Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
25-02-2023
Pentagon Withholds Images of Unidentified Objects from Recent Shootdowns
Pentagon Withholds Images of Unidentified Objects from Recent Shootdowns
U-2 Spy Plane Pilot’s Selfie Goes Viral After Being Released by U.S. Department of Defense
The U.S. Department of Defense recently released a photograph taken by a pilot of a U-2 spy plane showing a suspected Chinese surveillance balloon flying over the continental U.S. While the image provided unprecedented details of the balloon, the release of the photo has left many wondering about the images showing the three unidentified objects shot down over Alaska, northern Canada, and Lake Huron over the weekend of February 10.
Although the Pentagon has not officially confirmed the presence of images of the incidents, it is not planning on releasing them to the public. A spokesperson for the office of the secretary of defense stated that there are currently no other aerial images available.
The three objects shot down are suspected to have been benign amateur hobbyist or research balloons rather than state-sponsored espionage. However, the “unidentified” status of the objects has fueled public speculation that these could be something more than just wayward hobby balloons.
Social media users have speculated that the shoot downs were part of a cover-up operation to conceal the truth about the US’ involvement in the Nord Stream pipeline sabotage. Others have claimed that the objects were alien spacecraft. The lack of debris recovery and images has also been interpreted as part of an attempt by the government to conceal its UFO activities.
It’s believed that the Pentagon obtained some of the captured images and video of the objects before they were shot down. However, it’s not clear if they were able to identify the objects using the jet’s targeting pods.
To investigate the object spotted near Alaska, a couple of F-35 aircraft were launched. These aircraft were equipped with the EOTS, which was designed to provide high-definition and electro-optical images. Unfortunately, the system was not able to capture images of the object. Two F-16C airplanes from Wisconsin’s 148th Fighter Wing were able to shoot down the object. They were equipped with the Sniper ATP, which is a sophisticated targeting pod.
According to the audio recordings of the cockpit conversations of the fighter planes, which were captured by amateur radio users, it’s almost certain that video of the object was taken during the shoot down. However, these descriptions do not provide enough evidence to identify the object.
An aura of mystery will remain over the incident until the Pentagon decides to release the captured images. Although the objects were likely benign, the lack of transparency by the Pentagon has led to various conspiracy theories and speculation.
President Ronald Reagan Felt Burden Of Knowing Aliens Exist, Sept 1983 United Nations Speech, Video, UFO Sighting News.
President Ronald Reagan Felt Burden Of Knowing Aliens Exist, Sept 1983 United Nations Speech, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of speeches: Sept 16, 1983
Location of speech: United Nations
Below is a video, of US President Reagan speaking at three different engagements, and in each...he tries to leak the truth...that aliens exist. He really tried hard to inform the public, even when he knew it was against national security to do so. On Sept 16, 1983, US President Ronald Reagan gave a memorable speech in front of the United Nations. In it, he subtly suggests that aliens exist and that all of humanity could be lost if they decide to attack. President Reagan states:
Perhaps we need some outside, universal threat to make us recognize this common bond. I occasionally think how quickly our differences worldwide would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world.
Of course President Reagan had inside information from the CIA and NASA and was told that aliens do exist. But he couldn't just come out and say so without breaking national security rules. So instead...he subtly hinted to the rest of the world leaders about what he had learned from the CIA and NASA. He also knows that a small percentage of the other presidents at the United Nations meeting also knew about the existence of aliens. He even hints at one other president...he talked to the General Secretary Gorbachov...who then later became Russian president. Now pondering about world peace is nice...but I feel that President Reagan felt a weight on his shoulders...a burden of carrying this knowledge of the existence of aliens. Remember its was the 1980s and back they the technology was very inferior to today tech marvels. It must have been very frightening for him to know that aliens existed, but to have so few people he could sit down and talk about this subject openly. Watch the video below and see. He is trying to tell the world the truth...that aliens exist. Scott C. Waring
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
The Soviet X-Files: Decoding the Enigma of the Petrozavodsk UFOs
The Soviet X-Files: Decoding the Enigma of the Petrozavodsk UFOs
If you are fascinated by the unknown and the unexplained, you might have heard of the UFO sightings over Petrozavodsk, a city in the northwestern part of the Soviet Union (now Russia), in the fall of 1977. The sightings involved multiple witnesses, including military personnel and civilians, who reported seeing strange, glowing, and sometimes pulsating objects in the sky. The objects appeared to move in a controlled manner, sometimes hovering or changing direction abruptly, and emitting bright beams of light. The sightings attracted the attention of both Soviet and international media, as well as ufologists and skeptics, who offered various explanations, ranging from natural phenomena to extraterrestrial visitations.
However, the true nature of the Petrozavodsk phenomenon remains elusive and controversial to this day. While some experts have dismissed the sightings as a result of misperception, hoaxes, or propaganda, others have suggested that they might be related to top-secret experiments by the Soviet military or intelligence agencies. In this article, we will explore two different angles of the UFO sightings over Petrozavodsk and the wider Soviet Union, based on two primary sources: the eyewitness testimonies and the official investigations by the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
Eyewitness testimonies:
Unearthed: The Long-Lost Photograph of the Mysterious Petrozavodsk Object
According to the accounts of the witnesses, the UFO sightings over Petrozavodsk and other parts of the Soviet Union were not isolated incidents, but rather part of a pattern of unexplained aerial phenomena that had been occurring since at least the early 1970s. The witnesses described the objects as large, bright, and silent, often shaped like spheres or ellipsoids, and emitting intense and colorful light. Some witnesses reported feeling a sense of awe or fear, while others tried to approach the objects or even shoot at them. However, none of the witnesses could identify the origin or purpose of the objects, and some reported being harassed or intimidated by the authorities for their testimonies.
The Soviet Academy of Sciences launched several investigations into the UFO sightings over Petrozavodsk and other areas, involving scientists, engineers, and military experts. However, the official reports were inconclusive and sometimes contradictory. Some investigators suggested that the sightings might be related to natural phenomena, such as auroras, meteorites, or chemiluminescence, while others proposed that they might be linked to Soviet space missions, rocket tests, or ionospheric experiments. However, none of the hypotheses could fully explain the observed characteristics of the objects, such as their high altitude, speed, maneuverability, and radiation.
Soviet Academy of Sciences Dispatches Expert Group to Karelia in 1978 to Investigate Unexplained Phenomenon
Conspiracy theories
Given the lack of consensus among experts and the secrecy of the Soviet regime, the UFO sightings over Petrozavodsk have spawned various conspiracy theories, ranging from the benign to the bizarre. Some theorists have claimed that the objects were extraterrestrial spacecraft, sent by aliens to study or communicate with humanity. Others have suggested that the objects were secret weapons or surveillance devices, developed by the Soviet military or intelligence agencies to spy on the West or intimidate their own citizens. Still, others have speculated that the objects were part of a wider cover-up or disinformation campaign, aimed at confusing or distracting the public from other sensitive issues, such as nuclear tests or political dissent.
Soviet ancient aliens: The Petrozavodsk Phenomenon – FULL DOCUMENTARY
Conclusion
In conclusion, the UFO sightings over Petrozavodsk and other parts of the Soviet Union remain a mystery, shrouded in secrecy, controversy, and speculation. While some experts have offered natural or human-made explanations, the eyewitness testimonies and the official investigations suggest that the objects were highly unusual and unexplained by conventional means. Whether the sightings were a result of a technological breakthrough, a psychological projection, or an extraterrestrial visit remains a matter of debate and conjecture. The lack of reliable and verifiable data, coupled with the political and ideological context of the Soviet Union, makes it difficult to separate fact from fiction and truth from propaganda. Nevertheless, the UFO sightings over Petrozavodsk continue to fascinate and intrigue people around the world, serving as a reminder of the enduring mystery and wonder of the universe. Whether you are a believer, a skeptic, or something in between, the Petrozavodsk phenomenon invites us to keep an open mind and a curious spirit, and to explore the boundaries of our knowledge and imagination. Who knows what other mysteries and surprises await us in the vastness of the cosmos?
Big black holes in dwarf galaxies on course for smash-up
For the first time, NASA Chandra X-ray telescope has been used to discover a pair of black holes in dwarf galaxies that are on a collision course. The Chandra team explains.
Credit: NASA/CXC/A. Hobart
China and Russia to build a Moon base, laughing at SpaceX&NASA...
It happened! China and Russia to build a Moon base (No SpaceX) ….
In the next decade, an International coalition plans to build a lunar research station to transform humanity's exploration and observation of the moon. The planning phase is already underway, and it is going well. Construction is slated for 2026 through 2035, and crews could start operating from the base by 2036. The station will feature a lunar orbiter, a large, multi-level, habitat to enable surface-based activities, and play host to several lunar rovers. If this sounds a lot like the NASA and SpaceX Lunar Gateway program, think again. The station, called the International Lunar Research Station, is a rival to the U.S. space agency’s plans to put humans permanently on the surface of the Moon within a similar time frame. Instead, the ILRS is the brainchild of China and Russia — two of the U.S.’ greatest rivals on Earth. " We're in a space race today just as we were in the 1960s. And the stakes are even higher." Let’s dive into China's Secret Plans to Build A Moon Base and More in today’s episode of Alpha Tech!
On March 9, 2021, Zhang Kejian, the administrator of China National Space Administration (CNSA), and Rogozin, the General Manager of State Space Corporation “Roscosmos” (ROSCOSMOS), signed the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation Regarding Cooperation for the Construction of the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS).
Presently, China’s lunar presence includes the Chang’e 4 lander and the Yutu 2 rover, whose arrival in 2019 marked humanity’s first landings on the dark side of the moon. Both lunar crafts is performing scientific experiments, with Chang’e 4 conducting a lunar biosphere experiment to see how silkworms, potatoes, and Arabidopsis (a small flowering plant) seeds grow in lunar gravity, while the Yutu 2 rover is exploring the Von Kármán crater.
China and Russia to build a Moon base, laughing at SpaceX&NASA...
KSP 2: Interstellar, Multiplayer, Colonies and more! Interview with lead developers about the future
Just one more day until launch everyone! For today's KSP 2 video, I sit down with creative director Nate Simpson and senior designer Chris Adderley to ask some questions about what they're most excited about, what features they wish could be ready sooner, and Nate gives us lots of information about how colonies and multiplayer will work! Rest assured, the future is looking very exciting for Kerbal Space Program 2!
Is The Earth In The Wrong Place In The Galaxy?
By now we have no doubt. We are not at the center of the solar system, nor are we at the center of our galaxy... Much less are we at the center of the universe... One step back at a time, we have finally realized that our planet is just one of many, among billions of billions of others. Sure, a lucky planet, it seems... favored by exceptional cosmic coincidences... But are we really sure? For example, are we really sure that the position where the Solar System was formed in the Milky Way is just the absolute best? Could we have found better? Could we have found worse?
Agreed, we are not in a "privileged" position in the universe. But perhaps the fact that we are not is in itself a special thing. Who knows? But we are not here to philosophize... Our purpose is to try to understand whether Earth's position in the Milky Way may have positively or negatively affected its own development. We all know that what we call the Milky Way is nothing more than the galaxy that houses our planetary system. In this case, it is a spiral galaxy about 120,000 light-years in diameter (just to understand what a boundless size we are talking about, one light-year is equivalent to about 63,000 times the distance between Earth and the Sun). Its basic structure consists of a stellar component compressed into a disk about 1,500 light-years thick--a disk filled with hundreds of billions of stars, dust, and gas, mostly arranged in irregular spiral arms. Globular clusters surround the disk in a spherical swarm concentrated toward the center of the disk
UFO Disguised As the Sun Spotted In The Sky
UFO Disguised As the Sun Spotted In The Sky. A small white light appears to launch from the top of Popocatépetl Volcano, also known as El Popo. Yes, it’s the volcano from the legend. It explodes into a giant ball and looks exactly like the sun but moving at a faster speed. And if you think that this is one of the instances that something strange has been seen over Mexico city, then let us show you what a second camera facing El Popo spotted on a different day.
Blue Origin Reveals MAJOR NEW Breakthrough On The Moon!
Blue Origin Reveals MAJOR NEW Breakthrough On The Moon!
Can a 3-D Printed Rocket Compete With SpaceX? | WSJ
Startup Relativity Space is developing the world's first 3-D printed rocket, which it says is cheaper and quicker to manufacture than conventional rockets. Ahead of the company’s first orbital launch attempt, WSJ visited its California facility to meet founder Tim Ellis.
0:00 Startup Relativity Space is creating new ways to manufacture rockets
0:51 Background on the global commercial space industry
2:47 How Relativity uses 3-D printers to produce rockets faster
3:30 Relativity’s 3-D printers use proprietary metal alloys
3:50 To refine its rocket designs, Relativity uses algorithms and machine learning
4:20 Following Terran-1, Terran-R is the second rocket from Relativity
6:30Relativity is planning to be first for a commercial mission to Mars, before Space-X
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope spots six massive galaxies that are so old they shouldn't EXIST – in discovery that 'pushes the limits of our understanding of cosmology'
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope spots six massive galaxies that are so old they shouldn't EXIST – in discovery that 'pushes the limits of our understanding of cosmology'
NASA's new space telescope has found six massive galaxies in the early universe
Discovery upends what experts previously thought about the origins of galaxies
NASA's new super space telescope was built to peer back to the dawn of time and give us clues about how the universe burst into existence.
In less than a year, James Webb has already dazzled us with incredible images — but now it is challenging our very understanding of the origins of galaxies.
That's because the $10 billion (£7.4 billion) observatory has just spotted six massive galaxies in the early universe that are so old they shouldn't actually exist.
'These objects are way more massive than anyone expected,' said Joel Leja, assistant professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State.
'We expected only to find tiny, young, baby galaxies at this point in time, but we've discovered galaxies as mature as our own in what was previously understood to be the dawn of the universe.'
Ground-breaking: NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has just spotted six massive galaxies in the early universe (pictured) that are so old they shouldn't actually exist. One of the sources (bottom left) could contain as many stars as our present-day Milky Way
The researchers said their new discovery 'pushes the limits of our understanding of cosmology' and suggests that galaxies grew massive quicker than expected early in the history of the universe.
'We've been informally calling these objects "universe breakers" — and they have been living up to their name so far,' Leja said.
INSTRUMENTS ON THE JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE
NIRCam (Near InfraRed Camera) an infrared imager from the edge of the visible through the near infrared
NIRSpec (Near InfraRed Spectrograph) will also perform spectroscopy over the same wavelength range.
MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument) will measure the mid-to-long-infrared wavelength range from 5 to 27 micrometers.
FGS/NIRISS (Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph), is used to stabilise the line-of-sight of the observatory during science observations.
He added that the galaxies were so big they came into conflict with 99 per cent of the models for cosmology.
To account for the high mass, it means these models would either have to be changed, or astronomers would have to alter their fundamental understanding of how galaxies formed in the early universe.
Namely, that they started as small clouds of stars and dust that gradually grew larger over time.
Whichever way scientists go, Leja said it would require a fundamental rethink about how the universe came to be.
'The revelation that massive galaxy formation began extremely early in the history of the universe upends what many of us had thought was settled science,' said Leja.
He said the international team of researchers had 'no idea what we were going to find' when they looked at Webb's first batch of data from the early universe.
'It turns out we found something so unexpected it actually creates problems for science. It calls the whole picture of early galaxy formation into question,' Leja added.
The new findings show that the six galaxies were as mature as our Milky Way when the universe was just 3 per cent of its current age — about 500-700 million years after the Big Bang.
Webb is capable of seeing as far back in time as 13.5 billion years – around two million years after the universe was formed – because it has infrared-sensing instruments that are able to detect light emitted by the most ancient stars and galaxies.
Baffling: Researchers said their new discovery suggests that galaxies grew massive quicker than expected early in the history of the universe. These images are a composite of separate exposures taken by the James Webb Space Telescope using its NIRCam instrument
'This is our first glimpse back this far, so it's important that we keep an open mind about what we are seeing,' Leja said.
'While the data indicates they are likely galaxies, I think there is a real possibility that a few of these objects turn out to be obscured supermassive black holes.
'Regardless, the amount of mass we discovered means that the known mass in stars at this period of our universe is up to 100 times greater than we had previously thought.
'Even if we cut the sample in half, this is still an astounding change.'
The research was carried out using the spectroscopic data and Webb's first full-colour images, which were released by NASA in July last year.
'When we got the data, everyone just started diving in and these massive things popped out really fast,' Leja said.
'We started doing the modelling and tried to figure out what they were, because they were so big and bright.
Time machine: Webb (pictured in an artist's impression) is able to see as far back in time as 13.5 billion years – around two million years after the universe was formed – because it has infrared-sensing instruments that are capable of detecting light emitted by the most ancient stars
'My first thought was we had made a mistake and we would just find it and move on with our lives. But we have yet to find that mistake, despite a lot of trying.'
Leja said the way for astronomers to confirm his team's findings would be to take a spectrum image of the massive galaxies.
This, he added, would provide data on the true distances of the galaxies and also the gasses and other elements they are made of, which in turn would allow experts to create a clearer picture of how massive they truly were.
'A spectrum will immediately tell us whether or not these things are real,' Leja said.
'It will show us how big they are, how far away they are. What's funny is we have all these things we hope to learn from James Webb and this was nowhere near the top of the list.
'We've found something we never thought to ask the universe — and it happened way faster than I thought, but here we are.'
The discovery has been published in the journal Nature.
The James Webb Telescope: NASA's $10 billion telescope is designed to detect light from the earliest stars and galaxies
The James Webb telescope has been described as a 'time machine' that could help unravel the secrets of our universe.
The telescope will be used to look back to the first galaxies born in the early universe more than 13.5 billion years ago, and observe the sources of stars, exoplanets, and even the moons and planets of our solar system.
The vast telescope, which has already cost more than $7 billion (£5 billion), is considered a successor to the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope
The James Webb Telescope and most of its instruments have an operating temperature of roughly 40 Kelvin – about minus 387 Fahrenheit (minus 233 Celsius).
It is the world's biggest and most powerful orbital space telescope, capable of peering back 100-200 million years after the Big Bang.
The orbiting infrared observatory is designed to be about 100 times more powerful than its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope.
NASA likes to think of James Webb as a successor to Hubble rather than a replacement, as the two will work in tandem for a while.
The Hubble telescope was launched on April 24, 1990, via the space shuttle Discovery from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida.
It circles the Earth at a speed of about 17,000mph (27,300kph) in low Earth orbit at about 340 miles in altitude.
Astronomen ontdekken oeroude sterrenstelsels die niet zouden mogen bestaan
De James Webb-ruimtetelescoop heeft sterrenstelsels ontdekt die bijna zo groot zijn als onze eigen Melkweg. Op zich niets uitzonderlijk, ware het niet dat niemand ze op die plaats verwacht had. Meer nog, ze konden daar gewoonweg niet zijn. Niemand kan verklaren hoe ze zich gevormd hebben. Een mysterie dat heel wat astronomen hoofdpijn bezorgt.
Afbeeldingen van zes kandidaat-zware sterrenstelsels, 500-800 miljoen jaar na de oerknal gezien. Een van de bronnen (linksonder) zou evenveel sterren kunnen bevatten als onze huidige Melkweg, maar is 30 keer compacter.
Een half dozijn sterrenstelsels vormen een raadsel voor wetenschappers van over heel de wereld. Het is de James Webb-ruimtetelescoop die ze heeft vastgelegd op een zogenaamd ‘deep field’-beeld. Daarbij kijkt men naar het zwakke licht van sterren en sterrenstelsels die zich enorm ver weg bevinden. De sterrenstelsels die in dit nieuw wetenschappelijk onderzoek zijn beschreven liggen zo ver van ons af dat ze enkel op het beeld van onze krachtigste ruimtetelescoop ooit verschijnen als kleine rode stippen. Door dit licht te bestuderen, kunnen we te weten komen hoe oud ze bijvoorbeeld zijn.
Die ouderdom blijkt een probleem te vormen. Volgens analyses is het licht van de zes sterrenstelsels vertrokken toen ze amper 500 tot 700 miljoen jaar oud waren. Het universum stond op dat moment nog in zijn kinderschoenen, net na de oerknal. Dat er toen al sterrenstelsels bestonden is niet verrassend, wel dat ze zo goed ontwikkeld waren. De sterrenstelsels lijken te groot, de sterren te oud. Dat is volledig in strijd met onze bestaande ideeën over hoe het universum er in zijn beginjaren uitzag en evolueerde. Het komt ook niet overeen met de eerdere observaties van Webb zijn voorganger, de Hubble.
“Deze objecten zijn veel groter dan iemand had verwacht”, vertelt Joel Leja, assistent-professor astronomie en astrofysica aan de universiteit van Penn State, in een persbericht. “We hadden verwacht dat we alleen kleine babystelsels zouden vinden. In de plaats daarvan hebben we sterrenstelsels ontdekt die net zo volwassen zijn als onze Melkweg. En dat in de tijdsperiode die we beschouwen als de dageraad van het universum.”
Dat deze sterren en sterrenstelsels ouder waren dan verwacht kunnen de wetenschappers zien aan de kleur. Jonge sterren schijnen meestal met een helderblauwe kleur. Bij het ouder worden krijgen ze dan een rode gloed. Dat de James Webb-telescoop zulke rode sterren ziet bij het terugkijken in de tijd had men gewoonweg niet verwacht. En ook niet dat de sterrenstelsels zo kolossaal zijn. Ze zijn bijna even massief als ons eigen sterrenstelsel op een moment dat het universum nog maar 3 procent van zijn huidige leeftijd was.
“Nog nooit hebben we zo ver terug in de tijd kunnen kijken, dus het is belangrijk dat we openstaan voor nieuwe ontdekkingen”, zegt Leja. “De data geven aan dat het waarschijnlijk sterrenstelsels zijn, maar wie weet zijn een paar van deze objecten verborgen superzware zwarte gaten. Hoe dan ook, met deze ontdekking zijn we te weten gekomen dat de massa van sterren uit deze periode 100 keer groter is dan we eerst dachten. Dat is verbazingwekkend.”
Tijd dus om de kosmologische theorieën over hoe sterrenstelsels na de oerknal ontstonden te herschrijven. Al moeten astronomen er eerst voor zorgen dat ze zeker zijn dat de rode stippen echt niet iets anders zijn. Maar zelfs als dat zo is, zal men hele nieuwe concepten moeten uitdenken voor deze alternatieven. Al hoeft dat niet lang te duren. Astronomen zijn van plan om binnenkort Webbs spiegel opnieuw naar deze sterrenstelsels te richten voor een lichtspectrum. Daarmee kunnen ze onmiddellijk vertellen of hun hypothesen juist zijn. Spannend dus, want deze eerste ontdekking is misschien wel het begin van een transformatie van hoe we de wereld om ons heen bekijken.
Dust Storms on Mars Generate Static Electricity. What Does This Do to Its Surface?
Dust storms are a serious hazard on Mars. While smaller storms and dust devils happen regularly, larger ones happen every year (during summer in the southern hemisphere) and can cover continent-sized areas for weeks. Once every three Martian years (about five and a half Earth years), the storms can become large enough to encompass the entire planet and last up to two months. These storms play a major role in the dynamic processes that shape the surface of Mars and are sometimes visible from Earth (like the 2018 storm that ended the Opportunity rover’s mission).
When Martian storms become particularly strong, the friction between dust grains causes them to become electrified, transferring positive and negative charges through static electricity. According to research led by planetary scientist Alian Wang at Washington University in St. Louis, this electrical force could be the major driving force of the Martian chlorine cycle. Based on their analysis, Wang and her colleagues believe this process could account for the abundant perchlorates and other chemicals that robotic missions have detected in Martian soil.
Dr. Wang led an international team of researchers from Texas Tech University, the University of Delaware, the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences (MCSS), and Oxford University. The paper that describes their findings recently appeared in the Geophysical Research Letters. In it, Wang and her colleagues demonstrated how electrical discharge caused by dust storms could be responsible for decomposing chloride salts and creating atmospheric chlorine and other chemical compounds found on the surface (chlorates. perchlorates, and carbonates).
Close-up image of a Martian dust storm acquired by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on Nov. 7th, 2007. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
On Mars, chlorine is considered one of five ” mobile elements,” the others being hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur. Like Earth’s water cycle (or Titan’s methane cycle), this means that chlorine is transferred between the Martian surface and the atmosphere in different forms. It exists in gaseous form in the atmosphere, while chloride deposits are found across the surface. These deposits are similar to salt pans found across Earth, like the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, the Etosha Pan in Namibia, and the Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia (the largest in the world).
Similar to Earth, these chloride deposits are likely to be the dried remains of briny patches of water that existed on the surface. It is theorized that they formed from interactions between the surface and atmosphere during the Amazonian period. This geological era extends to this day and is thought to have begun with the end of the Hesperian period (ca. 3 billion years ago) when Mars was still transitioning from a warmer, wetter environment to what we see there today (extremely cold and desiccated).
Since there is no longer exchange between the surface and atmosphere, scientists have wondered how atmospheric chlorine and chloride deposits could be linked. In their new study, Wang (a faculty fellow with the MCSS) and her colleagues demonstrated that electrical discharges caused by dust storms are an efficient way for chlorine exchange between the surface and air. The possibility that dust storms might be a source of reactive chemistry on Mars was first proposed when the Viking 1 and 2 missions landed there in the 1970s.
However, the chemical effects of dust activities were difficult to study since the ESA’s Schiaparelli lander (which would study the phenomenon) crashed on the surface in 2016. As a result, scientists have had to stick with climate modeling and experimental studies, including research that Wang and other planetary scientists have done in recent years. These have shown that when electrostatic discharges interact with chlorine salts in a carbon dioxide-rich environment (like the Martian atmosphere), chlorine gas is released, and perchlorates and carbonates can be generated.
A Martian dust devil in the Amazonis Planitia region on March 14th, 2012, captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
However, this latest study was the first time planetary scientists attempted to quantify how much of these chemicals are produced during Martian dust storms. This was done through a series of experiments at Washington University’s Planetary Environment and Analysis Chamber (PEACh), where the team subjected various common chloride mineral salts to electrical discharges under Mars-like conditions. As Wang indicated in a Washington University (The Source) press release, the results confirmed their theory:
“Frictional electrification is a common process in our Solar System, with Martian dust activities known to be a powerful source of electrical charge buildup. The thin atmosphere on Mars makes it much easier for accumulated electrical fields to break down in the form of electrostatic discharge. In fact, it’s a hundred times easier on Mars than on Earth.
“The reaction rates are huge. Importantly, the released chlorine in a short-time mid-strength electrostatic discharge process is at a percent level. No other process that we know of can do this, especially with such quantitatively high yield of chlorine release.”
During a seven-hour simulated electrostatic discharge experiment, they found that at least 1 out of 100 chloride molecules decomposed and released a chlorine atom. In addition, the electrical discharge also accounted for the very high global concentrations of perchlorate and carbonate compounds in Martian topsoil – though the formation rates were slightly lower (sub-percent per-thousand levels). The experiment also showed that the observed concentration ranges could be accumulated within half of the Amazonian period.
Simulated views of a darkening Martian sky from NASA’s Opportunity rover’s point of view, the right side simulating Opportunity’s view in the global dust storm as of June 2018. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/TAMU
Lastly, the high yields could account for the high atmospheric concentrations of hydrogen chloride observed during the 2018 and 2019 dust storms. Said Kevin Olsen, a research fellow at The Open University and a co-author of the new study:
“The high-releasing rate of chlorine from common chlorides revealed by this study indicates a promising pathway to convert surface chlorides to the gas phases that we now see in the atmosphere. These findings offer support that Martian dust activities can drive a global chlorine cycle. With the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, we see repeated seasonal activity that coincides with global and regional dust storms.”
Another interesting takeaway from this study was how the team theorized what electrostatic discharges might look like on Mars. According to Wang, the discharge would not look like a flash of lightning (as is the case on Earth). Instead, she said, it would be more akin to a glow due to Mars’ thin atmosphere. “It could be somewhat like the aurora in polar regions on Earth, where energetic electrons collide with dilute atmospheric species,” she said.
To date, no robotic missions on Mars, be they landers, rovers, or orbiters, have witnessed an electrical discharge during a dust storm. The glows would likely be obscured by the heavy dust concentrations and not be visible from orbit. Meanwhile, surface missions that rely on solar power are forced to suspend operations in heavy storms to preserve power (as was the case during the recent storm season for the Ingenuity helicopter). But perhaps the nuclear-powered Curiosityor Perseverancerover could get a candid shot of this phenomenon before their missions are complete.
Otherwise, we might have to wait on crewed missions to see one of these “aurora,” which could lead to a Mark Whatney-like situation!
Clouds of Carbon Dust Seen When the Universe was Less Than a Billion Years Old
The Milky Way Galaxy contains an estimated one hundred billion stars. Between these lies the Interstellar Medium (ISM), a region permeated by gas and dust grains. This dust is largely composed of heavier elements, including silicate minerals, ice, carbon, and iron compounds. This dust plays a key role in the evolution of galaxies, facilitating the gravitational collapse of gas clouds to form new stars. This galactic dust is measurable by how it attenuates starlight from distant galaxies, causing it to shift from ultraviolet to far-infrared radiation.
However, the origin of various dust grains is still a mystery, especially during the early Universe when heavier elements are thought to have been scarce. Previously, scientists believed that elements like carbon took hundreds of millions of years to form and could not have existed before about 2.5 billion years after the Big Bang. Using data obtained by the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), an international team of astronomers and astrophysicists report the detection of carbonaceous grains around a galaxy that existed roughly 1 billion years after the Big Bang.
Galaxy GN-z11 superimposed on an image from the GOODS-North survey. Credit: NASA/ESA/STScI
The JADES program is an extragalactic survey and a collaborative effort between the JWST Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) instrument teams. The purpose is to conduct deep parallel mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of roughly 100,000 galaxies in two extragalactic deep fields (GOODS-South (CDF-S) and GOODS-North (HDF)). These fields were previously imaged in the optical, infrared, and ultraviolet (UV) bands by the Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra space telescopes as part of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS).
So far, the JADES survey has pushed the boundaries of astronomy by discovering and confirming galaxies that are about 13.4 billion light-years away – the most distant galaxies ever observed. By comparing these to the optical spectroscopy and morphology of galaxies 10 to 11.5 light-years distant, JADES will reveal more about the early phases of galaxy formation. Of particular concern is the role of cosmic dust – the stuff stars, planets, organic molecules, and all life are made of – and when certain grains formed.
The JWST is particularly well-suited to studying dust grains because of its advanced infrared imaging capabilities. As Dr. Joris Witstok, a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Kavli Institute for Cosmology (University of Cambridge), told Universe Today via email:
“Dust grains catalyze the formation of molecules and the fragmentation of gas clouds, two mechanisms that are essential to star formation. Furthermore, while the dust mass of a galaxy is negligible compared to its stellar or gas mass, dust grains absorb a significant fraction of the optical and ultraviolet (UV) light and thermally re-emit the absorbed energy in the infrared (IR).”
An international team of astronomers has used data from the JWST to report the discovery of the earliest galaxies confirmed to date (ca. 13.4 billion years ago).
Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA
Based on the data obtained from these fields, the team observed direct evidence of carbonaceous grains that existed up to one billion years after the Big Bang (ca. over 13 billion years ago). This was evident from the broad UV absorption feature in the deep near-infrared spectra (2175 angstrom). This feature had previously been observed only in older galaxies at redshifts of z=< 3 (less than 11.476 billion years ago). These grains were previously believed to be produced by Red Giant stars over the course of hundreds of millions of years. Said Witstok:
“Most dust formation models typically rely on carbonaceous dust grains being formed in the stellar winds of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, while stars can only reach this evolutionary stage ~300 million years after they form. Therefore, it is surprising to see evidence for carbon dust in such early galaxies, the most distant of which is seen when the age of the Universe was only 800 million years: this implies its star formation started only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang (which, in cosmic timescales, is very early), or instead the carbonaceous dust grains can be formed through another faster mechanism.”
These results imply that a more rapid mechanism was responsible for forming carbonaceous dust grains in the early Universe. As Witstok explained, he and his colleagues suspect that supernovae seeded the early Universe with carbon as they blew off their outer layers. “This has important implications for galaxy evolution because the carbon from which the grains are made are also synthesized by these stars, meaning certain elements may spread through the galaxy more quickly than previously thought,” he said.
1KM Comet Or UFO Caught By Artemis 1 Cubsat! Video, UFO Sighting News.
1KM Comet Or UFO Caught By Artemis 1 Cubsat! Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Feb 20, 2023
Location of sighting: Is within the Taurus constellation
This Comet ZTF (AKA) Comet C/2022 E3 doesn't seem to be a comet at all, but looks more like a huge sphere UFO. This was recorded by Japans Artemis cubesat Mission. But I feel that its caught a UFO disguised as a comet. Why? Because it has no long tail behind it, even though its at its closest position to Earth, and very close to our sun. Take a look and tell me your thoughts below.
City In Moon Crater Recorded By Artemis 1 Mission Cubesat, Feb 20, 2023, UFO Sighting News.
City In Moon Crater Recorded By Artemis 1 Mission Cubesat, Feb 20, 2023, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: Feb 20, 2023, but taken in 2022
Location of discovery: Earths moon Source: Twitter
Check out this latest tweet from the Artemis 1 moon mission when it was tweeted. A cubsat took an awesome photo of the moon and in it was more than they expected and more then they realized. I looked over the photo carefully enlarging it by 3X and found several amazing structures in a crater. The three structures all have signs of intelligent design. They are glowing, and yet they are on the bottom of the crater 2 miles deep or more. That means they have their own light source. They are making the light. The largest structure is a three armed structure and on each arm are about 6-8 round glowing spheres. This is 100% proof that aliens built structures on the moon and it comes from Artemis 1 mission cubsat!
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Antarctica’s Secret Alien Cover-Up
Antarctica’s Secret Alien Cover-Up
UFO in Antarctica
Antarctica is a land of mystery, a place where secrets are kept hidden beneath layers of ice and snow. It is a place where strange things happen, where rumors of alien activity have circulated for years. Could it be that Antarctica is home to an ancient extraterrestrial civilization that has been hidden from us all along?
According to ancient astronaut theorists, there is far more going on in Antarctica than we have been told. The sheer depth of the ice covering the landmass has made it impossible for us to see what lies beneath. But there are those who believe that something is happening on this mysterious continent, something that suggests the presence of an alien base.
In July 2018, Linda Moltenhow interviewed a whistleblower who claimed to have visited an ancient structure in Antarctica. The whistleblower, identified only as Spartan One, described the structure as an octagonal shape protruding from the ice. He claimed that the doors to the structure, which were between 18 and 30 feet thick, could be opened with just one finger, despite the outside temperature being 40 degrees below zero.
Inside the structure, Spartan One reported that the temperature was an astonishing 68 to 72 degrees, and the walls were lined with hieroglyphics unlike anything he had ever seen before. He speculated that buried beneath the ice in Antarctica could be stone temple constructions and biological remains of beings that once lived there.
Could it be that Antarctica is home to an extraterrestrial civilization that has been hidden from us for thousands of years? If the rumors are true, it would be the greatest reveal in all of human history. It is no surprise that the government and military personnel have kept a tight lid on any information about the possible existence of an alien base in Antarctica.
The idea of ancient aliens and their possible influence on our history and technology has been a topic of debate for many years. The ancient astronaut theory suggests that extraterrestrial beings have visited our planet in the distant past and have had a profound impact on human civilization. Could it be that Antarctica is the key to unlocking this ancient mystery?
While there is no concrete evidence to support the idea of an alien base in Antarctica, the rumors and speculation continue to circulate. It is a place that holds our imagination and fuels our curiosity. The idea that something so incredible could be hidden beneath layers of ice and snow is enough to keep us all wondering what else lies hidden in the depths of this frozen continent.
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Pentagon has received 'several hundreds' of new UFO reports
Pentagon has received 'several hundreds' of new UFO reports
All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office was set up to track unidentified objects in the sky, underwater or in space
FILE - The Pentagon is seen from Air Force One as it flies over Washington, March 2, 2022. A new Pentagon office set up to track reports of unidentified flying objects has received “several hundreds” of new reports, but no evidence so far of alien life. That's according to the leadership of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky, File) (ASSOCIATED PRESS)
TARA COPP
WASHINGTON (AP) — A new Pentagon office set up to track reports of unidentified flying objects has received “several hundreds” of new reports, but no evidence so far of alien life, the agency's leadership told reporters Friday.
The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) was set up in July and is responsible for not only tracking unidentified objects in the sky, but also underwater or in space — or potentially an object that has the ability to move from one domain to the next.
The office was established following more than a year of attention on unidentified flying objects that military pilots have observed but have sometimes been reluctant to report due to fear of stigma.
In June 2021 the Office of the Director of National Intelligence reported that between 2004 and 2021, there were 144 such encounters, 80 of which were captured on multiple sensors.
Since then, “we've had lots more reporting,” said anomaly office director Sean Kirkpatrick. When asked to quantify the amount, Kirkpatrick said “several hundreds.”
An updated report from the Director of National Intelligence that will provide specific figures on new reports received since 2021 is expected by the end of the year, the officials said.
The office was set up not only to examine the question of whether there’s extraterrestrial life, but also because of the security risk posed by so many encounters with unknown flying objects by military installations or military aircraft.
This May, Congress held its first hearing in more than half a century on the topic, with multiple members expressing concern that whether or not the objects are alien or potentially new, unknown technology being flown by China, Russia or another potential adversary, the unknown creates a security risk.
So far, “we have not seen anything, and we're still very early on, that would lead us to believe that any of the objects that we have seen are of alien origin,” said Ronald Moultrie, under secretary of defense for intelligence and security. “Any unauthorized system in our airspace we deem as a threat to safety.”
The office is also working on ways to improve its ability to identify unknown objects, such as by recalibrating sensors that may be focused just on known adversary aircraft or drone signatures, Moultrie said.
One reason for the hundreds of additional reports coming in may be the outreach the department has done to destigmatize reporting potential encounters. Each service has also established its own reporting processes, Kirkpatrick said.
Beyond unidentifiable objects, there’s a lot of new technology — such as future stealth bombers and stealth fighters, drones and hypersonic missiles being fielded by both the U.S. and China — that could be mistaken for a UFO. Kirkpatrick said the new office has been coordinating with the Pentagon and the U.S. intelligence community to get the signatures of U.S. technology in order to rule out those aircraft or drones.
“We are setting up very clear mechanisms with our blue programs, both our DOD and IC programs, to deconflict any observations that come in with blue activities, and ensure that we weed those out and identify those fairly early on,” Kirkpatrick said, referring to the “blue” U.S. aircraft programs in operation by the Pentagon or intelligence agencies.
Ancient grammatical puzzle that has baffled scientists for 2,500 years is SOLVED: Expert finally cracks the riddle by decoding a rule taught by 'the father of linguistics' Pāṇini
Ancient grammatical puzzle that has baffled scientists for 2,500 years is SOLVED: Expert finally cracks the riddle by decoding a rule taught by 'the father of linguistics' Pāṇini
Pāṇini was a scholar in India who lived between the 6th and 4th century BC
Cambridge researcher has decoded a rule in Pāṇini's 'language machine'
The language machine teaches the pronunciation of the Sanskrit language
It means Pāṇini’s grammar can be taught to computers for the first time
A grammatical puzzle that has defeated scholars since the 5th century BC has finally been solved.
Dr Rishi Rajpopat, an Indian PhD student at the University of Cambridge, has decoded a rule that devised by 'the father of linguistics' Pāṇini.
The rule is a fundamental part of an ingenious grammatical system created by Pāṇini, called the 'language machine', intended to teach India's sacred Sanskrit language.
Dr Rajpopat's efforts, detailed in his PhD thesis published today, now mean Pāṇini’s language machine can be taught to computers for the first time.
Pāṇini's ingenious grammatical system - 4,000 rules detailed in his greatest work, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, which is thought to have been written around 500BC – is meant to work like a machine
Who was Pāṇini?
Pāṇini was a philologist, grammarian, and scholar in ancient India, who lived sometime between the 6th and 4th century BC.
It's thought he lived in a region of what is now north-west Pakistan and south-east Afghanistan.
He was the first linguist to organise the structure of the human language, and is considered the 'first descriptive linguist' and 'the father of linguistics'.
He developed the 'language machine' which is widely considered to be one of the great intellectual achievements in history.
Pāṇini was a philologist, grammarian and scholar in ancient India, who lived sometime between the 6th and 4th century BC.
His 'language machine' is widely considered to be one of the great intellectual achievements in history.
It was detailed in his revered work, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, thought to have been written around 500BC.
'It's one document and all it's got is 4,000 very short rules,' Dr Rajpopat told MailOnline.
'Each rule is about three to four words on average. What these 4,000 rules do is they help us derive any word of Sanskrit.
'These 4,000 rules essentially function together as a machine.'
Dr Rajpopat refers to it as a conceptual machine rather than a physical machine.
The purpose of the language machine is 'derivation' – the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it (e.g., 'hope' to 'hopeful' or 'combine' to 'combination').
To give an example in English, a user would take the base word 'define' and the affix 'ation' and give the resulting word to use – 'definition'.
The thing is, when combining a base word and an affix, there are sound differences that need to be accounted for, otherwise it would give a nonsensical word like 'define-ation' (pronounced def-ine-ey-shun).
Dr Rishi Rajpopat (pictured) made the breakthrough by decoding a rule taught by 'the father of linguistics' Pāṇini
What is Sanskrit?
Sanskrit is an ancient and classical Indo-European language from South Asia.
It is the sacred language of Hinduism, but also the medium through which much of India’s greatest science, philosophy, poetry and other secular literature have been communicated for centuries.
While only spoken in India by an estimated 25,000 people today, Sanskrit has growing political significance in India, and has influenced many other languages and cultures around the world.
The 4,000 rules that make up Pāṇini's system effectively help users produce grammatically-correct forms of words.
Each rule has a serial number, based on its order in the document – for example, 7.3.103.
In case a user found that two of these rules were applicable – a situation known as 'rule conflict' – Pāṇini created one 'metarule' to help users decide which of the two rules should be applied.
Dr Rajpopat names Pāṇini’s metarule '1.4.2 vipratiṣedhe paraṁ kāryam'.
Until now, the meaning of this 'metarule' was widely misinterpreted for around 2,500 years, leading to grammatically incorrect results.
'Unfortunately the first scholar to comment on Pāṇini's grammar, Katyayana, misunderstood this metarule,' Dr Rajpopat said.
'He was familiar with two possible interpretations of this rule and unfortunately he chose the wrong one.
'Thereafter, all the scholars to write about Pāṇini's grammar over the last 2,500 years essentially went ahead with that incorrect interpretation.'
Pāṇini was a philologist, grammarian, and revered scholar in ancient India, who lived sometime between the 6th and 4th century BC. Pāṇini is thought to have lived in a region in what is now north-west Pakistan and south-east Afghanistan
The traditional but incorrect interpretation of rule 1.4.2 is that when there is a conflict between two rules, the rule with a higher serial order should be chosen or 'wins' (for example, 7.3.103 rather than 7.1.9).
'Now that of course gives us all kind of grammatically incorrect forms if we are to go by that interpretation,' Dr Rajpopat said.
'I reinterpreted this rule as in the event of such interaction between two rules at the same step, the rule that is applicable to the right-hand part of the word wins.
'That has helped us figure out the algorithm that runs this machine, so now when you follow the correct interpretation of this rule you automatically get the correct answer.'
Unlike scholars before him, Dr Rajpopat correctly interpreted one of the 4,000-odd rules that make up the so-called 'language machine'. Pictured is his interpretation of the rule, which is referred to when there is 'rule conflict'
For the last 2,500 years, scholars laboriously developed hundreds of other metarules to try and fix the system and make it work – even though the system wasn't broken.
'They had to come up with all kinds of extra instructions to help the grammar achieve the grammatically correct form,' Dr Rajpopat told MailOnline.
'Pāṇini had an extraordinary mind and he built a machine unrivalled in human history. He didn’t expect us to add new ideas to his rules.
'The more we fiddle with Pāṇini's grammar, the more it eludes us.'
Dr Rajpopat’s work means we have a 'very elegant, simple, teachable' algorithm that runs Pāṇini's grammar, which could potentially be taught to computers.
Professor Vincenzo Vergiani, Dr Rajpopat’s supervisor at Cambridge, said: 'This discovery will revolutionise the study of Sanskrit at a time when interest in the language is on the rise.'
Pāṇini's 'language machine: A revered system for using the ancient Sanskrit language
Pāṇini’s language machine is a reference document for how to use the Sanskrit, a classical Indian language, consisting of a checklist of about 4,000 rules.
The system – 4,000 rules detailed in his greatest work, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, which is thought to have been written around 500BC – is meant to work like a machine.
Feed in the base and suffix of a word and it should turn them into grammatically correct words and sentences through a step-by-step process.
Until now, however, there has been a big problem. Often, two or more of Pāṇini’s rules are simultaneously applicable at the same step leaving scholars to agonise over which one to choose.
Solving so-called 'rule conflicts', which affect millions of Sanskrit words including certain forms of ‘mantra’ and ‘guru’, requires an algorithm.
Pāṇini taught a metarule ('1.4.2 vipratiṣedhe paraṁ kāryam’) to help us decide which rule should be applied in the event of 'rule conflict'.
But for the last 2,500 years, scholars have misinterpreted this metarule meaning that they often ended up with a grammatically incorrect result.
In an attempt to fix this issue, many scholars laboriously developed hundreds of other metarules but Dr Rishi Rajpopat, an Indian PhD student at the University of Cambridge, found these are not just incapable of solving the problem at hand.
Dr Rajpopat found that Pāṇini’s 'language machine' is 'self-sufficient'.
Rajpopat said: 'Pāṇini had an extraordinary mind and he built a machine unrivalled in human history.
'He didn’t expect us to add new ideas to his rules. The more we fiddle with Pāṇini's grammar, the more it eludes us.”
Traditionally, scholars have interpreted Pāṇini’s metarule as meaning: in the event of a conflict between two rules of equal strength, the rule that comes later in the grammar’s serial order wins - but Dr Rajpopat rejects this
Instead, he claims the rule has the following meaning: between rules applicable to the left and right sides of a word respectively, Pāṇini wanted us to choose the rule applicable to the right side.
Employing this interpretation, Rajpopat found Pāṇini’s language machine produced grammatically correct words with almost no exceptions.
The US National Ignition Facility has reported that it has achieved the phenomenon of ignition.
Credit: Jason Laurea/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Scientists at the world’s largest nuclear-fusion facility have for the first time achieved the phenomenon known as ignition — creating a nuclear reaction that generates more energy than it consumes. News of the breakthrough at the US National Ignition Facility (NIF), made on 5 December and announced today by US President Joe Biden’s administration, has excited the global fusion-research community. That research aims to harness nuclear fusion — the phenomenon that powers the Sun — to provide a source of near-limitless clean energy on Earth. Researchers caution that, despite this latest success, a long path remains to achieving that goal.
“It’s an incredible accomplishment,” says Mark Herrmann, the deputy programme director for fundamental weapons physics at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, which houses the fusion laboratory. The landmark experiment follows years of work by multiple teams on everything from lasers and optics to targets and computer models, Herrmann says. “That is of course what we are celebrating.”
A flagship experimental facility of the US Department of Energy’s nuclear-weapons programme, designed to study thermonuclear explosions, NIF originally aimed to achieve ignition by 2012 and has faced criticism for delays and cost overruns. In August 2021, NIF scientists announced that they had used their high-powered laser device to achieve a record reaction that crossed a key threshold in achieving ignition, but efforts to replicate that experiment failed. Ultimately, scientists scrapped efforts to replicate that shot, and rethought the experimental design — a choice that paid off last week.
“There were a lot of people who didn’t think it was possible, but I and others who kept the faith feel somewhat vindicated,” says Michael Campbell, former director of the laser energetics laboratory at the University of Rochester in New York and an early proponent of NIF while at Lawrence Livermore lab. “I’m having a cosmo to celebrate.”
Nature looks at NIF’s latest experiment and what it means for fusion science.
What did NIF achieve?
The facility used its set of 192 lasers to deliver 2.05 megajoules of energy onto a pea-sized gold cylinder containing a frozen pellet of the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium. The laser’s pulse of energy caused the capsule to collapse, reaching temperatures only seen in stars and thermonuclear weapons, and the hydrogen isotopes fused into helium, releasing additional energy and creating a cascade of fusion reactions. The laboratory’s analysis suggests that the reaction released some 3.15 MJ of energy — roughly 54% more than went into the reaction, and more than double the previous record of 1.3 MJ.
“Fusion research has been going on since the early 1950s, and this is the first time in the laboratory that fusion has ever produced more energy than it consumed,” says Campbell.
However, although the fusion reactions produced more than 3 MJ of energy — more than was delivered to the target — NIF’s lasers consumed 322 MJ of energy in the process. Still, the experiment qualifies as ignition, a benchmark criterion for fusion reactions.
“It’s a big milestone, but NIF is not a fusion-energy device,” says David Hammer, a nuclear-energy engineer at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
Herrmann acknowledges as much, saying that there are many steps on the path to laser fusion energy. “NIF was not designed to be efficient,” he says. “It was designed to be the biggest laser we could possibly build to give us the data we need for the [nuclear] stockpile research programme.”
NIF scientists made multiple changes before the latest laser shot, based in part on analysis and computer modelling of previous experiments. In addition to boosting the laser’s power by around 8%, scientists reduced the number of imperfections in the target and adjusted how they delivered the laser energy to create a more spherical implosion. Operating at the cusp of fusion ignition, the scientists knew that “little changes can make a big difference”, Herrmann says.
Why are these results significant?
On one level, it’s about proving what is possible, and many scientists have hailed the result as a milestone in fusion science. But the results carry particular significance at NIF: the facility was designed to help nuclear-weapons scientists study the intense heat and pressures inside explosions, and that is possible only if the laboratory produces high-yield fusion reactions.
It took more than a decade, “but they can be commended for reaching their goal”, says Stephen Bodner, a physicist who formerly headed the laser plasma branch of the US Naval Research Laboratory in Washington DC. Bodner says the big question now is what the Department of Energy will do next: double down on weapons research at the NIF or pivot to a laser programme geared towards fusion-energy research.
What does this mean for fusion energy?
The latest results have already renewed buzz about a future powered by clean fusion energy, but experts warn that there is a long road ahead.
NIF was not designed with commercial fusion energy in mind — and many researchers doubt that laser-driven fusion will be the approach that ultimately yields fusion energy. Nevertheless, Campbell thinks that its latest success could boost confidence in the promise of laser fusion power and spur a programme focused on energy applications. “This is absolutely necessary to have the credibility to sell an energy programme,” he says.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory director Kim Budil described the achievement as a proof of concept. “I don’t want to give you a sense that we’re going to plug the NIF into the grid: that is definitely not how this works,” she said during a press conference in Washington DC. “But this is the fundamental building block of an inertial confinement fusion power scheme.”
There are many other experiments worldwide that are trying to achieve fusion for energy applications using different approaches. But engineering challenges remain, including the design and construction of plants that extract the heat produced by the fusion and use it to generate significant amounts of energy to be turned into usable electricity.
“Although positive news, this result is still a long way from the actual energy gain required for the production of electricity,” said Tony Roulstone, a nuclear-energy researcher at the University of Cambridge, UK, in a statement to the Science Media Centre in London.
Still, “the NIF experiments focused on fusion energy absolutely are valuable on the path to commercial fusion power”, says Anne White, a plasma physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
What are the next major milestones in fusion?
To demonstrate that the type of fusion studied at NIF can be a viable way of producing energy, the efficiency of the yield — the energy released compared to the energy that goes into producing the laser pulses — needs to grow by at least two orders of magnitude.
Researchers will also need to dramatically increase the rate at which the laser’s pulses can be produced and how quickly they can clear the target chamber to prepare for another burn, says Tim Luce, head of science and operation at the international nuclear-fusion reactor ITER, which is under construction in St-Paul-lès-Durance, France.
“Sufficient fusion-energy-producing events at repeated performance would be a major milestone of interest,” says White.
The US$22-billion ITER project — a collaboration between China, the European Union, the United Kingdom, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the United States — aims to achieve self-sustaining fusion, meaning that the energy from fusion produces more fusion, through a different technique from NIF’s ‘inertial confinement’ approach. ITER will keep a plasma of deuterium and tritium confined in a doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber, known as a tokamak, and heat it up until the nuclei fuse. Once the reactor starts working towards fusion, currently planned for 2035, it will aim to reach ‘burning’ stage, “where the self-heating power is the dominant source of heating”, Luce explains.
What does it mean for other fusion experiments?
NIF and ITER use only two of many fusion-technology concepts being pursued worldwide. The approaches include the magnetic confinement of plasma, using tokamaks and devices called stellarators — inertial confinement, used by NIF, and a hybrid.
The technology required to generate electricity from fusion is largely independent of the concept, says White, and this latest milestone won’t necessarily lead researchers to abandon or consolidate their concepts.
The engineering challenges faced by NIF are different from those at ITER and other facilities. But the symbolic achievement could have widespread effects. “A result like this will bring increased interest in the progress of all types of fusion, so it should have a positive impact on fusion research in general,” says Luce.
Seismic waves have helped researchers to learn about the layers that comprise Earth’s solid centre.
Credit: Maksym Yemelyanov/Alamy
The reverberations from earthquakes as they bounce back and forth through the centre of Earth have revealed new details about the structure of the planet’s inner core, according to a study published in Nature Communications this week1.
For several decades, evidence has been mounting to suggest that the planet’s solid inner core is made up of distinct layers2,3 but their properties have remained mysterious.
To better understand the inner core’s structure, researchers used multiple seismometers to examine how seismic waves are distorted as they pass through the solid ball of iron nickel at Earth’s heart. “Earth oscillates like a bell after a large earthquake, and not just for hours, but days,” says co-author Hrvoje Tkalčić, a geophysicist at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia.
To detect these oscillations, researchers recorded the waveforms at close to the original site of the earthquake and at the antipode —the direct opposite position on the surface of Earth. This enabled them to look at the multiple journeys through Earth’s centre. “It’s like a ping-pong ball that’s bouncing back and forth,” says co-author Thanh-Son Pham, a postdoctoral fellow at the Australian National University. Each reverberation takes around twenty minutes to cross from one side of the planet to the other, and the seismometers recorded up to five bounces from a single event.
Stacked measurements
The original earthquakes each reached a magnitude of greater than six, but the waves got progressively weaker as they passed through Earth’s core. The researchers used a technique called ‘stacking’, in which they combined the waveforms from a single event to build a more detailed picture of the distortion from the innermost core.
They found that the waves travelled differently through the innermost inner core — which they estimate to be around 650 kilometres thick — than through the outer part. Waves passing through the innermost part of the core slowed down in one direction, whereas waves passing through the outer layer slowed down in another direction. “It simply means that the iron crystals — iron, which is dominant in the inner core — is probably organized in a different way than in the outer shell of the inner core,” Tkalčić says.
Geophysicist Vernon Cormier at the University of Connecticut in Storrs says that the study is important because it offers a measurement of Earth’s innermost section that was very difficult to achieve. “It requires finding seismic waves recorded at very long distance and that are fairly weak in amplitude, and then enhancing the amplitude so that you could measure the wave speed in the very deep interior of the Earth,” says Cormier.
Although the technique is routinely used for minerals exploration, it is not commonly used in geophysics.
The latest finding will help in understanding how Earth’s solid inner core formed — a process that is thought to have started somewhere between 600 million and 1.5 billion years ago — and what role that might have had in shaping the magnetic field.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00496-1
References
Pham, T.-S. & Tkalčić, H. Nature Commun.14, 754 (2023).
Before the experts decided on the ultimate design for planes, a ton of bizarre flying contraptions were proposed, but just because we now have designs that function doesn't stop individuals from imagining new methods to explore the sky.
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Carl Sagan Explains The Cosmos Using Drake Equation, To Find How Many Intelligent Civilizations In Our Galaxy. UFO Sighting News.
Carl Sagan Explains The Cosmos Using Drake Equation, To Find How Many Intelligent Civilizations In Our Galaxy. UFO Sighting News.
The Drake Equation is a formula that attempts to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy with whom communication might be possible. The equation takes into account a number of factors, including the rate of star formation, the fraction of stars with planets, and the number of planets that could support life.
The Drake Equation is often used as a starting point for discussions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life, but it is important to note that the values used for each parameter are highly uncertain and could vary widely depending on a number of factors. Using the Drake Equation to estimate the number of intelligent alien species in the universe is difficult, as it requires making assumptions about a number of unknown factors.
However, some estimates suggest that there could be as many as 10 billion intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy alone. It is important to note, however, that these estimates are highly speculative and subject to significant uncertainty. As we continue to explore the universe and gather more data about the conditions necessary for life, our estimates of the number of intelligent alien species in the universe may change.
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John Lennon describes seeing a UFO over New York, 1974 UFO Sighting News.
John Lennon describes seeing a UFO over New York, 1974 UFO Sighting News.
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Date of sighting: 1974
Location of sighting: New York City, New York, USA
John Lennon, one of the founding members of the Beatles, was known for his creative talents, activism, and controversial views on various topics. In 1974, Lennon reportedly had a UFO encounter that left a lasting impression on him. According to reports, Lennon and his girlfriend, May Pang, were living in an apartment in New York City when they observed a bright, circular object hovering in the sky outside their window. Lennon described the object as being "a very vivid, white light" that he initially thought was a helicopter. However, when the object began to move erratically and change colors, Lennon realized it was not a conventional aircraft. Lennon later recounted the experience in interviews and even mentioned it in some of his songs. He described feeling a sense of awe and wonder at the sighting and suggested that it had a profound impact on his worldview.
White UFO Over Kellog, Iowa May 28, 2022, UFO Sighting News. Video
White UFO Over Kellog, Iowa May 28, 2022, UFO Sighting News. Video
Date of sighting: May 28, 2022
Location of sighting: Kellog, Iowa, USA Source: MUFON
I made a close up of 6 seconds and slowed it down 2X to make it a total of 12 seconds and put it at the start of the video. That way everyone could see this objects shape, but its odd, its rectangle then oval then round, so its shape seems to change. This to me indicates its a true alien craft, because there are no aircraft or rockets capable of changing shape. 100% alien tech.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Report just in Today. Eyewitness states:
On May 28, 2022, my neighbors contacted me about a bright object in the sky at 7:50 PM and sent a picture. I was unable to see it from my location, so I walked down the street with my wife and our 11 year old son to their location. I took a number of pictures from that location and then we all walked about 3/4 of a mile further to a more open area near the lake so we could get a better view. I contacted to two other neighbors to join us with a telescope or binoculars if they had one. He only had a digital camera, and by the time he got set up the object appear to dim. One neighbor asked if it seemed to be fading, my wife watched it blank out 2 to 3 times and then disappear about 9:25 pm.
I posted about it on a local drone Facebook page. Someone replied that there was a weather balloon in the area, and I dismissed it as a possible weather balloon. After the recent sightings across the United States of odd shaped objects, I looked at the pictures again. One in particular stood out to me, as when I change the contrast from the original blurry photo of a zoom in on the object using my phone editing feature, a strange shape or structure emerges from within the disc. The object did not appear to be reflecting light but had its own light source which sometimes looked like balls of light around it. These pictures were all taken from my iPhone 13 Pro. Included is the compass direction of the location and the known balloon location approximate the time of the event. I originally dismissed this as a possible weather balloon, but after the recent sightings decided to take another look at the pictures.
The sightings The Belgian UFO wave began in November 1989. Reports were filed, most many weeks after the events. Many of the reports related a large object flying at low altitude. Some reports also stated that the craft was of a flat, triangular shape, with lights underneath. The Belgian UFO wave peaked with the events of the night of 30–31 March 1990. On that night, one unknown object was tracked on radar, and two Belgian Air Force F-16s were sent to investigate, with neither pilot reporting seeing the object. No reports were received from the public on the date. But over the next 2 weeks reports from 143 people who claimed to have witnessed the object were received, all of them after the event. Over the ensuing months, many others claimed to have witnessed these events as well. Following the incident, the Belgian Air Force released a report detailing the events of that night At around 23:00 on 30 March, the supervisor for the Control Reporting Center (CRC) at Glons received reports that three unusual lights were seen moving towards Thorembais-Gembloux, which lies to the southeast of Brussels. Glons CRC requested the Wavre gendarmerie send a patrol to confirm the sighting. Approximately 10 minutes later, some later reports stated that a second set of lights were seen, moving towards the first triangle. Traffic Center Control at Semmerzake tracked one object only on its radar, and an order to scramble two F-16 fighters from Beauvechain Air Base was given. Throughout this time, in reports after the event, some people claim that the phenomenon was visible from the ground, describing the whole formation as maintaining their relative positions while moving slowly across the sky.
Belgian UFO wave,sightings of triangular UFOs in Belgium lasted from 29 November 1989 to April 1990
The Belgian UFO wave began in November 1989. Reports were filed, most many weeks after the events. Many of the reports related a large object flying at low altitude. Some reports also stated that the craft was of a flat, triangular shape, with lights underneath.
The Belgian UFO wave peaked with the events of the night of 30–31 March 1990. On that night, one unknown object was tracked on radar, and two Belgian Air Force F-16s were sent to investigate, with neither pilot reporting seeing the object. No reports were received from the public on the date. But over the next 2 weeks reports from 143 people who claimed to have witnessed the object were received, all of them after the event. Over the ensuing months, many others claimed to have witnessed these events as well. Following the incident, the Belgian Air Force released a report detailing the events of that night.
Belgian UFO Wave - Reportage Belgische Ufologen (1995)
Interview met Belgische Ufologen Mark Broux, Wim Van Utrecht en Prof. Vermeessen. Fragment VTM Reportage (1995)
Belgian UFO videos 2022
Videocompilatie van de UFO-beelden die in 2022 bij het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt (www.ufomeldpunt.be) binnenkwamen.
Belgian UFO videos 2021
Videocompilatie van de UFO-beelden die in 2021 bij het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt (www.ufomeldpunt.be) binnenkwamen.
UFO boven België
Op 23 juni 2020, om 22:02 uur zagen Jasmina Van Wrydeve en haar moeder Manuela Dello een UFO in Zeebrugge (België) vanuit hun appartement vlakbij de zee. Ze slaagden erin het evenement vast te leggen en vertelden ons dat dit geen geïsoleerd evenement was. Volgens hen is er tegenwoordig veel UFO-activiteit op de Noordzee.
Original F-16 radar lock-on footage of a UFO & interview with Belgian Air Force Maj. Gen. De Brouwer
Belgian UFO wave, 1989 - 1990.
"The events of November 29 would be documented by no less than thirty different groups of witnesses, and three separate groups of police officers. All of the reports described a large object flying at low altitude. The craft was of a flat, triangular shape, with lights underneath.
This giant craft made not a sound as it slowly and fearlessly moved across the landscape of Belgium. There was free sharing of information as the Belgian populace tracked this craft as it moved from the town of Liege to the border of the Netherlands and Germany.
This first startling sighting would evolve into a wave over the next several months. On two occasions, a pair of F-16 fighters chased the mysterious object, but to no avail.
On March 30, 1990, a frantic call to military headquarters came from a Belgian national police Captain.
He marveled at a giant triangle passing over and simultaneously two ground radar stations were reporting an object of unknown origin on their screens.
One of these bases was NATO controlled near the city of Glons, southeast of Brussels.
After contacting other radar facilities, they learned that at least four other stations were also reporting the object on their screens. The object was moving across their screens slowly, and failed to send a transponder signal to identify itself.
Two F-16s were ordered to intercept and identify this phenomenon, and one of the jet's radars locked the object in. It appeared as a small diamond on the pilot's screen.
The pilot reported that only a few seconds after locking on the target, the object began to pick up speed, quickly moving out of radar range.
An hour long chase ensued, during which time the F-16s picked up the strange craft's signal two additional times, only to see it fade from view.
The triangular craft seemed to be playing a cat and mouse game, and finally was lost in the night lights of Brussels.
The pilots of the fighters reported that the UFO had made maneuvers at speeds beyond the capability of their technology, and once the radar showed the craft drop from 10,000 to 500 feet in 5 seconds!"
-Belgium General says incredible UFO case is a mystery - Exclusive
In this video, retired Belgian Air Force General Wilfried De Brouwer discusses a wave of triangular UFOs he investigated in 1989 and 1990. He was in charge of the Belgian Air Force's official investigation. They never came to a definite conclusion as to where the mysterious triangles came from. De Brouwer also discusses the controversial photograph that was allegedly taken in Petit-Rechain.
TRIANGULAR UFOs - Mysteries with a History
Driehoekige UFO's als onderwerp is opnieuw in het nieuws gekomen met een nieuwe waarneming boven de Las Vegas-strip tijdens Kerstmis, met video's die op verschillende sociale media zijn geplaatst. Terwijl lokale tv-zenders en nieuwsuitzendingen zich haastten om het te ontkrachten als een zeldzaam weerfenomeen, hebben veel getuigen en anderen gezegd dat dit niet lijkt op iets dat te wijten is aan het weer. Driehoekige UFO-waarnemingen komen vaak voor en hebben een lange geschiedenis. Sommigen zeggen dat het geheime militaire vliegtuigtechnologie is, terwijl anderen zeggen dat het nagemaakte buitenaardse vaartuigen zijn. In deze aflevering zullen Cristina Gomez en Jimmy Church gevallen en theorieën onderzoeken met betrekking tot dit fascinerende aspect van het UFO-mysterie.
ONDERWERPEN DIE IN ELKE AFLEVERING BEHANDELD WORDEN - Mysteries met een geschiedenis is een wekelijkse show die kijkt naar specifieke plaatsen, gebeurtenissen en onderwerpen met een belangrijke geschiedenis en die ons begrip op de proef stellen. Van UFO-waarnemingen tot UFO-hotspots, het paranormale, inclusief plaatsen van geesten, bizarre bovennatuurlijke activiteit, stedelijke legendes, overleveringen, mythen en nog veel meer.
Cristina Gomez stelt vragen, zoekt naar antwoorden en kijkt in de marge van de menselijke ervaring om aanwijzingen te vinden over enkele van de meest vreemde mysteries die de mensheid in verwarring brengen. Ze onderschrijft geen bepaalde overtuigingen en haar meningen zijn gewoon speculatief.
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
