeventien afzettingen, aangetroffen op zeven afzonderlijke opgravingsplaatsen, verspreid over een afstand van 600 kilometer langs de noordkust van Chili.
Een ander bewijs bestaat uit oude stenen muren, gebouwd door mensen en opgegraven door de archeologen. Ze zaten verborgen onder de afzettingen van de tsunami en lagen soms achterover in de richting van de zee, wat erop wijst dat ze zijn omgevallen door de sterke stroming, veroorzaakt door de terugslag van de tsunamigolven.
Volgens Goff trok de bevolking, die niets meer had, na de tsunami landinwaarts. Pas meer dan duizend jaar later zouden mensen de kuststreek weer opzoeken om er te gaan wonen. “Dat is een verbazingwekkend lange tijd, want ze waren voor hun voedsel afhankelijk van de zee”, legt Goff uit. Hij voegt eraan toe dat de gigantische aardbeving weliswaar zware gevolgen had voor de Chileense bevolking, maar dat de eilanden in de Stille Zuidzee 3.800 jaar geleden nog onbewoond waren. Dat is vandaag anders. “Ze zijn nu allemaal goed bevolkt en het zijn vaak ook populaire toeristische bestemmingen”, zegt de wetenschapper, die daarom de regio verder wil bestuderen. “Als zo’n gebeurtenis zich nog eens zou voordoen, kunnen de gevolgen catastrofaal zijn, tenzij we van onze bevindingen leren.”
Jupiters maan Europa bevat mogelijk water waarin leven kan bestaan, zeggen wetenschappers
Wetenschappers zijn ervan overtuigd dat Jupiters maan, Europa, mogelijk water bevat waarin leven kan bestaan. Dat stellen ze vast nadat ze oppervlaktekenmerken vonden die vergelijkbaar zijn met die op de Groenlandse ijskap. Ondergrondse poelen met zout water kunnen er heel reëel zijn, zeggen de onderzoekers die geloven dat de plaatsen veelbelovende plekken kunnen zijn om te zoeken naar tekenen van leven buiten de aarde.
Het bewijs voor de ondiepe poelen, niet ver onder het bevroren oppervlak van de maan, kwam aan het licht toen wetenschappers van Stanford opmerkten dat reusachtige parallelle bergkammen die zich honderden kilometers uitstrekken op Europa, opvallend veel leken op een veel kleinere dubbele bergkam die ze in het noordwesten van Groenland hadden gezien. De bergkammen van Europa kunnen tot 300 meter hoog zijn en worden gescheiden door valleien van een halve mijl (805 meter) breed.
Gewapend met radar- en andere waarnemingen van de Groenlandse bergkammen, begonnen ze te begrijpen hoe die zijn ontstaan. “Op de Groenlandse ijskap is een kleine dubbele bergkam te zien die bijna precies lijkt op de bergkammen die we op het oppervlak van Jupiters maan Europa zien”, zegt Riley Culberg, een promovendus en geofysicus aan Stanford. “En de reden dat het opwindend is om deze analoge eigenschap in Groenland te hebben, is dat we al ongeveer 20 jaar proberen te achterhalen wat juist de dubbele richels op Europa maakt.”
Als de bergkammen die de maan doorkruisen op dezelfde manier zijn gevormd als die op Groenland, dan is de kans reëel dat er zich ondergronds water op het hemellichaam bevindt. En dat biedt dan weer de mogelijkheid tot leven buiten de aarde. “Vloeibaar water dicht bij het oppervlak van de ijskap is echt een veelbelovend teken als we zoeken naar plaatsen waar leven een kans kan krijgen”, zei Dustin Schroeder, universitair hoofddocent geofysica aan de Stanford Universiteit.
Via breuken in de ijsschelp
Europa is iets kleiner dan de maan van de aarde en is 2.000 mijl (ongeveer 3.220 km) breed. Het werd een belangrijke kanshebber in de zoektocht naar leven elders toen waarnemingen van telescopen op de grond en passerende ruimtesondes bewijs vonden van een diepe oceaan 10 tot 15 mijl (16 tot 24 km) onder zijn ijzige oppervlak. Europa’s oceaan is naar schatting 40 tot 100 mijl diep (65 tot 160 km), dus ook al is hij maar een kwart zo breed als de aarde, hij kan toch twee keer zoveel water bevatten als alle oceanen van de aarde bij elkaar.
In ‘Nature Communications’ beschrijven de onderzoekers hoe de dubbele ijsruggen van Groenland, die ongeveer 50 keer kleiner zijn dan die op Europa, zijn ontstaan toen ondiepe plassen water onder de grond bevroren en het oppervlak keer op keer brak, waardoor de dubbele ruggen gestaag omhoog werden gestuwd. “Het is alsof je een blikje frisdrank in de vriezer zet en het ontploft. Het is dat soort druk dat de bergkammen aan het oppervlak omhoog duwt”, stelt Culberg.
In Groenland loopt het water vanuit de meren aan het oppervlak naar de ondergrondse zakken, maar op Europa vermoeden de wetenschappers dat vloeibaar water vanuit de onderliggende oceaan via breuken in de ijsschelp naar het oppervlak wordt geperst. Deze beweging van het water zou kunnen helpen bij de circulatie van chemische stoffen die nodig zijn voor leven in Europa’s oceaan, zo voegen zij eraan toe.
Europa Clipper-missie van de NASA moet duidelijkheid brengen
Michael Manga, professor in de aard- en planeetwetenschappen aan de Universiteit van Californië, Berkeley, die niet bij het onderzoek betrokken was, zegt dat het “aannemelijk” is dat Europa’s richels ontstaan door water dat omhoog wordt geperst. Maar er blijven vragen. “Ik vraag me af waarom de kenmerken op aarde zoveel kleiner zijn”, zegt hij. Hoewel de sterkere zwaartekracht van de aarde zou kunnen verklaren waarom de bergkammen hier lager zijn dan op Europa, is het onduidelijk waarom de valleien tussen de bergkammen ook smaller zijn.
Verwacht wordt dat de Europa Clipper-missie van de NASA, die in 2024 wordt gelanceerd, meer licht zal werpen op de manier waarop de dubbele bergkammen zijn ontstaan wanneer zij een gedetailleerde verkenning van Jupiters maan uitvoert en onderzoekt of zich daar omstandigheden bevinden die geschikt zijn voor leven.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:HLN.be - Het Laatste Nieuws ( NL)
Massive Black Cube UFO appears above the Sun's Surface
Massive Black Cube UFO appears above the Sun's Surface
On April 15, 2022 the black cube UFO arrives next to the sun and reappears on April 17, 2022 but this time above the surface of the sun.
According to NASA, the black cubes are, in fact, missing data in the pictures but since flares of the sun partially cover the left side of the cube, we assume that the object appears to be real.
Curiously, a similar event occurred nine years earlier in the same month, just a coincidence?
The researchers think that there was a 'backwards universe' before the Big Bang that was then inverted to create the universe we live in today.
They explained: "We investigate the idea that the universe before the Big Bang is the CPT reflection of the universe after the bang, both classically and quantum mechanically."
And, added: "The universe before the bang and the universe after the bang may be viewed as a universe/anti-universe pair, emerging directly into the hot, radiation-dominated era we observe in our past.
"This, in turn, leads to a remarkably economical explanation of the cosmological dark matter."
The wild theory could mean the presence of dark matter in our universe isn't so mysterious after all.
The scientists propose dark matter is actually made up of a type of ghostly particle called right-handed neutrinos.
Neutrino particles are present in our universe but they only spin to the left.
Scientists think it's odd that they haven't found a version that spins to the right as the laws of physics suggest they should be out there.
The researchers think the right spinning particles could be invisible in our universe and could just be represented by dark matter.
Little is known about dark matter in the universe other than it can not be seen but does have a physical effect on other objects.
Researchers think investigating neutrino particles and dark matter further could potentially be a step in proving the 'anti-universe' theory.
Scientists don't think we'd be able to visit the proposed 'anti-universe' because it technically happened before the Big Bang.
The link between CIA and UFO mystery is dated back to 1947. Since then, many CIA officials and the ex-US military personally propelled UFOlogy by giving shocking statements. Former CIA & US military officials such as R. James Woolsey, Derrel Sims, Lue Elizondo, David Fravor, etc. described how the existence of reality all around us that we are unable to perceive could be a major aspect of the UFO phenomenon.
Recently, two veteran CIA officers Jim Semivan & John Ramirez, who have expressed personal interest in UFO/UAP issues and cases, joined the George Knapp show to discuss the CIA’s role in the study of UFOs and their own experiences.
Jim Semivan spent 25 years with the CIA and then joined other former government insiders as part of Tom Delonge’s To the Stars Academy. He detailed how he was inducted into the CIA and learned spycraft, which takes years to master. The CIA works on a “need-to-know” principle, so when it came to UFOs, Semivan was not made specifically aware of research on this topic, though CIA analyst Kit Green was known for pursuing the paranormal.
Jim Semivan worked for 25 years as an Operations Officer for the CIA’s Directorate of Operations.
On Coast to Coast AM Semivan described his own alien-type encounters that occurred to him and his wife starting in 1990, in which beings showed up in their bedroom. The incident was authentic, and not a hypnagogic or dream state, he stipulated. The couple subsequently observed on-and-off poltergeist activity in their home, and more recently, he said he saw a hooded figure that resembled the Death Eater character from Harry Potter, who perhaps materialized to herald the death of a close friend. Semivan said he concurs with a remark made by Skinwalker Ranch researcher Colm Kelleher that the UFO phenomenon is a lot more than nuts & bolts and machines, as there are also psychic and biological elements that ratchet up the high strangeness. To the Stars’ investigation of “metamaterials” with odd isotopic ratios (possibly associated with UFOs) was ongoing, he added.
In the first half of the interview Semivan said:
“I think they mention that the phenomenon is a natural part of our universe, and we’re living in it but we don’t recognize it. The same way that insects and animals don’t recognize the human universe. A cat and a dog could be running through a library, but they don’t have the faintest idea what the books are all about and what libraries are all about. We might be walking through our existence and there’s a whole other reality that surrounds us that we just simply don’t have the ability to see or interact with.”
“It seems to be peeking inside our little consensus reality. As I explained to somebody once, it comes close, it teases us, it cajoles us, it lies to us, but you can never take it home to meet the parents. It won’t allow you to do that. There’s no formal introduction. Add on top that there’s no ontology, which is just a fancy word, it basically means there’s no structure to even discuss this. We don’t have a common lexicon. Somebody said we have dots but no connections. I don’t even think we have dots.”
John Ramirez, a 25-year CIA veteran who specialized in ballistic missile defense systems, was featured in the latter half of the interview. He recalled his long-standing interest in spycraft, and how he shifted from being a Navy officer to the CIA in 1984. He compared intel gathering to being a journalist for a news service, though his sources for reports were typically clandestine.
John Ramirez
Like Semivan, he also experienced what might be considered alien abduction-type experiences, including being placed on an examination table in a circular craft. Interestingly, a number of his counterparts in the CIA and NSA also had UFO experiences, he revealed. In his job related to missile defense, he became aware of times when Russian radar would detect unusual craft, and in one instance, he said they tried to lure a UAP into landing.
Ramirez noted that CIA historian Gerald Haines wrote about the agency’s study of UFOs from 1947 through the 1990s, for a division that was initially called the Office of Scientific Intelligence. What was particularly intriguing to Ramirez was that the division had life sciences and medical people on staff, indicating possible interest in alien bodies.
He also described how an Air Force pilot on the plane that flew near Kamchatka to monitor Russian tests observed a massive “milky white wall” of light flying toward him at 6,200 mph, though the Air Force assumed it was some kind of countermeasure by the Russians. Regarding the military sightings of ‘trans-medium’ UAP like the Tic Tacs, Ramirez said he does not believe that Russia or any other foreign country has the capabilities to produce this kind of antigravity technology.
Lue made these points in several interviews, but in this one, he was asked to elaborate on his comments about how our senses are reductive and limit our reality, and how this might be relevant to the phenomenon. He replied:
“This is something we’ve been dealing with for a long time. Imagine the first person to get on a boat and sail over the horizon. There’s stories of sea monsters and Krakens that will devour you and destroy your boat. Yet, we did it anyways. We did sail, and we explored the world. It turns out, 500 years later, there really are sea monsters. We call them the Great Squid of the Pacific, and great white sharks and whales.
Now they’re just part of nature and have a scientific name, but those sea monsters still exist. They’re there, we just learned to understand them. Maybe this is the same thing. Maybe this is just another expedition over the horizon where we’re going to realize what we thought were monsters are really just neighbors.”
Interestingly, Garry Nolan, Lue Elizondo, Tom DeLonge, and Jacques Vallee say very similar things when it comes to the reality of the phenomenon.
New Horizons has sent back one of its most intriguing images of the surface of Pluto.
It shows a mysterious object appearing to 'slide' through the surface.
Nasa experts believe the object may be a 'dirty block of water ice'.
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Nasa experts believe the object may be a 'dirty block of water ice' which is floating in denser solid nitrogen. Also visible are thousands of pits in the surface, which scientists believe may form by sublimation.
WHERE IT WAS TAKEN
Transmitted to Earth on Dec. 24, this image from the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) extends New Horizons' highest-resolution views of Pluto to the very center of Sputnik Planum, the informally named icy plain that forms the left side of Pluto's 'heart' feature.
Sputnik Planum is at a lower elevation than most of the surrounding area by a couple of miles, but is not completely flat.
Its surface is separated into cells or polygons 10 to 25 miles (16 to 40 kilometers) wide, and when viewed at low sun angles (with visible shadows), the cells are seen to have slightly raised centers and ridged margins, with about 100 yards (100 meters) of overall height variation.
They say it is 'floating' in denser solid nitrogen, and which has been dragged to the edge of a convection cell.
Also visible are thousands of pits in the surface, which scientists believe may form by sublimation.
Transmitted to Earth on Dec. 24, this image from the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) extends New Horizons' highest-resolution views of Pluto to the very center of Sputnik Planum, the informally named icy plain that forms the left side of Pluto's 'heart' feature.
Sputnik Planum is at a lower elevation than most of the surrounding area by a couple of miles, but is not completely flat.
Its surface is separated into cells or polygons 10 to 25 miles (16 to 40 kilometers) wide, and when viewed at low sun angles (with visible shadows), the cells are seen to have slightly raised centers and ridged margins, with about 100 yards (100 meters) of overall height variation.
Mission scientists believe the pattern of the cells stems from the slow thermal convection of the nitrogen-dominated ices that fill Sputnik Planum.
A reservoir that's likely several miles or kilometers deep in some places, the solid nitrogen is warmed at depth by Pluto's modest internal heat, becomes buoyant and rises up in great blobs, and then cools off and sinks again to renew the cycle.
'This part of Pluto is acting like a lava lamp,' said William McKinnon, deputy lead of the New Horizons Geology, Geophysics and Imaging team, from Washington University in St. Louis, 'if you can imagine a lava lamp as wide as, and even deeper than, the Hudson Bay.'
Computer models by the New Horizons team show that these blobs of overturning solid nitrogen can slowly evolve and merge over millions of years. The ridged margins, which mark where cooled nitrogen ice sinks back down, can be pinched off and abandoned.
The 'X' feature is likely one of these—a former quadruple junction where four convection cells meet. Numerous, active triple junctions can be seen elsewhere in the LORRI mosaic.
Scientists from NASA’s New Horizons mission have also combined data from two instruments to create this composite image of Pluto’s informally named Viking Terra area.
Nasa also revealed new images of Pluto’s informally named Viking Terra area.
The combined data includes pictures taken by the spacecraft’s Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on July 14, 2015, from a range of about 31,000 miles (49,000 kilometers), showing features as small as 1,600 feet (480 meters) across.
Draped over the LORRI mosaic is enhanced color data from the Ralph/Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC), gathered about 20 minutes after the LORRI snapshots were taken, from a range of 21,000 miles (34,000 kilometers) and at a resolution of about 2,100 feet (650 meters) per pixel.
The entire scene is 160 miles (250 kilometers) across.
Among the features scientists find particularly interesting are the bright methane ices that condensed on many crater rims; the collection of dark red tholins (small soot-like particles generated from reactions involving methane and nitrogen in the atmosphere) in low areas, like the bottoms of craters; and the layering on the faces of steep cliffs and on crater walls.
In areas where the reddish material is thickest and the surface appears smooth, the material seems to have flowed into some channels and craters. Scientists say tholin deposits of that thickness aren’t usually mobile on large scales, suggesting that they might be riding along with ice flowing underneath, or being blown around by Pluto’s winds.
The images are the latest to show mysterious 'pits' on the 'heart' of Pluto have been revealed in unprecedented detail, along with colour images of the dwarf planet's 'badlands'.
Mission scientists believe these mysterious indentations may form through a combination of ice fracturing and evaporation.
The scarcity of overlying impact craters in this area also leads scientists to conclude that these pits – typically hundreds of yards across and tens of yards deep – formed relatively recently.
Their alignment provides clues about the ice flow and the exchange of nitrogen and other volatile materials between the surface and the atmosphere.
On July 14 the telescopic camera on NASA's New Horizons spacecraft took the highest resolution images ever obtained of the intricate pattern of 'pits' across a section of Pluto's prominent heart-shaped region, informally named Tombaugh Regio. The image is part of a sequence taken by New Horizons' Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) as the spacecraft passed within 9,550 miles (15,400 kilometers) of Pluto's surface, just 13 minutes before the time of closest approach.
The image is part of a sequence taken by New Horizons' Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) as the spacecraft passed within 9,550 miles (15,400 kilometers) of Pluto's surface, just 13 minutes before the time of closest approach.
The magnified view is 50-by-50 miles (80-by-80 kilometers) across.
The large ring-like structure near the bottom right of the magnified view - and the smaller one near the bottom left - may be remnant craters.
The upper-left quadrant of the image shows the border between the relatively smooth Sputnik Planum ice sheet and the pitted area, with a series of hills forming slightly inside this unusual 'shoreline.'
Pictured here is the mountainous shoreline of Sputnik Planum. In this highest-resolution image from New Horizons, great blocks of Pluto's water-ice crust appear jammed together in the informally named al-Idrisi mountains. 'The mountains bordering Sputnik Planum are absolutely stunning at this resolution,' said New Horizons science team member John Spencer of the Southwest Research Institute
Nasa also revealed a new colourised version of the surface.
This enhanced color mosaic combines some of the sharpest views of Pluto that NASA's New Horizons spacecraft obtained during its July 14 flyby.
The pictures are part of a sequence taken near New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto, with resolutions of about 250-280 feet (77-85 meters) per pixel – revealing features smaller than half a city block on Pluto's surface.
Lower resolution color data (at about 2,066 feet, or 630 meters, per pixel) were added to create this new image.
The images form a strip 50 miles (80 kilometers) wide, trending (top to bottom) from the edge of 'badlands' northwest of the informally named Sputnik Planum, across the al-Idrisi mountains, onto the shoreline of Pluto's 'heart' feature, and just into its icy plains.
They combine pictures from the telescopic Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) taken approximately 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto, with – from a range of only 10,000 miles (17,000 kilometers) – with color data (in near-infrared, red and blue) gathered by the Ralph/Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) 25 minutes before the LORRI pictures.
This image reveals new details of Pluto's rugged, icy cratered plains, including layering in the interior walls of many craters. 'Impact craters are nature's drill rigs, and the new, highest-resolution pictures of the bigger craters seem to show that Pluto's icy crust, at least in places, is distinctly layered,' said William McKinnon, deputy lead of the New Horizons Geology, Geophysics and Imaging team
'The wide variety of cratered, mountainous and glacial terrains seen here gives scientists and the public alike a breathtaking, super-high-resolution color window into Pluto's geology,' Nasa said.
From its rugged 'badlands' to its mountainous shorelines, the latest pictures are part of a sequence taken 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach on July 14.
The science we can do with these images is simply unbelievable
The resolution is stunning. At around 80 metres per pixel, incredible details can be picked out, such as huge ice blocks, dramatic craters and crumpled ridges - all less than half the size of a city block on Pluto's diverse surface.
'These close-up images, showing the diversity of terrain on Pluto, demonstrate the power of our robotic planetary explorers to return intriguing data to scientists back here on planet Earth,' said John Grunsfeld, former astronaut and associate administrator for Nasa's Science Mission Directorate.
'New Horizons thrilled us during the July flyby with the first close images of Pluto, and as the spacecraft transmits the treasure trove of images in its onboard memory back to us, we continue to be amazed by what we see.'
These latest images form a strip 50 miles (80 km) wide on a world three billion miles away.
The pictures trend from Pluto's jagged horizon about 500 miles (800 km) northwest of the informally named Sputnik Planum, across the al-Idrisi mountains, over the shoreline of Sputnik, and across its icy plains.
'These new images give us a breathtaking, super-high resolution window into Pluto's geology,' said New Horizons Principal Investigator Alan Stern, of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado.
'Nothing of this quality was available for Venus or Mars until decades after their first flybys; yet at Pluto we're there already – down among the craters, mountains and ice fields – less than five months after flyby. The science we can do with these images is simply unbelievable.'
The images were captured with the telescopic Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) aboard New Horizons, about 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto – from a range of just 10,000 miles (17,000 km).
They were obtained with an unusual observing mode; instead of working in the usual 'point and shoot,' LORRI snapped pictures every three seconds while the Ralph/Multispectral Visual Imaging Camera (MVIC) aboard New Horizons was scanning the surface.
This mode requires unusually short exposures to avoid blurring the images.
These new images are six times better than the resolution of the global Pluto map New Horizons obtained, and five times better than the best images of Pluto's cousin Triton, Neptune's large moon, obtained by Voyager 2 in 1989.
Mission scientists expect more imagery from this set over the next several days, showing even more terrain at this highest resolution.
It follows an image released by Nasa last month showing 10 close-ups of the frosty, faraway world today, representing one Pluto day, which is equivalent to 6.4 Earth days.
Pictured are Pluto's 'Badlands'. This highest-resolution image from Nasa's New Horizons spacecraft shows how erosion and faulting have sculpted this portion of Pluto's icy crust into rugged badlands topography
NEW HORIZONS' NEW MISSION
The spacecraft that gave us the first close-up views of Pluto now has a much smaller object in its sights.
New Horizons is now track to fly past a recently discovered, less than 30-mile-wide object out on the solar system frontier.
The close encounter with what's known as 2014 MU69 would occur in 2019. It orbits nearly 1 billion miles (1.6 billion kilometers) beyond Pluto.
Nasa and the New Horizons team chose 2014 MU69 in August as New Horizons' next potential target, thus the nickname PT-1. Like Pluto, MU69 orbits the sun in the frozen, twilight zone known as the Kuiper Belt.
MU69 is thought to be 10 times larger and 1,000 times more massive than average comets, including the one being orbited right now by Europe's Rosetta spacecraft.
On the other end, MU69 is barely 1 percent the size of Pluto and perhaps one-ten-thousandth the mass of the dwarf planet. So the new target is a good middle ground, according to scientists.
The team plans to formally ask Nasa next year to fund the mission extension for studying MU69.
Scientists promise a better name before showtime on January 1, 2019.
There are dozens of alien contactees who claim that they either visited the extraterrestrials’ spaceships or were contacted by aliens physically & mentally. But the story of Nadira Duran of California began even before her birth. She is also known by her spiritual name, Azi-Azon, which simply means “Ancient.” She basically called herself a spiritual medium (or a channel), who is here to deliver the message of higher beings (Greys & Angels) to save humans from self-destruction. Besides, she is known for her healings, using Tarot, palmistry, giving classes, and lectures.
Before she was born, a huge white light had visited her parents and instructed them on how to raise her. They were told that heavenly beings would give their daughter spiritual knowledge for healing humans. When she was born, her face was covered with two veils (normally, there is one that rarely occurs fewer than 1 in 80,000 births), and after the nurse removed it, she saw her skin glowing and called it a “magic skin.”
Nadira Duran
At that time, her parents lived in a desert in California, and many people wanted to see her magic skin which lasted for 10 days, but her parents were very protective, so they left the place and went to her grandfather’s house in Oregon. Nadira lived there among the farmers and loggers and often went on exploring the place with her younger brother. She said that she had been visited by a not very tall ET many times (whom she designated as the “Cat Man”) when she was only 5 or 6. But it came only in summer, not in other seasons.
“I was small for my age and he had a round face he had curled up eyes very small just like little slits that curled up oh he had yellowish skin which was rough and bumpy you know how you get goosebumps. This is how his skin was and then he had big yellow spots and then from here he had these wild what I thought was hairs they could have been some kind of feelers or something but in my mind’s eye I have always referred to him as a cat man,” Nadira said.
She had lots of conversations with this ET, and he shared some highly advanced information with Nadira which could only be revealed to the future generation. She learned spirituality under the watchful eye of archangels Micheal, Gabriel, Raphael, Sunder Singh, etc. She accepted that she had no power on her own, and whatever she got was taught by the spirits she applied in he alings. Moreover, she does channelings.
Nadira had an interesting incident in her life when she was in her twenties and went to San Francisco with her friend Mary on a business trip. Inadvertently, they found themselves on the wrong way while returning. Mary noticed that they were heading to the Golden Gate Bridge which was not in their path. They felt like under hypnosis of something. The night was clear, but the bridge was covered with a thick fog, and there was no sign of people on it.
Mary was trying hard to accelerate the car, but it did not go fast. Then Nadira looked out of the window and found themselves above the bridge. Her friend’s reaction was rather positive than being shocked. That’s it, she only remembered the part of being lifted up but did not see any ship or light. Next, they were parked somewhere near a hotel and sitting for long in a car till the next morning. What they had witnessed was actually a “Lost Time.” They had no clue what had happened but they lost around 13 hours.
Nadira already knew that they had been abducted by the aliens but did not want her friend to know about it. Somehow, Mary’s boyfriend did hypnosis on her and shockingly, she recalled everything that had happened in those lost hours.
Anyway, they both never discussed it, and years later, in the mid-1980s, Nadira went for a laparoscopy. Her tests were normal, everything was fine but her gall bladder and a rib were missing. Interestingly, she thought it was a mistake because she had never had any surgery, and there is no surgery mark on her abdomen. Later, she recalled her abduction that had happened in the 70s and then found out that an advanced ET technician had removed her gall bladder for goodness. What’s more, she met an alien on the ship, whom she called the “Commander.”
The Commander told her that she was special, not like others. The ship had panels with symbols like ancient languages, and each symbol represented different universes. The Commander took her on a ride to a universe where she saw a purple and pink planet with beings on it. They were smaller in size but had no flesh on their body. Then she returned to the place where they began.
Sketch of grey aliens with a human child
Nadira had many contacts with the Commander who was actually a female Grey alien in a special bodysuit and face mask. The alien told her that their bodies were very fragile, and any germ or bacteria from her could kill them. Their race had a very weak immune system, they had lost the ability to give birth, their women could not get pregnant and outnumbered the men. So, to strengthen her (Grey) race, they had been mixing themselves with humans.
Surprisingly, the Commander told her that they were actually from the Earth and time-traveled from the future to find her through genetic codes. The grey told her about a great disaster that would come in the future, and that the “New World Order” would destroy humanity. Nadira saw a scene of 9/11 and various riots that were going to happen in the future through time travel. The grey alien told her that there were people who wanted to enslave humans. Their biggest goal was only to start a war and earn money. Those people were not any world leaders or presidents.
The commander said: “Ones who are in power today on your earth rule you by fear. The ones who are in power are not the ones that are the kings and the presidents. There are a select few that are in power, these are the ones that want the New World Order these are the ones that want to enslave the people of Earth. These are the ones who will be the downfall of Earth because they are warmongers these are the ones that are wanting to make money because money is their God.”
Nadira said that her main purpose on Earth is to enlighten humans about infinite love which is their only chance to survive, otherwise they would end up like the Greys. From her knowledge that she received from spirits and the Cat Man, she wants to help people to have peace.
16 Psyche is an asteroid full of metal in the asteroid belt that could be worth $700 quintillion.
NASA plans to visit 16 Psyche by 2026.
Commercial mining of faraway asteroids could still be decades away and some set closer targets, like the moon.
Would you like to be a billionaire? All you have to do is figure out how to go into space and mine 16 Psyche, an asteroid made of gold and other metals like iron and nickel. Flying somewhere between Mars and Jupiter, this amazing space rock is estimated to be worth as much as $700 quintillion, thanks to all the metals it contains.
Quintillion, if you are wondering, is 1 with 18 zeroes. It’s such a large amount of money that if you divide it up between everyone alive on Earth currently, each person would get about $93 billion.
Of course, don’t pack your bags for your new palace just yet – the prospect of actually getting such a giant chunk of precious metals back to Earth is difficult and hasn’t been accomplished yet even on much smaller scales. And 16 Psyche is a truly massive space rock at over 200 km (120 mi) in diameter. It is one of the largest asteroids flying in the asteroid belt.
Experts, like Professor Zarnecki of the Royal Astronomical Society, conjecture we may be up to 50 years away from being able to carry out commercial mining operations of that size. To start things off, NASA is planning to send a Discovery Mission to the asteroid in 2022, which will arrive there by 2026.
Some skeptics also don’t believe the asteroid is as full of expensive things as we think, with Peter Schiff of Euro Pacific Capital tweeting that 16 Psyche may just be “made almost entirely of an iron-nickel alloy, with small amounts of other metals, likely to include gold.” He thinks the news about the asteroid are just out there to help bitcoin, which would benefit from the price of gold going down.
There are also other questions to consider – if it really is so full of gold and other riches, the asteroid could actually crash Earth’s economy, which at $75.5 trillion is a pittance against the amount of money one could get from the asteroid.
Artist’s conceptual drawing of the Psyche spacecraft, which will be used to directly explore 16 Psyche.
Maxar/ASU/P. Rubin/NASA/JPL-Caltech
Veteran miner Scott Moore, CEO of the mining company EuroSun Mining, explained to Oil Price that: “The ‘Titans of Gold’ now control hundreds of the best-producing properties around the world, but the 4-5 million ounces of gold they bring to the market every year pales in comparison to the conquests available in space.”
Of course, the thinking that a space gold rush that discovers a vast amount of heavy metals could bring down Earth’s affairs is based on the current state of economy and the needs of the present day. Decades from now our requirements for metal might be entirely different.
16 Psyche was actually discovered back in 1852 by the Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis, and named after the Greek mythological character Psyche.
Besides this giant rock in the asteroid belt, there are other mining opportunities much closer to Earth. Moore points out that while Psyche “may be the Holy Grail of space exploration for gold,” near-Earth asteroids are much better first targets for mining. Even our moon might be a better place to start such operations. It also has gold as well as platinum and other rare earth metals.
In other nearer goals, Deep Space Industries and Planetary Resources each plan to mine the 2011 UW158 asteroid, worth up to $5.7 trillion.
Lest you think this is all science fiction, Morgan Stanley projects the global space economy to be already worth $350 billion, which it thinks will grow to trillions by 2040. The race is on between the U.S., China, Japan and even small Luxembourg, which has 10 space-mining companies registered.
Why is NASA sending a spacecraft to a metal world? – Linda T. Elkins-Tantonµ
A new global analysis of the last 19 million years of seafloor spreading rates found they have been slowing down. Geologists want to know why the seafloor is getting sluggish.
New oceanic crust forms continuously along rifts thousands of miles long on the seafloor, driven by plate tectonics. As subduction pulls old crust down, rifts open up like fissures in an effusive volcano, drawing hot crust toward the surface. Once at the surface, the crust begins to cool and gets pushed away from the rift, replaced by hotter, younger crust.
Painting of the Mid-Ocean Ridge with rift axis by Heinrich Berann based on the scientific profiles of Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen (1977).
This cycle is called seafloor spreading, and its rate shapes many global processes, including sea level and the carbon cycle. Faster rates tend to cause more volcanic activity, which releases greenhouse gases, so deciphering spreading rates helps contextualize long-term changes in the atmosphere.
Dalton and her co-authors studied magnetic records for 18 of the world's largest spreading ridges, using seafloor ages and their areas to calculate how much ocean crust each ridge has produced over the last 19 million years. Each ridge evolved a little differently: some lengthened, some shrank; some sped up, but almost all slowed down. The overall result of Dalton's work is that average seafloor spreading slowed down by as much as 40% over that time.
(stock image only)
Today, spreading rates top out around 140 millimeters per year, but peaked around 200 millimeters per year just 15 million years ago in some places, according to the new study. The study was published in the AGU journal Geophysical Research Letters, which publishes high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences.
The slowdown is a global average, the result of varying spreading rates from ridge to ridge. The study examined 18 ridges, but took a particularly close look at the eastern Pacific, home to some of the globe's fastest spreading ridges. Because these slowed greatly, some by nearly 100 millimeters per year slower compared to 19 million years ago, they dragged down the world's average spreading rates.
It's a complex problem to solve, made more difficult by the seafloor's slow and steady self-destruction.
"We know more about the surfaces of some other planets than we do our own seafloor," said Colleen Dalton, a geophysicist at Brown University who led the new study. "One of the challenges is the lack of perfect preservation. The seafloor is destroyed, so we're left with an incomplete record."
The seafloor is destroyed in subduction zones, where oceanic crust slides under continents and sinks back into the mantle, and is reforged at seafloor spreading ridges. This cycle of creation and destruction takes about every 180 million years, the age of the oldest seafloor. The crust's magnetic record tracks this pattern, producing identifiable strips every time the Earth's magnetic field reverses.
Dalton and her co-authors studied magnetic records for 18 of the world's largest spreading ridges, using seafloor ages and their areas to calculate how much ocean crust each ridge has produced over the last 19 million years. Each ridge evolved a little differently: some lengthened, some shrank; some sped up, but almost all slowed down. The overall result of Dalton's work is that average seafloor spreading slowed down by as much as 40% over that time.
The driver here might be located at subduction zones rather than spreading ridges: for example, as the Andes grow along the western edge of the South American continent, the mountains push down on the crust.
"Think of it as increased friction between the two colliding tectonic plates," Dalton said. "A slowdown in convergence there could ultimately cause a slowdown in spreading at nearby ridges." A similar process could have operated underneath the Himalaya, with the rapidly growing range slowing spreading along the ridges in the Indian Ocean.
However, Dalton points out, this added friction can't be the only driver of the slowdown, because she found slowing rates globally and mountain growth is regional. Larger-scale processes, like changes in mantle convection, could also be playing a role. In all likelihood, she concludes, it's a combination of both. To learn more, Dalton hopes to collect absolute plate speeds, rather than the relative speeds used in this study, which will better allow her to determine the cause of the slowdown.
OCEANISCHE SPREIDING GAAT STEEDS LANGZAMER - EN WETENSCHAPPERS BEGRIJPEN ER NIETS VAN
OCEANISCHE SPREIDING GAAT STEEDS LANGZAMER - EN WETENSCHAPPERS BEGRIJPEN ER NIETS VAN
Vivian Lammerse
Tragere spreidingssnelheden kunnen leiden tot een daling van de uitstoot van broeikasgassen door vulkanen. En dus willen onderzoekers hier het fijne van weten.
Wetenschappers hebben ineen nieuwe studie de zogenaamde ‘oceanische spreiding’ gedurende de afgelopen 19 miljoen jaar geanalyseerd. Het leidt tot een frappante ontdekking. Want uit de analyse blijkt dat de oceanische spreiding tegenwoordig een stuk langzamer gaat. Maar waarom?
Oceanische spreiding Aangedreven door platentektoniek vormt zich voortdurend een nieuwe oceanische korst langs duizenden kilometers lange spleten op de zeebodem. In zekere zin zou je kunnen zeggen dat het aardoppervlak hier dus groeit. Maar onze planeet wordt niet groter, doordat de groei gecompenseerd wordt door subductie die elders plaatsvindt. Hierbij wordt de oude korst naar beneden getrokken. Uit de aardmantel komt warm materiaal omhoog in de vorm van magma, dat de ruimte die in de korst ontstaat, opvult. Dit magma zorgt vervolgens voor vulkanisme op de plaatgrens, waardoor er een nieuwe korst van gestold magma wordt gevormd. Eenmaal aan de oppervlakte koelt de korst af en wordt weggeduwd van de spleet waar vervolgens weer meer nieuwe korst kan ontstaan. En deze cyclus noemen we oceanische spreiding.
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain
Snelheid De snelheid van de oceanische spreiding bepaalt veel mondiale processen, waaronder het zeeniveau en de koolstofcyclus. Wanneer de oceanische spreiding versnelt, kan dit leiden tot meer vulkanisme, waardoor er weer meer broeikasgassen vrijkomen. Wanneer de oceanische spreiding vertraagt, kan dit juist leiden tot een daling van de uitstoot van broeikasgassen door vulkanen. Kortom, het ontcijferen van de spreidingssnelheden helpt om langetermijnveranderingen in de atmosfeer in kaart te brengen.
Studie In het nieuwe onderzoek bestudeerde het team 18 verschillende oceanische ruggen waar oceanische spreiding plaatsvindt. In het bijzonder concentreerden de onderzoekers zich op ruggen in de oostelijke Stille Oceaan. De onderzoekers bepaalden de leeftijd van de zeebodem om zo te berekenen hoeveel oceaankorst elke rug in de afgelopen 19 miljoen jaar heeft gevormd.
Langzamer Uit de resultaten blijkt dat elke rug een beetje anders is geëvolueerd; sommige werden langer terwijl andere slonken. Maar opvallend genoeg was er één gemeenschappelijke deler: op bijna alle ruggen verloopt de oceanische spreiding tegenwoordig een stuk langzamer. De onderzoekers komen zelfs tot de verrassende ontdekking dat de gemiddelde oceanische verspreiding gedurende de laatste 19 miljoen jaar met maar liefst 40 procent is vertraagd.
Waarom? De prangende vraag is natuurlijk waarom de oceanische spreiding vertraagt. Dit is echter niet zo gemakkelijk te achterhalen, mede door de langzame en gestage zelfvernietiging van de zeebodem (in de eerder genoemde subductiezones). “We weten meer over de oppervlakken van sommige andere planeten dan over onze eigen zeebodem,” zegt onderzoeker Colleen Dalton. “Eén van de uitdagingen is het gebrek aan bewaring. De zeebodem wordt vernietigd, dus we beschikken niet over alle informatie.”
Subductiezones De onderzoekers hebben wel een theorie. Zo vermoeden ze dat we het antwoord in de subductiezones moeten zoeken. Als de Andes bijvoorbeeld groeit aan de westelijke rand van het Zuid-Amerikaanse continent, dan drukken de bergen op de korst. “Zie het als een verhoogde wrijving tussen twee botsende, tektonische platen,” legt Dalton uit. “Een vertraging van de convergentie zou daar uiteindelijk een vertraging van de verspreiding op nabijgelegen bergkammen kunnen veroorzaken.”
Combinatie Dalton wijst er echter op dat deze extra wrijving niet de enige oorzaak van de vertraging hoeft te zijn. Ook grootschaligere processen, zoals veranderingen in mantelconvectie, kunnen een rol spelen. “Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid is het een combinatie van beide,” zo concludeert ze.
Waarom de oceanische verspreiding dus vertraagt? Vooralsnog moeten onderzoekers ons het antwoord schuldig blijven. Om het mysterie te onthullen, hoopt Dalton in vervolgonderzoek absolute, plaatselijke spreidingssnelheden te verzamelen. Hierdoor denkt ze de oorzaak van de vertraging beter te kunnen bepalen.
518-Million-Year-Old-Rocks Suggest Animal And Human Life May Have First Emerged In China – Scientists Say
518-Million-Year-Old-Rocks Suggest Animal And Human Life May Have First Emerged In China – Scientists Say
Jan Bartek - AncientPages.com - A new study based on an analysis of 518'million-year-old rocks that contain the oldest collection of fossils that researchers have on record. The researchers believe that Chengjian, a city in the mountainous Yunnan Province of China, is the origin of many of today’s species, including humans. This site is where complex organisms first developed, an event known as the ‘Cambrian Explosion’, a major time period in the history of the Earth.
Arthropod (Naroia).
Credit: Dr Xiaoya Ma
The ancestors of many animal species alive today may have lived in a delta in what is now China, new research suggests.
The Cambrian Explosion, more than 500 million years ago, saw the rapid spread of bilaterian species—symmetrical along a central line, like most of today's animals (including humans).
The 518-million-year-old Chengjiang Biota—in Yunnan, southwest China—is one of the oldest groups of animal fossils currently known to science and a key record of the Cambrian Explosion.
Fossils of more than 250 species have been found there, including various worms, arthropods (ancestors of living shrimps, insects, spiders, scorpions), and even the earliest vertebrates (ancestors of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
The new study finds for the first time that this environment was a shallow-marine, nutrient-rich delta affected by storm floods.
The Cambrian seas teemed with new types of animal, such as the predator Anomalocaris (centre).
Credit: John Sibbick/Natural History Museum
The area is now on land in the mountainous Yunnan Province, but the team studied rock core samples that show evidence of marine currents in the past environment.
"The Cambrian Explosion is now universally accepted as a genuine rapid evolutionary event, but the causal factors for this event have been long debated, with hypotheses on environmental, genetic, or ecological triggers," said senior author Dr. Xiaoya Ma, a palaeobiologist at the University of Exeter and Yunnan University.
"The discovery of a deltaic environment shed new light on understanding the possible causal factors for the flourishing of these Cambrian bilaterian animal-dominated marine communities and their exceptional soft-tissue preservation.
"The unstable environmental stressors might also contribute to the adaptive radiation of these early animals."
Co-lead author Farid Saleh, a sedimentologist and taphonomist at Yunnan University, said: "We can see from the association of numerous sedimentary flows that the environment hosting the Chengjiang Biota was complex and certainly shallower than what has been previously suggested in the literature for similar animal communities."
Changshi Qi, the other co-lead author, and a geochemist at the Yunnan University, added: "Our research shows that the Chengjiang Biota mainly lived in a well-oxygenated shallow-water deltaic environment.
"Storm floods transported these organisms down to the adjacent deep oxygen-deficient settings, leading to the exceptional preservation we see today."
Fish (Myllokunmingia).
Credit: Dr Xiaoya Ma
Co-author Luis Buatois, a paleontologist and sedimentologist at the University of Saskatchewan, said: "The Chengjiang Biota, as is the case of similar faunas described elsewhere, is preserved in fine-grained deposits.
"Our understanding of how these muddy sediments were deposited has changed dramatically during the last 15 years.
"Application of this recently acquired knowledge to the study of fossiliferous deposits of exceptional preservation will change dramatically our understanding of how and where these sediments accumulated."
The results of this study are important because they show that most early animals tolerated stressful conditions, such as salinity (salt) fluctuations, and high amounts of sediment deposition.
This contrasts with earlier research suggesting that similar animals colonized deeper-water, more stable marine environments.
"It is hard to believe that these animals were able to cope with such a stressful environmental setting," said M. Gabriela Mángano, a palaeontologist at the University of Saskatchewan, who has studied other well-known sites of exceptional preservation in Canada, Morocco, and Greenland.
Lobopodian worm (Luolishania).
Credit: Dr Xiaoya Ma
Maximiliano Paz, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Saskatchewan who specializes in fine-grained systems, added: "Access to sediment cores allowed us to see details in the rock which are commonly difficult to appreciate in the weathered outcrops of the Chengjiang area."
The arthropod Leanchoilia from the Qingjiang fossil site, China.
Image credit: Fu et al, doi: 10.1126/science.aau8800.
This work is an international collaboration between Yunnan University, the University of Exeter, the University of Saskatchewan, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of Lausanne, and the University of Leicester.
The research was funded by the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation, the Natural Science Foundation of China, the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and by the George J. McLeod Enhancement Chair in Geology.
A reconstruction of early Cambrian ocean life in South China.
L. A. Marzulli is an author, lecturer and filmmaker. He has penned 12 books including The Nephilim Trilogy which made the CBA best sellers list. He received an honorary doctorate for the series from his mentor Dr. I. D. E. Thomas, who was the Provost at Pacific International University. He was also honored with the Gold Medallion award from Chuck Missler at the K-House conference in 2014. His series On the Trail of the Nephilim I & II are full-color, over-sized books, which uncover startling evidence that there has been a massive cover-up of what he believes are the remains of the Nephilim, the giants mentioned in the Bible.
Marzulli teamed up with film producer Richard Shaw to create The Watchers series. There are now 11 installments in the series and Watchers 7: UFO Physical Evidence won UFO Best Film and the Peoples Choice Awards, at the UFO Congress in 2014. Marzulli and Shaw took their second trip to Peru in January of 2014, filming ancient artifacts and megalithic structures at various locations, and also filmed the unwrapping of a 2000-year-old mummy skull, at Sr. Juan Navarro’s Paracas History Museum, which was revealed in Watchers 8. Marzulli has launched a new series, The Watchman Chronicles and his first independent film was released in March of 2017. The title of the series is “In Their Own Words: UFOs are Real!”
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ALIEN ORBS PHOTOGRAPHED COMING OUT OF THE WATERS IN DEVON ENGLAND
ALIEN ORBS PHOTOGRAPHED COMING OUT OF THE WATERS IN DEVON ENGLAND
MARCH 23, 2022 …………DADDYHOLE TORQUAY DEVON ENGLAND
Hi Ken : I had gone back to Daddyhole Plain to further investigate the area, and see if I could capture anymore strange phenomena. It was a hot sunny day, but unfortunately there was a slight mist around the coastline which meant it would be a lot harder to capture anything out of the ordinary, but nevertheless I was determined to give it a shot. I was looking towards Thatcher Rock and Ore Stone, when all of a sudden a load of black spheres shot up from out of the watery depths and flew around above the small islands before they flew back down into the sea. I had successfully managed to capture these spheres with my Nikon P900 camera within a burst of photographs that clearly showed the erratic movement of these rather unusual sphere shaped objects. I was very intrigued by them, and I zoomed in further upon Thatcher Rock and Ore Stone to try to capture a closer look at them, and to my surprise two more black spheres emerged from the water and flew away.
I immediately took up a different vantage point looking out towards the water in order to see where they had gone, and I was really quite surprised by what I saw. There were six spheres in total, two of which were in the water, while the other four were seemingly just hanging silently in the air in a fixed formation. It was a very peculiar sight. I quickly took some photographs and with that they all flew off in all different directions away from view. I was completely stunned by this. These objects had no visible signs of any propulsion, and were completely silent. I have been witnessing these black spheres at this location for many years now, and they have many strange observable traits which are definitely unlike anything conventional. Whatever this phenomena is, it clearly has a strong presence within this area of Torquay and is definitely worthy of further scrutiny and continued scientific study in order to understand what exactly it could be, and why it is so prevalent within this particular area. The photographs were taken on the 23rd of March 2022, at Daddyhole Plain, Torquay Devon England. All the best John.
KENS NOTE: John Mooner is the Chief Investigator for www.worldufophotos.org and has submitted countless case files and alien craft photos from his area in Newton Abbot Devon England. John is a true professional and has some incredible sightings and close encounter experience. See Johns web site here >> John Mooner Ufologist
THE mystery behind the strange ‘alien’ orbs which have been washing up on Britain’s beaches has been solved.
Yesterday we reported that holidaymakers were steering clear of the orbs, fearing they could be poisonous.
A dog walker took one of these home... and then binned it over fears it could come back to lifeCredit: Apex News
Others thought the strange sea beasts, spotted in popular tourist spots in Cornwall and Devon, could be something from outer space, or harmless stray baseballs.
One dog walker took an orb home as a memento, before swiftly chucking it in the bin over fears it could spring to life and attack their family.
They were spotted on tourist beaches in Cornwall and DevonCredit: Apex News
But now marine experts have revealed the creatures are actually a species of urchins, known as ‘sea potatoes’, which live buried deep in the sand across the British coast.
What is a sea potato?
They normally live on - or under - the sea bedCredit: Getty Images
The animals grow to sizes of 3 inches, and can survive in waters of up to 650ft.
They have dried shells which look like a potatoes, hence the name, and are a deep yellow colour.
The creatures also have special spoon-shaped spines on their backs, which help them dig up to 650ft into the ground and allow them to breathe
Hundreds of DEAD sea potatoes were found on the shore at Long Rock, between Penzance and Marazion, on Wednesday night.
This is thought to be the biggest mass mortality of sea potatoes since May 1995, when hundreds of them washed up on the south coast of England.
They look a bit like baseball balls... and others feared they could be ALIENSCredit: Wessex News
Back then, the deaths were caused by exceptionally calm waters - which allowed a thick bloom of plankton to settle on top of the sea bed, and suffocate the tiny urchins.
Watch this amazing news video about a many who saw an orange UFO several times in his area of Austin, Texas. He wasn't alone, many others saw them too. Aliens are trying to get themselves noticed little by little, desensitizing the public about the horrible stereotypes that the movies have put in all our heads. This kind of activity will continue until enough people have no fear when looking up at such objects in the sky.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
"I just walked out and saw this strange light in the sky," said Sal Sanchez, who captured video of the lights. "I was looking around at all the planes in the air like, ‘Is anybody seeing this?’""You had to have been here to see it," he said. "There was one right after another." His neighbor and family have also witnessed the phenomenon. "My daughter saw it another time," said Sanchez. "Two that were coming south to north met up with one that was going north to south, and it turned around and followed the other ones back."
Photos and videos have been captured of so-called UFOs for years. A recent, local sighting has caught the eye of multiple witnesses.
KYLE, Texas - Orange, glowing orbs moving through the Kyle sky have caught the eyes of multiple witnesses in recent months.
"I just walked out and saw this strange light in the sky," said Sal Sanchez, who captured video of the lights. "I was looking around at all the planes in the air like, ‘Is anybody seeing this?’"
That was in January. Since then, he’s seen it a handful of times, including what he calls a "light show like you wouldn’t believe" on Sunday night.
"You had to have been here to see it," he said. "There was one right after another."
His neighbor and family have also witnessed the phenomenon.
"My daughter saw it another time," said Sanchez. "Two that were coming south to north met up with one that was going north to south, and it turned around and followed the other ones back."
Sanchez does not believe it’s a drone because of how low it appears to fly without making a sound.
He’s also compared his video to other videos and pictures that have been taken around the country.
"So many videos are out there that depict the same thing I’ve been seeing," he said.
"I’ve seen a lot and this video intrigued me," she said.
She shared her thoughts with FOX 7 after viewing Sanchez’s video.
"My first thought was that maybe this is a Chinese lantern, but it is definitely not," she said. "The video goes for over a minute, the light is solid the whole time and it looks to be moving intentionally."
Kyle said she can’t rule out a drone, but she also can’t say for certain that it is.
"It would have to be a very expensive, advanced drone," she said. "Drones can fly like 400 feet, pretty high up there, and there are some advanced drones that can go like 100 miles per hour."
She did note that drones weren’t allowed to fly in civilian airspace until 2006, and sightings similar to Sanchez’s have been reported before then.
FOX 7 reached out to Hays County and a spokesperson said they had not been notified of anything. FOX 7 is waiting to hear back from the City of Kyle.
"If it is something that is not of this world, why here in Kyle?" said Sanchez.
In June 2021, the Pentagon released a report on UAPs (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena). Out of 144 cases, it was only able to identify one of the reported sightings as a large, deflating balloon.
"It's very possible that this is not anything that we're familiar with and that this is truly mysterious," said Kyle.
1,900 pages of ‘UFO files’ are declassified in Spain
1,900 pages of ‘UFO files’ are declassified in Spain
The Ministry of Defense of Spain has declassified a total of 80 reports of 1,900 pages of ‘UFO files’. The first case took place in 1962 in San Javier, Murcia, and the last occurred in 1995 in Morón, Seville.
RELATED VIDEOS ABOUT DECLASSIFIED UFO-FILES, selected and posted by peter2011
There has been a recent increase in media attention to reports of witnesses to UFO sightings who went on to later report a variety of other paranormal activities in their lives. These events run the gamut from reports of alien beings to orbs of light or even ghosts. Perhaps more disturbingly, the events were not restricted to the locations where the UFO sightings took place. Sometimes the phenomena would follow them to their homes or even their workplaces, impacting their families, friends or even coworkers. These types of events have been described as encounters with paranormal "hitchhikers."
The most recent and popularly cites instances emerged from the latest books and documentary series describing the events at Skinwalker Ranch, in Utah. Researchers who have visited the ranch and observed anomalous craft in the skies and other phenomena have reported returning home and dealing with even stranger experiences. These range from the merely curious, such as odd failures of automobiles or electronic devices to one person whose family saw werewolves in their backyard.
It's not just researchers and scientists who are impacted. British musician and television host Robbie Wiliams visited the ranch as part of a television production. He later confessed that he is now frightened that he might be "taken over" by a hitchhiking alien or some other type of entity. These reports appear too numerous to write off as simple paranoia or delusions.
But similar stories are not limited to the modern era and one enigmatic ranch in the American West. They've been reported from many parts of the world dating back to times long before the world heard of Skinwalker Ranch. Ace Frehley, the original lead guitarist for the band Kiss, confessed during an interview that he had seen multiple unidentified flying objects, including at least one that was "tube-shaped" and another that landed in the yard behind his house, leaving scorch marks in the grass. The weirdness didn't stop there, however. He later began seeing ghosts, going so far as to say that one of them had "punched him in the face."
In 2000, a man named Stan Romanek from Denver, Colorado observed an inexplicable craft in the skies and even managed to catch it on film. It wouldn't be the last time and he went to so see a variety of craft or orbs flying overhead. But the intensity of his experiences increased when he began reporting seeing figures of various sorts around his property, culminating with three "beings" literally knocking on his door one night. Romanek believes he was abducted and continued to have other interactions with these entities for years to come.
Yet another group of examples can be found in reports emanating from Lassen Volcanic National Park in northern California. Tourists visiting the remote park have frequently described UFOs entering and exiting the volcanic craters found there. One such witness was Sol Vasquez, who visited the park in 2015. After multiple sightings of anomalous craft were reported in the area, Vasquez and a friend went jogging along one of the trails in the park. At one point, Vasquez described hearing an eerie noise that his friend said he could not hear. Shortly thereafter, he saw a "reptilian humanoid" humanoid stepped onto the trail in front of him. Once again, his hiking partner could not see anything unusual, but he chased Vasquez back down the trail as his friend fled in terror from the being.
I've been paying particular attention to these types of reports recently because of events that have struck closer to home. Following three sightings of unidentifiable craft in our neighborhood in upstate New York in 2021, some less frightening but still unsettling events visited our family. Both of us began occasionally encountering something around our house that looked for all the world like a cat, except it was composed entirely of what we could only describe as a solid, featureless shadow. I began calling it a "shadow cat" while my better half calls it the "ghost cat." To be clear, it's never done anything aggressive or frightening and we've experienced no damage or harm from it. But it's certainly peculiar.
So is there some sort of relationship between what witnesses may describe as a "nuts and bolts" unidentified flying object and the more ethereal phenomena that many witnesses report in the aftermath of a UFO sighting? As with most questions that pop up in this field of study, the data doesn't appear to support the drawing of any firm conclusions. But as many observers, including scientists and government officials have already begun to speculate, the universe may turn out to be far stranger and more mysterious than we had previously imagined.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
18-04-2022
4-Billion-Year-Old Fossils Found -- This May Change Everything
4-Billion-Year-Old Fossils Found -- This May Change Everything
(Note: photo above is not the fossil in this article)
Scientists of all disciplines generally accept that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old. Paleontologists are dependent upon fossils to determine when the first life appeared on Earth, so fossilized microorganisms found in Australian Apex chert rocks that date back 3.465 billion years are generally considered to be the first confirmed life forms. That may change significantly as experts analyze a rock found in Quebec, Canada, with tiny fossilized filaments and other evidence suggesting they were made by bacteria that lived between 3.75 and 4.28 billion years ago. If this is confirmed, it pushes the birth of life on Earth back 300 million years to very near the birth of the planet itself. Does this qualify as a “This changes everything!” moment?
You never know which rock will change everything.
“This means life could have begun as little as 300 million years after Earth formed. In geological terms, this is quick – about one spin of the Sun around the galaxy.”
Dr Dominic Papineau, an associate professor in geochemistry and astrobiology at University College London and lead author of a report on the discovery published in the journal Science Advances, sounds pretty excited about the fossil in a press release. Of course, that could be because he found it – he collected it, along with others, from a former seabed in Quebec’s Nuvvuagittuq Supracrustal Belt (NSB) in 2008. The canhces of finding ancient fossils are excellent here – the NSB was once near a system of hydrothermal vents heated by magma. Besides panspermia and biblical creationism, hydrothhemal vests are thought to be places where heat and chemicals could react to form life that might live on metals and elements on the sea floor.
“One thing that I think is amazing is the sheer size of the tectonic branching structure, which is several millimetres, if not more than a centimetre in size.”
While he found the rock in 2008, this is the first time Papineau was able to use modern techniques to study what is inside them. His team sliced it with a diamond-encrusted saw, creating sections as thin as 100 microns -- about the thickness of paper but double the thickness of previous cuts. This allowed a computer to create a 3D model showing larger structures inside the rock. Papineau told The Guardian he could see tiny filaments, knobs and tubes of an iron oxide called haematite that today are made by bacteria living around hydrothermal vents that survive on iron-based chemical reactions. However, this structure resembling a stem with branches filled with distorted spheres appeared to be more than a single life form.
“I think what we are seeing is a microbial community – that they were working in concert and as the filaments grew from groups of these cells, they got intermingled and made a bigger, thicker haematite filament.”
Taken together with the mineralized chemical byproducts in the rock, Papineau and his colleagues are convinced these are microbial life forms that existed 4.25 billion years ago -- just 300 million years after Earth was formed. And yes, this is a game-changing discovery.
“Pushing the clock back is very important, because it tells us that it takes a very short time for life to emerge on a planetary surface. Very quickly after [Earth formed] there was microbial life taking place, eating iron and sulphur in these hydrothermal vents.”
All it took was one ...
While it adds to Earth’s history, what Papineau is more excited about is that this means the search for alien life forms can be extended to extremely young exoplanets. Of course, this assumes the age and origin of his fossils is confirmed by other scientists, and some think it could just be a chemical metamorphism caused by the magma heat released from the hydrothermal vents.
So, this discovery of a potentially 4.25-billion-year-old fossil may not have changed everything yet, but it’s already affecting a lot of exciting things.
Detail of the microfossils that scientists believe are evidence of life existing 300m years after Earth’s formation.
Strange Military Encounters with Enormous UFO Motherships at Sea with Physical Effects
Strange Military Encounters with Enormous UFO Motherships at Sea with Physical Effects
Brent Swancer
Among the many, many UFO reports floating around out there, some of the more amazing are those that have been witnessed by trained military personnel. Even weirder still is when such unidentified objects are of incredible dimensions and seem to have physical effects on the witnesses. Out over the vast expanses of oceans of our world there have been numerous encounters with something very large and very strange, and which have served to cause physical effects on the ones who have seen them.
In the November 1981 issue of the Flying Saucer Review there is a curious case that was sent in a letter directly to the magazine by a witness who claims that she had had a very odd and terrifying experience out over the ocean with a massive, cigar-shaped unidentified object. The unnamed witness claims that at the time she had been working for NATO as an English language secretary based in Paris, and was aboard an Air Canada DC-8 aircraft on a military sanctioned mission with a party of fifty NATO personnel who were en route From Paris to Canada for the NATO Ministerial Meetings in Ottawa. At the time, the plane was deep over the Atlantic Ocean and the witness was in a window seat looking out enjoying the view of sky when something very strange and very large caught her attention. She describes it this way:
I was just reaching down to take a book from my hold-all, and was astonished to glimpse below the ‘plane something dark and absolutely tremendous that stood out in vivid contrast to the brightness all around. I could not believe my eyes. I pressed close to the window in unbelief and there, almost beneath the DC-8, was a gigantic dark grey ‘torpedo’. It seemed menacing and frightening, and I had the impression that it was stationary. It was utterly unlike anything that I had ever seen in my whole life. It looked as though made of steel. No portholes or windows were visible. No wings or projections. Nothing but the long perfect torpedo form, with its bullet-shaped head, and the rear end which was cut off sharply and squarely. The monster – and I emphasize that it was this terrifying size that impressed me – was well below us. I thought maybe 2,000 meters or so below us, but of course I had no way of being able to gauge this or to estimate the size of the thing. I looked down again quickly at the monster, and saw that a swathe of tiny clouds was beginning to pass over it, though it remained visible through them for a few seconds before being lost to my sight.
The sighting greatly disturbed the witness, but when she looked around the other passengers on the mostly empty flight were either asleep or lost in their books or thoughts, so it did not seem as if anyone else had seen that behemoth in the sky. At the time, she decided not to mention it, afraid that no one would believe her and that she would be ridiculed. The witness at the time had no real knowledge of the UFO phenomenon, and was rather confused and frustrated, but years later she would read several books on the subject that convinced her that she was not crazy. She would also begin to link what she had seen with a more frightening aspect of her experience that had happened after she had seen the object. She says of this:
After my glimpse of the monster ‘torpedo,’ I sat there brooding on it for half an hour or so, as I recall, when suddenly the DC- 8 started to shudder and pitch up and down violently, nosing steeply upwards, then steeply downwards, and this went on for a long, long time. I might explain that I had often encountered turbulence and ‘air-pockets’ when travelling by airplane, but it had never been anything remotely like this. This was as though we were in a gigantic lift that was shooting up and down madly. And, as though that was not enough, there now came a succession of reports like cannon-fire or thunder, filling the cabin.
Meanwhile the plane continued to shudder and ‘buck’ violently, and each time it came down I had the sensation that it was going to break in half. Throughout all this, everybody in the passenger’s cabin sat there petrified, absolutely silent, white-faced. After a while of this, I felt such panic that I rushed up front in search of a stewardess, and shouting “What’s going on? I’m scared!” I lifted a curtain in front of what seemed to be a sleeping-berth, and found a stewardess lying on the bed there, her hands covering her eyes as though she were weeping. She gave no response to my shouts, and all around there was total silence still, apart from the sound of the engines, overlaid by the repeated ‘claps of thunder’ and the continued bucking up and down of the plane.
I went back to my seat, and suddenly found myself bathed in perspiration. Every pore in my body seemed to be hard at work. And yet I noticed that the light dress I was wearing was still completely dry. A second time, I ran forward to the stewardesses’ quarters but there was nobody there. I hammered on the door leading to the cockpit, and shouted again, asking what was happening, as I was scared to death. The other stewardess came out and looked at me as though I were an idiot, and for a while said nothing. Then, calmly, she announced ‘Ladies and Gentlemen, do not be alarmed: the cabin is being depressurized.’ Shortly afterwards, the Captain was heard to make the same announcement.
Although at the time she had not put the two events together, upon learning more about UFOs she said that she was fairly convinced that they were intimately connected. Additionally, she expresses suspicion that the crew may have even been trying to cover something up about the incident. She explains:
I should like very much to know whether all that I have just described, about the violent behavior of the aircraft and the loud reports, is explicable as being due to the process of ‘depressurization’ and, if so, what are the circumstances that are likely to have made it necessary for such alarming and drastic steps to be taken? Is this sort of thing usual and normal – as the calm behaviour of the second-mentioned stewardess seemed to indicate? And why, in that case, had the other stewardess – as it seemed – been weeping? Was this simply because she, like all the rest of us, found the turbulence just a bit too alarming? ‘Or is it possible that she was still suffering from shock after seeing the gigantic ‘torpedo’? It certainly would be interesting to know the answers to these questions.
As for the plane’s crew, there was only the one stewardess who seemed upset. What is certain is that the pilots up in the nacelle certainly would have had abundant time in which to see the ‘cigar,’ as it cut slightly diagonally across their route from their port side and well below them. No explanation or comment whatsoever about the ‘cigar’ was given by the Captain or any other crew member, and no statement was made by the authorities when we landed in Canada. We were flying under NATO auspices and in that sense we were under military control. In such circumstances it would not be surprising if the cockpit crew and the stewardesses were less forthcoming about a UFO than perhaps they might have been, were it an ordinary passenger flight.
What was going on here? Another case involving a similarly enormous craft that had physical effects on a military vessel allegedly occurred on July 2, 1971, rather fittingly in the Bermuda Triangle, southeast of Florida. On this day, the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier, USS John F. Kennedy CVA-67 was returning to Norfolk, Virginia after completing a two-week operational readiness exercise in the Caribbean, where they were to take some leave time before heading off for duty in the Mediterranean for six months. This main witness in this account, who reported it to the National UFO Reporting Center, was at the time assigned to the communications center monitoring teletypes printing the Fleet Broadcasts. On this evening at around 8:30 p.m., his equipment suddenly began going haywire, after which he soon learned that all communications on the ship were malfunctioning. Soon after this, there was someone shouting that something was hovering over the ship, and when he went up with some other personnel they saw something their training had never prepared them for. The witness would say:
As we looked up, we saw a large, glowing sphere. Well, it seemed large, however, there was no point of reference. That is to say if the sphere were low; say 100 feet above the ship, then it would have been about two to three hundred feet in diameter. If it said 500 feet about the ship then it would have been larger. At arm’s length it was the size of a beach ball. It made no sound that I could hear. The light coming from it wasn’t too bright, about half of what the sun would be. It pulsated from yellow to orange slowly. We didn’t get to look at for more than about 20 seconds because General Quarters (Battle stations) was sounding and the Communication Officer was in the passageway telling us to get back into the Comm Center. We returned and stayed there (that was out battle station). We didn’t have much to do because all the communication was still out.
After about 20 minutes, the teletypes started printing correctly again. We stayed at General Quarters for about another hour, then secured. I didn’t see or hear of any messages going out about the incident. Over the next few hours, I talked to a good friend that was in CIC (combat information center) who was a radar operator. He told me that all the radar screens were just glowing during the time of the incident. I also talked to a guy I knew that worked on the Navigational Bridge. He told me that none of the compasses were working and that the medics had to sedate a boatswain’s mate that was a lookout on the signal bridge. I figured this was the one yelling it was God. It was ironic that of the 5,000 men on a carrier, that only a handful actually saw this phenomenon. This was due to the fact that flight Ops had just be completed a short time before this all started and all the flight deck personnel were below resting. It should be noted that there are very few places where you can go to be out in the open air aboard a carrier.
He would soon after learn that not only the communications equipment, but many other pieces of equipment onboard, including even aircraft had ceased to function when the mysterious object had been looming there. Even more ominously, it would also seem that there were “men in trench coats” soon aboard interviewing witnesses on what they had seen and that there was an air of secrecy about the whole thing. The witness would explain of all of this:
From what I could learn, virtually all electronic components stopped functioning during the 20 minutes or so that whatever it hovered over the ship. The two Ready CAPs (Combat Air Patrol), which were two F-4 Phantoms that are always ready to be launched, would not start. I heard from the scuttlebutt (slang – rumor mill) that three or four “men in trenchcoats” had landed, and were interviewing the personnel that had seen this phenomenon. I was never interviewed, maybe because no one knew that I had seen it. A few days later, as we were approaching Norfolk, the Commanding and Executive Officers came on the closed-circuit TV system that we had. They did this regularly to address the crew and pass on information. During this particular session, the Captain told us how well we did on the ORE and about our upcoming deployment to the Mediterranean. At the very end of his spiel, he said “I would like to remind the crew, that certain events that take place aboard a Naval Combatant Ship, are classified and are not to be discussed with anyone without a need to know”. This was all the official word I ever received or heard of the incident.
An account that involves an even more gargantuan craft purportedly occurred on October 24, 1989, with a report made by a sailor aboard the Naval submarine USS Memphis (SSN-698), operating out of Cape Canaveral, Florida. At the time they were on Special Assignments protecting the Space Program, on patrol about 150 miles of the Florida coast when the submarine began experiencing a deluge of technical problems. Numerous electronics systems were going haywire, communications were totally shut down, tanks were blowing out of control, navigation ability was lost, and even the controls in the reactor were on the fritz. It was a very dangerous situation, and so they surfaced and went to diesel engines. The witness says of what happened next:
It was raining and the entire sky was red like a red neon sign. I saw a large inverted V-shaped UFO off the port side. The executive officer told me to stand fast and he would speak to the captain. In a minute, the captain appeared on the tower and asked me for a distance to the craft. The laser range finder determined the closest point was 200 meters, and the farthest point was 1,000 meters off the port. The UFO was not perpendicular to our ship but at about a 45′ angle.
This huge vessel was over a half-mile across. The UFO made a half-circle around our ship then passed across the stern causing our electronics systems to go crazy. We had permanent damage in communications and the sonar room. As the craft flew over the stern, I could see the rain stop under its red glow. The water seemed to rise almost afoot as the UFO passed over silently. When the UFO finished its swing across the stern it paused – the sky got brighter red and it simply moved off at tremendous speed inside 15 seconds. When the UFO left, our boat returned to normal with the exception of the radio and sonar. We did a quick system check and the captain ordered us to return to reactor power and get underway.
He then explains that after they reached port they were pulled aside by their superiors and put into what he calls “protective custody.” The atmosphere was apparently very intense, and they proceeded to be told the “official story” and that they should not talk about what they had seen.The witness would say of this:
We reached port in about 7 hours where I was taken into “protective custody.” Two enlisted men and I agreed we had witnessed a real UFO. I was the one who shot it with a laser range finder, so I was the only one that had its exact sizes. I shot that vessel as it hovered and I got solid readings, not spotty like I would on debris. We were in holding for about three hours when an officer from the Air Force arrived and gave us a line of bull about an exploding weather satellite. The Navy then transferred virtually everyone on the crew to new assignments. This included the captain, the executive officer and the entire crew. They were split up which almost never happens unless one of them gets a promotion or a new command, neither of which happened.
It seems to be a pattern that such incidents are swept under the carpet, only adding to the eerie vibe of such cases. What was going on in any of these cases? Are there these massive craft roaming about over the oceans of our world? What are they trying to say with these physicsl effects they have put forth? It is hard to say, and these remain a very curious corner of the UFO phenomenon indeed.
Among the many types of UFO encounters on record, some of the most compelling and believable are those that have happened out near military airbases. Here we often have very reliable and trained witnesses who have very little reason to lie, and who generally seem to come away from such events fully stumped as to what has gone on, with no immediate rational explanation. Such reports are mostly known from the United States and Europe, but they go on in various far-flung places, and one region with its share of spooky air base UFO encounters is the island nation of Japan.
Sitting out at a place called Chitose, on Japan’s northern island of Hokkaido, is Chitose Air Base, a Japan Air Self-Defense Force base and an integral base for monitoring Japan’s maritime borders with Russia. Back in 1947, the United States Armed Forces had taken over the base in the wake of World War II, and it was primarily under the control of the United States Army Air Forces, and later the United States Air Force Fifth Air Force. From July 1, 1947 to September 16, 1947, it was also the center of a very strange flap of UFO phenomena that has never been explained.
On July 1, 1947, a strange radar target was picked up 16 miles north of the base on a course of 180 degrees, moving at 500 m.p.h at an altitude of approximately 9,000 feet. The target sharply reversed course to 360 degrees and was tracked out to a range of 28 miles, before abruptly changing course again to 240 degrees, then reversing and returning to its original position before fading out of range. During the duration of the incident, the object seemed to not only defy known physics and technology at the time, but also break into two smaller objects, before merging back together again. A portion of the official report reads:
In the case of the pick-up on 1 July 1947 it was indicated as being more than one object. The size was comparable to that of the response received from four P-51 type aircraft. When this target initially reversed course at point A’ it broke up into two responses and then again merged into one large response on its outbound course.
There could be found no origin for the mystery object and no known aircraft were supposed to be operating in the area at the time. Two more radar contacts of this nature were picked up on August 29 and September 16 of that year, with the September incident showing something moving at supersonic speeds and showing maneuverability far beyond what was known at the time. The official report would conclude on this:
The speed indicated in the last report seems unreasonable for piloted aircraft since it was well into the supersonic range. The target, if an aircraft, would require an extremely large fuel supply for this speed. If rocket propelled, it is hard to visualize its operation for a long enough period of time to enable it to return to its base. The cable report of this last sighting indicated that further details, including weather, would follow. Upon receipt of this information a better evaluation may be possible. Present information does not permit a definite evaluation that all objects reported were either aircraft or airborne missiles but does support the conclusion that they were not natural phenomena. Great stress was given by the reporting agency to the high degree of proficiency of the radar operators and controllers in each case. An operator of even moderate proficiency would have no trouble in differentiating between a target and weather phenomena. Frontal activity as seen on a radar screen would show depth while the reflection from a meteor exists for such a short period of time that it would probably not be distinguishable from static interference. Therefore, it appears that the incidents are not due to natural phenomena.
What was going on here? In 1952 there was a strange incident at Haneda U.S. Air Force Base, near Tokyo, where on August 5 of that year two Air Force control tower operators at the base noticed a brilliant light in the sky. This object approached the base and clearly hovered near the control tower, and it was noticed that behind the light, there was a dark circular shape four times the light’s diameter. This unidentified object apparently flitted around and did a variety of aerial maneuvers, all while being tracked both visually and by ground radar. The base was alarmed, and an F-94 interceptor was scrambled with pilot 1st Lieutenant W.R. Holder, who was unable to successfully lock onto the mysterious object as he chased it. A report on the incident would read:
The UFO was given chase by the F-94, tracked on ground radar also, and went into a series of circular maneuvers, repeated several times. At one point, the UFO suddenly raced away at a clocked speed of 300 knots (about 345 mph), dividing into three separate radar targets at spaced intervals. Contact with the UFO either by radar or visually from Haneda AFB, was maintained for over 30 minutes. During this period, scattered witnesses saw the UFO exactly where radar showed it to be. The UFO maneuvers were so clearly under intelligent control that Major Dewey Fournet, the representative of Project Blue Book at the Pentagon, elected it one of the example that would prove that UFOs are spaceships from some other planet.
The whole thing would be brushed under the carpet, the official explanation being that it had been “a light that looked like a star and false radar echoes caused by a temperature inversion layer.” The UFO study called the Condon Report, of the University of Colorado would come to the same conclusion, but some ufologists disagree, with researcher Patrick Gross stating:
This is one of the cases that the Colorado Project has considered “explained” – a star and an anomalous radar propagation. Not so. On the contrary, as a careful study of the records shows, it is a very interesting case of anomalous flying objects in the sky who fly under intelligent control and cannot be of human origin. The Colorado Project, a skeptical UFO study effort conducted for the USAF that did not want to deal with the UFO problem anymore, minimized the details of the sighting. Every little detail of the case is important. Actually, it is by forgetting and minimizing case details that this case has been turned into an “explained” case by the Colorado Project which lead to the Condon Report. Professor James McDonald, a world famous specialist of meteorology and atmospheric physics, who disagreed with the handling of UFO cases by the Condon Report, re-evaluated and re-investigated the case and demonstrated how erroneous the Condon Report conclusion on this case – and on many other cases – was. I deeply encourage the seriously interested person into reading all the documents listed above.
Who knows what was going on there. Moving ahead to 1963, we have a case from Naha Air Base, in Okinawa, Japan, with a report filed from a base personnel to NICAP. The witness, named Marty, says that he was skywatching with a partner called Frank at around 11:40 p.m. on June 26 of that year when they saw something up there in the sky that they could not explain. The witness would say of it:
It looked like nothing we had ever seen before. I positioned my binoculars for a better look. We did not use the term “UFO” at that point, but we knew the craft we saw did not match anything in the Air Force’s aircraft inventory. We saw a large, slow-moving disk traveling in a steady northerly direction–right smack over our base. We did not see the usual flashing navigation lights or red and green wing-tip lights. All pilots who fly at night must have their aircraft’s navigation lights turned on. It was not just an unusual cloud formation, flares or a weather balloon. In the Air Force, working as communications specialists at control towers and around busy flight lines, Frank and I became knowledgeable about most types of aircraft in the military inventory. It traveled at an estimated speed of one hundred knots. The craft held a steady altitude of three or four thousand feet. It had a diameter of about seventy-five feet. We saw no antennae, dome, windows or markings. It was silent and produced no engine noise. Having a disk shape, it looked as flat as a quarter. The craft’s outer surface appeared smooth, constructed of a dull, yet reflective metallic material. Its outer edges appeared razor thin.
At first they were afraid it was preparing to engage them, they decided to get out of there, but luckily it was moving away from them and they relaxed somewhat. They then climbed the building’s fire ladder to watch the strange object, which they did until it faded out of sight. They then were in confusion about what to do about what they had just seen, and when they called it in they were told that there had been no radar contacts to corroborate it. Marty began watching the skies hoping to see the object again, and after several weeks of searching in vain he was successful. He says of this:
For weeks, I spent my free time watching the night sky and hoping for another sighting. I even bought a Nikon 8mm camera. I carried it with me wherever I went—just in case. My hopes of seeing it again began to fade after several weeks. However, just as I started to think the earlier sighting was just a onetime fly-by, I saw it again. Returning to my barracks from a second shift tour at the Communications Center, I decided to relax for a while. I sat in a chair on the second floor outside landing. Propping my feet up onto a railing, I began reminiscing about the first sighting. Since I was alone, the thought scared the hell out of me. Just before 1:00 a.m. I was about to call it a night when it reappeared. A craft similar to the type Frank and I saw one month earlier. In an instant, my mind switched from a relaxed state to one of “fight or flight.” My body froze and my adrenaline level skyrocketed. My hair hackled. My heart raced. I could not move my legs. My camera—I left it in my room. In my mind, I calculated the best course of action. There I was, sitting alone in the dark outside my barracks with no one else around, except–what? Common sense soon prevailed. No light beams were shooting down at me from the craft. It became clear that it took no notice of me and was moving northward away from my position. Thank God. After a few seconds, my brain regained control of my body and I was able to move my legs. I stood and took the next logical step, I ran like hell.
Once again, no radar contacts were reported. The witness was requested to fill out an Unidentified Aircraft Report and he declined, wary of being seen as crazy. That seems to have been the end of it, and we will probably never know just what really went on out there. Indeed, all of these cases remain unsolved and mostly forgotten, but they are certainly bizarre examples of these sorts of reports going on all over the world.
Scientists widely suspect that the moon was formed through the dramatic collision between Earth and a Mars-sized planet billions of years ago.
But, little is known about what the young moon may have looked like.
A new model of the early lunar atmosphere now reveals the vastly different conditions that may have existed across the surface, as part of the atmosphere vaporized, and supersonic winds gave rise to magma ocean waves.
Scroll down for video
Scientists widely suspect that the moon was formed through the dramatic collision between Earth and a Mars-sized planet billions of years ago (illustrated above). But, little is known about what the young moon may have looked like
THE IMPACT THEORY
Many researchers believe the moon formed after Earth was hit by a planet the size of Mars billions of years ago.
This is called the giant impact hypothesis.
The hypothesis claims the moon is debris left over following an indirect collision between our planet and an astronomical body approximately 4.5 billion years ago.
The colliding body is sometimes called Theia, after the mythical Greek Titan who was the mother of Selene, the goddess of the Moon.
According to the researchers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the new work represents the first quantitative model of the moon’s atmosphere during this period of its life.
In their model, the moon is covered by a thick magma ocean.
And, after it was born, the researchers say the moon’s surface was pummeled by radiation from the early Sun, as well as the post-impact Earth.
During this time, Earth ‘radiated like a mid-type M dwarf star,’ the researchers explain in the study, published to arXiv.
At the same time, the moon’s global magma ocean had also begun to cool.
From one side of the moon to the other, the model reveals how different the conditions may have been.
The young moon likely got its atmosphere as a result of vaporized volatile atoms, such as sodium.
But, this atmosphere was likely very different on the opposite sides of the moon.
On the side nearest to Earth, much of the atmosphere likely vaporized due to the radiating planet.
And, the temperature differences would have created powerful winds that whipped up waves in the thick magma ocean.
‘This atmosphere persisted through lid formation and was additionally characterized by supersonic winds that transported significant quantities of moderate volatiles and likely generated magma ocean waves,’ the authors wrote.
‘The existence of this atmosphere may have influenced the distribution of some moderate volatiles and created temperature asymmetries which influenced ocean flow and cooling.
According to the researchers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the new work represents the first quantitative model of the moon’s atmosphere during this period of its life
‘Such asymmetries may characterize young, tidally locked rocky bodies with global magma oceans and subject to intense irradiation.’
As the moon cooled, the model suggests rocks pushed up to the surface until they eventually formed a crust.
Over time, vaporizing caused by the ocean came to a halt, and the atmosphere disappeared.
And eventually, the ocean solidified.
The researchers say these processes would have left behind certain traces, including higher concentrations of sodium in the rocks found in the boundary between the two sides of the moon.
Not only could these rocks add new clues on the moon’s formation, and help to confirm the models, but it could also shed light on the atmospheres of distant worlds.
‘it appears likely that such an atmosphere may have transported and lost sodium and other moderate volatiles at significant enough rates to potentially produce heterogenities and depletion in the abundance of such elements,’ the authors explain.
‘Evidence of such heterogeneities and depletion may help to constrain details regarding the formation process of the Moon.
‘Such an atmosphere may also be a cousin to atmospheres expected on some of the most close-in and heated rocky exoplanets.’
One Giant Impact Made the Two Halves of the Moon so Different
One Giant Impact Made the Two Halves of the Moon so Different
The South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon formed from a gigantic impact about 4.3 billion years ago. But that impact may have changed everything about the Moon, and explain why the lunar farside looks so different from the nearside, the side we see from Earth.
“We know that big impacts like the one that formed SPA [South Pole-Aitken] would create a lot of heat,” said Matt Jones, a Ph.D. candidate at Brown University and lead author of a new study published in Science Advances. “The question is how that heat affects the Moon’s interior dynamics. What we show is that under any plausible conditions at the time that SPA formed, it ends up concentrating these heat-producing elements on the nearside. We expect that this contributed to the mantle melting that produced the lava flows we see on the surface.”
The side of the Moon that always faces towards Earth looks far different from the one that is hidden from us on the far side. The nearside is dominated by the lunar mare — the vast, dark-colored remnants of ancient lava flows on the mantle. The far side, on the other hand, is scarred with craters, with virtually no large-scale mare features. Why the two sides are so different has been one of the Moon’s most enduring mysteries.
South Pole-Aitken basin. Credit: NASA/JPL
In this new research, Jones and colleagues’ research helps confirm earlier studies that show how important the impact that formed the giant South Pole–Aitken basin was to the Moon’s formation history.
The South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin is the largest and oldest recognized impact basin on the Moon. It’s diameter is roughly 2,500 km or 1,550 miles. The moon’s circumference is just under 11,000 km, meaning the basin stretches across nearly a quarter of the Moon.
Jones says this massive impact would have created a massive plume of heat that propagated through the lunar interior. The researchers argue that this plume would have carried certain materials — a suite of rare-Earth and heat-producing elements — to the Moon’s nearside. That concentration of elements would have contributed to the volcanism that created the nearside volcanic plains.
Distribution of thorium on the lunar surface from the Lunar Prospector mission. Thorium is highly correlated with other radioactive elements (heat producing), with most of it being present on the Earth-facing side (near side). The relationship between this region and many observed features of lunar history is a key question in lunar sciences. This image is from previous research by Laneuville, M. et al (2013) Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.
The near side contains a region called the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT). That region contains a large amount of specific elements. KREEP stands for K (the atomic symbol for potassium), REE (rare-earth elements) and P (the atomic symbol for phosphorus). The KREEP terrane also contains the elements thorium and uranium, which decay radioactively and produce heat.
This heat would have allowed that part of the Moon to remain volcanic long after the rest of the Moon had cooled.
For the study, the researchers conducted computer simulations of how heat generated by a giant impact would alter patterns of convection in the Moon’s interior, and how that might redistribute KREEP material in the lunar mantle. KREEP is thought to represent the last part of the mantle to solidify after the Moon’s formation, and so would be part of the Moon’s mantle, the outermost layer.
Unlike previous models of the lunar interior, of mantle, Jones’ and his team saw in their model that any uniform distribution of the lunar crust would have been disrupted by the heat plume from the SPA impact.
LROC NAC oblique view of Aitken crater, including the central peak, and northern walls. The scene is about 30 km wide. Credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University
Also, the KREEP material would have “ridden the wave of heat emanating from the SPA impact zone like a surfer.” As the heat plume spread beneath the Moon’s crust, the team said, that material was eventually delivered to the nearside. The team’s simulations showed that the South Pole-Aitken impact provided the best location and subsequent pattern of creating KREEP concentrations on the nearside, consistent with the known PKT anomaly.
“How the PKT formed is arguably the most significant open question in lunar science,” Jones said. “And the South Pole–Aitken impact is one of the most significant events in lunar history. This work brings those two things together, and I think our results are really exciting.”
The study was a collaboration between Jones and his advisor Alexander Evans, an assistant professor at Brown, along with researchers from Purdue University, the Lunar and Planetary Science Laboratory in Arizona, Stanford University and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
When I was looking through a NASA Mars photo index, I found something thats a bit odd. I found something that closely resembles the ancient brass computer called the Antikythera Mechanism. The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, said to be the oldest example of an analogue computer used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses decades in advance. This discovery on Mars has many similarities to it. If the people on Mars had such mechanisms, its proof that they were highly up in their evolution at the time that the Mars surface was destroyed. NASA suggested that the surface of Mars once had oceans and atmosphere, but was swept away by an enormous explosion from our sun. But this computer is 100% proof of intelligent species on Mars.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
UFO Disguised As Meteor Passes Over France, April 12, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Disguised As Meteor Passes Over France, April 12, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting:April 12, 2022 Location of sighting: France
Watch this amazing video of a UFO disguised as a meteor. However the object is clearly an alien ship. Notice the contained marquee shape it has. The shape doesn't have pieces falling off behind it, but only has a long trail. Aliens pride themselves on being smarter than anyone around them, and they especially want to appear smarter than an inferior species like us humans. But his is an old trick, one that I have come to expect. They want to outwit us, they want to outsmart us at every corner. It's up to us, to analyze the videos more deeply and completely to find any inaccuracies in them. This video...reveals to us an alien craft.
Alien Entities On Cam At Popocatépetl Volcano, 2015-2016, UFO Sighting News.
Alien Entities On Cam At Popocatépetl Volcano, 2015-2016, UFO Sighting News.
Date 1: Oct 3, 2015
Date 2: June 19, 2016
Location of sighting: Volcano Popocatepetl, Mexico
I know these two videos are old, but I have never put them together in a video before so that people can compare and contrast them. Here we can see both entities in both videos are the same. The second video is the most interesting to me, due to the fact it was seconds after a major eruption at the volcano in the background, compounded by the fact its just 7 minutes after midnight...the legendary witching hour...which might be based on sightings of these alien entities, which could easily be mistaken for spirits, ghosts, demons, angels. These are alien entities who have the power to leave their bodies behind and travel in pure energy form. They are rare, and usually avoid human contact, but they have a high curiosity of anything new to them, just as we do, so...if you encounter some, they may stick around a bit to watch you too. 100% proof of energy entities existing at Popocateptl volcano.
UFO Shoots Out Of Volcano At Near Light Speed! April 11, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Shoots Out Of Volcano At Near Light Speed! April 11, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 11, 2022
Location of sighting:Popocatepetl, Mexico
Source: Live cam
Watch this amazing catch as a UFO shoots out of the mouth of the volcano at speeds faster than that of missile. This object was recorded shooting out and as it moves, curling like a screw. Its speed makes it look like the legendary rods we have heard about for so many decades. Since the mouth of the volcano is over 600 meters across, its makes this object at least ten meters wide. The object is not really long, but its speed makes it appear to be long. Its so fast, even video only captures the long curly trail it makes. But, its not that long. It's really only about the size of a ten meter tictac shaped UFO. 100% proof that alien exist 6km below this volcano in an underground base.
Similar unknown objects captured over South Africa and California
Similar unknown objects captured over South Africa and California
On April 15, 2022 the Muizenberg live camera, Cape Town, South Africa captured an unknown object fly across the screen at 6.42 am.
Remarkable, two weeks earlier a Ring camera at Southwest Bakersfield, California captured a similar object moving strangely through the sky.
It is not known whether these objects were meteorites, space junk or UFOs, but it remains strange that similar events have taken place in two different parts of the world.
A series of mysterious cattle mutilations on a farm in Argentina have given rise to concerns that a chupacabra could be behind the unsettling slayings. According to a local media report, the curious case centers around farmer Hugo Valenzuela's property near the city of Esquina. In three separate incidents over the last two months, he has found cows that were killed in a peculiar fashion wherein their tongues, udders, and reproductive organs were removed with an eerie level of precision.
"There is no trace of bleeding," Valenzuela marveled, "not even traces that indicate that the animal could have crawled or rammed." Longtime students of high strangeness will undoubtedly recognize these aspects of the case as classic signs of a mysterious cattle mutilation. To that end, the farmer also noted that no other animals will go near the remains of the downed cows and that there were no witnesses to the chilling killings, despite a neighbor that is located only around 1,300 feet from where the attacks have taken place.
"When it happens once, and even twice, you take it as something curious or anecdotal," the farmer mused. However, that initial bewilderment has given way to anger as he is now hoping for answers after losing a third cow in two months and suffering a significant financial blow as a result. Valenzuela is considering installing cameras to catch the culprit or, should another attack occur and it is not caught on film, enlisting a veterinarian to examine the downed animal.
While seasoned cattle mutilation researchers might suggest some kind of government conspiracy behind the phenomenon, the farmer and other residents of the area pointed the finger at a decidedly different suspect: the infamous chupacabra. Their reasoning is that a human would not attack a cow in the manner in which Valenzuela's cattle were killed with only some select organs removed. The notorious blood-sucking cryptid was also blamed for a similar series of slayings in neighboring Chile last year.
Across Assam in India, sometimes in plain sight and sometimes hidden in the wilderness, archaeologists have found more sites to add to a long-standing mystery. In four previously unknown locations, 65 giant sandstone vessels bulge from the ground.
Some of these ancient objects are tall and cylindrical, others bulbous, yet others shaped like two cones stacked together. Some are partially or almost fully buried. Who made them, and what purpose they served, is unknown. Whatever their use, however, it seems more widespread than we knew.
The discovery brings the total number of known megalithic jar sites in Assam to 11. Similar sites have also been found in Laos and Indonesia. Together, they date between the second millennium BCE and 13th century CE. Human remains found in and around the Laos jars suggest those ones may have been used for mortuary practices.
Megalithic jar sites in Assam were first formally described in 1929 by British civil servants Philip Mills and John Henry Hutton, who reported six sites. The seventh site wasn't discovered until a 2016-2017 expedition, part of work to relocate and catalog the sites described by Mills and Hutton.
Led by archaeologist Tilok Thakuria of North Eastern Hill University in India, work recommenced in 2020, and that's when the previously unknown sites started to emerge.
Jars at Thaimodholing.
(Thakuria et al., Asian Archaeology, 2022)
"At the start the team just went in to survey three large sites that hadn't been formally surveyed. From there grids were set up to explore the surrounding densely forested regions," says archaeologist Nicholae Skopal of the Australian National University in Australia.
"This is when we first started finding new jar sites."
The four new sites were the village of Herakilo, at which 10 jars were found, six at the outskirts, and the remaining four relocated to the village; a ridgeline at Thaimodholing, where 12 badly damaged jars were found; a spur at Thaimodholing, where eight jars were found, some relocated a short distance from the original spot, possibly due to the construction of a road; and Lower Chaikam, where 35 jars were found in a field surrounded by dense forest.
When added to the seven previously known sites, a total of 797 jars have been identified, in various states of preservation, over an area of 300 square kilometers (115 square miles). These jars seem to have been deliberately positioned on ridges, spurs and hills, with views of lowlands.
Furthermore, archaeologists haven't found any sources of the sandstone from which the jars are carved in the vicinity of any of the sites.
"We still don't know who made the giant jars or where they lived. It's all a bit of a mystery," Skopal says.
Jars at Lower Chaikam.
(Thakuria et al., Asian Archaeology, 2022)
However, there are traces of clues to suggest that, like the Laos jars, the Assam jars may have been used for mortuary practices.
Mills and Hutton reported that one of the jars contained cremated bone fragments. British anthropologist Ursula Graham Bower lived with the Zemi Naga people in the 1930s; according to her reports, the Zemi believed that the jars were made by the lost Siemi people, for funerary purposes.
"There are stories from the Naga people, the current ethnic groups in north-east India, of finding the Assam jars filled with cremated remains, beads, and other material artifacts," Skopal notes.
It's likely there are many more jar sites out there in the heavily forested uplands of Assam, since the team only searched a limited area. This, the researchers said, is very important for protecting the heritage of Assam, as human habitation expands. Additional surveys are warranted with urgency across Assam, Meghalaya, and Manipur, the researchers note.
"It seems as though there aren't any living ethnic groups in India associated with the jars, which means there is an importance to maintain the cultural heritage," Skopal says.
"The longer we take to find them, the greater chance that they will be destroyed, as more crops are planted in these areas and the forests are cut down."
Finding more sites could also help archaeologists piece together not just what the jars were for, but the heritage of the mysterious people who made them.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest of the three great pyramids of the Giza pyramid complex. There is more mystery and allure surrounding the three main Giza Pyramids, and the Great Pyramid of Giza specifically, to the degree that there are more fundamental unanswered questions remaining than those we have answered.
The Great Pyramid of Giza. Credit: Nina Aldin Thune CC BY 2.5.
Regardless of what textbooks, mainstream or alternative history books alike may tell you, the fact remains that nobody knows how the Great Pyramid of Giza was built. Not conclusively.
We do not even know for certain who built it, when it was built, nor for what purpose. The Ancient Greeks believed that the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt used hundreds of thousands of slaves to build the monument. Modern Egyptologists have beliefs ranging from agreement with the Greeks, to the ideas that a smaller specialized task force of skilled artisans was sufficient.
The idea that the structure was built (or at least planned) by a Lost Civilization around the End of the Last Ice Age c.10,500 BCE is especially convincing based on the evidence. Others claim that the Great Pyramid was built by ET’s or that it was manifested directly with thought by Higher Dimensional Beings.
I have no answers to offer you.
Let us first understand and explore the incredible facts of the Great Pyramid of Giza, before we delve into such speculations.
Unparalleled Precision of the Great Pyramid of Giza
The first thing to understand about the Great Pyramid is what it used to look like.
I have a feeling that from the image above, one might get the wrong impression of this structure. It looks roughly hewn, which is not remotely the case. It is nothing short than one of the most technically precise structures ever built, even while it was literally one of the first monumental structures built by human hands, and probably is the largest structure still, by mass.
The Great Pyramid used to be cased in gleaming white limestone. It would have been a glowing white beacon visible across the desert, reflecting light for all to see, that stood in this manner for at least 3800 years (by conventional dating). Rumor has it that it was topped with a golden capstone called the Pyramidion.
It wasn’t until 1303 CE that an earthquake fractured some of the casing stones, reaving a chink in this great monuments armour, so to speak, which allowed a sultan of the Mamluk dynasty to cart them away around 1356 CE to help build the city of Cairo.
The Great Pyramid With It’s Original White Limestone Casing. What the Great Pyramid of Giza would have looked like with its casing in tact, before it was mined in the Middle Ages to build Cairo, with its golden capstone. Credit:Openculture (Used without permission for educational purposes.)
Sir Flinders Petrie, a pioneering figure among Egyptologists, in the 19th century was the first scholar to take precise measurements of the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Around 1880-82 he estimated the dimensions of the Great Pyramid in units of the Egyptian Royal Cubit (the unit of measure used in Dynastic Egypt) at 280 royal cubits tall, with each of the four sides at the base of the pyramid measuring 440 royal cubits in length.
Each cubit was almost twice as long as a modern meter, giving the Great Pyramid estimated dimensions of 146.6 meters tall with side lengths of about 230.3 meters.
The Great Pyramid of Giza originally stood some 481.0 feet tall (146.6 m). Though with the removal of the original white limestone casing in 1356 CE by a local sultan, and its presumed capstone at some point in antiquity, it’s height was diminished about 30 feet to 449.5 ft (137 m).
The sides of the Great Pyramid of Giza are each about 230 meters in length, enclosing a surface area some 52,900 meters squared. Each of the four sides differ slightly in length, but by an incredibly small margin, which is difficult to measure precisely as measuring the actual length of the base without the original outer casing is difficult.
What is certain is that all four sides have a length at the base within mere centimetres from one another, differing by a magnitude on the order of mere ten thousandths of a percent of the total base length. Furthermore, the base of the structure is almost perfectly level, any point of the base differing from horizontal by only . [5]
It is estimated to weigh about 6 million tonnes (12,000,000,000 lbs).
Conventional theory is that it was built over a 10 to 20 year period for a pharaoh. Though this time frame is hotly contested under grounds of sheer mathematical impossibility with the technology available.
To complete the monument in 20 years they would have to place 1 block every 4.57 minutes working night and day with no variance in pace. Leaving out the fact that they couldn’t have worked this fast, nor worked through the night at all, this theory is, frankly, absurd. At least the time time frame.
The Great Pyramid of Giza consists of around 2.3 million blocks of limestone and granite, enclosing an estimated volume of 2,300,000 cubic meters, some stones weighing as much as 80 tonnes (160,000 lbs).
Each block was placed with nearly incomprehensible precision, especially when considering the sheer volume of blocks that had to be placed. All errors in alignment would have been magnified at each successive layer. Yet the space between the internal blocks is little more than a razor blade in width, and the white limestone outer casing (at least those that remains) appear to have possessed an even tighter fit. So the incredible alignment of higher levels speaks to a level of technical precision at the base we need lasers to achieve today, if we can achieve it at all on this scale.
The monument is further aligned with remarkable accuracy to the 4 cardinal directions with an error of around 1/15th of a single degree.
Equivalent to an accuracy of 4 arc minutes. However the Great Pyramid is not aligned with magnetic north, but with true north, which has staggering implications for the level of knowledge, scientific and technical understanding of the builders.
There is a slight discrepancy between the north pointed towards with a compass and the actual direction of the north pole from a given position on the globe because of the curvature of the Earth itself.
From a given latitude if you were to point directly at the North Pole you would technically be pointing into the ground, rather than along the surface, because of the curvature of the Earth. The direction that you point in towards the North Pole will be in the same vertical plane with the North Star, Polaris, at least in this age. This vertical plane, depending on latitude, will differ from magnetic north as determined by a compass.
The builders of the Great Pyramid of Giza appear to have known the difference, even though they are supposed to not even had the compass back then. Even to align it with the North Star was no mean feat. They might have used the star Thuban in those times (assuming c.2500 BCE) which was the North Star then.
Interior Chambers
There are three known chambers within the Great Pyramid.
There is a subterranean chamber which is believed to be unfinished because of its rough appearance. Followed by the so-called Queen’s Chamber which is in the center of the pyramid above the Subterranean Chamber, and the so-called King’s Chamber above the Queen’s Chamber.
There is an entrance to the Great Pyramid of Giza on the north side, which was found only after dynamite was used to blast a whole into the pyramid. Upon entering the pyramid you travel a downward-sloping passage which ultimately goes to the subterranean chamber.
Though an upward sloping passage intersects with the entryway passage called the Ascending Passage. This takes you to another intersection where one passage breaks off horizontally taking you to the Queen’s Chamber. While the ascending passage continues upwards in what is called the Grand Gallery to the so-called King’s Chamber.
Encoded Information
One of the most startling aspects of the Great Pyramid of Giza is that the builders intentionally encoded mathematical and scientific knowledge into it’s dimensions. This is a fact contested by some Egyptologists, on the grounds that it is their belief this knowledge was well beyond the level of advancement of the Ancient Egyptians at the generally accepted date of construction. They believe that these mathematical symmetries were accidental, which is a statistically irrational.
One of the encoded mathematical quantities can be found as the ratio between the Great Pyramids perimeter and height.
It doesn’t matter if we take the perimeter-to-height ratio using Egyptian royal cubits (1760/280) or in modern meters (921.2/146.6). Regardless of what unit we measure the distances in, this ratio gives us an incredibly close approximation to .
The perimeter-height ratio in royal cubits is closer to if we use the common fractional approximation for as (22/7) whereas the precise estimates for the perimeter and height in meters give us accurate to the nearest thousandth.
This tells us that the Ancient Egyptians at the dawn of Egyptian History knew the number , which in itself is incredible. Other encoded numbers include relationships that refer to the Golden Mean and even possibly the Dimensions of the Earth.
Map of the Giza Pyramid Complex. The Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Khufu) with the Pyramid of Khafre and the Pyramid of Menkaure mimicking the stars of Orion’s belt in their position. Credit: MesserWoland CC BY-SA 3.0
The Builders of the Great Pyramid
The story told by Egyptologists is that the Great Pyramid of Giza was built as a tomb for the second pharaoh of the illustrious Fourth Dynasty (Dynasty IV) of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: Pharaoh Khufu.
Khufu is believed by many to have been the son of Snefuru, the first pharaoh of Dynasty IV. His father had three vastly smaller pyramids built in his honor, which are nothing compared to the Great Pyramid of Giza. The pyramids of Snefuru are the Red Pyramid, Bent Pyramid, and Meidum Pyramid all built at Dahshur. These are believed to represent nearly all attempts at pyramid building before the engineering marvel that is the Great Pyramid of Giza.
The Pyramids of the Giza Plateau. From left to right the Pyramid of Menkaure, the Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The three smaller foreground pyramids are subsidiary structures associated with Menkaure’s pyramid.
Khufu was also the father of Pharaoh Khafre, to whom the second largest of the Giza Pyramids is attributed, and the grandfather of Menkaure, to whom the smallest of the three Giza Pyramids is attributed. In the image to the right, the three small pyramids in the foreground are known arbitrarily as the Queen’s Pyramids. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the most distant of the large three (furthest right), with the middle Pyramid of Khafre in the center, and the smallest Pyramid of Menkaure in the furthest to the left.
The only reason that these structures are associated with Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure is because this was a legendary association perpetuated by the ancient Greeks. It is from this association that we approximate a date of 2560 BCE for the Great Pyramid. However, the singular piece of evidence is a suspect piece of graffiti in one of the Relieving Chambers above the King’s Chamber.
It is suspect not only because grammatical mistakes in the graffiti itself, but in the fact that it was literally the last place explored. After finding not a shred of hieroglyphic script in any other part of the pyramids interior or exterior, literally the last place they looked, a place never supposed to have been entered at all because it was structural, they had to use dynamite to blast their way through some of the most massive stone blocks in the entire pyramid, they happened to find a misspelled inscription bearing Khufu’s name. Suspicious.
Various theories about the method of construction of the Great Pyramid have been proposed. Though not a single one of them are conclusive, as none of them work. The ramp theory (that they built a ramp to transport blocks up the pyramid to the level they were working on) is the most accepted, yet it holds no water because the ramp would have been larger than the pyramid itself.
Not a single one makes logical, realistic sense. We do not know conclusively how, why, or by whom this structure was built. Thus we do not technically know when either.
A Technological Marvel
There are so many unknowns about the Great Pyramid of Giza. At this time I have nothing constructive or conclusive to add to this state of affairs. All that we can take away from the Great Pyramid is a sense of awe and wonder, at the sheer technological skill required to build it.
Do not underestimate this piece of architecture, as it cannot be ignored. The sheer size of it. The incredible precision necessary for it to fit together so snugly after placing more than 2 million blocks of stones each of which weighing a couple thousand pounds minimum.
Remember also the mathematical relationships which give rise to advanced mathematical quantities, advanced at least for 4500 years ago, just after the earliest cultures are believed to have invented writing.
Try and get a sense of the mystery, rather than reducing this structure to certainties, of which there are few. How did they do this? When by conventional chronology this was one of the first 10 large scale structures every built by human hands?
How did they reach a level of technological precision superior to every architectural monument ever created by Egyptians in almost 3000 years afterwards?
Further Reading
Secrets of the Great Pyramid | Peter Tompkins | Harper Collins | 1978
Mastcam-Z Captures Ingenuity's Blades Spinning: The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter’s carbon fiber blades can be seen in this video taken by the Mastcam-Z instrument aboard NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover on April 8, 2021, the 48th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. They are performing a wiggle test before the actual spin-up to ensure they were working properly.
With its recent 21st flight complete, the Red Planet rotorcraft is on its way to setting more records during its second year of operations.
NASA has extended flight operations of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter through September. In the months ahead, history’s first aircraft to operate from the surface of another world will support the Perseverance rover’s upcoming science campaign exploring the ancient river delta of Jezero Crater. Along the way, it will continue testing its own capabilities to support the design of future Mars air vehicles.
The announcement comes on the heels of the rotorcraft’s 21st successful flight, the first of at least three needed for the helicopter to cross the northwest portion of a region known as “Séítah” and reach its next staging area.
“Less than a year ago we didn’t even know if powered, controlled flight of an aircraft at Mars was possible,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, the associate administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. “Now, we are looking forward to Ingenuity’s involvement in Perseverance’s second science campaign. Such a transformation of mindset in such a short period is simply amazing, and one of the most historic in the annals of air and space exploration.”
Mars Report - NASA's Explorers on Mars: NASA’s hard at work on the Red Planet. Watch the latest Mars Report for more on Ingenuity, along with the agency’s Perseverance and Curiosity rovers. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech. Download video ›
Ingenuity’s new area of operations is entirely different from the modest, relatively flat terrain it has been flying over since its first flight last April. Several miles wide and formed by an ancient river, the fan-shaped delta rises more than 130 feet (40 meters) above the crater floor. Filled with jagged cliffs, angled surfaces, projecting boulders, and sand-filled pockets that could stop a rover in its tracks (or upend a helicopter upon landing), the delta promises to hold numerous geologic revelations – perhaps even the proof necessary to determine that microscopic life once existed on Mars billions of years ago.
Upon reaching the delta, Ingenuity’s first orders will be to help determine which of two dry river channels Perseverance should take when it’s time to climb to the top of the delta. Along with routing assistance, data provided by the helicopter will help the Perseverance team assess potential science targets. Ingenuity may even be called upon to image geologic features too far afield (or outside of the rover’s traversable zone), or perhaps scout landing zones and caching sites for the Mars Sample Return program.
Ingenuity Flight 20: NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter acquired this image in the northwest portion of a region known as “Séítah” using its high-resolution color camera during its 20th flight on Feb. 25, 2022. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech. Download image ›
“The Jezero river delta campaign will be the biggest challenge the Ingenuity team faces since first flight at Mars,” said Teddy Tzanetos, Ingenuity team lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “To enhance our chances of success, we have increased the size of our team and are making upgrades to our flight software geared toward improving operational flexibility and flight safety.”
Higher Flights
Several of these upgrades have led to reduced navigation errors during flight, which increases both flight and landing safety. A recent software change already on the rotorcraft frees Ingenuity from its previously programmed maximum altitude of 50 feet (15 meters). The altitude gains could result in incremental increases in both air speed and range. A second upgrade allows Ingenuity to change airspeed as it flies. Another enables it to better understand and adjust to changes in terrain texture during flight. Future software upgrades may include adding terrain elevation maps into the navigation filter and a landing-hazard-avoidance capability.
Before aerial reconnaissance of the delta can begin, Ingenuity has to complete its journey to the area. Scheduled for no earlier than March 19, Ingenuity’s next flight will be a complex journey, about 1,150 feet (350 meters) in length, that includes a sharp bend in its course to avoid a large hill. After that, the team will determine whether two or three more flights will be required to complete the crossing of northwest Séítah.
Ingenuity Flights to the Delta: This annotated image depicts the multiple flights – and two different routes – NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter could take on its trip to Jezero Crater’s delta. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/USGS. Download image ›
The first experimental flight on another world took place on April 19, 2021, and lasted 39.1 seconds. After another four flights, six more minutes in the air, and traveling a total distance of 1,637 feet (499 meters), NASA transitioned Ingenuity into an operations demonstration phase, testing its ability to provide an aerial dimension to the Perseverance mission. With the completion of Flight 21, the rotorcraft has logged over 38 minutes aloft and traveled 2.9 miles (4.64 kilometers). As Ingenuity pushes farther into uncharted territory, these numbers will inevitably go up, and previous flight records will more than likely fall.
“This upcoming flight will be my 22nd entry in our logbook,” said Ingenuity chief pilot Håvard Grip of JPL. “I remember thinking when this all started, we’d be lucky to have three entries and immensely fortunate to get five. Now, at the rate we’re going, I’m going to need a second book.”
More About Ingenuity
The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter was built by JPL, which also manages this technology demonstration project for NASA Headquarters. It is supported by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley and NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, provided significant flight performance analysis and technical assistance during Ingenuity’s development. AeroVironment Inc., Qualcomm, and SolAero also provided design assistance and major vehicle components. Lockheed Space designed and manufactured the Mars Helicopter Delivery System.
At NASA Headquarters, Dave Lavery is the program executive for the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter.
More About Perseverance
A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will characterize the planet’s geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust).
Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with ESA (European Space Agency), would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these sealed samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis.
The Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is part of NASA’s Moon to Mars exploration approach, which includes Artemis missions to the Moon that will help prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet.
JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance rover.
What Sounds Captured by NASA's Perseverance Rover Reveal About Mars
What Sounds Captured by NASA's Perseverance Rover Reveal About Mars
NASA’s Perseverance Rover Captures Puff, Whir, Zap Sounds from Mars: Listen closely to new sounds from Mars recorded by NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover, including puffs and pings from a rover tool, light Martian wind, the whirring of the agency's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter, and laser zaps. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS/LANL/CNES/IRAP
A new study based on recordings made by the rover finds that the speed of sound is slower on the Red Planet than on Earth and that, mostly, a deep silence prevails.
Listen closely to sounds from Mars, recorded by NASA’s Perseverance: the rover’s mechanical whine and click in a light Martian wind; the whir of rotors on Ingenuity, the Mars helicopter; the crackling strike of a rock-zapping laser.
An international team of scientists has done just that, performing the first analysis of acoustics on the Red Planet. Their new study reveals how fast sound travels through the extremely thin, mostly carbon dioxide atmosphere, how Mars might sound to human ears, and how scientists can use audio recordings to probe subtle air-pressure changes on another world – and to gauge the health of the rover.
“It’s a new sense of investigation we’ve never used before on Mars,” said Sylvestre Maurice, an astrophysicist at the University of Toulouse in France and lead author of the study. “I expect many discoveries to come, using the atmosphere as a source of sound and the medium of propagation.”
Most of the sounds in the study, published April 1 in the journal Nature, were recorded using the microphone on Perseverance’s SuperCam, mounted on the head of the rover’s mast. The study also refers to sounds recorded by another microphone mounted on the chassis of the rover. This second microphone recently recorded the puffs and pings of the rover’s Gaseous Dust Removal Tool, or gDRT, which blows shavings off rocks that the rover has scraped in order to examine.
The result of the recordings: a new understanding of strange characteristics of the Martian atmosphere, where the speed of sound is slower than on Earth – and varies with pitch (or frequency). On Earth, sounds typically travel at 767 mph (343 meters per second). But on Mars, low-pitched sounds travel at about 537 mph (240 meters per second), while higher-pitched sounds move at 559 mph (250 meters per second).
The variable sound speeds on the Red Planet are an effect of the thin, cold, carbon dioxide atmosphere. Prior to the mission, scientists expected Mars’ atmosphere would influence sound speed, but the phenomenon had never been observed until these recordings were made. Another effect of this thin atmosphere: Sounds carry only a short distance, and higher-pitched tones carry hardly at all. On Earth, sound might drop off after about 213 feet (65 meters); on Mars, it falters at just 26 feet (8 meters), with high-pitched sounds being lost completely at that distance.
The recordings from SuperCam’s microphone also reveal previously unobserved pressure variations produced by turbulence in the Martian atmosphere as its energy changes at tiny scales. Martian wind gusts at very short timescales also were measured for the first time.
One of the most striking features of the sound recordings, Maurice said, is the silence that seems to prevail on Mars. “At some point, we thought the microphone was broken, it was so quiet,” he added.
That, too, is a consequence of Mars having such a thin atmosphere.
“Mars is very quiet because of low atmospheric pressure,” said Baptiste Chide of Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, also a coauthor of the study. “But the pressure changes with the seasons on Mars.”
That means, in the Martian autumn months to come, Mars might get noisier – and provide even more insights into its otherworldly air and weather.
“We are entering a high-pressure season,” Chide said. “Maybe the acoustic environment on Mars will be less quiet than it was when we landed.”
Illustration - Perseverance's Microphones: This illustration of NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover indicates the location of its two microphones. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech. Download image ›
Sounds of the Mission
The acoustic team also studied what the SuperCam microphone picked up from the spinning double rotors of Ingenuity, the Mars helicopter that is the rover’s traveling companion and aerial scout. Spinning at 2,500 revolutions per minute, the rotors produce “a distinctive, low-pitched sound at 84 hertz,” Maurice said, referring to the standard acoustic measure of vibrations per second and the rotation rate for both rotors.
On the other hand, when SuperCam’s laser, which vaporizes bits of rock from a distance to study their composition, strikes a target, it makes sparks that create a high-pitched noise above 2 kilohertz.
Studying sounds recorded by the rover’s microphones not only reveals details of the Martian atmosphere, but also helps scientists and engineers assess the health and operation of the rover’s many systems, just as one might notice a troubling noise when driving a car.
Meanwhile, the key instrument in the study, SuperCam’s microphone, continues to exceed expectations.
“The microphone is now used several times a day and performs extremely well; its overall performance is better than what we had modeled and even tested in a Mars-like environment on Earth,” says David Mimoun, professor at Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO) and lead of the team that developed the microphone experiment. “We could even record the humming of the Mars helicopter at long distance.”
More About the Mission
A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will characterize the planet’s geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust).
Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with ESA (European Space Agency), would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these sealed samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis.
The Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is part of NASA’s Moon to Mars exploration approach, which includes Artemis missions to the Moon that will help prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance rover.
COLD HARD FACTS? - Satellite spots MASSIVE object hidden under the frozen wastes of Antarctica
COLD HARD FACTS? - Satellite spots MASSIVE object hidden under the frozen wastes of Antarctica
Scientists baffled by bizarre observations of gigantic 'anomaly' buried beneath polar icecap
jasper hamill
SCIENTISTS believe a massive object which could change our understanding of history is hidden beneath the Antarctic ice.
The huge and mysterious "anomaly" is thought to be lurking beneath the frozen wastes of an area called Wilkes Land.
A view of Antarctica, the frozen landmass at the south pole of our planet
The icy wastelands of Antarctica are infamously barren and inhospitable, making research very difficult
It stretches for a distance of 151 miles across and has a maximum depth of about 848 metres.
Some researchers believe it is the remains of a truly massive asteroid which was more than twice the size of the Chicxulub space rock which wiped out the dinosaurs.
If this explanation is true, it could mean this killer asteroid caused the Permian–Triassic extinction event which killed 96 percent of Earth's sea creatures and up to 70 percent of the vertebrate organisms living on land.
However, the wilder minds of the internet have come up with their own theories, with some conspiracy theorists claiming it could be a massive UFO base or a portal to a mysterious underworld called the Hollow Earth.
This "Wilkes Land gravity anomaly" was first uncovered in 2006, when NASA satellites spotted gravitational changes which indicated the presence of a huge object sitting in the middle of a 300 mile wide impact crater.
The area known as Wilkes Land is circled in red
This representation of satellite data shows the bizarre anomaly beneath Wilkes Land
Now the internet has lit up with discussion of the mysterious observations after the UFO hunting crew Secure Team 10 posted a YouTube video about the anomaly.
"To this day, scientists have no idea or way to discover exactly what is buried deep under this thick ice shelf," the video narrator said.
"This continent has been shrouded in a mystery of its own for years now."
Secure Team 10 suggested the Nazis built secret bases in Antarctica during World War II, which were designed to be used by flying saucers.
The UFO hunters added: "There is some evidence of this coming to light in recent years, which images purporting to show various entrances built into the side of mountains, with a saucer shape and at a very high altitude.
"This begs the question: how would you enter these entrances without something that could fly and was the same shape as hole itself?"
Secure Team also suggested the US Navy led a mission to investigate the mysterious continent.
This expedition was called Operation High Jump, which conspiracy theorists believe was an attempt to find the entrance to a secret world hidden underneath Earth.
However, the scientist who first spotted the anomaly believes it is actually evidence of a massive impact crater.
"This Wilkes Land impact is much bigger than the impact that killed the dinosaurs, and probably would have caused catastrophic damage at the time," said Ralph von Frese, who was a professor of geological sciences at Ohio State University when he discovered the "killer crater" on 2006.
"All the environmental changes that would have resulted from the impact would have created a highly caustic environment that was really hard to endure. So it makes sense that a lot of life went extinct at that time."
A new report has been released by the Pentagon outlining investigations into the health impact on humans who have had encounters with UFOs.
The 1,574-page report titled ‘Anomalous Acute And Subacute Field Effects on Human and Biological Tissues’ was obtained by The Sun from the US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) as part of a Freedom of Information request.
‘Sufficient incidents/accidents have been accurately reported, and medical data acquired, as to support a hypothesis that some advanced systems are already deployed, and opaque to full US understandings,’ reads the report from the now-defunct Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program (AATIP).
AATIP was a secret investigatory effort funded by the United States Government to study unidentified flying objects (UFOs) or -as they prefer to call them – unexplained aerial phenomena (UAP).
The program ran from 2007 to 2012 and came to light in 2017 when the New York Times obtained military footage that showed unidentified aircraft moving in highly unusual ways.
The Sun claims the report included 42 cases from medical files and 300 cases in which people claim to have been injured following ‘anomalous’ encounters.
Some of these injuries appeared to be the result of electromagnetic radiation or inflicted by ‘energy related propulsion systems’.
The existence of the report was revealed by whistleblower and former head of the program, Luis Elizondo.
Among the various claims in the document, the most bizarre ones included alleged injuries to ‘human observers by anomalous advanced aerospace systems’, an ‘apparent abduction’ and even an ‘unaccounted-for pregnancy’.
While the report seems to be official, it also contains reports of ‘poltergeists, crop circles, spontaneous human combustion, alien abductions and other paranormal events’, which make it seem less reliable.
According to The Sun, the report also has mentions of ‘ghosts, yetis, spirits, elves and other mythical/legendary entities’, giving more reason to be sceptical about its contents.
The 9-page report reviewed 120 incidents recorded by US military and government did not confirm anything about UFO other than they might be airborne clutter, natural atmospheric phenomena or aerial crafts from adversaries like China or Russia.
The public report marked the first time the American government fully admitted there are things in the sky it can’t explain.
In 2020, US lawmakers added a provision to the Intelligence Authorization Act, which forced the government to compile a report on what it knows about UFOs by, at the latest, 25 June.
While the contents of the latest report don’t seem to provide any credible proof of the existence of aliens or UFOs, the fact that the US government is invested in studying these instances of ‘unidentified aerial phenomena’ is significant.
Before his death, Hawking said: ‘If you look at history, contact between humans and less intelligent organisms have often been disastrous from their point of view, and encounters between civilisations with advanced versus primitive technologies have gone badly for the less advanced.’
His warning, issued in 2015, was in response to the $100 million Breakthrough Listen project – which also involved looking for alien life in space.
But the Beacon in the Galaxy contains much more than just the location of Earth for any aliens wanting to pay us a visit.
It will also include a map of our planet, information on the chemical makeup of humans and images of a naked man and a naked women.
That’s right, we could be sending unsolicited nudes out into the vastness of intergalactic space.
The message will include images of a naked man and woman (Credits J. H. Jiang et al., 2022)
‘The proposed message includes basic mathematical and physical concepts to establish a universal means of communication followed by information on the biochemical composition of life on Earth, the Solar System’s time-stamped position in the Milky Way relative to known globular clusters, as well as digitized depictions of the Solar System, and Earth’s surface,’ wrote Jonathan Jiang, a scientist at Nasa’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in a study explaining the idea.
Jiang and his colleagues have published the study on the preprint site arXiv while it is waiting to be peer-reviewed.
‘The message concludes with digitized images of the human form, along with an invitation for any receiving intelligences to respond.’
The message also includes a map showing Earth’s position in the solar system (Credits J. H. Jiang et al., 2022)
According to the team, the message will be sent as a beamed radio wave from radio telescopes in China and California after they’ve been modified to send it.
The team is fixing to send the message to a point 13,000 light years from the galactic centre of the Milky Way. An area, the scientists say, which ‘has been proposed as the most likely for life to have developed’.
As for whether or not they should contact aliens, the scientists give their reasoning that any aliens that have gotten far enough along in evolution would know the importance of peace.
Or, as they put it: ‘The arguments against the continuation of communication have been explored and stated on the record: would the ETI [extra-terrestrial intelligence] be peaceful and even if they are, would human nature mean that war with ETI is inevitable, possibly causing the extinction of another sentient race?’
‘However, logic suggests a species which has reached sufficient complexity to achieve communication through the cosmos would also very likely have attained high levels of cooperation amongst themselves and thus will know the importance of peace and collaboration.’
Radio telescopes in China and California could be used to beam the signals to aliens (Credits: Getty)
Jiang and the other scientists say that a public discussion is ultimately required so that we can reach a “maximally-informed consensus” on whether or not we should be sending party invites out to any aliens that happen to be listening.
Nuclear reactor parts converted to radioactive carbon-14 diamonds produce energy.
To keep them safe, the carbon-14 diamonds are encased in a second protective diamond layer.
The company predicts batteries for personal devices could last about nine years.
We have an insatiable need for energy. When we need to operate something that cannot be simply plugged in, power is going to have to come from a battery, and the battle for a better battery is being fought in labs all over the world. Hold that thought for a moment.
Nuclear waste — it’s the radioactive detritus from nuclear power plants that no one wants stored near their homes or even transported through their towns. The nasty stuff is toxic, dangerous, it takes thousands of years to fully degrade, and we keep making more of it.
Now a company from California, NDB, believes it can solve both of these problems. They say they’ve developed a self-powered battery made from nuclear waste that can last 28,000 years, perfect for your future electric vehicle or iPhone 1.6 x 104. Producing its own charge—rather than storing energy created elsewhere—the battery is made from two types of nano-diamonds, rendering it essentially crash-proof if used in cars or other moving objects. The company also says its battery is safe, emitting less radiation than the human body.
NDB has already completed a proof of concept and plans to build its first commercial prototype once its labs have resumed operations post-COVID.
NDB’s battery as it might look as a circuit-board component
The nuclear waste from which NDB plans to make it batteries are reactor parts that have become radioactive due to exposure to nuclear-plant fuel rods. While not considered high-grade nuclear waste—that would be spent fuel—it’s still very toxic, and there’s a lot of it in a nuclear generator. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, the “core of a typical graphite moderated reactor may contain 2000 tonnes of graphite.” (A tonne is one metric ton, or about 2,205 lbs.)
The graphite contains the carbon-14 radioisotope, the same radioisotope used by archaeologists for carbon dating. It has a half-life of 5,730 years, eventually transmuting into nitrogen 14, an anti-neutrino, and a beta decay electron, whose charge piqued NDB’s interest as a potential means of producing electricity.
NDB purifies the graphite and then turns it into tiny diamonds. Building on existing technology, the company says they’ve designed their little carbon-14 diamonds to produce a significant amount of power. The diamonds also act as a semiconductor for collecting energy, and as a heat sink that disperses it. They’re still radioactive, though, so NDB encases the tiny nuclear power plants within other inexpensive, non-radioactive carbon-12 diamonds. These glittery lab-made shells serve as, well, diamond-hard protection at the same time as they contain the carbon-14 diamonds’ radiation.
NDA plans to build batteries in a range of standard—AA, AAA, 18650, and 2170—and custom sizes containing several stacked diamond layers together with a small circuit board and a supercapacitor for collecting, storing, and discharging energy. The end result is a battery, the company says, that will last a very long time.
NDB predicts that if a battery is used in a low-power context, say, as a satellite sensor, it could last 28,000 years. As a vehicle battery, they anticipate a useful life of 90 years, much longer than any single vehicle will last—the company anticipates that one battery could conceivably provide power for one set of wheels after another. For consumer electronics such as phones and tablets, the company expects about nine years of use for a battery.
“Think of it in an iPhone,” NDB’s Neel Naicker tells New Atlas. “With the same size battery, it would charge your battery from zero to full, five times an hour. Imagine that. Imagine a world where you wouldn’t have to charge your battery at all for the day. Now imagine for the week, for the month… How about for decades? That’s what we’re able to do with this technology.”
NDB anticipates having a low-power commercial version on the market in a couple of years, followed by a high-powered version in about five. If all goes as planned, NDB’s technology could constitute a major step forward, providing low-cost, long-term energy to the world’s electronics and vehicles. The company says, “We can start at the nanoscale and go up to power satellites, locomotives.”
The company also expects their batteries to be competitively priced compared to current batteries, including lithium ion, and maybe even cheaper once they’re being produced at scale—owners of nuclear waste may even pay the company to take their toxic problem off their hands.
MIT News reports that the first scientific analysis of images taken by NASA’s Perseverance rover has now confirmed that Mars’ Jezero crater — which today is a dry, wind-eroded depression — was once a quiet lake, fed steadily by a small river some 3.7 billion years ago.
The images also reveal evidence that the crater endured flash floods. This flooding was energetic enough to sweep up large boulders from tens of miles upstream and deposit them into the lakebed, where the massive rocks lie today.
The new analysis, published today in the journal Science, is based on images of the outcropping rocks inside the crater on its western side. Satellites had previously shown that this outcrop, seen from above, resembled river deltas on Earth, where layers of sediment are deposited in the shape of a fan as the river feeds into a lake.
Perseverance’s new images, taken from inside the crater, confirm that this outcrop was indeed a river delta. Based on the sedimentary layers in the outcrop, it appears that the river delta fed into a lake that was calm for much of its existence, until a dramatic shift in climate triggered episodic flooding at or toward the end of the lake’s history.
“If you look at these images, you’re basically staring at this epic desert landscape. It’s the most forlorn place you could ever visit,” says Benjamin Weiss, professor of planetary sciences in MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and a member of the analysis team. “There’s not a drop of water anywhere, and yet, here we have evidence of a very different past. Something very profound happened in the planet’s history.”
As the rover explores the crater, scientists hope to uncover more clues to its climatic evolution. Now that they have confirmed the crater was once a lake environment, they believe its sediments could hold traces of ancient aqueous life. In its mission going forward, Perseverance will look for locations to collect and preserve sediments. These samples will eventually be returned to Earth, where scientists can probe them for Martian biosignatures.
“We now have the opportunity to look for fossils,” says team member Tanja Bosak, professor of geobiology at MIT. “It will take some time to get to the rocks that we really hope to sample for signs of life. So, it’s a marathon, with a lot of potential.”
Tilted beds
On Feb. 18, 2021, the Perseverance rover landed on the floor of Jezero crater, a little more than a mile away from its western fan-shaped outcrop. In the first three months, the vehicle remained stationary as NASA engineers performed remote checks of the rover’s many instruments.
During this time, two of Perseverance’s cameras, Mastcam-Z and the SuperCam Remote Micro-Imager (RMI), captured images of their surroundings, including long-distance photos of the outcrop’s edge and a formation known as Kodiak butte, a smaller outcop that planetary geologists surmise may have once been connected to the main fan-shaped outcrop but has since partially eroded.
Once the rover downlinked images to Earth, NASA’s Perseverance science team processed and combined the images, and were able to observe distinct beds of sediment along Kodiak butte in surprisingly high resolution. The researchers measured each layer’s thickness, slope, and lateral extent, finding that the sediment must have been deposited by flowing water into a lake, rather than by wind, sheet-like floods, or other geologic processes.
The rover also captured similar tilted sediment beds along the main outcrop. These images, together with those of Kodiak, confirm that the fan-shaped formation was indeed an ancient delta and that this delta fed into an ancient Martian lake.
“Without driving anywhere, the rover was able to solve one of the big unknowns, which was that this crater was once a lake,” Weiss says. “Until we actually landed there and confirmed it was a lake, it was always a question.”
Boulder flow
When the researchers took a closer look at images of the main outcrop, they noticed large boulders and cobbles embedded in the youngest, topmost layers of the delta. Some boulders measured as wide as 1 meter across, and were estimated to weigh up to several tons. These massive rocks, the team concluded, must have come from outside the crater, and was likely part of bedrock located on the crater rim or else 40 or more miles upstream.
Judging from their current location and dimensions, the team says the boulders were carried downstream and into the lakebed by a flash-flood that flowed up to 9 meters per second and moved up to 3,000 cubic meters of water per second.
“You need energetic flood conditions to carry rocks that big and heavy,” Weiss says. “It’s a special thing that may be indicative of a fundamental change in the local hydrology or perhaps the regional climate on Mars.”
Because the huge rocks lie in the upper layers of the delta, they represent the most recently deposited material. The boulders sit atop layers of older, much finer sediment. This stratification, the researchers say, indicates that for much of its existence, the ancient lake was filled by a gently flowing river. Fine sediments — and possibly organic material — drifted down the river, and settled into a gradual, sloping delta.
However, the crater later experienced sudden flash floods that deposited large boulders onto the delta. Once the lake dried up, and over billions of years wind eroded the landscape, leaving the crater we see today.
The cause of this climate turnaround is unknown, although Weiss says the delta’s boulders may hold some answers.
“The most surprising thing that’s come out of these images is the potential opportunity to catch the time when this crater transitioned from an Earth-like habitable environment, to this desolate landscape wasteland we see now,” he says. “These boulder beds may be records of this transition, and we haven’t seen this in other places on Mars.”
History’s most twisted round of “which of these things do not belong” is playing out on the floor of the Black Sea this week because Russia may have lost nuclear weapons when its warship sank there.
“Russian warship Moskva may have been carrying two nuclear warheads when it was sunk by a Ukrainian missile strike yesterday. Intel and news reports conflicting,” lawyer Tristan Snell said on Twitter yesterday. “This is a huge story to watch.”
Given the high number of nukes and the country’s violence it’s not out of the question to think Russia might be trying to blow something up. Their actions in Mariupol show they have little regard for innocent civilian lives, and if they capture the city Russia’s army will have more access to a central location that provides strategic and logistical benefits.
It’s hard to say for sure, but it’s possible Russia had big plans for the nukes. Now they’re sleeping with the fishes.
A parachute and landing equipment lying in the Martian desert.
Credit: NASA
NASA's Perseverance rover is on a mission to sleuth out past evidence of life on Mars. Along the way, it found evidence of Earthlings.
This week, the space agency posted an image of two objects the rover passed while traversing the Martian desert: a discarded parachute and a metal capsule. Both played vital roles in helping the car-sized exploration rover land safely on Mars.
"Definitely wouldn’t be where I am without them!" NASA tweeted from the Perseverance rover's Twitter account.
You can spot the objects in the middle of the image. On left is the collapsed orange and white parachute; on right is a conspicuous part of the shell that housed the rover as it plunged through Mars' atmosphere in February 2021.
Landing the 2,260-pound, $2.7 billion rover on Mars was an impressive feat, dubbed the "seven minutes of terror." The plummeting spacecraft, traveling at some 1,000 mph, deployed a supersonic parachute to slow down. It ditched its heavy heat shield. Before choosing a safe landing spot (free of boulders, pits, or dangerous rocks), it abandoned the parachute; then a rocket-powered apparatus fired up and hovered in the air while carefully lowering the rover down to the ground. Everything must work swimmingly — and it did.
The rover is now on its way to a dried-up delta in Mars' Jezero Crater, a place planetary scientists believe once hosted a lake.
"This delta is one of the best locations on Mars for the rover to look for signs of past microscopic life," NASA said.
Chinese taikonauten na recordverblijf van zes maanden in ruimte weer op Aarde
Drie Chinese taikonauten zijn na een recordverblijf in de ruimte weer op Aarde geland. De capsule met taikonaute Wang Yaping en haar twee mannelijke collega's Zhai Zhigang en Ye Guangfu kwam vanochtend (plaatselijke tijd) aan in de Gobiwoestijn in het noordwesten van China. De landing werd live uitgezonden op de Chinese staatstelevisie.
De taikonauten, zoals Chinese ruimtevaarders worden genoemd, brachten een half jaar door aan boord van de basismodule van het ruimtestation Tiangong dat Peking bouwt. De bemanning van de Shenzhou-13 was daarmee langer in de ruimte dan alle andere Chinese ruimtereizigers voor hen.
Tijdens hun verblijf in de ruimte hebben de taikonauten twee ruimtewandelingen gemaakt, een hele reeks experimenten uitgevoerd en de verdere uitbreiding van het ruimtestation voorbereid. In totaal duurde de terugvlucht vanaf het ruimtestation, dat ongeveer 400 kilometer boven de Aarde zweeft, iets meer dan negen uur.
China heeft grote ambities in de ruimte. Zo zette het al een rover neer op Mars en in 2033 wil het ook een bemande landing op de ‘rode planeet’ uitvoeren. In 2019 zette China als eerste land ooit een ruimtevaartuig op de ‘achterkant’ van de maan.
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Astronomy Jargon 101: Trans-Neptunian Objects
Astronomy Jargon 101: Trans-Neptunian Objects
In this series we are exploring the weird and wonderful world of astronomy jargon! You’ll be far from home in today’s topic: trans-Neptunian objects!
The trans-Neptunian objects (often abbreviated at TNOs) are any worlds, small or otherwise, that orbit the Sun farther than Neptune’s average distance, which is around 30 AU. There are almost 3,000 known TNOs, and astronomers suspect there are countless more.
By far the most famous of all the TNOs is Pluto. Even though Pluto spends 20 years of every orbit closer to the Sun than Neptune, it spends the vast majority of its time farther away. At that distance, the light of the Sun is so dim that Pluto exists in permanent twilight, and temperatures are cold enough for the world to support giant mountains made of pure water ice.
For decades since its discovery by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, astronomers believed that Pluto was the only object beyond the orbit of Neptune, but the 1992 discovery of Albion changed that. We now understand that the solar system past Neptune is a rich and diverse – if very cold – place.
Even though Pluto is the largest of the TNOs by radius, it is not the most massive. That honor goes to Eris. That world has a highly eccentric orbit. At its closest approach to the Sun, it’s about 38 times farther way than the Earth. At its most distant, it’s nearly 100 times farther away. Some other TNOs have orbits three times bigger.
Astronomers know of almost all TNOs as mere points of light, since they are so small and so far away from the Sun. Based on spectroscopy from reflected sunlight, most TNOs appear to be mixtures of rock and ice. Many, like Pluto, have a dull red color, a product of ultraviolet light striking organic molecules on their surfaces.
Two categories divide the trans-Neptunian objects. The Kuiper belt is a narrow band stretching from 40-50 AU. This Kuiper belt is similar to the asteroid belt, but on a much larger scale. Beyond that lies the scattered disk. The TNOs that live there tend to have highly eccentric orbits, which astronomers believe is caused by constant tiny gravitational nudges from the giant planets.
In this series we are exploring the weird and wonderful world of astronomy jargon! You’ll have to carefully navigate around today’s topic: the Van Allen Belts!
The Van Allen belts are regions containing highly energetic subatomic particles trapped by the magnetic field of a planet or moon. They get their name from the space scientist James Van Allen, who discovered them.
If a planet or moon has a strong enough magnetic field, it has the potential of forming Van Allen belts. The belts contain charged particles, like electrons and protons, that constantly swim throughout the solar system. Most of these particles come from the solar wind, which is the steady rain of high-energy electrons emitted by the Sun. Other particles come from well outside the solar system, like distant supernovae or star-forming regions.
When these particles encounter a planet, they begin to interact with its magnetic field. Some of the particles barrel on through, while others just bounce right off. But if the particles have just the right energy, they become trapped. They follow the magnetic field lines around and around the planet, constantly circling it.
Around the Earth, the Van Allen belts split into two distinct regions. The inner radiation belt extends from 1,000 km in altitude to 12,000 km. It contains mostly electrons and some protons. While the energies of these particles are relatively low, their density is much higher in this region.
The outer belt extends from 12,000 km all the way up to 60,000 km. The particles here have much more energy than the ones in the inner belt, but they are much more diffuse. The outer belt is also much looser, and tends to fluctuate depending on solar weather and changes in the Earth’s magnetic field.
Jupiter has by far the strongest magnetic field in the solar system, and its system of Van Allen belts is millions of times more intense than the Earth’s. This poses a significant hazard to any spacecraft visiting the Jovian system.
A Legend That Turns Out To Be Real? Hibernating Alien Discovered Inside Secret Chamber In The Great Pyramid
A Legend That Turns Out To Be Real? Hibernating Alien Discovered Inside Secret Chamber In The Great Pyramid
A strange story about the Great Pyramid of Giza appeared in the March 2000 issue of the Egyptian magazine Rose El-Yussuf.
According to the article, in 1988, French Egyptologist Louis Caparat, discovered this mummy in 1988 in a secret room of the Great Pyramid and, “was found in a crystalline transparent case. At first the alien appeared to be hibernating,” or in a state of suspended animation. It’s believed to be a “humanoid,” which is a mix between an extraterrestrial race and human DNA.
A papyrus found near the body tells of this being’s encounter with the Pharaoh Khufu. Apparently, it said that this convinced the Pharaoh to build the Great Pyramid as a tomb for this being after he had announced the future arrival of other beings of his species (Source: the Egyptian magazine “Rose El-Yussuf” relayed by “The World Of The Unknown” in Issue 283 April 2000).
It was also determined from the papyrus that the people whom lived in Egypt during the Neolithic period was already very mixed, mostly consisting of people from the Mediterranean and Negroid that were dolichocephalic (Greek word meaning to have an elongated head).
The last update on this was that “Caparat sent a message to a colleague in Spain, Francisco de Braga, a biologist, inviting him to come to Egypt” to take blood, cell, tissue and DNA samples from the dead alien.” But when Dr. de Braga arrived in Cairo, he was detained by the Egyptian Ministry of State Security and put on a plane back to Madrid. According to Rose El-Yussuf, the dead alien was taken to a laboratory at an undisclosed location by Egyptian military intelligence.
Editor’s Note: Please take this story with a grain of salt. Mysterious dead bodies have been turning up in the Great Pyramid since Abdullah Al-Mamun first broke into the Great Pyramid in 813 A.D. Abdullah, who was the son of the famous caliph, Haroun Al-Raschid, hired a crew of Egyptians who laboriously bored a hole right through the Pyramid’s wall.
According to author Peter Tompkins:
“Some Arabian authors have reported that Al-Mamun found in the sarcophagus a stone statue in the shape of a man. They say that within the statue lay a body wearing a breastplate of gold set with precious stones, an invaluable sword on his chest, and a carbuncle ruby on his head the size of an egg, which shone as with the light of day.”
– Secrets of the Great Pyramid by Peter Tompkins
On the other hand, there have been a lot of strange goings-on at the Great Pyramid since 1996, including secret UNESCO teams visiting, unmarked military vehicles and black helicopters seen at Giza, and the recent round of heavy construction.. It’s anyone’s guess what is really going on out there.
Another mummified alien (5’ 3”) was also found buried in an ancient pyramid, but this time by the archaeologist, Dr. Viktor Lubek. This one was found near Lahun, when exploring a small pyramid south of the Dynasty doceaba of Senusret II, which contains the queen of the pharaoh. This of course was not revealed immediately to the public either, and dates back to about 1880 B.C. According to a source at the Egyptian Antiquities Department, “The mummy of what appears to be an alien, dates back (to about 1880 B.C.) and it seems it would be a humanoid.” Apparently this statement, along with details and photographs of the find, were made under the condition of remaining anonymous. Inscriptions on the tomb of the mummy showed that this being was a counselor to the pharaoh and was named Osirunet, meaning “star” or “sent from heaven.” The body was said to be buried with great respect and care, and was accompanied by a number of strange artifacts made of a synthetic material that is not found in any other Egyptian tomb. Also the source claimed, “It’s unclear what sex it was, but we do know it had unusual reptilian-type skin, no external ears and overly large, almond-shaped eyes.”
The anonymous person that provide this find’s details claimed that the discovery has caused great controversy among Egyptian officials, who want to keep it hidden until a “plausible explanation” for the strange mummy can be made. The Egyptian government has consulted a number of respected archaeologists, but to date none can explain the finding in ordinary terms. According to the source, “The Egyptians refuse to believe that their heritage came from outer space.” The last update on this was that the mummy was to be flown to a university in Florida where specialists will examine it more closely.
It turns out that the CIA has banned archaeologists to excavate in certain areas. Some journalists had already noticed that the CIA was very interested in making their own excavations before the ban was put in place. So far there are three “hidden” openings around the Sphinx that lead to underground tunnels that are prohibited. One opening is located in-between the two front paws, another on the south side, and one on the north side.
According to the British journalist Graham Hancock, the CIA has discovered not one, but 9 chambers under the Sphinx, some of which containing metal objects. These hidden underground chambers were actually recorded in the Emerald Tablets that were supposed to be written by Thoth/Hermes. The Emerald Tablets were said to be each molded out of a single piece of emerald (green) crystal, with its true origin (possible Atlantis) lost in legends that go back over 10,000 years. Its first known translation was made into Greek by Alexandrian scholars and was actually put on display in Egypt in 330 B.C. However, around 400 A.D. it was reportedly buried somewhere on the Giza plateau to protect it from religious zealots who were burning libraries around the world at that time.
If the intelligence agencies want to get their hands on a device or documents, it means they think that the civilization of ancient Egypt was, in some areas, much more advanced than ours. Two of the most well-known descriptions of aliens mating with humans, thereby creating humanoids, comes from Robert Temple’s “The Sirius Mystery” (which tells the story of the African Dogon Tribe) and Genesis in the Bible.
“The son of God saw the daughters of men were beautiful, and they took them wives which they chose among them. (…) There were giants in the earth in those days, and also later, because the son of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children: these are powerful men who, from ancient times, were men of renown “
(Genesis 6: 2-4)
Greek mythology refers to these giants as Nephilim, or fallen angels who have taught men: math, writing, music, witchcraft/alchemy, astrology, etc. These lessons were also listed in the Kabbalah, which caused many crusades to chase these secrets in Jerusalem.
Same UFO Seen 3X Over Medellin, Colombia April 9, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Same UFO Seen 3X Over Medellin, Colombia April 9, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 9, 2022 Location of sighting:Medellin, Colombia
This diamond shaped craft was seen over the city of Medellin this week. It's a large city of 2.6 million people. You would think this is absolutely amazing as it is, however I have proof that this same UFO was recorded two other times in the last two years! Yes, it's true.
April 9, 2022 recorded passing over the city of Medellin.
Oct 6, 2020 recorded from a mountain top over Medellin.
Jan 29, 2020 recorded by a commercial pilot over Medellin.
This is 100% proof that this UFO is sticking around and highly interested in the city of Medellin, Colombia. That means it either doing some research on human subjects abducting and possibly impregnating them to create alien/hybrids, or there is an alien base under the mountains of Medellin. Either way, we have not seen the end of this UFO!
A glowing object was seen skirting the top of the mountains on a live cam yesterday. The object seemed to follow the ridge, rising and lowering till off screen. This live cam was for a beach along the city of Muiznberg in South Africa.
South Africa is a hotspot for UFOs which I have reported on in the past, especially hot is the area along Cape of Good Hope. I looked at the cam and saw the mountain area. This is not a plane or helicopter, not a bird or balloon, not a meteor. This is a UFO.
A legend among the Hopis states that there was once a great temple city of wisdom built by the Star People, the Kachinas. Many of the Hopi clans visited this city during their respective migrations throughout the Americas and later shared stories of it when all the clans reunited at their final destination on the Hopi Mesas. This mysterious city, known as Palatkwapi, the “Red House,” was where the Star People taught important rituals and secrets of the universe that are still enacted and honored by the clans.
Over the last one hundred years there has been much speculation regarding the location of Palatkwapi. An abundance of ethnographers have located Palatkwapi in the Sedona-Verde Valley region, but there have also been other academics who have placed it much further south. Most everyone agrees, however, that the City of the Star People was someplace south of the Hopi Mesas. One Hopi legend of the Patki or Water Clan recounted by ethnographer Alexander M. Stephen in Hopi Journey states: “...no one knows just where the Red Land is, but it is someplace in the far southwest [of Hopiland].” Distance is, of course, relative, especially when you are traveling by foot.
The striking red stone of Cathedral Rock, Sedona, Arizona.
Some researchers claim that Palatkwapi was Palenque in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, which is not to the southwest of Hopiland. Outside of having once possessed buildings painted red, this jungle city seems to contradict many of the known facts regarding the “Red House.” For example, one of the definitive Hopi legends regarding Palatkwapi maintains that the city was surrounded by “high walls,” and that the city’s name “seems to be derived from a high bluff of red stone.” There are no high bluffs of red stone in Palenque, nor was its temple compound completely destroyed by an ancient deluge. If there was a major deluge in the city’s past it is recorded in the “ Maya Flood Myth ,” which is, however, an astronomical event depicted on its temple walls. Moreover, Palatkwapi’s destruction began with the burning of the pine forest surrounding it and Palenque is in the middle of a sweltering tropical jungle consisting of cedar, mahogany, and sapodilla trees. And if Palatkwapi is linked to the Mayan city of Palenque simply because of the similarity between their names, let it be known that Palenque is not the city’s original name.
Its original Mayan name was Lakamha, meaning “Big Water.” Palenque is a Spanish name given it by the Conquistadors meaning “Fortified Place.” By contrast, Sedona and the Verde Valley possess almost all the characteristics that are ascribed to Palatkwapi, and this is why the most renowned Hopi historian and ethnographer, Jesse Walter Fewkes, conclusively identified it as the location of the ancient holy city. Fewkes was so convinced of his identification that he was prompted to name one of the most heavily petroglyph-adorned Hopi ruins in the Sedona area Palatki, which is a shortened version of Palatkwapi.
One difficulty in assigning a definite location for Palatkwapi are the many recorded land routes to it. This is the result of the various Hopi clans having arrived at the Red House via divergent pathways during their migrations. However, the routes taken by most of the clans when they left Palatkwapi and traveled north to the Hopi Mesas are very consistent and in many cases identical. It is this common route that has allowed ethnographers to definitively locate ancient Palatkwapi as the Sedona-Verde Valley area. In fact, this route still exists today and is known as the Palatkwapi Trail.
After closely studying the routes taken by 30 different clans after leaving Palatkwapi and traveling to the Hopi Mesas, Jesse Fewkes and other ethnographers synthesized a “universal route.” This universal route is fully delineated in The Fourth World of the Hopis by Harold Courlander. An abridged version of it, complete with northern Arizona place names, is presented below:
The clans that went north from Palatkwapi [Sedona-Verde Valley] stopped at one place and another, building winter villages, and then moving on. It is said that they settled at a place called Kunchalpi for some years. There they rested and grew their blue corn. Old people died and children were born, and thus in time there were many for whom Palatkwapi was only a word in the mouths of the grandfathers. But one night there was a bright shooting star in the northeastern sky, and it was taken as a sign that the migration should be resumed. So the people abandoned Kunchalpi and travelled again, drifting a little to the east, until they came to a site they named Hohokyam. There they settled again, planting their fields and resting from the journey. After many years they departed from Hohokyam and moved to another place, Neuvakwiotaka, which is now known as Chavez Pass, and there they remained for a long time. And later on, after many harvests at Neuvakwiotaka, they went on until they came to the little Colorado River near where the present town of Winslow stands. There they made a settlement that they called Homolovi, Small Mound, consisting of two villages, a larger one and a smaller one. The people of the Water and Sand Clans occupied the smaller village. Sharing the larger village were the Tobacco and Rabbit clans, the Sun Clan, and various others, including the Eagle, Hawk, Turkey, and Moon clans. After a time they were joined by the Badger Clan and a group called the Reed Clan….
After many moons the various clans at Homolovi were attacked by the Apaches, who also decided to move into the area and attacked the people in their fields and took away their crops. In order to protect themselves the clans then invoked the Twin Sons, Palöngawhoya and Pöqánghoya, who then met the Apaches on the battlefield. At first the Apaches laughed at the sight of the two boys, saying “Are there no men left in Homolovi?” Then the warrior brothers slung their heavy stones and killed some of the enemy, whereupon the laughing stopped. The Apaches shot some arrows, but Palöngawhoya and Pöqánghoya moved quickly this way and that and escaped the arrows. After that the Apaches rushed forward, and now each of the brothers took out a lightning arrow and shot it. The Arrows struck with a great flash and a thunderous noise. Many of the enemy lay dead or dying on the ground. Again the Apaches attacked, and again the warrior gods loosed their lightning arrows, and the ground was now covered with corpses. Those Apaches who were still alive fled from the field…
When it became time to resume their migration from Homolovi to the promised land, some of the clans decided to split off and travel north to the San Francisco Peaks and then to Wupatki, finally completing their journey at Oraibi in the Hopi Mesas. Meanwhile, the majority of the clans remained together, journeying first to Little Ruin Mound near Walpi, then to Awatovi, and finally to Oraibi.
Kachina procession.
Building Palatkwapi
….it was the Kachinas that built Palatkwapi.
As previously mentioned, although the destruction of Palatkwapi appears to coincide with the end of the Third World the period of its initial construction is nearly impossible to pin down.
If, for example, one subscribes to the time periods known as the Hopi Worlds (A “World” is a cycle of time. Historically, there have been Four Worlds) or the Dream Time of the Australian Aborigines, then Palatkwapi could have been constructed as recently as 10,000 years ago or as anciently as a million or more years ago. This is because the “Worlds” and “Dream Time” are very inexact time periods.
Drawings of Kachina dolls, from an 1894 anthropology book.
And then there is the question of how the city could have been constructed in the distant past. If the building of the ancient megalithic circles and temples occurred during the time the Hopis refer to as the First or Second Worlds - when humans had their crown chakra wide open and remained in continual communication with the Creator - their designs could have been spontaneously implanted by the Creator into the minds of their builders. The creative “Gods” could have also received some supernatural abilities to build the temples from the same source. While constructing the temples in Sedona these “Gods” would have also been assisted by the natural earth energies of the area. The amplifying vortexual power combined with the iron and crystal-infused particles would have first magnified the thought forms of the “Gods” and then magnetically united the Sedona sand into the solid formations delineated by the builders’ mental blueprints.
Kachina Dancers.
The extent records of Palatkwapi imply that its original builders were the Kachinas. They also reveal that the city’s initial construction preceded the Fourth World.
Some Fourth World construction (or reconstruction) is, however, said to have been overseen by the Kachinas and carried out by the Hopis and/or the members of other tribes residing at Palatkwapi. States Waters:
Under the supervision of the Kachinas, Palatkwapi was built in three sections. Completely surrounded by a high wall, the first section was reserved for ceremonial purposes; the second section, adjoining it, contained storage rooms for food; and the third section comprised the living quarters for the people of all clans. Underneath all three sections ran a river.
“The ceremonial section was the most important. There were no kivas then, as there are today, divided to accommodate initiates and ceremonial participants. Instead, there were two buildings, one for the initiates and one for ceremonial purposes. The ceremonial building was four stories high, terraced like the pueblos we see today. The main door opened to the east, and there were two smaller doors facing north and south.”
The Kachina.
On the first or ground floor the Kachina people taught the initiates the history and meaning of the three previous worlds and the purpose of the Fourth World to which man had emerged. On the second floor they taught the structure and functions of the human body and that the highest function of the mind was to understand how the great spirit worked within man. The spirits or Kachina people taught this so that the people would not become evil again and this Fourth World be destroyed like the first three.
In the third story initiates were taught the workings of nature and the uses of all kinds of plant life. Although the people were still relatively pure and there was little sickness, some evils would come, bringing resultant illnesses; and for each on there was a plant remedy for the people to remember.
The fourth story was smaller than the three below, making the ceremonial building resemble a pyramid. To this top level were admitted initiates of great conscience who had acquired a deep knowledge of the laws of nature. Here they were taught the workings of the planetary system, how the stars affected the climate, the crops, and man himself. Here too they learned about the “open door” on the top of their heads, how to keep it open, and so converse with their Creator.
(Note: The “open door” or Kopavi, that the Kachinas taught the Hopis about is known in the Hindu occult system as the Sahasrara or Crown Chakra that is situated at the top of the head.)
Kachina dancers, Shongopavi pueblo, Arizona, sometime before 1900.
Year of Darkness: The Climate Cataclysm of 536 You’ve Never Heard Of
Year of Darkness: The Climate Cataclysm of 536 You’ve Never Heard Of
During 536 the world was beset by a long winter. Dubbed “the year of darkness” in the New Scientist, temperatures plummeted and the sun was dimmed by a vast fog which blocked its rays from hitting the earth during 24 hours a day over the course of 18 months. This climate cataclysm affected Europe, the Middle East and even parts of Asia over the course of the following decade. In fact, “this climatic downturn may well have profoundly altered the course of history.” But what caused this global climate cataclysm?
References in Historic Texts to a Global Climatic Cataclysm
Back in 2018, Science reported that the medieval historian Michael McCormick had stated that 536 “was the beginning of one of the worst periods to be alive, if not the worst year.” In his historical work Historiae Ecclesiasticae , translating as “Church Histories”, the 6th century historian and church leader John of Ephesus wrote that “ the sun became dark and its darkness lasted for 18 months.”
Between the years 535 and 536, a series of major climatic events took place that could easily be described as a global cataclysm with catastrophic consequences. “Each day, it [the sun] shone for about four hours, and still this light was only a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that the sun would never recover its full light again,” detailed Ephesus.
In fact, according to Brandon Specktor in LiveScience, “the fall of the Roman Empire may have been a partial result of the decade of famine and plague that began in A.D. 536.” The fall in temperatures was in fact the beginning of the coldest decade to have been experienced during the last 2,000 years.
These low temperatures, falling as low as 1.5 C in summer time for example, led to crop failures and famine recorded across the world. Just a few years later, in 541 AD, Justinian’s Plague killed as many as 100 million people throughout the Mediterranean, a dire time to be alive indeed.
Destruction from The Course of Empire, by Thomas Cole.
John of Ephesus is not the only writer to mention this climate cataclysm. Procopius, who lived between 500 and 565 AD and was a late antiquities Byzantine scholar and historian, also refers to the strange behavior of the sun during 536 AD.
Believing it to be a bad sign foretelling coming events, Procopius stated “and it came about during this year that a most dread portent took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon, during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear.”
Another reference to the climate cataclysm of 536 comes from the 6th century writer Zacharias of Mytilene, who authored a chronicle that contains a section referring to the “Dark Sun” between 535 and 536 AD.
The sun began to be darkened by day and the moon by night, while the ocean was tumultuous with spray from the 24th of March in this year till the 24th of June in the following year... And, as the winter was a severe one, so much so that from the large and unwonted quantity of snow the birds perished... there was distress... among men... from the evil things.”
Zacharias of Mytilene (Chronicle, 9.19, 10.1)
These three extracts are just a representative sample of numerous accounts from all over the world, written during the era in question. In all cases, the sun was described as getting dimmer and losing its light. Many also described it as having a bluish color.
The effects were also observed with the moon. It simply wasn’t as bright anymore. The reduction of the light resulted in the reduction of heat on the planet. A lack of rain and a very long winter resulted in crop failures and for birds and other wildlife to perish, as Zacharias of Mytilene writes. Famine and plagues struck many areas and there were a huge number of deaths.
In China and Japan, the event was also recorded in great detail. With scarce water, there were massive droughts and death followed. Hundreds of thousands of square miles became infertile. The Beishi chronicles, the official history of the Northern Dynasties, mentions that in the province of Xi’an 80% of the population died and the survivors ate corpses to survive. The year was 536.
The catastrophic event also struck Korea, the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Australia. While written records do not exist for all countries, archaeological and geological data revealed evidence of the climatic changes. Studies done on the trunks of trees, for example, showed that 536 AD had been the coldest in 1,500 years.
The important question in all of this is why did it happen? While there are no definite answers for the climate cataclysm of 536, one theory put forward for the worst year in history is that there was a large asteroid or comet impact which landed in the sea (if it had hit land there would be evidence of a crater).
Geologist Dallas Abbott is one proponent of this view and bases his view on evidence that he found studying ice cores from Greenland . However, this wouldn’t explain the dim light of the sun, and no tsunamis have been recorded for this period, which would have occurred if an asteroid landed in the ocean.
Another theory that has been put forward is a gigantic volcanic eruption , as the dust thrown up into the atmosphere could have caused the dimming of the light. One candidate is Krakatoa, located between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. Indeed, the Pustaka Raja Purwa (meaning “Book of the Ancient Kings”) written in 1869, describes an ancient volcano.
There was a furious shaking of the earth, total darkness, thunder and lighting… Then came forth a furious gale together with torrential rain and a deadly storm darkened the entire world… When the waters subsided it could be seen that the island of Java had been split into two, this creating the island of Sumatra.
Although this manuscript refers to the year 416 AD and not 535 AD, the fact that it was written in the 19th century could account for inaccuracies in the time reference.
On the left: The ice core drilling site at Colle Gnifetti in Switzerland. On the right: A section of the ice core used to decipher evidence about the climate cataclysm of 536.
Searching for Answers: Understanding the Climate Cataclysm of 536
Whether or not a definitive answer will ever be found is unknown, but that hasn’t stopped scientists from trying to find one. One thing that is quite peculiar about this global climate cataclysm is that it is a virtually unknown event.
Why is it that this climatic event is not taught in schools? Why isn’t there a plethora of research examining it? Perhaps it is because it reminds us of our fragility as human beings and the fact that no matter how powerful and “advanced” mankind becomes, we are still at the mercy of nature.
While historians have known about this climate cataclysm for a long time, they have remained puzzled as to its causes. In 2018, the analysis of a 72-meter-long (253 foot) core of ice from a glacier in the Swiss Alps , which serves as a logbook of naturally occurring and human created events, has concluded that an immense volcanic eruption in Iceland spread ash throughout the Northern Hemisphere in 536. There were two more eruptions in 540 and 547. Their results were published in the journal Antiquity.
But, why does a volcanic eruption affect global temperatures? “When a volcano erupts, it spews sulfur, bismuth, and other substances high into the atmosphere, where they form an aerosol veil that reflects the sun's light back into space, cooling the planet,” explains Ann Gibbons in Science.
According to the Antiquity study, by 640 the ice core shows traces of lead, which they concluded is evidence of a so-called “silver-smelting boom.” Live Science explains that this silver boom is a sure sign of “an economy rebounding in the darkness of starving, disease-stricken Europe, and the emergence of a new merchant class ready to trade in precious metals.” Humanity began to recover from the dire effects of climatic conditions of 536.
Top image: 536 was a year of climate cataclysm. Winter landscape by Caspar David Friedrich.
Mass Evacuation Of Alien Spaceships From Earth Recorded By Cameras Of The International Space Station
Mass Evacuation Of Alien Spaceships From Earth Recorded By Cameras Of The International Space Station
The frames you see resemble a fragment of a science fiction film showing the evacuation from a doomed planet, but this is not a film, this is a video from a camera installed on board the International Space Station.
Yesterday, May 18, 2020, this camera recorded the mass evacuation of thousands of UFOs, which simultaneously launched from the surface of our planet and flew into outer space.
Look at these shots and remember, all this happened in reality and was filmed by the camera from the ISS. What is this if not a mass evacuation from planet Earth?
Thousands of ships simultaneously start from our planet at the moment when the ISS was on the edge between the dark and light sides of the Earth.
They take off at a tremendous speed, these are not our antediluvian liquid fuel rockets, these are very different and very advanced technologies that only representatives of extraterrestrial civilization can possess.
Extraterrestrial, but long present on our planet, since ancient times. Undoubtedly, this civilization or civilizations from other planets have their own underground and underwater bases on Earth, but what prompted them to be massively evacuated from Earth?
This, logically, can happen only if our planet is doomed and it is very dangerous for representatives of other civilizations to be on it …
Whether great natural disasters are coming or will our planet cease to exist at all, unfortunately, we don’t know, but nobody would leave it so demonstratively and massively for no reason …
However, all the events of recent months have indirectly indicated that something extraordinary is happening on our planet. Preparations are underway for something truly catastrophic for all of humanity.
Astronomers are baffled by the rapid heating of the South Pole of the planet Neptune recently detected by ground-based telescopes in Chile and Hawaii. The heating corroborates a recent prediction by Thor Han Eredyon of the Galactic Federation of Worlds that Neptune would soon experience remarkable changes due to the activation of space arks resulting from the arrival of the Intergalactic Federation, aka extraterrestrial Seeders or Guardians.
[D]ata showed that, despite the onset of southern summer, most of the planet had gradually cooled over the last two decades. The globally averaged temperature of Neptune dropped by 8 °C between 2003 and 2018.
The astronomers were then surprised to discover a dramatic warming of Neptune’s south pole during the last two years of their observations, when temperatures rapidly rose 11°C between 2018 and 2020. Although Neptune’s warm polar vortex has been known for many years, such rapid polar warming has never been previously observed on the planet.
The telescopes used to monitor Neptune’s weather included the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope and the Gemini South Telescope that are both located in Chile; and the Keck, Subaru, Spitzer, and Gemini North telescopes that are all located on Hawaii’s Big Island.
Neptune’s thermal-infrared brightness observed over time.
Importantly, the astronomers could not explain both the cooling and rapid heating of Neptune:
Because Neptune’s temperature variations were so unexpected, the astronomers do not know yet what could have caused them. They could be due to changes in Neptune’s stratospheric chemistry, or random weather patterns, or even the solar cycle.
There is, however, another explanation that the team of astronomers did not consider for the rapid heating. The activation of Space Arks that had previously laid dormant in Neptune’s icy interior until the arrival of fleets of ships belonging to the Intergalactic Confederation.
On March 28, Elena Danaan received the following message from Thor Han about changes in our solar system caused by the arrival of the Seeders/Guardians that can be traced back to the interstellar object, Oumuamua in October 2017:
The ships are coming, the Guardians are on the outer orbit of Terra, four ships for the moment. They are watching, in time dilation. Suspended in time like the old Oumuamua. It was one of their ships. It has activated. The ones in the ice belt have activated too. And all the others, one by one, on all the planets. Neptune is next. You will see, you will hear about Neptune soon. But don’t forget to tell them: They are lucky and privileged to see this.
Thor Han’s message clearly links the sudden heating of Neptune’s South Pole to one or more activating space arks that began with the October 2017 arrival of Oumuamua and accelerated with the arrival of the Seeder’s space fleets in October 2021.
Thor Han’s prediction is quite remarkable given that it preceded the results of the astronomer’s observations published two weeks later in The Planetary Science Journal.
In addition, Thor Han’s reference to space arks activating in the “ice belt” refers to the recent heatwave increase in East Antarctica. Temperatures increased by as much as 70 degrees over a wide area centered around the Vostok region, which I discussed in a previous article.
The results of the long-term atmospheric study of Neptune clearly validate the information received by Elena Danaan from Thor Han Eredyon about activating space arks in our solar system. The results of the Neptune scientific study give great confidence that we are about to witness astounding results as the space arks continue to activate as the extraterrestrial “Seeder” fleets spread out throughout our solar system and arrive around the Earth.
A video version of this article is on YouTube & Rumble
[Update April 15, 2022 – Elena Danaan first publicly revealed Thor Han’s prediction about Neptune being affected by activating space arks in a March 29 YouTube announcement. Here’s the link and timestamp.She followed up with a YouTube video on April 12 discussing three articles covering the heat increase on Neptune.]
To learn more about Thor Han Eredyon, the Galactic Federation, and other extraterrestrial organizations currently operating in our solar system, I highly recommend Elena Danaan’s book, We Will Never Let You Down (2021).
To find out about the history of the Extraterrestrial Seeders and how their recent arrival has activated long dormant Space Arks hidden on Earth and our solar system, I recommend my April 9, 2022, webinar, which is now available on Vimeo.
Alien space rock hit Earth in 2014, confirms US space command
Alien space rock hit Earth in 2014, confirms US space command
USSC confirmed that a meteor that had hit Earth in 2014 came from another solar system and is, therefore, declared as the interstellar object.
Representational Image
(Credits: NewsAtlas)
New Delhi: The US Space Command (USSC) last week confirmed that a meteor that had hit Earth in 2014 came from another solar system and is, therefore, declared as the interstellar object.
The USSC in a Twitter post revealed its findings along with a memo confirming the work of Harvard astronomers Amir Siraj and Abraham Loeb. The memo confirms that a space rock from another star system did strike Earth in 2014.
The US space department stated that the velocity and trajectory of the 1.5 feet long meteor suggested the space rock was extrasolar in origins. Earlier, NASA had stated that the meteor lit up skies near Manus Island, Papua New Guinea on 8 January 2014 whilst travelling at more than 1,00,000 miles per hour.
“I had the pleasure of signing a memo with @ussfspoc ’s Chief Scientist, Dr. Mozer, to confirm that a previously-detected interstellar object was indeed an interstellar object, a confirmation that assisted the broader astronomical community," said Lt Gen John Shaw, the deputy commander of the USSC.
The research paper written by Dr Siraj and Dr Loeb reported the meteor as originating from interstellar space with “99.999 per cent confidence". The researchers also calculated that the Earth is struck by an extrasolar meteor around once a decade and, hence, more than 450 million such meteors striking our planet over its lifespan so far.
“Potentially, interstellar meteors could deliver life from another planetary system and mediate panspermia,” their paper read as per Independent.
Additionally, Dr Loeb in the paper also argued that the Oumuamua could have been a form of Alien technology, rather than an extrasolar asteroid, but, for now, this is a minority position among the astronomy community.
As far as we can tell, there's no limit to how far it goes on; only a limit to how far we can see. Could the Universe truly be infinite?
This geometrical structure of a torus is an example of a spatially flat surface, with neither positive nor negative curvature across it, that nevertheless is finite in extent. If your space is torus-like in nature, you could eventually return to your starting point if you traveled in a straight line forever.
The limits to which we can observe the Universe are set by three things: the rate of expansion, the time since the Big Bang, and the speed of light.
But beyond our visibility limit, there ought to be more Universe out there, and no one knows how far it goes on for.
Is it finite or is it infinite? Although we don't know for certain, many have their suspicions, and scientists are working to find out as much as possible.
13.8 billion years ago, what we know as our Universe began with the hot Big Bang. The Universe was filled with matter, antimatter, radiation, and existed in an ultra-hot, ultra-dense, but expanding-and-cooling state. By today, the volume containing our observable Universe has expanded to be 46 billion light years in radius, with the light that’s first arriving at our eyes today corresponding to the limit of what we can measure.
Although that’s a huge distance, it’s not infinitely large; it’s merely the limits of what we can observe. What lies beyond that? What about the unobservable Universe? Is there any way to use what we know and measure about the Universe we inhabit to answer the question of whether it’s finite or infinite; about whether what we know of as “the Universe” goes on forever, or whether there’s some limit to what’s out there? Let’s look at the full suite of what we know today, right up to the limits of what our measurements tell us, and see what we can learn from it.
Every time we look out at the night sky, we’re seeing a specific field-of-view, which means we’re probing a certain amount of area on the sky. Objects that are nearby, at intermediate distances, and even at very great distances can all appear in the same image, and just how faint and far back we see is limited only by the quality of our observations.
As we look to greater distances, we also wind up looking back in time. The nearest galaxy, some 2.5 million light years away, appears to us as it was 2.5 million years ago, because the light requires that much time to journey to our eyes from when it was emitted. More distant galaxies appear as they were tens of millions, hundreds of millions or even billions of years ago. As we look ever farther away in space, the light we see from the Universe comes from its progressively younger days. Therefore, as we look back in terms of distance, we can also measure how the Universe evolved over its history.
The Universe is cold and clumpy today, but it’s also expanding and gravitating. When we look to greater and greater distances, we find that the Universe was less cold, less clumpy, and more uniform. With less time having passed for gravitation to form large, complicated structures, the Universe had less massive clumps of matter early on. Similarly, the early, distant Universe was also hotter. The expanding Universe causes all the light that travels through the Universe to stretch in wavelength. As the wavelength stretches, it loses energy, and becomes cooler. This means the Universe was hotter in the distant past, a fact we’ve confirmed through observations of distant features in the Universe.
The observational evidence that probes the temperature of the cosmic microwave background at different epochs in the Universe, including at present (red star), in the relatively nearby Universe (blue points), and in the distant Universe (red points) all shows that the Universe was hotter in the past, and has cooled as it’s expanded exactly as predicted.
(Credit: P. Noterdaeme et al., Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2011)
We can measure the temperature of the Universe as it is today, 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang, by looking at the leftover radiation from that hot, dense, early state. Today, this shows up in the microwave portion of the spectrum and is known as the Cosmic Microwave Background. Coming in with a blackbody spectrum and a temperature of 2.725 K, it’s easy to confirm that these observations match, with an incredible precision, the predictions that arise from the Big Bang model of our Universe.
Moreover, we know how this radiation evolves in energy as the Universe expands. A photon’s energy is directly proportional to the inverse of its wavelength. When the Universe was half its size, the photons from the Big Bang had double the energy, while when the Universe was 10% of its current size, those photons had ten times the energy. If we’re willing to go back to when the Universe was just 0.092% its present size, we’ll find a Universe that’s 1089 times hotter than it is today: around 3000 K. At these temperatures, the Universe is hot enough to ionize all the atoms in it. Instead of solid, liquid, or gas, all the matter in the entire Universe was in the form of an ionized plasma.
A Universe where electrons and protons are free and collide with photons transitions to a neutral one that’s transparent to photons as the Universe expands and cools. Shown here is the ionized plasma (L) before the CMB is emitted, followed by the transition to a neutral Universe (R) thatâs transparent to photons. If there is an electric charge imbalance, signatures would lead to anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation.
(Credit: Amanda Yoho for Starts With A Bang)
One of the remarkable properties about the Universe, at this early stage, was how almost perfectly uniform it was. Yes, some regions within it are more or less dense than average, but the amounts that the densest (corresponding to the coldest observed temperatures) or least dense (i.e., hottest) regions depart from the average is tiny: about 1-part-in-30,000. That’s enough to grow into the stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and cosmic voids we see today. Seeing the Universe as it was back then, as well as how it is today, allows us to understand how it grew from that early state into the one we inhabit today.
The way we arrive at the size of the visible Universe today is through understanding three things in tandem:
how quickly the Universe is expanding today, something we can measure via a number of methods,
how hot the Universe is today, which we know from looking at the radiation of the Cosmic Microwave Background,
and what the Universe is made out of, including matter, radiation, neutrinos, antimatter, dark matter, dark energy, and more.
By taking the Universe we have today, we can extrapolate back to the earliest stages of the hot Big Bang, and arrive at a figure for both the age and the size of the Universe together.
The size of the Universe (y-axis) versus the age of the Universe (x-axis) on logarithmic scales. Some size and time milestones are marked, as appropriate. One can continue to extrapolate this forwards and backwards in time, but only so long as the components of energy that exist today didnât have transitional points.
(Credit: E. Siegel)
From the full suite of observations available, including the cosmic microwave background but also including supernova data, large-scale structure surveys, and baryon acoustic oscillations, among others, we get our Universe. 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang, it’s now 46.1 billion light years in radius. That’s the limit of what’s observable. Any farther than that, and even something moving at the speed of light since the moment of the hot Big Bang will not have had sufficient time to reach us. As time goes on, the age and the size of the Universe will increase, but there will always be a limit to what we can observe.
So what can we say about the part of the Universe that’s beyond the limits of our observations? We can only make inferences based on the laws of physics as we know them, and the things we can measure within our observable Universe. If space were positively curved, like we lived on the surface of a 4D sphere, distant light rays would converge. If space were negatively curved, like the surface of a 4D saddle, distant light rays would diverge. Instead, distant light rays move in their original direction, with the fluctuations we have indicating perfect flatness.
The magnitudes of the hot and cold spots, as well as their scales, indicate the curvature and expansion history of the Universe. To the best of our capabilities, we measure it to be perfectly flat, but there’s a degeneracy between the sizes of the fluctuations we see and changes in the expansion history compared with what types of energy were present in the early Universe.
Our best measurements indicate that the Universe is spatially flat on the largest scales: it’s neither positively nor negatively curved, to a precision of 0.25%, or about 1-part-in-400. Because we live in three dimensions, 400 times the radius means (400)3 times the volume, or more than 64 million times as much space. If we assume that our current laws of physics are correct, we can set limits on how large, at least, the Universe must be before it curves back on itself.
But, big as that is, it still isn’t infinite. A lower bound of the Universe being at least 18 trillion light-years in all directions is tremendous, but it’s still finite. Assuming that the Universe contains no topological weirdness, like curving back on itself while still being spatially flat (like having a geometry akin to a hypertorus), observations of the cosmic microwave background and the large-scale structure tell us that the unobservable part of the Universe must be at least 37 trillion light-years in diameter.
Exponential expansion, which takes place during inflation, is so powerful because it is relentless. With every ~10^-35 seconds (or so) that passes, the volume of any particular region of space doubles in each direction, causing any particles or radiation to dilute and causing any curvature to quickly become indistinguishable from flat.
(Credit: E. Siegel (L); Ned Wright’s Cosmology Tutorial (R))
However, there are good theoretical reasons to believe that our entire Universe, whether finite or infinite, is even larger than that. The hot Big Bang might mark the beginning of the observable Universe as we know it, but it doesn’t mark the birth of space and time itself. Before the Big Bang, the Universe underwent a period of cosmic inflation. Instead of being filled with matter and radiation, and instead of being hot, the Universe was:
filled with energy inherent to space itself,
expanding at a constant, exponential rate,
and creating new space so quickly that the smallest physical length scale, the Planck length, would be stretched to the size of the presently observable Universe every 10-32 seconds.
It’s true that in our region of the Universe, inflation came to an end. But there are three questions we don’t know the answer to that have a tremendous influence on how big the Universe truly is, and whether it’s infinite or not.
The size of our visible Universe (yellow), along with the amount we can reach (magenta). The limit of the visible Universe is 46.1 billion light-years, as that’s the limit of how far away an object that emitted light that would just be reaching us today would be after expanding away from us for 13.8 billion years. However, beyond about 18 billion light-years, we can never access a galaxy even if we traveled towards it at the speed of light. Beyond the limits of the observable Universe lies more Universe, up until the limits imposed by wherever inflation didn’t end at the same time it did where our hot Big Bang occurred. That limit, if it exists, has not been discovered.
(Credit: Andrew Z. Colvin and Frederic Michel, Wikimedia Commons; Annotations: E. Siegel)
1.) How big was the region of the Universe, post-inflation, that created our hot Big Bang?
Looking at our Universe today, at how uniform the Big Bang’s leftover glow is, at how flat the Universe is, at the fluctuations stretched across the Universe on all scales, etc., there’s quite a bit we can learn. We can learn the upper limit to the energy scale at which inflation occurred; we can learn how much the Universe must have inflated; we can learn a lower limit for how long inflation must have gone on.
But the pocket of the inflating Universe that gave rise to us could be much, much bigger than that lower limit! It could be hundreds, or millions, or googols of times larger than what we can observe… or even truly infinite. But without being able to observe more of the Universe than we can presently access, we don’t have enough information to decide.
Wherever inflation occurs (blue cubes), it gives rise to exponentially more regions of space with each step forward in time. Even if there are many cubes where inflation ends (red Xs), there are far more regions where inflation will continue on into the future. The fact that this never comes to an end is what makes inflation ‘eternal’ once it begins, and where our modern notion of a multiverse comes from.
2.) Is the idea of “eternal inflation,” where the Universe inflates eternally into the future in at least some regions, correct?
If you consider that inflation must be a quantum field, then at any given point during that phase of exponential expansion, there’s a probability that inflation will end, resulting in a Big Bang, and a probability that inflation will continue, creating more and more space. These are calculations we know how to do (given certain assumptions), and they lead to an inevitable conclusion: if you want enough inflation to occur to produce the Universe we see, then inflation will always create more space that continues to inflate compared to the regions that end and produce Big Bangs.
While our observable Universe may have come about from inflation ending in our region of space some 13.8 billion years ago, there are regions where inflation continues — creating more and more space and giving rise to more Big Bangs — continuing to the present day. This idea is known as eternal inflation, and is generally accepted by the theoretical physics community. How big, then, is the entire unobservable Universe by now?7
From a pre-existing state, inflation predicts that a series of universes will be spawned as inflation continues, with each one being completely disconnected from every other one, separated by more inflating space.
3.) And, finally, how long did inflation go on prior to its end and the resultant hot Big Bang?
We can only see the observable Universe created by inflation’s end and our hot Big Bang. We know that inflation must have occurred for at least some ~10-32 seconds or so, but it likely went on for longer. But how much longer? For seconds? Years? Billions of years? Or even an arbitrary, infinite amount of time? Has the Universe always been inflating? Did inflation have a beginning? Did it arise from a previous state that was around eternally? Or, perhaps, did all of space and time emerge from nothingness a finite amount of time ago? These are all possibilities, and yet the answer is untestable and elusive at present.
From our best observations, we know that the Universe is an awful lot bigger than the part we can observe. Beyond what we can see, we strongly suspect that there’s plenty more Universe out there just like ours, with the same laws of physics, the same types of physical, cosmic structures, and the same chances at complex life. But as inconceivably large as that entire Universe — or Multiverse, if you prefer — may be, it might not be infinite. In fact, unless inflation went on for a truly infinite amount of time, or the Universe was born infinitely large, the Universe ought to be finite in extent.
We can imagine a very large number of possible outcomes that could have resulted from the conditions our Universe was born with, and a very large number of possible outcomes that could have occurred over our cosmic history as particles interact and time passes. If there were enough possible Universes out there, it would also be possible that the same set of outcomes happened in multiple places, leading to the scenario of “infinite parallel Universes.” Unfortunately, we only have the one Universe we inhabit to observe.
The biggest problem of all, though? It’s that we don’t have enough information to definitively answer the question. We only know how to access the information available inside our observable Universe: those 46 billion light years in all directions. The answer to the biggest of all questions, of whether the Universe is finite or infinite, might be encoded in the Universe itself, but we can’t access enough of it to know. Until we either figure it out, or come up with a clever scheme to expand what we know physics is capable of, all we’ll have are the possibilities.
PLANETARY SCIENTIST’S VIDEO SHOWS HOW SLOW LIGHT SPEED REALLY IS
PLANETARY SCIENTIST’S VIDEO SHOWS HOW SLOW LIGHT SPEED REALLY IS
EVEN AT THE UNIVERSE'S THEORETICAL SPEED LIMIT, A TRIP TO MARS SEEMS TEDIOUS.
TAG HARTMAN-SIMKINS FOR FUTURISM
Slow Motion
To us Earth-dwelling humans, the speed of light is so fast that it appears instantaneous.
But zoom out a bit and it becomes clear how even at the speed of light — the theoretical speed limit of the universe, which our spacecraft can’t even begin to approach — a journey through the cosmos becomes a snail-paced slog.
That crawl is what James O’Donoghue, a planetary scientist at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) shows in a cool new animation.
Take Two
O’Donoghue has shared similar visualizations in the past.
In January 2019, when he was working for NASA, he released a trio of speed of light animations that show how much slower light travels on a cosmic scale.
Mars Sprint
In the new animation, O’Donoghue started by showing how quickly light blinks past the Earth: a pulse of light emanating from the planet travels off-screen in under a second.
But then he zooms out to show how that same light takes a brief moment to reach the Moon. Zooming out even farther, he then subjects us to about three mind-numbing minutes of waiting for those same pulses of light to reach Mars. Thankfully, he doesn’t take us any farther.
The sun's activity has been increasing far faster than scientists forecasted.
Mercury transiting the sun on Nov. 11, 2019.
(Image credit: NASA/SDO/HMI/AIA)
A gigantic plasma wave that launched from the sun smashed into Mercury Tuesday (April 12), likely triggering a geomagnetic storm and scouring material from the planet's surface.
The powerful eruption, known as a coronal mass ejection (CME), was seen emanating from the sun's far side on the evening of April 11 and took less than a day to strike the closest planet to our star, where it may have created a temporary atmosphere and even added material to Mercury's comet-like tail, according to spaceweather.com.
The plasma wave came from a sunspot — areas on the outside of the sun where powerful magnetic fields, created by the flow of electric charges, get knotted up before suddenly snapping. The energy from this snapping process is released in the form of radiation bursts called solar flares or as waves of plasma (CMEs).
On planets that have strong magnetic fields, like Earth, CMEs are absorbed and trigger powerful geomagnetic storms. During these storms, Earth's magnetic field gets compressed slightly by the waves of highly energetic particles, which trickle down magnetic-field lines near the poles and agitate molecules in the atmosphere, releasing energy in the form of light to create colorful auroras in the night sky. The movements of these electrically charged particles can induce magnetic fields powerful enough to send satellites tumbling to Earth, Live Science previously reported, and scientists have warned that these geomagnetic storms could even cripple the internet.
Unlike Earth, however, Mercury doesn't have a very strong magnetic field. This fact, coupled with its close proximity to our star's plasma ejections, means it has long been stripped of any permanent atmosphere. The atoms that remain on Mercury are constantly being lost to space, forming a comet-like tail of ejected material behind the planet.
But the solar wind — the constant stream of charged particles, nuclei of elements such as helium, carbon, nitrogen, neon and magnesium from the sun — and tidal waves of particles from CMEs constantly replenish Mercury's tiny quantities of atoms, giving it a fluctuating, thin layer of atmosphere.
Previously, scientists were unsure if Mercury's magnetic field was strong enough to induce geomagnetic storms. However, research published in two papers in the journals Nature Communications and Science China Technological Sciences in February has proved that the magnetic field is, indeed, strong enough. The first paper showed that Mercury has a ring current, a doughnut-shaped stream of charged particles flowing around a field line between the planet's poles, and the second paper pointed to this ring current being capable of triggering geomagnetic storms.
"The processes are quite similar to here on Earth," Hui Zhang, a co-author of both studies and a space physics professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, said in a statement. "The main differences are the size of the planet and Mercury has a weak magnetic field and virtually no atmosphere."
The sun's activity has been increasing far faster than past official forecasts predicted, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Prediction Center. The sun moves between highs and lows of activity across a rough 11-year cycle, but because the mechanism that drives this solar cycle isn't well understood, it's challenging for scientists to predict its exact length and strength.
Enough rare earth minerals have been found off Japan to last centuries
Rare earths are important materials for green technology, as well as medicine and manufacturing
Where would we be without all of our rare-earth magnets?
Rare earth elements are a set of 17 metals that are integral to our modern lifestyle and efforts to produce ever-greener technologies. The “rare” designation is a bit of a misnomer: It’s not that they’re not plentiful, but rather that they’re found in small concentrations, and are especially difficult to successfully extract since they blend in with and resemble other minerals in the ground. China currently produces over 90% of the world’s supply of rare metals, with seven other countries mining the rest. So though they’re not precisely “rare,” they are scarce. In 2010, the U.S. Department of energy issued a report that warned of a critical shortage of five of the elements. Now, however, Japan has found a massive deposit of rare earths sufficient to supply the world’s needs for hundreds of years.
The rare earth metals can be mostly found in the second row from the bottom in the Table of Elements. According to the Rare Earth Technology Alliance, due to the “unique magnetic, luminescent, and electrochemical properties, these elements help make many technologies perform with reduced weight, reduced emissions, and energy consumption; or give them greater efficiency, performance, miniaturization, speed, durability, and thermal stability.”
In order of atomic number, the rare earths are:
Scandium or Sc (21) — This is used in TVs and energy-saving lamps.
Yttrium or Y (39) — Yttrium is important in the medical world, used in cancer drugs, rheumatoid arthritis medications, and surgical supplies. It’s also used in superconductors and lasers.
Lanthanum or La (57) — Lanthanum finds use in camera/telescope lenses, special optical glasses, and infrared absorbing glass.
Cerium or Ce (58) — Cerium is found in catalytic converters, and is used for precision glass-polishing. It’s also found in alloys, magnets, electrodes, and carbon-arc lighting.
Praseodymium or Pr (59) — This is used in magnets and high-strength metals.
Neodymium or Nd (60) — Many of the magnets around you have neodymium in them: speakers and headphones, microphones, computer storage, and magnets in your car. It’s also found in high-powered industrial and military lasers. The mineral is especially important for green tech. Each Prius motor, for example, requires 2.2 lbs of neodymium, and its battery another 22-33 lbs. Wind turbine magnets require 43.2 kilograms of neodymium per megawatt of power.
Promethium or Pm (61) — This is used in pacemakers, watches, and research.
Samarium or Sm (62) — This mineral is used in magnets in addition to intravenous cancer radiation treatments and nuclear reactor control rods.
Europium or Eu (63) — Europium is used in color displays and compact fluorescent light bulbs.
Gadolinium or Gd (64) — It’s important for nuclear reactor shielding, cancer radiation treatments, as well as x-ray and bone-density diagnostic equipment.
Terbium or Tb (65) — Terbium has similar uses to Europium, though it’s also soft and thus possesses unique shaping capabilities .
Dysprosium or Dy (66) — This is added to other rare-earth magnets to help them work at high temperatures. It’s used for computer storage, in nuclear reactors, and in energy-efficient vehicles.
Holmium or Ho (67) — Holmium is used in nuclear control rods, microwaves, and magnetic flux concentrators.
Erbium or Er (68) — This is used in fiber-optic communication networks and lasers.
Thulium or Tm (69) — Thulium is another laser rare earth.
Ytterbium or Yb (70) — This mineral is used in cancer treatments, in stainless steel, and in seismic detection devices.
Lutetium or Lu (71) — Lutetium can target certain cancers, and is used in petroleum refining and positron emission tomography.
Minimatori Torishima Island
(Chief Master Sergeant Don Sutherland, U.S. Air Force)
Japan located the rare earths about 1,850 kilometers off the shore of Minamitori Island. Engineers located the minerals in 10-meter-deep cores taken from sea floor sediment. Mapping the cores revealed and area of approximately 2,500 square kilometers containing rare earths.
Japan’s engineers estimate there’s 16 million tons of rare earths down there. That’s five times the amount of the rare earth elements ever mined since 1900. According to Business Insider, there’s “enough yttrium to meet the global demand for 780 years, dysprosium for 730 years, europium for 620 years, and terbium for 420 years.”
The bad news, of course, is that Japan has to figure out how to extract the minerals from 6-12 feet under the seabed four miles beneath the ocean surface — that’s the next step for the country’s engineers. The good news is that the location sits squarely within Japan’s Exclusive Economic Zone, so their rights to the lucrative discovery will be undisputed.
A first-of-its-kind 'missing link' object detected in the early Universe may solve the mystery of the oldest supermassive black holes in existence, scientists say.
The discovery of GNz7q, a black hole dating back to just 750 million years after the Big Bang, aligns with theoretical predictions of what an 'ancestor' to supermassive black holes might look like – and while it's something we've never seen before, there could be many more like it.
"It's unlikely that discovering GNz7q … was just 'dumb luck'," says astronomer Gabriel Brammer from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark.
"The prevalence of such sources may in fact be significantly higher than previously thought."
(NASA et al., full caption and credit below)
Above: GNz7q, the red dot in the center of the inset, in the Hubble GOODS-North field. (NASA, ESA, Garth Illingworth [UC Santa Cruz], Pascal Oesch [UC Santa Cruz, Yale], Rychard Bouwens [LEI], I. Labbe [LEI], Cosmic Dawn Center/Niels Bohr Institute/University of Copenhagen, Denmark)
The period GNz7q dates from is known as the Cosmic Dawn – the epoch spanning from around 50 million years after the Big Bang to around 1 billion years, when the earliest celestial objects were forming, including baby stars and fledgling galaxies.
At some point in these nascent phases of Universe evolution, supermassive black holes also turned up. But when and how remain open questions in astrophysics.
Last year, scientists announced the discovery of J0313–1806, the most distant quasar on record at over 13 billion light-years from Earth, signifying the oldest supermassive black hole ever found.
But where does something like J0313–1806 come from? Or rather, what kind of objects were the evolutionary precursors to supermassive black holes in the early stretches of the Universe?
Theoretically speaking, scientists have some ideas.
"Simulations indicate an evolutionary sequence of dust-reddened quasars emerging from heavily dust-obscured starbursts that then transition to unobscured luminous quasars by expelling gas and dust," researchers explain in a new study, led by first author and astronomer Seiji Fujimoto, also from the University of Copenhagen.
"Although the last phase has been identified out to a redshift of 7.6 [referring to J0313–1806], a transitioning quasar has not been found."
Until now, that is. Fujimoto, Brammer, and colleagues identified GNz7q in an analysis of archival observation data captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. The object looks to be the elusive ancestor scientists have been trying to track down.
Surprisingly, this 'missing link' black hole was found in a comprehensively studied region of the night sky – as part of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) – but only now has a spectral analysis identified what GNz7q's luminosity likely represents.
"Our analysis suggests that GNz7q is the first example of a rapidly growing black hole in the dusty core of a starburst galaxy at an epoch close to the earliest supermassive black hole known in the Universe," Fujimoto says.
"The object's properties across the electromagnetic spectrum are in excellent agreement with predictions from theoretical simulations."
According to the researchers, the host galaxy of GNz7q is incredibly active, forming around 1,600 solar masses of stars per year – or at least it was around 13 billion years ago, when this ancient light was emitted.
The signature of GNz7q's light emission fits the transitional black hole profile due to its brightness in ultraviolet wavelengths (representing emission from the outer part of the black hole's accretion disk) coinciding with an absence of X-ray emission (which would be generated at the core of the disk, but shrouded by the ongoing dusty conditions of the early starburst galaxy from which GNz7q evolved).
As the researchers explain, those characteristics are a perfect match for a black hole destined for supermassive things.
"Its properties are in excellent agreement with the transition phase of the evolutionary paradigm of supermassive black holes," the team explains in their paper. "A low-luminosity, dust-obscured quasar emerging in a vigorously star-bursting host."
In other words, this is what we predicted a supermassive black hole precursor would look like about 13 billion years ago, once its light finally reached us, having traveled some 13 billion light-years to make the trip.
Due to the phenomenon of the Universe expanding, GNz7q – in whatever ultimate, supermassive form it now takes – would be about twice as far away from us today, at a distance of around 25 billion light-years.
Earliest Maya Calendar Fragment Found in Guatemala
Earliest Maya Calendar Fragment Found in Guatemala
A new study published in the journal Science Advances has announced the discovery of the earliest known use of the Maya calendar. This discovery of the glyph “7 Deer” on mural fragments from deep inside a pyramid at the San Bartolo archaeological site in the jungles of northern Guatemala indicates that the calendar was in use even as far back as between 300 and 200 BC. Until now the earliest evidence of its use found elsewhere in Guatemalawas dated to the first century BC, according to a Reuters report.
The mural fragment containing “7 Deer”, at top.
(Karl Taube / Proyecto Regional Arqueológico San Bartolo – Xultun)
Maya Calendar Glyph Amongst 7,000-Piece “Jigsaw”
The San Bartolo archaeological site shot into news in 2001 for the discovery of a new semi-hidden Maya city, reports the newspaper El Pais . The San Bartolo complex contained a pyramid that consisted of a series of temples, each larger than the last, built one atop the other till the structure eventually reached a height of about 100 feet (30 m).
The pyramid found in San Bartolo was named Las Pinturas (meaning “the paintings”) after the still intact murals depicting scenes from Maya mythology found in the topmost chamber. It is from the center of the pyramid that the team encountered over 7,000 mural fragments from an earlier era. In fact, radiocarbon dating has concluded that these fragments date back to between 300 and 200 BC.
Mural fragment depicting Maya calendar glyph and illustration showing the visible “7 Deer” day sign.
(Heather Hurst & David Stuart / Proyecto Regional Arqueológico San Bartolo – Xultun)
Some of the fragments are as small as a fingernail and others measure up to 8-by-16 inches (20-by-40 cm). They have been dubbed by anthropology professor and study co-author Heather Hurst of Skidmore College in New York state as a “a giant jigsaw puzzle.”
After 10 years of trying to fit together the pieces of the 7,000-piece jigsaw, the researchers have now discovered that two of the fragments add up to the “7 Deer” glyph of the Maya 260-day Tzolk’in divinatory calendar , according to the website Gizmodo.
University of Texas professor of Mesoamerican art and writing David Stuart, who is lead author of the research, described the fragments as “two small pieces of white plaster that would fit in your hand, that were once attached to a stone wall,” according to Reuters. “The two pieces fit together and have black painted calligraphy, opening with the date ‘7 Deer.’ The rest is hard to read,” he went on to say.
The deliberate knocking down of older structures and building newer ones atop them was once a pretty widely prevalent Maya construction practice. “When a new structure is made, they bury the old one. It doesn't just break and is thrown away, it's something sacred, as if they were burying the family,” Boris Beltrán, co-director of the San Bartolo-Xultun Regional Archaeological Project is quoted as saying by El Pais .
“When painting an image, the Mayans believed that the act of painting brought the figure to life,” explained his colleague Heather Hurst. “So when the end of its use came, they had to remove it with respect.”
7 Deer: Project members publish a mural fragment that bears earliest datable evidence of the 260-day Maya calendar in Science Advances today!
— Proyecto Regional Arqueológico San Bartolo-Xultun (@SbxProject) April 13, 2022
Understanding the Sacred Maya Calendar
The 260-day Tzolk’in calendar is one of many inter-related ways that the advanced Mesoamerican Maya civilization structured time. There was also a 365-day solar year, a larger system called the “Long Count” and a lunar year. The 260-day Tzolk’in calendar is a sacred calendar that is still followed by some indigenous communities today, according to Science Alert .
There are no months in this calendar and days are named from 1 to 20 in a set order and are represented by glyphs. They repeat 13 times a year in a cyclical fashion. Some of the other days are named 8 Stars, 9 Jade/Water, 10 Dogs and 11 Monkeys. “This calendar system has lasted for at least 2,200 years, maintained by the Maya during times of incredible change, stress and tragedy,” Stuart said, reports Reuters.
The Mayan writing system consisted of 800 glyphs and the earliest evidence of its use so far also comes from San Bartolo. The glyphic notations found on 11 of the 7,000 mural fragments suggest that well-developed writing and artistic systems were already in place among the Maya by this time and the calendar had been in use for several years.
“The scribal tradition represented in these 11 fragments is diverse, expressive, their technology for paint preparation and calligraphic fluidity is impressive – this was a well-established tradition of writing and art,” Reuters quotes Hurst as saying. She also said that other sites should provide more examples, perhaps even earlier examples.
The Maya were an astonishingly advanced people who built temples, observatories, palaces and pyramids and had sophisticated farming without using metal tools or the wheel. San Bartolo dates to the Maya Preclassic period from 400 BC to AD 250. The Preclassic period was followed by the Classic period when Mayan culture flourished and cities like Tikal in Guatemala, Palenque in Mexico and Copan in Honduras were created.
Before the San Bartolo “7 Deer” discovery, the calendar system of 260 days was believed to have originated elsewhere, in Oaxaca. But the new evidence is just as old and throws open the question of place of origin. Experts hope that the San Bartolo site will open a window to further understanding of the development of ancient Maya astronomical and writing traditions and it will therefore continue to be researched for many years to come.
Top image:Left; Maya Calendar representation ( Niciak/ Adobe Stock), Right; Mural fragment depicting Maya calendar glyph and illustration showing the visible “7 Deer” day sign. Source: Heather Hurst & David Stuart / Proyecto Regional Arqueológico San Bartolo – Xultun
In today’s video Dolores Cannon talks about the beginning of life on earth. The seeding of our planet earth. This video is based on two books written by Dolores Cannon, Keepers of the Garden and the Custodians. In keepers of the garden a young man who is very depressed and on the verge of suicide turns to Dolores Cannon for past-life regression.
The long series of sessions with Dolores reveal a vastly different story of our planet earth and the beginning of the human race.
Thank you Coast to Coast AM with George Noory for sharing this enlightening interview with Dolores Cannon speaking about ‘the seeding of Earth’ and many other topics.
There is so much misinformation out there on the topic of ETs and our origin. Dolores Cannon has done a wonderful job in accumulating this information and presenting it in a way that is easy to understand.
This object was sighted on April 9, 2022 over Medellín the capital of Colombia’s mountainous Antioquia province. This is one great footage of this saucer shaped craft and witnessed by several people but what makes this footage stand out is the fact that we get a glimpse of this UFO landing which is seldom seen yet captured on film...
Thanks to John Vargas Fotografia for allow me the use of his footage and to view the original:
NOTE PETER2011: With these videos below I want to show that these diamond-shaped UFOs have been captured in Columbia for years. Is it the same images that keep coming back or is it a specific type of UFO that is previously observed in Columbia?Judge yourself!
Hey I found an Earth size planet using World Wide Telescope program that is free to use. Are you surprised? You shouldn't be since its Earth size...its really hard to hide. Anyways, we all know that the Drake Equation comes to the conclusion that there are 100,000,000 planets with civilizations in the Milky way galaxy alone...let's not even try to estimate the whole universe. Well, here I found a perfectly symmetrical spaceship on a scale like no other. This ship is not round, which would waste the interior space if not hollowed out. Instead its flat and they can utilize many levels of inner and outer areas. Not everyone wants a sphere UFO. Is your car the same as your neighbor? The same as your friend? No! Because you want to be different, you pride yourself on being unique...and so do these alien species.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
Two White Triangles Over Luton UK On April 2, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Two White Triangles Over Luton UK On April 2, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 2, 2022
Location of sighting: Luton, UK
An eyewitness in Luton, UK caught sight of two triangular white objects in the sky. The white craft were traveling together, following the same path. There is only a few seconds of video, but it really tells us a lot already. The shape is more triangle than anything else. The object is bright white. It has a haze around it and travels slowly. It was seen in the daytime which is much more helpful in giving us information about it compared to night sightings which give us very little. The eyewitness says its not a plane or balloon. He is correct. The objects look very high up and may be the famous Dudley Dorito we have all heard about over the years. But with two triangles...and seen during the day...it makes me wonder if this is some new colaboration between the USAF and UK military to create a fleet of TR3B triangle space craft?
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
UFO? I don't know what it is, but its not a balloon or a plane.
Revealing Footage Of UFOs Watching A Suspected Weapons Test
Revealing Footage Of UFOs Watching A Suspected Weapons Test
Ufologist Dave Rosenfeld shares the video footage and photographs that he took of what appears to be advanced weapons testing, which he believes was reverse-engineered from alien technology.
Officials at the Pentagon have been forced to release an explosive report about the physical effects experienced by people claiming to have had UFO encounters under freedom of information laws.
The new documents lift the lid on a top-secret intelligence program which was run by the United States Defence Force and employed more than 50 agents.
See the full interview with Jeremy Corbell in the video above
Watch Sunrise on Channel 7 and stream it for free on 7plus >>
The report says UFO sightings left alleged witness with burns, nausea and nerve damage.
“The secret UFO study was called the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program,” Jeremy Corbell, an Investigative filmmaker who specialises in UFOs, told Sunrise.
A secret UFO study has revealed health impacts on witnesses.Credit: Sunrise
“They generated over 200 reports, but 38 of these reports were technical documents and one of those documents really stands out.
“That document talks about the biological effects of human beings who come into close proximity with the UFO, and there’s a lot of negative health effects that have now been revealed by the secret government UFO program - the biggest program of all time.
“This includes radiation burns, cellular degradation, as well as cognitive damage to people.”
Officials at the Pentagon have been forced to release an explosive new report about the physical effects experienced by people claiming to have had UFO encounters under freedom of information laws. File image. Credit: Ray Massey/Getty Images
“If people don’t know that UFOs are real yet, then they haven’t been paying attention,” Corbell said.
“Our (US) government, including your (Australian) government has admitted that there are machines in our skies that outpaced outmanoeuvre and outperform anything of our advanced weaponry.
“It is something that the defence intelligence agency, our government, your government, they’re all studying because it’s perplexing who made these machines: what are they doing? What is the intent? Who’s operating them?
“UFOs are as real as the nose on your face.”
‘Just an aircraft’?
Corbell also dismissed the notion that UFOs could be foreign aircraft or missiles from another country.
“UFOs have been engaging humanity since the beginning of recorded human history - this isn’t a new phenomenon,” he said.
“Our government is studying them and they’ve actually looked into that, they’ve said it’s not ours, it’s not Russian, it’s not Chinese, It’s not Australian, it’s no technological nation that we know.
“These machines are so far advanced to anything that we can even conceive of.”
The Pentagon has confirmed the authenticity of leaked ‘UFO’ videos.Credit: Supplied
‘Rare occurrence’
However, Corbell said be believed the ill effects identified on alleged witnesses were not intentional.
“I don’t think it’s a matter of concern ... it’s a rare occurrence,” he said.
“Typically this does not look like an overt hostility, this seems to be an interaction with whatever the propulsion system is - the method that these things move and fly.
“So there’s some interaction with human biology that seems to occur when you come into close proximity.
“It’s nothing to fear but it’s definitely something that needs to be studied from a global and national security point of view.”
Watch the 7NEWS Spotlight documentary The UFO Phenomenon below
Shock result in particle experiment could spark physics revolution
Shock result in particle experiment could spark physics revolution
By Pallab Ghosh - Science correspondent
IMAGE SOURCE,FERMILAB
Image caption,
The Fermilab Collider Detector obtained a result that could transform the current theory of physics
Scientists just outside Chicago have found that the mass of a sub-atomic particle is not what it should be.
The measurement is the first conclusive experimental result that is at odds with one of the most important and successful theories of modern physics.
The team has found that the particle, known as a W boson, is more massive than the theories predicted.
The result has been described as "shocking" by Prof David Toback, who is the project co-spokesperson.
The discovery could lead to the development of a new, more complete theory of how the Universe works.
"If the results are verified by other experiments, the world is going to look different." he told BBC News. "There has to be a paradigm shift. The hope is that maybe this result is going to be the one that breaks the dam.
"The famous astronomer Carl Sagan said 'extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence'. We believe we have that."
The scientists at the Fermilab Collider Detector (CDF) in Illinois have found only a tiny difference in the mass of the W Boson compared with what the theory says it should be - just 0.1%. But if confirmed by other experiments, the implications are enormous. The so-called Standard Model of particle physics has predicted the behaviour and properties of sub-atomic particles with no discrepancies whatsoever for fifty years. Until now.
CDF's other co-spokesperson, Prof Giorgio Chiarelli, from INFN Sezione di Pisa, told BBC News that the research team could scarcely believe their eyes when they saw the results.
"No-one was expecting this. We thought maybe we got something wrong." But the researchers have painstakingly gone through their results and tried to look for errors. They found none.
The result, published in the journal Science, could be related to hints from other experiments at Fermilab and the Large Hadron Collider at the Swiss-French border. These, as yet unconfirmed results, also suggest deviations from the Standard Model, possibly as a result of an as yet undiscovered fifth force of nature at play.
Scientists say they have found "strong evidence" for the existence of a new force of nature
Physicists have known for some time that the theory needs to be updated. It can't explain the presence of invisible material in space, called Dark Matter, nor the continued accelerating expansion of the Universe by a force called Dark Energy. Nor can it explain gravity.
Dr Mitesh Patel of Imperial College, who works at the LHC, believes that if the Fermilab result is confirmed, it could be the first of many new results that could herald the biggest shift in our understanding of the Universe since Einstein's theories of relativity more than a hundred years ago.
"The hope is that these cracks will turn into chasms and eventually we will see some spectacular signature that not only confirms that the Standard Model has broken down as a description of nature, but also give us a new direction to help us understand what we are seeing and what the new physics theory looks like.
"If this holds, there have to be new particles and new forces to explain how to make these data consistent".
IMAGE SOURCE,FERMILAB
Image caption,
Based on a 2,700-hectare site near Chicago, Fermilab is America's premier particle physics lab
But the excitement in the physics community is tempered with a loud note of caution. Although the Fermilab result is the most accurate measurement of the mass of the W boson to date, it is at odds with two of the next most accurate measurements from two separate experiments which are in line with the Standard Model.
"This will ruffle some feathers", says Prof Ben Allanach, a theoretical physicist at Cambridge University.
"We need to know what is going on with the measurement. The fact that we have two other experiments that agree with each other and the Standard Model and strongly disagree with this experiment is worrying to me".
IMAGE SOURCE,CERN
All eyes are now on the Large Hadron Collider which is due to restart its experiments after a three-year upgrade. The hope is that these will provide the results which will lay the foundations for a new more complete theory of physics.
"Most scientists will be a little bit cautious," says Dr Patel.
"We've been here before and been disappointed, but we are all secretly hoping that this is really it, and that in our lifetime we might see the kind of transformation that we have read about in history books."
Scientists may have discovered the origins of ‘Oumuamua, the first interstellar object that was spotted visiting our Solar System.The reddish, dry, and strangely-elongated ‘Oumuamua, known to move in unexpected ways, has been a subject of much speculation. Some have, of course, brought up the idea it might an extraterrestrial spacecraft, possibly a probe. Now, scientists propose that tidal forces, gravitational interactions similar to those on Earth, are responsible for its existence and unusual behavior.
The cigar-shaped ‘Oumuamua is 400 meters (1,300 feet) in length and was first discovered on October 19, 2017 by the Hawaii-based Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 (Pan-STARRS1). Scientists and armchair astronomers the world over have since wondered about where it came from, especially in light of factors like its acceleration away from the Sun in a trajectory that is not explainable simply by the effects of gravity.
Simulation showing the interstellar object ‘Oumuamua as a collection of fragments in an elongated shape.
Credit: ZHANG Yun/background by ESO/M. Kornmesser
The new study, which was carried out by by Zhang Yun from National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) and Douglas N. C. Lin from University of California, Santa Cruz, says the object of mystery is natural. Clues pointing to that include the space body’s colors and the lack of any radio emissions coming from it.
While scientists expect an interstellar visitor to be icy, like a comet, Oumuamua is dry and has a rocky body like an asteroid, leading the researchers to conclude that there are more such rocky objects flying in between solar systems than they previously considered.
How did such an object come into existence? Zhang and Lin believe it’s a piece ripped off of another space body by a larger object. They conducted computer simulations, focusing on the example of the tidal disruption imposed by Jupiter on the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1992 to show that when a star is involved in such a fly-by, an outcome is possible that could create the elongated fragment like ‘Oumuamua’s.
The effects of a tidal disruption by a star on a space object.
Credit: NAOC/Y. Zhang
The researchers showed that after a space body is pulled apart by the star’s tidal forces, its fragments would melt and stretch into a cigar-shaped arrangement. The resulting parts would cool off as the object moves away from the star, hardening into a crust. It is subsequently propelled farther into space.
The scientists also have an explanation for the acceleration of an object like this, proposing that the Sun’s heating up of water ice under its surface can result in a release of gas that would act as a propellant.
"The tidal fragmentation scenario not only provides a way to form one single ‘Oumuamua, but also accounts for the vast population of rocky interstellar objects,” said Zhang. He thinks that all types of space objects, like long-period comets, debris disks, and possibly even planets, can be turned into ‘Oumuamua-size bodies upon getting close to a star.
“‘Oumuamua is just the tip of the iceberg,” said Lin, adding “We anticipate many more interstellar visitors with similar traits will be discovered by future observation with the forthcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory.”
How To Tell The World You’ve Found An Extraterrestrial Civilisation
How To Tell The World You’ve Found An Extraterrestrial Civilisation
Duncan Forgan, University of St Andrews Research Fellow
You’d think that after innumerable hypothetical scenarios of humans establishing contact with alien civilizations, we’d be ready to actually find one. Finding sentient life beyond Earth, on the other hand, is definitely going to be one of the most seismic events in our species’ history.
So, if you’ve just discovered an alien civilization, how do you break the news to the rest of the world? This is a monumental task, and I’ve been involved in the development of some guidelines for scientists working on extraterrestrial life searches. The findings will be published in the Acta Astronautica journal.
Some think that it is just a matter of time until we encounter intelligent life, given the millions of dollars presently being poured in efforts like the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI).
Personally, I’m not convinced, but skepticism alone isn’t enough to call off a search. Regardless of our initial preconceptions, the scientific method encourages us to examine our theories via observation and experiment.
I don’t think it’ll be a message from an extraterrestrial civilization or a landing party if we ever locate traces of sentient life.
It’ll more likely be something more mundane, like traces of manmade pollution in an exoplanet’s atmosphere. It might potentially take the shape of massive buildings constructed into the ground to collect energy and offer dwellings
We should be able to spot such megastructures in planetary transit data, such as that acquired by the Kepler Space Telescope, as I demonstrated in a paper a few years ago.
True, Kepler did see strange objects like Tabby’s Star, KIC 8426582, that had characteristics that were predicted to come from artificial structures. But, like most scientists, I’m still skeptical – a swarm of comets around Tabby’s Star, causing extraordinary brightness variations, is the most logical explanation.
What’s particularly promising about this is that it demonstrates that SETI can be done “on the cheap,” using publicly available astronomical data to look for aliens. This appears to be a lot more appropriate method for a pessimist like me.
The explosion of the online activity surrounding Tabby’s star – blogs, tweets, news reports, and a Kickstarter drive to encourage the public to sponsor more observations – exemplifies how different the world has become since SETI began roughly 60 years ago.
A world that is hyper-connected
What should the discoverers do if proof of alien life ever arrived to us from the stars? Astrobiologists have been debating this for decades.
A group of SETI scientists even drafted a set of post-detection guidelines in 1989 to help scientists navigate the processes following discovery.
These procedures involve confirming the discovery with your colleagues and contacting “relevant national authorities” (I’m not sure what this means), then the scientific community, and finally the general public via a press release.
This set of standards, however, was developed before the internet. We used to get our news from the newspaper or the television. Even 24-hour news was still in its infancy at the time.
Nowadays, the news world is a fragmented realm of items shared by our friends and family and presented on our devices and in our feeds via a number of social media channels. Data travels at a breakneck speed and is readily amplified and distorted.
That’s why my colleague Alexander Scholz and I decided to revisit the topic, wondering how SETI’s post-detection methods might evolve to fit our hyper-connected world.
We immediately recognized that scientists require instruction even before they begin an experiment, let alone after they have made a discovery. It is now standard practice for new scientific initiatives to create a blog to document their progress, and SETI will be no exception.
A precise description of what a particular project will accomplish, as well as the criteria for a successful detection, a false positive, and no detection, should be included in the blog. This would make it easier for journalists and the general public to understand the findings correctly.
Individuals engaged must be trustworthy communicators of their work, thus establishing a strong digital presence early on is critical. We also advise them to update their security settings to protect themselves from malicious persons broadcasting their personal information, which is, unfortunately, a genuine threat these days.
If a team is fortunate enough to make even a speculative, unconfirmed discovery, they must be certain that they have nothing to conceal. Leaks are unavoidable and occur at an alarming rate. Nobody wants a narrative about “aliens discovered” that turns out to be bogus. The easiest approach to accomplish this is to disseminate data as soon as possible.
If it’s evident that the discovery is unverified, and natural or man-made causes can’t be ruled out, conspiracy theorists have no place to complain about the scientists’ complicity with the men in black (an accusation flung at me more than once). It also allows other scientists to review the study and confirm the discovery.
Of course, we’ve all seen some of the comments on YouTube or other media sites — numpties abound, and there appears to be no stopping decent scientific debate from devolving into incomprehensible diatribes and disgusting hate speech. As a result, the most crucial piece of advice for scientists is to participate in the dialogue.
If a widely reported discovery proves to be erroneous, the team should issue an urgent public statement stating that no aliens have been located and explaining why. If they have to, they should write a paper retracting it.
However, whoever discovers intelligent life should expect it to consume the rest of their lives — there won’t be much time for anything else. Instead, their new mission will be to assist mankind in accepting its new status as one of many sentient civilizations in the cosmos.
Monsterkomeet C/2014 UN271 is de grootste ooit gezien (én hij komt onze kant uit)
Nadat astronomen een jaar geleden komeet C/2014 UN271 ontdekten, hebben ze nu ook achterhaald hoe groot deze komeet is. Met behulp van de Hubble-ruimtetelescoop blijkt de kern wel 130 kilometer groot te zijn. Daarmee kroont de komeet zich tot grootste ooit gezien én hij komt onze kant uit, maar dat is niets om ons zorgen over te maken.
C/2014 UN271 - een komeet die met een snelheid van 35.000 kilometer per uur richting onze zon beweegt - heeft een kern met een diameter van 130 kilometer, zo berekenden Amerikaanse astronomen. 130 kilometer, dat is ongeveer even groot als de afstand tussen Antwerpen en Luik en zowat 50 keer groter dan de kern van andere bekende kometen. De vorige recordhouder heeft een diameter van 96 kilometer.
De komeet wordt daarbij nog omgeven door een grote stofwolk - coma genoemd in het vakjargon - die zorgt voor de typische staart vol kosmisch vuurwerk. Deze staart vol fijnstof, gesteente en bevroren gassen wordt niet meegeteld bij het berekenen van de grootte van een komeet. Maar het onderscheid maken tussen de staart en de kern is niet simpel. Komeet C/2014 UN271 bevindt zich immers op een immens grote afstand van de zon.
Ruimtetelescoop Hubble maakte in totaal vijf foto’s van de komeet. Dat gebeurde op 8 januari 2022. Daar gingen de Amerikaanse astronomen vervolgens mee aan de slag. Ze maakten een computermodel van de omringende coma en trokken deze uiteindelijk af van het geheel. Wat overblijft, is de kern. En die is 130 tot zelfs 137 kilometer groot. Daarnaast zou de komeet maar liefst 500 biljoen ton wegen, of 100.000 keer de massa van andere kometen.
Op dit moment bevindt de grootste komeet ooit zich op een (veilige) afstand van 3,2 miljard kilometer van onze zon. Naar schatting zal C/2014 UN271 in 2031 het dichtst bij onze zon en de aarde zijn, maar dat is niets om ons zorgen over te maken, zo verzekeren de astronomen. Vermoedelijk zal de komeet zelfs niet voorbij planeet Saturnus geraken. Dat betekent eveneens dat monsterkomeet C/2014 UN271, de grootste ooit ontdekt, nog steeds niet met het blote oog waarneembaar is als hij zich op het dichtste punt bij de aarde bevindt.
Herbekijk:
Een spectaculair hoogtepunt: hier kun je komeet Neowise in Nederland zien met het blote oog!
GERELATEERDE VIDEO'S, uitgekozen en gepost door peter2011
Oudste verwijzing naar de beroemde Mayakalender teruggevonden in Guatemala
Onderzoekers hebben tijdens opgravingen in de oude piramide Las Pinturas in San Bartolo, een kleine Mayastad in Guatemala, een kalenderfragment ontdekt dat mogelijk dateert uit het Mayatijdperk. Het gaat om een eeuwenoud hiëroglief met de symbolen voor ‘Dag 7 Hert’, één van de 260 dagen op de Tzolkin, een befaamde Mayakalender.
De Maya’s hadden meerdere kalenders. Eén daarvan was de Tzolkin, een waarzegkalender in kringloopvorm. Deze kalender kent een periode van 260 dagen. De afzonderlijke dagen op deze kalender worden van één tot twintig in een vaste volgorde genoemd en ze herhalen zich dertien maal per jaar. De Tzolkin wordt beschouwd als de oudste en belangrijkste van alle kalendersystemen van de Maya’s. Onderzoekers geloven dus dat de hiëroglief die werd teruggevonden, deel uitmaakt van dit kalendersysteem.
Er werden eerder al historische vermeldingen van deze heilige kalender teruggevonden in Midden-Amerika, maar onderzoekers wisten deze niet met zekerheid te dateren. De onderzoekers zijn er vrij zeker van dat het nieuwe ontdekte fragment tussen 300 en 200 voor Christus is geschreven. Dat zou betekenen dat het gevonden hiëroglief de oudste verwijzing naar de befaamde Mayakalender is tot nu toe. De Tzolkinkalender zou mogelijk dus al veel langer in gebruik zijn geweest dan wetenschappers dachten. “De situatie zou wijzen op een nog vroegere oorsprong van de kalender ergens tijdens midden Pre-Klassiek (circa 2000 v.Chr. tot 250 n.Chr., red.), zo niet eerder, hoewel het bewijs indirect blijft”, stellen onderzoekers in de studie die werd gepubliceerd in ‘Science Advances’.
De piramide Las Pinturas, waar het fragment gevonden werd, herbergt verschillende lagen van de Mayageschiedenis, die teruggaan tot ongeveer 800 voor Christus. De piramide staat bekend om de muurschilderingen die de mythologie van de Maya’s uitbeelden. In 2005 brachten opgravingen onder de vijfde bouwlaag resten aan het licht van gipsen muren, beschilderd met hiërogliefen. Deze krabbels behoren tot de vroegste bewijzen van hiëroglyfisch schrift in het Mayagebied.
Nu hebben latere opgravingen in dezelfde laag mogelijk de vroegste bewijzen van een hiërogliefenkalender aan het licht gebracht. Het gaat om een hiëroglief die duidelijk de kop van een hert toont. Boven deze kop, die wordt omlijst door een eenvoudige achtergrond, staat het cijfer 7 met streepjes en stippen. Volgens de onderzoekers maakt dit dus deel uit van de Tzolkinkalender. Mogelijk wachten er nog vele andere bijzondere vondsten op ontdekking in de piramide Las Pinturas.
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Brrr. Webb’s MIRI has Reached 6.4 Kelvin, Just a few Degrees Above Absolute Zero
Brrr. Webb’s MIRI has Reached 6.4 Kelvin, Just a few Degrees Above Absolute Zero
The latest update on the James Webb Space Telescope literally sent a shiver down my spine! The telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) has now reached its operating temperature of a chilly 7 kelvins (7 deg above absolute 0, or -266 degrees C,-447 degrees F).
MIRI has now been turned on and is undergoing initial checkouts.
This frigid temp is colder than JWST’s other three instruments need to be, since MIRI detects longer infrared wavelengths than the rest of the instruments. But still, all the instruments need to reach extremely low temperatures — less than 40 K (-223 degrees Celsius, -369.4 degrees Fahrenheit) — since this is an infrared telescope. Infrared light comes at wavelengths slightly longer than those that human eyes can see.
Overview of the MIRI instrument. The instrument is attached to the JWST Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) by the CFRP hexapod (triangular structure at left).Credit: University of Arizona.
Getting to the temperatures required for MIRI is not possible by passive means alone, so Webb carries an innovative cryocooler, dedicated to the task of cooling MIRI’s detectors so that it can see farther into the infrared than the other instruments.
Infrared light is basically thermal radiation, and the telescope itself has a certain temperature and continually radiates heat that would interfere with the measurements taken by the instrument’s sensors. Cooling down the entire telescope – including the four instruments’ detectors and the surrounding hardware — suppresses those infrared emissions. This allows the distant objects to be detected, without any interference from the other nearby sources.
Last week, the team passed a particularly challenging milestone called the “pinch point,” when the instrument goes from 15 kelvins (minus 433 F, or minus 258 C) to 6.4 kelvins (minus 448 F, or minus 267 C).
“The MIRI cooler team has poured a lot of hard work into developing the procedure for the pinch point,” said Analyn Schneider, project manager for MIRI at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “The team was both excited and nervous going into the critical activity. In the end it was a textbook execution of the procedure, and the cooler performance is even better than expected.”
NASA says that another reason Webb’s detectors need to be cold is to suppress something called dark current, or electric current created by the vibration of atoms in the detectors themselves. Dark current mimics a true signal in the detectors, giving the false impression that they have been hit by light from an external source. Those false signals can drown out the real signals astronomers want to find. Since temperature is a measurement of how fast the atoms in the detector are vibrating, reducing the temperature means less vibration, which in turn means less dark current.
The MIRI instrument, in silver, integrated into the JWST Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM).. Credit: NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center .
MIRI’s longer infrared detectors are more sensitive to dark current, so it needs to be colder than the other instruments to fully remove that effect. For every degree the instrument temperature goes up, the dark current goes up by a factor of about 10.
Scientists and engineers are now doing a series of checks to make sure the detectors are operating as expected. They are also sending commands to determine if it can execute tasks correctly.
“We spent years practicing for that moment, running through the commands and the checks that we did on MIRI,” said Mike Ressler, project scientist for MIRI at JPL. “It was kind of like a movie script: Everything we were supposed to do was written down and rehearsed. When the test data rolled in, I was ecstatic to see it looked exactly as expected and that we have a healthy instrument.”
Now, MIRI will take test images of stars and other known objects that can be used for calibration and to check the instrument’s operations and functionality. The team will conduct these preparations alongside calibration of the other three instruments, delivering Webb’s first science images this summer.
Can other planets have geomagnetic storms, even if their magnetosphere is weak and they don’t have an ionosphere like Earth? This question has now been answered, according to research done by a team of scientists in the United States, Canada, and China.
The research team found evidence that Mercury has a ring current, part of a magnetosphere, consisting of charged particles flowing laterally in a doughnut shape around the planet but that excludes the poles. This evidence came from data obtained from the Messenger space probe while it was dropping towards the planet at the end of its mission on April 14, 2015.
A magnetosphere is a system of magnetic fields that form a bubble around a planet that is created by the spinning, electrically charged inner core of a planet. For our planet, this bubble reaches 6 to 10 times the radius of the Earth with the side opposite the Sun extending out like a comet’s tail to 60 times the radius of Earth. It extends out like that because of the force of the solar wind interacting with it.
This magnetosphere helps protect the planet from particle radiation coming from the Sun and elsewhere, and also from the solar wind which is a steady stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. Our Sun often produces coronal mass ejections (CME), bursts of the Sun’s plasma which is a superheated gas of charged particles. The planets in our solar system, excluding Venus and Mars, have magnetospheres as well.
Earth’s magnetosphere isn’t a sphere at all. The solar wind deforms it into an asymmetrical shape. Image Credit: NASA
When a CME hits the magnetosphere it triggers a magnetic storm. According to professor Hui Zhang of the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, “a magnetic storm is a major disturbance of the magnetic field in a planet’s magnetosphere.” Here on Earth, that storm causes the auroras borealis and australis, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights.
As the research team discovered from the data they collected, Mercury has magnetic storms as well. They found that Mercury’s ring current had been compressed from the CME of April 14, 2015, increasing the current’s energy. As stated in the source article, Hui Zhang says “the sudden intensification of a ring current causes the main phase of a magnetic storm.”
However, since Mercury has a very thin atmosphere no auroras are produced. Instead, the particles end up hitting the surface of the planet. Hui Zhang states that “only emissions at the X-ray and Gamma-Ray range from the surface of Mercury have been reported so far and we do not know whether there are emissions at other wavelength ranges (e.g., visible wavelengths).”
This finding may indicate that other planets, including exoplanets, with magnetospheres may also have magnetic storms. One of the research papers written about this, which was co-authored by Zhang, concludes: “The results obtained from Messenger provide a further fascinating insight into Mercury’s place in the evolution of the solar system following the discovery of its intrinsic planetary magnetic field.”
Header credit: MESSENGER image of Mercury from its third flyby (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington)
Hubble Confirms Comet C/2014 UN271 is an Absolute Unit, Astronomically Speaking
Hubble Confirms Comet C/2014 UN271 is an Absolute Unit, Astronomically Speaking
It’s official. Comet C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) has the largest nucleus ever seen in a comet. The gargantuan comet was discovered in the fall of 2021, and in January 2022, astronomers turned the Hubble Space Telescope to ascertain more details and determine the exact size.
NASA said a team of scientists has now estimated the diameter is approximately 129 km (80 miles) across, making it larger than the state of Rhode Island. The nucleus is about 50 times larger than other known comets. Its mass is estimated to be a staggering 500 trillion tons, a hundred thousand times greater than the mass of a typical comet found much closer to the Sun.
“This is an amazing object, given how active it is when it’s still so far from the Sun,” said Man-To Hui of the Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, lead author on a new paper on the comet. “We guessed the comet might be pretty big, but we needed the best data to confirm this.” So, his team used Hubble to take five photos of the comet on January 8, 2022.
The comet was discovered Pedro Bernardinelli and Gary Bernstein, from the University of Pennsylvania. They were scouring through data from the 570-megapixel Dark Energy Camera (DECam) on the Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope in Chile. They found data of this object that was originally collected from 2014–2018, which did not show a typical comet tail, and the object was therefore thought to be a dwarf planet.
But within a day of the announcement of its discovery via the Minor Planet Center, astronomers using the Las Cumbres Observatory network took new images which revealed that it has grown a coma in the past 3 years, and that it was rapidly moving rapidly through the Oort Cloud. The object was then officially classified as a comet.
Then astronomers then began studying this comet in earnest, taking data from all sorts of previous and recent observational sources, intensively studied by ground and space-based telescopes.
C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) is moving in the direction towards the Sun from the outer Solar System at about 35,400 kilometers per hour (22,000 mph) But, astronomers say, don’t worry. It will never get closer than 1.6 billion km (1 billion miles) away from the Sun, slightly farther than the distance of the planet Saturn. And that won’t be until the year 2031. And still, only large telescopes will be able to see it – it likely won’t be visible to the naked eye.
This sequence shows how the nucleus of Comet C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) was isolated from a vast shell of dust and gas surrounding the solid icy nucleus. On the left is a photo of the comet taken by the NASA Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 on January 8, 2022. A model of the coma (middle panel) was obtained by means of fitting the surface brightness profile assembled from the observed image on the left. This allowed for the coma to be subtracted, unveiling the point-like glow from the nucleus.Credits: NASA, ESA, Man-To Hui (Macau University of Science and Technology), David Jewitt (UCLA); Image processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI)
As with any comet, the challenge comes in trying to measure the solid nucleus while it is enveloped in a huge dusty coma. While the comet is currently too far away for its nucleus to be visually resolved by Hubble, the data did show a bright spike of light at the nucleus’ location. Hui and his team next made a computer model of the surrounding coma and adjusted it to fit the Hubble images. Then, the glow of the coma was subtracted to leave behind the starlike nucleus.
The work of Hui and his team to constrain the diameter and reflectivity of the coma showed the actual measurements are quite close to the early estimates a size of 100-200 km, and low reflectivity. Astronomers described the nucleus as “blacker than coal.”
Previously, the largest comet ever measured was C/2002 VQ94, with a nucleus estimated to be 60 miles across. It was discovered in 2002 by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) project.
But there are probably more comets like this, with origins from the edge of the Solar System.
“This comet is literally the tip of the iceberg for many thousands of comets that are too faint to see in the more distant parts of the solar system,” said David Jewitt, a professor of planetary science and astronomy at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and co-author of the new study in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. “We’ve always suspected this comet had to be big because it is so bright at such a large distance. Now we confirm it is.”
Lead image caption:
This diagram compares the size of the icy, solid nucleus of comet C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) to several other comets. The majority of comet nuclei observed are smaller than Halley’s comet. They are typically a mile across or less. Comet C/2014 UN271 is currently the record-holder for big comets. And, it may be just the tip of the iceberg. There could be many more monsters out there for astronomers to identify as sky surveys improve in sensitivity. Though astronomers know this comet must be big to be detected so far out to a distance of over 2 billion miles from Earth, only the Hubble Space Telescope has the sharpness and sensitivity to make a definitive estimate of nucleus size.
Credits: Illustration: NASA, ESA, Zena Levy (STScI)
NASA's X-59 Aircraft Seen Along Arizona Road, April 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
NASA's X-59 Aircraft Seen Along Arizona Road, April 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 9, 2022
Location of sighting: Arizona, USA
Now this is interesting. The Arizona Department of Transportation tweeted this photo of an unknown object on a flatbed trailer pulled by a semi truck parked along the road along I-10 on Citrus Road. The object does look to be UFO shaped, like a triangle craft. However the tail does give it away. They figured out that its NASA's X-59 aircraft that is experimental and is capable of breaking the sound barrier without a sonic boom. Sure UFOs can also do the same thing, and I believe that this NASA design was inspired by alien craft. The US go has many crashed UFOs in their possession and often try to integrate the alien tech from the UFOs into todays modern craft to evolve them one step into the future. So...this might not be an alien craft, but it sure as hell was inspired by them and contains alien tech within.
NASA's X-59 Aircraft Seen Along Arizona Road, April 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
NASA's X-59 Aircraft Seen Along Arizona Road, April 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 9, 2022
Location of sighting: Arizona, USA
Now this is interesting. The Arizona Department of Transportation tweeted this photo of an unknown object on a flatbed trailer pulled by a semi truck parked along the road along I-10 on Citrus Road. The object does look to be UFO shaped, like a triangle craft. However the tail does give it away. They figured out that its NASA's X-59 aircraft that is experimental and is capable of breaking the sound barrier without a sonic boom. Sure UFOs can also do the same thing, and I believe that this NASA design was inspired by alien craft. The US go has many crashed UFOs in their possession and often try to integrate the alien tech from the UFOs into todays modern craft to evolve them one step into the future. So...this might not be an alien craft, but it sure as hell was inspired by them and contains alien tech within.
Check this out. An eyewitness was looking at the Arizona cams and reported a dust storm in the area of San Simon. Right above the dust storm is a long UFO which is causing the dust and wind to kick up in order to help hide itself from the drivers along the freeway. Alien are in constant fear of getting seen, so they take every measure to hide from us. Here is just such an occurrence.
UFOs are often seen around natural disasters like the Fukashima, Japan Tsunami and earthquake, tornadoes in central US and even in the Ukraine war near explosions. Its clear that UFOs can deliberately cause these disasters to occur in order to hide the spacecraft from human eyes or to use humans as test lab animals for their experiments.
Classified data prevented scientists from verifying their discovery for 3 years.
A fireball that flared over Earth in 2014 was actually a rock from another star system
(Image credit: Vadim Sadovski/Shutterstock)
A fireball that blazed through the skies over Papua New Guinea in 2014 was actually a fast-moving object from another star system, according to a recent memo released by the U.S. Space Command (USSC).
The object, a small meteorite measuring just 1.5 feet (0.45 meter) across, slammed into Earth's atmosphere on Jan. 8, 2014, after traveling through space at more than 130,000 mph (210,000 km/h) — a speed that far exceeds the average velocity of meteors that orbit within the solar system, according to a 2019 study of the object published in the preprint databasearXiv.
That 2019 study argued that the wee meteor's speed, along with the trajectory of its orbit, proved with 99% certainty that the object had originated far beyond our solar system — possibly "from the deep interior of a planetary system or a star in the thick disk of the Milky Way galaxy," the authors wrote. But despite their near certainty, the team's paper was never peer-reviewed or published in a scientific journal, as some of the data needed to verify their calculations was considered classified by the U.S. government, according to Vice.
Now, USSC scientists have officially confirmed the team's findings. In a memo dated March 1 and shared on Twitter on April 6, Lt. Gen. John E. Shaw, deputy commander of the USSC, wrote that the 2019 analysis of the fireball was "sufficiently accurate to confirm an interstellar trajectory."
This confirmation retroactively makes the 2014 meteor the first interstellar object ever detected in our solar system, the memo added. The object's detection predates the discovery of 'Oumuamua — a now-infamous, cigar-shaped object that is also moving far too fast to have originated in our solar system — by three years, according to the USSC memo. (Unlike the 2014 meteor, 'Oumuamua was detected far from Earth and is already speeding out of the solar system, according to NASA.)
Amir Siraj, a theoretical astrophysicist at Harvard University and the lead author of the 2019 paper, told Vice that he still intends to get the original study published, so that the scientific community can pick up where he and his colleagues left off. Because the meteorite ignited over the South Pacific Ocean, it's possible that shards of the object landed in the water and have since nestled on the seafloor, he added.
While locating these scraps of interstellar debris might be a nigh-impossible task, Siraj said he is already consulting with experts about the possibility of mounting an expedition to recover them.
"The possibility of getting the first piece of interstellar material is exciting enough to check this very thoroughly and talk to all the world experts on ocean expeditions to recover meteorites," Siraj told Vice.
Bizarre cloud formation over Alaska's Lazy Mountain prompts police investigation as witnesses fear it was a plane crash, a UFO or top secret Russian weapon
Bizarre cloud formation over Alaska's Lazy Mountain prompts police investigation as witnesses fear it was a plane crash, a UFO or top secret Russian weapon
A strange, worm-like cloud was pictured over Alaska's Lazy Mountain, sparked conspiracy theories ranging from a UFO crash to weapons tests
On Thursday at around 7 am, photos of the incident show a massive cloud plume, with social media left scratching their heads over what it could be
Some explanations given for it include a meteor, a crashed UFO, an eruption, or even a Russian weapon connected to the conflict in Ukraine
The cloud garnered so much attention that Alaska State Troopers and the Alaska Rescue Coordination Center began investigating for a possible plane crash
However, officials eventually offered a far more tame explanation for the bizarre cloud, claiming it was a contrail from a commercial jet
Photos of a strange, worm-like cloud taken over Alaska's Lazy Mountain prompted an investigation by Alaska State Troopers amid fears it could be a plane crash, a UFO or top secret Russian weapon.
Pictures posted to Facebook of the incident show a massive cloud plume on Thursday.
The photos sparked debate online as people questioned whether it could be a meteor, a crashed UFO or satellite, an eruption, and even a Russian weapon connected to the conflict in Ukraine.
The cloud garnered so much attention that Alaska State Troopers and the Alaska Rescue Coordination Center began investigating for a possible plane crash.
'There have been no reports of overdue aircraft or ELT activations indicating an aircraft crash,' Alaska State Troopers reported in a release.
A rescue team on a helicopter flew a mission around the Lazy Mountain area this morning and located nothing suspicious and there were no signs of crashed aircraft.'
A strange, worm-like cloud, pictured, was photographed over Alaska's Lazy Mountain, triggering talks of conspiracy theories ranging from the likes of a UFO crash and weapons tests
The unidentified cloud and Alaska's Lazy Mountains in the foreground
Online, theories ran wild.
'We saw this on the way to school this morning as well. Very eerie!' Christy Hronkin Swift wrote on the Palmer Alaska Buzz Facebook page.
'Looks like a meteor. I wonder where it landed,' Cassi Joi posted.
'Could it be a satellite? It’s so strange,' Shannon Del Vecchio Watson said.
Some explanations given for it include a meteor, a crashed UFO, an eruption, or even a Russian weapon connected to the conflict in Ukraine
On Thursday at around 7 am, photos of the incident show a massive cloud plume were posted to social media
Officials eventually offered a far more tame explanation for the bizarre cloud, claiming it was a contrail from a commercial jet
However, officials eventually offered a far more tame explanation for the bizarre cloud, claiming it was a contrail from a commercial jet.
'Further investigation revealed that a large commercial jet was flying in that area around the time that the photos and video were taken,' officials said.
'The aircraft was contacted and reported normal flight operations on its way to JFK airport in New York.'
'Troopers believe that the photos and videos showed a contrail from the commercial jet combined with the rising sun which together caused the unique atmospheric sight.'
US intelligence officials have evidence that UFO sightings can lead to adverse health effects including radiation burns, according to a study released this week. Above, a photo of a UFO taken by navy pilots in 2020
In May, a video was released that appeared to show a UFO buzz a US stealth ship near San Diego before diving under the water back in July 2019
The photos emerged a day after news energed hundreds of military officers reporting injuries, including brain damage and burns, after encounters with UFOs, a top brain expert and former CIA officer revealed.
Detroit Professor Christopher Green was commissioned around 2010 by a secret $22 million defense program monitoring UFOs, to write a paper on injuries from close encounters with 'anomalous' craft.
In an exclusive interview with DailyMail.com the forensic neuroimaging expert, who has worked with the CIA since the 1960s, said he dealt with 'hundreds of patients' including special forces officers and other military personnel hurt after interacting with unidentified craft, some of whom later died.
Some of the injuries resembled the mysterious 'Havana Syndrome', which intelligence agencies believe could be a series of clandestine attacks on US diplomats by a foreign power using targeted microwaves.
SETI, as a modern astronomical endeavor, dating to 1959 (first paper) and 1960 (first observation). Modern UFO sightings date to the late 1940s. Though superficially similar, the two fields in practice have had virtually nothing to do with one another. SETI usually requires a graduate degree in astronomy, and its scientists tend to disdain UFOers for requiring nothing more than a camera that takes blurry photos and a butterfly net in case a little green man appears.
However, the two camps may be moving closer together.
In the classic SETI paradigm, stars are observed for artificial signals. But this communication strategy has severe drawbacks from ET’s point of view. In order for it to succeed, ET would have to target each of potentially millions of promising nearby stars (including ours) continuously, and do so over potentially billions of years. Additionally, it would need to maintain a dedicated receiver for each target star to be certain not to miss a return message if and when it arrives. The cost of this strategy to ET in time, energy and materials would be immeasurable. Further, by announcing its presence to so many stars, it invites disaster should any civilization prove aggressive. Added to this is the problem of communicating with a target civilization of which it would know nothing. Perhaps the transmitting civilization communicates in color oscillations like a cuttlefish, while the recipient only understands bee-like waggles.
Building on the work of others, I have hypothesized that aliens would be better served by sending robotic probes. Relatively simple flyby probes might intermittently surveil nascent solar systems, for example, at 200-million-year intervals. Star systems with biogenic planets might be surveilled more often. Highly capable probes might be placed permanently in the vicinity of planets that have achieved multicellularity as indicated by their oxygen-rich atmospheres or other biosignatures.
Once a permanently placed probe had detected artificial electromagnetic leakage, indicating that one multicellular species had become technologically intelligent, it would attempt to decode the species. Using Sesame Street, Khan Academy and YouTube, and even granted its enormous onboard AI capabilities, it would still take time for it to decode Homo sapiens’ languages, science, math and culture. After many decades of work by E.O. Wilson and others, we now know a little something about ant communication but are still far from a complete decoding. How very much more difficult would it be for ET to decode humans? Even if it has been watching episodes of I Love Lucy that have been leaking out into space since that show was first broadcast, it may still not understand them.
The local probe might need to send data back to its home base for deeper analysis and/or instructions on how to proceed. If the probe began transmitting data to its home in 1950 after its detection of early television signals, and if that home base were located at the modest distance of 150 light-years, then the earliest year in which the probe might receive instructions to make contact with Earth would be 2250.
However, when we do finally hear from a local probe, after it has decoded us, its transmissions may be in a terrestrial language. The ensuing dialogue will take place in near real time, as opposed to the painfully slow dialogue between ourselves and an alien civilization transmitting from a star at hundreds or thousands of light years distance. An alien probe need not reveal the location of its home base, obviating any danger to the progenitor civilization. A fully autonomous probe would be able to communicate with us even if its progenitor civilization is long extinct.
Provided that a probe does belong to an existing civilization or network of civilizations, there remains the problem of how it might communicate with them. To do so directly would require an enormous transmitter. The better solution would be to string communication nodes at close proximity to one another, perhaps one in orbit around every star, and perhaps located at a sufficient distance from the star to enable the use of it as a gravity lens, per Einstein’s theory of general relativity. For the sun, that focal point begins at 550 Earth-sun distances (AU) at which point the node would achieve signal gain of approximately a billion.
Large numbers of ET civilization might contribute to this nodal system, and the store of information would only grow with time regardless of whether the contributing civilizations persist or have gone extinct. We might contribute Aristotle, Shakespeare, Beethoven and Monet to this Encyclopedia Galactica. However, we will not be in a position to barter our culture; having surveilled our TV and internet for at least 70 years, ET has probably already uploaded all it wants. Nonetheless, ET may wish to recruit us into the galactic club so that we might manufacture probes and nodes, and otherwise take responsibility for the maintenance of the interstellar communication system within our immediate stellar neighborhood. That would be our bargaining chip.
SETI stellar observations presume a very faint signal that would require Earth’s most powerful telescopes to detect. However, highly sensitive telescopes have very small fields of view. Detecting a local robotic probe requires the opposite strategy. Because of a probe’s close proximity to Earth, its signal would be much brighter than an interstellar beacon, even under the conservative assumption that its transmission will be on the order of only a few watts. Consequently, SETI’s best strategy would be to sacrifice great sensitivity in favor of a wide a field of view or, better yet, all-sky-all-the-time observing. Such systems are being built now or planned.
Purported sightings by military pilots of objects that defy all known aerodynamics in their sudden and steep accelerations may be delusions, hoaxes or optical illusions. Nevertheless, many SETI scientists now agree with UFOers that the first alien detection plausibly could occur within our own solar system. Both UFOers and SETI scientists should also agree that if some UFO sightings are genuine sightings of aliens, then they must be of robotic probes rather than vessels crewed by biological beings. If nothing else, such beings would be crushed by the g-forces of their purported, very large, accelerations.
The evidence is still lacking that would fully unify UFOers and SETI scientists—and yet the space between these two groups may not be so far vast after all.
This is an opinion and analysis article; the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of Scientific American.
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13-04-2022
CYBERTRUCK PROTOTYPE MOCKED FOR LOOKING EXTREMELY JANKY
CYBERTRUCK PROTOTYPE MOCKED FOR LOOKING EXTREMELY JANKY
WHY WOULD THEY CHOOSE TO SHOW THIS OFF TO THE PUBLIC?
CYBER OWNERS
Afterthought
All eyes were on Tesla late last week.
After hyping up the company’s brand new factory in Texas, Musk took some time on stage to show off the latest prototype of his company’s brutalist Cybertruck.
But after years of delays, Tesla still doesn’t have an awful lot to show off — and the prototype displayed last week leaves a lot to be desired.
Unfinished
Sure, from a distance, it looked like a Cybertruck. But attendees of the “Cyber Rodeo” event got a much closer look as well.
And up close, the prototype looked downright bad, almost like an afterthought, as seen in footage uploaded to YouTube by Cyber Owners.
We’re not talking just panel gaps here, as has been customary for the brand in the past. The prototype looks unfinished, as if Tesla was caught off guard by the gigantic party it was hosting.
The doors aren’t even the same color as the rest of the vehicle.
“Everything is bowed, bent at strange angles, leaving room for massive panel gaps,” Jalopnik‘s keen-eyed Steve DaSilva wrote. “Hopefully they don’t leak.”
Where’s My Truck?
None of that is exactly reassuring, considering that the Cybertruck has already been delayed a number of times.
At the event, Musk revealed that the vehicle is now slated to go into production next year, a middling consolation prize for those who preordered their trucks well over two years ago.
The company’s latest showing doesn’t instill any more confidence — we still have yet to see a production ready version of Musk’s passion project, despite the CEO’s many promises.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:SF-snufjes }, Robotics and A.I. Artificiel Intelligence ( E, F en NL )
The red color of Mars is only inches deep
The red color of Mars is only inches deep
The surface and atmosphere is colored by ferric oxides. Beneath a very thin layer, mere millimeters deep in places, it's not red anymore.
This sand dune, known as Dingo Gap, was crossed by Mars Curiosity in 2014. This image has been slightly 'white balanced' as opposed to being shown in true color, which enables the differences in the compositions and intrinsic colors of the features and rocks on the surface to be seen more clearly.
Mars has a red surface and a red atmosphere, allowing its true color to be seen from space.
Various forms of ferric oxides are responsible for this color, but even rover tracks show the red color doesn't last for long.
Beneath an extremely thin layer, as thin as millimeters and no deeper than meters anywhere, it isn't red any longer.
When we look out at our planet Earth from space, we see a myriad of diverse colors. The sky itself is blue, as the atmosphere preferentially scatters shorter-wavelength blue light in all directions, giving our atmosphere it’s characteristic color. The oceans themselves are blue, as water molecules are better at absorbing longer-wavelength red light than they are blue light. Meanwhile, the continents appear brown or green, dependent on the vegetation (or lack thereof) growing there, while the icecaps and clouds always appear white.
But on Mars, one color dominates: red. The ground is red: red everywhere. The lowlands are red; the highlands are red; the dried-up riverbeds are red; the sand dunes are red; it’s all red. The atmosphere itself is also red in every location we can measure it. The lone exception appears to be the icecaps and clouds, which are white, albeit with a reddish hue as observed from Earth. Yet quite surprisingly, the “redness” of Mars is incredibly shallow; if you dug just the tiniest bit beneath the surface, the redness vanishes. Here’s the scientific story behind just what makes the red planet so red.
Mars, along with its thin atmosphere, as photographed from the Viking orbiter in the 1970s. The bright red atmosphere is due to the presence of Martian dust in the atmosphere, and the composition of Mars rocks was first discovered by the Viking landers.
(Credit: NASA/Viking 1)
From space, there’s no denying the red appearance of Mars. For all of recorded history in a wide variety of languages, the redness of Mars has been its most prominent feature. Mangala, the Sanskrit word for Mars, is red. Har decher, its ancient name in Egyptian, literally means “red one.” And as we’ve progressed into the space age, photos that distinguish the surface from the atmosphere clearly show that the air above Mars itself has an intrinsically red color.
In Earth’s atmosphere, Rayleigh scattering dominates, casting blue light in all directions while the red light travels relatively undisturbed. However, the atmosphere of Mars is only 0.7% as thick as Earth’s, rendering Rayleigh scattering from the gas molecules in Mars’s atmosphere a negligible effect. Instead, dust particles in the Martian atmosphere dominate in (likely) two ways:
greater absorption at short optical wavelengths (400-600 nm) than at longer (600+ nm) wavelengths,
and that larger dust particles (~3 microns and larger) scatter longer-wavelength light more efficiently than atmospheric gas particles scatter shorter-wavelength light from Rayleigh scattering.
Compared to the irradiance received at Earth’s surface, the light received on Mars’s surface is severely suppressed in shorter (bluer) wavelengths. This is consistent with small hematite dust particles suspended in the Martian atmosphere, with the opacity increasing with increased dust density.
(Credit: J.F. Bell III, D. Savransky, & M.J. Wolff, JGR PLANETS, 2006)
If you look at the suspended atmospheric dust in detail on Mars, and ask, “what is it like,” the answer is incredibly informative. Just from looking at its spectral properties — or “how it affects the light” — we can see that the dust is very similar to the regions on Mars that:
are high in reflectivity,
represent bright soil deposits,
and are rich in iron: i.e., containing large amounts of ferric oxides.
When we look at the dust in detail, particularly with the OMEGA instrument on ESA’s Mars Express mission, we find that the most common type of dust comes from nanocrystalline red hematite, which has the chemical formula α-Fe2O3. The particles that make up this hematite are small: between about 3 and 45 microns in diameter. That’s the right size and composition so that the rapid Martian winds, which typically blow at speeds close to ~100 km/hr, continuously sweep large amounts of dust up into the atmosphere, where it remains fairly well-mixed, even when there are no dust storms.
The same panoramic composite image, taken by Opportunity, shown with two different color assignments. Top image is in âtrue color,â as human eyes would see Mars, while the bottom is in false-color enhanced for color contrast.
(Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/Arizona State U.)
When we look at the Martian surface itself, however, the story gets far more interesting. Ever since we began examining the Martian surface in detail — first from orbiting missions and, later, landers and rovers — we noticed that surface features would change over time. In particular, we’d notice that there were darker areas and brighter areas, and that the dark areas would evolve in a particular pattern:
they’d begin dark,
they would get covered in dust that wesuspect was from the brighter areas,
and then they would go back to being dark once again.
For a long time, we didn’t know why, until we started noticing that the dark areas that change all had a few things in common, particularly when compared to the dark areas that didn’t change. In particular, the dark areas that changed over time had relatively lower elevations and smaller slopes, and were surrounded by brighter areas. By contrast, the higher-elevation, steeper-sloped, and very large dark areas didn’t change in this way over time.
On Mars, bare-rock structures hold onto heat far better than sand-like structures do, meaning they will appear brighter at night, when viewed in the infrared. A variety of rock types and colors can be seen, as dust clings to some surfaces much better than others. From up close, it’s very clear that Mars is not a uniform planet.
(Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS, Mars Curiosity Rover)
It was a duo of scientists — one of whom was Carl Sagan — who puzzled out the solution: Mars is covered with a layer of this thin, sandy dust that’s driven by winds all across the Martian surface. This sand gets blown from area to area, but it’s easiest for that dust to:
travel short distances,
travel either from higher to lower elevations or to comparable elevations, rather than up to much higher elevations,
and to get blown off of areas with steeper slopes, as opposed to areas with shallower slopes.
In other words, the red dust that dominates the color palette of Mars is only skin deep. That’s not even a poetic turn of phrase in this case: most of Mars is covered by a layer of dust that’s only a few millimeters thick! Even in the region where the dust is thickest — the large plateau known as the Tharsis region, consisting of three very large volcanoes just offset from Olympus Mons (which appears to the plateau’s northwest) — it’s estimated to be a meager 2 meters (~7 feet) thick.
Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) colorized topographic map of the western hemisphere of Mars, showing the Tharsis and Valles Marineris regions. The impact basin Argyre is at lower right, with the lowland Chryse Planitia to the right (east) of the Tharsis region.
(Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State U.)
You might look at these facts, then, and wonder the following: do we have a topographic map of Mars and a map of the ferric oxides on Mars, and do these maps correlate with one another in any way?
It’s a smart thought, and one that we’ll take a look at in just a second, but “ferric oxide” doesn’t necessarily mean “red Mars dust” the way you might think. First off, ferric oxides are present everywhere on the planet:
within the crust,
found in lava outflows,
and in the Martian dust that’s been oxidized by reactions with the atmosphere.
Given that the atmosphere, even today, contains significant quantities of both carbon dioxide and water, there’s a readily available source of oxygen to oxidize any iron-rich material that makes it to the surface: where it contacts the atmosphere.
As a result, when we look at a ferric oxide map of Mars — again, made by the fabulous OMEGA instrument aboard ESA’s Mars Express — we find that yes, the ferric oxides are everywhere, but the abundances are highest across the northern and mid-latitudes, and lowest across the southern latitudes.
This map, by the OMEGA instrument on ESAâs Mars Express, plots the distribution of ferric oxides, a mineral phase of iron, across the surface of Mars. Ferric oxides (an oxide of iron) are present everywhere on the planet: within the bulk crust, lava outflows and the dust oxidised by chemical reactions with the martian atmosphere. Bluer colors represent lower abundances of ferric oxide; redder colors are higher.
(Credit: ESA/CNES/CNRS/IAS/Universite Paris-Sud, Orsay; Background: NASA MOLA)
On the other hand, the topography of Mars shows that the elevation of the red planet varies in an interesting way across its surface, and in a way that’s only partially correlated with the abundance of ferric oxides. The southern hemisphere, predominantly, is at a much higher elevation than the lowlands in the north. The greatest elevations occur in the ferric oxide-rich Tharsis region, but in the lowlands to the east of it, the abundances of ferric oxides plummets.
What you have to realize is that the red hematite form of ferric oxide, which is possibly the culprit for the “redness” of Mars, isn’t the only form of ferric oxide. There is also magnetite: Fe3O4, which is black in color instead of red. Although the global topography of Mars appears to play a role in the abundances of ferric oxide, it clearly isn’t the only factor at play, and might not even be the primary factor in determining Mars’s color.
The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument, part of Mars Global Surveyor, collected over 200 million laser altimeter measurements in constructing this topographic map of Mars. The Tharsis region, at center-left, is the highest elevation region on the planet, while the lowlands appear in blue. Note the much lower elevation of the northern hemisphere compared to the southern.
(Credit: Mars Global Surveyor MOLA Team)
What we think is occurring — and this has been a consistent picture for many years — is that there is a bright, globally distributed, globally homogeneous set of dust that gets swept up into the atmosphere and remains there. That dust is basically suspended in the thin Martian atmosphere, and although events like dust storms can increase the concentration, it never drops to a negligibly low value. Mars’s atmosphere is always rich with this dust; that dust provides the atmosphere’s color; but the color features of Mars’s surface aren’t uniform at all.
The “settling of atmospheric dust” is only one factor in determining the surface color of various regions of Mars. This is something we’ve learned very well from our landers and rovers: Mars isn’t a uniform red color at all. In fact, the surface itself is more of an orangey shade of butterscotch overall, and that various rocky objects and deposits on the surface appear to have a variety of colors: brown, golden, tan, and even greenish or yellow, depending on what minerals make up those deposits.
This image, taken by Mars Pathfinder of its Sojourner rover, shows a variety of colors. The rover’s wheels are reddish due to the Martian hematite; the disturbed soil is much darker underneath. Rocks of a variety of intrinsic colors can be seen, but also the role that the sunlight’s angle plays can be clearly seen as well.
(Credit: NASA/Mars Pathfinder)
One question that’s still under investigation is the exact mechanism by which these red hematite particles form. Although there are many ideas that involve molecular oxygen, it’s only found in tiny, trace amounts from the photodissociation of water. Reactions involving water or high temperatures are possible, but those are thermodynamically disfavored.
My two favorite possibilities are reactions involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which occurs naturally on Mars in low abundances, but is a very strong oxidant. The fact that we see large amounts of α-Fe2O3 but no hydrated ferric iron minerals could be an indication of this pathway.
Alternatively, we might get hematite simply from a purely physical process: erosion. If you mix together magnetite powder, quartz sand, and quartz dust together and tumble it in a flask, some of the magnetite converts to hematite. In particular, a “black” mixture (dominated by magnetite) will appear red, as the quartz gets fractured, exposing oxygen atoms, which attach to the broken magnetite bonds, forming hematite. Perhaps the notion of “water is responsible for ferric oxides” is a literal red herring after all.
The start of the 2018 dust storm that led to the demise of NASA’s Opportunity rover. Even from this coarse map, it’s clear that the dust is red in color, and severely reddens the atmosphere as greater proportions of dust become suspended in the Martian atmosphere.
(Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)
So, all in all, Mars is red because of hematite, which is a red form of ferric oxide. Although ferric oxides are found in many places, only the hematite is largely responsible for the red color, and the small dust particles that are suspended in the atmosphere and that coat the top few millimeters-to-meters of Mars’s surface are wholly responsible for the red color we see.
If we could somehow calm the atmosphere for long periods of time and let the Martian dust settle out, you might expect that Rayleigh scattering would dominate like it does on Earth, turning the skies blue. This is only partly correct, though; because the Martian atmosphere is so thin and tenuous, the sky would appear very dark: almost completely black, with a slight bluish tint to it. If you could successfully block out the brightness coming from the planet’s surface, you would likely be able to see some stars and up to six planets — Mercury, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and sometimes Uranus — even during the daytime.
Mars might be the red planet, but only a tiny, minuscule amount of it is actually red. Fortunately for us, that red part is the outermost layer of its surface, pervasive in the Martian atmosphere, and that accounts for the color we actually perceive.
(This article is re-run from earlier in 2021 as part of a “best of 2021” series that will run from Christmas Eve until the New Year. Happy holidays, everyone.)
NASA's Artemis 1 Space Launch System moon rocket stands atop Launch Pad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida during a fueling test on April 4, 2022.
(Image credit: NASA/Joel Kowsky)
The White House's generosity has NASA poised to do big things in 2023 and beyond, according to the space agency's deputy chief.
"The $26 billion fiscal year 2023 budget request is 8% more than enacted federal spending levels for fiscal year 2022, affirming the importance of civil space to the Biden-Harris administration and to the strategic future of the United States," NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy said last week at the 37th Space Symposium in Colorado Springs.
"It represents the largest overall request in current dollars for NASA and the largest request for science funding in agency history," she added.
Melroy emphasized the budget's potential positive impact on NASA's Artemis program, the agency's plan to return astronauts to the moon as a stepping stone to Mars. (Reminder: The budget request remains just that at the moment, a request; it still must be approved by Congress.)
She called the recent rollout of the Artemis 1 moon mission to its launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida "very emotional and very historic." She also acknowledged the expansion of lunar science programs to prepare for further human exploration of the moon, including the VIPER rover that will map the location of water ice near the moon's south pole.
"We never forget we are standing on the shoulders of giants, the men who landed on the moon and the women who did the math," Melroy quipped, stressing that the accomplishments of the Apollo generation inspired her own foray into the space program. (Melroy, a retired Air Force colonel, served as a NASA astronaut and was one of two female space shuttle commanders.)
Melroy also reiterated NASA's commitment to Earth science, particularly regarding climate change; this year will see the initiation of the agency's Earth System Observatory constellation of satellites.
"We will continue to integrate our climate efforts across the agency for maximum synergy, and we will initiate the Earth Information Center, an effort to bring together our space-based climate data, along with data from our interagency and international partners into one place," she said.
"This will help make it more accessible to scientists, yes, but we really intend to make it more accessible to decision-makers, and also all citizens, especially in our communities that are most affected by climate change," Melroy added.
Along those lines, Melroy announced NASA's prioritization of aeronautical innovation in green aerospace. For example, the agency's X-57 all-electric aircraft is scheduled to begin flight tests this year, with further X-planes planned.
"The 2023 budget enables us to begin planning for the next X-plane through the Sustainable Flight National Partnership, which will demonstrate flight efficiency capabilities that can transition directly to narrowbody civil aviation," Melroy said. "We also continue enthusiastically in the X-plane business with the X-59 later this year, which will demonstrate how we can mitigate sonic booms and, we hope, lead to persistent supersonic commercial flight."
Finally, Melroy praised NASA's commercial partners, from commercial crew to commercial cargo to commercial science. The Biden administration's budget request includes $220 million for commercial destinations in low Earth orbit, with which NASA hopes to promote a new space economy.
"I believe history will look back and say that we are in the golden age of commercial space, and it's pretty exciting to be living in it," she said.
During a research expedition that sounds indistinguishable from the first act of a horror movie, a team of intrepid scientists have discovered dozens of ancient, never-before-seen viruses within a sample of Tibetan ice.
The Ohio State University researchers behind the work are curious about how viruses have changed in response to shifting climates, according to a university press release. Of the 33 viruses they found in the ice, 28 are brand new to science, according to research published in the journal Microbiome on Tuesday — and probing their genetic codes could help explain the secrets of how life can survive extreme conditions both elsewhere on Earth and potentially even in places like Mars.
Let’s just hope that none of them infect anybody.
Veggie Viruses
Fortunately, the new viruses appear to have made their homes in ancient plants and soil-dwelling organisms rather than humans or animals before they froze abut 15,000 years ago. And the survivors seem to have fared so well all this time because they thrive in the harsh colds, not in spite of them.
“We know very little about viruses and microbes in these extreme environments, and what is actually there,” senior study author and Ohio State earth scientist Lonnie Thompson said in the release. “The documentation and understanding of that is extremely important: How do bacteria and viruses respond to climate change? What happens when we go from an ice age to a warm period like we’re in now?”
To that end, the researchers hope that the ancient viruses will help them piece together a sort of fossil record for the area — by peering at the viruses that lived farther back in time, they hope they’ll be able to paint a better picture of what the environment was like than ever before.
4 billion-year-old relic from early solar system heading our way
4 billion-year-old relic from early solar system heading our way
An enormous comet—approximately 80 miles across, more than twice the width of Rhode Island—is heading our way at 22,000 miles per hour from the edge of the solar system. Fortunately, it will never get closer than 1 billion miles from the sun, which is slightly farther from Earth than Saturn; that will be in 2031.
Comets, among the oldest objects in the solar system, are icy bodies that were unceremoniously tossed out of the solar system in a gravitational pinball game among the massive outer planets, said David Jewitt. The UCLA professor of planetary science and astronomy co-authored a new study of the comet in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. The evicted comets took up residence in the Oort cloud, a vast reservoir of far-flung comets encircling the solar system out to many billions of miles into deep space, he said.
A typical comet's spectacular multimillion-mile-long tail, which makes it look like a skyrocket, belies the fact that the source at the heart of the fireworks is a solid nucleus of ice mixed with dust—essentially a dirty snowball. This huge one, called Comet C/2014 UN271 and discovered by astronomers Pedro Bernardinelli and Gary Bernstein, could be as large as 85 miles across.
"This comet is literally the tip of the iceberg for many thousands of comets that are too faint to see in the more distant parts of the solar system," Jewitt said. "We've always suspected this comet had to be big because it is so bright at such a large distance. Now we confirm it is."
This comet has the largest nucleus ever seen in a comet by astronomers. Jewitt and his colleagues determined the size of its nucleus using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Its nucleus is about 50 times larger than those of most known comets. Its mass is estimated to be 500 trillion tons, a hundred thousand times greater than the mass of a typical comet found much closer to the sun.
"This is an amazing object, given how active it is when it's still so far from the sun," said lead author Man-To Hui, who earned his doctorate from UCLA in 2019 and is now with the Macau University of Science and Technology in Taipa, Macau. "We guessed the comet might be pretty big, but we needed the best data to confirm this."
So the researchers used Hubble to take five photos of the comet on Jan. 8, 2022, and incorporated radio observations of the comet into their analysis.
The comet is now less than 2 billion miles from the sun and in a few million years will loop back to its nesting ground in the Oort cloud, Jewitt said.
Comet C/2014 UN271 was first serendipitously observed in 2010, when it was 3 billion miles from the sun. Since then, it has been intensively studied by ground and space-based telescopes.
The challenge in measuring this comet was how to determine the solid nucleus from the huge dusty coma—the cloud of dust and gas—enveloping it. The comet is currently too far away for its nucleus to be visually resolved by Hubble. Instead, the Hubble data show a bright spike of light at the nucleus' location. Hui and his colleagues next made a computer model of the surrounding coma and adjusted it to fit the Hubble images. Then, they subtracted the glow of the coma, leaving behind the nucleus.
Hui and his team compared the brightness of the nucleus to earlier radio observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, or ALMA, in Chile. The new Hubble measurements are close to the earlier size estimates from ALMA, but convincingly suggest a darker nucleus surface than previously thought.
"It's big and it's blacker than coal," Jewitt said.
The comet has been falling toward the sun for well over 1 million years. The Oort cloud is thought to be the nesting ground for trillions of comets. Jewitt thinks the Oort cloud extends from a few hundred times the distance between the sun and the Earth to at least a quarter of the way out to the distance of the nearest stars to our sun, in the Alpha Centauri system.
The Oort cloud's comets were tossed out of the solar system billions of years ago by the gravitation of the massive outer planets, according to Jewitt. The far-flung comets travel back toward the sun and planets only if their orbits are disturbed by the gravitational tug of a passing star, the professor said.
First hypothesized in 1950 by Dutch astronomer Jan Oort, the Oort cloud still remains a theory because the comets that make it up are too faint and distant to be directly observed. This means the solar system's largest structure is all but invisible, Jewitt said.
Reference:
Man-To Hui et al, Hubble Space Telescope Detection of the Nucleus of Comet C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein), The Astrophysical Journal Letters (2022). DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac626a
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WE GAAN DEZE HERFST EVENTUELE ALIENS OP TRAPPIST-1 LASTIGVALLEN MET RUSSISCHE MUZIEK (EN ONZE KLIMAATPROBLEMEN)
WE GAAN DEZE HERFST EVENTUELE ALIENS OP TRAPPIST-1 LASTIGVALLEN MET RUSSISCHE MUZIEK (EN ONZE KLIMAATPROBLEMEN)
Vivian Lammerse
In een poging het eerste contact te leggen én het bewustzijn over de klimaatcrisis te vergroten, zullen er door wetenschappers en muzikanten krachtige radioberichten verzonden worden.
In 2016 maakten astronomen bekend dat er rond de dwergster TRAPPIST-1 maar liefst zeven planeten cirkelen. Drie ervan zijn met name interessant en zouden zomaar eens leefbaar kunnen zijn. Direct werd er natuurlijk druk gespeculeerd: zouden zich hier aliens kunnen ophouden? Als dat het geval is, zullen zij binnenkort mogelijk van ons bestaan afweten. Want deze herfst nog, zullen er muziekfragmenten en wetenschappelijke gegevens naar het sterrenstelsel verzonden worden.
Meer over TRAPPIST-1 TRAPPIST-1 is een ultrakoele dwergster die zich op een slordige 39 lichtjaar van de aarde bevindt. Rond de ster cirkelen zoals gezegd zeven planeten. En sinds de ontdekking daarvan, zijn de verwachtingen hoog gespannen. Drie van deze planeten bevinden zich namelijk in de leefbare zone, wat betekent dat ze mogelijk vloeibaar water herbergen op hun oppervlak.
De radioberichten zullen op 4 oktober 2022 naar TRAPPIST-1 verstuurd worden. De uitzendingen zullen plaatsvinden vanaf het Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station; de thuisbasis van ‘s werelds eerste commerciële deep space-netwerk, gelegen in Zuid-Engeland. De hoop is dat de berichten een reactie uit zullen lokken en dat er zo een gesprek op gang komt met een nog onbekende geavanceerde buitenaardse intelligentie.
Inhoud Wat er verzonden zal worden? De berichten zullen zowel muziek als wetenschappelijke informatie bevatten. Het muziekgedeelte zal bestaan uit korte muziekfragmenten van vijftien seconden, onder andere aangeleverd door muzikanten die meedoen aan het Oezbeekse Stihia festival dat in het leven is geroepen om stil te staan bij de milieu-impact van het krimpende Aralmeer. Daarnaast zal ook het lied ‘Beauty of the Earth’ van de Sovjet-componist Eduard Artemyev en ‘Journey Through the Asteroid Belt’ van de Londense band The Comet Is Coming de ruimte in worden geslingerd. In samenwerking met het Oezbeekse instituut voor Astronomie, zal het wetenschappelijke onderdeel onder andere de coördinaten van de sterren uit de sterrencatalogus van de Oezbeekse astronoom en wiskundige Ulug Bey bevatten.
Klimaatcrisis Het doel van de radiotransmissie is niet alleen om het eerste contact te leggen met een eventuele andere beschaving, maar ook het bewustzijn over de klimaatcrisis te vergroten. “Onze berichten zullen langlevende beschavingen eraan herinneren hoe het was toen ze nog worstelden om een duurzame samenleving te worden,” zegt Douglas Vakoch van METI, de organisatie die zich toelegt op het verzenden van opzettelijke signalen naar buitenaardse beschavingen.
Stihia festival Daarnaast is het ook niet voor niets dat muzikanten van het Stihia festival de gelegenheid krijgen om hun muziek naar TRAPPIST-1 te versturen. “Het Stihia-muziekfestival vindt plaats in Muynak, waar ooit een bloeiende visserij-industrie was gevestigd aan de kust van het Aralmeer,” zegt Otabek Suleimanov, hoofdproducent van het festival. “Nu is die zee slechts een schaduw van zijn oorspronkelijke grootte vanwege tal van omgevingsfactoren en het rampzalige katoencampagnebeleid tijdens het Sovjettijdperk. De toekomstige watervoorziening van Muynak vanuit de met sneeuw bedekte bergen van de Himalaya wordt steeds meer bedreigd door de opwarming van de aarde.”
TRAPPIST-1 Overigens valt het te betwijfelen of de planeten in het TRAPPIST-1-systeem daadwerkelijk leefbaar zijn. Hoewel het aanlokkelijk is om aan te nemen dat deze planeten bewoond zijn, trekken sommige astronomen dat sterk in twijfel. Zo bleek uit een eerdere studie dat de ster extreem actief is en enorme hoeveelheden hoge energetische protonen uitzendt – dezelfde deeltjes die het noorderlicht op aarde veroorzaken. Het betekent dat de planeten mogelijk bekogeld worden met hoog-energetische deeltjes. En dat maakt het een stukje onwaarschijnlijker dat er leven op de planeten voorkomt.
Mochten er wél aliens leven, dan kan het tientallen jaren duren voordat signalen die zij uitzenden op de aarde arriveren. Een extra motivatie om de klimaatcrisis aan te pakken, vindt Vakoch. “Om ervoor te zorgen dat de mensheid lang genoeg in de buurt is om een antwoord van TRAPPIST-1 te ontvangen, moeten we de huidige klimaatcrisis het hoofd bieden,” besluit hij.
The James Webb Space Telescope Is Going to Stare Straight Into Jupiter
The James Webb Space Telescope Is Going to Stare Straight Into Jupiter
There's a lot we know about Jupiter. But even more we don't.
Image by NASA
After launching late last year, NASA’s revolutionary James Webb Space Telescope is finally getting ready to fixate its numerous golden mirrors on distant targets.
Intriguingly, though, one of its 13 early targets isn’t so distant at all — at least in the grand scheme of things. It’ll be looking at Jupiter, the iconic gas giant in our own star system. Of course, we already know quite a bit about the planet already— so why investigate it using the JWST if it can have a closer look at far more distant objects?
“We’ve been there with several spacecraft and have observed the planet with Hubble and many ground-based telescopes at wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum (from the UV to meters wavelengths),” Berkeley astronomer Imke de Pater, leader of the Jupiter observation team, told Digital Trends, “so we’ve learned a tremendous amount about Jupiter itself, its atmosphere, interior, and about its moons and rings.”
“But every time you learn more there are things you don’t yet understand — so you always need more data,” she added.
For instance, we still don’t know how an awful lot about the gas giant’s atmosphere, with massive storms roiling on its surface. The planet’s Great Red Spot, in particular, has fascinated astronomers since its discovery in 1830. It’s a storm so massive, in fact, that you could easily fit the Earth in the area it takes up.
“We’ll be looking for signatures of any chemical compounds that are unique to the [Great Red Spot]… which could be responsible for the red chromophores,” Leigh Fletcher, senior research fellow in planetary science at the University of Leicester in the UK, said in a 2018 NASA statement about the project, referring to particles responsible for the storm’s unusually red color.
“If we don’t see any unexpected chemistry or aerosol signatures… then the mystery of that red color may remain unresolved,” Fletcher added.
The JSWT will also take a closer look at Jupiter’s moons Io and Ganymede, the latter being the only known moon that has its own magnetosphere.
The space telescope is the ideal candidate for the job.
“The biggest advantage is at the mid-infrared wavelengths,” de Pater told Digital Trends. “We can observe at some of these wavelengths from the ground, but the Earth’s atmosphere is so turbulent that what we get on the ground, we can’t calibrate the observations very well.”
Right now, the JSWT is still busy aligning its mirrors — but soon, it’ll finally be prime time.
“In the first year of science operations, we expect Webb to write entirely new chapters in the history of our origins — the formation of stars and planets,” Klaus Pontoppidan, the Space Telescope Science Institute project scientist for Webb, said in a recent NASA blog post.
Before gazing at Jupiter, the observatory’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) will have to be cooled to about 7 Kelvin, or about -447 Fahrenheit, to adjust to its frosty surroundings in deep space.
But once it’s ready, astronomers are already excited about what it will be able to see.
“The imager promises to reveal astronomical targets ranging from nearby nebulae to distant interacting galaxies with a clarity and sensitivity far beyond what we’ve seen before,” Alistair Glasse, Webb-MIRI Instrument Scientist at the Astronomy Technology Center in the UK, said in a recent post.
And considering it’s proximity, Jupiter should be child’s play for the JWST.
Updated to correct an error in the temperature the James Webb’s MIRI instrument will eventually be cooled to.
Jupiter’s Twin: NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope Delivers New Planetary Discovery From the Grave
Jupiter’s Twin: NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope Delivers New Planetary Discovery From the Grave
ByUNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
Artist’s conception of the Kepler Space Telescope observing planets transiting a distant star. On October 30, 2018, NASA announced that Kepler ran out of fuel and would be retired within its current and safe orbit, away from Earth. Kepler leaves a legacy of more than 2,600 exoplanet discoveries.
Credit: NASA Ames/W Stenzel
A new study by an international team of astrophysicists, led by the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics has presented the amazing new discovery of a near-identical twin of Jupiter orbiting a star at a colossal distance of 17,000 light years from Earth.
The exoplanet, K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb, is almost identical to Jupiter in terms of its mass and its distance from its sun was discovered using data obtained in 2016 by NASA’s Kepler space telescope. The exoplanetary system is twice as distant as any seen previously by Kepler, which found over 2,700 confirmed planets before ceasing operations in 2018.
The system was found using gravitational microlensing, a prediction of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, and is the first planet to be discovered from space in this way. The study has been submitted to the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
The view of the region close to the Galactic Centre centered where the planet was found. The two images show the region as seen by Kepler (left) and by the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) from the ground. The planet is not visible but its gravity affected the light observed from a faint star at the center of the image (circled). Kepler’s very pixelated view of the sky required specialized techniques to recover the planet signal.
Credit: University of Manchester
PhD student, David Specht from The University of Manchester is the lead author on the new research. To find an exoplanet using the microlensing effect the team searched through Kepler data collected between April and July 2016 when it regularly monitored millions of stars close to the center of the Galaxy. The aim was to look for evidence of an exoplanet and its host star temporarily bending and magnifying the light from a background star as it passes by the line of sight.
“To see the effect at all requires almost perfect alignment between the foreground planetary system and a background star,” said Dr. Eamonn Kerins, Principal Investigator for the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant that funded the work. Dr. Kerins adds: “The chance that a background star is affected this way by a planet is tens to hundreds of millions to one against. But there are hundreds of millions of stars towards the center of our Galaxy. So Kepler just sat and watched them for three months.”
“To see the effect at all requires almost perfect alignment between the foreground planetary system and a background star. The chance that a background star is affected this way by a planet is tens to hundreds of millions to one against. But there are hundreds of millions of stars towards the center of our Galaxy. So Kepler just sat and watched them for three months.”
— Dr. Eamonn Kerins
Following the development of specialized analysis methods, candidate signals were finally uncovered last year using a new search algorithm presented in a study led by Dr. Iain McDonald, at the time an STFC-funded postdoctoral researcher, working with Dr Kerins. Among five new candidate microlensing signals uncovered in that analysis, one showed clear indications of an anomaly consistent with the presence of an orbiting exoplanet.
An animation of the gravitational lensing signal from Jupiter twin K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb. The local star field around the system is shown using real color imaging obtained with the ground-based Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope by the K2C9-CFHT Multi-Color Microlensing Survey team. The star indicated by the pink lines is animated to show the magnification signal observed by Kepler from space. The trace of this signal with time is shown in the lower right panel. On the left is the derived model for the lensing signal, involving multiple images of the star caused by the gravitational field of the planetary system. The system itself is not directly visible.
Credit: University of Manchester
Five international ground-based surveys also looked at the same area of sky at the same time as Kepler. At a distance of around 135 million km from Earth, Kepler saw the anomaly slightly earlier, and for longer, than the teams observing from Earth. The new study exhaustively models the combined datasets showing, conclusively, that the signal is caused by a distant exoplanet.
“The difference in vantage point between Kepler and observers here on Earth allowed us to triangulate where along our sight line the planetary system is located”, says Dr. Kerins.
“Kepler was also able to observe uninterrupted by weather or daylight, allowing us to determine precisely the mass of the exoplanet and its orbital distance from its host star. It is basically Jupiter’s identical twin in terms of its mass and its position from its Sun, which is about 60% of the mass of our own Sun.”
Later this decade NASA will launch the Nancy Grace Roman Space telescope. Roman will find potentially thousands of distant planets using the microlensing method. The European Space Agency’s Euclid mission, due to launch next year, could also undertake a microlensing exoplanet search as an additional science activity.
Dr. Kerins is Deputy Lead for the ESA Euclid Exoplanet Science Working Group. “Kepler was never designed to find planets using microlensing so, in many ways, it’s amazing that it has done so. Roman and Euclid, on the other hand, will be optimized for this kind of work. They will be able to complete the planet census started by Kepler,” he said.
“We’ll learn how typical the architecture of our own solar system is. The data will also allow us to test our ideas of how planets form. This is the start of a new exciting chapter in our search for other worlds.”
Reference:
“Kepler K2 Campaign 9: II. First space-based discovery of an exoplanet using microlensing” by D. Specht, R. Poleski, M.T. Penny, E. Kerins, I. McDonald, Chung-Uk Lee, A. Udalski, I.A. Bond, Y. Shvartzvald, Weicheng Zang, R.A. Street, D.W. Hogg, B.S. Gaudi, T. Barclay, G. Barentsen, S.B. Howell, F. Mullally, C.B. Henderson, S.T. Bryson, D.A. Caldwell, M.R. Haas, J.E. Van Cleve, K. Larson, K. McCalmont, C. Peterson, D. Putnam, S. Ross, M. Packard, L. Reedy, Michael D. Albrow, Sun-Ju Chung, Youn Kil Jung, Andrew Gould, Cheongho Han, Kyu-Ha Hwang, Yoon-Hyun Ryu, In-Gu Shin, Hongjing Yang, Jennifer C. Yee, Sang-Mok Cha, Dong-Jin Kim, Seung-Lee Kim, Dong-Joo Lee, Yongseok Lee, Byeong-Gon Park, Richard W. Pogge, M.K. Szymański, I. Soszyński, K. Ulaczyk, P. Pietrukowicz, Sz. Kozlowski, J. Skowron, P. Mróz, Shude Mao, Pascal Fouqué, Wei Zhu, F. Abe, R. Barry, D.P. Bennett, A. Bhattacharya, A. Fukui, H. Fujii, Y. Hirao, Y. Itow, R. Kirikawa, I. Kondo, N. Koshimoto, Y. Matsubara, S. Matsumoto, S. Miyazaki, Y. Muraki, G. Olmschenk, C. Ranc, A. Okamura, N.J. Rattenbury, Y. Satoh, T. Sumi, D. Suzuki, S.I. Silva, T. Toda, P.J. Tristram, A. Vandorou, H. Yama, C. Beichman, G. Bryden and S. Calchi Novati, Submitted, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:2203.16959
New findings in astronomy are making some astronomers doubt our basic model of the universe.
Alignments of celestial objects suggest that they may be embedded in large-scale structures.
Galaxies too far apart to be influencing each other are moving through space together.
Solidity is a function of magnification. We know that anything we experience as solid is actually a structure of atoms packed closely enough that to our eyes they appear to be a single solid thing. If we were small enough, we’d see the spaces between them; if we were even smaller, those spaces might seem vast. Likewise, in 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra, analyzing redraft survey data, discovered the immense “Great Wall,” a “sheet” formed from galaxies many light years apart. That first large-scale structure is 500 million light-years long, 200 million light years wide, and with a thickness of 15 million light years.
Other gigantic large-scale structures been discovered since — sheets, filaments, and knots, with bubble-like voids intersperse among them. They appear to be connected by clouds and filaments of hydrogen gas and dark matter. Though the bodies that comprise the structures are not gravitationally bound to each other — the distances between them are too great — evidence is piling up that they are linked by something.
Recent observations indicate that galaxies far, far apart are somehow synchronously moving. Something appears to be binding large-scale structures, many light years apart, together after all. Is the currently accepted view of the universe as various clumps of material simply expanding outward from the Big Bang and gravitationally pulling on each other wrong?
The large-scale structures revealed in one segment of sky
The existence and mechanics of large-scale structures are a tantalizing puzzle with obviously major implications for our understanding of the universe. As Noam Libeskind, of the Leibniz-Institut for Astrophysics (AIP) in Germany tells VICE, “That’s actually the reason why everybody is always studying these large-scale structures. It’s a way of probing and constraining the laws of gravity and the nature of matter, dark matter, dark energy, and the universe.”
The identification and study of large-scale structures is a product of analyzing and modeling simulations of redshift survey for specific regions of the sky that visually reveal these immense structures.
Several pieces of research are causing interest in these large-scale structures to heat up. The most mind-blowingly distant synchronized motion was reported in 2014, when the rotation axes of 19 super-massive black holes at the centers of quasars — out of 100 quasars studied — were found to be in alignment, billions of light years apart. According to the study’s lead author, astronomer Damien Hutsemékers of the University of Liège in Belgium, “Galaxy spin axes are known to align with large-scale structures such as cosmic filaments but this occurs on smaller scales. However, there is currently no explanation why the axes of quasars are aligned with the axis of the large group in which they are embedded.”
Astronomer Joon Hyeop Lee of the Korea Astronomy and Space Institute is the lead author of “Mysterious Coherence in Several-megaparsec Scales between Galaxy Rotation and Neighbor Motion,” published in October of this year in Astrophysical Journal. Comparing data from two catalogs of redshift survey data — the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) and NASA-Sloan Atlas (NSA) catalogs — the researchers’ analysis of 445 galaxies revealed, surprisingly, that galaxies six meparsecs, or 20 million light years, apart were moving in the same way. Those observed, for example, a galaxy moving toward the Earth was mirrored by other distant galaxies moving in the same direction.
“This discovery is quite new and unexpected,” according to Lee, “I have never seen any previous report of observations or any prediction from numerical simulations, exactly related to this phenomenon.”
Since the galaxies are too distant for their gravitational fields to be influencing each other, Lee poses another explanation: That the linked galaxies are both embedded within the same, large-scale structure.
FLATNESS
Another puzzle suggesting the influence of large-scale structures has become clear over recent years. It’s been observed that galaxies surrounding our own Milky Way are weirdly arranged in a single, flat plane. Big-Bang thinking would suggest that they should be circling us at all different sorts of angles. Obviously, for adherents of that way of viewing the galaxy — known as the ΛCDM model — this at the very least a troubling anomaly.
The hope that it was an anomaly weakened with the discovery of the same thing occurring around the Andromeda galaxy, and then again around Centaurus A in 2015. By the time “A whirling plane of satellite galaxies around Centaurus A challenges cold dark matter cosmology” was published in 2018, the phenomenon was starting to seem quite common, and possibly universal. The idea that the satellite galaxies might part of a large-scale structure had become even worthier of serious consideration.
JUST THE BEGINNING
As more astronomers embrace the notion of large-scale structures and related research accelerates, we can only hope that these perplexingly oddball movements and associations are eventually made clear. Certainly, imagining a vast arrangement of utterly gigantic structures in which galaxies are embedded paints a very different picture of the universe, and one that makes one wonder if these structures are themselves embedded in something even larger. In this mid-boggling case, we are indeed small enough to see only the space between objects — in this case galaxies. We’ve been no more aware of them than whatever it is that may be living between our own atoms.
After 404 Days on Mars, Perseverance Has Finally Spotted Its Parachute
NANCY ATKINSON, UNIVERSE TODAY
More than 13 months after the Perseverance rover landed on Mars (on 18 February 2021), the rover's cameras have finally spotted some of the parts of the Mars 2020 landing system that got the rover safely to the ground.
The parachute and backshell were imaged by Perseverance's MastCam-Z, seen off in the distance, just south of the rover's current location. The image was taken on Sol 404, or 6 April 2022 on Earth.
Normally, the rover might have taken a brief side-trip early on in the mission to take images of the remains of the landing system. But Perseverance had to drive around some hazardous terrain to get to a large area of Jezero Crater that the science team wanted to study, called South Séítah.
That was near the area where the parachute landed, and the rover finally got there. The parachute was jettisoned during the landing sequence so the Skycrane could lower the rover down to the surface on its wheels.
You can see the traverse map below, and below that is an image taken by the HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showing the location of the parachute and backshell, along with the rover and other items from the landing. This image was taken a day after Perseverance landed.
Screenshot of Perseverance's location map on Sol 405.
This HiRISE image of the Perseverance Rover on the surface of Mars also shows the many parts of the descent system. Each inset shows an area about 650 feet (200 meters) across.
The rover itself sits at the center of a blast pattern created by the hovering Skycrane (labeled as "descent stage") that lowered it there. The Skycrane flew off to crash as at a safe distance creating a V-shaped debris pattern.
And now, Perseverance is backtracking to reach the next target location for the mission's second science campaign, an area that looks like a large river delta. The choice to study South Séítah first was a choice the team made knowing they would have to backtrack later to reach the delta.
Perseverance is now in a drive campaign to reach the delta, going faster than any previous rover, although it is only going under a tenth of a mile per hour. Perseverance is using an auto-nav feature to 'make tracks,' and is making comparatively rapid progress by devoting several hours per day to driving on very smooth terrain.
Perseverance has now broken previous rovers' records for the distance traveled in one day by driving 319.8 meters on Sol 351.
Curiosity made a number of drives over 100 meters, but none over 200 meters. That was due in part to rockier terrain. Opportunity, which landed way back in 2004, had some very smooth patches of terrain, allowing it to travel up to 228 meters in one day using solar power just a year after its landing.
This great video by Dr Steve Ruff from Arizona State University explains the landing system and why Perseverance was able to find the various parts now.
UFO emits circular beam of light caught over Tokyo, Japan
UFO emits circular beam of light caught over Tokyo, Japan
Witness states: On April 1, 2022 I noticed a black UFO moving at high speed above Asakusa Kaminarimon, Tokyo, Japan.
If you look carefully then you see that the UFO emitted a circular beam of light, something like an energy field, around the craft, before it disappeared in a split second.
HOGERE DIMENSIE MAAKT BEREISBAAR WORMGAT EEN OPTIE
HOGERE DIMENSIE MAAKT BEREISBAAR WORMGAT EEN OPTIE
Jean-Paul Keulen
Een wormgat waar je daadwerkelijk doorheen kunt vliegen, is wel degelijk mogelijk, stellen Indiase wetenschappers. Tenminste: als we aannemen dat ons heelal een extra dimensie heeft.
In sciencefictionverhalen is het altijd fijn als je een snelle manier hebt om de enorme afstanden in ons heelal in korte tijd af te leggen. Eén populaire manier om dat te doen – zie bijvoorbeeld de films Contact en Interstellar – is een wormgat: een korte weg tussen twee punten in de ruimte.
Probleem is alleen: om daadwerkelijk door zo’n wormgat te kunnen reizen, is exotische materie nodig. En die materie is er voor zover we weten niet. Rikpratik Sengupta van de Aliah-universiteit in India en collega’s hebben nu een manier bedacht om dat soort materie overbodig te maken. Maar: daar moeten ze dan wel voor aannemen dat er een extra dimensie is.
Minuscuul effectje
Op zich zijn wormgaten toegestaan door de algemene relativiteitstheorie van Albert Einstein, onze huidige zwaartekrachtstheorie. Wat heet, Einstein schreef er zelf over, samen met zijn assistent Nathan Rosen, in 1935. Later bleek echter dat zo’n wormgat ‘dichtknijpt’ voordat er iets doorheen kan reizen. Dat leek het verschijnsel – waarvan toch al niet duidelijk is of het echt bestaat – te ontdoen van enig praktisch nut voor ruimtereizigers.
Fast forward naar de jaren tachtig, toen de beroemde sterrenkundige Carl Sagan voor zijn later verfilmde roman Contact een manier nodig had om zijn hoofdpersoon snel naar een andere plek in het heelal te brengen. Hij vroeg natuurkundige – en latere Nobelprijswinnaar – Kip Thorne om hulp. Thorne bedacht vervolgens dat je een wormgat wél open kunt houden als je de beschikking hebt over exotische materie. Dat wil zeggen: materie met een negatieve massa of energie.
Die oplossing was goed genoeg voor Sagans verhaal, maar niet erg bevredigend voor natuurkundigen. In principe is er namelijk helemaal geen materie met zulke eigenschappen. Ja, dankzij de quantummechanica is het mogelijk om op héél kleine schaal de energie negatief te krijgen. Maar hoe je dat minuscule effectje ‘op zou moeten blazen’ om er een heel wormgat mee te bouwen, is totaal onduidelijk.
Hogerdimensionale ruimte
Sengupta en collega’s gaan in hun artikel daarom niet uit van het bestaan van exotische materie. Wel maken ze gebruik van een theorie die minstens zo exotisch klinkt: het zogenoemde Randall-Sundrum II-model. Dat model veronderstelt dat ons heelal, dat drie ruimtelijke dimensies kent (plus tijd), niet het hele verhaal is. In plaats daarvan zweeft het rond in een ruimte met één dimensie meer.
Nu is dat niet zomaar een gek idee. Sowieso geldt dat de snaartheorie – waarin de natuur op de kleinste schaal uit snaartjes bestaat – meer dimensies vereist dan de dimensies die wij ervaren. Bovendien zou je ermee kunnen verklaren waarom de zwaartekracht zoveel zwakker is als andere krachten. Deze kracht is als enige niet gebonden aan ons heelal, zo valt uit de snaartheorie af te leiden, maar kan ook reizen door die hogerdimensionale ruimte. Daardoor raakt hij als het ware ‘verdund’.
Niet uit elkaar getrokken
Ben je bereid om aan te nemen dat het Randall-Sundrum II-model klopt? Dan kun je ineens een wormgat bouwen zónder exotische materie, laten Sengupta en zijn team zien in hun artikel. Feitelijk zorgt die hogere dimensie voor de benodigde negatieve energie, schrijven ze. Daar heb je dan dus geen gek spul meer voor nodig dat nergens te vinden en waarschijnlijk ook niet te maken is.
Nu heb je alsnog niets aan zo’n wormgat als je gelijk aan stukken wordt gescheurd als je erdoorheen probeert te reizen. Maar dat is hier niet het geval, schrijven de Indiase fysici. “De versnelling ten gevolge van getijdekrachten is klein genoeg in de hals van het wormgat om ervoor te zorgen dat een reiziger erdoorheen kan reizen zónder uit elkaar getrokken te worden.” Fijn.
Andere recepten
Nu zijn Sengupta en collega’s niet de eersten die hun toevlucht nemen tot het Randall-Sundrum II-model om een ‘realistisch’ wormgat te creëren. Eerder deden de natuurkundigen Juan Maldacena en Alexey Milekhin hetzelfde. Over die studie zegt Maldacena zelf: “Er is geen goede reden om aan te nemen dat juist dit model de natuur beschrijft. We hebben het alleen maar gebruikt omdat het a) wormgaten toelaat en b) niet is uitgesloten door experimenten.” Hij noemt zijn eerdere artikel dan ook “een theoretische exercitie”. Hetzelfde zou je met alle recht kunnen zeggen over het nieuwe artikel van Sengupta.
Toch lijken de Indiase fysici de mogelijkheid van een heelal dat rondzweeft in een ‘ruimte’ met een extra dimensie serieuzer te nemen dan Maldacena. “Als er ooit een wormgat wordt gevonden”, schrijven ze zelfs, “dan is de kans groot dat ons heelal een driedimensionaal object is, ingebed in hogere dimensies.”
Feitelijk zeggen ze daarmee: als wormgaten daadwerkelijk bestaan, dan móéten ze haast wel volgens ons recept tot stand zijn gekomen. Maar daar zullen de vele fysici die andere recepten voor wormgaten bedacht hebben, het ongetwijfeld niet zomaar mee eens zijn.
NEPTUNUS DOET GEK: WETENSCHAPPERS ZIEN DE TEMPERATUUR OP DE IJSREUS ONVERWACHT DALEN
NEPTUNUS DOET GEK: WETENSCHAPPERS ZIEN DE TEMPERATUUR OP DE IJSREUS ONVERWACHT DALEN
Caroline Kraaijvanger
En dat kunnen ze op dit moment niet verklaren.
Net als de aarde kent Neptunus – terwijl deze om de zon draait – verschillende seizoenen. Maar waar onze planeet slechts 1 jaar nodig heeft om een rondje om de zon te voltooien, doet Neptunus daar 165 jaar over. Het betekent dat ook de seizoenen op de planeet véél langer duren: ongeveer 40 jaar. Sinds 2005 is het zomer op het zuidelijk halfrond van de gasreus. En onderzoekers houden de planeet sinds die tijd nauwlettend in de gaten; ze zijn namelijk benieuwd hoe de temperaturen in reactie op de start van de zomer veranderen. Natuurlijk hadden ze daar voorafgaand aan hun waarnemingen wel ideeën over. “Omdat we Neptunus tijdens zijn vroege zuidelijke zomer hebben waargenomen, verwachten we dat de temperaturen geleidelijk zouden stijgen in plaats van dalen,” aldus onderzoeker Michael Roman.
Verrassing! Maar verrassend genoeg gebeurde dat niet; opnames van verschillende grondtelescopen wijzen uit dat het grootste deel van Neptunus de afgelopen 20 jaar geleidelijk koeler is geworden; tussen 2003 en 2018 daalde de gemiddelde temperatuur van de gasreus met 8 graden Celsius. “Deze verandering kwam onverwacht,” stelt Roman.
Opwarming van de zuidpool Maar er gebeurde nog iets: de verrassende daling van de globale temperatuur werd gevolgd door een sterke opwarming van de zuidpool. Die opwarming openbaarde zich tussen 2018 en 2020; in een paar jaar tijd stegen de temperaturen in deze regio met maar liefst 11 graden Celsius. En ook dat heeft onderzoekers verbaasd; nog niet eerder zagen ze de pool van Neptunus zo snel opwarmen.
Opnames De verrassende temperatuurveranderingen zijn zoals gezegd waargenomen dankzij opnames van verschillende grote grondtelescopen, zoals de Very Large Telescope, de Gemini South-telescoop (beiden in Chili) en de Keck- en Gemini North-telescoop (beiden op Hawaii). “Dit soort onderzoek is alleen mogelijk met gevoelige infraroodbeelden van grote telescopen zoals de VLT, die Neptunus duidelijk kunnen waarnemen, en die zijn pas sinds een jaar of twintig beschikbaar,” legt onderzoeker Leigh Fletcher uit.
Hier zie je warmtebeelden van Neptunus, gemaakt tussen 2006 en 2020. De beelden laten duidelijk zien dat de planeet geleidelijk afkoelt. En in 2018 begint de zuidpool flink op te warmen.
Afbeeldingen: ESO / M. Roman, NAOJ / Subaru / COMICS.
De onderzoekers analyseerden de opnames die de verschillende grondtelescopen in de afgelopen 20 jaar van Neptunus hadden gemaakt. Daarnaast maakten ze ook gebruik van opnames van de ruimtetelescoop Spitzer. Ze keken daarbij specifiek naar het infrarode licht dat door Neptunus’ stratosfeer wordt uitgezonden. Aan de hand daarvan konden de onderzoekers namelijk de temperatuur van de planeet vaststellen en nagaan hoe deze door de tijd heen veranderde. En de resultaten van dat onderzoek hebben wetenschappers dus op meerdere manieren verrast. “Onze gegevens bestrijken minder dan de helft van een Neptunus-seizoen, dus niemand verwachtte grote en snelle veranderingen te zullen zien,” aldus onderzoeker Glenn Orton.
Neptunus is een tamelijk mysterieuze planeet die zich in de buitenste regionen van ons zonnestelsel bevindt; het is de achtste en dus de verst van de zon verwijderde planeet. De planeet kan – net als Uranus – gerekend worden tot de ijsreuzen: dat betekent dat deze groter is dan rotsachtige planeten (zoals de aarde en Mars), maar kleiner dan gasreuzen (zoals Saturnus en Jupiter). De gemiddelde temperatuur van de planeet is ongeveer -220 graden Celsius.
Dat er nu snelle en grote temperatuurveranderingen zijn waargenomen, is opzienbarend en op dit moment nog lastig te verklaren. Mogelijk zijn de temperatuurveranderingen te herleiden naar veranderingen in de stratosfeer of willekeurige weerpatronen. Ook zou het nog te maken kunnen hebben met de zonnecyclus (een gemiddeld 11 jaar durende cyclus die de zon doorloopt en die gekenmerkt wordt door een periode van verhoogde en een periode van verlaagde zonneactiviteit). Om meer helderheid te krijgen over de oorzaak van de opmerkelijke temperatuurveranderingen zien onderzoekers onder meer hoopvol uit naar de ingebruikname van de Extremely Large Telescope. Deze zou de temperatuurveranderingen nog gedetailleerder moeten kunnen waarnemen. Ook de recent gelanceerde James Webb-telescoop zou een nieuw licht op de kwestie kunnen werpen door de temperatuur en samenstelling van de atmosfeer (en veranderingen daarin) te onthullen.
Bronmateriaal:
"ESO-telescoop registreert verrassende veranderingen in temperatuur van Neptunus" - ESO
Afbeelding bovenaan dit artikel: ESO / M. Roman, NAOJ / Subaru / COMICS.
A 'Dead' Sunspot Just Exploded, Launching a Plasma Ball Toward Earth
STEPHANIE PAPPAS, LIVE SCIENCE
The "corpse" of a sunspot exploded Monday (April 11), triggering a mass ejection of solar material that is headed in Earth's direction.
The explosion comes courtesy of a dead sunspot called AR2987, according to SpaceWeather.com. The sunspot explosion released loads of energy in the form of radiation, which also led to a coronal mass ejection (CME) – explosive balls of solar material – both of which could spur more intense northern lightsin Earth's upper atmosphere. The material in that CME is likely to impact Earth on April 14, according to SpaceWeather.
Sunspots are dark regions on the surface of the Sun. They are caused by intense magnetic flux from the Sun's interior, according to the Space Weather Prediction Center. These spots are temporary and can last anywhere from hours to months.
The idea of a "dead" sunspot is more poetic than scientific, said Philip Judge, a solar physicist at the High Altitude Observatory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), but the convection of the Sun breaks these spots apart, leaving in their wake magnetically-disturbed bits of quiet solar surface.
"Occasionally," Judge wrote Live Science in an email, "sunspots can 'restart,' with more magnetism appearing later (days, weeks) at the same region, as if a weakness was made in the convection zone, or as if there is an unstable region under the surface that is particularly good at generating magnetic fields beneath."
Whatever the future of AR2987, the sunspot let out a C-class solar flare at 5:21 Universal Time Monday (April 11). Such flares happen when the plasma and magnetic fields above the sunspot give way under stress; they accelerate outward, Judge said, because they would run into dense material if they went downward toward the Sun's interior.
C-class flares are fairly common and rarely cause any impacts on Earth directly. Sometimes, as with today's eruption, solar flares can trigger coronal mass ejections, which are huge eruptions of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun that travel outward into space at millions of miles per hour. C-class solar flares rarely trigger CMEs, according to SpaceWeatherLive, and when they do, the CMEs are usually slow and weak.
When CMEs hit the magnetic field surrounding Earth, the charged particles within the ejection can travel down the magnetic field lines that emanate from the North and South Poles and interact with the gases in the atmosphere, releasing energy in the forms of photons and creating the shifting, dazzling curtains known as the aurora – the northern and southern lights.
During quiet times on the Sun's surface, a stream of particles known as the solar wind is enough to trigger the aurora in the polar regions. During a large CME, the greater disturbance to the planet's magnetic field means that the aurora may appear over a much broader range.
A so-called cannibal CME raced toward Earth at the end of March, triggering auroras in Canada, the northern US, and New Zealand, Space.com reported.
The CME released Monday might yield a minor (G1) geomagnetic storm on April 14, meaning that there could be minor impacts on satellite operations and weak fluctuations in the power grid, according to SpaceWeather. The aurora may become visible at lower latitudes than usual, as far south as northern Michigan and Maine.
All of this activity is fairly par for the course for the Sun, according to the Solar Influences Data Analysis Center, part of the Royal Observatory of Belgium. It's a time of increased activity for our nearest star, which goes through periods of quiet and activity known as solar cycles.
The Sun is currently in Solar Cycle 25, the 25th since formal observations began in 1755. The number of sunspots during this cycle is on the upswing and is expected to peak in 2025, which means more opportunities for solar storms – and auroras.
Strong geomagnetic storms were also observed on Sunday (April 10). But according to the Solar Influences Data Analysis Center, there have been no other Earth-directed CMEs observed in the past 24 hours other than the one spit out by AR2987's remnants.
SpaceX to launch NASA’s SWOT water topography satellite on reused Falcon 9
SpaceX to launch NASA’s SWOT water topography satellite on reused Falcon 9
NASA has modified a contract with SpaceX to allow the company to launch the international Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission on a flight-proven Falcon 9 booster.
NASA announced its original decision more than half a decade ago. The agency awarded SpaceX an unusually expensive $112 million contract in November 2016 to launch SWOT on a Falcon 9 rocket in April 2021. SWOT is expected to weigh less than two tons (~4400 lb) and is headed to a fairly ordinary low Earth orbit (LEO), meaning that the launch won’t be particularly challenging or performance-intensive for SpaceX or Falcon 9. Most importantly, the company will almost certainly be able to recover the mission’s Falcon 9 booster and may be able to perform a return-to-launch-site landing for even greater efficiency.
SWOT’s launch should be almost identical to Sentinel 6A, a similarly light spacecraft that SpaceX successfully delivered to a similar orbit from the same launch pad in November 2020. In fact, both SWOT and Sentinel 6A are essentially flying altimeters designed to use radar altimeters to measure the surface height of Earth’s oceans and other bodies of water. Both also carry microwave-based instruments to determine the amount of water vapor present in Earth’s atmosphere. While Sentinel 6A was largely built by France’s CNES space agency, SWOT is more of a joint effort, with NASA’s Jet Propulsion laboratory providing the main altimeter instrument and completing a significant amount of preliminary integration work.
Sentinel 6A’s Falcon 9 launch and landing.
(SpaceX)
Nonetheless, SWOT’s parts were sent to CNES facilities in France for final integration. Currently scheduled to launch no earlier than November 2022 after a roughly 1.5-year delay, SWOT will need to be delivered from France to California at least a month or two prior to complete final launch preparations. It remains to be seen if the mission will avoid additional delays in the interim. Prior to most of the mission’s recent delays, NASA’s Office of the Inspector General (OIG) estimated [PDF] that SWOT would cost its partners around $1.15 billion over the spacecraft’s lifetime. Sentinel 6A’s total cost is also expected to be around $1.1 billion.
Once launched, SWOT will operate in a circular ~890-kilometer (~550 mi) orbit with an inclination of around 78 degrees, allowing the spacecraft to singlehandedly observe 86% of Earth’s surface. Sentinel 6A operates in a slightly higher 1336-kilometer (830 mi) orbit at a 66-degree inclination,
Bible Secret Codes: The Watchers of the Garden of Eden & the Shiny Ones of the Babylon - Documentary Coast to Coast AM
Bible Secret Codes: The Watchers of the Garden of Eden & the Shiny Ones of the Babylon - Documentary Coast to Coast AM
COAST TO COAST AM 2022. The Watchers of the Garden of Eden & The Shiny Ones of the Babylon, Courtesy of Reality Films Distribution: Ancient History Documentary – Sacred divine messages are hidden within the Holy Bible that we are only now beginning to decipher. The truth about the human race are explored with new insight into the Bible Secret Codes.
I've Discovered An New Alien Species That Lives In Space! And Its Tiny, Space Station Video, UFO Sighting News.
I've Discovered An New Alien Species That Lives In Space! And Its Tiny, Space Station Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 12, 2022
Location of sighting: Space Station live cam
I want to introduce you to an alien species. Now I have watch the space station cam for about 15 years, reporting some of the more interesting sightings, but letting go of the less interesting ones. During this whole time, once every few weeks something strange would happen when the space station entered the dark side of earth...small creatures would begin swarming around in front of the camera. It was clear to me that these objects were alive, and my old partner (RIP) Streetcap1 agreed with me on it. But we never really talked about it, except with each other. It seemed impossible to prove, but I think it's time we try. NASA would of course dismiss it as glitches, since they are in denial mode.
Things about this species.
Colors are usually solid, but sometimes one makes a different color trail behind it.
Colors are usually red, blue, green, or white.
They very in shape, size, but are about .5cm long.
They swarm, meaning they are in groups, like gnats in a park.
Their speed is incredibly fast, so fast, most humans would ignore them.
They seem to be either chasing food, or mating.
Russian astronauts already reported finding giant plankton living and thriving on the space stations solar panels...which NASA said may have come from the ocean. Of course they did not, they came from space! Thats how they got to Earth in the first place. These creatures, are similar to plankton, but much smaller at .5cm being the biggest. And they glow so that they can find each other, similar to deep sea fish, shrimp, and jellyfish that glow to both hunt and find each other.
I will call these organisms Firegnats, which are similar to fireflies on earth, which also create their own glow. In the video below, I slowed the speed by 10X so that they are easier to see, however, being so small, its best to make it full screen.
Location of sighting: Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA
There were three paying costumers heading to the space station. Each paid about 55 million US dollars...which was the preview price, but Axiom refused to disclose the actual price, 55 was the advertised price in a few months ago.
I noticed that when the camera changed to a camera further away, a UFO was visible in the video. The UFO showed up for only 3 seconds, but its enough to see its big. The Falcon Heavy rocket is 104 meters tall by 17 meters wide. This UFO is just a little less than the width of the rocket. Which makes the UFO at least 15 meters. Thats huge, its way too big to be a camera drone, which are usually 1 meter or less. Also no drone has a cloaking device, since this UFO was visible less than 3 seconds! Sounds like 100% proof of aliens watching the SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch to me!
Same UFO That Was REC In Hong Kong Was Also Witnessed In Nottingham UK.
A luminous UFO sighted in Hong Kong and quite possibly the same or at the very least maybe the same type of UFO or object that was recorded in Nottingham UK a month prior.
In its position 2.8 billion miles away from the Sun, it's no surprise that Neptune is one of the coldest planets in the Solar System, with average temperatures of -373°F (-207°C).
Now, a new study has revealed that the ice giant may be even colder than we originally thought.
Researchers from NASA analysed thermal infrared images of Neptune from multiple observatories over almost 20 years.
Their analysis revealed that average temperatures in Neptune's stratosphere unexpectedly dropped by roughly 14°F (8°C) between 2003 and 2018.
Dr Michael Roman, Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Leicester and lead author on the study, said: 'This change was unexpected. Since we have been observing Neptune during its early southern summer, we would expect temperatures to be slowly growing warmer, not colder.'
Researchers from NASA analysed thermal infrared images of Neptune from multiple observatories over almost 20 years. Their analysis revealed that average temperatures in Neptune's stratosphere unexpectedly dropped by roughly 14°F (8°C) between 2003 and 2018
Neptune: The most distant planet in our solar system
Dark, cold, and whipped by supersonic winds, ice giant Neptune is the eighth and most distant planet in our solar system.
More than 30 times as far from the Sun as Earth, Neptune is the only planet in our solar system not visible to the naked eye and the first predicted by mathematics before its discovery. In 2011 Neptune completed its first 165-year orbit since its discovery in 1846.
NASA's Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune up close. It flew past in 1989 on its way out of the solar system.
In the study, the researchers studied thermal infrared images from a range of observatories, including the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope and Gemini South telescope in Chile, the Subaru Telescope, Keck Telescope, and the Gemini North telescope, all in Hawaii, and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
The images revealed that between 2003 and 2018, temperatures in Neptune's stratosphere – the second layer of the atmosphere as you move upward – dropped by 14°F (8°C).
Like Earth, Neptune experiences seasons.
However, while Earth takes 365 days to complete an orbit around the sun, Neptune takes over 165 years.
This means that seasons on the icy giant change much more slowly, lasting over 40 Earth-years each.
Dr Glenn Orton, Senior Research Scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and co-author of the study, said: 'Our data cover less than half of a Neptune season, so no one was expecting to see large and rapid changes.'
While the thermal data revealed that temperatures across the stratosphere had dropped from 2003 to 2018, surprisingly, the opposite was true for Neptune's south pole from 2018 to 2020.
In the study, the researchers studied thermal infrared images from a range of observatories, including the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope and Gemini South telescope in Chile, the Subaru Telescope, Keck Telescope, and the Gemini North telescope, all in Hawaii, and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope
The images revealed that between 2003 and 2018, temperatures in Neptune's stratosphere – the second layer of the atmosphere as you upward – dropped by 14°F (8°C)
There, the stratosphere actually warmed by roughly 20°F (11°C) – something that has never been observed before.
The researchers are currently unsure what is causing these temperature changes.
'Temperature variations may be related to seasonal changes in Neptune's atmospheric chemistry, which can alter how effectively the atmosphere cools,' Dr Roman explained.
'But random variability in weather patterns or even a response to the 11-year solar activity cycle may also have an effect.'
Like Earth, Neptune experiences seasons. However, while Earth takes 365 days to complete an orbit around the sun, Neptune takes over 165 years. This means that seasons on the icy giant change much more slowly, lasting over 40 Earth-years each
The Sun follows an 11-year cycle, during which its activity and sunspots vary. Previous research has suggest that Neptune's visible brightness fluctuates based on this cycle, and the new study reveals a possible link between the planet's temperatures too
The Sun follows an 11-year cycle, during which its activity and sunspots vary.
Previous research has suggested that Neptune's visible brightness fluctuates based on this cycle, and the new study reveals a possible link with the planet's temperatures too.
The team now hopes to use the James Webb Space Telescope to further observe the temperature and cloud patterns on Neptune.
Professor Leigh Fletcher, co-author of the study, added: 'The exquisite sensitivity of the space telescope's mid-infrared instrument, MIRI, will provide unprecedented new maps of the chemistry and temperatures in Neptune's atmosphere, helping to better identify the nature of these recent changes.'
Bijna-doodervaringen zijn geen hallucinaties, blijkt uit de eerste studie ooit van zijn soort
Een fel wit licht, doffe stemmen en omgevingsgeluiden, je eigen lichaam zien liggen terwijl je er naast staat,... In films en series wordt een ‘bijna-doodervaring’ heel vaak op dezelfde manier voorgesteld. Bijna iedereen die het zelf heeft meegemaakt, beschrijft het ook op deze manier. Maar wetenschappelijk is zo’n ervaring nog niet officieel gedefinieerd. Daarom hebben wetenschappers uit verschillende disciplines er nu voor het eerst een onderzoek naar gevoerd.
De nieuwe consensusverklaring over het bestuderen van de dood, die werd gepubliceerd in het academisch tijdschrift ‘Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences’, is ontworpen om “inzicht te verschaffen in potentiële mechanismen, ethische implicaties en methodologische overwegingen voor systematisch onderzoek” en “kwesties en controverses te identificeren” in het onderzoeksgebied.
Hoewel wetenschappelijke studies tot nu toe niet in staat zijn geweest om de realiteit van bijna-doodervaringen te bewijzen, kunnen ze ze evenmin weerleggen. Opvallend is dat deze ervaringen, waarvan er honderden miljoenen zijn opgetekend in culturen over de hele wereld, consequent dezelfde thema’s en verhaallijnen volgen. In het algemeen houdt de gemiddelde bijna-doodervaring in dat je je eerst afgescheiden voelt van je lichaam en een verhoogd bewustzijn hebt en de dood herkent. Vervolgens heb je een gevoel van reizen naar een bepaalde bestemming, gevolgd door een zinvolle en doelgerichte analyse van je daden, bedoelingen en gedachten naar anderen toe gedurende je leven. Daarna voel je je alsof je op een plaats bent die aanvoelt als thuis, voordat je uiteindelijk terugkeert naar de echte wereld.
De onderzoekers beweren dat uit dit onderzoek blijkt dat bijna-doodervaringen niets of weinig gemeen hebben met hallucinaties, illusies, of psychedelische drugservaringen, hoewel die vaak wel resulteren in dezelfde soort positieve psychologische transformatie op lange termijn.
Dood is een omkeerbaar proces
Anders Sandberg, een researcher aan de Universiteit van Oxford, schreef al in 2016 dat de dood “technologie-afhankelijk” is geworden. “Lange tijd werden een gebrek aan ademhaling en polsslag beschouwd als kenmerken van de dood, totdat reanimatiemethoden verbeterden. Vandaag de dag kunnen verdrinkingsslachtoffers die lijden aan extreme onderkoeling, zuurstofgebrek en een gebrek aan polsslag en ademhaling gedurende meerdere uren weer tot leven worden gewekt.” Ook zegt hij dat de moderne geneeskunde fundamenteel veranderd heeft hoe we over de dood denken. “Plotseling leren we hoe weinig we weten over dit meest universele deel van het leven.”
“Een hartstilstand is geen hartaanval”, stelt Sam Parnia, directeur van Critical Care and Resuscitation Research aan de NYU Grossman School of Medicine, en hoofdauteur van de nieuwe studie, in een verklaring. “In plaats daarvan vertegenwoordigt het het laatste stadium van een ziekte of gebeurtenis die een persoon doet sterven”, vervolgde hij. “De komst van reanimatie heeft ons laten zien dat de dood geen absolute toestand is, maar eerder een proces is dat mogelijk kan worden omgekeerd, zelfs nadat het is begonnen.”
Verhoogd bewustzijn
Volgens Parnia weten we door de wetenschappelijke studie van de dood dat hersencellen niet onomkeerbaar beschadigd raken binnen enkele minuten na zuurstoftekort wanneer het hart stopt. “In plaats daarvan ‘sterven’ hersenen over een periode van uren. Dit stelt wetenschappers in staat om objectief de fysiologische en mentale gebeurtenissen te bestuderen die plaatsvinden in relatie tot de dood.”
De moderne wetenschap heeft al inzicht gegeven in een deel van de bijna-doodervaring. Zo hebben elektro-encefalografiestudies bijvoorbeeld het ontstaan van gamma-activiteit en elektrische pieken aangetoond in relatie tot de dood. Dat is een fenomeen dat gewoonlijk wordt geassocieerd met een verhoogd bewustzijn, een van de beschreven thema’s bij een bijna-doodervaring. Met toekomstig onderzoek hopen Parnia en zijn collega’s deze twee met zekerheid aan elkaar te kunnen linken. “Er zijn maar weinig studies die op een objectieve en wetenschappelijke manier hebben onderzocht wat er gebeurt als we sterven”, zei Parnia. “Dit onderzoek biedt intrigerende inzichten in hoe bewustzijn bestaat bij mensen en kan de weg vrijmaken voor verder onderzoek.”
Earth's interior is not a uniform stack of layers. Deep in its thick middle layer lie two colossal blobs of thermo-chemical material.
To this day, scientists still don't know where both of these colossal structures came from or why they have such different heights, but a new set of geodynamic models has landed on a possible answer to the latter mystery.
These hidden reservoirs are located on opposite sides of the world, and judging from the deep propagation of seismic waves, the blob under the African continent is more than twice as high as the one under the Pacific ocean.
After running hundreds of simulations, the authors of the new study think the blob under the African continent is less dense and less stable than its Pacific counterpart, and that's why it's so much taller.
"Our calculations found that the initial volume of the blobs does not affect their height," explains geologist Qian Yuan from Arizona State University.
"The height of the blobs is mostly controlled by how dense they are and the viscosity of the surrounding mantle."
3D view of the blob in Earth's mantle beneath Africa.
(Mingming Li/ASU)
One of the principal layers inside Earth is the hot and slightly goopy mess known as the mantle, a layer of silicate rock that sits between our planet's core and its crust. While the mantle is mostly solid, it behaves sort of like tar on longer timescales.
Over time, columns of hot magma rock gradually rise through the mantle and are thought to contribute to volcanic activity on the planet's surface.
Understanding what's going on in the mantle is thus an important endeavor in geology.
The Pacific and African blobs were first discovered in the 1980s. In scientific terms, these 'superplumes' are known as large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs).
Compared to the Pacific LLSVP, the current study found the African LLSVP stretches about 1,000 kilometers higher (621 miles), which supports previous estimates.
This vast height difference suggests both of these blobs have different compositions. How this impacts the surrounding mantle, however, is unclear.
Perhaps the less stable nature of the African pile, for instance, can explain why there is such intense volcanism in some regions of the continent. It could also impact the movement of tectonic plates, which float on the mantle.
Other seismic models have found the African LLSVP stretches up to 1,500 kilometers above the outer core, whereas the Pacific LLSVP reaches 800 kilometers high at max.
In lab experiments that seek to replicate Earth's interior, both the African and Pacific piles appear to oscillate up and down through the mantle.
The authors of the current study say this supports their interpretation that the African LLSVP is probably unstable, and the same could go for the Pacific LLSVP, although their models didn't show this.
The different compositions of the Pacific and African LLSVPs could also be explained by their origins. Scientists still don't know where these blobs came from, but there are two main theories.
One is that the piles are made from subducted tectonic plates, which slip into the mantle, are super-heated and gradually fall downwards, contributing to the blob.
Another theory is that the blobs are remnants of the ancient collision between Earth and the protoplanet Thea, which gave us our Moon.
The theories are not mutually exclusive, either. For instance, perhaps Thea contributed more to one blob; this could be part of the reason why they look so different today.
"Our combination of the analysis of seismic results and the geodynamic modeling provides new insights on the nature of the Earth's largest structures in the deep interior and their interaction with the surrounding mantle," says Yuan.
"This work has far-reaching implications for scientists trying to understand the present-day status and the evolution of the deep mantle structure, and the nature of mantle convection."
Long before the Incas rose to power in Peru and began to celebrate their sun god, a little known civilization was building the earliest known astronomical observatory in the Americas.
While not quite as old as sites like Stonehenge, these ancient ruins, known as Chankillo, are considered a "masterpiece of human creative genius", holding unique features not seen anywhere else in the world.
Based in the coastal desert of Peru, the archaeological site famously contains a row of 13 stone towers, which together trace the horizon of a hill, north to south, like a toothy bottom grin.
The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo.
(David Edgar/Wikipedia/CC BY-SA 3.0)
Apart from this remarkable structure, known as the Thirteen Towers, the ruins of the observatory also include a triple-walled hilltop complex called the Fortified Temple and two building complexes called the Observatory and the Administrative Center.
Completed over 2,300 years ago and abandoned in the first century of the common era, the site has remained a mystery to travelers for centuries.
Against a barren desert landscape and in broad daylight, the hilltop stone structures, which span roughly 300 meters (980 feet), don't look like much. But it's another story at dawn and dusk.
As the Sun rises in the east, an orb of light emerges somewhere along the ridge of towers. As the year proceeds, so too does the position of the sunrise, almost as though the light is flossing the toothy horizon.
On the summer solstice, for example, the sunrise emerges to the right of the rightmost tower. Whereas on the winter solstice, the sunrise emerges to the left of the leftmost tower.
The Towers of Chankillo were so carefully placed, that when an onlooker stands at a specific observation point below the ridge, they can predict the time of year within two or three days based just on sunrise or sunset. The observation point looking west towards the ridge – this is the Observatory structure – uses the sunset. At what's thought to be the east observation point, all that's left is the incomplete stone outline of a room, but it's in a symmetrical location and would have used the sunrise.
The September equinox, for example, is defined when the Sun sets between the sixth and the seventh tower, as captured in the image below.
The ancient civilization that designed the solar observatory is barely known, but it would have been one of the oldest cultures in the Americas. In fact, this culture predates the Inca culture, which also excelled at astronomy, by more than 1,000 years.
Because the Chankillo ruins attributed to this civilization are based in the coastal desert between Peru's Casma River and the Sechin river, the original builders are now known as the Casma-Sechin culture.
According to archaeological excavations, the observatory was probably built sometime between 500 and 200 BCE. Then, for some reason, the site was abandoned, and the towers fell into disrepair. In their heyday, archaeologists say the structures would have been plastered yellow, ochre or white and painted with graffiti or fingerprints.
Even when stripped of decoration and falling apart, however, the remains of these stone towers still faithfully record the days of the year. Conservation efforts are now under way to uphold the accuracy of the ancient calendar.
In 2021, the Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex officially joined the UNESCO World Heritage List for its outstanding craftsmanship and its insight into the worldview of ancient societies.
"Unlike architectural alignments upon a single astronomical target found at many ancient sites around the world, the line of towers spans the entire annual solar rising and setting arcs as viewed, respectively, from two distinct observation points, one of which is still clearly visible above ground," reads the UNESCO description.
"The solar observatory at Chankillo is thus a testimony of the culmination of a long historical evolution of astronomical practices in the Casma Valley."
De verre kant van de maan heeft beduidend meer kraters, wetenschappers beweren te weten waarom
We kunnen altijd maar één kant van de maan zien, waar ter wereld we ons ook bevinden. De andere kant is altijd van onze planeet afgekeerd en deze kant heeft veel meer kraters dan de kant die we kunnen zien. Wetenschappers beweren nu in een nieuw onderzoek, gepubliceerd in Science Advances, dat dat iets te maken heeft met de lavastromen.
De kant van de maan die we kunnen zien, is bedekt met maan maria, dat zijn uitgestrekte vlaktes van vulkanisch basalt die als donkere vlekken verschijnen als we naar een satelliet kijken. De reden voor deze tweeslachtige verschijning is al sinds het eerste ruimtevaartuig in de jaren zestig in een baan om de maan vloog een mysterie geweest. Maar wetenschappers beweren dat een nieuwe simulatie nu misschien de puzzel uit het Apollo-tijdperk heeft opgelost.
Computermodellen hebben de verschillende kenmerken in elkaar gepuzzeld en ondersteunen het idee dat een enorme maaninslag ooit de voorkant van de maan in lavastromen aan de oppervlakte heeft gebracht. De verschillen zijn niet alleen huiddiep, ze komen ook tot uiting in de verschillende geologische samenstellingen aan beide kanten van de maan.
De SPA-botsing
Astronomen vermoeden al lang dat de voorkant van de maan ooit bedekt was met een zee van magma die afgekoeld het rotsachtige landschap gladstrijkt, waardoor de donkere vlekken ontstaan die we nu zien. Maar de oorzaak van deze vulkanische activiteit is omstreden. Een enorme krater op de zuidpool van de maan, bekend als het Zuidpool-Aitkenbekken (SPA), zou de verschillen kunnen verklaren, stellen wetenschappers nu.
Dit bekken is een overblijfsel van één van de grootste en oudste botsingen op de maan. Uit simulaties blijkt dat de SPA-botsing, die ongeveer 4,3 miljard jaar geleden plaatsvond, precies op het juiste moment op de juiste plaats plaatsvond om veranderingen in gang te zetten aan slechts één kant van de maanmantel. De immense hitte die door de inslag werd geproduceerd, zou de bovenmantel aan de dichtstbijzijnde kant zo hebben opgewarmd dat wetenschappers denken dat dit zou hebben geleid tot een concentratie van kalium, zeldzame aardelementen, fosfor en warmte-producerende elementen zoals thorium.
Tot nu toe is dat precies de samenstelling die wetenschappers hebben aangetroffen in maangesteentemonsters van de zijde die we kunnen zien, met name in het Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT), een groot gebied dat bekend staat om deze anomalie in de samenstelling. “Wat we laten zien is dat onder alle aannemelijke omstandigheden ten tijde van de vorming van SPA, het uiteindelijk deze warmte-producerende elementen concentreert aan de dichtstbijzijnde kant”, legt planetair wetenschapper Matt Jones van de Brown University uit. “We verwachten dat dit heeft bijgedragen aan het smelten van de mantel, waardoor de lavastromen zijn ontstaan die we aan het oppervlak zien.”
Honderden miljoenen jaren
De fall-out van de SPA-gebeurtenis zou waarschijnlijk honderden miljoenen jaren hebben geduurd. In simulaties is de oudste vulkanische vlakte aan de rand 200 miljoen jaar na de inslag tot uitbarsting gekomen. Sterker nog, intense episodes van vulkanische activiteit bleven aan de andere kant van de maan tot 700 miljoen jaar na de inslag voortduren.
Volgens wetenschappers is de reden dat deze kant van de maan meer op de inslag reageerde zowel te verklaren door de plaats waar de inslag het transport van warmte-producerende materialen centreerde, door aan lichte veranderingen in de zwaartekracht.
In elk scenario dat onderzoekers onderzochten, warmde de bovenmantel op het zuidelijk halfrond op en begonnen de elementen in de richting van het noordelijk halfrond te stromen, via de dichtstbijzijnde kant. Ondertussen bleef de bovenmantel aan de andere kant te koel om hetzelfde materiaal op een vergelijkbare manier te verspreiden. Dit verschil zou heel goed de asymmetrie kunnen hebben veroorzaakt die in de twee gezichten van de maan is waargenomen. “Hoe de PKT is ontstaan, is waarschijnlijk de belangrijkste open vraag in de maanwetenschap”, zegt Jones. “En de Zuidpool-Aitken-inslag is een van de belangrijkste gebeurtenissen in de geschiedenis van de maan. Dit werk brengt die twee dingen samen, en ik denk dat onze resultaten heel opwindend zijn.”
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Steve Quayle: The Alien Deception
Steve Quayle: The Alien Deception
Steve Quayle is a researcher and author of over a dozen books dealing with advanced ancient technology and civilizations. His documentary film production company Gensix Productions films the “True Legends The Series” all over the world in search of the Lost Cities and the giants of history who were the builders of the great megalithic structures of the ancient world.
Steve is a former talk radio show host who has been warning against genetic armageddon and the end of the human race for decades. He claims transhumanism and the hybrid age is the most dangerous advancement in the technological war against humanity in history.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Space Force is Releasing Decades of Tracking Data on a Thousand Bright Meteor Fireballs
Space Force is Releasing Decades of Tracking Data on a Thousand Bright Meteor Fireballs
When a meteoroid enters the Earth’s atmosphere at a very high speed it heats up. This heating up produces a streak of light and is termed a meteor. When a meteor is bright enough, about the brightness of Venus or brighter, it becomes a fireball. Sometimes these fireballs explode in the atmosphere, becoming bolides. These bolides are bright enough to be seen even during the day.
Studying bolides as they pass through the atmosphere can help model larger asteroids, something of interest to the Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) which is run by NASA. These asteroids can be deadly if they are large enough, and learning how to predict their behavior is essential to protecting our planet from a devastating impact with long-term implications for the survival of many species on Earth.
Information on these bolides is collected by U.S. government sensors run by the U.S Space Force and is shared with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS). NASA has been tasked with detecting and categorizing near-Earth Objects (NEOs) that may be detrimental to our planet in an effort to find ways to divert or otherwise remove the threat they pose. The information they have for nearly one thousand bolide events goes back to 1988.
This recent release of data gave CNEOS more detailed information, namely details on the light-curve of bolides as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere. The light-curve describes the varying brightness of a bolide as it passes through the atmosphere.
Using this new information will help researchers in their efforts to determine an object’s strength and composition as well as the approximate total radiated energy and the direction from which it came. All of this information can be used to better understand deadly impactors, helping us predict where they will end up if they are on a course that intersects Earth.
When an asteroid struck the Yucatan region about 66 million years ago, it triggered the extinction of the dinosaurs. Credit: NASA/Don Davis
A big enough asteroid impact could be an extinction-level event which occurs when a large amount of biological organisms are wiped out in a short time. This includes animals, plants, fungi, and single-cell organisms. There have been 5 major mass extinctions on our planet in the past 440 million years, the last of which was caused by an asteroid impact that made dust and debris hang in the atmosphere long enough to bring about major climate change which affected Earth’s ecosystem.
The chance of a life-ending asteroid hitting Earth is well below 1% every year. Some scientists say we are overdue for an impact, but this may not take into account the fact that our solar system continues to quiet down from its early stages of development. Stars move farther away from each other as space expands making interstellar objects that may hit us less likely as time moves on.
Should that stop us from trying to find NEOs though? Consider the asteroid 2019 OK that was spotted only one day before passing between the Earth and the moon. That asteroid came within 65,000 km of our planet. It was the size of a football field and would have laid waste to an area about 50 miles across. The continued efforts of CNEOS to locate and categorize NEOs will help reduce the threat of these potential hazards, should we find any.
As of now, NASA has found about 40% of NEOs that are larger than 140 meters (459 feet) in size. They have been directed to find 90% so there are still many left to find. Even when they find all of these there will be the potential for another one to sneak up on us. With all of the information that is being gathered hopefully we will have come up with a plan by then to divert or remove the threat in some way.
Orb Over Buildings In Hong Kong, China 4-7-2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Orb Over Buildings In Hong Kong, China 4-7-2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 7, 2022 Location of sighting:Hong Kong, China
Hey look at this raw footage that an eyewitenss took over the city of Hong Kong, China this week. Morris Chan of Youtube uploaded a video of a glowing orb that was seen high in the sky over the city. The UFO soon decended and moved across the tops of the buildings, dissapearing behind it. This is fantastic raw video of an actual UFO glowing powerfully over the city. The UFO is very similar to the UFO that was seen in Jerusalem about ten years ago in front of tens of thousands of tourists over the holy temple...Dome of Rock. This UFO is about one meter across and has no wings, no propellers, no sound...nothing that could possibly identify it as man made. This is 100% alien made technology.
Life After Death? Study Reveals Near-Death Experiences Are Not Hallucinations!
Life After Death? Study Reveals Near-Death Experiences Are Not Hallucinations!
Anew study exploring what people experience when they’re close to death has come to one important conclusion — “near-death experiences” are a real thing, even if we can’t explain them. Kinda like Madona's latest Instagram duckface selfie.
Countless people have claimed that their life “flashed before their eyes” or that they actually left their body and traveled somewhere else while close to death.
Critics have called these experiences hallucinations or illusions, but researchers from NYU Grossman School of Medicine say something else is actually happening.
A team of researchers from several medical disciplines — including neurosciences, critical care, psychiatry, psychology, social sciences, and humanities — have come up with a number of conclusions after reviewing unexplained –lucid – episodes which involve a heightened state of consciousness.
So really trying to find out what exactly a near-death experience is...
The main finding is that these events don’t have much in common with the experiences someone has if they’re hallucinating or using a psychedelic drug. Instead, people who have a near-death experience typically report five different events taking place:
A Separation from their body with a heightened, vast sense of consciousness and recognition that they’re dying
Or They “travel” to a different location
Some have said They have a meaningful and purposeful review of their life, involving a critical analysis of all their past actions — basically, their life flashes before their eyes
Some say they feel they are Going to a place that feels like “home”
And the feeling of Returning back to life
Researchers note that the near-death experience usually triggers a positive and long-term psychological transformation in the person. The team notes that people who had negative and distressing experiences while near-death did not experience these kinds of events.
The team found – It turns out that scientists can actually see physical changes taking place in the brain when someone is close to death.
Researchers found the presence of gamma activity and electrical spikes when people are technically dying. This is typically a sign of a heightened state of consciousness when scientists measure it using an electroencephalography (EEG).
The findings further back up the claims from people who say they “left their body” while dying.
Study authors note that advances in medicine over the last century have brought back countless people from death's door.
Lead author Sam Parnia said – QUOTE – “The advent of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) showed us that death is not an absolute state, rather, it’s a process that could potentially be reversed in some people even after it has started.”
Parina continued... “What has enabled the scientific study of death is that brain cells do not become irreversibly damaged within minutes of oxygen deprivation when the heart stops. Instead, they ‘die’ over hours of time. This is allowing scientists to objectively study the physiological and mental events that occur in relation to death.”
Study authors conclude that neither physiological nor cognitive processes completely end at the moment of death. While prior reports haven’t been able to prove what people are saying about their near-death experiences, the new report finds it’s also impossible to disprove what they’re saying.
UFO Bombshell: Pentagon forced to release secret study into UAP
UFO Bombshell: Pentagon forced to release secret study into UAP
Breaking UFO news from the Pentagon.. where officials have been forced to release an explosive report about UFOs under freedom of information laws. The new documents lift the lid on a secretive intelligence program, which was run by the United States Defence Force and employed more than 50 agents. The ‘UFO hunters’ researched health impacts on humans who reported paranormal experiences… and the findings are spooky.
Two ‘Tic Tac UFOs’ Caught on Video Near SpaceX Launch Site in Florida, Claims Blogger
Two ‘Tic Tac UFOs’ Caught on Video Near SpaceX Launch Site in Florida, Claims Blogger
“”A new spacefaring species… that’s the time they can meet and greet us without any need for permission from governments or presidents,…””
by Andrei Dargalin via Sputniknews Image by Peter Lomas – Pixabay
The blogger argued that this supposed UFO sighting was the result of aliens’ interest in data “about the newest rocket technology”.
Scott C. Waring, a prolific blogger with a penchant for seeking out information related to suspected signs of extraterrestrial activity, has announced the discovery of yet another UFO sighting that was apparently filmed in Florida in the vicinity of Playalinda Beach.
The video in question shows what Waring describes as “two tic-tac UFOs shooting behind the SpaceX Falcon rocket” prior to the launch on 9 March.
As the blogger explained, the original video was tweeted by his friend, while Waring himself produced a “close up video of it” and “slowed it down 8X” so that viewers could see the flying “object” which is “long, cylinder shaped, and metallic”.
“There is also another object above it that matches its speed,” he wrote in his blog. “Very strange, especially so close to a rocket launch site.”
The blogger also went on to speculate that this supposed UFO sighting was the result of aliens’ interest in data “about the newest rocket technology”, as such information can “help aliens predict the exact year that humans will begin migrating off Earth onto other planets and moons to live”.
“A new spacefaring species… that’s the time they can meet and greet us without any need for permission from governments or presidents,” he added.
No, no, this is NOT a broadcast from Moonbat Central! False fossils are objects that look like fossils but aren’t
As we sift more and more of the surface of Mars, we’d love to find fossils. But then we may run into a problem that dogs paleontologists on Earth. From the University of Edinburgh:
Rocks on Mars may contain numerous types of non-biological deposits that look similar to the kinds of fossils likely to be found if the planet ever supported life, a study says.
Telling these false fossils apart from what could be evidence of ancient life on the surface of Mars — which was temporarily habitable four billion years ago — is key to the success of current and future missions, researchers say.
A group of astrobiologists from the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford have identified dozens of processes that “can produce structures that mimic those of microscopic, simple lifeforms that may once have existed on Mars.”
Dr Sean McMahon, Chancellor’s Fellow in Astrobiology at the University of Edinburgh’s School of Physic and Astronomy, said: “At some stage a Mars rover will almost certainly find something that looks a lot like a fossil, so being able to confidently distinguish these from structures and substances made by chemical reactions is vital. For every type of fossil out there, there is at least one non-biological process that creates very similar things, so there is a real need to improve our understanding of how these form.”
The paper goes into considerable detail; for example, for Mars:
The difficulty of correctly determining the biogenicity of life-like geological substances and structures has continued to plague palaeontology, and the new field of astrobiology, often despite laudable efforts to practice the ‘care, patience, and critical attitude’ recommended by Cloud. For example, McKay et al. (1996) reported multiple lines of evidence in the martian meteorite ALH84001 that were suggestive of past life on Mars, making news bulletins around the world. These included carbonate globules and magnetite crystals resembling bacteriogenic precipitates, polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds and worm-like microstructures interpreted as morphological fossils. The origins of these features are still unclear today, but abiotic explanations have been offered for all of them, and the overall case for life in ALH84001 no longer seems compelling (Martel et al. 2012). This example warns us that it is not enough to have ‘multiple lines of evidence’ for biogenicity (an oft-repeated mantra) if each line of evidence is ambiguous.
FALSE BIOSIGNATURES ON MARS: ANTICIPATING AMBIGUITY, SEAN MCMAHON AND JULIE COSMIDIS, JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 17 NOVEMBER 2021, HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1144/JGS2021-050
and for Earth:
Other ongoing debates concern the oldest fossil and geochemical evidence of life on Earth. Schopf (1993) presented fossil ‘cyanobacteria’ from the 3.5-Gyr-old Apex Chert of Western Australia, which were later reinterpreted as abiotic carbon organized around spherulitic quartz growth and/or worm-like delaminated clay booklets (Brasier et al. 2002, 2005; Wacey et al. 2016a). Recent work highlights the possibility that organic matter in such cherts might be biogenic even if it has been abiotically redistributed (Duda et al. 2018), while Schopf et al. (2018) have claimed that morphology-specific carbon isotope values confirm the biogenicity of the Apex microstructures and reveal them to include methane-cycling archaea; this controversy continues (e.g. Alleon and Summons 2019). Nutman et al. (2016) described triangular features exposed on 3.7-Gyr-old metasedimentary rocks from the Isua supracrustal belt in Greenland and interpreted them as fossil stromatolites; these have been reinterpreted by some researchers as abiotic deformation features on the basis of 3D imaging and geochemical analysis (Allwood et al. 2018; Zawaski et al. 2020), although Nutman and co-workers stand by their original view (Nutman et al. 2021). Dodd et al. (2017) described hematite tubules in a c. 4-Gyr-old hydrothermal chert from the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Canada as the mineralized sheaths of ancient Fe-oxidizing bacteria; these have been queried as possible chemical gardens (McMahon 2019), but furtheranalyses are needed.
FALSE BIOSIGNATURES ON MARS: ANTICIPATING AMBIGUITY, SEAN MCMAHON AND JULIE COSMIDIS, JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 17 NOVEMBER 2021, HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1144/JGS2021-050
The trouble is, simple life forms leave only evidence, not messages so it can sometimes be hard to be sure.
On Earth, we can also be fooled about human tools or footprints. For example, from New Scientist we learn that sometimes, stones smashed by horses or monkeys can be mistaken for fragments of ancient tools.
Or it can go the other way: Just recently, it was discovered that footprints thought to be made by a bear were more probably made by humans 3.7 million years ago:
As bears walk, they take very wide steps, wobbling back and forth,” says senior author Jeremy DeSilva, an associate professor of anthropology at Dartmouth. “They are unable to walk with a gait similar to that of the Site A footprints, as their hip musculature and knee shape does not permit that kind of motion and balance.” Bear heels taper and their toes and feet are fan-like, while early human feet are squared off and have a prominent big toe, according to the researchers. Curiously, though, the Site A footprints record a hominin crossing one leg over the other as it walked — a gait called “cross-stepping.”
“Although humans don’t typically cross-step, this motion can occur when one is trying to reestablish their balance,” says McNutt. “The Site A footprints may have been the result of a hominin walking across an area that was an unlevel surface.”
Other researchers urge caution about the footprints — which reinforces the difficulty of certainty.
It won’t be surprising if we hear heated controversies about whether new finds on Mars are really fossils. But it’s a step in the right direction if astrobiologists have something concrete to argue about.
Mars may be dotted with "signs of life," but we've been fooled before.
Researchers urge caution in a new paper detailing the history of false "biosignatures."
Those include archaeological deposits that only look like bacterial cells and carbon-based molecules.
If we find fossils on Mars, there's a good chance that they're actually fakes, scientists warn in a new paper, published last week in the Journal of the Geological Society. And while it's easy to see how such a thing happens in the foreign atmosphere of space, the researchers say there are centuries of false fossil finds here on Earth, as well. It turns out it's easy to see something and draw the wrong conclusions—so will we get fooled again?
The paper, a review of existing research, looks at evidence of all known processes that could have created life on Mars. "It is often acknowledged that the search for life on Mars might produce false positive results, particularly via the detection of objects, patterns or substances that resemble the products of life in some way but are not biogenic," the authors note. "The success of major current and forthcoming rover missions now calls for significant efforts to mitigate this risk."
To reduce the risk of false positives, called "false biosignatures," we must look closely at the different processes that can give rise to deposits that appear to be fossils. These types of samples date back as long as people have been discovering geological artifacts on Earth. "In the nineteenth century, intricate layered and tubular structures found in rocks from the Canadian shield were interpreted as ancient forams, designated the 'dawn animal of Canada,'" the researchers explain. Experts later showed that these samples were inorganic, or non-living. This is a common theme. During the 20th century, paleontologists in other places around the world also mistook drag marks for "worm trails," for example, and natural pyrite crystallizations for organisms they named "medusae."
To reduce the risk of false positives, called "false biosignatures," we must look closely at the different processes that can give rise to deposits that appear to be fossils. These types of samples date back as long as people have been discovering geological artifacts on Earth. "In the nineteenth century, intricate layered and tubular structures found in rocks from the Canadian shield were interpreted as ancient forams, designated the 'dawn animal of Canada,'" the researchers explain. Experts later showed that these samples were inorganic, or non-living. This is a common theme. During the 20th century, paleontologists in other places around the world also mistook drag marks for "worm trails," for example, and natural pyrite crystallizations for organisms they named "medusae."
All these examples suggest that we should use caution with samples from Mars. "[T]he return of samples from Mars will not necessarily solve once and for all the problem of the existence of (ancient) life on that planet," the researchers explain. "Although we must hope for definitive results, candidate biosignatures are likely to be at least somewhat ambiguous." In fact, Mars itself has already hosted examples that are rather inconclusive, and Occam's razor—a philosophical principle that states that the simplest explanation is usually the best one—says these should still be taken as ambiguous rather than suggestive.
It's uncomfortable to live with ambiguity, especially when one possible explanation is so cool, like life on Mars. But the scientists urge caution and encourage other researchers to stay in the zone of ambiguity if that's what the evidence suggests. "To give an extreme example from Earth, the biogenicity of the filamentous mineral networks found in 'moss agates' has been unclear for more than 200 years," they explain.
So what are the potential red flags on Mars? Space programs already plan to do a more thorough exploration of Mars than we've seen from even very successful space probes and surface rovers, so there will almost definitely be new examples from those programs in the future. But to date, there are a couple of well-known examples: "These included carbonate globules and magnetite crystals resembling bacteriogenic precipitates, polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds, and worm-like microstructures interpreted as morphological fossils."
All, the researchers say, are still ambiguous, with life as just one of many possible explanations. "Environments conducive to the origin and maintenance of life may also, by their very nature, be conducive to the formation of false biosignatures," the researchers say. Indeed, it makes sense that using caution in the beginning could lead to more believable and conclusive outcomes down the line.
Camera: Navcam, Right B, taken March 23, 2016, Received March 24, 2016.
Taken: 15:26:01 UTC
Last year NASA announced that there were oceans on Mars and that it did look a lot like Earth in many ways. I guess this petrified fish is proof of that. Look closely and you will see the tail fin and the fin ridge that starts at the lower back fin and moves all the way to the fishes stomach. I colored the fish to make it easier on the eyes. The fish is also about half a meter long. About the size of a bass or small salmon. This also explains the three different boats we have found last year. This is 100% proof of ancient oceans on Mars.
I do feel NASA went overboard with their 2 billion dollar fishing equipment to catch this one, but its defiantly worth mounting on the wall. I hope they brought the tartar sauce. Lets see how NASA gets off the hook with this one, shall we?
“FUSION IS A SOURCE OF NEAR-LIMITLESS, CLEAN POWER,” NICK HAWKER TELLS INVERSE.
It sounds fantastic — an answer to the dire need to quickly transition to clean and sustainable energy. But is nuclear fusion our way out of the energy crisis?
Nuclear fusion is essentially the opposite of nuclear fission. That process, most commonly known as “nuclear power,” involves splitting atoms to release energy. Fusion instead involves smashing atoms into each other to create larger atoms — theoretically releasing vast amounts of energy. But unlike nuclear fission, this process comes without the same safety concerns over meltdowns or radioactive waste.
Hawker, CEO of First Light Fusion, a company currently developing a fusion energy system, sees the potential — and the money.
“More and more investment is flowing into the industry month-by-month, and this is helping us to help bring this potentially revolutionary technology closer to fruition,” he says.
He’s not wrong: The U.K. Atomic Energy Authority reported in 2021 that 18 companies worldwide had received a total of $1.9 billion in funding — $85 million of which came from official sources. Of all the companies dealing in nuclear fusion surveyed, 15 were founded in the last decade and 12 over the previous five years.
Yet the bounding enthusiasm is tempered by a history of false starts. No public or private organization has yet demonstrated a fusion reaction that generates more energy than went in to the reaction.
FUSION ENERGY: FOREVER 20 YEARS AWAY
Smashing atoms together sounds easy, but their forces repel the other. Fusion energy experiments typically involve smashing two hydrogen isotopes called deuterium and tritium. Mashing them together can release a lot of energy. But these two hydrogen atoms are both positively-charged, which means they repel each other.
Heat gets atoms moving. As the International Atomic Energy Agency explains, the goal is to heat them so much that they can move past their magnetic repulsion. They can collide and let a nuclear force overcome that repulsion.
Peter Norreys, professor of inertial fusion science at the University of Oxford, tells Inverse that recent breakthroughs show great promise. However, that does not mean that fusion energy is just around the corner.
“There are still big challenges remaining,” Norreys says. “I think there is an exciting future ahead for fusion energy, but the energy source will only be realized from mid-21st century onwards.”
In a February 1955 speech, Indian physicist Homi J. Bhabha says that controlled fusion energy would arrive within the next two decades: “When that happens, the energy problems of the world will truly have been solved forever.”
Even British prime minister Boris Johnson alluded to these delays during an October 2019 speech, when he promised £200 million ($262 million) in funding for the technology.
“They are on the verge of creating commercially viable miniature fusion reactors for sale around the world,” Johnson says — although it is unclear what he meant by “miniature” — before adding: “now I know they have been on the verge for some time…it is a pretty spacious kind of verge.”
It sounds like a dream for a world aiming to limit global average temperature rises to well below two degrees Celcius, as outlined in the Paris Agreement. In the last year, this permanently coming-soon form of zero-carbon electricity generation has made strides toward becoming a reality that can’t be written off. Here’s a quick timeline of some significant fusion breakthroughs:
In August 2021, the National Ignition Facility announced it was able to generate more than 70 percent of the energy inputted to reach 1.3 megajoules.
In January 2022, China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting tokamak set a world record by reaching a temperature of over 70 million degrees Celsius for around 17 minutes — crucial for sustaining a fusion reaction.
In February, the Joint European Torus facility in the U.K. announced that it had produced an impressive 59 megajoules of energy over five seconds.
In March, British private company Tokamak Energy announced that its spherical ST-40 reactor reached a temperature threshold of 100 million degrees Celsius, which could enable commercially viable fusion.
Progress is good, but it is not the same as a proven technology that already works well. Wind and solar are proven technologies that exist today. Why invest in fusion?
The fusion energy process is similar to how the Sun burns material and unleashes energy. Elon Musk, whose company Tesla sells solar panels, describes the Sun in a 2020 Twitter post as a “free fusion reactor in the sky.” It may not be enough to solve our energy crisis, however.
Hawker’s company commissioned research into power usage over the coming decades and found that wind and solar could produce 19,900 Terawatt-hours per year. That’s an eight-fold increase from current rates but less than half of what’s needed to meet the 2050 net-zero target set by many countries.
The world will need to find power from clean sources of energy.Shutterstock
Other analyses have sketched out more ambitious rollouts of renewables, ones that don’t rely on fusion. The International Energy Agency’s “Net Zero by 2050” report, released in 2021, detailed a bold roadmap to meet climate targets. It describes how renewable energy could account for 90 percent of global electricity production by that date, with nuclear power accounting for less than 10 percent. Fusion does not receive a mention in the report — but advocates like Hawker say this is short-sighted.
One benefit of fusion is that it offers electricity generated on-demand, rather than only when the Sun is shining or the wind is blowing — a potential “complement” to renewable energy sources.
“To mitigate the impact of climate change, a large global market for baseload clean power will open up to complement renewables, and that is where fusion energy will play a key role,” he says.
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, a 35-country consortium that is currently developing the world’s largest fusion energy experiment, cites these major benefits of fusion:
6. Energy: The same amount of fuel as a traditional nuclear reactor generates four times as much energy in a fusion plant
5. Sustainability: Lithium in the ocean — an element necessary for fusion energy — could offer enough fuel for millions of years
4. Emissions: Zero carbon dioxide emissions
3. Waste: Fusion produces zero long-term radioactive waste
2. Risk: Fusion can’t be a precursor to nuclear weapons, and there is no meltdown risk
1. Cost: Fusion costs similar per kilowatt to a traditional nuclear reactor
We shouldn’t depend on fusion to save us — but it is another potential tool in our kit as we adapt to our climate reality.
Ultimately, the U.K.’s Atomic Energy Authority finds most fusion companies operating today in the world believe fusion will not power any grid anywhere in the world until the 2030s at the earliest. For a skeptical public that’s heard “two decades from now” for the past seven decades, it’s now down to the developers to prove that this time it’s different.
HOW WE GET THERE
Fusion energy involves colliding two, light, extremely hot atoms together to create a heavier atom. The colliding atoms heat beyond 100 million degrees Celsius to become plasma. The energy released when the atoms eventually fuse together is then transferred as heat through a water loop system to produce steam. The steam spins a turbine, and the turbine generates electricity.
There are two main methods that keep the fusion reaction going:
Magnetic confinement: Imagine a giant, hollow doughnut surrounded by magnets — that’s what’s being used to control all that hot plasma. This is the most popular method.
Inertial confinement: Facilities like the National Ignition Facility use a method to contain the plasma through its own inertia — in other words, a target gets hit and falls into itself, so the reaction is controlled by that motion instead of magnets.
The biggest hurdle to fusion energy actually working is that it is yet to generate more energy than goes into the reaction. Heating atoms up to temperatures similar to the Sun takes a lot of energy.
As we still haven’t gotten there yet, researchers continue to explore multiple avenues to see if we can make a breakthrough anywhere.
Inertial fusion is the less developed of the two. But a recent National Ignition Facility breakthrough — the first demonstration of burning inertial confinement fusion in a laboratory setting — shows it still has promise, Norreys says.
“[The results] are a really big deal, in my opinion,” Norreys says. “They show that the pursuit of an inertial fusion reactor is a realistic possibility for the future, one that is not built upon difficult and insurmountable physics.”
On the magnetic confinement side, the success of the Joint European Torus project bodes well for the upcoming ITER project. ITER, which will use the same fuel mix and wall materials as JET, aims to power the machine for the first time by December 2025.
"For the ITER Project, the JET results are a strong confidence builder that we are on the right track as we move forward toward demonstrating full fusion power," Bernard Bigot, director-general of ITER, said in a statement on the JET announcement.
“They [JET] are at the forefront of culture and are an outstanding example to the next generation on how to selflessly dedicate their energy and talent to the betterment of humankind,” Norreys says.
Exploding stars — or 'supernovae' — a mere 65 light years from Earth may have triggered the devastating mass extinction event around 359 million years ago.
The Late Devonian extinction saw vanish 50 per cent of all genera — groups of species — and 19 per cent of all families, the next largest grouping on the tree of life.
Among the groups to be worst impacted were the jaw-less fish, reef-building 'rugose' corals and the trilobites — iconic marine arthropods that look like woodlice.
This episode mass dying has previously been blamed on asteroid impacts, climate change, sea level changes and large-scale volcanic activity.
Researchers from the US, however, examined the boundary in the rock record between the Devonian and the next period, the Carboniferous.
Here lie hundreds of thousands of generations of plant spores that were sunburnt by ultraviolet light — suggesting a long-term weakening of the ozone layer.
This may have been caused by the impact of one or more nearby supernovae explosions on the solar system — and would have been catastrophic for life.
Exploding stars — or 'supernovae' — a mere 65 light years from Earth may have triggered the devastating mass extinction event around 359 million years ago. Pictured, an artists impression of a local supernova as seen from Earth orbit
'We propose that one or more supernova explosions, about 65 light-years away from Earth, could have been responsible for the protracted loss of ozone, said paper author and astronomer Brian Fields of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
'Earth-based catastrophes such as large-scale volcanism and global warming can destroy the ozone layer too, but evidence for those is inconclusive for the time interval in question.'
Professor Fields and his colleagues also ruled out other space-based events that could have potentially caused ozone depletion — such as deadly gamma-ray bursts, meteorite impacts and solar eruptions.
'These events end quickly and are unlikely to cause the long-lasting ozone depletion that happened at the end of the Devonian period, said paper author and astronomer Jesse Miller, also of the University of Illinois.
In contrast, the researchers explained, a supernova has the potential to have a more lasting impact — especially given how they can deliver a 'one-two punch'.
Should a nearby star have gone nova, the Earth would shortly have been bathed in damaging ultra violet, X-ray and gamma ray radiation.
This would have be followed up by the debris blast from the explosion slamming into the solar system and subjecting our planet to irradiation from the cosmic rays accelerated by the supernova.
Together, the damage to the Earth's ozone layer would have likely lasted up to some 100,000 years, the researchers said.
Although this is not as long as the 300,000-year-spanning decline in biodiversity that led up to the end of the Devonian period, the supernova could have occurred in tandem with other catastrophes — or even multiple nova explosions.
'This is entirely possible. Massive stars usually occur in clusters with other massive stars, and other supernovae are likely to occur soon after the first explosion,' explained Mr Miller.
Should a nearby star have gone nova, the Earth would shortly have been bathed in damaging ultra violet, X-ray and gamma ray radiation. This would have be followed up by the debris blast from the explosion slamming into the solar system. Pictured, a simulation of a nearby supernova explosion battering and compressing the solar wind — with the Earth's orbit shown in blue and the Sun itself as the central red dot
Proof for the supernovae hypothesis, however, would need to come from finding evidence of the radioactive isotopes plutonium-244 and samarium-146 within the rocks and fossils deposited during the time of the mass extinction.
'Neither of these isotopes occurs naturally on Earth today and the only way they can get here is via cosmic explosions,' said paper author and astronomer Zhenghai Liu.
Or, as Professor Fields explains it, they are like green bananas.
'When you see green bananas [here] in Illinois, you know they are fresh, and you know they did not grow here.'
'Like bananas, Pu-244 and Sm-146 decay over time. So if we find these radioisotopes on Earth today, we know they are fresh and not from here — the green bananas of the isotope world — and thus the smoking guns of a nearby supernova.'
The search for these metaphorical bananas, however, will be a task for the future, the researchers explained.
The Late Devonian extinction saw vanish 50 per cent of all genera — groups of species — and 19 per cent of all families, the next largest grouping on the tree of life. Among the groups to be worst impacted were the jaw-less fish (pictured in this artist's impression) reef-building 'rugose' corals and the trilobites — iconic marine arthropods that look like woodlice
'The overarching message of our study is that life on Earth does not exist in isolation,' Professor Fields concluded.
'We are citizens of a larger cosmos, and the cosmos intervenes in our lives — often imperceptibly, but sometimes ferociously.'
Traditionally, scientists have referred to the 'Big Five' mass extinctions, including perhaps the most famous mass extinction triggered by a meteorite impact that brought about the end of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
But the other major mass extinctions were caused by phenomena originating entirely on Earth, and while they are less well known, we may learn something from exploring them that could shed light on our current environmental crises.
The Late Ordovician: This ancient crisis around 445m years ago saw two major waves of extinction, both caused by climate change associated with the advance and retreat of ice sheets in the southern hemisphere. This makes it the only major extinction to be linked to global cooling.
The Late Devonian: This period is now regarded as a number of 'pulses' of extinction spread over 20m years, beginning 380m years ago. This extinction has been linked to major climate change, possibly caused by an eruption of the volcanic Viluy Traps area in modern-day Siberia. A major eruption might have caused rapid fluctations in sea levels and reduced oxygen levels in the oceans.
The Middle Permian: Scientists have recently discovered another event 262m years ago that rivals the 'Big Five' in size. This event coincided with the Emeishan eruption in what's now China, and is known to have caused simultaneous extinctions in the tropics and higher latitudes.
The Late Permian: The Late Permian mass extinction around 252m years ago dwarfs all the other events, with about 96% of species becoming extinct. The extinction was triggered by a vast eruption of the Siberian Traps, a gigantic and prolonged volcanic event that covered much of modern day Siberia, which led to a cascade of environmental effects.
The Late Triassic: The Late Triassic event, 201m years ago, shares a number of similarities with the Late Permian event. It was caused by another large-scale eruption, this time of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, which heralded the splitting of the supercontinent Pangaea and the initial opening of what would later become the Atlantic Ocean.
Researchers from the University of Munich find evidence of a supernova near Earth.
A star exploded close to our planet about 2.5 million years ago.
The scientists deduced this by finding unusual concentrations of isotopes, created by a supernova.
If you wanted some more shattering news, we now know that a supernova exploded very close to Earth about 2.5 million years ago. That might sound like a long time ago, but in the life of our 4.5 billion-year-old planet, that’s just yesterday.
Supernovas are amazingly bright explosions of stars at the end of their lives. A recent study found a blast 4.5 million light-years away could release as much as 10 times the amount of energy that a sun can emit in its lifetime. It also spreads a tremendous amount of chemicals all throughout the cosmos. Just-released research looked at such a spread and found that concentrations of particular elements point to a supernova near Earth just 2.5 million years ago.
The scientists found an unusual amount of 53Mn, a radioisotope made by supernovas. Previous studies looked for such traces in concentrations of 60Fe, an isotope of iron.
The scientists, led by Dr. Gunther Korschinek from the Technical University of Munich, focused their study on ferromanganese crusts. These marine sediments, composed mainly of iron and manganese oxides, grow in time and jut out from the water. This makes them great record-keepers of chemicals in the water around them. While examining these ferromanganese crusts from locations in the Pacific Ocean, the team found not only the isotope 60Fe, but also 53Mn. The samples came from 1,589 meters (5,213 feet) down to 5,120 meters (3.18 miles) down.
What does the presence of 60Fe tell the researchers? It’s half-life of 2.6 million years indicates that it was created in a nearby supernova explosion in relatively recently times. Otherwise, 60Fe would have decayed into nickel.
One other explanation for the presence of the isotope is its possible creation in the death throes of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. But the presence of 53Mn, which cannot be produced by such stars, clearly points to supernovae as the origin, think the scientists.
This Manganese crust started to form about 20 million years ago. Growing layer by layer, it resulted in minerals precipitated out of seawater.Elevated concentrations of 60 Fe and 56 Mn in layers from 2.5 million years ago hints at a nearby supernova explosion around that time.
Credit: Dominik Koll/ TUM
“The increased concentrations of manganese-53 can be taken as the ‘smoking gun’ – the ultimate proof that this supernova really did take place,” shared Dr. Korschinek in a press release.
The researchers used accelerator mass spectrometry to locate the 53Mn atoms in the crust that looks like hardened chocolate cake.
“This is investigative ultra-trace analysis,” said Korschinek. “We are talking about merely a few atoms here.” He explained further that the technique is also very useful in figuring out the sizes of the original stars, adding “accelerator mass spectrometry is so sensitive that it even allows us to calculate from our measurements that the star that exploded must have had around 11 to 25 times the size of the sun.”
If there was a supernova in Earth’s relatively recent history, what effect did it have on the planet? The scientists think it likely caused cosmic ray showers and affected the climate. It might have also caused a partial extinction event – the Pliocene marine megafauna extinction
Our Sun’s days are numbered. In about 5 billion years the Sun will expand into a red giant, casting off its outer layers before settling down to become a white dwarf. It’s the inevitable fate of most sunlike stars, and the process is well understood. But as a recent study shows, there are still a few things we have to learn about dying Suns.
This recent study looks at a star known as V Hydrae or V Hya for short. It’s a red giant star about 1,300 light-years away with a mass roughly the same as the Sun. It’s what the Sun might look like in a few billion years. There are, however, a couple of things that make it different from our home star.
For one, it has a companion star. The companion is too faint for us to see, but based on the motion of V Hya, we know it is likely a red dwarf star that orbits V Hya once every 8.5 years. For another, V Hya seems to be dying in an unusual way.
In its current state, V Hya is categorized as a Mira variable star. It varies in brightness by about 1 – 2 magnitudes every 530 days, give or take. This is typical for dying red giant stars. As they fuse heavier elements in their core trying to survive, red giants often enter a period of oscillation, driven by the heating and cooling of the core. What’s more unusual is the fact that it is also a carbon star. This means that carbon fused in its core has been dredged up to the atmosphere of the star. So when astronomers look at V Hya’s spectrum, they see a strong presence of carbon. Basically, the star’s atmosphere is very “sooty.”
These two characteristics combined make V Hya an Asymptomatic Giant Branch star or AGB. About 90% of sunlike stars will enter an AGB period toward the end of their life. Astronomers have generally thought that the AGB epoch is a gradual process of stellar death, where the outer layers of the star are cast off over a period of about 100,000 years. After which, the remaining core collapses into a white dwarf. But V Hya shows this is either partly or sometimes incorrect.
ALMA image of V Hydrae and its smoke rings. Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/S. Dagnello (NRAO/AUI/NSF)
If an AGB gradually cast off its outer layers, then we would expect to see an ever-expanding nebula known as a [planetary nebula](/post/cold-embers/) surrounding most white dwarfs. And we do see many planetary nebulae as the remnants of sunlike stars. But observations by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) show that V Hydrae isn’t creating such a nebula. Instead, it has been casting off thick rings rich in carbon. The star has ejected six rings over the course of about 2,100 years. The team also observed jets of gas ejected from the star perpendicular to the rings. This suggests that V Hya undergoes an unusually active period every few hundred years, which is very different from the common AGB model.
This period of active bursts is likely short lived compared to the full AGB epoch, so astronomers are fortunate to capture a dying star in this stage. It isn’t known whether most AGB stars experience such active periods, or whether V Hya is particularly unusual. To solve that mystery, it will take more observations of other dying red giant stars.
It’s Been Three Months in Deep Space, and Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument is Still Cooling Down
It’s Been Three Months in Deep Space, and Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument is Still Cooling Down
The James Webb Space Telescope continues to cool down out at its location at Lagrange Point 2, about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. Since JWST is an infrared telescope, it needs to operate at extremely low temperatures, about 40 k (-223 degrees Celsius, -369.4 degrees Fahrenheit). But one instrument needs to be even colder.
To operate at peak efficiency, Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) must be cooled to a chilly 7 K (-266 C). And it will need a little help to reach those frigid temps.
Most of the telescope and its instruments rely on JWST’s massive sunshield as well as passive cooling, taking advantage of the frigid temperatures in deep space. The near-infrared instruments (NIRCam, NIRSpec, FGS-NIRISS) have now reached their target range from 34 to 39 K by cooling passively.
MIRI carries detectors that need to be at less than 7 kelvins to be able to detect longer wavelength photons of infrared light. This temperature is not possible on Webb by passive means alone, so Webb carries an innovative cryocooler, dedicated to the task of cooling MIRI’s detectors so that it can see farther into the infrared than the other instruments.
Previous infrared missions, such as the Spitzer Space Telescope, used a tank of cryogenic liquid helium that acted as a coolant by producing a freezing vapor that cooled the entire telescope assembly. But the vapor was vented to space, and once the supply helium was gone, the ability to cool the telescope was over. Spitzer launched in 2003 and the mission ended in 2020.
But MIRI’s cooler reuses its helium, just like the refrigerator in your kitchen continuously recycles its own coolant.
“Over the last couple weeks, the cryocooler has been circulating cold helium gas past the MIRI optical bench, which will help cool it to about 15 kelvins,” explained Konstantin Penanen and Bret Naylor, cryocooler specialists, NASA JPL, in a JWST blog post. “Soon, the cryocooler is about to experience the most challenging days of its mission. By operating cryogenic valves, the cryocooler will redirect the circulating helium gas and force it through a flow restriction. As the gas expands when exiting the restriction, it becomes colder, and can then bring the MIRI detectors to their cool operating temperature of below 7 kelvins.”
MIRI is inspected in the giant clean room at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, in 2012. Credit: NASA/Chris Gunn.
This type of recycling cooler also means the lifetime of MIRI instrument, as well as the entire JWST could be even longer than Spitzer’s 16 years. Webb engineers have mentioned a possible 20-year lifetime, or even longer.
Once MIRI reaches the final temperatures, engineers can begin the final phase of commissioning the telescope.
“Getting this instrument cold is one of the last major challenges faced by Webb before the MIRI team can truly relax,” wrote Alistair Glasse, Webb-MIRI Instrument Scientist, UK Astronomy Technology Centre and and Macarena Garcia Marin, MIRI Instrument and Calibration Scientist, ESA. They said the cryogenic cooler will “pull out almost all of the heat left in MIRI’s 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of metal and glass from that tropical launch day morning, three months ago. MIRI will be the last of Webb’s four instruments to open its eyes on the universe.”
Astronauts are Practicing Landing at the Moon's South Pole
Astronauts are Practicing Landing at the Moon's South Pole
The European Space Agency (ESA) is learning how to touch down safely at the South Pole of the Moon, without ever leaving Earth. Actual Moon landings seem to be on the horizon in the next decade via the Artemis program, and astronauts are going to have to learn to handle the unique challenges of landing in the Moon’s polar environment. With low angle sunlight and deep, permanently shadowed craters, the Moon’s South Pole poses difficulties no Apollo mission ever faced. To get hands-on experience with this environment without risking human life, ESA is putting astronauts through their paces on high-tech simulators.
Simulators have long been a part of space exploration. Movie fans probably remember Gary Sinise – playing astronaut Ken Mattingly in the classic 1995 film Apollo 13 – denying himself sleep and rest to run test after test in the simulator, searching for a way to bring the mission’s endangered crew home safe. In real life, NASA used a variety of simulators during the Apollo era to test different aspects of the program.
The most visceral Apollo testbed was the rocket-powered Lunar Lander Research Vehicle (LLRV), designed to simulate landing in a low-gravity environment. The LLRV gave Neil Armstrong and his colleagues valuable practice on Earth before testing the real thing on the Moon. but the LLRV came with its own risks. It crashed several times, forcing Armstrong and other pilots to make use of the built-in ejection seat and parachute to safety. Still, it was better to crash on Earth than on the Moon!
A Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV) being tested in 1964. This simulator recreated the low gravity conditions of landing on the Moon, and was used to train Apollo astronauts.
ESA’s new simulator, part of the ‘Human-In-the-Loop’ flight vehicle Engineering study, doesn’t leave the ground or rely on rockets – it’s built onto a large-scale robotic arm, which is able to move and shift at extreme angles to simulate the effects of the commands the astronaut gives the computer. Based at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR), the Robotic Motion Simulator is a feat of engineering in its own right.
ESA astronaut Robert Vittori, who has been to space three times before, put the simulator through its paces. “The simulator is an incredible machine, probably one of the best I have experienced,” he said. “This experiment today is for me showing that Europe can play a key role in the future of exploration.”
ESA astronaut Robert Vittori stands in from of the DLR Robotic Motion Simulator.
Vittori tested various scenarios, including overriding the autopilot that was set to land in a field of boulders, and switching to manual control when the computer developed a fault.
The philosophy of ESA’s Human-In-the-Loop program is that hardware engineering and software design choices for spacecraft ought to be made in cooperation with the humans who will be flying the machines. The human-machine interfaces need to be user-friendly and intuitive, so that at critical moments, like landing on the Moon, there are no surprise design flaws or pilot confusion over the controls.
A similar philosophy enabled the success of the early days of spaceflight, when the Mercury astronauts worked closely with the engineering teams building the capsules and systems. Astronaut Wally Schirra, for example, specialized in life support systems and space suit development, while his colleague Scott Carpenter worked with the team building navigational equipment. In the present day, ESA is taking this philosophy to the next level. “We’re establishing a preliminary design and the preliminary requirements for human lunar landing, with astronauts in the loop to improve robustness and reliability of the flight system,” says project manager Luca Ferracina.
ESA has been heavily involved in the Artemis program since the beginning. It designed and built the service module of the Orion capsule, which will take astronauts to lunar orbit, working closely with NASA and other international partners. ESA astronauts will be on board at least three of the Artemis missions to the planned Lunar Gateway space station in the coming decade.
Guys, you gota check out the video I made below, I explain everything. A UFO was seen burning and falling slowly over Alaska at the Lazy mountain area. The object was depending slowly because one eyewitness said the photos were taken 45 seconds apart! Thats slow! Way too slow to be a meteor. If it was space junk, NASA would have alerted the public. Had it been a US hypersonic missile test, the US gov would admit to it, because they want to get in the news and frighten China and Russia with new weapons. However, this is a UFO and I reveal it to you in the video below. The UFO was caught in some of the photos, so...let me show you a close up of it to prove that it was a damaged UFO depending into an entrance on the mountain to enter an underground alien base.
Scott C. Waring
News states:
When Mattias Ahlvin walked out of his house in Palmer to start his car Thursday morning, he saw something unusual in the sky. “I looked up and I saw this strange — I mean, I would just call it a smoke column. It was a dark, gray streak across the sky that was going straight vertical,” he said. Ahlvin pulled out his phone, zoomed in, and snapped a few photos of what he saw. His first thought was that it was a plane, but what surprised him was the direction the streak or plane seemed to be headed. “It looked like it was going straight down,” he said. Law enforcement and a meteorologist with the National Weather Service say that what Ahlvin saw was likely a condensation trail from an airplane that was illuminated by the rising sun. Ahlvin reached out to Alaska State Troopers to share the images of what he saw just in case it was an aircraft in distress, and his wife, Elisabeth, posted the photos to a local Facebook page asking if anyone knew what it was. Others posted similar photos and speculated whether they were looking at a rocket launch, a meteor, a plane crash, a volcano or perhaps a military operation.
Ancient Alien Face Found In Mars Crater, Google Map, UFO Sighting News
Ancient Alien Face Found In Mars Crater, Google Map, UFO Sighting News
Location of discovery: Mars
Coordinates: 44°22'16.95"S 100° 3'31.39"W
I was checking out Google Mars...a free program to download and use, when I found this face. I have never reported on it before and it looks really big. Its hidden inside a crater and has a lot of similarities to the ancient China statues from thousands of years ago. If you know the name of the crater this is in, please tell us in comments. Google Mars ruler which is not extremely reliable, says that the diameter of the crater is 18.9km or 11.7 miles. The face itself is 8.9 miles (13km) by 5.9 miles (9.5 miles). That is one monumental undertaking to make, even making Mount Rushmore look like child's play. This face is highly detailed. No doubt is the face of a very notable historical figure in this species culture.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
Alien Craft Seen Entering Side Vent Of Volcano In Mexico, April 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Alien Craft Seen Entering Side Vent Of Volcano In Mexico, April 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 1, 2022
Location of sighting:Volcano Popocateptl, Mexico
Omg! This UFO is trying to disguise itself as a meteor as it enters the side vent of the volcano. Yes, there is a well known side vent in the location that it hit. This UFO really lights up as it enters the side vent, making it appear as if it exploded, but it's actually traveling down the side vent into the underground alien base 6km below the base of the volcano. Look at the incredible speed it has as it enters the volcano. It's just extraordinary that it could move so fast in such a close proximity to hitting the tunnel walls it was traveling through. Only alien technology could make a craft travel so fast, so accurately and with such precision.
Dark Disk Over Tokyo, Japan, Creates Ring Of Light, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Dark Disk Over Tokyo, Japan, Creates Ring Of Light, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 1, 2022
Location of sighting: Tokyo, Japan
A UFO video emerged this week of an unknown object over Tokyo, Japan. The object pulses creating a ring of light around it, almost like lighting and then the UFO disappears.
Such UFOs have been frequently seen around Japan, but most often near Mt Fuji and near the Fukushima nuclear reactor. So aliens do have an extreme interest in Japan.
Awesome Structures Discovered Near Our SUN! April 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Awesome Structures Discovered Near Our SUN! April 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 8, 2022 12:48:41Location of sighting: Earths Sun
Source:Helioviewer.org
This is a great find by Youtuber In2ThinAir. He used NASA/SOHO sun viewer to find some strange anomalies that do have many similarities to what we believe alien ships would look like. One is a spiral-like space station, the other a giant cube. Both of them have high quality detail and have had only light added to make them more visible.
I first started to search for UFOs near the sun about 17 years ago, when I first read about two Russian researchers who stated in a news article that they found many moon size UFOs shooting around our sun at the speed of light, changing directions suddenly, making hard right turns that should be impossible for any natural object in space. The article soon disappeared a few weeks after it was published and as did the two scientists, but...I have been keeping a close eye on objects near our sun. Helioviewer.org it one of the best tools to do so. This is 100% proof that those Russian scientists were right, that moon size UFOs do exist around our sun.
While in restricted airspace, pilots spot an unidentified object performing unusual maneuvers unlike any other military aircraft, in this clip from Season 18, “Alien Air Force.”
This cannibal star system could be a gravitational wave detecting machine.
An artist's rendering of a pulsar surrounded by a glowing disk of matter. In 'black widow' pulsars, that matter comes from a smaller companion star that's slowly being irradiated out of existence.
(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
Every 4 milliseconds, a dead star blasts a powerful beam of radiation toward our planet. Don't worry — Earth will be fine. It's the dead star's tiny companion that's in trouble.
In a new study published March 11 on the pre-print database arXiv(opens in new tab), researchers describe this ill-fated binary star system — a rare class of celestial object known as a black widow pulsar(opens in new tab). Just like the cannibal spider from which this type of system takes its name, the larger member of the pair seems intent on devouring and destroying its smaller companion. (In spiders, females are often larger than males.)
However, there will be no quick decapitation for this black widow; the larger star appears to be killing its partner much more slowly. Over hundreds or thousands of years, the larger star has sucked in matter from the smaller star's vicinity, while simultaneously blasting the small star with strobing beams of energy, which push even more matter away into space.
Someday, it's possible that the larger star could devour the smaller one completely, lead study author Emma van der Wateren, a doctoral student at the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), told Live Science. But, before then, scientists hope to put this strange system to work. By monitoring the larger star's remarkably steady pulses for sudden irregularities, the study authors hope this pulsar could help them detect rare ripples in the fabric of space-time(opens in new tab) known as gravitational waves.
"To detect gravitational waves, you need many, many very stable pulsars," van der Wateren said. "And unlike earlier black widow pulsars that have been discovered, this system is very stable."
Cannibal corpses
Scientists discovered star system J0610−2100 about 10,000 light-years from Earth in 2003, when they noticed its periodic pulsing with a radio telescope. Researchers pegged the system for a pulsar — a type of small, dense, collapsed star that rotates extremely quickly.
These dead stars are highly magnetized, blasting beams of electromagnetic radiation out of their poles as they spin. When one of those beams points toward Earth, the effect is like a lighthouse, with the light blinking on and off as the beam strobes past us. If the light blinks once every 10 milliseconds or less (like J0610−2100, which blinks every 3.8 milliseconds), then the star fits into an even rarer category, called a millisecond pulsar.
Many millisecond pulsars share their orbits with sun-like companion stars, which the pulsars slowly devour. As the pulsars gobble up the spinning disks of matter spewed by the companion star, they glow in X-ray radiation that can be spotted across the galaxy.
An illustration of a pulsar gobbling up matter from its companion star. In black widow pulsars, the companion star has been stripped down to one tenth the mass of Earth's sun, or less. (Image credit: NASA Goddard)
And sometimes, a pulsar may take more than its fair share of matter from its companion. If a pulsar's companion star has a mass smaller than one-tenth the mass of Earth's sun, then that star system is called a black widow pulsar.
J0610−2100 was the third black widow pulsar ever detected — and seems to be one of the hungriest. The pulsar's companion star measures just 0.02 solar masses, and completes an orbit around the pulsar every seven hours or so, the study found.
For their new paper, van der Wateren and her colleagues analyzed 16 years' worth of radio telescope data from this cannibal star system. While the system is unmistakably a black widow pulsar, the team was surprised to find that it was missing a few signature quirks.
For example, the star system never showed what's known as a radio eclipse — a nearly universal phenomenon in other black widow pulsars.
"Typically, for a portion of the binary orbit, the radio emissions from the pulsar completely disappear," van der Wateren said. "This occurs when the companion star moves close to the front of the pulsar, and all this irradiated material coming off of the companion eclipses the pulse emission from the pulsar."
Over 16 years, the star system also never showed any timing irregularities — sudden, tiny differences in the timing of a pulsar's pulse compared to astronomers' predictions.
Waves that move the universe
The absence of these two common phenomena is hard to explain, van der Wateren said. It could be that the line of sight on this pulsar is skewed so that radio eclipses just aren't apparent to Earth-based telescopes, or perhaps the pulsar's companion star isn't being irradiated quite as strongly as other known pulsars that show these features. But whatever the case, this black widow system is incredibly stable and predictable — which makes it a perfect candidate for detecting gravitational waves, the researchers said.
These waves (first predicted by Albert Einstein) occur when the universe's most massive objects interact — like when black holes or neutron stars collide. The waves ripple through time and space at light-speed, warping the fabric of the universe as they pass.
Researchers have used a rapidly-spinning double pulsar system to take measurements for 16 years, ultimately proving Einstein right on the way to proving him wrong.
CREDIT:MICHAEL KRAMER/MPIFR
One way that astronomers hope to detect gravitational waves is by monitoring dozens of millisecond pulsars at once using systems called pulsar timing arrays. If every pulsar in the array suddenly experienced a timing irregularity around the same time, that could be evidence that something massive, like a gravitational wave, disrupted their pulses on the way to Earth.
"We have not detected gravitational waves in this way yet," van der Wateren said. "But I think we are coming close.
That's what makes the discovery of highly predictable black widow pulsars like this one so important, van der Wateren added.
Typically too temperamental because of their radio eclipses and timing irregularities, black widow pulsars are rarely good candidates for gravitational wave detection. But J0610−2100 might be an exception — and its mere existence suggests that there could be other suitable exceptions out there too. Like its arachnid namesake, this black widow's cannibal bite may serve a greater purpose in the end.
Scientists Just Found a ‘Significant’ Volume of Water Inside Mars’ Grand Canyon
Scientists Just Found a ‘Significant’ Volume of Water Inside Mars’ Grand Canyon
A depiction of canyons (left), and Mars itself (right).
On December 15, 2021 ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (ESA) published scientific material to declare detection of significant amounts of water at the heart of Mars’ dramatic canyon system, Valles Marineris (Grand Canyon). The newly discovered volume of water is hiding under the surface of Mars, and was detected by the Trace Gas Orbiter, a mission in its first stage under the guidance of the ESA-Roscosmos project dubbed ExoMars. Gas Orbiter revealed an area with an unusually large amount of hydrogen in the colossal Valles Marineris canyon system: assuming the hydrogen we see is bound into water molecules, as much as 40% of the near-surface material in this region appears to be water. Igor Mitrofanov, the Russian Academy of Science’s lead investigator of the Space Research Institute, presented this discovery in the ESA press release.
Mars’ canyon water could be liquid, ice, or a messy mix
“The reservoir is large, not too deep below ground, & could be easily exploitable for future explorers,” read a tweeton the announcement from ExoMars. That sounds basically great! But it’s too soon for Musk to pack up his bags and fly to the site, since much work is left to be done.
A study accompanying the announcement, published in the journal Icarus, shows that neutron detection doesn’t distinguish between ice and water molecules. This means geochemists need to enter the scientific fray to reveal more details. But several features of the canyon, including its topology, have led the researchers to speculate that the water is probably in solid form (ice). But it could also be a mixture of solid and liquid.
( Source : https://interestingengineering.com/ )
Hidden Water in Mars’ Grand Canyon discovered by ExoMars Gas Orbiter
In Italy, a team of scientists is using a highly sophisticated detector to hunt for dark matter.
The team observed an ultra-rare particle interaction that reveals the half-life of a xenon-124 atom to be 18 sextillion years.
The half-life of a process is how long it takes for half of the radioactive nuclei present in a sample to decay.
Scientists have observed an extremely rare particle physics event using a detector that’s hunting for dark matter, the mysterious material that physicists have yet to observe.
In a paper published in the journal Nature, researchers with the XENON Collaboration said they’d observed the radioactive decay of a substance called xenon-124, an isotope of the element xenon — a colorless and odorless noble gas found in tiny amounts in the atmosphere. The event — a “two-neutrino double electron capture” — has eluded scientists for decades.
It happens when “two protons in a nucleus are simultaneously converted into neutrons by the absorption of two electrons from one of the atomic shells and the emission of two electron neutrinos.” After this occurs, the event shoots out a predictable cascade of X-rays and Auger electrons that scientists look for using an ultra-sensitive detector, buried about 5,000 feet beneath Italy’s Gran Sasso mountain where it’s shielded from cosmic rays.
“We have shown that we can observe the rarest events ever recorded,” Ethan Brown, a professor of physics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and co-author of the study, told Newsweek. “The key finding is that an isotope formerly thought to be completely stable has now been shown to decay on an unimaginably long timescale.”
How long is that timescale? The team estimated that xenon-124’s half-life is about 18 sextillion years — or 18,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years — which is than one trillion times the age of our universe, according to the team. It’s the slowest process ever measured directly, the team wrote in a statement.
“It’s an amazing to have witnessed this process, and it says that our detector can measure the rarest thing ever recorded,” Brown told The Independent.
We are extremely excited to share with you that we have observed the rarest decay process ever measured! It is the two neutrino double electron capture in Xe-124. The results have been published in @nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1124-4 … #NotOnlyDM #TenTrillionBillionYears #XENON
“We designed the XENON1T experiment to look for dark matter, a new kind of matter that makes up 85 percent of the mass of the universe, but interacts so rarely that it’s never been observed,” Brown said. “This experiment is so sensitive to very rare events that we can make all kinds of other rare physics measurements. One of those is this decay of xenon-124. Although our primary goal was always the discovery of dark matter, we knew there was a good chance we could see this rare decay, so we set out to do so.”
To get that good chance, the team had to expose their detector to a huge amount of xenon atoms by stocking it with 3.2 tons worth of liquid xenon.
“XENON1T is a giant vat of liquid xenon surrounded by light sensors,” Brown said. “When dark matter collides in the xenon, or when a radioactive decay occurs inside, we get a tiny flash of light and a little bunch of charge out of the xenon. We measure these with the light sensors and reconstruct everything we can about the original event that caused the light and charge.”
Although the team didn’t observe dark matter — which is the primary purpose of the detector — the recent observations could help scientists learn more about neutrinos, one of the least understood fundamental particles in the universe.
“It proves that this XENON detector technology we use for dark matter is much more versatile,” graduate student Christian Wittweg, Ph.D student at the University of Münster in Germany, told Gizmodo. “We get all these cool analyses… for free after having built an experiment sensitive enough to hunt for dark matter.”
The team plans to use its newer XENONnT detector to continue hunting for dark matter, the elusive material that’s estimated to comprise about 26.8 percent of all the content in the universe.
Jupiter’s Origin Story: Intriguing New Details on the Gas Giant’s Formation Journey
Jupiter’s Origin Story:Intriguing New Details on the Gas Giant’s Formation Journey
Artist impression based on JunoCam image of Jupiter acquired on July 21, 2021. Enhanced to highlight features, clouds, colors, and the beauty of Jupiter. Credit: NASA/SwRI/MSSS/TanyaOleksuik
Researchers of the University of Zurich (UZH) and the National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS have investigated Jupiter’s formation history in great detail. Their results suggest that the giant planet migrated far from its origin and collected large amounts of material on its journey.
One of the most important open questions in planetary formation theory is the story of Jupiter’s origin. Using sophisticated computer modeling, researchers of the University of Zurich (UZH) and the National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS now shed new light on Jupiter’s formation history. Their results were published in journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Zurich and member of the NCCR PlanetS, Ravit Helled.
Credit: Jos Schmid
A curious enrichment of heavy elements
When the Galileo spacecraft released a probe that parachuted into Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1995, it showed among other things that heavy elements (elements heavier than helium) are enriched there. At the same time, recent structure models of Jupiter that are based on gravity field measurements by the Juno spacecraft suggest that Jupiter’s interior is not uniform but has a complex structure.
Since we now know that the interior of Jupiter is not fully mixed, we would expect heavy elements to be in a giant gas planet’s deep interior as heavy elements are mostly accreted during the early stages of the planetary formation,” study co-author, Professor at the University of Zurich and member of the NCCR PlanetS, Ravit Helled begins to explain. “Only in later stages, when the growing planet is sufficiently massive, can it effectively attract large amounts of light element gases like hydrogen and helium. Finding a formation scenario of Jupiter which is consistent with the predicted interior structure as well as with the measured atmospheric enrichment is therefore challenging yet critical for our understanding of giant planets,” Helled says. Of the many theories that have so far been proposed, none could provide a satisfying answer.
Sho Shibata is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Zurich and a member of the NCCR PlanetS.
Credit: Nana Shibata
A long migration
“Our idea was that Jupiter had collected these heavy elements in the late stages of its formation by migrating. In doing so, it would have moved through regions filled with so-called planetesimals – small planetary building blocks that are composed of heavy element materials – and accumulated them in its atmosphere,” study lead-author Sho Shibata, who is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Zurich and a member of the NCCR PlanetS, explains.
Yet, migration by itself is no guarantee for accreting the necessary material. “Because of complex dynamical interactions, the migrating planet does not necessarily accrete the planetesimals in its path. In many cases, the planet actually scatters them instead – not unlike a shepherding dog scattering sheep,” Shibata points out. The team therefore had to run countless simulations to determine if any migration pathways resulted in sufficient material accretion.
“What we found was that a sufficient number of planetesimals could be captured if Jupiter formed in the outer regions of the solar system – about four times further away from the Sun than where it is located now – and then migrated to its current position. In this scenario, it moved through a region where the conditions favored material accretion – an accretion sweet spot, as we call it,” Sho reports.
A new era in planetary science
Combining the constraints introduced by the Galileo probe and Juno data, the researchers have finally come up with a satisfying explanation. “This shows how complex giant gas planets are and how difficult it is to realistically reproduce their characteristics,” Ravit Helled points out.
“It took us a long time in planetary science to get to a stage where we can finally explore these details with updated theoretical models and numerical simulations. This helps us close gaps in our understanding not only of Jupiter and our solar system, but also of the many observed giant planets orbiting far away stars,” Helled concludes.
Reference: “Enrichment of Jupiter’s Atmosphere by Late Planetesimal Bombardment” by Sho Shibata and Ravit Helled, 24 February 2022, The Astrophysical Journal Letters. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac54b1
Astronomers have detected a 'galactic space laser' shooting light beams at Earth from 5 billion light years away.
The powerful radio-wave 'laser', called a 'megamaser', was detected by the MeerKAT telescope in the Northern Cape ofSouth Africa.
According to the astronomers, the record-breaking find is the most distant megamaser of its kind ever detected, at about five billion light years from Earth.
Light from the megamaser has therefore travelled 58 thousand billion billion (58 followed by 21 zeros) kilometres to Earth.
A megamaser is a extremely luminous 'maser', which is actually technically quite different from a laser.
A photon from a laser comes in the form of visible light, while a photon from a maser comes in the form of a microwave (hence the 'M' instead of an 'L').
A three-colour optical image of the host galaxy of the hydroxyl megamaser, taken from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) on the Subaru Telescope located at the Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii
The powerful radio-wave laser, called a 'megamaser', was detected by the MeerKAT telescope in South Africa (pictured)
WHAT IS A MEGAMASER?
A megamaser is a type of astrophysical maser. A maser is like a laser, except that the photon from a laser comes in the form of visible light, while a photon from a maser comes in the form of a microwave.
A megamaser involves some components within the galaxy (like gas) that are in the right physical condition to cause the amplification of the microwaves.
Megamasers are usually created when two galaxies violently collide in the universe.
Source: NASA
The record-breaking megamaser has been given the name 'Nkalakatha' [pronounced ng-kuh-la-kuh-tah] – an isiZulu word meaning 'big boss'.
The discovery was made by an international team of astronomers led by Dr Marcin Glowacki at the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) in Western Australia.
Dr Glowacki said the hydroxyl megamaser – containing one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen – was detected on the first night of a survey involving more than 3,000 hours of observations by the MeerKAT telescope.
'This is the first hydroxyl megamaser of its kind to be observed by MeerKAT and the most distant seen by any telescope to date,' he said.
'It's impressive that, with just a single night of observations, we've already found a record-breaking megamaser. It shows just how good the telescope is.'
Megamasers are usually created when two galaxies violently collide in the universe, Dr Glowacki explained.
Inside a galaxy merger are hydroxyl molecules, composed of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
When one molecule absorbs a photon at 18cm wavelength, it emits two photons of the same wavelength.
Megamasers are usually created when two galaxies violently collide in the universe. Inside a galaxy merger are hydroxyl molecules, composed of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. When one molecule absorbs a photon at 18cm wavelength, it emits two photons of the same wavelength. When molecular gas is very dense, typically when two galaxies merge, this emission gets very bright and can be detected by radio telescopes such as the MeerKAT
When molecular gas is very dense, typically when two galaxies merge, this emission gets very bright and can be detected by radio telescopes such as the MeerKAT.
'When galaxies collide, the gas they contain becomes extremely dense and can trigger concentrated beams of light to shoot out,' Dr Glowacki said.
The team is using MeerKAT to observe narrow regions of the sky extremely deeply and will measure atomic hydrogen in galaxies from the distant past to now.
The combination of studying hydroxl masers and hydrogen will help astronomers better understand how the universe has evolved over time.
'We have follow-up observations of the megamaser planned and hope to make many more discoveries,' Dr Glowacki said.
MeerKAT is a precursor instrument for the Square Kilometre Array – a global initiative to build the world's largest radio telescopes in Western Australia and South Africa.
According to Professor Tara Murphy at the University of Sydney's Institute for Astronomy, SKA will be able to make sensitive maps of the sky every day.
'Within the next decade, the transcontinental Square Kilometre Array radio telescope will come online,' Professor Murphy said.
'We expect the power of this telescope will help us solve mysteries... but it will also open vast new swathes of the cosmos to exploration in the radio spectrum.'
SKA WILL BE THE WORLD'S LARGEST RADIO TELESCOPE
The Square Kilometre Array (SKA), a joint project between Australia and South Africa, will be the world’s largest radio telescope.
More sensitive than any current radio telescope, it will enable scientists to study the universe in more detail than ever before.
The telescope will be located in South Africa and Australia, with the international headquarters located at Jodrell Bank, in the UK.
Nearly 200 mid-frequency dishes (including the existing MeerKAT facility which was officially launched in July 2018) will be located in the Karoo region of South Africa.
Artist's impression of the 3-mile (5km) diameter central core of Square Kilometre Array (SKA) antennas
Around 130,000 low-frequency antennas will be located in Western Australia.
Both sites are far from sources of radio frequency interference which will allow for very sensitive measurements to be undertaken.
The SKA will be made up of 2 instruments, SKA-mid (the dishes) and SKA-low (the antennas).
The signals from the dishes will be transported via optical fibre to a central computer where they will be combined using a technique called interferometry.
Similarly the signal from all of the antennas will also be combined and converted to scientific data that astronomers will use to study the universe.
ASTRONOMERS DETECT GALACTIC LASER COMING FROM DEEP SPACE
ASTRONOMERS DETECT GALACTIC LASER COMING FROM DEEP SPACE
HEY, WHERE'S THAT COMING FROM?!
NASA/FUTURISM
Megamaser
A team of astronomers have discovered a laser — technically a “megamaser” — coming from a whopping five billion light years from Earth, making it the most distant of its kind ever detected, CBS News reports.
That’s 58 thousand billion billion kilometers, if you’re keeping count. In other words, the time it took for the light to arrive here could be greater than the age of the solar system.
No, it’s almost certainly not some ancient alien civilization pointing a gigantic laser pointer at the Earth from across the cosmos. The alternative is pretty epic too, though, because the megamaser is likely the result of two galaxies violently colliding, astronomers suggest.
Big Collision
The discovery could test what we already know about the evolution of galaxies and what happens when they merge with others.
“When galaxies collide, the gas they contain becomes extremely dense and can trigger concentrated beams of light to shoot out,” Marcin Glowacki, lead author of a new study to be published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, in a statement.
Galactic collisions are some of the most violent events we know of in the Universe, releasing unimaginable amounts of energy in the process.
“The OH megamasers act like bright lights that say: here is a collision of galaxies that is making new stars and feeding massive black holes,” said co-author Jeremy Darling from the University of Colorado in a separate blurb.
Mere Lasers
The finding is an important proof of concept for the South African observatory called MeerKAT, which scientists used to make the discovery.
“This is the first hydroxyl megamaser of its kind to be observed by MeerKAT and the most distant seen by any telescope to date,” Glowacki said. “It’s impressive that, with just a single night of observations, we’ve already found a record-breaking megamaser. It shows just how good the telescope is.”
Scientists are already excited by the prospect of future discoveries just like it.
“MeerKAT will probably double the known number of these rare phenomena,” Darling said. “Galaxies were thought to merge more often in the past, and the newly discovered OH megamasers will allow us to test this hypothesis.”
SPACEX SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES FIRST ALL-PRIVATE MISSION TO THE SPACE STATION
SPACEX SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES FIRST ALL-PRIVATE MISSION TO THE SPACE STATION
IT'S A HISTORIC MOMENT.
AXIOM SPACE
All-Private Launch
It’s a historic moment in the history of spaceflight.
SpaceX has successfully launched the first all-private crew of space tourists to the International Space Station, as part of Axiom Space’s Ax-1 mission.
“Godspeed, Axiom-1,” SpaceX commentators could be heard saying.
Picture Perfect
The launch went by without a hitch, which is to be expected at this point — it’s the sixth successful crewed launch of the spacecraft and the fifth to fly to the space station.
Stage separation was confirmed just under three minutes into flight, “a picture perfect liftoff,” as SpaceX’s commentator called it.
SpaceX’s drone ship managed to safely catch the rocket’s first stage minutes after delivering the payload into the upper atmosphere.
Future of Space Tourism
The trip was organized by SpaceX and Axiom Space, a private space company, which is also hoping to launch its own space station in the upcoming years.
The crew will spend ten days in orbit, and eight on board the orbital outpost.
It’s a watershed moment for the still nascent space tourism industry, a hint of many more launches like it in the future.
Letter from the Defense Intelligence Agency confirming it is releasing 1,574 pages of files
Credit: DIA
Video taken by Navy pilots showing interactions with “unidentified aerial phenomena”.
Credit: AFP
Video of the infamous 'Tic Tac' encounter near the USS Nimitz in 2004
We filed an a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) just days after the existence of the shadowy programme had been made public.
Finally after more than four years, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) released more than 1,500 documents.
It includes government commissioned scientific reports and letters to the Pentagon regarding the UFO programme.
The haul includes reports into research on the biological effects of UFO sightings on humans, sets out categorisations for paranormal experiences, and studies into sci-fi-style tech.
The DIA, the Department of Defense's spy arm, said "some portions" of the documents "must be withheld in part" due to privacy and confidentiality concerns.
But the agency added the "DIA has not withheld any reasonably segregable non-exempt portions of the records".
The bombshell Freedom of Information haul includes reports on the DIA's research into the biological effects of UFO sightings on humans.
And this includes burns, heart problems, sleep disturbances - and even bizarre occurrences such as "apparent abduction" and "unaccounted for pregnancy".
The report noted that often these injuries are related to electromagnetic radiation - and links them to "energy related propulsion systems".
And the report - prepared for the DIA - warns that such objects may be a "threat to United States interests".
Humans have been found to have been injured from "exposures to anomalous vehicles, especially airborne and when in close proximity", it reads.
The report added said it had 42 cases from medical files and 300 similar "unpublished" cases where humans had been injured after "anomalous" encounters.
AATIP was a secretive Pentagon programme that ran between 2007 and 2012 to study UFOs.
It was outed by former intelligence official turned whistleblower Luis Elizondo, who headed up the programme, back in 2017.
Bombshell videos of unexplained UFO sightings by US military personnel - investigated by AATIP - were also first published at the time.
The revelations on the programme marked a step change in the way the US talks about UFOs - now more commonly known as Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs).
And the phenomena has stepped from the fringe into a serious national security concern discussed by lawmakers, defence officials and even former presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton.
One fascinating document included in an Acquisition Threat Support report, sets out how to categorise "anomalous behaviour" - with encounters with "ghosts, yetis, spirits, elves and other mythical/ legendary entities" classed as "AN3".
Seeing a UFO with aliens on board would be "CE3".
Poltergeists, crop circles, spontaneous human combustion, alien abductions and other paranormal events are also categorised.
Studies into advanced technologies such as invisibility cloaks and mind controlled robots are also included in the document cahce.
Other documents obtained include studies into communicating with alien civilisations and plans for deep space exploration and colonization.
Luis Elizondo headed up AATIP for the Pentagon
Credit: Alamy
US Senator Harry Reid was key to setting up AATIP
Credit: AP
Letter from Senator Harry Reid stating that the findings of the programme demand "extraordinary protection"
Credit: DIA
The slew of newly released documents contains letters from Senator Harry Reid - who asks for the project to be classed as top secret - and documents about contractors.
It shows how a contract was awarded to Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies (BLASS) for $12 million - notably the only contractor to bid for the work - to study "advanced aerospace weapon threats from the present out to 40 years in the future".
In one 2009 letter Senator Reid describes how the programme has already identified "several highly sensitive, unconventional aerospace technologies" which required "extraordinary protection".
His request for "restricted special access program" for the BLASS work was rejected by DIA officials.
Last year, the Pentagon released its long awaited report into what it knows about a series of mysterious flying objects that have been observed in military airspaces over the last two decades.
The report, released on the website of the Office of the Director for National Intelligence, examined 144 reports of encounters with what the government deemed "unidentified aerial phenomenon."
It comes as the Pentagon is opening a new office to investigate UFOs, their origins and attempts to "capture or exploit" one of the mysterious craft after an amendment to a defence bill tabled in the US Senate.
It will probe whether or not the strange craft that have been reportedly buzzing the US military are unknown technology from Russia and China or potentially something more alien.
The Pentagon UFO programme AATIP ran from 2007 to 2012Credit: Reuters
The files were released by the Defense Intelligence Agency - the spy arm of the Department of Defense
Pentagon geeft ‘X-files’ over ufo's vrij: sprake van “stralingsbrandwonden” bij waarnemers en zelfs van een “onverklaarde zwangerschap”
De Amerikaanse overheid heeft 1.574 pagina’s ufo-onderzoek vrijgegeven op vraag van de Britse tabloid ‘The Sun’. Die spreekt van “X-files in het echte leven”. Blijkt dat ontmoetingen van burgers met ufo’s zouden hebben geleid tot stralingsbrandwonden, schade aan de hersenen en aan het zenuwstelsel, en zelfs een “onverklaarbare zwangerschap”. Ook wetenschapssite ‘Live Science’ bericht over de vrijgegeven documenten.
De documenten werden vrijgegeven in het kader van een Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Het gaat om meer dan 1.500 pagina’s aan verslagen over ufo’s, materiaal afkomstig van het Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), een geheimzinnig programma van het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie dat liep van 2007 tot 2012. Het project werd nooit specifiek geklasseerd als ‘top secret’, maar kwam toch pas in 2017 in de openbaarheid. De voormalige directeur van AATIP, Luis Elizondo, stapte toen op bij het Pentagon en gaf beelden vrij van een ongeïdentificeerd vliegtuig, dat op schijnbaar onmogelijke wijze bewoog.
De Britse tabloid ‘The Sun’ sprong op de zaak en diende al eind 2017 in het kader van een FOIA een verzoek in om alle documenten van AATIP te kunnen inkijken. Gisteren, ruim vier jaar later, honoreerde de Amerikaanse inlichtingendienst van Defensie (DIA) het verzoek en gaf meer dan 1.574 pagina’s materiaal vrij aan ‘The Sun’. De tabloid schrijft dat de documenten verslagen bevatten over de biologische effecten van ufowaarnemingen op mensen, studies over geavanceerde technologieën zoals onzichtbaarheidsmantels, en plannen voor verkenning en kolonisatie in de ruimte. De AATIP zei aan ‘The Sun’ dat het sommige vertrouwelijke informatie “gedeeltelijk achterhield” om redenen van privacy.
Een van de meest in het oog springende passages dateert van maart 2010 en gaat over de vermeende verwondingen die menselijke waarnemers zouden hebben opgelopen en die een “bedreiging voor de belangen van de Verenigde Staten zouden kunnen zijn”, zo klinkt het. 42 medische gevallen zijn beschreven, naast 300 gelijkaardige “ongepubliceerde” gevallen van verwondingen na vermeende ontmoetingen met “abnormale voertuigen”, waaronder ufo’s. Sommige waarnemers vertoonden brandwonden of andere symptomen door elektromagnetische straling, die gelinkt wordt aan “energie-gerelateerde voortstuwingssystemen”. Er is ook sprake van schade aan de hersenen en aan het zenuwstelsel, van hartkloppingen, van slaapstoornissen en van hoofdpijn.
Het is niet duidelijk wat voor soort screening de AATIP gebruikte om de vermeende gevallen te onderzoeken, als er al een werd gehanteerd, schrijft ‘Live Science’. ‘The Sun’ heeft de volledige inhoud van de opgevraagde rapporten nog niet bekendgemaakt.
En dan is er nog de oplijsting van vermeende biologische effecten op menselijke ufowaarnemers, weergegeven in een rapport van de civiele non-profitorganisatie Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) over waarnemingen tussen 1873 en 1994. Het gaat dan onder meer over “onverklaarbare zwangerschappen”, “schijnbare ontvoering”, verlamming, en ervaringen van telepathie, teleportatie en levitatie. MUFON wordt vaak bestempeld als controversieel omdat de vrijwilligers “onwetenschappelijk” te werk zouden gaan en zouden focussen op “pseudowetenschap”.
In de conclusie van het verslag staat wel dat er voldoende bewijs is “om een hypothese te ondersteunen dat sommige geavanceerde systemen al in gebruik zijn en ondoorzichtig zijn voor de VS om ze volledig te begrijpen”.
Herbekijk ook:
UFO-onderzoekers kijken reikhalzend uit naar Area 51-rapport
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Bizarre CIA Files Released on Lost Ancient Human Civilizations - 'The Adam & Eve Story'
Bizarre CIA Files Released on Lost Ancient Human Civilizations - 'The Adam & Eve Story'
Bizarre CIA Files Released on Lost Ancient Human Civilizations – ‘The Adam & Eve Story’
A recently declassified document discusses the topic of lost ancient human civilizations, and cataclysms that occurred on earth thousands of years ago – causing them to vanish from the earth and without explanation. Thus answering the question of why there is so much mystery and unanswered questions involving our true ancient past.
The creator of this document also states that the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt, Easter Island, Tiahuanaco, and Baalbek are ancient Enigmas. The lost city of Atlantis is also mentioned in the declassified files.
Most Compelling Stories of UFO Encounters of the 4th Kind… ABDUCTED by ALIENS Full Documentary via Coast to Coast AM
Most Compelling Stories of UFO Encounters of the 4th Kind… ABDUCTED by ALIENS Full Documentary via Coast to Coast AM
COAST TO COAT AM 2022 – ABDUCTED by ALIENS Full Documentary, Courtesy of Reality Films Distribution: Are we being taken by beings from outer space or another dimension? Countless individuals have very real memories of being taken secretly against their will by Alien entities. We may never know the full agenda of the beings responsible for alien abductions, however, with each new case we gain more knowledge of the alien agenda, and we become better prepared for the day when we will have full disclosure that we are clearly not alone.
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Most Terrifying Cities Built On The Edge Of Earth
Most Terrifying Cities Built On The Edge Of Earth
There are quite a few exceptional and extraordinarily cities in the world. Some are famous for their massive size and population, others for their scenic natural beauty while some are also renowned for their incredible architecture be it modern or medieval. It’s no secret that these amazing cities attract millions of tourists every year but did you know there are some places that might be so extreme that people would choose to steer clear of them? Turns out there’s some insanely dangerous cities built on the very edge of safety. After you finish watching this video may feel that something was seriously wrong with the people who built these. But fact is that they do exist and today we will introduce you to the most incredible of these cities.
UFO "Orb" Spotted Flying Over Hong Kong. April 7, 2022
This UFO orb was spotted in the Wan Chai of Hong Kong and it is crazy how this object turns of it lights, not once but twice before disappearing. The witness stated the following " I was watching the sky when I finished my work at Wan Chai around 5:30(5:40am - 5:55am I see this moving object time ) I go direct to Admiralty Station. I look at the sky and see the star sometime. I am using star app to see what is this star. But when I see it, it move suddenly. So I take out my phone to film it."
Thanks to Morris Chan for allowing me the use of his footage and to view the original:
UFO OVNI sighting over Dajabon, Dominican republic 2022
UFO OVNI sighting over Dajabon, Dominican republic 2022
Residents in the border municipality of Dajabon in Dominican Republic recently spotted a group of unidentified flying objects in the sky of that province, which created astonishment among the residents.
Falcon Solar-powered aircraft capable of solar flight with zero emission. Credit: Lasky Design
As the need for energy rises with the improving technology and the rising population, companies are coming up with the most efficient solutions that promise to meet the world’s energy demand. We already have seen a few examples, such as solar-powered cars and buildings covered with solar panels.
László Németh, a designer at Lasky Design, has developed a solar-powered aircraft concept capable of solar flight with zero-emission thanks to its large wing area. Named Falcon Solar, the concept design breaks with conventional aircraft design and uses the advantage of flying wings.
It features a low and elongated cockpit and pointed tail. Credit: Lasky Design
Nature has long provided engineers and designers with good ideas. Inspired by the body of the birds of prey, the streamlined concept features two large wings that curve upwards in a very harmonious way, a low and elongated cockpit, and a pointed tail.
The shape is unique in that the fuselage also generates significant lift while providing a surface for the solar panels. It doesn’t seem to have rudders to stabilizers, and its cabin also seems very compact. So, it’s difficult to say how Falcon Solar would function in the real world.
The fuselage provides a large area for solar panels in addition to the massive wings. Credit: Lasky Design
The Falcon Solar is designed as a passenger aircraft with the goal of making air travel more efficient and less expensive. Referring to the difficulties of flying on a cloudy day or at night, which would prevent the solar panels from generating power, Németh stressed that climbing to higher altitudes could help overcome these problems.
Though just an idea, for now, the designer hopes his bold and innovative concept can inspire the aviation industry to develop new and more efficient aircraft.
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Dolmen de Soto: Unique Millennia-Old Underground Structure Remains A Puzzling Enigma
Dolmen de Soto: Unique Millennia-Old Underground Structure Remains A Puzzling Enigma
A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - Among the more than two hundred megalithic structures discovered in southwestern Spain’s province Huelva, there is one particularly impressive and, at the same time, mysterious and puzzling.
A giant millennia-old underground structure known as Dolmen de Soto, buried beneath a mound, 60 meters in diameter, is often referred to as Spain’s underground Stonehenge, and one of the largest circular megalithic arrangements in Spain.
Dolmen de Soto in Spain.
Credit: Diario de Huelva
Its ancient history is fascinating, and thanks to modern techniques, scientists have discovered ancient drawings on the stones, and many of them display figures armed with daggers, staffs, and axes. Interestingly, based on the investigation of Dolmen de Soto, no other single megalithic structure in Europe contains so many well-armed figures.
So the question is: Were these ancient people frightened of someone or something?
Its ancient history is fascinating, and thanks to modern techniques, scientists have discovered ancient drawings on the stones, and many of them display figures armed with daggers, staffs, and axes. Interestingly, based on the investigation of Dolmen de Soto, no other single megalithic structure in Europe contains so many well-armed figures.
So the question is: Were these ancient people frightened of someone or something?
What Was The Purpose Of Dolmen de Soto?
Recent archaeological excavations also revealed and documented the existence of a Neolithic stone circle with a diameter of 65 m that now dates to 5,000-4,000 BC. The circle’s building was made of stones varying in size and shape. An underground passage, measuring 21.5 meters, starts narrow then extends to three meters in width and height as it reaches the back of the monument. Inside, a gallery consists of 63 stone pillars, a frontal slab, and 30 other stones covering it.
Was this great megalith a sanctuary for the cult of death? Or perhaps was it a place of reverence of important gods and other divinities? What was the purpose of Dolmen de Soto?
Was it a graveyard? If so, why were only a few people buried in this big underground complex? How was it constructed? There are many questions, but not all of them have clear answers.
Inside Dolmen De Soto.
Credit: IAPH
Dated between 3000 and 2500 BC, 69 granite pillars line the walls, and the dolmen has an anthropomorphic stele with a human face, belt, and trident, similar to that of the dolmen located on the Channel Island of Guernsey.
Discovered and excavated by Armando de Soto in 1923, the Dolmen was investigated by Hugo Obermaier, who shed light on its architecture, an enormous quantity of engravings, and various stelae used more than once.
Dolmen de Soto is astronomically oriented towards the east and perfectly matches the sunrise at the spring and autumn equinoxes. The first rays of the sun at the equinox appear through the corridor and are projected on a particular chamber located in the eastern end of the Dolmen’s passage. It suggests that the ancient people had a symbolic rite by which the deceased was reborn experiencing sunlight.
The underground structure of the long corridor dolmens family is the most extensive megalithic facility in the Huelva province. It is almost 21m long (ca 69ft), though its width varies from 0,82m at the door up to 3.10m (10ft).
Inside the mound, experts found a metalworking workshop dating back to 3,000 BC, which indicates that the drawings of the weapons are most probably related to the discovery of metallurgy.
Additionally, only eight bodies have been discovered buried in seven different places inside the Dolmen. The bodies appear crouched near the wall and have orthostats (large rock boulders, known as uprights), decorated with a few engravings showing the image of the deceased, his protecting totemic sign, or some of his weapons.
As we see, we know much today about Dolmen de Soto (also known as Soto Dolmen), but still much is missing. Doubtful, the mystery of this significant Neolithic landmark will be ever definitely solved even with modern techniques.
The problem is that the eight bodies buried in seven different places inside the Dolmen are missing!
The bodies and their belongings were taken from Dolmen de Soto and transported to the United Kingdom. Their whereabouts are unknown.
Professor of prehistory Mimi Bueno-Ramírez, at Alcalá de Henares University in Madrid, was right, saying: “if we had access to the ancient bodies found at the site, we could learn more about this fascinating place. It’s a pity these human remains and artifacts were never analyzed.”
A part of Dolmen De Soto’s history was lost.
Paintings Engravings Drawings And Symbols
Dolmen de Soto contains a rich collection of painting with symbolic motifs and engravings created with the help of various engraving techniques like incision, low relief, abrasion, and picking.
Dolmen de Soto, Trigueros.
Image credit: Hostal Ciudad Trigueros - CC BY-SA 4.0
This rock art is our ancestors’ artistic manifestations of cosmology, visions of the world, and sky with stars, sun, and moon. Inside Dolmen de Soto, these observations and concepts are expressed through symbols.
Some symbols tell stories about rituals linked to death and the afterlife because they helped them connect the material world with the spirits. Other characters in the Dolmen are related to beliefs, myths, and legends.
As we do today, our ancestors also pondered the concept of possible life after death, or whether death ends their existence and represents the gateway to an afterlife.
Dolmen de Soto resembles Stonehenge, and to a certain degree, both the same ancient builders have constructed those structures.
Did Stonehenge look like the Dolmen de Soto? Maybe there is no connection between these two prehistoric sites, but certainly, these are questions worth pondering for a curious mind seeking answers.
Written by – A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com Senior Staff Writer
This visualization of the Laniakea supercluster, which represents a collection of more than 100,000 estimated galaxies spanning a volume of over 100 million light-years, shows the distribution of dark matter (shadowy purple) and individual galaxies (bright orange/yellow) together. Despite the relatively recent identification of Laniakea as the supercluster which contains the Milky Way and much more, it’s not a gravitationally bound structure and will not hold together as the Universe continues to expand. (TSAGHKYAN / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS)
Which is good, because if they do, they violate the cosmological principle.
In theory, the Universe should be the same, on average, everywhere.
A simulation of the large-scale structure of the Universe. While, on small scales, various regions are dense and massive enough to correspond to star clusters, galaxies, and galaxy clusters, while others correspond to cosmic voids, on larger scales, every location is largely similar to every other location. (DR. ZARIJA LUKIC)
On the largest scales, it shouldn’t matter which direction you observe.
This image shows a map of the full sky and the X-ray clusters identified to measure the expansion of the Universe in a direction-dependent way, along with four X-ray clusters in detail imaged by NASA’s Chandra X-ray observatory. Although the results suggest the Universe’s expansion may not be isotropic, or the same in all directions, the data is far from clear-cut, and the anisotropic interpretation was heavily criticized. (NASA/CXC/UNIV. OF BONN/K. MIGKAS ET AL.)
Nor should it matter which location you’re examining.
In modern cosmology, a large-scale web of dark matter and normal matter permeates the Universe. On the scales of individual galaxies and smaller, the structures formed by matter are highly non-linear, with densities that depart from the average density by enormous amounts. On very large scales, however, the density of any region of space is very close to the average density: to about 99.99% accuracy. (WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY)
We expect isotropy and homogeneity, with physical consequences if they’re violated.
The early Universe was full of matter and radiation, and was so hot and dense that the quarks and gluons present didn’t form into individual protons and neutrons, but remained in a quark-gluon plasma. This primordial soup consisted of particles, antiparticles, and radiation, and although was in a lower entropy state than our modern Universe, there was still plenty of entropy. (RHIC COLLABORATION, BROOKHAVEN)
Initially, the Big Bang simultaneously occurred everywhere.
The full suite of what’s present today in the Universe owes its origins to the hot Big Bang. More fundamentally, the Universe we have today can only come about because of the properties of spacetime and the laws of physics. Without them, we cannot have existence in any form. (NASA / GSFC)
All locations possessed equivalent temperatures and densities.
As our satellites have improved in their capabilities, they’ve probes smaller scales, more frequency bands, and smaller temperature differences in the cosmic microwave background. The temperature imperfections help teach us what the Universe is made of and how it evolved, painting a picture that requires dark matter to make sense. (NASA/ESA AND THE COBE, WMAP AND PLANCK TEAMS; PLANCK 2018 RESULTS. VI. COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; PLANCK COLLABORATION (2018))
Only tiny, 1-part-in-30,000 imperfections get superimposed atop them.
The large-scale structure of the Universe changes over time, as tiny imperfections grow to form the first stars and galaxies, then merge together to form the large, modern galaxies we see today. Looking to great distances reveals a younger Universe, similar to how our local region was in the past. The temperature fluctuations in the CMB, as well as the clustering properties of galaxies throughout time, provide a unique method of measuring the Universe’s expansion history. (CHRIS BLAKE AND SAM MOORFIELD)
Those imperfections then evolved gravitationally, limited by our physical laws.
This snippet from a structure-formation simulation, with the expansion of the Universe scaled out, represents billions of years of gravitational growth in a dark matter-rich Universe. Note that filaments and rich clusters, which form at the intersection of filaments, arise primarily due to dark matter; normal matter plays only a minor role. (RALF KÄHLER AND TOM ABEL (KIPAC)/OLIVER HAHN)
Tremendous cosmological structures formed: stars, galaxies, and the great cosmic web.
A map of more than one million galaxies in the Universe, where each dot is its own galaxy. On these large scales, it becomes clear that the clustering patterns we see are important on small cosmic scales, but as we look to larger and larger scales, the Universe appears more uniform. (DANIEL EISENSTEIN AND THE SDSS-III COLLABORATION)
We expect a structural size limit: ~1.2 billion light-years.
The 3D reconstruction of 120,000 galaxies and their clustering properties, inferred from their redshift and large-scale structure formation. The left, black-and-white image is the raw data, the green dots show the reconstructed 3D positions of those same galaxies. (JEREMY TINKER AND THE SDSS-III COLLABORATION)
Anything larger wouldn’t have sufficient time to form.
Both simulations (red) and galaxy surveys (blue/purple) display the same large-scale clustering patterns as one another, even when you look at the mathematical details. If dark matter weren’t present, a lot of this structure would not only differ in detail, but would be washed out of existence; galaxies would be rare and filled with almost exclusively light elements. (GERARD LEMSON AND THE VIRGO CONSORTIUM)
The warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) has been seen along incredibly overdense regions, like the Sculptor wall, illustrated above. These walls are enormous, but no larger than 1.4 billion light-years, at least as have been confirmed to exist. Still, it’s conceivable that there are still surprises out there in the Universe. (SPECTRUM: NASA/CXC/UNIV. OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE/T. FANG. ILLUSTRATION: CXC/M. WEISS)
A region of space devoid of matter in our galaxy reveals the Universe beyond, where every point is a distant galaxy. The cluster/void structure can be seen very clearly, demonstrating that our Universe is not of exactly uniform density on all scales. Everywhere we look, however, we still find ‘something’ in the Universe. (ESA/HERSCHEL/SPIRE/HERMES)
This figure shows the relative attractive and repulsive effects of overdense and underdense regions on the Milky Way. Note that, despite the large number of galaxies clumped and clustered nearby, there are also large regions that have extremely few galaxies: cosmic voids. While we have a few substantial ones nearby, there are even larger and lower-density voids found in the distant Universe, but nothing defying our cosmic expectations. (YEHUDA HOFFMAN, DANIEL POMARÈDE, R. BRENT TULLY, AND HÉLÈNE COURTOIS, NATURE ASTRONOMY 1, 0036 (2017))
But two classes of structures threaten this picture.
Some quasar groupings appear to be clustered and/or aligned on larger cosmic scales than are predicted. The largest of them, known as the Huge Large Quasar Group (Huge-LQG), consists of 73 quasars spanning up to 5–6 billion light-years, but may only be what’s known as a pseudo-structure. (ESO/M. KORNMESSER)
Here, two different large quasar groupings are shown: the Clowes-Campusano LQG in red and the Huge-LQG in black. Just two degrees away, another LQG has been found as well. however, whether these are just unrelated quasar locations or a true larger-than-expected set of structures remains unresolved. (R. G. CLOWES/UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE; SDSS)
NASA’s Fermi Satellite has constructed the highest resolution, high-energy map of the Universe ever created. Without space-based observatories such as this one, we could never learn all that we have about the Universe, nor could we even accurately measure the gamma-ray sky. Some gamma-ray bursts appear to be clustered in a way that may indicate larger-than-expected cosmic structures. (NASA/DOE/FERMI LAT COLLABORATION)
If real, these structures defy our present cosmic understanding.
This illustration of the large GRB ring, and the inferred underlying large-scale structure, shows what might be responsible for the pattern we’ve observed. However, this may not be a true structure, but only a pseudo-structure, and we may be fooling ourselves by believing this extends across many billions of light-years of space. (PABLO CARLOS BUDASSI/WIKIMEDIA.ORG)
However, they may be purely phantasmal.
This illustration of the most distant gamma-ray burst ever detected, GRB 090423, is thought to be typical of most fast gamma-ray bursts. However, whether the multiple gamma-ray bursts we’ve seen are good tracers of the underlying large-scale structure or not remains a debated topic. (ESO/A. ROQUETTE)
Combination image of quasar RX J1131 (center) taken via NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescope. Microlensing events associated with this quasar provide evidence for some ~2,000 rogue/orphan planets populating the interstellar space around this quasar’s core, making this the most distant location known that contains planets. While other quasars and structures can be found nearby, we can tell that this object isn’t part of a structure that’s larger than the expected cosmic limits. (NASA/CXC/UNIV OF MICHIGAN/R.C.REIS ET AL)
Only superior data, sufficiently mapping out our Universe, will decide.
The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, shown in blue, is currently the largest, deepest long-exposure campaign undertaken by humanity. For the same amount of observing time, the Nancy Grace Roman Telescope will be able to image the orange area to the exact same depth, revealing over 100 times as many objects as are present in the comparable Hubble image. We should finally be able to test whether these quasar and gamma-ray burst clusterings are real structures, or just pseudo-structures. (NASA, ESA, AND A. KOEKEMOER (STSCI); ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: DIGITIZED SKY SURVEY)
Mostly Mute Monday tells an astronomical story in images, visuals, and no more than 200 words. Talk less; smile more.
STARTUP CLAIMS FUSION POWER “BREAKTHROUGH” USING MASSIVE GUN
STARTUP CLAIMS FUSION POWER “BREAKTHROUGH” USING MASSIVE GUN
"WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A GENUINE ROUTE TO COMMERCIAL FUSION."
FIRST LIGHT
Hot Ones
UK-based startup First Light claims to have achieved a fusion energy “breakthrough” by shooting a projectile at four miles a second into a fuel target to release energy — a new approach to fusion power, which could theoretically generate a practically limitless amount of green electricity.
“We have identified a genuine route to commercial fusion,” First Light Chairman Bart Markus said in a statement. “Fusion must show it is more than an expensive science experiment.”
In other words, the company claims to have demonstrated its approach by fusing atoms using its device — but has yet to achieve the ultimate goal of harvesting more energy from fusion reactors than was needed to start the reaction, something scientists have been wrestling with for decades.
Big Friendly Gun
Most scientists working on the problem have opted to heat plasma to extreme temperatures, around ten times the temperature of the Sun, to bind atoms together in a process that can release copious amounts of energy inside hugely complex, donut-shaped reactors.
Earlier this year, for instance, scientists at the UK-based Joint European Torus (JET) lab smashed its own 25-year-old record, producing 59 megajoules of energy over five seconds, or roughly the equivalent of 30 pounds of TNT.
First Light, however, is trying an entirely different approach, shooting small projectiles at small fuel targets from of a device dubbed the “Big Friendly Gun,” at ten times the speed of your average rifle bullet.
These targets, made up of deuterium isotopes, could be manufactured at just $10 to $20 each, according to First Light.
While we have yet to find out how much energy each target can actually release, the company claims it could in theory be enough to power an average UK home for two years.
“This pursuit of practical and affordable fusion will give us the clean and abundant baseload power that we so desperately need in our effort to address — and hopefully reverse — global warming,” First Light co-founder Yiannis Ventikos said in the statement.
But, as with any reports of scientific breakthroughs, the proof is in the pudding — or in this case, tiny packets of deuterium isotopes.
Alpha Centauri. What Does the Closest Stellar System Conceal?
Alpha Centauri. What Does the Closest Stellar System Conceal?
Distances between objects in space are often so staggering that the human mind is barely able to fully appreciate them. Sometimes even light takes thousands of years on end to travel from one object to another.
However, among myriads of stellar systems scattered across the vast expanses in the universe there is only one that may be truly called closest to us.
There are three stars mutually bound by invisible threads of gravitation that lie comparatively nearby by space standards and naturally attract our closest attention. So what is the Alpha Centauri system like?
While it might be a bit tricky to spot on your own, you'll be able to watch a live stream of the event hosted by the Virtual Telescope Project, weather permitting. That video will go live at 9 p.m. EDT on April 5 (0100 GMT on April 6), and you can tune in via the window above or directly through the Virtual Telescope Project's website.
Scientists estimate that 2022 GN1 is between 24 and 52 feet (7.7 to 16 meters) across, about the size of a large bus. The asteroid will make its closest pass at about 11:02 p.m. EDT (0302 GMT) at a speed of approximately 34,500 mph (55,500 kph), according to Newseek.
Astronomers discovered asteroid 2022 GN1 only on Friday (April 1), using data gathered by the PanSTARRS telescope on Haleakala in Maui, Hawaii, which regularly spots previously unknown near-Earth objects.
Although the vast majority of space rocks — particularly the large ones — don't collide with Earth, our planet is frequently pelted with smaller space objects. On March 30, for instance, a small meteor exploded over Indiana, creating a boom that surprised and mystified residents but did not cause any damage.
Of course, an asteroid impact is never out of the question, which is why NASA operates the Planetary Defense Coordination Office. The agency not only monitors the space around us, but also designs asteroid defense technologies that could protect us from a potential collision. In September, NASA will intentionally crash DART spacecraft into the asteroid Dimorphos to attempt to change its orbit.
If you miss asteroid 2022 GN1's pass tonight, it'll be back for another flyby in August 2056, according to CNEOS. And if you don't want to wait that long to see another close encounter, your next opportunity is right around the corner — asteroid 2022 GQ1 will pass by within a lunar distance on Thursday (April 7) morning.
What If We’re Living in a Computer Simulation? Google Earth, Video, UFO Sighting News.
What If We’re Living in a Computer Simulation? Google Earth, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: April 6, 2022
Location of discovery: California, USA
Google coordinates: 37.2533919,-119.1773313
What if you realized that your reality is nothing more than a complex computer simulation? How would you know? And how could you escape from this matrix? Well, first you have to look for the glitches in the program. If this is all a simulation, then the glitches will reveal information to us little by little. Until we know who designed the simulation we live in.
Hey, look what I found on Google Earth today. Its like a glitch but not. Google software is too expensive and not prone to create flaws, but this...may be something far bigger. What if this is proof that we are living in a computer simulation? The only way to prove we live in a simulation would be...to find the glitches. This may be that proof.
The Kecksburg UFO Incident Was The BIGGEST UFO Incident Since Roswell
The Kecksburg UFO Incident Was The BIGGEST UFO Incident Since Roswell
‘The Kecksburg UFO Incident’ is a prime example of a suspicious crash which occurred over the town of Kecksburg, Pennsylvania in 1965. Initially considered to be the result of meteor deterioration or satellite debris, the event quickly raised debate between locals and has been questioned ever since. A flash. A thunderous bang. Wreckage confiscated by the authorities. Seems simple enough- or does it? How did records from the time of the crash mysteriously disappear? How could the local townsfolk and witness testimonies differ from the official statements? And what has resulted in the years that have followed for the town and its legacy as a potential UFO crash site? Let us take a trip to the great state of Pennsylvania as we investigate ‘The Kecksburg UFO Incident’.
A physicist who won the Nobel Prize has said that "an earlier universe existed before the big bang, and can still be observed today..."
Not so long ago, I finished reading Stephen Hawking’s book–his “final” book, called Brief Answers to the Big Questions. As usual, Hawking’s book was very digestible and completely clear, although it delves into various subjects that many people would find hard to explain.
But I guess that was one of Professor Hawking’s many talents to explain complex scientific subjects to people who had no prior knowledge of them. In the book, Hawking addressed questions: Is there a God? Can we predict the future? Is time travel even possible? And is there alien life in the universe?
However, the late professor also spoke out about How “the universe” began, and he delved into the subject of black holes. After all, most o what we know about black holes comes from his work and his colleague Sir Roger Penrose from the University of Oxford.
One quote from Hawking’s book that I enjoyed is written on page 58 of his book;
What came before the Big Bang?
According to the no-boundary proposal, asking what name before the Big Bang is meaningless–like asking what is south of the South Pole–because there is no notion of time available to refer to. The concept of time only exits in our universe.
Although I couldn’t think of anyone who probably deserved it more than him, Hawking never won the Nobel prize.
Sir Penrose is a mathematician and physicist who has worked with Hawking on Black Holes. The man who just won the Nobel Prize for his work on Black Holes has revealed his belief about the universe in general, stating that our universe was likely not the first to exist, that there were many other universes before this one, and that this won’t be the last universe to exist.
Penrose believes that the Big Bang was not the “real” beginning and that even before it, something else existed.
“There was something before the Big Bang, and that something is what we will have in our future,” the researcher revealed.
The Oxford scientist believes that the universe we currently inhabit will continue expanding in the future up until the point when all of its matter decays. It is at this point, according to Penrose, when a new universe will come to exist in a kind of “cosmic cycle” that repeats over and over again.
NASA chart depicting the evolution of detecting the early universe, from ground-based space telescopes to HST and the future JWST. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons.
Speaking to the Telegraph in an interview that followed his Nobel Prize award, the British scientists examined that we are living in a universe that is continuously expanding and that all mass decays away.
“In this crazy theory of mine, that remote future becomes the Big Bang of another eon,” Sir Penrose revealed to the Telegraph. Sir Penrose explains that since the Big Bang was not the beginning–since there was something before it–that something is what we will see in the distant future.
The idea that other universes existed before the Big Bang comes from what Penrose refers to as Hawking Points.
Hawking Points can be explained as “remnant signals from the Hawking evaporation of supermassive black holes in the eon before ours.”
In other words, Penrose says that Hawking points are signals of the corpses of Black Holes that existed long before the Big Bang in another universe. These have outlived their own universe and are at the end of their lifespans; as such, they are leaking radiation as they fade away into nothingness.
According to Penrose–and he explains this so that everyone can understand it–our universe, our Big Bang started as the distant future of a previous eon. In this previous universe, black holes that exist in our universe also existed in the previous one. The black holes that existed in the previous universe are “evaporating away” via the so-called “Hawking Radiation” and produce what Sir Penrose calls “Hawking Points.”
Had Stephen Hawking lived, he would have probably shared a Nobel Prize with Sir Penrose.
Scientists haven't been this excited since the 1977 Wow Signal. Proxima Centauri is the closest star system to Earth, home to Proxima B, a planet that orbits its Sun in the so-called habitable zone; a region in space where liquid water could exist on the planet's surface.
Humankind has been searching for answers to the big questions in astronomy for centuries. The biggest one is definitely whether we are the only planet with life out there. To try and answer this particular question, scientists make use of many tools to explore the universe.
Although most of the search has turned out empty-handed, we find something that causes huge excitement from time to time. One such discovery was made way back in 1977 when scientists discovered the so-called Wow signal, interpreted by many as an actual “message” from intelligent alien species.
Since then, the Wow signal has been interpreted in more ways than one, and we still don’t know for sure what caused it.
Now, alien-hunting scientists are looking into a revolutionary new signal intercepted from the closest solar system to Earth; Proxima Centauri causing the biggest excitement since the Wow signal.
Let’s remember, the Wow signal was spotted on the night of August 15, 1977, when Ohio State’s Big Ear radio telescope spotted a strange signal coming from the constellation Sagittarius. This radio signal appeared to be io to thirty times stronger than the cosmic background noise, which made it stand out from anything previously found, explains the Planetary Society. The excitement was such that the astronomer who recorded the signal–Jill Tarter–wrote the word “Wow” next to the signal’s numerical code.
Proxima Centauri: A new Wow signal?
According to reports, researchers from the Breakthrough Listen Project, an initiative to search for–and hopefully find–alien life with the aid of radio telescopes, believe to have found one of the most exciting signals in recent decades, comparable in excitement to the 1977 signal.
The project, which has been analyzing and surveying the universe in hopes to spot signs of alien life in 2019, has turned its attention to Proxima Centauri, a star system located 4.2 light-years from Earth.
This particular solar system has–so far–two confirmed exoplanets, where exoplanet Proxima b orbits its host star in the so-called habitable zone, a region in space around the star where water could exist in a liquid state on the surface of the planet, increasing the chances of life having developed there.
The Proxima Centauri signal was found by scientists using the Parkes radio telescope in Australia in April 2020, as revealed by an exclusive report by the Guardian. Unlike many others in the past, this signal has not been attributed to any sources created here on Earth. This means that we can probably rule out it is a kind of miss-signal or false positive.
Nonetheless, saying the signal originated from an alien civilization is a long shot, the researchers revealed. It is likely that there is a natural explanation for its origin, but we cannot rule out that it may have originated from an artificial source.
The importance of the discovery resides in the fact that the team who made the find says it is the most exciting radio signal from outer space ever since the Wow signal from 1977.
As revealed by the Guardian, the narrow beam of the signal in the 980Mhz range comes with shifts in the detection frequency, which are consistent with the movement of the planet around its host star.
This is a telltale sign that could point towards one possible explanation; the existence of a third star orbiting the star, and not technology from an alien civilization, as the researchers have explained.
“We’ve been looking for alien life for so long now and the idea that it could turn out to be on our front doorstep, in the very next star system, is piling improbabilities upon improbabilities,” Lewis Dartnell, an astrobiologist from the University of Westminster explained in an interview with the Guardian.
The exact origin of the signal remains a profound enigma. To find out, follow-up studies will be needed that will help astronomers closely inspect the signal.
The beam, which was spotted in 2019, has since not been repeated, leading experts to speculate it may be similar to the Wow signal.
A paper detailing the discovery is yet to be published, although the astronomers who participated in the discovery are already working on it.
Our Take
We live in exciting times. This new report is fascinating despite the fact that it does not definitely point toward an alien civilization’s existence.
It tells us that the Breakthrough Initiative is on the right path in its hunt for intelligent alien civilizations and the technosignatures that these may have left in the universe.
The signal spotted by Breakthrough Listen can have various explanations, among which the most prominent are; a third planet, unexplained interference, and the lesser-likely scenario, an alien civilization. But we can’t rule that out yet, which makes this find a really exciting one.
Given that the astronomers themselves have tagged the signal as unusual, they believe they are onto something. It is especially noteworthy that Proxima Centauri likely hosts at least one planet that could meet the necessary conditions for life as we know it exists on its surface.
We have been looking for aliens for decades. What are the odds that we find the first actual artificial alien signal at the closest solar system to Earth?
4.000 JAAR OUDE BOOT OPGEGRAVEN BIJ SOEMERISCHE STAD URUK
Een bovenaanzicht van de nog grotendeels begraven boot.
Deutsches Archäologisches
4.000 JAAR OUDE BOOT OPGEGRAVEN BIJ SOEMERISCHE STAD URUK
In het zuiden van Irak, vlak bij de ruïnes van de voormalige Soemerische stad Uruk, hebben archeologen een ca. 4.000 jaar oude boot opgegraven. De boot was al ontdekt tijdens een verkennend onderzoek in 2018 - een deel van het vaartuig was destijds namelijk boven de grond komen te liggen, als gevolg van bodemerosie. Dit jaar besloten archeologen om de boot in zijn geheel uit te graven, om beschadiging te voorkomen.
Uruk wordt door historici gezien als een van de oudste steden ter wereld. De stad ontstond aan het begin van het vierde millennium voor Christus, en is ongeveer 4.500 jaar lang ononderbroken bewoond geweest. Vanaf ongeveer 3.500 v.Chr. diende Uruk bovendien als hoofdstad van de Soemeriërs, een van de oudste beschavingen ter wereld.
Soemer rond het jaar 2350 v.Chr.
Via Wikimedia Commons.
EERDER ONDERZOEK
In 2018 hebben archeologen van het Duitse Archeologische Instituut een systematisch onderzoek verricht in de omgeving van Uruk, waarbij ze alle bekende archeologische vondsten in de regio documenteerden. Resten van de vele inmiddels verdroogde kanaaltjes, landbouwgronden en nederzettingen laten zien dat het gebied destijds relatief dichtbevolkt was. Tijdens dit onderzoek ontdekten de archeologen per toeval een duizenden jaren oude boot, die voor een deel uit de grond stak. In eerste instantie deden de archeologen weinig met hun ontdekking, maar dit jaar kwam daar verandering in. Door verdere bodemerosie en doordat de boot zich in de buurt van een weg met veel autoverkeer begeeft, besloot men om hem alsnog op te graven, om te voorkomen dat hij beschadigd zou raken.
Restanten van Uruk vandaag de dag.
Andy Holmes via Wikimedia Commons.
FRAGIEL VOORWERP
Het was een klus die zorgvuldig uitgevoerd moest worden, omdat de zeven meter lange boot erg fragiel was. Dat is niet zo vreemd, aangezien het vaartuig hier waarschijnlijk al zo’n 4.000 jaar begraven ligt. De boot bestond uit een binnenwerk van organisch materiaal (riet, bladen of hout) dat inmiddels is weggerot, met daaromheen een laag van bitumen. Dit is een vloeibaar mengsel dat waterdicht wordt als het opdroogt. Alleen deze laag bitumen is vandaag de dag nog over. De archeologen vermoeden dat de boot 4.000 jaar geleden in de rivier gezonken is, en daarna in de loop der jaren langzaam in de rivierbodem is weggezakt.
Een archeoloog graaft de boot zorgvuldig uit.
Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
EN NU?
Tijdens de opgraving hebben de archeologen een laag klei en gips op de boot aangebracht, om de fragiele vondst te beschermen en in één stuk uit de bodem te kunnen halen. Hierna is de vondst overgebracht naar het Nationaal Museum van Irak in Bagdad, waar Irakese archeologen hem verder zullen onderzoeken. Na dit onderzoek zal de boot in het museum tentoongesteld worden.
Using extremely powerful lasers, scientists want to try and contact aliens located as far as 20,000 light years away.
E.T., we’re home.
According to MIT News, existing laser technology could be fashioned into Earth’s “porch light” to attract alien astronomers. a study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) proposes to create a cosmic beacon, with available laser technology, strong enough to attract potential aliens located as far as 20,000 light-years away.
The research, called “feasibility study,” appears in the Astrophysical Journal. The findings suggest that if a 1 to 2-megawatt high-power laser were to be focused through a massive 30 to 45-meter telescope and into space. This combination would produce a beam of infrared radiation strong enough to stand out from the sun’s energy.
MIT researchers propose a revolutionary method for aliens elsewhere in the universe. The ESO 3,6-meter telescope located at the La Silla Observatory in Chile, with images of the stars Proxima Centauri, is shown in this image.
Furthermore, scientists explain that once a potential alien civilization picks up this signal, we could use the same system to transmit brief messages to communicate with aliens.
“If we were to close a handshake and start to communicate successfully, we could flash a message, at a data rate of about a few hundred bits per second, which would get there in just a few years,” explained author James Clark, a graduate student in MIT’s Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
The best part is that the technology needed to get this working is already available to use, and such an instrument could soon be developed.
“This would be a challenging project but not an impossible one,” Clark explains.
“The kinds of lasers and telescopes that are being built today can produce a detectable signal so that an astronomer could take one look at our star and immediately see something unusual about its spectrum. I don’t know if intelligent creatures around the sun would be their first guess, but it would certainly attract further attention.”
Several possible configurations were considered by experts before the eventually picked two that would work best for their design.
Using a 2-megawatt laser and putting it through a 30 meter-telescope, we could produce a powerful signal that could be picked up clearly from Proxima Centauri B, one of the planets closest to our sun, possibly home to alien life.
Using a 1-megawatt laser and putting it through a 45-meter telescope, we could then produce a powerful enough signal to be intercepted by anyone inhabiting the Trappist-1 system, located 40 light-years away from Earth.
However, Clark explains that both options could be detectable as far as 20,000 light-years away.
But while this plan may sound attractive and help us find out whether we are alone in the cosmos, the plan has a few risks.
Although shinning the powerful laser through the telescope would not be something that you could see with the naked eye, the powerful beam could disrupt spacecraft instruments on its path. It could also harm a person’s eyesight if they were to stare directly at it.
Clark explains that “If you wanted to build this thing on the far side of the moon where no one’s living or orbiting much, then that could be a safer place for it.”
“In general, this was a feasibility study. Whether or not this is a good idea, that’s a discussion for future work.”
It wouldn’t work the other way around
While this plan could work for us if we were to try and signal aliens, ‘ hey, we are here,’ the same thing wouldn’t work the other way around.
According to scientists, if the roles were reversed and instead looked for a similar laser beacon coming from space, it would not be easy to spot with currently available technology.
“It is vanishingly unlikely that a telescope survey would observe an extraterrestrial laser unless we restrict our survey to the very nearest stars,” Clark explains.
“With current survey methods and instruments, it is unlikely that we would be lucky enough to image a beacon flash, assuming that extraterrestrials exist and are making them,” Clark adds.
“However, as the infrared spectra of exoplanets are studied for traces of gases that indicate the viability of life, and as full-sky surveys attain greater coverage and become more rapid, we can be more certain that, if E.T. is phoning, we will detect it.”
The Moon Has Enough Oxygen to Sustain 8 Billion People For 100,000 Years
The Moon Has Enough Oxygen to Sustain 8 Billion People For 100,000 Years
by Mirza Newton
Although the Moon does have an atmosphere, it is very thin and mostly made of hydrogen, neon, and argon. This is not a gaseous combination capable of supporting oxygen-dependent animals such as humans.
On the Moon, there is an abundance of oxygen. It is just not in a gaseous state. Rather than that, it is trapped inside regolith — the lunar surface's covering of rock and fine dust. Would oxygen extracted from regolith be sufficient to sustain human life on the Moon?
Oxygen is present in a wide variety of minerals found in the earth around us. Additionally, the Moon is composed mostly of the same materials found on Earth (although with a slightly greater amount of material that came from meteors).
The Moon's surface is dominated by minerals such as silica, aluminum, iron, and magnesium oxides. All of these minerals include oxygen, but in an inaccessible form to our lungs.
These minerals occur in a variety of forms on the Moon, including hard rock, dust, gravel, and stones that blanket the surface. This substance is the consequence of countless millennia of meteorites colliding with the lunar surface.
The regolith of the Moon is composed of around 45 percent oxygen. However, that oxygen is inextricably linked to the minerals listed above. To dismantle such tenacious relationships, we must invest energy.
If you are acquainted with electrolysis, you may be familiar with this. This procedure is often used in manufacturing on Earth, for example, to manufacture aluminum. To separate the aluminum from the oxygen, an electrical current is conducted through a liquid form of aluminum oxide (usually termed alumina) through electrodes.
As a byproduct, oxygen is created in this situation. On the Moon, the primary product would be oxygen, but aluminum (or other metal) would be a potentially valuable byproduct.
It's a rather basic operation, but there is a catch: it consumes a lot of energy. To be sustainable, it would need to be powered by solar energy or other Moon-based energy sources.
Earlier this year, Belgian firm Space Applications Services announced the construction of three experimental reactors to enhance the electrolysis process for producing oxygen. They want to launch the device to the Moon in 2025 as part of the European Space Agency's in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) program.
Having said that, how much oxygen may the Moon supply if we succeed? As it turns out, quite a bit.
We can make some estimations if we disregard oxygen trapped in the Moon's subsurface hard rock material and focus only on the regolith that is readily accessible on the surface.
Lunar regolith includes an average of 1.4 tonnes of minerals, including around 630 kilos of oxygen per cubic metre (35 sq ft). According to NASA, people need around 800 grams of oxygen every day to exist. Thus, 630 kg of oxygen would sustain a human for around two years (or just over).
Assume now that the average depth of regolith on the Moon is around 10 meters and that we can extract all of the oxygen from it. That indicates that the top ten meters of the Moon's surface would contain enough oxygen to sustain the Earth's eight billion people for around 100,000 years.
This would also rely on our ability to collect and use oxygen properly. Regardless, this figurine is rather incredible!
Having said that, we on Earth really have it pretty well. And we should do everything possible to conserve the blue world — particularly its soil — which sustains all terrestrial life without our intervention.
Our Universe is normal! Its biggest anomaly, the CMB cold spot, is now explained
Our Universe is normal! Its biggest anomaly, the CMB cold spot, is now explained
The Universe is supposed to be the same everywhere and in all directions. So what's that giant "cold spot" doing out there?
Ever since the discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) nearly 60 years ago, scientists have been searching for a hint — any hint — of a crack in the façade of the hot Big Bang. At every step along the way, as our instruments became more sensitive and our observational reach extended farther than ever before, the Big Bang’s predictions were borne out in spectacular fashion, one after another.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
On the largest scales, the Universe is supposed to be isotropic and homogeneous: the same everywhere and in all directions.
Because the Universe has tiny, 1-part-in-30,000 imperfections imprinted on it, we expect to see a pattern of cold-and-hot spots in the leftover radiation from the Big Bang: the Cosmic Microwave Background.
But one spot in the Universe, called the "CMB cold spot," is an anomaly that we couldn't explain. At last, it's all fallen into place.
Since the discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) nearly 60 years ago, scientists have been searching for a hint — any hint — of a crack in the façade of the hot Big Bang. At every step along the way, as our instruments became more sensitive and our observational reach extended farther than ever before, the Big Bang’s predictions were borne out in spectacular fashion, one after another.
But with the launches of WMAP and Planck, the small-scale imperfections in the CMB were measured, and one anomaly stood out: a cold spot that simply couldn’t be explained based on the Universe we knew. At last, that mystery may finally be solved, as the culprit has been identified at long last: the largest supervoid in the nearby Universe. If this research holds up, it teaches us that our Universe is normal, after all, and that the CMB cold spot isn’t an anomaly at all.
The initial fluctuations that were imprinted on our observable universe during inflation may only come into play at the ~0.003% level, but those tiny imperfections lead to the temperature and density fluctuations that appear in the cosmic microwave background and that seed the large-scale structure that exists today. Measuring the CMB at a variety of cosmic locations would be the only feasible way to disentangle the intrinsic dipole of the CMB from that induced by our motion through the Universe.
The fact that the CMB is so perfect is, itself, a modern wonder of the Universe. Everywhere we look, in all directions, it’s plain to see just how different the Universe is from place to place. Some regions of space are extremely rich in structure, with scores, hundreds, or even thousands of large galaxies all collected into the same gravitationally bound structure. Other locations have galaxies, but they’re relatively sparsely located in small groupings and collections scattered about through space. Still other places have only isolated galaxies. In the least dense locations, there are no galaxies to be found at all for volumes that span tens or even hundreds of millions of light-years on a side.
And yet, the theory of the Big Bang comes along with an inextricable prediction: that in the earliest stages of the hot Big Bang, the Universe must have been both isotropic, or the same in all directions, and homogeneous, or the same in all locations, to a tremendous degree of precision. It can only come into existence with tiny, minuscule imperfections, or regions of slightly greater-or-lesser density than average. It’s only because of the tremendous amount of cosmic time that passes — and the relentlessly attractive nature of the gravitational force — that we have a rich, structure-filled Universe today.
The formation of cosmic structure, on both large scales and small scales, is highly dependent on how dark matter and normal matter interact. The distributions of normal matter (at left) and dark matter (at right) can affect one another, as things like star formation and feedback can affect the normal matter, which in turn exerts gravitational effects on the dark matter. The seed overdense and underdense fluctuations allowed this cosmic web of structure to arise.
(Credit: Illustris Collaboraiton/Illustris Simulation)
The Cosmic Microwave Background was discovered back in the mid-1960s, and the early goals were to:
measure the amount of radiation emitted at different frequencies,
measure the peak of its temperature,
determine whether it was truly a perfect blackbody, as predicted, or whether it was better approximated as the sum of a series of blackbodies (which is a property of starlight),
to figure out the nature of the interfering emission from our galaxy,
and to test whether it truly had the same properties everywhere and in all directions.
Over time, we were able to refine our measurements. Initially, the CMB was announced to be at 3.5 K, which then was revised to 3 K, then 2.7 K, and a little later, a third significant figure was added: 2.73 K. In the mid-to-late 1970s, a small, 1-part-in-800 imperfection was discovered: an artifact of our own motion through the Universe.
It wasn’t until the 1990s that the first primordial imperfections were found, coming in at about the 1-part-in-30,000 level. At last, we had the observational evidence to not only confirm a Big Bang-consistent origin for the CMB, but to measure what sort of imperfections the Universe itself began with.
COBE, the first CMB satellite, measured fluctuations to scales of 7º only. WMAP was able to measure resolutions down to 0.3° in five different frequency bands, with Planck measuring all the way down to just 5 arcminutes (0.07°) in nine different frequency bands in total. All of these space-based observatories detected the Cosmic Microwave Background, confirming it was not an atmospheric phenomenon, and that it had a cosmic origin.
(Credit: NASA/COBE/DMR; NASA/WMAP science team; ESA and the Planck collaboration)
You see, the hot Big Bang, although it was the beginning of our observable Universe as we know it, wasn’t the very beginning of everything. There’s a theory that’s been around since the early 1980s — cosmic inflation — that posits a set of properties that the Universe possessed prior to the start of the hot Big Bang. According to inflation:
the Universe wasn’t filled with matter or radiation, but a new form of energy inherent to the fabric of space itself,
that energy caused the Universe to expand at a rapid and relentless pace,
stretching a region of space no larger than the Planck length to greater than the scale of the observable Universe something like every ~10-32 seconds,
and then inflation ends, dumping that energy-inherent-to-space into particles (and antiparticles) for the first time, triggering the hot, dense, uniform, but rapidly-expanding conditions we identify with the hot Big Bang.
The only reason the Universe isn’t perfectly, absolutely uniform everywhere is because the tiny fluctuations inherent to quantum physics, during this epoch of rapid expansion, can get stretched across the Universe, creating the overdense and underdense seeds of structure. From these initial seed fluctuations, the entire large-scale structure of the Universe can arise.
The cold spots (shown in blue) in the CMB are not inherently colder, but rather represent regions where there is a greater gravitational pull due to a greater density of matter, while the hot spots (in red) are only hotter because the radiation in that region lives in a shallower gravitational well. Over time, the overdense regions will be much more likely to grow into stars, galaxies and clusters, while the underdense regions will be less likely to do so. However, the CMB cold spot is anomalously cold, inconsistent with an origin at the last-scattering surface.
(Credit: E.M. Huff, SDSS-III/South Pole Telescope, Zosia Rostomian)
According to the theory of inflation, there should be a very specific set of fluctuations that the Universe starts with at the onset of the hot Big Bang. In particular:
the fluctuations should be Gaussian, which means they should follow a Bell Curve-like distribution about some average,
they should be approximately the same amplitude on all scales, with larger cosmic scales having slightly greater fluctuations by only a few percent than the smaller ones,
these fluctuations should all be adiabatic (with constant entropy) in nature, with none of them being isocurvature (the other option) in nature,
and that as the Universe expands, these fluctuations should begin to gravitationally collapse on small scales first, with larger scales only catching up once the cosmic horizon has grown to a certain size.
All of these predictions have since been borne out and confirmed by observations, some to within the limits of our measurement precision and others quite spectacularly.
The fluctuations in the CMB are based on primordial fluctuations produced by inflation. In particular, the ‘flat part’ on large scales (at left) have no explanation without inflation. The flat line represents the seeds from which the peak-and-valley pattern will emerge over the first 380,000 years of the Universe, and is just a few percent lower on the right (small-scale) side than the (large-scale) left side.
However, it’s always worth looking for anomalies, as no matter how thoroughly your predictions agree with reality, you must always put ahead, hoping to uncover something unexpected. After all, it’s the only way you can discover something new: by looking as you’ve never looked before. If you have specific predictions and expectations for what your Universe is going to look like, then anything that defies your expectations is — at the very least — worth a second look.
Perhaps the most unusual remaining feature that we see in the microwave sky, once we subtract out the effect of the Milky Way galaxy, is the fact that there’s a cold spot that doesn’t align with these theoretical explanations. Once we’ve quantified the types and scales of temperature fluctuations that ought to exist, we can correlate them together, and see how fluctuations on smaller and larger scales should be related.
In one particular region of space, we find that there’s a very deep cold spot: about 70 microkelvin below the average temperature on a relatively large angular scale. Moreover, that cold spot appears to be encircled by a hotter-than-average region, making it even more anomalous. To many, the cold spot in the CMB represented a potential challenge to inflation and the standard cosmological model, as it wouldn’t make sense if the Universe was somehow born with this anomalously low-temperature region.
The quantum fluctuations that occur during inflation get stretched across the Universe, and when inflation ends, they become density fluctuations. This leads, over time, to the large-scale structure in the Universe today, as well as the fluctuations in temperature observed in the CMB. Its a spectacular example of how the quantum nature of reality affects the entire large-scale universe.
(Credit: E. Siegel; ESA/Planck and the DOE/NASA/NSF Interagency Task Force on CMB research)
It’s important to recognize where these temperature fluctuations come from in the first place. The Universe, even at the start of the hot Big Bang, really is the exact same temperature everywhere. The thing that’s different from location to location is the density of the Universe, and this is the component that has those 1-part-in-30,000 imperfections, as imprinted by inflation. The reason we observe the Universe to possess different temperatures in different regions of space is because of the phenomenon of gravitational redshift: matter curves space, and where space is more severely curved, light has to lose more energy to “climb out” of that gravitational potential well. In the astrophysics community, this is known as the Sachs-Wolfe effect, and it’s the primary cause of the temperature differences we observe in the CMB.
But there’s another, more subtle effect: the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect. As structure forms in the Universe, as gravitation brings more and more mass together, as clusters grow and voids form, and as the relative ratios of radiation, matter, and dark energy change with respect to one another, the gravitational effects of traveling into a certain region of space don’t necessarily equal the gravitational effects of traveling out of that same region of space later on. The Universe evolves, structures form and become more matter-rich in some areas and more matter-poor in others, and any light passing through those regions is affected.
When we see a hot spot, a cold spot, or a region of average temperature in the CMB, the temperature different we see typically corresponds to an underdense, overdense, or average-density region at the time the CMB was emitted: just 380,000 years after the Big Bang. This is a consequence of the Sachs-Wolfe effect.
Imagine, if you will, that you have two different regions of space: a large-scale overdensity (like a supercluster) and a large-scale underdensity (like a great cosmic void). Now, imagine, just like in our real Universe, you have some form of dark energy: a component of the Universe that behaves differently from matter, and doesn’t dilute in density as the Universe expands. Now, let’s imagine what happens as the photon, traveling through space, encounters either a big overdensity or a big underdensity.
As the photon begins to see this overdensity (underdensity), it gains (loses) energy as it travels from an average region of space into the new region that departs significantly from the average density.
But owing to dark energy, the gravitational potential well (hump), whether positive or negative, becomes stretched out and gets more shallow, and does so as the photon travels through it.
As a result, when the photon exits the overdense (underdense) region, it re-loses (or re-gains) a smaller amount of energy than it gained (lost) when it first entered that region.
If something appears anomalously cold in the CMB, it could be because there’s something wrong with our model of the Universe; that’s of course the more interesting option. But it could also be, quite simply, because there’s a large cosmic void in that location, and that void grew shallower as the light traveled through it because of dark energy.
The anomalous cold spot in the CMB, as viewed by Planck, is unusual not only for its coldness and its extent, but for the fact that it’s surrounded by a hot region on all sides. This puzzling feature may be explicable by the recent discovery of a new, nearby supervoid in the constellation of Eridanus.
Now, here’s where the idea becomes testable: you can’t point to a void that’s too far away along the line-of-sight to explain it, because dark energy only becomes important for the Universe’s expansion over the past ~6 billion years or so. If one exists along this line-of-sight, it must be closer, at present, than 7.5 billion light-years.
So, what do we find when we go out and look?
That’s where the latest results from the Dark Energy Survey come in. Scientists were able to confirm that, yes, there is a supervoid there, and it may have a much higher-amplitude integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect that a typical underdensity does. While some underdensities were previously found at greater distances some 6-10 billion light-years away, they were determined to account for no more than ~20% of the effect. However, a 2015 study revealed a nearby supervoid right in that precise direction: 1.9 billion light-years away and about 0.5-1.0 billion light-years across. The most recent study that confirms this void and measures its properties, finds that it’s the largest supervoid that exists since the onset of dark energy’s dominance. The study suggests — but doesn’t yet prove — that there is a causal relation between this late-time supervoid and the “cold spot” in the CMB.
The Cold Spot resides in the constellation Eridanus in the southern galactic hemisphere. The inset shows the microwave temperature map of this patch of sky, as mapped by the European Space Agency Planck satellite. The main figure depicts the map of the dark matter distribution created by the Dark Energy Survey team. Note how the large supervoid thoroughly coincides with the CMB’s cold spot.
There are many different ways to map out the large-scale structure of the Universe: from galaxy counts to gravitational lensing to the overall impact that the structure has on the background light emitted from various redshifts. In this particular case, it was the construction of a gravitational lensing map that confirmed the presence of this supervoid, which happens to be the emptiest large region of space in our nearby corner of the Universe. We cannot say for certain that this supervoid explains the full extent of the CMB cold spot, but it’s looking more and more likely that, once the presence of the supervoid is taken into account, what remains is no more anomalous than any other typical region of the sky.
The way we’ll tell for sure, of course, is through better, deeper, higher-resolution imaging of this relatively large region of the sky, which spans somewhere around 40 square degrees. With the ESA’s Euclid mission poised to launch just next year, in 2023, and with the Vera Rubin Observatory and NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Telescope expected to come online over the next few years, the critical data will soon be in our hands. After nearly two decades of wondering at what could have caused the CMB cold spot, we finally have our answer: the largest supervoid in the nearby Universe. All we need is a robust confirmation of what the present data strongly indicates, and this will be yet another cosmic challenge to which our standard cosmological model is thoroughly capable of rising.
It’s not just that we are in the midst of a top-down directed global revolution. It’s one that is designed to change the very nature of humanity. Is there any relationship between this and the UFO/UAP phenomenon?
Richard Dolan is one of the world’s leading researchers and writers on the subject of UFOs and believes that they constitute the greatest mystery of our time. He is the author of two volumes of history, UFOs and the National Security State, both ground-breaking works which together provide the most factually complete and accessible narrative of the UFO subject available anywhere.
He also co-authored a speculative book about the future, A.D. After Disclosure, the first-ever analysis not only of how UFO secrecy might end but of the all-important question: what happens next?
Digging Through Kepler Data Turns Up a Near Twin of Jupiter
Digging Through Kepler Data Turns Up a Near Twin of Jupiter
NASA’s Kepler planet-hunting spacecraft was deactivated in November 2018, about ten years after it launched. The mission detected over 5,000 candidate exoplanets and 2,662 confirmed exoplanets using the transit method. But scientists are still working with all of Kepler’s data, hoping to uncover more planets in the observations.
A team of researchers have announced the discovery of one more planet in the Kepler data, and this one is nearly a twin of Jupiter.
The planet is called K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb (sorry), and it’s a whopping 17,000 light-years away. That’s almost twice as far away as the next furthest planet discovered by Kepler. Its mass is nearly identical to Jupiter’s, and it orbits its star at the same distance that Jupiter orbits the Sun. Astronomers found the world in Kepler data from 2016.
Kepler found planets using the transit timing method. But it discovered this one differently. It relied on one of Einstein’s predictions; that extremely massive objects have such powerful gravity that they can bend light. It’s called gravitational microlensing.
“The chance that a background star is affected this way by a planet is tens to hundreds of millions to one against.”
Dr. Eamonn Kerins, Principal Investigator for the Science and Technology Facilities Council.
A new paper titled “Kepler K2 Campaign 9: II. First space-based discovery of an exoplanet using microlensing” presents the discovery. It’s available online at the pre-print site arxiv.org and hasn’t been peer-reviewed yet. The lead author is Ph.D. student David Specht from The University of Manchester.
Opportunities to detect exoplanets with gravitational microlensing were heightened between April and July 2016 when Kepler was looking at millions of stars toward the center of the Milky Way. In the microlensing technique, astronomers watch for the light from a background star bent by an exoplanet’s mass in the foreground. That’s not easy to do; it requires precise alignment of the background and foreground from Kepler’s point of view.
“To see the effect at all requires almost perfect alignment between the foreground planetary system and a background star,” said Dr. Eamonn Kerins, Principal Investigator for the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant that funded this research. “The chance that a background star is affected this way by a planet is tens to hundreds of millions to one against. But there are hundreds of millions of stars towards the centre of our galaxy. So Kepler just sat and watched them for three months.”
Last year a team of researchers developed a new algorithm to search for microlensing candidates in Kepler data. Some of those same researchers are behind this new study. The researchers developed the algorithm to look for free-floating planet candidates. They found five new candidates, including one that’s “… a caustic-crossing binary event, consistent with a bound planet,” that study said.
That effort expanded the possibilities of the Kepler data, even though NASA didn’t explicitly design the mission for microlensing. “Even through a space telescope not designed for microlensing studies, this result highlights the advantages for exoplanet microlensing discovery that come from continuous, high-cadence temporal sampling that is possible from space,” the authors of the new study write.
The 2021 study “only” found one exoplanet candidate, and this new study confirms its candidacy. But in science, each planet is a data point that tells scientists something, now or in the future.
The image on the left is a Kepler image with K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb shown in a red circle. The image on the right is a Canada-France Hawaii Telescope image of the same region, with the exoplanet in a red circle. K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb is almost identical to Jupiter in terms of its mass and its distance from its star. Astronomers discovered it using data obtained in 2016 by NASA’s Kepler space telescope. The exoplanetary system is twice as distant as any seen previously by Kepler, which found over 2,700 confirmed planets before ceasing operations in 2018. Image Credit: Specht et al. 2022.
Five ground-based surveys also looked at the same sky area as Kepler did from April to July 2016. Kepler saw the microlensing anomaly before they did because Kepler’s over 100 million km closer. That delay allowed researchers to get a better idea of what they saw and where they were seeing it.
“The difference in vantage point between Kepler and observers here on Earth allowed us to triangulate where along our sightline the planetary system is located,” said Dr. Kerins. Kepler’s vantage point above Earth’s atmosphere also allowed it to observe continuously.
“Kepler was also able to observe uninterrupted by weather or daylight, allowing us to determine precisely the mass of the exoplanet and its orbital distance from its host star,” Dr. Kerins said. “It is basically Jupiter’s identical twin in terms of its mass and its position from its Sun, which is about 60% of the mass of our own Sun.”
This figure from the study shows the photometric Kepler data for the detected exoplanet K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb. The caustic crossing region is clearly visible and well sampled between ?? ? ?2450000 = 7515 and 7519. Image Credit: Specht et al. 2022.
This study highlights the growing importance of gravitational microlensing in exoplanet science. “Microlensing remains the principal method for detecting cool, low-mass exoplanets, including planets beyond the snow-line,” the authors write. The transit method has a built-in sampling bias: it’s more likely to detect giant planets close to large stars because the light-blocking signal is more robust. The transit method struggles to identify planets on wider orbits because it can take hundreds of years for multiple transits to occur, and astronomers need multiple transits to confirm exoplanet candidates. Gravitational microlensing doesn’t have the same limitations.
But detecting planets like 2-2016-BLG-0005Lb beyond a solar system’s snow-line is essential to build our understanding of solar system architecture and strengthen our theories of planet formation. Current thinking shows that high-mass planets form through core accretion beyond the snow line, then migrate inward towards the star. (Though some may form due to gravitational instability.) Jupiter likely did that, and though Jupiter eventually settled into its orbit beyond the snow line, other planets may not. This process explains the high numbers of Hot Jupiters in the exoplanet database.
This image shows an artist’s impression of 10 hot Jupiter exoplanets studied using the Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes. Astronomers think that about 10% of exoplanets are Hot Jupiters, but they’re detected more readily. (Colors are for illustration only.) Image Credit: By ESA/Hubble, CC BY 4.0, µhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45642004
“Simulations also indicate that lower-mass planets should exist in large numbers beyond the snow line, but that these do not typically migrate from their orbit of formation,” the authors write. “By probing the demographics of cool, low-mass exoplanets, we can therefore test planet-formation predictions directly, without the need to consider complex migration dynamics.”
Astronomers have proven that gravitational microlensing can detect distant exoplanets, but they won’t have to rely on older Kepler data to use the technique. NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Telescope should detect thousands of exoplanets using gravitational microlensing. One study showed it could detect over 100,000 of them.
“Roman will find planets in other poorly studied categories,” NASA says. “Microlensing is best suited to finding worlds from the habitable zone of their star and farther out. This includes ice giants, like Uranus and Neptune in our solar system,” the NASA website for the Roman Space Telescope explains. Some evidence shows that ice giants are the most common type of exoplanet in the galaxy, making our own Solar System a bit of an outlier with only two of them. “Roman will put that theory to the test and help us get a better understanding of which planetary characteristics are most prevalent.”
Roman will observe the galactic center, a region filled with stars. The more stars it looks at, the more microlensing events it’s likely to see.
The ESA’s Euclid mission will also use gravitational microlensing. Its primary mission is to study dark matter, dark energy, and the expansion of the Universe. But it can also detect exoplanets. Euclid and Roman are designed to complement one another, so who knows exactly what we might learn from them.
Dr. Kerins is Deputy Lead for the ESA Euclid Exoplanet Science Working Group. “Kepler was never designed to find planets using microlensing, so in many ways, it’s amazing that it has done so. Roman and Euclid, on the other hand, will be optimized for this kind of work. They will be able to complete the planet census started by Kepler,” he said.
“We’ll learn how typical the architecture of our own solar system is. The data will also allow us to test our ideas of how planets form. This is the start of a new exciting chapter in our search for other worlds.”
Ancient Alien Woman Statue Found Under Lake Huron, 213 Meters Long! USA April 6, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Ancient Alien Woman Statue Found Under Lake Huron, 213 Meters Long! USA April 6, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: April 6, 2022
Location of discovery:Lake Huron, US/Canada boarder
Google coordinates: 45°46'33.19"N 81°57'14.09"W
After I found the island shaped like a bird just a few km away, I then found something way more exciting to me. I found an ancient alien statue under a few meters of water in Lake Huron. Her face is what really grabbed me. It just stood out so powerfully. Then my eyes went down her neck, and figure covered in a toga-like robe down to her ankles. She is holding out her hand, which becomes a tiny island named Can Island. This gesture could mean that aliens are offering this planet to humans to live upon. Showing an offering of friendship to all. It measures 213 meters long.
As I have said, ancient aliens have been to earth millions of years ago, and they left behind many signs that they were here. How we interpret the signs is up to each of us individually. But nevertheless, the signs are there.
Ancient Aliens Left Bird Shape Island For Humans To Find, Google Earth Map, UFO Sighting News.
Ancient Aliens Left Bird Shape Island For Humans To Find, Google Earth Map, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery:April 6, 2022
Location of discovery: Canada/US Boarder
Hey, found a island that looks like a bird, called Treasure Island on Google Earth. Strange, that sounds like part of a pirate story. Google coordinates 45°45'33.30"N 82°10'26.83"W On Canada US Boarder.
I have long believed, that intelligent aliens have long ago visited, lived and thrived on Earth, only to be forced to leave to allow a human experiment to take place. But they deliberately left behind secret messages, in our environment, in our maps, even in our genetic code. So that one day, we will realize the reality of the situation. That we were never alone.
Now I used the Time Machine button on lower left of Google Earth to get a more clear map view from 10/2016, because the current map has ice over the lake and makes it less beautiful.
4th June 1947: The first widely-reported UFO sighting was made by private pilot Kenneth Arnold
4th June 1947: The first widely-reported UFO sighting was made by private pilot Kenneth Arnold
Kenneth Arnold was a business owner and experienced private pilot, who often traveled to meetings around the Pacific Northwest in his small CallAir A-2. He was a well-respected founder of the Idaho Search and Rescue Pilots Association, and had built up 9,000 flying hours by the time he departed Chehalis, Washington, on a routine 150-mile flight to Yakima on the afternoon of 24 June 1947.
Arnold had deviated from his intended flight path in the hope of locating a Marine Corps C-46 transport plane that had crashed near Mount Rainier and claiming the $5,000 reward. Having failed to spot the wreckage, he made a 300-degree turn 9,200 feet above the town of Mineral and witnessed a bright flash in the distance. Looking north, Arnold reported seeing a formation of nine roughly circular objects flying at an incredible speed. He subsequently calculated that they were moving at more than 1,700 miles per hour.
Arnold was most startled by the lack of a tail on the objects, but initially just assumed that he had witnessed an experimental military aircraft. He reported the sighting to the general manager of the airfield at Yakima when he landed, and before long the story had spread.
The fact that Arnold was both a respected businessman and experienced pilot meant that his account was taken seriously by the press. Consequently he began to be bombarded with requests for interviews. When questioned about the objects, he repeatedly likened their flying-style to how a pie plate or saucer might skip across water. In what he later complained was an ‘historic misquote’, the press coined the phrase ‘flying saucers’ to describe what he had seen.
NASA ROVER FINDS ITS OWN PARACHUTE IN MARTIAN DESERT
NASA ROVER FINDS ITS OWN PARACHUTE IN MARTIAN DESERT
IS THAT REALLY IT?
NASA
Spotted!
NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover has made a fascinating discovery, 412 Earth days since landing on the Red Planet.
A keen-eyed netizen spotted the discarded remains of the rover’s parachute in raw images that were taken on April 6, a timely reminder of how much ground NASA’s rover has already covered.
Although the object certainly appears to be the rover’s parachute, NASA has yet to officially confirm the finding.
Sightseeing
The parachute’s remains and location were picked up in images taken by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shortly after the six-wheeled rover touched down on the Martian surface back in February 2021.
That location is just south of Perseverance’s current location — just over half a mile, according to our estimations — which can be seen in NASA’s handy live map. In other words, it’s certainly feasible Perseverance’s mast cam was able to pick out the jetsam more than a year after landing.
The rover has been covering a lot of ground lately, first backtracking some of its earlier route, and then venturing beyond the location where its tiny Ingenuity Mars helicopter achieved first flight back in April 2021.
Delta Delta
Perseverance is now beelining — a part of its journey colloquially known as the “drive, drive, drive campaign” — to a rockier region that scientists believe is the delta of a dried up ancient lake bed it landed in the center of.
While it’s not exactly moving at a breakneck pace, it recently broke its daily distance covered record, covering an impressive 800 feet.
It’s a bit of a nostalgic moment: NASA left a ton of Easter Eggs in the design of Perseverance’s parachute, including a secret code that spelled out “Dare Mighty Things.”
And just over a year after landing, Perseverance has certainly done just that.
UFOs Sighted By Motorist Over Melbourne In Australia. April 1, 2022
There is an "LANGUAGE WARNING" with this video but it is a natural response to witnessing the unnatural. These objects where sighted on April 1, 2022, (Yes i know the date. lol) in Melbourne the state of Victoria, Australia.
The witness stated the following
"I was chasing them till they suddenly disappeared, they were shifting shapes from square blocks to thin rectangular shapes."
Thanks to Era-Modon for allowing me the use of this footage and to view the original:
Did a 23ABC viewer’s Ring camera capture UFO on video in Southwest Bakersfield?
Did a 23ABC viewer’s Ring camera capture UFO on video in Southwest Bakersfield?
A 23ABC viewer from Southwest Bakersfield sent us a video of an unknown object flying through the sky. Bakersfield resident Tim Harvey sent us this video from his Ring camera.
Scientists Start Construction of World’s Largest Fusion Reactor
Scientists Start Construction of World’s Largest Fusion Reactor
"Enabling the exclusive use of clean energy will be a miracle for our planet."
Image by INTER
Today, engineers started construction of the world’s largest nuclear fusion project in southern France, The Guardian reports, with operations planned to begin in late 2025.
The project, called ITER, is an international collaborative effort between 35 countries with enormous ambitions: prove the feasibility of fusion energy with a gigantic magnetic device called a “tokamak,” as per the project’s official website.
“Enabling the exclusive use of clean energy will be a miracle for our planet,” ITER director-general Bernard Bigot said during today’s virtual celebration, as quoted by The Guardian.
Fusion power, in theory, works by harnessing the energy released by two lighter atomic nuclei fusing to form a heavier nucleus, and turning it into electricity.
If proven to be economical — that is, if the machine generates more energy than has to be put in to kickstart the process — the technology could lay the groundwork for an entirely new way of generating nearly unlimited clean energy on a commercial scale. Fusion power would be far safer than conventional fission nuclear energy, since there’s no risk of a meltdown or leftover nuclear waste.
But if the last six decades of fusion research are anything to go by, it remains an elusive way of generating net energy. The extremely hot plasma inside the fusion reactors is notoriously difficult to predict and control.
That’ll make ITER an extremely complex build. Its final reactor will weigh 23,000 tons, including 3,000 tons of superconducting magnets connected to each other by 200 kilometers of superconducting cables, all of which have to be kept cryo-cooled down to -269 degrees Celsius, as The Guardian reports.
“Constructing the machine piece-by-piece will be like assembling a three-dimensional puzzle on an intricate timeline [and] with the precision of a Swiss watch,” Bigot added.
The team behind the ITER project is optimistic about the tests they’ll be able to carry out using the massive reactor. By producing self-heating plasma, the team is expecting to generate ten times the heat than the input amount. In other words, the team wants to generate 500 megawatts — just shy of the output of the smallest currently active American nuclear power plant — from an input of just 50 megawatts.
ITER may be a massive international effort to make fusion energy a reality, but it’s not the only one. A large number of fusion startups in the US and abroad are trying to turn it into a commercially viable source of energy as well.
This is the most distant exoplanet Kepler ever found.
The exoplanet, discovered by NASA's Kepler space telescope, officially designated K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb. (Image credit: D. Specht et al, Kepler K2 )
NASA's Kepler space telescope has spotted a Jupiter look-alike in a new discovery, even though the instrument stopped operations four years ago.
An international team of astrophysicists using NASA's Kepler space telescope, which ceased operations in 2018, have discovered an exoplanet similar to Jupiter located 17,000 light-years from Earth, making it the farthest exoplanet ever found by Kepler. The exoplanet, officially designated K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb, was spotted in data captured by Kepler in 2016. Throughout its lifetime, Kepler observed over 2,700 now-confirmed planets.
"Kepler was also able to observe uninterrupted by weather or daylight, allowing us to determine precisely the mass of the exoplanet and its orbital distance from its host star," Eamonn Kerins, an astronomer at the University of Manchester in the U.K., said in a statement. "It is basically Jupiter's identical twin in terms of its mass and its position from its sun, which is about 60% of the mass of our own sun,"
The team, led by David Specht, a Ph.D. student at the University of Manchester, took advantage of a phenomenon known as gravitational microlensing to spot the exoplanet. With this phenomenon, which was predicted by Einstein's theory of relativity, objects in space can be seen and studied closer when the light from a background star is warped and thus magnified by the gravity of a closer massive object.
In hopes of using the warped light from a far-off star to detect an exoplanet, the team used three months of observations that Kepler made of the stretch of sky where this planet lies.
"To see the effect at all requires almost perfect alignment between the foreground planetary system and a background star," Kerins added in the same statement. "The chance that a background star is affected this way by a planet is tens to hundreds of millions to one against. But there are hundreds of millions of stars towards the center of our galaxy. So Kepler just sat and watched them for three months."
The team then worked with Iain McDonald, another astronomer at the University of Manchester who developed a new search algorithm. Together, they were able to reveal five candidates in the data, with one most clearly showing signs of an exoplanet. Other ground-based observations of the same stretch of sky corroborated the same signals that Kepler saw of the possible exoplanet.
"The difference in vantage point between Kepler and observers here on Earth allowed us to triangulate where along our sight line the planetary system is located," Kerins said.
Aside from the excitement of discovering an exoplanet with an instrument no longer even in service, the team's work is notable because Kepler was not designed to discover exoplanets using this phenomenon. It is important to note, however, that, in 2016, Kepler's mission was extended. In 2013, after two reaction wheel failures, it was proposed that Kepler be used for a K2 "second light" mission that would see the scope detecting potentially habitable exoplanets. This extension was approved in 2014 and the mission was extended way past the scope's expected end date until it eventually ran out of fuel on Oct. 30, 2018.
"Kepler was never designed to find planets using microlensing so, in many ways, it's amazing that it has done so," Kerins said, adding that upcoming instruments like NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and the European Space Agency's Euclid mission, could be capable of using microlensing to study exoplanets and will be able to further such research.
"Roman and Euclid, on the other hand, will be optimized for this kind of work. They will be able to complete the planet census started by Kepler," Kerins said. "We'll learn how typical the architecture of our own solar system is. The data will also allow us to test our ideas of how planets form. This is the start of a new exciting chapter in our search for other worlds."
This discovery was described in a study posted March 31 to the preprint server ArXiv.org and has been submitted for publication in the journal the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Email Chelsea Gohd at cgohd@space.com or follow her on Twitter @chelsea_gohd. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
SCIENTISTS INVENT “PROFOUND” QUANTUM SENSOR THAT CAN PEER INTO THE EARTH
SCIENTISTS INVENT “PROFOUND” QUANTUM SENSOR THAT CAN PEER INTO THE EARTH
"THIS IS AN ‘EDISON MOMENT' IN SENSING THAT WILL TRANSFORM SOCIETY."
GETTY/FUTURISM
Gravitational
A major breakthrough in quantum sensing technology is being described as an “Edison moment” that could, scientists hope, have wide-reaching implications.
A new study in Nature describes one of the first practical applications of quantum sensing, a heretofore largely theoretical technology that marries quantum physics and the study of Earth’s gravity to peer into the ground below our feet — and the scientists involved in this research think it’s going to be huge.
Known as a quantum gravity gradiometer, this new sensor developed by the University of Birmingham under contract with the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defense is the first time such a technology has been used outside of a lab. Scientists say it’ll allow them to explore complex underground substructures much more cheaply and efficiently than before.
While gravity sensors already exist, the difference between the traditional equipment and this quantum-powered sensor is huge because, as Physics World explains, the old tech takes a long time to detect changes in gravity, has to be recalibrated over time, and can be thrown off by any vibrations that occur nearby.
This new type of highly sensitive quantum sensor, on the other hand, is able to measure the minute changes in gravity fields from objects of different sizes and compositions that exist underground — such as human-made structures buried by the eons, tantalizingly — much faster and more accurately.
Hitting Gold
In a press blurb, the University of Birmingham’s Kai Bongs, who heads the UK Quantum Technology Hub in Sensors and Timing, said that the “breakthrough” presents “the potential to end reliance on poor records and luck as we explore, build and repair.”
“This is an ‘Edison moment’ in sensing that will transform society, human understanding and economies,” Bongs added.
Along with applications for both archaeologists and engineers who want to find out what’s below the surface of the Earth, this new quantum sensor will also, scientists hope, help predict natural disasters like volcanoes.
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05-04-2022
NASA gaat nieuwe boodschap naar aliens sturen
NASA gaat nieuwe boodschap naar aliens sturen
Het is bijna 50 jaar geleden dat de mensheid de Areciboboodschap de ruimte instuurde via de Areciboradiotelescoop in Puerto Rico. Het bericht was in 1974 bedoeld voor eventueel intelligent buitenaards leven. NASA wil nu opnieuw zo’n boodschap versturen.
Redactie
In de radioboodschap staat in binaire code waar ons zonnestelsel zich ergens in de melkweg bevindt. Naast gedigitaliseerde afbeeldingen van het zonnestelsel en het aardoppervlak, zitten er ook gedigitaliseerde beelden bij van een man en een vrouw.
Daar hangt ook een uitnodiging aan vast voor eventueel intelligent buitenaards leven om te antwoorden op de boodschap. Op die van 1974 is alleszins nog altijd niet geantwoord.
Ditmaal kan het bericht worden verstuurd vanuit twee opvolgers van de Areciboradiotelescoop in Puerto Rico: de zogenaamde ‘Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope’ in China en de Allen Telescope Array van het SETI Institute in Noord-Californië.
De boodschap gaat naar een uitgekozen gebied van de melkweg dat volgens berekeningen de meest waarschijnlijke regio voor ontwikkeld leven is. De boodschap telt 13 pagina’s en kreeg de titel ‘Baken in de Melkweg’ mee. Het gaat om een basisinleiding in wiskunde, scheikunde en biologie en is sterk gebaseerd op het ontwerp van de Areciboboodschap en andere eerdere pogingen om met buitenaards leven in contact te komen.
“De motivatie voor het ontwerp was om zoveel mogelijk informatie over onze samenleving en de menselijke soort in een zo klein mogelijke boodschap over te brengen”, verklaart Jonathan Jiang van NASA. “Met verbeteringen in de digitale technologie kunnen we veel beter doen dan de Areciboboodschap in 1974.”
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According to Perseverance, Mars is Quiet… too Quiet
According to Perseverance, Mars is Quiet… too Quiet
If you want to hear what Mars has to say, you’re going to have to listen closely. Very closely.
It’s not that there isn’t any sound on Mars. Of course there is. Martian ambiance – recorded on microphones attached to NASA’s Perseverance rover – is largely dominated by the gentle clipping of the mic as the wind sweeps across the landscape.
The soundscape of Jezero crater, where the rover made its landing last February, is further punctuated by the mechanical groans of Perseverance itself, the crackle of its ‘SuperCam’ laser instrument, and exhales of gas as the rover blows dust away from outcrops of rock for closer study. Perseverance even recorded the whirring rotors of its small companion robot, Ingenuity, a tiny helicopter being used to scout terrain ahead of the rover’s path.
Turn the volume up to listen to sounds recorded on Mars by NASA’s Perseverance rover. Credit: NASA/JPL.
But even with all this activity, Mars is unsettlingly quiet. “At some point, we thought the microphone was broken, it was so quiet,” says Sylvestre Maurice, an astrophysicist at the University of Toulouse who is studying the behavior of soundwaves in Mars’ atmosphere.
Maurice and his colleagues have been closely examining the recordings sent back to Earth over the past year by Perseverance, and they say the culprit responsible for the spell of silence cast upon the Red Planet is the thin atmosphere itself. Composed largely of CO2, the gas blanketing Mars is about one percent as dense as Earth’s atmosphere, and at these low pressures, sound transmits sound far more slowly.
The speed of sound is not a universal constant. It changes depending on the medium through which the sound is passing.
Not only does sound move more slowly on Mars, but it doesn’t travel as far either, dissipating extraordinarily quickly. A sound that travels 65 meters on Earth might only go 8 meters on Mars, and a high-pitched sound wouldn’t even make it that far. The result is an eerie, muffled environment.
Scientists have created models that predict how sound might act in a Mars-like environment, but these recordings are the first chance they’ve had to test their models. Previous attempts to land a microphone on Mars were fraught with trouble. The 1999 Polar Lander spacecraft carried one, but crashed into the surface before taking any data. NASA’s Pheonix Lander had one too, but it suffered technical difficulties before launch and the mic was never used. A French mission called Netlander intended to carry one, but got canceled in 2004. It was only in 2021 that Martian sounds were finally recorded.
The success of Perseverance’s microphones has at last opened up new opportunities for studying the Martian atmosphere via soundwaves. Researchers have been able to use sound to measure pressure changes caused by turbulence in the atmosphere, and also by the seasons. As Martian summer approaches, researchers expect pressures to rise, and so Mars will get ‘noisier.’ According to Baptiste Chide, another researcher studying these recordings, “We are entering a high-pressure season. Maybe the acoustic environment on Mars will be less quiet than it was when we landed.”
Alongside their scientific value, Perseverance’s microphones have practical engineering uses too, allowing the rover’s team to monitor and diagnose the rover’s performance. Like listening to a car’s engine for funny sounds or unexpected squeaks, engineers can use the recordings to catch anomalies in the rover’s mechanicals. As the rover ages, and is subjected to more wear and tear, this new diagnostic tool may prove extremely valuable.
Two Tic-tac UFOs At Space X launch, March 9, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Two Tic-tac UFOs At Space X launch, March 9, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: March 9, 2022
Location of sighting: Playalinda Beach, Florida, USA
Hey guys check this out. A friend on Twitter posted this amazing video of not one, but two tic-tac UFOs shooting behind the SpaceX Falcon rocket right before launch on March 9. I made a close up video of it and then slowed it down 8X and you can really see this object is long, cylinder shaped, and metallic. There is also another object above it that matches its speed. Very strange, especially so close to a rocket launch site.
Why would aliens do such a dangerous thing? Easy, to record all data about the newest rocket technology is utmost important the them. Such data can help aliens predict the exact year that humans will begin migrating off Earth onto other planets and moons to live. A new spacefaring species...thats the time they can meet and greet us without any need for permission from governments or presidents. Once humans leave earth, aliens don't need permission. Its their own choice if they want to meet us or not out there. Only on Earth do their laws and ours require them to be allowed by our highest governments first before they reveal themselves to the public.
Two UFOs Near The Space Station, April 5, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Two UFOs Near The Space Station, April 5, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 5, 2022
Location of sighting:Space Station
Source: Live Cam
Now here is something a bit unusual. The eyewitness saw two UFO orbs near the space station and instead of using a screen recorder, he used his phone. I have to admit it works, when you are pressed for time, but the quality is slightly less and lines in the video do become visible. But still, this is a great example of what UFOs near the space station look like. The two UFOs are sphere shaped and they are lit up by the sun...equally lit is the space station. What this tells me is that according to the light and the shadows, these are not reflections, but actual object floating in space. Fantastic catch and absolute proof that aliens are still watching the space station.
Hey guys, check this out. Jean Ward found a 300 meter spaceship on Mars. He founding it a NASA hirise photo and the quality is just amazing. Now there are no windows or doors viable on the craft because thats how many alien ships are. People on the inside can touch the wall and it becomes transparent one way viewing from the inside only. The ship is amazing and just sitting on the Mars surface with a slight tilt as a boat may have. Wow, so amazing and Jean also found a lot of other structures in the area that leads me to believe that this was once an alien city. Can you imagine being the first person there...and claiming it all? Wow! Finders keepers. I wonder which country will claim it first?
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Impressive activity around and above the Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico
Impressive activity around and above the Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico
The last days there is a lot of activity in space and above the volcano, probably meteors and other unknown objects caught by the cameras of webcamsdemexico.
One of the objects/meteors explodes just above the volcano or did it impacts the volcano, you can see the precise moment when it impacts/explodes.
The Pleiades star cluster is not just another point in the sky, but in fact, the home to a race of alien beings known as the Pleiadians. Vitally, these Pleiadians are said to be a benevolent race, closely related to but more emotionally and spiritually developed than humans, interested in helping humanity on its own evolutionary journey. If this is true, then perhaps it is why the ancients continually spoke of the Pleiades as a place of knowledge and protection. Notably, the Pleiadians are said to have a much different appearance than the gray, big-headed aliens of popular culture. Rather, the Pleiadians are often referred to as Nordic aliens, due to their purported Scandinavian appearance – blonde hair, milky white skin, blue eyes.
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Life found beneath Antarctic ice sheet 'shouldn't be there'
Life found beneath Antarctic ice sheet 'shouldn't be there'
Biologists say the inadvertent discovery of sea life on a boulder underneath an Antarctic ice shelf and hundreds of kilometres challenges our understanding of how far organisms can live from sunlight.
A British Antarctic Survey team drilled through the 900-metre-thick Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and dropped a camera down the hole in search of mud on the seabed. To their surprise, the camera revealed a boulder ringed by animals. Video footage appear to show 16 sponges, accompanied by 22 unidentified animals which could include barnacles. It is the first time such immobile life has been found beneath an Antarctic ice sheet. “There’s all sorts of reasons they shouldn’t be there,” says Huw Griffiths at the British Antarctic Survey, who analysed the footage.
The inadvertent discovery of sea life on a boulder beneath an Antarctic ice shelf challenges our understanding of how organisms can live in environments far from sunlight, according to a team of biologists.
James Smith and Paul Anker at the British Antarctic Survey drilled through the 900-metre-thick Filchner-Ronne ice shelf and dropped a camera down the hole in search of mud on the seabed. To their surprise, it revealed a boulder ringed by animals. Footage appears to show 16 sponges, accompanied by 22 unidentified animals that could include barnacles. It is the first time that immobile life like these creatures has been found beneath an Antarctic ice sheet.
“There’s all sorts of reasons they shouldn’t be there,” says Huw Griffiths at the British Antarctic Survey, who analysed the footage. He thinks the animals, which are probably filter feeders, survive on nutrients carried in the -2°C water. The conundrum is that they are so far from obvious nutrient sources, given that the boulder is located 260 kilometres from the open water at the front of the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf where photosynthetic organisms can survive.
What’s more, the sponges’ food is probably travelling from even further afield, says Griffiths. Given what we know about the ocean currents in the area, the nearest up-current source of sunlight appears to be 600 kilometres away.
It isn’t yet clear whether the rock-hugging animals are new to science, how long they live – some Antarctic glass sponges are more than 10,000 years old – or how often they feed, be it once a year, a decade or a century. But there are signs that the life on this single boulder isn’t a one-off: filming also captured a single sponge on another rock nearby.
A British Antarctic Survey camera travelling down a 900-meter-long bore hole in the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf (the animal in the image is unrelated to the discovery)
Dr Huw Griffiths/British Antarctic Survey
The find is significant because it suggests life in Antarctica’s harshest environments is more adaptable and more diverse than thought.
“We’ve discovered this isn’t some graveyard where a few things cling on, it’s more complicated than we thought,” says Griffiths. As ice sheets collapse in a warming world, species such as those found on the boulder may prove to be unable to respond to rapid changes.
Learning more about how the organisms have adapted to their freezing home far from food may also give us about how life evolved how life evolved during a “snowball Earth” period hundreds of millions of years ago in which the planet was covered in ice during.
Griffiths now wants to study the animals more closely, but it won’t be easy in such a remote, harsh place. Tiny, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) lowered down a borehole in the ice are one option that may unlock the answers.
Leaked NASA Presentation from 2001 Predicts the Antichrist System, Technological Revolution, and the Artificial Takeover
Leaked NASA Presentation from 2001 Predicts the Antichrist System, Technological Revolution, and the Artificial Takeover
For quite some time the shadow government has prepared a technological revolution that will forever change both humanity and the world. That revolution is happening right now, and it’s called the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Through technology, NASA and several other organizations have planned, prepared, and predicted certain events that might take place by the year 2025.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is the shift from mankind using tools, to mankind upgrading and becoming the bio-tech tool. For decades, several governmental organizations have known that a change was coming. The shadow government, the technocratic elite, have fomented the rise of self and the demise of culture to flourish the need for technology and dependence on the artificial.
In 2001, then lead scientist of NASA, Dennis M. Bushnell, published what many claim to be a document that foretold how the government will wage war against the citizen. The paper was originally not public, but through the work of several independent researchers, the presentation was made available.
The report, Future Strategic Issues/Future Warfare [Circa 2025], can be seen below in its entirety.
The validity of the document has drawn speculation that it may be a hoax, but according to another document, the Future Warfare publication, it is legitimate. The validating document comes from Dartmouth College, Institute for Security Technology, and Society, January 2001, edited by Joseph Rosen, MD. Charles Lucey, MD, JD; located on page 372, is a reference to the Future Strategic Issues/Future Warfare [Circa 2025] publication.
The reference made from the Emerging Technologies release, adds some weight to the claims made in the mysterious document created by Bushnell.
The 113-page original presentation, put together in 2001, details the future of the world and how technology will take over every aspect of our lives. The publication also foretells how wars will be waged, the phases of technological revolutions and when they will commence. The technology mentioned within this report is being released to and on the public today almost 16 years later.
After quickly glancing at some of the terms mentioned within the future warfare document, one conclusion that can be drawn is that technology is the facilitator of their agenda, thereby the advancement of technology means the progression of the agenda. NASA, according to the documentation provided predicts that by 2020, another phase, Bio/Nanotechnology, of the current technological revolution will commence, and that the final stage of the agenda is the virtual revolution.
As technological and biological lines are continually crossed, the ever increasing prospect that technology is the weapon being used to foment the End Times is becoming increasingly apparent. Christians must draw the line at some point when it comes to using technology.
The effects of bio/nano technologies are no longer futuristic; they are coming about today, here and now. As the NASA document states, what used to take decades to years to come about, is now only taking months to weeks, the exponential timeline. While a lot in the field of Information Technology has changed over the past several decades, the biggest changes have happened within the last few years to months.
Most of the subjects mentioned within this presentation we, at the Christian Journal, have covered heavily over the last several months because the Fourth Industrial Revolution is beginning to take impact in all of our lives.
The Convergence of technology and biology have drifted closer together, only now are we witnessing the exponential growth. According to the presentation, over the course of the next two and a half years mankind will see the induction of biotechnology into our daily lives, and with that, the Mark of the Beast could come about according to Scripture.
The tech giants behind the push for the technological revolution, have released their agenda, and they have released their stance on humanity as a whole. We, the people, are nothing more than useless eaters and that is according to, Mark Zuckerberg bestie, NYTimes best selling author, Yuval Noah Harari.
The dystopia the technocratic elite are building is an attempt to mock the promises of God mentioned in the Bible, through technological advancement. According to Julian Assange, some of the engineers, especially those in Silicon Valley, behind the progression of this agenda are stuck in a ’Nirvana’:
Speaking about the future of AI, Assange told a panel including Slovenian philosopher Slavoj ´i¸ek that there will be a time when AI will be used to adjust perception.
“Imagine a Daily Mail run by essentially Artificial Intelligence, what does that look like when there’s only the Daily Mail worldwide? That’s what Facebook and Twitter will shift into,” he said.
When asked by M.I.A. if AI and VR technology will make society more vulnerable to becoming apolitical, Assange replied: “Yes, of course we can be influenced, but I don’t see that as the main problem.”
“Human beings have always been influenced by sophisticated systems of production, information and experience, [such as the] BBC for example.”
The technologies “just amplify the power of the ability to project into the mind,” he added.
“The most important development as far as the fate of human beings are concerned is that we are getting close to the threshold where the traditional propaganda function that is employed by BBC, The Daily Mail, and cultures also, can be encapsulated by AI processes,” Assange said.
“When you have AI programs harvesting all the search queries and YouTube videos someone uploads it starts to lay out perceptual influence campaigns, twenty to thirty moves ahead. This starts to become totally beneath the level of human perception.”
Using Google as an example, and comparing the wit involved to a game of chess, he said at this level human beings become powerless as they can’t even see it happening.
Admitting his vision was dystopian, he suggested that he could be wrong.
“Maybe there will be a new band of technologically empowered human beings that can see this [rueful] fate coming towards us, [which] will be able to extract value or diminish it by directly engaging with it – that’s also possible.”
Another insight offered by the WikiLeaks founder was his opinion that engineers involved in AI lack perception about what they’re doing.
“I know from our sources deep inside the Silicon Valley institution[s] that they genuinely believe that they are going to produce AI that’s so powerful, relatively soon, that people will have their brains digitized, uploaded to these AIs and live forever in simulation, therefore have eternal life.”
“It’s like a religion for atheists,” he added. “And given you’re in a simulation, why not program the simulation to have endless drug and sex orgy parties around you.”
Assange said this vision makes them work harder and the dystopian consequences of their work is overshadowed by cultural and industrial bias to not perceiving it.
He concluded that the normal perception someone would have regarding their work has been supplanted with “this ridiculous quasi-religious model that’s it all going to lead to nirvana.” – Source
On slide fourteen is a list of technology that will in part usher in this dystopia and the technological revolution. Mentioned within that is genetic engineering. Genetic Engineering, over the last several months, has taken off like a rocket, what began with the announcement of a technology called CRISPR CAS9, has brought out the discussion of designer babies, artificial wombs and so on. However, the push for such technology, again is not new, upon glancing back to 1971, a homosexual manifesto was published in London, and it detailed how a genderless utopia is the end goal, where technology will replace the need for a mother, and how their revolution will destroy the patriarchal family model.
IT – Silicon/bio/optical/quantum/nano computing (“no end in sight,” another 106 +) – (Virtual reality/holographic) immersive ubiquitous comms., hyperspectral sensors, “virtual presence.” – Automatic/Robotic “everything” – Huge cost reductions
Bio – Lifespan doubling – Genetic engineering before birth – Plants irrigated by seawater (food, petro-chem feedstock, minerals, terraforming)
The applicable conclusion drawn from the 2001 NASA publication is that over the course of the next several months to years, a lot is going change, and very fast. With the 2001 presentation in mind, it might be time to readily prepare for the coming onslaught of implantable technology, invasive technology, and the ever-changing face of the world through The Fourth Industrial Revolution.
As the Technological Revolution unfolds, you can count on The Christian Journal to expose, and reprove the works of darkness in this field, start now, by catching up on our latest reports on the matter.
The Milky Way has an Inner Ring, Just Outside the Core
The Milky Way has an Inner Ring, Just Outside the Core
In the past century, astronomers have learned a great deal about the cosmos and our place in it. From discovering that the Universe is in a constant state of expansion to the discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and the Big Bang cosmological model, our perception of the cosmos has expanded immensely. And yet, many of the most profound astronomical discoveries still occur within our cosmic backyard – the Milky Way Galaxy.
Compared to other galaxies, which astronomers can resolve with relative ease, the structure and size of the Milky Way have been the subject of ongoing discovery. The most recent comes from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), where scientists have found a previously undiscovered inner ring of metal-rich stars just outside the Galactic Bar. The existence of this ring has revealed new insights into star formation in this region of the galaxy during its early history.
Determining the structure and size of the Milky Way galaxy has always been marred by the fact that we are situated within the Milky Way’s galactic disk, close to one of its spiral arms. From this vantage point, stars are obscured by dense clouds of gas and dust, especially towards the center of the Milky Way. This has made it particularly difficult to determine the structure of the inner Milky Way.
Using information from Gaia’s second data release, a team of scientists has made refined estimates of the Milky Way’s mass. Credit: ESA/Gaia/DPAC
One enduring mystery about our galaxy is whether or not it had any star-forming inner rings, which have been seen in other disk galaxies. Luckily, scientists at the MPE spent the past decade combining data from various observation campaigns – including the APOGEE survey and the Gaia Observatory – with advanced computer simulations. The result was a state-of-the-art model of the inner Milky Way that revealed a slow bar with a peanut-shaped bulge. This bulge is populated by stars that formed four to nine billion years ago, with a peak in age between six and eight billion years.
The APOGEE survey is a large-scale, stellar spectroscopic campaign conducted by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), located at the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. This survey was conducted at near-infrared wavelengths, which allows for observations that would not be possible in optical light. In particular, APOGEE’s IR observations allow it to see through the dusty regions of the Milky Way, such as the disk and the bulge.
This allowed the MPE team to determine the element abundances, positions, line-of-sight velocities, and approximate ages of all the stars in the newly-observed bulge. Meanwhile, the data obtained by the ESA’s Gaia mission provided accurate measurements of the positions and proper motions of these stars. The team then combined all of these observations with a model they created of the workings of the inner Milky Way. As Shola M. Wylie, a Ph.D. student at MPE and lead author of the study, explained:
“We integrated more than 30 000 stars from the APOGEE survey with additional data from Gaia in our Milky Way bar-bulge potential to obtain the full orbits of these stars. And with these orbits, we can effectively see behind the galactic bulge as well as other spatial regions not covered by the surveys. Around the central bar, we found an inner ring structure that is more metal-rich than the bar and where the stars have younger ages, around 7 billion years.”
Annotated diagram of the Milky Way. The sun is indicated near the bottom in the Orion Spur. Credit: NASA
To separate the stars in the ring and the bar structures, the team observed how much their orbits deviated from a circle (i.e., their eccentricity). From this, they found that the stars in the ring are younger and more metal-rich than the stars in the bar and are more concentrated towards the Galactic plane. This suggests that stars in the stellar ring must have continued to form from inflowing gas after the bar was in place.
Therefore, astronomers can use the age of the inner ring stars to look back at the formation history of the Milky Way. Based on the average age of the stars, the MPE team estimates that the Galatic bar formed at least 7 billion years ago. At present, it’s not clear if there is a connection between the newly discovered inner ring and the galaxy’s spiral arms and whether gas is currently funneled inwards to a star-forming thin inner ring, as is seen with other spiral galaxies.
With next-generation telescopes becoming operational, more detailed galactic surveys will be possible. When combined with augmented models (which will be possible using more sophisticated software), this data will allow astronomers to learn more about how the ring structure transitions to the surrounding disk in the Milky Way. The study that describes their findings, titled “The Milky Way’s middle-aged inner ring,” recently appeared in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
The ExoMars Rover is Ready, now it Just Needs a new Ride to Mars
The ExoMars Rover is Ready, now it Just Needs a new Ride to Mars
When it arrives on Mars, the ESA’s Rosalind Franklin rover will join a growing fleet of robotic rovers, landers, and orbiters dedicated to searching for life on Mars. As part of the Exomars program, this mission was a collaborative effort between the ESA and the Russian State Space Corporation (Roscosmos). Whereas the ESA would provide the rover, Roscosmos was to provide the launch services and the Kazachok lander that would deliver Rosalind Franklin to the surface.
After many years of development, testing, and some delays, the Rosalind Franklin rover passed its System Qualification and Flight Acceptance Review in March. The Review Board confirmed that the rover was ready to be shipped to the launch site at Baikonur Cosmodrome and would make the launch window opening on September 20th, 2022. Unfortunately, due to the suspension of cooperation with Roscosmos, the ESA’s rover finds itself stranded on Earth for the time being.
The decision to suspend cooperation was reached by the ESA’s ruling Council, which met in Paris from March 16th to 17th to assess the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the effect this would have on inter-agency cooperation. The Council ruled unanimously, declaring that:
it was impossible, at present, to carry out the ongoing cooperation with Roscosmos on the ExoMars rover mission with a launch in 2022, and mandated that the ESA Director General take appropriate steps to suspend the cooperation activities accordingly;
the ESA Director General was authorized to fast-track an industrial study to better define the available options for a way forward to implement the ExoMars rover mission.
The ExoMars 2016 mission will pave the way for a rover mission to the Red Planet in 2020.
Credit: ESA
With the 2022 launch suspended, the Exomars elements – the Rosalind Franklin rover, the spacecraft that will transport it to Mars, and the Carrier and Decent modules (CM/DM) – are being sent to a Thales Alenia Space storage site in Italy, where they will await further instruction. Based on the decision by the ESA Member States at the Council meeting, a fast-track industrial study will commence assessing all available options to make the Exomars 2022 mission happen in the near future.
In particular, the teams will be looking for the earliest possible launch opportunity depending on one of two scenarios. For the first, the ESA will attempt to develop all necessary technologies to support a Europea-led mission – i.e., launching from a member state using an ESA launch vehicle provider (such as Arianespace). In the second, the team will assess the possibility of launching with international partners and the availability of compatible launchers and a launch site.
David Parker, Director of Human and Robotic Exploration at ESA, conveyed an optimistic attitude about the future of the ExoMars program. Considering the time and effort the ESA had devoted to this mission, plus the valued contributions it will make to the ongoing exploration of Mars, the ESA is not about to abandon it. As he said in a recent ESA press release:
“I hope that our Member States will decide that this is not the end of ExoMars, but rather a rebirth of the mission, perhaps serving as a trigger to develop more European autonomy. We count on brilliant teams and expertise across Europe and with international partners to reshape and rebuild the mission. The team is dedicated and focused on setting out the next steps to ensure we bring this incredible rover to Mars to complete the job it was designed for.”
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter analyses the martian atmosphere.
Credit: ESA/ATG medialab
Among the cutting-edge instruments that the Rosland Franking rover will bring to the field are its advanced drill and internal laboratory. Whereas other rovers, like Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance, have all drilled into the surface to obtain core samples, the Rosalind Franklin will be the first to drill 2 meters (6.56 feet) below the surface. It will also be the first to use novel driving techniques, including wheel-walking, to overcome obstacles.
In the meantime, the ESA still maintains a presence around Mars with the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), the orbital elements of the ExoMars 2016 mission. The TGO continues to relay most data from surface missions, such as NASA’s Curiosity and Perseverance rovers and the InSight lander. The TGO is also expected to play a vital role in the upcoming Mars Sample Return campaign – a joint NASA-ESA mission to return samples obtained by the Perseverance rover to Earth.
This disruption is one of many caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which has resulted in widespread condemnation and sanctions by the international community. In response, Russia has terminated its cooperation with other space agencies and recently announced it was withdrawing from the International Space Station (ISS).
However, the ESA and other space agencies continue to cooperate to fulfill their shared vision of space exploration. Considering how beneficial the Rosalind Franklin rover will be to the ongoing search for life on Mars, it seems like a safe bet that the ESA (on its own or with the help of international partners) will ensure that it gets to Mars. After all, politics are so trivial compared to answering the fundamental questions about life in our Universe!
The Sounds of H.A.A,R.P.- Best, Most Frightening Examples. What H.A.A,R.P. is and What it Can Be Used For Weather Warfare, Earthquakes, Tsunamis & Mind Control
The Sounds of H.A.A,R.P.- Best, Most Frightening Examples. What H.A.A,R.P. is and What it Can Be Used For Weather Warfare, Earthquakes, Tsunamis & Mind Control
The Sounds of H.A.A,R.P.- Best, Most Frightening Examples. Weather Warfare, Earthquakes, Tsunamis & Mind Control
NO, THAT IS NOT GODZILLA FIGHTING MOTHRA. IT IS EVEN MORE DISTURBING
What H.A.A,R.P. is and What it Can Be Used For-Weather Warfare, Earthquakes, Tsunamis & Mind Control
THE NEW TECHNOLOGY IS SAID TO HAVE THE POWER OF 100 BILLION WATTS
In the 14th century, a small port near Holderness, England, vanished into the sea. The town, Ravenser Odd, had been ravaged by two floods: the first overwhelmed the town’s abbey, leaving the streets full of human remains. The second, according to eyewitnesses, caused a “towering wall of water” to surround the village and swallow it. The residents fled, and Ravenser Odd was never heard of again. Now, scientists from the University of Hull have a plan to uncover “Yorkshire’s Atlantis.”
Daniel Parsons, a professor in sedimentology, was on a family beach trip when he first heard about the town. He told The Guardian that while talking to historian Phil Mathison, he learned that local fishermen scouting for lobsters had seen disturbances on the surface of the water at low tide. This initial conversation sparked Parson’s interest in the sunken town and its location. As a geoscientist he was just the person to try to find it.
Parsons’ idea is to use high-resolution sonar systems—which he usually utilizes to study the movement of sediment—to locate the town. Last year’s excavation surveyed about 10 hectares off Spurn Point. It was unsuccessful, but Parsons believes that their next expedition will produce results: “Given the stories we’ve had from the folks on the lobster vessels,” he said, “I’m pretty confident we will find something [next time].”
There’s all sorts of interesting things under the seas. Like Pavlopetri, reportedly the oldest sunken city, off the coast of Greece. You have cities sunken in the Caribbean. Lots more in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Egypt, and even a stone circle, similar to Stonehenge, off the coast of Scotland. I do find this all pretty cool, but, there’s something else to this story
Parsons has good reason to feel confident about his chances of locating the once prosperous town. Comparable studies of towns destroyed by weather-induced coastal erosion in the Bay of Naples reveal that towns aren’t simply washed away; they leave evidence of their presence on the seabed. For Parsons, who heads the University of Hull’s Energy and Environment Institute, this is a prime opportunity to learn from the past. HetoldMark Brown, “I think it is a fantastic way to start conversations with people on the impacts of climate change long into the future by using these stories from the past.”
These people. Many of the cities were put underwater due to earthquakes and volcanic activity. Look at where so many reside. There’s lots of plate tectonics in the Med, Caribbean, and India, among others. Others because the seas actually rise about 6-8 inches per year over the last 8,000 years.
Anyhow, moving beyond that bit of Climatourettes, if the idea of all the sunken cities interests you, read the rest of the piece, which moves on from the stupid cult stuff, and is rather interesting.
Is an Ancient Space Ark at Lake Vostok heating up Antarctica?
Is an Ancient Space Ark at Lake Vostok heating up Antarctica?
On March 18, news emerged of a heatwave in East Antarctica, the epicenter of which was the Vostok region that sits atop a mysterious lake two miles under the ice sheet.
Scientists are baffled by the heat surge of more than 70 degrees above average temperatures and are seeking answers.
According to Michael Salla, a likely explanation comes from two sources who say an ancient ark is buried under the ice sheet in the Vostok region, and its activation is heating up East Antarctica.
On March 18, news emerged of a heatwave in East Antarctica, the epicenter of which was the Vostok region that sits atop a mysterious lake two miles under the ice sheet. Scientists are baffled by the heat surge of more than 70 degrees above average temperatures and are seeking answers. A likely explanation comes from two sources who say an ancient ark is buried under the ice sheet in the Vostok region, and its activation is heating up East Antarctica.
The Washington Post was the first to reveal the heatwave in East Antarctica. In a story titled “It’s 70 degrees warmer than normal in eastern Antarctica. Scientists are flabbergasted”, this is what was reported:
The average high temperature in Vostok — at the center of the eastern ice sheet — is around minus-63 (minus-53 Celsius) in March. But on Friday, the temperature leaped to zero (minus-17.7 Celsius), the warmest it’s been there during March since record keeping began 65 years ago. It broke the previous monthly record by a staggering 27 degrees (15 Celsius).
Antarctic scientists are baffled by the heatwave in late March since “Antarctica is losing about 25 minutes of sunlight each day,” according to what they told the Washington Post. Meteorologists reported a “heat dome” over East Antarctica and said, “[T]his is not something we’ve seen before.” Significantly, the Washington Post reports that there has been notable melting of the ice sheet in the region.
This takes me to the discovery of a large magnetic anomaly at one end of Lake Vostok as first reported in The Antarctic Sun on February 4, 2001. The anomaly’s size was 65 by 46 miles (105 by 75 km) according to scientific measurements. Veteran NASA researchers Richard Hoagland and Mike Bara soon after proposed the anomaly may in fact be a buried city.
Ground penetrating radar image of lake under Vostok base with magnetic anomaly
Since 2001, there have been multiple sources that claim they have visited or been briefed about an ancient city or large alien motherships buried under the ice sheets either at Lake Vostok or other areas in Antarctica.
What could be driving the heatwave and heat dome over East Antarctica? Is it connected to the magnetic anomaly at Lake Vostok two miles under the ice sheet?
While meteorologists struggle to give a conventional explanation, they admit to being baffled by what is happening. There is another non-conventional explanation for what is driving the heatwave in east Antarctica — a space ark buried under the Vostok region that has begun activating!
On March 29, I was contacted by Jean Charles Moyen, who is a French contactee and secret space program insider that I’ve interviewed previously for Exopolitics Today. Jean Charles is a filmmaker working on the sequel to his first “fiction based on fact” movie, South Shore Origin. In his email message, Jean Charles reported a teleportation experience first to Ireland, where he met Elena Danaan. He next went with her to a Galactic Federation of Worlds mothership in Earth orbit, and finally traveled to Lake Vostok, Antarctica.
Here is how he summarized it all:
Monday, March 28, 3:33 a.m. Here is what I experienced!!!
Last night I was working on South Shore Origin 2, I got up to lie down on the couch in my office because my head was spinning (too much computer probably) and all of a sudden I felt myself go into the couch and I passed out.
When I opened my eyes, I found myself in the path of the other time in Ireland, and I heard, remember, remember…and I saw the same scene again but until the end without interruption !!! Elena was holding my hand and said, I’m going to introduce you to the family and then I saw the next part…
I felt tingling all over my body exactly the same sensation as when you sleep on your arm and the blood comes back in it. You know that scary tingling sensation. Suddenly I was up in a ship, in a big control room with a huge view of space and Elena was next to me and she said to me, you saw, it’s beautiful the view, I like to come here, it relaxes me to see the earth like this, it calms me. And there in the middle stood Melanie [Jean Charles’s wife] in a silver tight suit! Who said you were surprised to see me here, honey !!!! Elena and I have known each other for a long time and we are friends, but I’ll let you continue your visit and she teleported herself!!!!
And then someone came up behind us, I instantly felt his energy, and the hairs on my arms stood up as if electrified. I turned around and saw a man in a uniform with shoulder pads, almond shaped eyes of a very luminous lagoon color and beautiful blond hair that looked like an angel as in the Bible, there was no flaw on his face, it was disturbing to see the perfection of his features. He smiled at me and I heard in my mind relax, my friend you know who I am and he came closer and put his fingers in a triangular shape on my forehead and temples and I found myself surrounded by translucent blue ice, I said: where are we? He told me under Antarctica, precisely under the lake Vostok, where there is an ark.
And I turned around and Elena was there in a tight-fitting suit that pulsed a kind of bluish energy with heat to regulate your temperature, I had no suit but I had the same bluish energy around me. And I said but why are we here…and I heard, because you are all the keys to the awakening of humanity.
And suddenly I felt myself being pulled backwards as if I was falling into a hole and I woke up with a start with my heart pounding in my chest it was precisely 3:33.
After receiving Jean Charles’s startling information, I contacted Elena Danaan to see if she or Thor Han had any info about Lake Vostok and what Jean Charles had experienced. The response from Thor Han to my inquiry was stunning, and gave critical information that explains the heatwave and melting ice in the Vostok region:
LAKE VOSTOK
March 29, 2022
The civilization who left technology under the melting ice of Antarctica wasn’t from Nataru [Milky Way Galaxy]. There were ancient times when the climate of this planet was different, when the magnetic poles were located in a different place. The land was green and fertile and the climate was warm, in the land you call now Antarctica. An important colony was settled there. They were of the Pa-Taal. They lived in peace and prosperity. It was a great civilization, told about in your ancient tales as a lost continent. In truth, it was never lost but forgotten, under the ice, for a reason. They left gifts, large crafts and structures in the subterranean web of heated caverns. The structures under Lake Vostok were known from a long time by your scientists working in the secret programs. The Earth Alliance knew, and it was the bait to bring financial elites down to Antarctica for the last meeting. They never saw the Arks, they were never taken there. But this is another story. The ark under Vostok Lake is part of a much larger structure of halls and temples. A powerful pyramid generator is also there. None could activate it. Yet.
Thor Han appears to be describing an ancient civilization such as Atlantis, which has long been rumored to be buried under the ice sheets after the last cataclysmic earth changes occurred 11,600 years ago. A book by researchers Rand Flem-Ath and Rose Flem-Ath, Atlantis beneath the Ice: The Fate of the Lost Continent (2012), presents compelling evidence for such a claim.
In addition, Thor Han refers to recent meetings held in Antarctica where the Cabal (aka Deep State leaders) secretly traveled to negotiate with the Earth Alliance and the Galactic Federation about their future. The cabal reneged on whatever deal was reached and continue to cause chaos on Earth as evidenced by current global events.
Thor Han continued his update:
Not only the Earth Alliance and the Nataru Alliance knew about it, but also the enemy. The Ciakahrr stormed and took the place under Vostok, hoping to crack the codes of this technology. They welcomed the humans of the Nazi group, that you call the Fourth Reich, to help decrypting this technology. Were you thinking that they accepted human colonies there in Antarctica for no reason? What do you think they were getting in exchange for technology and weapons? DNA. The Ciakahrrs knew DNA was the key to activate these power structures. But even though they looked into finding the right DNA frequency codes, they never succeeded to activate these structures.
The Intergalactic Confederation has more than one safety lock on these structures, and what comes with DNA is Consciousness. The body envelope and the inhabiting soul need to be of the same frequency, and the person needs to be alive and conscious, and know what to do, how to activate the commands and unlock the portals. You need the knowledge that goes with the tools. You cannot kill someone and only use their DNA sample, because it needs to be inhabited by consciousness. By an original soul part of the Seeders, who have this knowledge. Bodies are also there in stasis, and they were found a long time ago. But their genetic material isn’t enough, because the soul has gone, and awaits to come back.
Now, the ice is melting, to reveal in plain sight the secrets we liberated, for you.
I have earlier reported on my US Army source JP who has traveled to arks on the Moon and under the Atlantic Ocean, where a multinational team drawn from the US, China, and Russia has been researching the ancient arks. JP confirmed that the arks are activated by the DNA of a select number of individuals.
Consequently, it is very plausible that the Draco Reptilians, aka Ciakharr, used the Nazis to get access to human DNA they could use to activate the arks. In addition, JP has revealed that the activating arks are releasing a tremendous amount of heat, quickly warming up the surrounding environment.
In a voice communication received on March 29, Elena confirmed that she had been taken to Lake Vostok with Jean Charles in the early morning of the previous day:
This is now the explanation why I wasn’t allowed to remember this moment because it was meant that Jean Charles remembers. I think it’s a good strategy that they scatter information, not always the same person you know. I find it very good. Then there was a lot of also holographic projection around Jean Charles to show him, make him confident and settled in the project … Melanie was there as well to make him confident, but I was really there and with him, and I remember now, but he was meant to be the one to remember first because as Thor Han always says, remembering is activating. So now we can confirm about Lake Vostok.
Elena’s confirmation shows that the Galactic Federation is now taking at least two individuals to visit the space arks, witness the contents, and report their experiences to the world.
In a follow-up message from Jean Charles on March 29, he explains being taken on a second trip to Lake Vostok earlier in the morning of that day:
This night, I found myself in the same place under Lake Vostok, but this time I was inside a structure. It was the Ark. Everything was purified inside, no screws, nor bolts, nothing. It looked like tungsten but translucent. I was in the center, and in the middle, there was a kind of sphere which turned very luminous. They would have said a ball of bluish plasma which gave off a lot of heat by emitting a crystalline noise and around was laid out in a geometrical form resembling a star … tubes in which there were beings in stasis.
I approached one of the tubes, and when I approached, it reacted by lighting up, as if my presence triggered it. I felt in connection with the material of the vessel. The structure seemed alive. I could see the appearance of the being in the tube, he was tall, and his skin had bluish reflections. He was wearing a kind of midnight blue suit without any seams. There was a symbol on the suit representing a triangle with a constellation inside. And I heard a voice coming out of nowhere saying to me, “you have been chosen,” it was the same sentence that the Mantis [being] had said to me as a child when she put her paws on my shoulder, you remember, during the test of fear with the other children? Many of them had failed except me. Well, it was the same voice. I approached a tube, and it lit up very brightly, and I woke up suddenly and on the alarm clock it was 5:55.
Jean Charles’s information matches what JP said he had encountered during his two trips to the submerged Atlantic space ark. He described a blue ball of liquid (plasma) in one large room, which was a portal to other space arks. In addition, he witnessed many crypt-like structures whose contents were not seen by JP, but he said he was briefed that they radiated friendly energy.
In addition, in an upcoming update from “Oona”, a representative of the 24 Seeder Races (aka Intergalactic Confederation), it will be confirmed that the sleeping giants are starseeds currently incarnated on Earth. Elena plans to soon reveal this fascinating update.
In conclusion, the experiences released by Jean Charles Moyen and Elena Danaan, when combined with the earlier revelations from JP, all suggests that an ancient ark is activating and warming up the Vostok region and the rest of East Antarctica. Furthermore, the ancient ark is almost certainly linked in some way to the large magnetic anomaly discovered at one corner of Lake Vostok back in 2001.
The record temperatures in East Antarctica recently reported by the Washington Post suggest the heating up process caused by the activating ark(s) is unstoppable. It therefore is only a matter of time before the world will be confronted by indisputable physical evidence of an ancient Atlantean civilization buried under Antarctica, and the existence of large space arks buried in Antarctica and other locations around the planet.
What will be even more exciting for the general public and many readers in particular is the revelation that the ‘sleeping giants‘ in the space arks are human starseeds currently living normal lives on Earth. These starseeds are destined to awaken to their DNA or “soul” connection to the hibernating crews of the activating space arks through dreams, visions, and eventually physical travel there as happened with both Jean Charles Moyen and Elena Danaan.
A video version of this article is on YouTube & Rumble
Many thanks to Jean Charles Moyen and Elena Danaan for permission to publish their email communications. Jean Charles Moyen’s movie “South Shore Origin” is available on Vimeo here. Elena Danaan’s website is here.
Note: On April 9 I will be holding my next webinar on “ET Seeders, Space Arks, and the Great Reveal” where I describe the history of space arks and the ‘Seeders’ and why their recent arrival is triggering the arks activation, which in turn will lead to incredible revelations about humanity’s origins and connections to extraterrestrial life. Click here or banner below for more info.
Aliens From Andromeda Told US Army Personnel That Humans Are Composite Of 22 Different E.T. Races
Aliens From Andromeda Told US Army Personnel That Humans Are Composite Of 22 Different E.T. Races
Alex Collier is one of the famous alien contactees who claimed that for over 30 years, he had been in contact with aliens from the constellation Andromeda. Their contact included multiple visits to aliens’ spaceships and telepathic connections for decades. Many well-known UFO enthusiasts considered Alex to be credible, at least in the sense that he tries to convey as fully as possible the information received from his contacts with the Andromedans.
Alien contactee Alex Collier served in mili A tary service as a helicopter pilot in the U.S. Army
Collier claimed that he was mentored by two andromedans, Vissaeus and Moranay. He said that those Andromedans are the descendants of the ancient Lyrans. The Andromedans took him aboard their spaceships, including a large extraterrestrial ship, where he had been training for three months. The Andromedans gave him information about cosmic spirituality, life in the universe, and the galactic history of Earth.
Alex Collier said that his first encounter with the Andromedans took place in 1964. Since 1985, he had been in constant and consistent communication with them. In 1993, he began attending seminars where he started sharing the information he received from the aliens with the people. In 1997, he even got a threat from some unknown people who wanted him to stop spreading the information. He took it seriously and did not speak until 2002.
Alex claimed that his first contact with aliens from Andromeda happened in 1964
According to various interviews by Collier, he described Earth being under the control of “regressive” extra-terrestrial beings. Those aliens came to Earth from the star system known as Alpha Draconis. He said that humans are separated by two different philosophical belief systems. One of them spreads love & free will, while the other one shows control and resource consumption.
In his last lecture before he retired from the UFO lecture circuit in 2002, Collier said that the ancient alien race known as the “Founders” are responsible for building planets’ environment and make them suitable for life. The Andromedans and the Pleiadians believed that this ancient alien race is called the “Paa Tal.”
He even said that those aliens are capable of removing moons to alter the planet’s position from its sun to control the amount of radiation. Andromedans could reportedly create a solar system.
Collier claimed that humans are composite of 22 different ETs races that arrived on Earth at different times
Collier noted that the Andromedans are about 4,300 to 4,500 years ahead of us in technology. They do not count years in 365 days as we do on Earth. According to different extraterrestrials, one year is a time when every cell in their body duplicates itself, and it takes around 34 years.According to Collier, humans are consist of 22 extraterrestrial races.
Dr. Michael E. Salla, a well-known scholar in international politics, conflict resolution, and U.S. foreign policy, claimed in one of his articles that aliens from other planets and civilizations live on Earth in peace. But for aliens, humans are barbarians and savages who pose a threat even to themselves.
Collier wrote in a letter in July 2009:
“Dr. Salla’s efforts to help bring humanity together and see the bigger picture will have a profound effect on humanity positively for decades. And I also feel that Dr. Salla’s honesty is beyond reproach.”
Collier claimed that there are about 135 billion people living on the planets in the eight closest galaxies to us. He even said that when he visited one of those habitable planets, those people got scared of seeing an earthling because of our bad reputation. In the whole universe, only humans could make their own people slaves and kill them for their own benefits.
In his interview in 1994, he said that all human life originated from the constellation Lyra. He said that the aliens from Andromeda were humans in every way. They were 4 to 8 feet tall with white & blue skin. He even talked about the missing children, the coming New World Order, control of dark forces on the world politicians, the existence of Reptilian aliens, our religions, and the history of Earth and our Universe.
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The Goatman, Lizard Men, Lake Monsters, Mothmen, Flying Humanoids, Bigfoot, Ghosts, and Dark Spirits via Coast to Coast AM
The Goatman, Lizard Men, Lake Monsters, Mothmen, Flying Humanoids, Bigfoot, Ghosts, and Dark Spirits via Coast to Coast AM
COAST TO COAT AM 2022 – Courtesy of Reality Films Distribution: Strange and very real monster sightings abound around the world. Everyday people are not just encountering real monsters; they are having life altering experiences with strange paranormal and supernatural forces via mysterious beings as well as ghosts and spirits of the dead. Prepare to take a journey into the unexplained in this comprehensive program and hear incredible eyewitness reports that force us to face the fact that the monsters we relegate to fairy tales, have indeed been quite real all along.
Explore the Jersey Devil, The Goatman, Lizard Men, Lake Monsters, Mothmen, Flying Humanoids, Phantom Demons, Bigfoot, Ghosts, Dark Spirits, Apparitions and much more.
David Wilcock Warns About Extraterrestrials Consuming Humans For Their Own Sustenance
David Wilcock Warns About Extraterrestrials Consuming Humans For Their Own Sustenance
David Wilcock is a professional intuitive consultant who, since reading Richard C. Hoagland’s “The Monuments of Mars” in 1993, has intensively researched ufology, ancient civilizations, consciousness science, and new paradigms of matter and energy. He is the author of a critically acclaimed trilogy of scientific research works, known as the Convergence series, which gives definitive support to the idea that a change in matter, energy and consciousness is now occurring on the Earth and throughout the solar system.
Wilcock has appeared on broadcast television, lectured throughout the United States and Japan, published a variety of magazine articles and appeared on numerous radio talk shows. He is the co-author of the book “The Reincarnation of Edgar Cayce,” now available in bookstores nationwide, and a summary of his latest scientific work appears therein, where a breakthrough case for mass, spontaneous DNA evolution on Earth is unveiled. David is also an accomplished musician and composer within a variety of styles, including jazz-fusion, meditative and world music.
David Wilcock explains on March 19, 2020 during the the World Wide Coronavirus lockdown that it is NOT the end of the world. The lockdowns are to ensure the peoples safety during world wide mass arrests in conjunction with Operation Defender Europe 2020.
Thanks hope you all are staying cool out there. Stay tuned for more updates from BIN News!
I found something kinda cool if you like ancient structures. This one looks like a temple and it has a doorway big enough for a full grown human to walk right through. The doorway is wider on the top and narrower at the bottom...unique for sure, but some serious architectural skills were put to use when they made it. Here on Earth there are similar structures in England and Malta that reach back to 5,000 to 7,000 years old, and we know nothing about those people because they had no methods of writing to leave behind. So the structures are all that remains. Thats a similar situation on Mars. There is no writing, no carved words visible anywhere, however there are huge cut stone blocks making this absolute fantastic structure on the hillside. I was really surprised NASA didn't see it and delete it. I went to the NASA site and found an original that was taken this week my the Mars Perseverance Rover. 100% proof that ancient intelligent aliens lived, thrived and built amazing Megalithic structures on Mars.
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The Goal of the Reset!
The Goal of the Reset!
We're not just in a Great Reset. What we are experiencing is much more than that. For the past two years, human society has been living through a top-down, centrally directed, and coordinated global revolution. There is a specific reason for this.
Richard Dolan analyzes the current situation by placing it in the long perspective of human history, clarifying his contention that the human race is moving headlong into the fourth grand stage of its existence.
Yet, there are things each person can do in order to maintain their personal sovereignty and integrity in an age of advancing digital dictatorship.
As one reader said: "I think it's getting to the point where there are few of us left that remember true self freedom without big brother looking over our shoulder. And there is no turning back for the younger generation. They are being groomed to not think, not question."
A resident captures a strange orb hovering over a sacred temple in Jerusalem, in this clip from Season 2, “DOME OF THE ROCK INCIDENT / SOLWAY SPACEMAN.”
Cattle Mutilations, Aliens, UFOs and One Man Who Was Determined to Get the Sinister Answers
Cattle Mutilations, Aliens, UFOs and One Man Who Was Determined to Get the Sinister Answers
Nick Redfern
An Albuquerque, New Mexico physicist who died in 2003, Paul Bennewitzspent a significant amount of time digging deep into the heart of the U.S. Air Force- and National Security Agency-based top secret projects that, from the latter part of the Seventies to the early part of the Eighties, were quietly and carefully housed at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. Bennewitz believed that those very same projects were connected to the activities of nothing less than sinister, dwarfish, black eyed extraterrestrials: the Greys. Those aliens, Bennewitz suspected, soared across the skies above Kirtland Air Force Base by star-filled, moonlit nights, demonstrating their extraterrestrial invulnerability and power. It's hardly surprising that, for years, Bennewitz was put under deep surveillance by the U.S. military and a numbers of intelligence services, too. Bennewitz was - as a consequence of his constant digging where he shouldn't have been digging - bombarded by the murky world of officialdom with a mass of disinformation, faked stories, and outright lies in order to divert him from his research. It worked. In fact, and to what was definitely to Bennewitz's eternal cost, it worked just too damned well. By the time the mid-Eighties came around, he was heading for complete mental disintegration - and all as a result of the horror stories that disinformation experts carefully sent his way.
(Nick Redfern) At the grave of Paul Bennewitz
The fact is that the intelligence community cared not a bit that Bennewitz thought their secret operations were UFO-related – precisely because the UFO connection was one of Bennewitz’s very own making. There were no aliens. Just high-technology of our making. There was, however, deep concern on the part of the world of officialdom that by digging into classified activities at Kirtland in search of UFOs, Bennewitz just might inadvertently reveal – to our enemies, no less – information and technology that had to be kept secret at all costs, even if those costs included Bennewitz's own sanity and health. Which, ultimately, they did. And, so, a grim plan was initiated. U.S. agents learned the essential parts of Bennewitz’s theories from the man himself, by actually breaking into his home while he was out and checking his files and research notes. Bennewitz's beliefs were - for him, at least - astounding, terrifying and controversial: someone powerful was mutilating cattle - largely in New Mexico - as part of some weird, sinister genetic experiment. And they were using black helicopters, by night, to move the poor cattle. And, somewhere in all of this, there was an alien connection - even if Bennewitz wasn't quite sure about what what was going on.
(Nick Redfern) Beware of the Black Helicopters
The E.T.s were abducting American citizens and implantinghem with small devices for purposes disturbingly unknown, Bennewitz was told by his informants. Those same aliens were living deep underground in a secure fortress below the Archuleta Mesa at Dulce, New Mexico, so the story continued. And, even worse, everyone was soon going to be in deep and dire trouble as a direct result of the presence of this brewing, intergalactic threat. So, the Air Force chose to give Bennewitz precisely what he was looking for: confirmation that his theories were all true, and more. This was, however, all just a carefully-planned ruse to bombard Bennewitz with so much faked UFO data in the hope that it would steer him away from the classified military projects of a non-UFO nature that he had uncovered. And, sure enough, it all worked very well. For the government? Yes. Far less so for Bennewitz, though.
When Bennewitz received conformation (albeit carefully controlled and utterly fabricated confirmation) that, yes, he had stumbled upon the horrible truth and that, yes, there really was an alien base deep below Dulce, New Mexico, the actions of the Intelligence community had the desired effect: Bennewitz became increasingly paranoid and unstable, and he began looking away from Kirtland (the hub of the down-to-earth secrets of the NSA and the Air Force that had to be kept) and harmlessly towards the vicinity of Dulce, where his actions, research, and theories could be carefully controlled and manipulated by the government. A grim saga, to be sure. And particularly so for Benniewtz, who died on June 23, 2003, never really knowing the truth.
'Who will save the ISS from an uncontrolled deorbit and fall into the U.S. or Europe?' Russian space agency boss issues blatant threat to stop essential maintenance that keeps the 500-ton space station in orbit if Biden presses on with sanctions
'Who will save the ISS from an uncontrolled deorbit and fall into the U.S. or Europe?' Russian space agency boss issues blatant threat to stop essential maintenance that keeps the 500-ton space station in orbit if Biden presses on with sanctions
Russia and the US have always been partners in the International Space Station
It launched in 1998 on a Russian rocket, and the first crew was US and Russian
There are currently four Americans, two Russians and one European on the ISS
Previously space has been left out of any sanctions against Russia by the US
President Joe Biden confirmed last night Russia's aerospace and space industry could be subject to sanctions, over Russia's invasion of Ukraine on Wednesday
Director General of Russian space agency Roscosmos criticised the sanctions
He said the ISS relies on both Russia and the US to stay in orbit and operate
NASA has since confirmed it would continue to work with Russia on the ISS
The head of the Russian space agency, Dmitry Rogozin, warned the US against introducing sanctions against its space program, threatening to stop maintenance that could see the 500 ton facility fall out of orbit and potentially land on the US.
So far the four US astronauts and two Russian cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station have been 'largely isolated' from tensions over Russia's invasion of Ukraine, according to experts familiar with the station's operation.
Roscosmos Director General, Dmitry Rogozin, posted a long thread on Twitter, complaining about President Joe Biden's threat of sanctions against the country, including ones that would degrade Russia's aerospace and space industry.
'If you block cooperation with us, who will save the International Space Station (ISS) from an uncontrolled deorbit and fall into the United States or...Europe?,' he wrote.
He all but accused President Biden of having Alzheimer's disease in his statement, urging his advisors to double check the details, to 'prevent the sanctions from falling on your head.'
Russian cargo spaceships manage propulsion on the station, and keep it in orbit 253 miles above the Earth - without regular adjustments, it would fall back to Earth, and without control, could land anywhere on the planet, including over populated areas.
NASA confirmed it would continue to work with all partners, including Roscosmos, on the safe operation of the station, prompting Rogozin to say Russia would carefully review the sanctions before making a detailed response.
Roscosmos Director General Dmitry Rogozin posted a long thread on Twitter, complaining about President Joe Biden's threat of sanctions that would degrade Russia's aerospace industry, including the space program
The International Space Station has been 'largely isolated' from tensions on Earth involving a potential Russian invasion of the Ukraine
The International Space Station launched in 1998, and has been continuously occupied since 2000, when NASA Astronaut Bill Shepherd and cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev become its first crew.
Four NASA astronauts, two Russian cosmonauts and one European astronaut are currently on the space station, and they regularly interact.
However, down on the ground, tensions are rising after Russian President, Vladimir Putin, unleashed the force of the 150,000 troops Ukraine late Wednesday night.
There have been concerns raised in Congress about the impact that conflict over Ukraine could have on the International Space Station.
Lawmakers have specifically exempted space cooperation from previous sanctions, although this time President Biden suggest it may be included.
That would be a mistake, according to Rogozin, and other experts in the facility.
'They can't operate without us, we can't operate without them so it's truly an international partnership,' said Scott Pace, director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University.
This is a full crew image, taken in April 2021 of the 11 people on the ISS at the time, from Russia, US, Japan and Europe. While it is split into a Russian and US section, the astronauts regularly interact
ISS: AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
The first crew - American Bill Shepherd and Russians Sergei Krikalev and Yuri Gidzenko - blasted off from Kazakhstan on Oct. 31, 2000. Two days later, they swung open the space station doors, and clasped their hands in unity.
The three astronauts got along fine but tension sometimes bubbled up with the two mission controls, in Houston and outside Moscow.
Shepherd, during a NASA panel discussion with his crewmates, said he got so frustrated with the 'conflicting marching orders' that he insisted they come up with a single plan.
Russia kept station crews coming and going after NASA´s Columbia disaster in 2003 and after the space shuttles retired in 2011.
NASA purchased seats on the Roscosmos Soyuz capsules, to ensure it could keep its side of the station occupied despite having no launch capability of its own.
In 2020, SpaceX ended a nine-year launch drought for NASA and became the first private company to launch Americans to the space station.
'It is a way of undertaking common endeavors but that power is not infinite and terrestrial conflicts on Earth can still get in the way,' said Scott Pace, director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University.
'Space is ever more critical to our daily life and it's something everybody should be aware of.'
The shift to using commercial providers was a tension point with Russia, as it left Roscosmos without a regularly revenue stream for launches.
Both nations are looking to the future, after the ISS is de-orbited in 2031, with NASA focusing on purchasing space from commercial providers, and Russia considering its own station.
The ISS is a collaboration between the US and Russia, as founding partners, along with Canada, the European Space Agency and Japan.
It is split into two main sections, the Russian and US orbital segments, and they depend on each other for operational survival.
'The Russian segment can't function without the electricity on the American side, and the American side can't function without the propulsion systems that are on the Russian side,' former NASA astronaut Garrett Reisman told CNN.
'So you can't do an amicable divorce. You can't do a conscious uncoupling.'
NASA said in a statement that there were no changes planned to the cooperation between Russia and the US on the ISS, clarifying remarks by President Biden.
'No changes are planned to the agency's support for ongoing in orbit and ground station operations,' a spokesperson said, adding 'The new export control measures will continue to allow US-Russia civil space cooperation.'
Rogozin said on Twitter, after the statement, which wasn't directed at him: 'NASA confirmed its willingness to continue to cooperate with Roscosmos. In the meantime, we continue to analyze the new US sanctions to detail our response.'
Before that, he tweeted a series of posts outlining ways the US was already taking actions against the Russian space program, and the impact of future action.
The Director General defiantly declared that Russia would continue ahead without the US if necessary, but warned that the ISS relies on Russia.
'Maybe President Biden is off topic,' refering to the threat of sanctions to the Russian space program, asking advisors to 'explain to him that the correction of the station's orbit, its avoidance of dangerous rendezvous with space garbage, with which your talented businessmen have polluted the near-Earth orbit, is produced exclusively by the engines of the Russian Progress MS cargo ships.'
'If you block cooperation with us, who will save the ISS from an uncontrolled deorbit and fall into the United States or... Europe?,' warned Rogozin.
'There is also the option of dropping a 500-ton structure to India and China. Do you want to threaten them with such a prospect? The ISS does not fly over Russia, so all the risks are yours. Are you ready for them?'
'Gentlemen, when planning sanctions, check those who generate them for illness Alzheimer's,' likely referring to President Biden. 'Just in case,' he added.
'To prevent your sanctions from falling on your head. And not only in a figurative sense. Therefore, for the time being, as a partner, I suggest that you do not behave like an irresponsible gamer, disavow the statement about 'Alzheimer's sanctions'.'
Russian President, Vladimir Putin (right), unleashed the force of the 150,000 troops Ukraine late Wednesday night. This prompted President Joe Biden (left) and other world leaders to impose sanctions
Four NASA astronauts, two Russian cosmonauts and one European astronaut are currently on the space station
Russia is building its own space station
Russia announced in 2020 that it could withdraw from the International Space Station as early as 2025 and launch its own facility.
Dmitry Rogozin, chief of the Russian space agency said work has already begun on the first module of a new station, although that could be attached to the ISS if the international facility is still in operation when it is completed in 2025.
A top Kremlin official warned that 'disaster' was looming for the ISS, putting the lives of crew members at risk due to its age - by 2025 is will be 27 years old and was originally designed to last between 15 and 30 years, according to NASA.
Russia has shared images and video of the first module that will make up a core part of its new hi-tech orbital base, which is expected to include a tourist hotel.
NASA has since confirmed plans to de-orbit the ISS in 2031, switching to using commercial stations instead.
Russia hasn't revealed its future plans, which could change dramatically after it invaded Ukraine on Wednesday.
NASA and the European Space Agency have committed to continue cooperating with Roscosmos over the ISS, and other projects.
ESA Director General, Josef Aschbacher, tweeted: 'Notwithstanding the current conflict, civil space cooperation remains a bridge.
'ESA continues to work on all of its programmes, including on ISS & ExoMars launch campaign, in order to honour commitments with Member States & partners. We continue to monitor the evolving situation.'
Europe is locked in a tight partnership with Russia over the ExoMars mission, which is scheduled to launch in September - including Russia launching the spacecraft, and providing the lander for when it reaches Mars in 2023.
The rover, named the Rosalind Franklin, was partially assembled in the UK and originally scheduled for launch in 2020 alongside the NASA Preserving Rover, is currently in Italy and due to be shipped to Baikonur at the beginning of April.
Sources told DailyMail.com the launch is still expected to go ahead in September, as scheduled, and work is continuing to make that happen, despite the conflict in Ukraine, although high level talks are happening within ESA.
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson explicitly questioned the future of the International Space Station, and cooperation with Russia in space, while speaking on the floor of the House of Commons on Thursday.
'I've been broadly in favor of continuing artistic and scientific collaboration,' he said. 'But in the current circumstances, it's hard to see how even those can continue as normal.'
A spokesperson for the UK Space Agency told DailyMail.com: 'It is right for questions to be raised about future space cooperation with Russia following the illegal invasion of Ukraine. We are engaging regularly with our partners in the European Space Agency and monitoring the situation closely.'
Pace warned that there is a mutal dependence between Russia, the US and Europe on a number of space-based projects, and there is still a good working relationship at the technical level, and between astronauts and cosmonauts.
'I don't see anything happening to the station in the near term, despite events on Earth,' he said, although he added 'It is possible to imagine a break with Russia that would endanger the space station, but that would be at the level of dropping diplomatic relations.'
'That would be something that would be an utterly last resort so I don't really see that happening unless there is a wider military confrontation.'
EXPLAINED: THE $100 BILLION INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION SITS 250 MILES ABOVE THE EARTH
The International Space Station (ISS) is a $100 billion (£80 billion) science and engineering laboratory that orbits 250 miles (400 km) above Earth.
It has been permanently staffed by rotating crews of astronauts and cosmonauts since November 2000.
Crews have come mainly from the US and Russia, but the Japanese space agency JAXA and European space agency ESA have also sent astronauts.
The International Space Station has been continuously occupied for more than 20 years and has been expended with multiple new modules added and upgrades to systems
Research conducted aboard the ISS often requires one or more of the unusual conditions present in low Earth orbit, such as low-gravity or oxygen.
ISS studies have investigated human research, space medicine, life sciences, physical sciences, astronomy and meteorology.
The US space agency, NASA, spends about $3 billion (£2.4 billion) a year on the space station program, with the remaining funding coming from international partners, including Europe, Russia and Japan.
So far 244 individuals from 19 countries have visited the station, and among them eight private citizens who spent up to $50 million for their visit.
There is an ongoing debate about the future of the station beyond 2025, when it is thought some of the original structure will reach 'end of life'.
Russia, a major partner in the station, plans to launch its own orbital platform around then, with Axiom Space, a private firm, planning to send its own modules for purely commercial use to the station at the same time.
NASA, ESA, JAXA and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) are working together to build a space station in orbit around the moon, and Russia and China are working on a similar project, that would also include a base on the surface.
Russisch ruimtevaartagentschap wil alleen samenwerken zonder sancties
Het Russische ruimtevaartagentschap Roscosmos kan niet samenwerken met de Amerikaanse NASA en met Canadese, Japanse en Europese collega’s zolang de westerse economische sancties tegen Rusland van kracht zijn. Dit zegt de chef van Roscosmos, Dmitri Rogozin. Dat betekent dat er ook geen samenwerking meer kan zijn ten aanzien van het Internationale Ruimtestation ISS.
Rogozin zei op Twitter dat het Westen “met de sancties de Russische economie wil verwoesten en de Russen in wanhoop en honger willen storten, om Rusland op de knieën te krijgen”. “Dat zal ze niet lukken, maar ze hebben wel hun bedoeling kenbaar gemaakt.”
Alle volgens hem “illegale sancties” tegen Rusland moeten volgens Rogozin van tafel voor er sprake kan zijn van normale relaties en samenwerking rond het ISS en andere projecten. De baas van Roscosmos zei dat hij voorstellen aan het Kremlin heeft gedaan om de samenwerking met de buitenlandse partijen betrokken bij het ISS te beëindigen.
Het Europese ruimtevaartagentschap ESA schorste bijvoorbeeld afgelopen maand de samenwerking met Roscosmos ten aanzien van een missie naar Mars, ExoMars. Maar een Amerikaanse astronaut en twee Russische collega’s zijn woensdag vanaf het ISS gewoon volgens de planning teruggekeerd op aarde, in Kazachstan.
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MANY WITNESSED LARGE BLUE ORB ALIEN CRAFT IN ARIZONA
MANY WITNESSED LARGE BLUE ORB ALIEN CRAFT IN ARIZONA
NOTE: The above image is real but from another case file.
CIRCA 1978………BLACK HILLS ARIZONA
On our second night in California we were watching the local news in San Diego. The news reporter said that thousands of calls were coming into the news station as people were reporting sightings over the area of Palo Alto, California. The strange thing was no T.V. footage was shown and it must have been the government trying to cover it all up. The people reporting the sightings said they saw huge discs hovering over Palo Alto in the middle of the day and it was starting to cause panic for some people. I do remember the news people saying that it was not a good idea for people to travel up to Palo Alto because of too much traffic from all of the on lookers. All of us at the motel just thought it was strange and never gave it any thought after hearing the report on TV. Well we stayed in San Diego for about 3 weeks before we all decided to head back to Massachusetts, so we did. We pooled our money together and bought a 1968 Dodge Charger for the big trip home so we could have more freedom than being stuck on a bus for the next 5 days. We left California during the late night hours so the car would not overheat during the day as we crossed through the areas of desert. Well all was fine until we crossed into the area of Arizona known as the Black Hills.
We had to drive over a mountain range that seemed to take hours to get over, once we were headed down hill to the desert areas and level highway we noticed something very strange indeed. We saw 3 blue beautiful lights ahead of us, they were the color of cobalt blue like the old vicks salve jars. It seemed that no matter how far we drove the lights were always in the same location in the sky ahead of us. We decided to pull over and get out to see if these lights were aircraft or radio towers as it was hard to tell moving at 70 miles per hour in a car. Once we pulled over we got out for a closer look and noticed that these blue lights did not make a sound at all and they were in the same exact spot as an hour before when we first spotted them in the sky. Another strange fact is that we were the only car on the highway at the time and not even a truck or anything was spotted during this time. So we got back in the car and drove for almost another hour before pulling over once again because the lights were still in the sky in the same location as before. We started getting a little nervous and wondered if this was what the people in Palo Alto have been seeing.
We decided to turn on the car radio to find out if anybody had called in anything about what we were seeing in the Arizona desert but as fate would have it the radio was nothing but static on all stations. We just thought we were so far away from the nearest radio station and that was why we could not get any music or news on the radio. We all looked at each other in shock asking one other if we all saw the same blue lights and if we could still see them, we all said yes to that. After a few minutes my friend who was driving decided to turn off the car head lights and shut off the engine and as soon as he did we then became instant believers of UFO’s because when he turned off the lights the 3 cobalt blue lights that looked as if they were at least 500 feet apart from each other began to move towards each other until the 3 lights became one large blue light that headed away from us and then went upwards at the speed of a shooting star.
This short but to the point FBI document is undeniable proof of the Roswell UFO crash being real, it's also proof that the US government has control of alien space craft, alien bodies, and alien tech...and even a weapon capable of taking down alien ships.
Sound impossible, but it's all true. This FBI document states several important facts that most people are not aware of, and a few facts even I was not aware of. So...let's list them below.
Three UFOs were recovered at Roswell, New Mexico
Each UFO had three alien pilots.
Each body appeared to be human-like.
Each body was about 3 feet tall.
Each body was dressed in metallic cloth of very fine texture.
Each body was bandaged in a manner similar to the blackout suits used buy speed flyers and test pilots.
Each UFO was round (disk) shaped.
Each UFO had raised centers.
Each disk was 50 feet across (15.4 meters).
The US Gov has a weapon capable of downing alien craft in a wide beam area...using a powerful radar technology which interferes with the controlling mechanism of the saucers.
I believe that the radar the USAF were experimenting with was a microwave technology. It's dangerous, but would disrupt some types of electronics.
Also the fact that the US Gov has alien bodies, confirms other reports that I have heard about the US Gov using alien DNA to create Earth born alien greys (many reports say they were greys...the species)...that would serve the US government in an underground USAF base below Los Alamos Laboratory. These alien soldiers are capable of higher levels of mental problem solving. This also confirms what Gary McKinnon the UK hacker said he saw...evidence on US Gov computers about US soldiers working off world, traveling in spaceships. With such alien technology in the USAF hands for over 70 years...I am 100% confident they learned to back-engineer them and create their own light speed capable craft, equipped with smaller pulse weapons that these 50 feet disks also have (from other reports).
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Ring camera capture UFO on video in Southwest Bakersfield, California, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Ring camera capture UFO on video in Southwest Bakersfield, California, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: March 31, 2022
Location of sighting:Bakersfield, California, USA
Watch this amazing video of a UFO caught on door-cam this week. The video shows a long glowing UFO which makes a trail...and it comes down and lands behind a house further away. UFOs are known for flying over neighborhoods, but this one took it a step further and landed in someones back yard. Probably an alien abduction taking place in that house. I would be highly interested if someone would interview the people of that home to ask if they had any paranormal or alien experiences this week. Aliens often come back for an abduction victim every 6-12 months of their life. This...looks like such a case.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
News states:
A 23ABC viewer from Southwest Bakersfield sent us a video of an unknown object flying through the sky. Bakersfield resident Tim Harvey sent us this video from his Ring camera.
Glowing Trail From UFO May Be Sign Of Unground Base In Hadera, Israel, March 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Glowing Trail From UFO May Be Sign Of Unground Base In Hadera, Israel, March 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: March 31 2022
Location of sighting:Hadera, Israel
An eyewitness in Israel saw something very unusual in the sky the other day. A glowing trail was seen in the sky over the eyewitnesses area and at the center of the trail. No noise was heard in the video, which rules out plane, jet or rocket. UFO have been seen in and around clouds before, so that is why I attribute this to being a UFO. The object doesn't conform to any known aircraft and its trail is unlike anything I have ever seen before. It's my belief that this trail was made by a UFO which recently exited or entered an underground base in the area.
The truth really is out there, for those daring enough to seek it. It will take a bold investigative reporter to penetrate through all of the lies to expose what the governments of the world know about the alien presence on Earth. Linda Moulton Howe has spent her life hunting the truth about alien activity and government cover-ups. And now in her new series, Truth Hunter, she brings to light details you may have never heard about prominent UFO cases and extraterrestrial contacts.
A photograph from almost 100 years ago has some on social media convinced that Russian leader Valdimir Putin is immortal.
The picture, taken in 1920, shows a Russian soldier who has an uncanny resemblance to the country's current leader.
What's more, another photo taken of a Russian solider in 1941 also looks just like Putin and the man who was pictured 20 years prior.
Some think this is definitive proof that Putin is much more than a 63-year-old workout buff with a penchant for riding horses shirtless.
These people instead believe he is a mythical creature who is ageless and can time travel.
Scroll down for video
Twins: Photos taken in 1920 and 1941 show two men the look remarkably similar to Russian president Vladimir Putin
Disclose.tv reports; 'On social networks are circulating pictures from 1920. and in 1941. for which some people claim that they are pictures of Russian President Vladimir Putin.
‘In fact, supporters of the thesis that Putin is almighty and immortal, have launched a story that their president is a mythical creature that resides on our planet for hundreds, if not thousands of years.’
Some also believe that Putin is Vlad the Impaler, who was born in 1431 and is better known as Dracula.
There is also proof, as supplied by Buzzfeed this past June, that Putin also briefly lived as Lisa Gherardini, the subject of the Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa painting.
Given she was painted in the early 1500s, Putin perhaps decided to go undercover after living out his life as Vlad the Impaler.
Or he may have just traveled back in time and posed for the painting.
None of these above claims have been scientifically proven in any way with the exception of the fact that Putin is in fact a 63-year-old man who runs Russia and enjoys a good shirtless horse ride.
Als het mensen ooit gaat lukken om op Mars rond te lopen, zullen ze flink moeten wennen aan het geluid. Dat blijkt namelijk heel anders te klinken dan op aarde. Een internationale groep wetenschappers heeft dat ontdekt dankzij twee microfoons in de Marsverkenner Perseverance. De resultaten zijn vandaag gepubliceerd in het belangrijke wetenschappelijke blad ‘Nature’.
Met de microfoons luisterden de wetenschappers naar geluiden op de rode planeet. Zo hoorden ze de helikopter Ingenuity voorbij vliegen. Omdat ze precies wisten waar de verkenner stond en waar en wanneer de helikopter vloog, konden ze berekenen hoelang het duurde voor het geluid de microfoon bereikte.
Het geluid haalde een snelheid van 240 meter per seconde, terwijl het op aarde aan 340 meter per seconde gaat. Dat was verwacht: de dampkring op Mars is veel dunner.
Laserstraal
Een andere meting leverde dan weer een onverwacht resultaat op. De microfoons registreerden hoe de verkenner een laserstraal afvuurde op een rots om de samenstelling te meten. Het geluid van de laser verplaatste zich met een snelheid van 250 meter per seconde, sneller dan verwacht.
Terwijl de aarde één snelheid van het geluid heeft, blijkt Mars dus twee snelheden van geluid te hebben: hoge geluiden als de laser gaan sneller dan de lage tonen van de rotor van de helikopter. Mensen zouden hoge tonen dan eerder horen dan lage geluiden.
Verder is Mars heel stil, aldus de onderzoekers. Ze hoorden alleen de wind en de wielen van de verkenner toen die over stenen reed.
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New Simulation Recreates an Early Time in the Universe That Still Hasn't Been Seen Directly
New Simulation Recreates an Early Time in the Universe That Still Hasn't Been Seen Directly
The fields of astronomy and astrophysics are poised for a revolution in the coming years. Thanks to next-generation observatories like the James Webb Space Telescope(JWST), scientists will finally be able to witness the formation of the first stars and galaxies in the Universe. In effect, they will be able to pierce the veil of the Cosmic Dark Ages, which lasted from roughly 370,000 years to 1 billion years after the Big Bang.
The creation of the Thesan suite and the results the team obtained are described in a series of three papers that were recently accepted to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The simulations were created using the SuperMUC-NG supercomputer located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The process took over 30 million CPU hours and would have required more than 3,500 years to complete on a conventional computer.
An illustration of cosmic expansion. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab
The simulations cover the Epoch of Reionization (ca. 13 billion years ago). In this cosmic period, neutral hydrogen atoms were ionized to form positive hydrogen atoms, allowing light to spread throughout the Universe. Simulating this period was no easy task, as it involved recreating some immensely complicated and chaotic interactions between gravity, gas, radiation, and more. It also meant capturing physics down to scales a million times smaller than the simulated regions.
The team accomplished this by combining realistic models of galaxy formation and cosmic dust with a new algorithm that tracks how light interacts with gas. Through this, they were able to resolve interactions in the early Universe in unprecedented detail and over the largest volume of any previous simulation. As Rahul Kannan, an astrophysicist at the CfA and the lead author of the first paper in the series, explained:
“Most astronomers don’t have labs to conduct experiments in. The scales of space and time are too large, so the only way we can do experiments is on computers. We are able to take basic physics equations and governing theoretical models to simulate what happened in the early universe.”
“A lot of telescopes coming online, like the JWST, are specifically designed to study this epoch. That’s where our simulations come in; they are going to help us interpret real observations of this period and understand what we’re seeing.”
Image of the Universe’s large-scale structure, showing filaments and voids within the cosmic structure.
Credit: Millennium Simulation Project
With this new simulation suite, researchers can simulate a piece of our Universe spanning 300 million light-years in diameter. They can then run it forward in time to track and visualize the formation of the first galaxies in this space, beginning around 400,000 years after the Big Bang, and watch how they evolved during the first billion years. When the team ran the simulations, they found that the transition from complete darkness to light was gradual.
Said study co-author Aaron Smith, a NASA Einstein Fellow in MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research:
“It’s a bit like water in ice cube trays; when you put it in the freezer, it does take time, but after a while it starts to freeze on the edges and then slowly creeps in. This was the same situation in the early Universe — it was a neutral, dark cosmos that became bright and ionized as light began to emerge from the first galaxies.”
The simulations were created to prepare for observations from next-generation telescopes like James Webb, Nancy Grace Roman, and Origins space telescopes. Along with ground-based telescopes like the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), these observatories will be able to see deeper into space and (hence) farther back in time than their predecessors. In fact, it is estimated that James Webb will be able to see the Universe as it was 13.5 billion years ago.
Right now, the record for the most distant single object ever seen goes to Earendel, a star located about 12.9 billion light-years from Earth. In terms of galaxies, that record goes to GN-z11, located about 13.39 billion light-years from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. What’s especially exciting is that the astronomical community won’t have to wait long for real telescope observations and data to be compared to Thesan simulations.
A visualization of what the Universe looked like when it was going through its last major transformative era: the epoch of reionization. Credit: Paul Geil & Simon Mutch/The University of Melbourne
“And that’s the interesting part,” said co-author Mark Vogelsberger, an associate professor of physics at MIT. “Either our Thesan simulations and model will agree with what JWST finds, which would confirm our picture of the universe, or there will be a significant disagreement showing that our understanding of the early universe is wrong.”
However, the team won’t know how their model stacks up against the real thing until the first observations become available. Once they do, they will attempt to match various aspects of their model to the observations, including the properties of early galaxies and the absorption and escape of light in the early Universe. From this, we will finally know how and when the Dark Ages were dispelled.
“We have developed simulations based on what we know,” Kannan says. “But while the scientific community has learned a lot in recent years, there is still quite a bit of uncertainty, especially in these early times when the universe was very young.”
For generations, astronomers have waited for the day when it would be possible to view the earliest periods of the Universe and see how it all began. When paired with observations of how the cosmos has evolved since scientists will finally be able to address some of the deepest mysteries of the cosmos. To know that such a day is right around the corner is nothing short of exciting!
And be sure to check out this 3D view of the Thesan simulation. Check out more simulations on their Youtube page!
Filer’s Files April 1 2022 - Colors Are Produced by UFOs- PART I
Weldon Spring, Missouri on March 10, 2022
Filer’s Files April 1 2022 - Colors Are Produced by UFOs - PART I
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
Special reports are: Dead Sea Scrolls May Explain ET Situation,AtmosphericColors Are Produced by UFOs, United States Space Command, Mars Trees, Ukraine sinks Russian Ship Carbon 60 and Strange Craft.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island and Wiscosin.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over, France, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, England in the United Kingdom and Vietnam.
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force and DOD investigated UFOs for more than forty years; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFOs are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors. Like my site? Spread the word!
Special Projects
Dead Sea Scrolls May Explain ET Situation
The Shrine of the Book,
The Dead Sea scrolls consist of roughly 900 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in Israel on the Northwest shore of the Dead Sea. The texts are of great religious and historical significance, as they include some of the only known surviving copies of Biblical documents. These manuscripts generally date between 150 B.C.E. to 70 C.E.. The scrolls are most commonly identified with the ancient Jewish sect called the Essenes. Perhaps the most famous Scroll is “The War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness,” that seems to explain the extraterrestrial UFO situation.
The magnificent Shrine of the Book, a structure of the Israel Museum Jerusalem was built in the shape of flying saucer to house the Dead Sea Scrolls and to give emphasis to the UFO connection. The shrine was built to emphasize the famous Scroll of The War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness. The white dome symbolizes the Sons of Light and the black wall behind it symbolizes the Sons of Darkness. The scroll describes the war between good and evil that is now being fought in space and will come to an end in the apocalyptic future creating peace on Earth. Some people claim this scroll and the shrine depict the ongoing war being fought above Earth by the Light and Dark alien forces.
Abductees often describe a similar battle shown to them on large screens where angels, UFOs and various UFOs, jets and nations are shown fighting. They are often told they will participate usually as medical personnel.
These scrolls contain a prophecy of two wars between the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness. The first is (the War against the Kittim) described as those who assist the wicked Belial who “violates the covenants”. The second war called the War of Divisions is described as the Sons of Light, the united twelve tribes of Israel, conquering the “nations of vanity.” In the end, all of Darkness is to be destroyed and Light will live in peace for all eternity. The text of the War of Divisions has seven stages, with each side winning three of the first six battles before final victory after 40 years. In the War each side will fight alongside angelic hosts and supernatural beings and final victory is achieved for the Sons of Light directly by the hand of God.
Atmospheric Colors Are Produced by UFOs Giving Energy to the Atmosphere
UFOs come in a variety of colors and shades. Some are dark or black others are white with various colors in between. Observers often report a metallic appearance as light reflects off their polished surfaces. Others see that the UFO itself is luminous and some UFO propulsion systems create multiple colors particularly as they gain speed or slow to a hover. Additionally, the UFOs may use lights like our own aircraft for illumination, search, and safety.
UFOs are often seen with a corona of light that is probably caused by an electrical discharge affecting the atmosphere around them. Light is produced within atoms of matter; when the atoms become sufficiently agitated by collision among themselves or by absorption of electromagnetic radiation; electrons are elevated out of their normal energy states and create light. Cameras that can pick up infrared light often are able to record UFOs even when not visible to the human eye.
The most likely candidates for color emission of the gases in our atmosphere are helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon.
Brilliant white UFOs likely represent limited ionization of all the gases.
The colors surrounding the UFOs seem associated with speed or the rate of acceleration. The silvery grey is seen when the object is traveling slowly. Then comes the vivid red and at high acceleration the white, green, blue and purple appear.
Some UFOs apparently develop huge amounts of energy similar to nuclear power plants and have the ability to create coronas or mists around the craft. Using atomic structure and spectroscopy the element responsible for the emission of photons of a particular energy and color can be identified. Glowing red or orange lights, sometimes reported as bright orange flames are probably the brilliant orange red of neon often seen in neon signs.
Yellow and Red Lights Photographed Over Belgium and England
Center portions of the craft are often described as having a red glow that likely represents part of the propulsion system. Witnesses report the craft were wrapped in a blue haze or a glowing red mist. Also the UFOs are reported as gradually increasing amount of energy to the gases surrounding them as they appear to pick up speed. At some point, the atmosphere would absorb enough energy to become luminous and the craft appear to glow. Further increases in energy transfer would activate the other gases in inverse order of their thresholds and their light would simply be added to that from xenon. Xenon is the most easily excited of the atmospheric gases, and creates spectacular “brilliant blue”, and “luminous blue” that is often reported by observers. The “orange-red” or “fiery red” color is the brilliant orange-red of neon, so easily recognized in neon signs. The combination of the green line of neon, 5401 A, with the blue of xenon would yield the often reported “bluish green” or it may come from hydrogen, 4861 A0. “Purple” would result from the blue of xenon and the red of argon
Blue color
Bluish green colors are probably the result of hydrogen atoms being excited by the UFOs. It is strongly suspected, that xenon is responsible for the “blue”“, brilliant blue,” and “luminous blue Greenish blue to blue colors reported. Blue or bluish ultraviolet are reported particularly by young people. Purple” would result from the blue of xenon and the red of argon
Bluish green colors are probably the result of hydrogen atoms being excited by the UFOs. It is strongly suspected, that xenon is responsible for the “blue”“, brilliant blue,” and “luminous blue Greenish blue to blue colors reported. Blue or bluish ultraviolet are reported particularly by young people. Purple” would result from the blue of xenon and the red of argon
Bluish green colors are probably the result of hydrogen atoms being excited by the UFOs. It is strongly suspected, that xenon is responsible for the “blue”“, brilliant blue,” and “luminous blue Greenish blue to blue colors reported. Blue or bluish ultraviolet are reported particularly by young people. Purple” would result from the blue of xenon and the red of argon Green lights and flashes often reported, sometimes green glow or reported green flames from craft probably the green line of neon. Green meteors reported are thought to be space craft entering atmosphere.
Red lights, with intense red glow probably results from neon or the red of argon. Luminous red colors do not appear to be lights covered by red glass like aircraft lights.
Red light thought to be Propulsion System
Glowing red orange lights, sometimes reported as bright orange flames are probably the brilliant orange red of neon often seen in neon signs. Yellow, pale yellow lights are often reported. White lights can appear yellow at a distance due to atmosphere. Green lights and flashes often reported, sometimes green glow or reported green flames from craft probably the green line of neon.
Mist or Fog Around Craft
The UFOs have the ability to create coronas of fog or mists and even clouds around the craft. Using atomic structure and spectroscopy the element responsible for the emission of photons of a particular energy and color can be identified. Witnesses report the craft were wrapped in a blue haze or a glowing red mist. Center portions of the craft are often described as having a red glow that likely represents part of the propulsion system. Also the UFOs are reported as gradually increasing amount of energy to the gases surrounding them as they appear to pick up speed. At some point, the atmosphere would absorb enough energy to become luminous and the craft appear to glow. Editor’s Note:
Who is threatening advanced US orbital systems? General Lance W. Lord former Commander, Air Force Space Command talking about the Chinese, the Russians or even UFOs? The fundamental fact confronting us is the existence of a thousand UFO sighting reports each month. Most MUFON investigators have concluded that the majority of the UFO reports are quite valid. The witnesses believe they see something real, external, artificial, and not a normal types of aircraft. We know that the best UFO reports are often observed by relatively experienced witnesses such as police, astronomers and military aircrews and both the U.S. Navy and Federal Aviation Authority have announced UFOs exist.
We have obtained previously classified Air Force documents signed by General Nathan Twining Commander of the Air Material Command stating:
The phenomenon is something real and not visionary or fictitious. Air Force Space Command operates satellites sensors that are able to pick up unidentified flying objects that are entering and leaving our atmosphere called Fast walkers.” Several UFOs coming in from space are picked up each week. Several more are tracked taking off and leaving the atmosphere heading for space
United States Space Command ( SPACECOM)
On June 18., 2020, President Donald Trump announced that he would momentarily be signing a directive for The Department of Defense to create the sixth branch of our military. What will be known as Space Force is
responsible for military operations in outer space specifically all operations 100 kilometers (62 miles) above mean sea level. U.S. Space Command is responsible for the operational employment of space forces that are provided by the uniformed services of the Department of Defense
Chief of Space Operations, Gen. John W. “Jay” Raymond said during a speech in Australia that effective operation in space is the cornerstone of a nation’s security, its economic vitality and global stability.
“Space has become necessary to our modern way of life… From navigation to precision timing, banking, agriculture, and much more, we all make use of space assets every day, and our reliance on space is only going to increase over time,” Raymond said at the 2022 Air and Space Power Conference held in Australia’s capital, Canberra. On March 23, 2022 Space today is more crowded and dangerous than ever before, as dozens of nations are now active in the domain. space is no longer the “benign” environment it once was, he said, pointing out that space has evolved into a universally acknowledged warfighting domain and potential conflict zone.
A few years ago, I still couldn’t talk about space as a warfighting domain—but the actions of a few nations in space have made this all too clear: we can no longer operate under the illusion that our assets in space—which we rely on heavily for our security as well as for our way of life—will remain safe from potential adversary action.”
That is also the reason that close collaboration with space-faring nations such as Australia is so important, he said. In a significant development, Australia announced on the same day Raymond spoke that it had officially established its own Defense Space Command, a major new part of the Royal Australian Air Force, with a singular focus on the space domain.
“We are partnering with more and more nations on national security space. And we deeply value our partnership with Australia. By standing together, we bolster deterrence, decreasing the chances of aggressive acts both in space and in the other domains. In 2014, Australia and the United States joined with Canada and the United Kingdom, formally agreeing to a Combined Space Operations Memorandum of Understanding. That agreement, Raymond said, allows each nation “to get smarter on the current and future space environment, and to enhance our military-to-military relationships.”
Additionally, the U.S. and Australia cooperate in the Advanced Extremely High Frequency system, which is a constellation of communication satellites that provide services to the U.S. and Australia, as well as to Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. “Our pacing challenges have set an extremely fast pace, and we’ve got to move faster to stay ahead. Working with allies and partners is how we are going to do that,” he said. “We are stronger together.”
Direct Ascent Anti-Satellite (DA-ASAT) m
Dickinson provided an overview of challenges presented by Russian and Chinese counter-space testing, such as Russia testing a destructive Direct Ascent Anti-Satellite (DA-ASAT) missile on Nov.15, 2021, and China conducting the first launch of a fractional orbital platform with a hypersonic glide vehicle.
“In 2021, the PRC increased on-orbit assets by 27%,” Dickinson said. “Their recent counter-space capability demonstrations include the DN-1 and DN-2 Direct Ascent Anti-Satellite tests and the Hypersonic Glide Vehicle test. In January, the recently launched SJ-21 “space debris mitigation” satellite docked with a defunct PRC satellite and moved it to an entirely different orbit. This activity demonstrated potential dual-use capability in SJ-21 interaction with other satellites.”
Dickinson explained USSPACECOM is committed to deterring the use of competitor counter-space capabilities within the framework of the Department of Defense’s Integrated Deterrence initiative. And, if called upon, the command is capable of providing options to protect and defend against such threat.
X-37B
The United States Space Force has finally shed light on the mysterious spacecraft known as X-37B, which has puzzled many for years since 2010. X-37B’s secret mission is.
To carrying out research about space radiation and energy. X-37B will also be conducting tests that could potentially allow drones to stay in the skies for a long time anywhere in the world. The officials also revealed that the spacecraft will bring payloads to convert solar energy into radio frequency microwave energy that could be brought back to Earth.
Caption on photo reads, A notional spacecraft in orbit over the Earth.
The energy produced will then be used to provide power to any place on Earth or to neighboring satellites or spacecrafts. X-37B will launch at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida this week on an Atlas V rocket. As to how long this spacecraft will stay in space, it is likely that X-37B will be in orbit for more than two years. Air Force Secretary Barbara Barrett stated that the upcoming mission will see the spacecraft perform more experiments than its previous missions.
In other related news, a recent report reveals that there may have been UFOs present during the Apollo 9 mission back in 1969. Prominent alien hunter Scott Waring analyzed photos of space taken by the three astronauts from the mission; Commander James McDevitt, Command Module Pilot David Scott, and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schwikert. Mr. Waring analyzed the photos taken by the astronauts and spotted what he believes is a fleet of UFOs passing by in front of the Moon
Mission
Space Command’s mission is: “To conduct operations in, from, and through space to deter conflict, and if necessary, defeat aggression, deliver space combat power for the Joint/Combined force, and defend U.S. vital interests with allies and partners.”
Although kept secret it is believed that advanced space craft are part of the new Space Command designed to deliver space combat power.
Organization
United States Space Command has two subordinate components. The Combined Force Space Component Command is responsible for planning and conducting global space operations, while also providing space effects to the other combatant commands and U.S. allied partners. Joint Task Force–Space Defense is responsible for conducing space superiority operations. I have been to Vandenberg Space Force Base is huge and observed their large launch space sites. SpaceX launch facility is also there.
As a unified combatant command, Space Command has a number of service components that provide forces to it.
There are tens of thousands of objects in Earth orbit that pose a potential threat to satellites and launches.
Space Situational Awareness (SSA) refers to keeping track of objects in orbit and predicting where they will be at any given time.
North America’s early warning system has been upgraded and in their 22,300 mile geosynchronous orbits, satellites help protect the United States and its allies by detecting missile launches, space launches and nuclear detonations. These satellites also regularly pick up UFOs/UAPs Several hundred Fast walkers within our atmosphere are tracked worldwide each month. The new satellites should be able to track many more Fast walkers with their improved infrared sensors designed to detect heat from missile and booster plumes against the earth’s background.
Insider’s report there is a great deal of excitement as the Fast walker’s UFOs sometimes trigger the early warning system setting off alarms that missiles have been launched. Computers keep track of over 6,000 satellites and pieces of debris in space. The Fast walkers are also referred to as Uncorrelated Targets indicating they are not in the data base for objects in space. The Individual Target Event Database which is unclassified should be made available to MUFON and the Filer Research Institute so we can correlate ground based and aircraft sightings with satellite data.
The new Space Based Space Surveillance (SBSS) system is a constellation of satellites and supporting ground infrastructure that improve the ability to detect and track space objects. The SBSS contractor, Boeing, characterizes some orbiting space objects as, “Potential future threats to the United States’ space assets.
The Space Situational Awareness Group SBSS has revolutionized the nation’s space situational awareness with enhanced performance by providing around-the-clock visibility to detect distant space objects without interference from weather, atmosphere or daylight.” A series of “pathfinder” satellites of the SBSS system are in place. By U.S. Space Command Public Affairs
Space Force website shows these craft without claiming they exist.
New Space Fence Now Actively Monitors Orbital Debris as Small as a Marble
U.S. Space Force Declares Sophisticated Radar System Operational, Protecting National Space Assets in Low Earth Orbit
Today, the orbital region known as low Earth orbit (LEO) is crowded with active satellites and often UFOs. It’s also cluttered with millions of pieces of debris thanks to frequent collisions and deterioration of defunct satellites and rocket boosters. Traveling at speeds upwards of 15,000 mph, that debris threatens not only commercial satellites, but also military assets that help protect nations around the world.
The U.S. Space Force’s newest radar system, the Lockheed Martin-built s designed to detect, monitor and characterize objects as small as a marble in LEO. It’s not a fence in the literal sense. Space Fence is a highly advanced ground-based radar networked with existing systems to detect far more debris, and with greater accuracy. The radar system’s capabilities are a major improvement in the quantity and quality of orbital information.
Space Fence, is located on Kwajalein Island in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, monitor significantly more resident space objects than the 26,000 recorded the current space catalog.
“Space Fence is revolutionizing the way we view space by providing timely, precise orbital data on objects that threaten both manned and unmanned military and commercial space assets,” Gen. Jay Raymond, said, “Our space capabilities are critical to our national defense and way of life, which is why Space Fence is so important.”Space desace Fighter being developedis as small as a marble could have a disastrous impact if it collides with any one of the space-based technologies the U.S. Government and industry depend on to provide communications, GPS navigation, weather forecasting and more.
Mars Trees
Mars Trees Similar to Socotra Island Vegetation. Green color added.
Trees on Socotra Island off the coast of Africa. Are like the vegetation on Mars
This photo from Mars shows clouds forming within a crater.
Recently the clouds have produced snow indicating some type of atmosphere on Mars. NASA records summer temperatures on Mars reaching above 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
Our Sun is a huge ball of electrically-charged hot gas. This charged gas moves, generating a powerful magnetic field. The Sun’s magnetic field goes through a cycle, called the solar cycle. Every 11 years or so, the Sun’s magnetic field completely flips that now occurring. This means that the Sun’s north and south poles switch places. Then it takes about another 11 years for the Sun’s north and south poles to flip back again.
Solar flares are a sudden explosion of energy caused by tangling, crossing or reorganizing of magnetic field lines near sunspots.
The surface of the Sun is a very busy place. It has electrically charged gases that generate areas of powerful magnetic forces. These areas are called magnetic fields. The Sun’s gases are constantly moving, which tangles, stretches and twists the magnetic fields. This motion creates a lot of activity on the Sun’s surface, called solar activity.
Sometimes the Sun’s surface is very active like during the recent months.. The amount of solar activity changes with the stages in the solar cycle. Solar activity can have effects here on Earth, so scientists closely monitor solar activity every day. A geomagnetic storm triggered by a large burst of radiation from the sun has disabled least 40 of the 49 satellites newly launched by SpaceX as part of its Starlink internet communications network, the company said. When charged particles from a CME reach areas near Earth, they can trigger intense lights in the sky, called auroras. When particularly strong, a CME can also interfere in power utility grids, which at their worst can cause electricity shortages and power outages. Solar flares and CMEs are the most powerful explosions in our solar system.
The incident was believed to mark the largest collective loss of satellites stemming from a single geomagnetic event, and was unique in the way it unfolded, Harvard-Smithsonian astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell said on Wednesday.
Ukraine sinks Russian Ship
Ukrainian officials said on Thursday that they sank the Orsk, a large Russian amphibious vessel, off Berdyansk, Ukraine, earlier this week. Russian military authorities had expected the Orsk to boost their logistics capabilities in the Berdyansk port, according to comments from an officer of the Russian Black Sea Fleet which were translated by NBC News.
Berdyansk is about 40 miles (64 km) west of the Black Sea city of Mariupol, which Russians are destroying with artillery.
Ukrainians claim they are pushing the Russian forces back around Kyiv. The Russian offensive along the coast seems to be doing well and has taken several minor cities and nuclear power plants’.
Russian Navy ship has likely been destroyed after an explosion and fire on board. The vessel in question was the Project 1171Alligator class landing ship Orsk, while another two Project 775Ropucha-II class landing ships, Tsesar Kuniko and Novocherkassk, were seen departing the port, at least one of them also on fire.There have been claims made that the Ukrainian Armed Forces launched an attack on the Orsk, potentially using one of their Tock (SS-21 Scarab) short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs).
At 7:45 AM local time a significant explosion was noted aboard the Orsk. Soon after, the other two landing ships left the port with one on fire but fairly quickly extinguished.
Both Ropucha class LSTs were damaged with burning material on their decks. Designed for beach landings, they can carry a 450-ton cargo. The ships have both bow- and stern-doors that open for loading and unloading vehicles, — H I Sutton (@CovertShores) March 24, 2022
However, it’s unclear what was aboard these vessels and to what degree they had been unloaded at the time of today’s incident. The Alligator class is able to transport up to 425 troops as well as 20 tanks or 40 armored vehicles, or other cargoes.
The size of the explosion and intensity of the fire aboard the Orsk was such that there have been some claims it was loaded with ammunition at the time. The dramatic inferno does show some evidence of what looks like ammunition ‘cooking off’ — unfired weapon ammunition exploding prematurely due to the intense heat.
Stalled advances, logistical issues and jets being forced to resort to flying at night has characterized the last week of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
British intelligence reports claim that Russia has suffered “limited overall gains” due to strong Ukrainian resistance.
Ukraine gane up its nuclear weapons because the US and NSTO guaranteed peace and safety/ When Russia took Crimea Obama sent blankets. Ukraine is asking for real help with planes, tanks, anti-aircraft missiles which so far have not been sent.Zelensky asks NATO for weapons to ‘prevent the deaths of Ukrainians
US President Joe Biden went to Poland to discuss the crisis with his Polish counterpart Andrzej Duda.
President Biden Suggest U.S. troops are going into Ukraine
President Joe Biden in Poland on Thursday said that the US and NATO would respond if Russia uses chemical weapons in Ukraine.
President Biden speaks to members of the 82nd Airborne Division at the G2A Arena,Friday, March 25, 2022, in Jasminka, Poland.
(AP Photo/Evan Vucc
Biden, visiting U.S. 81st Airborne troops in Poland,.”You are the finest Fighting force in the history of the world. He talked about how average Ukrainian citizens are “stepping up in the fight against Russia. Biden stated, “You’re going to see when you’re there – some of you have been there – you’re going to see women, young people, standing in the middle, in front of a damn tank, saying, ‘I’m not leaving.’
Biden gave a speech in Warsaw, Poland on Saturday saying, ‘Russian PresidentVladimir Putincannot remain in power.’ “For God’s sake, this man cannot remain in power!’
UKRANINIANS WERE HAPPY with his threats.
Although ignored by the US fake TVs, Biden’s words were heard loud and clear in Russia and by Putin that could start a world war that US troops were going into Ukraine and the U.S will try to remove Putin..
White House Officials denied Biden’s words and indicated U.S. troops are not entering the fight , we will not use chemical weapons, and the U.S is not calling for a PUTIN regime change
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Filer’s Files April 1 2022 - Colors Are Produced by UFOs - PART II
Weldon Spring, Missouri on March 10, 2022
Filer’s Files April 1 2022 - Colors Are Produced by UFOs - PART II
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
Special reports are: Dead Sea Scrolls May Explain ET Situation,AtmosphericColors Are Produced by UFOs, United States Space Command, Mars Trees, Ukraine sinks Russian Ship Carbon 60 and Strange Craft.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island and Wiscosin.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over, France, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, England in the United Kingdom and Vietnam.
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force and DOD investigated UFOs for more than forty years; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFOs are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors. Like my site? Spread the word!
Strange Craft
The True Story of an Air Force Intelligence Officer’s Life with UFOs
U.S. Air Force Major George Filer belongs to the generation of pilots and aviators who first became aware of the strange aircraft showing up in the Earth’s atmosphere after World War II. These men – military professionals who flew planes, served as radar operators and air traffic controllers at airfields around the world – began to whisper amongst themselves about encounters with suspected extraterrestrial aircraft.
During secret debriefings at U.S. bases, pilots and air crew told their commanders of seeing UFOs off their plane’s wings. Award-winning investigative author John Guerra spent four years interviewing Filer, a decorated intelligence officer.
From objects in the skies over Cold War Europe to a UFOs over during the Cuban Missile Crisis to lights over the DMZ in Vietnam Filer leaves nothing out about his Air Force UFO encounters,
Filer’s most memorable case – the shooting of an alien at Fort Dix Army Base in 1978 – is fully recounted for the first time in this book. As a member of the Disclosure Project, military experts, astronauts, and scientists urge the U.S. government to release all it knows about UFOs to the public.
Filer describes his UFO encounters in this incredible book, by John L. Guerra.
Tucson on March18, 2022, saw a bright full moon Friday and took a picture with my iPhone camera. When I looked at picture there is a blue orb in the image. When I click on the live photo the orb can be seen leaving the frame at high velocity.
California Object
El Cajon on March 25, 2022, I was taking pictures of the mountains that show this one the shape or whatever it was. I saw it later in the photos and seemed unusual.
San Joseon March 18, 2022, I saw these strange lights and I had forgotten I also took some pictures that show the object spinning,, glowing, and flashing in a weird random manner. The object has long lines connecting the bigger orbs. I followed them until they got behind a cloud and vanished.
Colorado Light
Clifton on March 27, 2022, I was looking up to the sky like always since am a truck driver. So when I spotted the ship hovering because I had Lasik surgery to help see at night. It took off at light speed thatit was incredible .
Florida Object
Davenport on March 11, 2022, it was a round gray object going west as the sun was setting and the rays of the sun were hitting the cloud so I took a picture. Later, I noticed the UFO in my picture.
Maine lIGHTS
Orlandon March 21, 2022, my girlfriend and I let the dogs out and we noticed a bright light so I videoed it at 1:10 am. It was the craziest stuff I’ve ever seen. I know a decent amount about all aircraft.
Missouri Lights
Weldon Spring on March 10, 2022, I spotted an object that was very large and fast come over my roof, descend towards the woods and turn SW towards the back woods. Because night vision is on CCTV is in black and white, I cannot determine the color. I have worked closely with the Assistant Director for Missouri Mufon on cell phone videos of Fast Movers so when she saw this one, she said that this object has structure to it and that it should be analyzed.
Nevada Light
Las Vegas on March 13, 2022, maybe someone can give me a logical explanation based on pictures and videos. I contacted the FBI and Nellis AFB to see if anyone wanted to view the actual video of possible is secret weapons tech,. I truly think I e captured the best civilian UFO/UAP footage using Samsung Galaxy S20 FE. Basic phone, but awesome 30X zoom kicked in. Let me know if interested.
New Jersey Object
Vernon on January ‘ 6, 2022, I saw what I assumed was a plane descending at a distance, then as I drove closer I saw it was flying towards me approaching a tree line on a slight incline,. The object was at least 60 feet or more. It was about 40-50 ft high, rather very big. It began to hover, no longer flying. It hovered over the top of the tree line as I approached closer and closer. It was like a band that went around the center of it, between the body of it…and the slightly domed top. It was more oblong than rounded on top, like a water ship would have. The lights seemed like they were going off in sequence, as the band appeared to rotate with each series of lights changing. The body of it was dark like steel, but reflective enough that I could see the material of it. Nott shiny, but slightly reflective dark metal. My stomach was shaking as it departed..
New York Lights
Poughkeepsie on March 18, 2022, we looked up because we heard a plane and there was a Tic Tac above the plane toward the back when the plane was no longer visible the tic tac made zero noise.
Ohio Object
Wycliffeon March 10, 2022, moon did not look right and stars were too low and were in a line when I looked in the sky that night. Then the blue and white at the tip just appeared. It stayed for a long time.
Oregon Object
Milton-Freewater on August 28, 2021, my partner and I were driving home when she said loudly, “What’s that? It looked like trash in the air. I refused to believe in anything outside of established science. It hovered less than 100 yards to the east scaring us., I parked being a bear hunter for over 30 years I got a scope to look through and as I raised it to my eye the object was no more. This thing was huge made no sound. I captured the UFO but it was huge and looked small in my picture.
Rhode Island Light
Bristolon March 16, 2022, at 10:15 pm on the evening of May 2nd, 2020. I watched a bright red light moving from the toward the Northeast above neighboring homes. It was silent 500 feet above me moving at a steady and fast pace until the light faded away and disappear.
Wisconsin Object
Fond du lac on March 13, 2022, I was getting ready to go into Piggy Wiggle grocery store when I saw this silent object as the sun was setting. The object stayed there for 10 minutes and I went into the store and when I came out it was gone.
Worldwide UFO Sightings
France Lights
Jessyon March 21, 2022, I took a video where you can see a mass moving at a fairly high speed seen at the height at which I filmed it that goes from left to right and then rises gently.
Mexico Sunset
Pacific Ocean on February 1, 2022, on a cruise ship I took a picture of the sunset and this is what appears blocking the sun.. Flip video did not show this a moment earlier through the window, but did show it directly over the rail when there was nothing between me and the view?
Note:I believe that this is an artifact as the result of taking a video directly into the Sun. I have seen this before, but I don’t know for sure what causes it. The video is not shown as it shows no movement of the black object (camera artifact). A still image extracted from the video is shown. Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/
Papua New Guinea Light
Rabaolon March ,19 2022, I found object on iPhone
UK/England Lights
‘Sowerby bridge on March 26, 2022, all I saw was a really bright circle like the North Star moving around the sky. It wasn’t a plane no flashing lights and it did not leave a trail and it was not falling to earth .
Vietnam Object
Ho Chi Minh City on March 21, 2022, I was put for a walk with my 8 year old son and hepointed, “Dad! Look at that!” Against the night sky there was a silent dark gray “V” chevron shape moving towards us with 9 dim pinpoint orange-ish lights on the underside. Air shimmered around the front, side and trailing edges, like roiling water on the wake of a ship. He said he saw a cube-shaped object closely trailing the craft. We watched the object pass over the Saigon river moving north.
Note: The 2nd graphic from top was described by the witness as a photo of the object taken from a site on the internet. I believe that it is a sketch overlaid on a real photo of the sky. Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/
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Our outreach relies on the generosity of our supporters. Join us today. I have put together a DVD or flash drive of the last twenty years of Filer’s Files for you with hundreds of great photographs and UFO sightings that will explain the phenomena and the importance to your life and your family. Additionally, I have included my book within the DVD that includes George Ritter’s exciting abduction story told by Linda Moulton Howe. Broadcaster David E. Twichell joined me to write the book. We are asking for a donation of only $50 that includes next year’s subscription and our book. Please include your e-mail address and mailing address.
Buy a Great DVD
I have put together a DVD of the last twenty years of Filer’s Files for you with hundreds of great photographs and UFO sightings that will explain the phenomena and the importance to your life and your family. Additionally, I have included my book within the DVD that includes George Ritter’s exciting abduction story told by Linda Moulton Howe. Broadcaster David E. Twichell joined me to write the book. We are asking for a donation of only $50 that includes next year’s subscription and our book. Please include your e-mail address and mailing address.
Our research is uncovering amazing truths by solving challenging projects deemed too difficult by other firms. We have had some success in finding missing persons. We could use your help in getting more results from our research. I have put together a DVD of the last seventeen years of Filer’s Files for you with hundreds of great photographs and UFO sightings. Additionally, I have decided to include my book within the DVD that includes George Ritter’s exciting abduction story told by Linda Moulton Howe. Broadcaster David E. Twichell joined me to write the book. We are asking for a donation of only $50 that includes next year’s subscription and our book. Please include your e-mail address and mailing address.
Have been digging through the giant DVD you sent recently. As a relatively recent joiner, I was unaware of the years’ worth of consistent reports of the same types of objects all over. This has been very educational. Just wanted to thank you for all you’ve done. Bruce W. Freeman Attorney at Law
Sign me up right now for Filer’s Files.
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Filer’s Files is copyrighted 2015 by George A. Filer, all rights reserved. Readers may post the COMPLETE files on their Web Sites if they credit the newsletter and its editor by name, and list the date of issue. These reports and comments are not necessarily the OFFICIAL MUFON viewpoint. Send your letters to Majorstar Sending mail automatically grants permission for us to publish and use your name. Please state if you wish to keep your name or e-mail confidential. CAUTION MOST OF THESE ARE INITIAL REPORTS AND REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION. If you wish to stop receiving these files, please send a message to Majorstar
Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women; God Bless Our Troops, and Georgie, Elizabeth, and Victoria Filer, and Eddie Pedrick. May the Angels be your guide and take you to paradise.
Put another way, a young person in the U.S. is nearly 11 times as likely to die in a swimming pool than in a school shooting. Few public officials would say pools are doing a poor job protecting swimmers, but the statistics suggest that we need “more lifeguards at pools, as opposed to guards at schools,” Fox said
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
CAUTION MOST OF THESE ARE INITIAL REPORTS AND REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION. If you wish to stop receiving these files, please send a message to Majorstar@verizon.net.
Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women Georgie Filer and Eddie Pedrick my grandsons who both drowned. We pray that God will bless those who read these files spiritually.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:FILER FILES - overzicht met foto's met dank aan Georges Filer en WWW.nationalUFOCenter.com (ENG)
Strange UFO filmed Hadera, Israel Yesterday
Strange UFO filmed Hadera, Israel Yesterday
This strange UFO formation was filmed in the sky above Hadera, Israel on 31st March 2022!
Let me know in the comments what’s your opinion about this sighting.
Note peter2011:When I watch this video clip, I have the impression that it is fake... The object seems to me to be stuck on a window and is stable all the time in one place. Also, the object is brighter than the trees. I really believe it's fake, a hoax... or an April Fools' Day joke!
Jupiter is so big, it doesn't technically orbit the sun. Here's how.
Jupiter, our solar system’s fifth planet from the Sun, the massive gas giant protecting Earth and the inner planets from potential catastrophic comet and asteroid strikes, is far more unique than you’ve ever imagined.
The gas giant is so huge that it doesn’t orbit around the Sun. Jupiter is 2.5 times the mass of ALL other planets in our solar system combined.
This means that it’s so freakishly large that the center of Gravity between the gas giant and the Sun does not reside within the Sun, but a point in space, located just above our Sun’s surface. And there’s a perfectly rational explanation for that. When a smaller object orbits a bigger one, the smaller body does not travel around the larger one in a circle. Instead, both these objects orbit a ‘shared’ center of Gravity, which means they meet somewhere in a perfect center.
The gas giant is so large (estimated at approximately 143,000 kilometers wide) that it could devour all known planets in our solar system.
In fact, around 1,300 Earth’s can fit inside the gas giant.
Our planet’s center of Gravity resides so near to the center of the Sun that this effect is negligible. As a result, the larger object (the Sun) doesn’t seem to move, while the smaller object (Earth) orbits around it.
The same can be said about all other planets in our solar system, like Mercury, Venus, and even Saturn; their centers of mass with the Sun are located deep inside the Sun itself.
TANTALIZING DISCOVERY HINTS AT POSSIBILITY OF LIFE ON PLUTO
TANTALIZING DISCOVERY HINTS AT POSSIBILITY OF LIFE ON PLUTO
"WE FOUND A FIELD OF VERY LARGE ICY VOLCANOES THAT LOOK NOTHING LIKE ANYTHING ELSE WE HAVE SEEN IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM."
NASA
Ice Volcanoes
While scouring images taken by NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft of Pluto’s surface, a team of astronomers made a tantalizing discovery.
“We found a field of very large icy volcanoes that look nothing like anything else we have seen in the solar system,” Kelsi Singer, senior research scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, and author of a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, told CNN.
A New Horizon's image shows the ice-rich expanse of Sputnik Planitia.
(Image credit: NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)
The finding goes to show the tiny planet still has plenty of surprises in store for us — and could be more habitable for life previously believed, the researchers say.
Pluto Slushy
The area covers 621 miles across an ancient impact basin. Two of its largest volcanic domes are roughly the size of Earth-based volcanos, including Mauna Loa in Hawaii, our world’s biggest volcano by volume.
Since the area itself doesn’t have any new impact craters, the researchers suggest the massive ice volcanoes aren’t actually that old and were formed as a result of residual heat emanating from the tiny planet’s interior.
“This means Pluto has more internal heat than we thought it would, which means we don’t fully understand how planetary bodies work,” Singer told CNN.
Rather than spectacularly erupting in an explosion of magma, these ice volcanoes vent a slurry of ice and water kind “like toothpaste,” she explained.
Challenging Survival
It’s an intriguing discovery that adds to existing theories about what scientists believe to be Pluto’s sizeable subsurface ocean. The volcanoes could be evidence that liquid water is closer to the surface than previously thought.
That could also influence the planet’s ability to harbor life — but it’s still a bit of a stretch.
“There are still a lot of challenges for any organisms trying to survive there,” Singer told CNN. “They would still need some source of continual nutrients, and if the volcanism is episodic and thus the heat and water availability is variable, that is sometimes tough for organisms as well.”
The team is now excited to send a spacecraft outfitted with a radar to examine “what the volcanic plumbing looks like,” as Singer put it.
Astronomers Unmask Mysterious Object That Survived An Extremely Close Encounter With a Black Hole
Astronomers Unmask Mysterious Object That Survived An Extremely Close Encounter With a Black Hole
by Mirza Newton
The nature of a mystery cloud that survived a near encounter with a supermassive black hole has finally been revealed.
According to a recent study of the phenomenon, known as G2, it's really three young stars engulfed in a dense cloud of the gas and dust from which they were created. This explanation provides a neat response to the concerns that remained unanswered when G2 flew by Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, in 2014.
"We propose that the monitored dust-enshrouded objects are remnants of a dissolved young stellar cluster whose formation was initiated in the circumnuclear disc," the researchers wrote in their paper.
In 2011, G2 was identified (described in a study published in 2012). It was speeding towards an event known as perinigricon — the point in its orbit when it was closest to the black hole.
Astronomers were fully expecting G2 to be ripped apart and slurped up by Sgr A*, resulting in some supermassive black hole feeding fireworks.
Nothing occurred, which was afterward referred to as a "cosmic fizzle." G2 extended and stretched as it approached the black hole, then recovered to a more compact form after perinigricon.
Another perplexing feature of G2 is that it is very hot, considerably hotter than a cloud of dust should be. It's conceivable that Sgr A* or other stars heated the object, but it stayed the same temperature regardless of where it was. This indicated that whatever was heating G2 was originating from inside the cloud itself, rather than from outside factors.
Astronomers discovered that both of these traits are more compatible with the activity of a star. Last year, a group of astronomers proposed that the G2 cloud may include a hidden star — the result of a collision between two stars that created a massive cloud of gas and dust around them.
However, the same study discovered four additional comparable objects near the galactic core, increasing the total number of G objects to six. That's a lot of binary stars merging together.
After completing a rigorous assessment of 14 years' worth of data obtained with the Very Large Telescope's SINFONI instrument, a team of researchers headed by astrophysicist Florian Peißker of the University of Cologne in Germany has come up with an alternate explanation.
According to their calculations, G2 should be hiding three stars that are roughly 1 million years old. That is extremely young for stars; the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. Because the G2 stars are so young, they are still surrounded by material from the cloud in which they originated.
"That G2 actually consists of three evolving young stars is sensational," Peißker says, noting that the discovery makes the three stars the youngest stars ever observed around SgrA*.
The S-cluster, an unusual collection of young stars, already exists in the galactic center. The G2 stars, according to Peißker's team's hypothesis, might be part of this population.
The stars might have formed a cluster in the same stellar nursery, which has now disintegrated, with individual stars breaking away and creating new orbits around Sgr A*.
Even if they were not members of the S-cluster, the G2 stars were most likely formerly part of a bigger cluster of stars. Other dusty objects circling Sgr A* might potentially have been part of this cluster, which would have been shattered by gravity after traveling a larger distance towards the supermassive black hole.
Because the environment near Sgr A* is not thought to be favorable for star formation, additional research will be required to determine where G2 and the other G objects may have originated. Astronomers may be able to utilize the new discoveries to learn more about black holes.
"The new results provide unique insights into how black holes work," Peißker says.
"We can use the environment of SgrA* as a blueprint to learn more about the evolution and processes of other galaxies in completely different corners of our Universe."
Astronomers have spotted as many as 17 eruptions from a single spot on Sun; and two of the flares headed straight towards the Earth at nearly 2 million miles an hour, Live Science reported.
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) or solar flares are a well-documented phenomenon and are critical in understanding what happens on the Sun. Astronomers are also keen to keep an eye on them since a major eruption has the potential to create blackouts and take down the communication systems in a matter of seconds. Just last month, SpaceX lost 40 satellites to a geomagnetic storm, a few hours after the launch.
Cannibal solar flares
According to the Live Science report, a sunspot dubbed AR2975 has been rather active since the beginning of this week. Sunspots are known for their strong magnetic fields that suddenly snap and burst out radiation that we call solar flares.
Usually, a solar flare takes about 15 to 18 hours to reach the Earth. Of the 17 eruptions that astronomers have identified from this spot, two of them headed towards the Earth. However, their varied speeds saw a fast-moving flare that erupted later overtake a relatively slower flare and gobbled up the radiation, and produced a wave that is stronger, resulting in a powerful solar storm.
The second wave thus cannibalized the first one and hit Earth's atmosphere at 11 pm ET on March 30 at speeds of 1,881, 263 mph (3,027,599 kph), causing a shortwave radio blackout.
Northern Lights in the south U.S.
While the magnetic storm was not expected to cause communication issues, it clashed with the upper layers of our atmosphere and generated a beautiful natural display of lights in the night sky that are usually called Northern Lights.
While these lights were visible from the northern states, the expected powerful impact of these flares was likely to make them visible from the southern states of Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Oregon as well.
This also makes for a great time for NASA to send up the two sounding rockets that have been ready to probe the Northern Lights.
Either way, it is a great night for science and also a time to be thankful for the upper atmosphere that shields us from harm.
ALL RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
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Alvast bedankt voor al jouw bezoekjes en jouw reacties. Nog een prettige dag verder!!!
Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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![[The Great Pyramid of Giza with Original White Limestone Casing]](http://www.projectglobalawakening.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/great-pyramid-of-giza-original-white-limestone-casing-gold-capstone-902x1024.jpg)
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if we use the common fractional approximation for 
as (22/7) whereas the precise estimates for the perimeter and height in meters give us ![[Map of the Giza Pyramid Complex]](http://www.projectglobalawakening.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Map-of-the-Giza-Pyramid-Complex-Pyramids-of-Gizeh.png)
![[The Great Pyramid and Giza Pyramids]](http://www.projectglobalawakening.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Great-Pyramid-Giza-Pyramids-Ancient-Egypt-Bronze-Age.jpg)
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