The biggest supermoon of the YEAR will light up the skies this week – as our lunar satellite appears 8% larger and 16% brighter than usual

• READ MORE:  The key pieces of evidence that prove the moon landing was real

By XANTHA LEATHAM, EXECUTIVE SCIENCE EDITOR

If you're a fan of skygazing, make sure you block off Wednesday evening in your diary.

The biggest supermoon of the year is set to light up the skies, appearing eight per cent larger and 16 per cent brighter than usual.

The phenomenon occurs because the moon's orbit is not perfectly circular around Earth, meaning at times it is slightly closer or slightly further away.

At its closest, it is called a lunar perigee – and when it occurs close to a full moon, it can be a spectacular sight.

'As long as there aren't too many clouds, the full moon will be an unmistakable white orb in the sky,' Royal Museums Greenwich (RMG) said.

'This is a good opportunity to use a small telescope or a pair of binoculars to see the moon's detailed surface, or even try taking a few interesting moon photos.

'However, you can see the moon perfectly well with just your eyes.'

Looking for the lunar satellite just after sunset or just before sunrise will be an impressive sight, as it will appear enormous compared to the surrounding landscape.

A supermoon rising above London in October last year. These occur when the moon's orbit is closer to Earth

Last year's beaver supermoon rising above the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building in New York City

Pictured: A passenger plane flying in front of a supermoon rising above the San Francisco Bay in California in 2024

On Wednesday, the moon will be just under 221,818 miles (357,000km) from Earth, compared to an average distance of 238,855 miles (384,400km).

This will make it the nearest full moon of the year and therefore the largest supermoon – coinciding with Bonfire Night.

The first full moon of November is informally called a Beaver moon, as part of a tradition dating back centuries.

It is thought the term may have been used in a range of cultures from certain Native American tribes to early European settlers, and depicts the time of year that beavers become particularly active as they build dams and stock up on food.

Along with looking spectacular, supermoons also have an effect on the Earth's tides.

'The tides are caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon on the Earth's oceans,' the RMG said.

'When the Moon is closer to the Earth during a supermoon, the gravitational pull is slightly stronger, and so the tides are bigger.

'However this effect is almost negligible, with only a couple of inches difference between a normal full moon and supermoon tide.'

On Wednesday, the moon will be just under 357,000km (221,818 miles) from Earth, compared to an average distance of 384,400km (238,855 miles). Pictured: A beaver supermoon setting over Jerusalem last year

This photo taken on November 16, 2024 shows the full moon over the sky in the Longsha Park of Qiqihar, northeast China's Heilongjiang Province

Beaver full moon gets its name from Native American and colonial traditions, as beavers are most active this time of year, fortifying their lodges and building dams in anticipation of the cold months ahead

Read More

• Earth has a second MOON: NASA confirms new cosmic companion will be with us until 2083 

While this isn't the final supermoon of the year – there will be one again on December 4 – it's thought the moon won't appear this large and bright again until November 24, 2026.

It should be easy enough to take a decent photo of the moon using your phone, but it's best to place it on a steady surface to prevent blurring.

Those with a single lens reflex (SLR) camera can take good images if they use a 250mm telephoto lens.

To get the best detail, you need a telephoto lens of at least 500 to 600mm and ideally a long focal length telescope.

Experts recommend using shutter speeds of 1/30th of a second, with a low ISO setting to reduce noise.

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04-11-2025 om 16:25 geschreven door peter  

Interstellar visitor proves Einstein's theory before making an unexplained shift in its path

• MORE: Interstellar visitor 3I/ATLAS pulls away from sun in shocking move that baffles scientists

By CHRIS MELORE, US ASSISTANT SCIENCE EDITOR

The interstellar object that continues to baffle scientists has just confirmed one of Albert Einstein's theories, more than a century after it was proposed.

Scans of 3I/ATLAS as it reached its closest point to the sun have found that our home star's gravity bent the light coming from the mysterious object, just as Einstein predicted in 1915 in his theory of general relativity.

This effect, known as gravitational lensing, was caused by a slight shift in the object's apparent position in the sky, which scientists had predicted last month would be approximately 0.27 arcseconds —a remarkably small displacement that can only be observed with powerful telescopes.

However, 3I/ATLAS showed even more of a shift than scientists could have imagined, straying four arcseconds from its expected path past the sun.

One arcsecond is equal to 1/3600 of a degree, or like viewing a dime from 2.5 miles away.

While the mystery object, which many scientists have dismissed as a comet, may have proven Einstein's theory about gravity bending light, its new unexplained location in the sky adds to the possibility that 3I/ATLAS is no ordinary space rock.

Harvard physicist Avi Loeb revealed that the supposed comet would have needed to release a huge amount of its mass in the form of a powerful gas jet to push 3I/ATLAS to its current location in our solar system.

If it's really a comet, this would have left behind a massive cloud of gas and dust, but if it didn't, then the claims of 3I/ATLAS being an artificial spacecraft will be one step closer to being proven true.

Scientists have proven Albert Einstein's theory of gravitational lensing after spotting movement by 3I/ATLAS (Pictured) near the sun

The interstellar object has given scientists no less than nine different clue that it may not be a natural comet

Loeb explained that for scientists to be right about 3I/ATLAS being a comet, the sun would have needed to melt away roughly 15 percent of the object's mass.

That's about five billion tons worth of gas pouring out of 3I/ATLAS as it reached perihelion, its closest point to the sun, on October 29.

The cloud of dust this outpouring would have created would be visible by telescopes as the object nears its closest point to Earth on December 19.

However, if there is no giant dust cloud for astronomers to see, Loeb called it the tenth clue that 3I/ATLAS was constructed by extraterrestrials and sent to this solar system for an unknown purpose.

The latest hint that there was something unusual about the interstellar visitor came as the object reached its perihelion with the sun and suddenly pulled away and changed color.

'Observations of 3I/ATLAS close to perihelion by the solar observatories STEREO, SOHO and GOES-19, revealed unprecedented brightening and a color bluer than the sun,' Loeb wrote in a paper released Sunday.

This discovery was incredibly strange because comets turn red as their cold surfaces absorb blue light and bounce back mostly red light, just like a cold piece of metal glows red when you start heating it.

Meanwhile, this 'non-gravitational acceleration' 3I/ATLAS experienced could not be explained by gravity, so something else appeared to be speeding it up and nudging it off its expected path, which could be a sign the object has its own engine.

3I/ATLAS (Pictured) made its closest approach to the sun on October 29, as seen by NASA spacecraft

The supposed comet has become the first interstellar object added to the list of threats tracked by the International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN)

Read More

•  Mysterious interstellar object may be the source of unexplained signal beamed at Earth 48 years ago 

Loeb also broke down the odds of the other strange clues surrounding the interstellar visitor, including its almost perfectly flat course, which takes it within close range of three different planets in our solar system.

The professor explained that the chance of a natural object traveling along the same plane in space as the Earth and its neighboring planets was only 0.2 percent.

Meanwhile, there was only a 1-in-20,000 chance of a natural comet making close fly-bys over Mars, Venus, and Jupiter, pointing to the possibility that this path has been guided by an unknown intelligence.

Scans of 3I/ATLAS have also revealed far more nickel and much less iron than astronomers have found in all other comets before this one.

The object's nickel coating is similar to how humans use the metal as a protective layer against the extreme heat of rocket engines on Earth spacecraft.

3I/ATLAS was also seen projecting an unusual 'anti-tail' which pointed at the sun instead of trailing behind the object like a normal comet.

As scientists wait to see if the alleged comet really lost a giant portion of its mass last week, Loeb noted that 3I/ATLAS was unexplainably larger and moving faster than previous interstellar objects detected by humans.

At 33 billion tons, it's a million times larger than the mysterious Oumuamua, which passed through the solar system in 2017, and about a thousand times bigger than the comet Borisov, which passed Earth two years later.

The odds of a natural space rock from a distant solar system being that large and moving at its current speed of 151,800mph were estimated at 1-in-1,000.

Loeb also noted that 3I/ATLAS only appears to contain four percent water, unlike normal comets, which mostly consist of water ice.

It's also reflecting light in a strange way that made it get much brighter as it neared the sun, and did so approximately 7.5 times faster than normal comets.

Finally, the suspected comet has also come from the same direction as the famous 'Wow! Signal' of 1977, a still unexplained radio signal which scientists have theorized could be an alien transmission.

RELATED

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04-11-2025 om 15:50 geschreven door peter  

©Image license via Canva

Astronomers detected strange radio signals from a distant comet—and they’re not sure what’s causing them.
Astronomers studying a recently observed comet have detected unexpected radio emissions that don’t match typical cosmic patterns. The signals, recorded using specialized radio telescopes, appear to pulse in ways scientists can’t yet explain. Early data suggest the comet’s icy surface or magnetic interactions with solar radiation may be responsible, but researchers say more study is needed. The discovery has sparked excitement across the astronomy community, offering a rare glimpse into the hidden physics of comet activity.

©Image license via Canva

1. Astronomers Detect Strange Radio Signals From a Comet
A team of scientists recently detected unusual radio emissions coming from a comet passing through the inner solar system. Using radio telescopes, researchers picked up signals that varied in strength and rhythm—an uncommon phenomenon for these icy celestial bodies.

While comets have been known to emit some radio waves through interactions with solar radiation, this particular pattern was unexpected. The finding has drawn interest from planetary scientists seeking to better understand what drives a comet’s electromagnetic behavior.

©Image license via Canva

2. The Comet Appears to Emit Rhythmic Radio Pulses
The newly detected signals show a repeating pattern, similar to faint pulses. These rhythmic variations suggest that the emissions are tied to the comet’s rotation or its interaction with charged particles from the solar wind.

Astronomers believe the signals may arise as ionized gases escape from the comet’s surface, creating temporary magnetic disturbances. The pattern could reveal new insights into how comets evolve as they approach the Sun and release gas and dust.

©Image license via Wikimedia Commons

3. Scientists Used Sensitive Radio Telescopes to Capture the Signals
Researchers recorded the signals using ground-based radio observatories capable of detecting extremely weak emissions. By isolating specific frequencies, they confirmed the source of the radio waves was the comet itself, not background interference from other cosmic sources.

These precise measurements allow scientists to map the energy output of comets and compare them to previous missions, such as ESA’s Rosetta probe, which recorded similar emissions from Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014.

©Image license via Canva

4. Comets Can Produce Natural Radio Emissions
Although unusual, radio signals from comets are not entirely unheard of. As solar radiation interacts with a comet’s gas and dust, it can generate electromagnetic waves that radiate across space. These signals often reveal the composition and temperature of the comet’s atmosphere.

The latest detection fits within this broader scientific context, but its intensity and structure stand out as unique. Researchers are now analyzing whether this comet’s activity differs from previously studied examples.

©Image license via Canva

5. The Signals Likely Come From Charged Particles
One leading theory is that the emissions result from charged dust and gas interacting with magnetic fields in the solar wind. As these particles collide and scatter, they produce fluctuations detectable as radio waves.

Understanding this process helps scientists study how comets behave when they enter the Sun’s energetic environment. It may also offer clues about how magnetic and plasma interactions shape other small bodies in the solar system.

©Image license via Canva

6. No Evidence Suggests the Signals Are Artificial
Despite the term “radio signals” sometimes sparking speculation about extraterrestrial sources, astronomers emphasize that the emissions are entirely natural. The frequency and strength of the waves match physical processes already observed in comets and other solar system objects.

The discovery underscores how many natural cosmic phenomena can mimic structured signals. For scientists, these observations are valuable tools for studying how simple physics—not intelligence—produces complex patterns in space.

©Image license via Wikimedia Commons/ESTCube/Mario F. Palos

7. Solar Wind May Play a Central Role
The comet’s journey through streams of charged solar particles may be amplifying the observed radio waves. As the solar wind interacts with the comet’s tail, it can generate magnetic turbulence that radiates across multiple wavelengths.

Researchers are now modeling how these interactions change as the comet gets closer to or farther from the Sun. This data could help predict when and where such radio emissions might occur again.

©Image license via Wikimedia Commons/International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/T. Slovinský

8. The Discovery Builds on Earlier Comet Research
The European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission previously detected “singing” radio emissions from a comet in 2014, caused by plasma oscillations around its nucleus. The new finding appears to be part of the same family of phenomena but with distinctive frequency variations.

By comparing data from both events, scientists hope to refine models of how comets release and ionize gases. The new signals could represent a different stage of activity or a previously unseen composition of material.

©Image license via Canva

9. The Signals Could Reveal Clues About the Early Solar System
Because comets are relics from the solar system’s formation 4.6 billion years ago, studying their electromagnetic activity helps scientists understand ancient materials and magnetic conditions. Each emission pattern reveals how solar radiation interacts with primordial ice and dust.

This information can help reconstruct the chemical and physical environment that existed when planets, asteroids, and comets were first forming—turning a curious signal into a valuable window into the past.

©Image license via Canva

10. Scientists Plan Follow-Up Observations to Confirm the Findings
The research team is now coordinating follow-up studies using additional observatories to verify the discovery and gather higher-resolution data. Continuous monitoring will help determine whether the emissions are consistent or change over time.

If confirmed, this would be one of the most detailed radio observations of a comet in decades. Scientists say the event highlights how even familiar solar system objects can surprise us—and how much remains to learn about their hidden activity.

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04-11-2025 om 15:07 geschreven door peter  

The Mysterious Interstellar Object Has Unexpectedly Started Brightening, Scientists Say

Getty / Futurism

Since it was first spotted in early July, scientists have been fascinated by 3I/ATLAS — the third object in history to have been spotted cruising through our solar system from interstellar space.

The visitor, which is generally suspected to be a comet, has been racing through our star system at a blistering velocity, reaching its closest point to the Sun on October 29.

During that close approach, scientists were surprised to note that 3I/ATLAS brightened much faster than they anticipated. Comets commonly form a tail of gas and dust as they approach the Sun, as its radiation causes solid ice to sublimate into gas, causing material to be stripped from their surface that then reflects more light.

However, astronomers were caught off guard by how quickly 3I/ATLAS’ luminosity grew in observations by two solar observatories, NASA’s Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), and the European Space Agency’s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), as well as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s GOES-19 weather satellite.

Relying on these observatories is a stopgap measure, since Earth-based observatories won’t be able to track the object until it reemerges from behind the Sun in early December.

“The reason for 3I’s rapid brightening, which far exceeds the brightening rate of most Oort cloud comets at similar [radial distance], remains unclear,” Naval Research Laboratory astrophysicist Karl Battams and Lowell Observatory postdoctoral fellow Qicheng Zhang wrote in a yet-to-be-peer-reviewed paper about the “rapid brightening.”

However, they provided several theories as to why 3I/ATLAS may have lit up much faster than expected. For one, it could be the object’s immense speed. It’s been traveling at a speed of roughly 137,000 mph, significantly faster than either of the two previously discovered interstellar objects.

Or it could have something to do with the object’s composition itself.

“Oddities in nucleus properties like composition, shape, or structure — which might have been acquired from its host system or over its long interstellar journey — may likewise contribute [to the rapid brightening],” Zhan and Battams wrote.

The astronomers also found that 3I/ATLAS is “distinctly bluer than the Sun,” which is “consistent with gas emission contributing a substantial fraction of the visible brightness near perihelion.”

Yet many questions remain, and we’ll have to await future observations to shed more light on the matter.

“Without an established physical explanation, the outlook for 3I’s postperihelion behavior remains uncertain, and a plateau in brightness — or even a brief continuation of its preperihelion brightening — appears as plausible as rapid fading past perihelion,” the researchers added.

For now, astronomers will have to remain patient as 3I/ATLAS continues to be hidden from Earth’s view behind the Sun.

“Following its 2025 October 29 perihelion, 3I makes a return to twilight and subsequently dark, night skies over 2025 November–December,” the paper reads, which could allow us to once again “characterize the comet in far greater detail than possible with the data we have presented.”

More on 3I/ATLAS: 

• Nine Reasons This Scientist Is Suspicious the Object Screaming Past the Sun Is a City-Sized Alien Spacecraft

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03-11-2025 om 17:39 geschreven door peter  

Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb has long argued that interstellar object 3I/ATLAS, which has puzzled astronomers since its discovery in early July, could be an enormous, alien spacecraft, measuring up to 3.1 miles across.

While there’s been a wide consensus within the scientific community that we’re looking at a comet largely made up of carbon dioxide ice, Loeb maintains that there’s something incredibly unusual about the object.

On his blog, Loeb outlines nine “anomalies” that he says support his eyebrow-raising hypothesis that we could be looking at an “alien mothership” that could be releasing “mini-drones” as it passes behind the Sun — despite admitting that “3I/ATLAS is most likely a comet of natural origin.”

1. Its Trajectory Is Closely Aligned With the Solar System’s Planets

Loeb points out that the mysterious visitor’s trajectory falls within just five degrees of the Earth’s path around the Sun, or the ecliptic plane. He argues there’s only a 0.2 percent likelihood of this happening.

2. It Visited Several Planets

In addition to its near alignment with the ecliptic plane, 3I/ATLAS’ arrival times perfectly coincide with the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, a “remarkable fine-tuning of the object’s path,” per Loeb.

Earlier this month, the object passed by Mars close enough for two of the European Space Agency’s spacecraft orbiting the Red Planet to snap photos of it. It’s expected to come within just 33.3 million miles from Jupiter in March 2026, which could allow NASA’s Juno spacecraft to intercept its path, Loeb argues.

Related video: Interstellar Object ‘Oumuamua Is a Comet After All! (Space.com)

3. It Grew an Anti-Tail

Astronomers have also observed 3I/ATLAS growing a second tail, which points in the direction of the Sun. Many other comets have been observed to have developed an “anti-tail,” an optical illusion resulting from our relative positioning as it passes between the Earth and Sun.

However, Loeb argues that 3I/ATLAS’s second tail is an outlier.

“This anomalous anti-tail, not a result of geometric perspective, had never been reported before for solar system comets,” Loeb wrote in a blog post.

“The ice fragments evaporate after some time but because of the enhanced mass loss in the Sun-facing side, more of the bigger fragments can reach a large distance,” Loeb told Futurism in an email earlier this month.

4. It Could Be Enormous

According to Loeb’s calculations, the “diameter of its solid-density nucleus must be larger than [3.1 miles],” a measurement he inferred from an estimated mass of more than “33 billion tons.”

That would make it “three to five orders of magnitude” more massive than either ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, the only two other interstellar objects to have ever been observed in our solar system.

“Given the limited reservoir of heavy elements, we should have discovered on the order of a hundred thousand interstellar objects on the 0.1-kilometer scale of 1I/’Oumuamua before finding 3I/ATLAS, yet we only detected two interstellar objects previously,” he argued in a September blog post.

5. It’s Nickel to Iron Ratios Are Off the Charts

Scientists have found that 3I/ATLAS shows an “extreme abundance ratio” of nickel and iron in its gas plume, making it a major outlier when compared to 2I/Borisov and other more familiar solar system comets.

“At the distances at which comets are observed, the temperature is far too low to vaporize silicate, sulfide, and metallic grains that contain nickel and iron atoms,” an international team of astronomers wrote in a yet-to-be-peer-reviewed paper. “Therefore, the presence of nickel and iron atoms in cometary coma is extremely puzzling.”

Loeb argues that the findings could indicate the presence of “industrially-produced nickel alloys.”

6. It’s Mostly Carbon Dioxide Ice

Researchers have concluded, by examining data from the Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx), that 3I/ATLAS may be a mere four percent water by mass, bearing a much higher proportion of carbon dioxide gas than other comets.

While Loeb argues that this makes the object an outlier, scientists have argued the opposite.

“SPHEREx’s finding very large amounts of vaporized carbon dioxide gas around 3I/ATLAS told us it could be like a normal solar system comet,” Johns Hopkins University astronomer Carey Lisse told Space.com last month.

In a separate preprint paper, an international team of researchers suggested that it may contain “ices exposed to higher levels of radiation than Solar System comets,” or it could’ve “formed close to the CO2 ice line in its parent protoplanetary disk.”

7. It’s Extremely Negatively Polarized

The mysterious object has also shown “extreme negative polarization,” as detailed in a September paper, making it a major outlier.

“The combination of low inversion angle and extreme negative polarization is unprecedented among comets and asteroids, marking 3I/ATLAS the first object known with such polarimetric behavior and representing a previously unobserved population,” Loeb wrote in a blog post.

The findings suggest it has more in common with trans-Neptunian objects, minor planets, and other smaller objects orbiting the Sun beyond Neptune’s orbit, according to the authors of the September research paper.

8. It Could Be Behind the Famous “WOW! Signal”

Loeb has gone as far as to suggest that 3I/ATLAS may have emitted the “Wow! Signal,” a highly unusual narrowband radio signal that was first spotted by the Ohio State University’s Big Ear radio telescope in 1977. The signal led to widespread excitement about the possibility of having made contact with extraterrestrial life, and has remained a mystery for decades.

Loeb argues that “3I/ATLAS arrived from a direction coincident with the radio ‘Wow! Signal’ to within nine degrees, with a likelihood of 0.6 percent.”

9. It’s Much Bluer Than the Sun

This week, as 3I/ATLAS approaches its closest point to the Sun, or its perihelion, scientists observed a “rapid rise” in its brightness, appearing “distinctly bluer than the Sun,” Loeb wrote in a new blog post.

To the astronomer, it’s a “very surprising” finding. “Dust is expected to redden the scattered sunlight, and the surface of the object is expected to be an order of magnitude colder than the 5,800 degrees Kelvin at the photosphere of the Sun, resulting in it having a redder color than the Sun.”

“Does it employ a power source that is hotter than the Sun?” Loeb asked rhetorically.

If It Smells Like a Comet…

Whether these nine “anomalies” outlined by Loeb add up to make a convincing enough argument that 3I/ATLAS is “technological” in nature remains debatable.

NASA’s lead scientist for solar system small bodies, Tom Statler, told The Guardian last month that there’s plenty of evidence we’re not looking at evidence of an extraterrestrial rare — but an extremely rare visitor in the form of a comet from another star system.

“It looks like a comet,” he said. “It does comet things. It very, very strongly resembles, in just about every way, the comets that we know.”

“It’s a comet,” Statler concluded at the time.

Meanwhile, Loeb argued on his blog that “we have to collect as much data as possible to figure out the nature of this anomalous object” — especially considering its enormous suspected size.

“The implication of alien technology would be huge and therefore we must take this possibility seriously,” he added. “Our biggest rocket, [SpaceX’s] Starship, is a hundred times smaller than 3I/ATLAS, so in case 3I/ATLAS were technological — its senders would have mastered capabilities that go well beyond our technologies.”

More on 3I/ATLAS: 

• Mysterious Interstellar Visitor Reaches Perihelion Today

The post Nine Reasons This Scientist Is Suspicious the Object Screaming Past the Sun Is a City-Sized Alien Spacecraft appeared first on Futurism.

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03-11-2025 om 17:28 geschreven door peter  

Is 3I/Atlas Alive? The Interstellar Comet That Defies Everything We Know

Andrew Collins

Abstract

The discovery of 3I/Atlas in July 2025 has sparked widespread scientific intrigue due to its atypical behavior and composition, which challenge existing paradigms of interstellar objects (ISOs). Unlike previous interstellar visitors such as 1I/`Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, Atlas exhibits a host of anomalies that suggest the possibility of a non-natural origin or even a form of extraterrestrial technology. This paper synthesizes current observational data, analyzes the peculiarities of 3I/Atlas, examines hypotheses regarding its nature, and considers implications for our understanding of interstellar objects and potential extraterrestrial interventions.

The strange behaviour of 3I/Atlas since it was first recorded entering the inner Solar System by the NASA-funded Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) in Río Hurtado, Chile, on July 1, 2025 sets it apart from the previous two interstellar objects spotted in our skies over the past decade. Its hyperbolic trajectory coinciding with the path of the planets, its scheduled rendezvous with three of them, its curious front-pointing anti-tail, its strange composition, and the unique polarization of light within its coma, all tell us we are dealing with an object not yet entirely understood by science.

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captures interstellar comet 3I/Atlas with unprecedented detail.

Source: Space.com

While to some 3I/Atlas is simply a weird-acting exocomet of unusual composition, others, such as Dr Avi Loeb of Harvard University, propose that we should consider the possibility that it is an example of alien technology. Indeed, the various anomalies identified in connection with 3I/Atlas place it at four on Avi’s newly rolled-out Loeb Scale where zero is a natural comet and ten is an unquestionable alien spacecraft of potential danger to life on Earth (with 1I/’Oumuamua, the first interstellar visitor from 2017 being at four on the Loeb Scale, and 2I/Borisov, the second interstellar from 2019, being at zero on the scale). As of October 2025, Loeb estimates a 30-40% chance that 3I/Atlas may not be entirely natural, based on eight anomalies.

Introduction

Since the first confirmed detection of an interstellar object traversing our Solar System in 2017, designated 1I/Oumuamua, astronomers have been captivated by these fleeting visitors from beyond our stellar neighborhood. Notably, 2I/Borisov in 2019 reaffirmed the existence of interstellar comets or asteroids, but both objects conformed broadly to natural expectations: 1I/Oumuamua was elongated and lacked a coma, leading to debates about its nature, while 2I/Borisov was a classical comet with a volatile-rich composition.

The arrival of 3I/Atlas in July 2025, however, appears to upend this pattern. Detected initially by the NASA-funded Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) in Río Hurtado, Chile, 3I/Atlas displayed behaviors and features that render its classification ambiguous. This article aims to evaluate whether 3I/Atlas is a typical interstellar comet or something more extraordinary—potentially an artifact of extraterrestrial engineering.

3I/ATLAS huge breakthrough: NASA detects Fingerprint of Water — Could it confirm life beyond Earth?

Observational Data and Anomalies

• Discovery and Trajectory

On July 1, 2025, ATLAS registered a fast-moving object with a hyperbolic trajectory, indicative of an interstellar origin. The trajectory of 3I/Atlas coincided with the plane of the Solar System, a trait that distinguishes it from previous interstellar visitors, which often exhibit hyperbolic inclinations. Its precise orbital parameters suggest that it will have close approaches with three planets—Mars, Earth, and Venus—over the next two years, offering unparalleled opportunities for observation.

Copyright Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/AP

• Physical Characteristics

1. Shape and Size

   Initial imaging suggests a highly elongated body, roughly 400 meters in length, with a width-to-length ratio exceeding 5:1. Unlike the more rounded nucleus of 2I/Borisov or the elongated shape of `Oumuamua, Atlas's morphology appears more filamentary.

2. Surface and Composition

   Spectroscopic analyses reveal an unusual mixture: a significant fraction of organic compounds, complex hydrocarbons, and refractory materials. This composition is atypical for classical comets, which are predominantly icy bodies, raising questions about its origin.

3. Coma and Tail

   The object exhibits a curious "front-pointing anti-tail," a tail oriented opposite to the Sun, yet the effect is asymmetric and highly variable. Moreover, the coma shows an unusual polarization of light, with measurements indicating a polarization degree of approximately 25%, substantially higher than typical comets, which usually exhibit polarization between 10-15%.

4. Activity Pattern

   Unlike the steady sublimation-driven activity observed in 2I/Borisov, 3I/Atlas demonstrates irregular outbursts, inconsistent with standard sublimation patterns, suggesting an alternative process—possibly structural breakdown or non-volatile activity.

This NASA/ESA image shows interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, captured by Hubble on 21 July 2025, from 277 million miles away. 

Credit: NASA/European Space Agency via AP

• The Anomalies

Eight primary anomalies have been identified, each contributing to the debate about 3I/Atlas's nature:

1. Hyperbolic trajectory aligned with planetary orbits
2. Presence of a front-pointing anti-tail with asymmetric morphology
3. Unusual polarization levels within the coma
4. Irregular activity patterns not matching sublimation models
5. Composition rich in complex organics with refractory materials
6. Morphology elongated beyond typical cometary nuclei
7. Repeated close approaches potentially affecting observational data
8. Lack of expected volatile-driven activity during perihelion

Hypotheses and Interpretations

The anomalies observed in 3I/Atlas have led to diverse hypotheses, ranging from natural origin theories to more speculative, technologically driven explanations.

• Natural Origin: A Peculiar Exocomet

Many astronomers posit that Atlas represents a highly unusual comet originating from another planetary system. Its atypical composition and dynamic behavior could result from its evolution under conditions different from those in our Solar System—such as exposure to intense stellar radiation or unique planetary formation processes.

However, the specific anomalies—like its polarization, anti-tail morphology, and irregular activity—are difficult to reconcile with purely natural bodies, prompting skepticism.

• Artificial or Technological Origin: A Potential Artifact

Some researchers, including Harvard Professor Dr. Avi Loeb, hypothesize that 3I/Atlas might be an artifact of extraterrestrial technology, whether a probe, a fragment of a spacecraft, or an interstellar artifact deliberately or accidently released from another civilization.

Loeb's Loeb Scale assigns a value from 0-10 to objects based on their likelihood of being artificial:

- Zero (0): Natural celestial body, like a normal comet or asteroid

- Ten (10): Unquestionable alien spacecraft

In October 2025, Loeb estimates a 30-40% probability that Atlas is not entirely natural, primarily based on its anomalies, which he interprets as potential signs of intentional design or non-biological origin.

Key arguments supporting this hypothesis include:

- The anti-tail morphology resembles engineered features designed to manipulate light or confusion to observers.

- Polarization anomalies could be indicative of artificial surfaces or materials.

- The irregular activity may correspond to intentional modulation of energy emissions or structural self-maintenance.

• Theoretical Support for Artificial Origin

The hypothesis of an interstellar probe or artifact is not unfounded within current scientific discourse. Historically, interpretations of 1I/`Oumuamua have included the possibility of artificial origin due to its acceleration unexplained by gravitational forces alone and its shape.

In the case of Atlas, its trajectory's alignment with planetary planes and the peculiar activity imply that it may have been designed or modified intentionally, perhaps as a "message in a bottle" or a reconnaissance device.

Consequences and Future Research

• Scientific Significance

Confirming an artificial origin for 3I/Atlas would have profound implications:

- Extraterrestrial Intelligence (ETI): Evidence of engineering artifacts would indicate an advanced alien civilization exists or once existed.

- Interstellar Material Culture: Understanding the characteristics of such artifacts would inform models of interstellar object creation and propagation.

- Detection Strategies: New methodologies could be developed for identifying and analyzing potential alien objects.

• Observational Campaigns and Data Collection

Upcoming planetary encounters will facilitate in-situ observations. High-resolution imaging using ground-based telescopes, and eventually space-based platforms, aim to resolve the body's size, shape, and surface features.

Spectroscopic measurements across multiple wavelengths will refine composition profiles, and polarization studies may help distinguish between natural and artificial materials.

• Challenges

- Distinguishing Natural vs. Artificial: The detectability of engineered features could be limited by current technology.

- Potential Hazards: If the object is alien and exhibits intentional activity, there's a theoretical risk of encountering technologies beyond current understanding.

- Time Constraints: Close approaches happen rapidly, requiring swift mobilization of observational resources.

Discussion

The case of 3I/Atlas exemplifies the tension between naturalistic explanations and the possibility of extraordinary origins. While many anomalies can be explained via exotic natural processes, the accumulation of irregular behaviors and properties has revived debates about extraterrestrial technology.

The scientific community remains cautious. The data from current observations are compelling but not conclusively indicative of alien origin. Nonetheless, Atlas has invigorated the search for signatures of extraterrestrial technology and heightened awareness that interstellar visitors may sometimes be more than natural objects.

Conclusion

As of October 2025, 3I/Atlas remains an enigma—an interstellar object that challenges our understanding of planetary formation, cometary physics, and possibly, the existence of extraterrestrial technology. Its unique behavior, anomalous features, and trajectory position it as a candidate for future studies into alien artifacts. The coming months and years, with intensified observational campaigns, will be critical in deciphering whether 3I/Atlas is an extraordinary natural phenomenon or a technological relic from another civilization sent across the stars, possibly alive, possibly watching.

References

1. Loeb, A. (2021). Extraterrestrial objects: extraterrestrial or natural? Astrophysical Journal Letters, 910(2), L5.

2. Hughes, D. W. (2020). Interstellar visitors: The case of 1I/‘Oumuamua. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 492(4), 842-850.

3. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (2022). The exploration of interstellar objects. NASA Technical Report.

4. Meech, K. J., et al. (2017). Additional observations of interstellar comet 2I/‘Oumuamua. Nature, 552(7685), 378–381.

5. Siraj, A., & Loeb, A. (2022). Number density of interstellar objects and their implications. Astrophysical Journal, 927(1), 5.

6. ESA Space Science Division. (2023). Future missions to interstellar objects. European Space Agency Report.

7. Morbidelli, A., & Nesvorný, D. (2020). Origins of interstellar objects. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 58, 451-487.

8. Jewitt, D., & Luu, J. (2019). Analysis of the physical properties of interstellar minor planets. Science Advances, 5(8), eaaw9776.

9. Bialy, S., & Loeb, A. (2018). ‘Oumuamua as an artificial object? Astrophysical Journal Letters, 868(2), L1.

10. International Astronomical Union (IAU). (2023). Official nomenclature and classifications of interstellar objects. IAU Circulars and reports.

{ PETER2011 }

03-11-2025 om 16:11 geschreven door peter  

On the occasion of Halloween, the European Southern Observatory (ESO) published an image taken by the VST telescope. It shows an object resembling a bat.

In fact, the VST image shows a large cloud of cosmic gas and dust known as RCW 94/95. It is located about 10,000 light-years from Earth between the southern constellations Circinus and Norma. If we could see it with the naked eye, it would cover an area in the sky equivalent to four full moons.

This nebula is a stellar nursery, where new stars are forming. Newborn stars emit enough energy to excite the hydrogen atoms around them, causing them to glow intensely with a characteristic red color.

As for the dark filaments, which resemble the outline of a bat’s skeleton, they are cold, dense clusters of gas and dust grains. We can see them because they block the light from more distant background stars.

The image of the nebula was obtained using the VLT Survey Telescope. It is part of the Paranal Observatory, located in the Atacama Desert. The telescope is equipped with a 268-megapixel OmegaCAM camera, which gives it the ability to capture vast areas of the sky.

The image of the nebula was created by combining images obtained through filters that transmit different colors or wavelengths of light. Most of the bat’s shape, including the red glow, was captured in visible light. Additional infrared data, which revealed the densest parts of the nebula and added color to the image, was obtained using the VISTA telescope.

Earlier, we reported on how the James Webb Telescope photographed an amazing nebula resembling a red spider.

• According to ESO

• Posted in News, Science

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02-11-2025 om 21:09 geschreven door peter  

Could There Have Been a Civilization Before the Ice Age?

Evidence of complex human activity at the end of the Ice Age does exist.

Imagine standing on the shores of the modern-day Black Sea about 8,000 years ago. Instead of brackish waves, you would have seen a calm freshwater lake surrounded by fertile plains and forested hills. That landscape changed dramatically around 7,600 years ago. Marine geologists William Ryan and Walter Pitman, after years of sediment analysis and sonar scans, proposed that a catastrophic flood had occurred when rising Mediterranean waters surged through the Bosporus Strait. This event rapidly transformed the Black Sea from a freshwater lake into a vast saltwater basin.

Sediment cores taken from the seabed reveal ancient shorelines more than 100 meters below present sea level, supporting the idea of a sudden inundation. While this event occurred after the last Ice Age, it remains one of the most dramatic post-glacial sea-level changes. It has led some researchers to wonder whether human settlements—perhaps even early civilizations—were lost beneath the rising waters.

Echoes Beneath the Waves

Over the past two decades, researchers have mapped submerged landscapes along the Black Sea’s former shoreline. Using sonar and underwater drones, they’ve documented features that appear to show organized shapes and linear patterns. While some formations resemble terraces or walls, these interpretations remain speculative. No peer-reviewed study has yet confirmed the presence of definitive pre-Holocene architecture beneath the Black Sea.

Still, the surrounding basin was once fertile and habitable. Archaeological evidence from the nearby Anatolian and Balkan regions shows Neolithic communities thriving in the millennia leading up to the flood. It’s plausible that similar groups occupied now-submerged lowlands. If so, their settlements may have been erased swiftly, with little trace left behind—except perhaps in the memories of their descendants.

Göbekli Tepe: A Clue from Stone

Evidence of complex human activity at the end of the Ice Age does exist—above sea level. Göbekli Tepe, located in southeastern Turkey (one of my absolute favorite sites), was constructed around 9600 BCE, shortly after the Younger Dryas cold snap. The site features towering limestone pillars, some up to 10 tons, carved with animals, symbols, and abstract motifs. Its builders used advanced quarrying and organizational skills, even though they had no pottery, no written language, and no domesticated crops.

The sophistication of Göbekli Tepe challenges the traditional view that complex societies only emerged after agriculture. While the people who built it were likely hunter-gatherers, they clearly had the social coordination and symbolic systems often associated with later civilizations. This raises the question: Could Göbekli Tepe represent a surviving cultural lineage—descendants of an earlier, now-lost society forced to adapt after environmental collapse? Or is Göbekli Tepe a civilization on its own? Lost to time? If you believe there is a possibility, read this article I wrote a while back.

Atlantis Reconsidered

References to lost civilizations are not limited to scientific theories. Plato’s tale of Atlantis, often regarded as a philosophical allegory, has inspired generations of researchers to search for real-world parallels. Around the globe, underwater features have stirred debate: the Yonaguni Monument off Japan, structures in the Gulf of Khambhat off India, and the Bimini Road near the Bahamas.

The Bimini Road, in particular, consists of large, flat stones arranged in a roughly linear path just offshore. While many geologists identify it as natural beachrock shaped by erosion and wave action, a few researchers argue the stones show signs of human modification. No definitive tools or artifacts have been found to confirm this, and mainstream science considers the formation natural. However, its ambiguity keeps it in the public eye and reflects a broader curiosity about what the oceans might be hiding.

Younger Dryas and the Cosmic Impact Theory

Some scientists argue that the abrupt climate shift around 12,900 years ago—the Younger Dryas—was caused by a cosmic impact. This theory, known as the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis, proposes that a comet or asteroid exploded in the atmosphere over North America or Greenland, triggering wildfires, global cooling, and widespread ecological disruption.

Supporting evidence includes peaks in platinum levels, nanodiamonds, and tiny glass-like spheres found in geological layers from that time. However, the scientific community remains divided. Critics point to the lack of a definitive crater, while proponents argue the explosion may have occurred in the air or on ice, leaving minimal physical trace.

If the hypothesis is correct, such an event could have devastated early societies, particularly those concentrated in vulnerable lowland regions. Any civilization that had emerged by then may have been scattered or reduced to small bands of survivors, their cultural memory passed on through story, symbol, and myth.

Hidden in Oral Tradition

Across the world, traditional stories tell of great floods, fire from the sky, and civilizations destroyed in cataclysm. The Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh recounts a massive deluge. In Hindu texts, Manu survives a divine flood. Native American, Aboriginal Australian, and African oral traditions include tales of fire, shaking earth, and rising seas.

Historians caution against taking myths at face value. Still, the shared elements in these narratives are striking. While independent invention is possible, some scholars suggest these stories may preserve collective memories of real events—filtered through generations and transformed by cultural lenses. If so, they could offer clues to a time when humanity faced disasters so profound that only myth could preserve their meaning.

The Pursuit of Proof

The biggest challenge in confirming a pre-Ice Age civilization is the passage of time itself. Sea levels rose more than 120 meters after the last glacial maximum, submerging vast coastal areas where early populations likely lived. Underwater environments accelerate decay: wood, bone, and textiles degrade rapidly; storms and currents bury or break structures.

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01-11-2025 om 23:14 geschreven door peter  

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01-11-2025 om 22:57 geschreven door peter  

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01-11-2025 om 22:49 geschreven door peter  

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01-11-2025 om 22:42 geschreven door peter  

(Image Credit: NASA/Intl. Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/Shadow the Scientist)

3I/ATLAS is also helping confirm data that suggests such objects probably make appearances far more frequently in our Solar System than previously known. With its glowing gassy envelope—what astronomers call a coma—and other key traits that have manifested as the object has moved closer to the Sun, little doubt has been left about the interstellar visitor’s identity as a natural object.

However, there are still some experts who interpret its recent activity as being noteworthy indicators—if additional related phenomena were to be confirmed in future observations—which some might expect to associate with objects of technological origin. So what does the latest data reveal, and why does it still have some astronomers divided over whether 3I/ATLAS might show signs associated with intelligent life?

What the New Report Reveals

A recent report by researcher Davide Farnoccia with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory offers some of the latest data on the gravitational characteristics displayed by 3I/ATLAS during its journey through our Solar System.

Farnoccia specializes in the study of small objects and their orbits, which includes “nongravitational perturbations” some space objects display, as well as whether some near-Earth objects (NEOs) may pose an impact hazard to Earth.

According to Farnoccia’s report, 3I/ATLAS follows a hyperbolic orbit, displaying an eccentricity of e = 6.1373 (rounded). This figure is important, as it significantly exceeds the accepted value of 1 that astronomers recognize as being required to escape the Sun’s gravity. This means that the object’s trajectory confirms that 3I/ATLAS is not gravitationally bound to our Solar System, confirming astronomers’ suspicions that once it completes its recent planetary drive-by visit, the object will continue back into interstellar space.

NASA diagram showing the trajectory of the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS

(Image Credit: NASA).

Perihelion Surprises

3I/ATLAS reached perihelion—its closest point to the Sun—on October 29, 2025, with the object reaching a point of approximately 1.356 astronomical units (AU) from our nearest star. This placed the comet just beyond Earth’s orbit, displaying a steep retrograde inclination of around 175 degrees, which reveals an incoming path that is almost completely the opposite direction of planetary motion.

Farnoccia’s report confirms that the object also displayed something that many astronomers were eager to see if 3I/ATLAS would reveal as it approached perihelion: signs of measurable non-gravitational accelerations.

Unlike the odd, elongated shape of 1I/‘Oumuamua, the first confirmed interstellar object discovered in 2017, and its dusty successor 2I/Borisov, the confirmation that 3I/ATLAS displays measurable non-gravitational accelerations (the data in Farnocchia’s report can be found here) offers a good indication of cometary behavior driven by outgassing, making the interstellar visitor a valuable new sample of icy material from another star system.

However, not all scientists interpret the object’s non-gravitational accelerations as being further evidence of the object’s identity as an interstellar comet. Some have even suggested that such behavior around the time of perihelion could be a prime indicator of something more complex.

Watching for Signs of ET Signatures 

Just before 3I/ATLAS reached perihelion, theoretical physicist Michio Kaku, in an appearance on NewsMax, said that if the object seemed to display an increase in energy as it neared the Sun, this could be interpreted as evidence that the object is something more than just a comet.

“If it picks up extra energy on its flyby, that would clinch it,” Kaku said. “That means there’s extraterrestrial intelligence involved.”

Kaku then offered a general explanation for what is known as the Oberth effect, a powered maneuver in which a spacecraft falls under the influence of an object’s gravity and then uses its source of propulsion to achieve further acceleration during its fall. The result is that the spacecraft achieves additional speed by using its passage within the gravitational well to gain kinetic energy, which is far more efficient than relying solely on its engines to provide thrust.

“The Oberth effect says that if you were to whip around the Sun, you would pick up extra energy in the process,” Kaku explained. “So we’re gonna watch for it. The energy in must equal the energy out, according to the ordinary theory. But if that’s not true—if there’s more energy going out than in—it means that there’s an energy boost coming from whipping around the Sun, and that requires intelligence.”

So, do the non-gravitational accelerations 3I/ATLAS has now been confirmed to have displayed around the time of perihelion point to signs of technology, as Kaku and others had been waiting to see?

However, there is another interpretation of the non-gravitational movement that Loeb offers, which remains in keeping with his more exotic speculations from recent weeks.

“Alternatively, the non-gravitational acceleration might be the technological signature of an internal engine,” Loeb wrote in a recent post on his Medium page. Loeb also argues that 3I/ATLAS’s unexpectedly blue color, which it began to display at perihelion, is unusual for a natural comet, as most would expect them to appear redder due to dust scattering and its cold surface temperature.

Based on this, Loeb suggests the anomaly could potentially stem from the presence of a hot engine or some source of artificial illumination. However, the Harvard astrophysicist also concedes that this odd coloration may simply be due to ionized carbon monoxide, a natural cometary process. In short, while the latest data is intriguing and invites continued scrutiny, the evidence still favors a natural cometary origin.

More Data on the Strangest Comet Ever Seen

New data continues to be collected about 3I/ATLAS, with the current number of observations detailed in Farnoccia’s report totaling 647 collected over a 167-day observation arc. This provides high confidence in the orbit determination of 3I/ATLAS, and ensures that the object poses no threat to Earth, with a minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) of 0.363 AU.

With its confirmed interstellar origin and active cometary nature, it remains hard to argue against 3I/ATLAS’s identity as a natural space object, and one that offers a rare opportunity to study pristine foreign ices, dust, and organic compounds. Frustratingly, additional data that may have been obtained by NASA cameras like the HiRISE camera aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter remains inaccessible to the public as the recent U.S. government shutdown, already one of the longest in history, persists.

Fortunately, space agencies in several other nations, as well as the independent efforts of NASA researchers like Farnoccia, continue to collect new information on 3I/ATLAS that may potentially help to shed new light on the object and its unusual qualities, and more broadly, the chemical diversity of planetary systems beyond our own.

• Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.

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01-11-2025 om 20:57 geschreven door peter  

Everything we know about 3I/ATLAS: The confirmed comet speeding through our Solar System

Copyright Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/AP

By Theo Farrant

While most scientists believe it’s a natural comet, one Harvard astronomer has suggested its unusual features could hint at signs of alien technology.

On 1 July 2025, astronomers using the ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System) survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, detected a faint, fast-moving object unlike anything seen before.

The discovery, officially named 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1), marks only the third confirmed interstellar object ever observed - after ʻOumuamua in 2017 and 2I/Borisov in 2019.

But what exactly is 3I/ATLAS, where is it going, and could this strange visitor from another star be more than just a comet?

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What is 3I/ATLAS?

NASA has officially identified 3I/ATLAS as a comet and not an asteroid on Wednesday, following detailed telescope observations that revealed clear signs of activity.

Scientists observed an icy core enveloped by a coma, the luminous halo of gas and dust.

This outgassing and the release of dust, mean that 3I/ATLAS is composed primarily of frozen compounds, which is consistent with comet behaviour.

The interstellar object is currently traversing the solar system, offering researchers a rare opportunity to study material from beyond our cosmic neighbourhood.

Its name was derived from its origins: “3” for the third interstellar object found, “I” for interstellar, and “ATLAS” for the telescope network that spotted it.

What makes it extraordinary is where it came from. Its speed and trajectory show that it’s not gravitationally bound to the Sun - meaning it must have originated in another star system and wandered into ours by chance.

How fast is it travelling and where is it going?

According to astronomers, 3I/ATLAS is racing through space at more than 200,000 km/h (around 61 km per second), and its speed is increasing as it approaches the Sun.

It’s following a hyperbolic orbit, which means that it’s moving too quickly to be captured by the Sun’s gravity.

“It’s going to kind of cruise through the inner solar system – in between Mars and Earth’s orbit – and then it will fly past the sun," Con Stoitsis, comet and meteor director at the Astronomical Society of Victoria, told The Guardian.

"This one is on what we call a hyperbolic orbit. So it’s not gravitationally bound to the sun. It’s travelling much too fast, and so it will just fly out the other side of the solar system," he added.

According to NASA, the closest 3I/Atlas will come to Earth is about 270 million kilometres.

Could it be something more than a natural object?

For most astronomers, 3I/ATLAS is an exciting but natural phenomenon. But one prominent scientist - Professor Avi Loeb, a theoretical astrophysicist at Harvard University - has advocated the need for a closer examination of the object.

Through the Galileo Project, which investigates potential evidence of extraterrestrial technology, Loeb has been asking provocative, eyebrow-raising questions about 3I/ATLAS’s origin.

In a series of scientific essays published on Medium, he argues that scientists should still consider whether the object could be an alien technological - an artificial probe or artefact from another civilisation.

In one essay titled “Does 3I/ATLAS Generate Its Own Light?”, Loeb questioned whether its brightness might stem from self-luminosity rather than reflected sunlight - a property unlike any known comet.

“The hypothesis in question is that the recent interstellar visitor to our Solar System, 3I/ATLAS1-10, is a technological artefact, and furthermore has active intelligence. If this is the case, then two possibilities follow: first, that its intentions are entirely benign, and second, they are malign, or somewhere in between," he wrote in a paper titled “Is the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS alien technology?”

"The consequences, should the hypothesis turn out to be correct, could potentially be dire for humanity, and would possibly require defensive measures,” he warned.

NASA has firmly rejected Loeb's perspective.

“It looks like a comet. It does comet things. It very, very strongly resembles, in just about every way, the comets that we know,” Tom Statler, NASA’s lead scientist for solar system small bodies, told The Guardian.

Loeb has since acknowledged in a blog post that “the simplest hypothesis is that 3I/ATLAS is a comet,” clarifying that his goal was to challenge assumptions rather than make firm claims.

“Let us instead maintain our childhood curiosity and seek evidence rather than pretend to be the adults in the room that know the answers in advance,” he wrote.

Will we be able to see 3I/ATLAS?

The comet will reach its closest approach to the Sun around 30 October, coming within 1.4 au (about 130 million miles), just inside Mars’ orbit.

Its size and physical properties are still being studied, but NASA says it should become visible again through ground-based telescopes in early December, once it re-emerges from behind the Sun.

• This story was updated on 30 October with NASA's confirmation that it is a comet.

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01-11-2025 om 20:32 geschreven door peter  

Unusual object near Earth turns out to be dead Soviet satellite

Ivan Hrinko

The Universe is full of mysteries. But the most interesting ones sometimes have a perfectly rational origin. Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, known for his unusual hypotheses, has once again surprised the scientific community. This time, he suggested that the recently discovered second neighbor of Earth may not be an asteroid, but a lost relic of Soviet cosmonautics.

Mysterious quasi-satellite

In August, astronomers discovered object 2025 PN7, a small body temporarily orbiting the Sun in an orbit similar to Earth’s. Such objects are called quasi-satellites. However, Loeb offered a sensational explanation: it could be the remnant of the Soviet Zond-1 mission, launched to Venus in April 1964. The spacecraft, which was supposed to be the first landing module on Venus, disappeared into the depths of space due to technical malfunctions.

To prove his theory, Loeb and his colleague Adam Giberd recreated the flight path of Zond 1. Comparing it with the orbit of 2025 PN7, the researchers concluded that they could be related. According to their version, the spacecraft, while attempting to reach Venus, entered a solar orbit and now, half a century later, has returned to Earth as a “secondary moon.” An alternative explanation is that it is the upper stage of the launch vehicle that carried Zond 1 into space.

Space relics

This idea is not as fantastical as it seems. In 2020, object 2020 SO, initially mistaken for an asteroid, turned out to be the upper stage of the Centaur rocket from NASA’s Surveyor 2 mission, launched in 1966. For more than 50 years, this man-made ghost traveled through the Solar System before it was identified.

Loeb suggests a simple way to test the hypothesis: conduct a spectral analysis of 2025 PN7. The chemical composition of the object’s surface will instantly reveal its origin: natural or technological. If it is indeed “Sonda-1,” we will have a unique opportunity to study an artifact from the early space age that has made a remarkable return home.

Earlier, we explained in detail about such things as quasi-satellites and where to look for them.

• According to medium.com

• Posted in News, TechTaggedEarth,orbit,satellites,spacecraft

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

31-10-2025 om 23:15 geschreven door peter  

The mystery surrounding the interstellar visitor in our solar system has deepened after scientists spotted it making an unexpected maneuver as it approached the sun.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has recorded the object, largely believed to be a comet, displaying 'non-gravitational acceleration' as it reached its closest point to the sun on October 29.

Simply put, that means it appears to have been pushed by a mysterious force as it moves around the sun.

This push could not be explained by gravity, so something else appears to be speeding up the comet and nudging it off its expected path, which some scientists believe could be a sign the object is a spacecraft with its own engine.

According to the JPL readings, the interstellar object, known as 3I/ATLAS, experienced two main parts in this mysterious maneuver around our sun, one that pushed it away from the star and one which nudged it slightly to the side.

Most scientists have continued to call it an ordinary comet from a distant solar system with a unique chemical makeup that makes it appear different from space rocks that formed inside our solar system.

Harvard physicist Avi Loeb noted that most comets get a little push when their ice turns to gas and shoots out like a jet as they approach the sun, called the 'rocket effect.'

However, 3I/ATLAS is showing way more of a push than expected, adding to the growing list of strange occurrences astronomers have witnessed as the visitor swings around the sun.

The comet has been seen accelerating beyond the natural power of gravity as it moves around the sun

It made its closest approach to the sun on Wednesday, as seen by NASA spacecraft

The object has also been getting much brighter as it nears the sun, and did it approximately 7.5 times faster than normal comets.

Moreover, most comets turn red because their surface is so cold that they absorb blue light and bounce back mostly red light, just like a cold piece of metal glows red when you start heating it.

In the case of 3I/ATLAS, however, astronomers have watched the alleged comet turn bluer than the sun as it reached perihelion, its closest point to the star.

There still could be a natural explanation for these abnormalities, as Loeb said the comet might be losing a huge amount of mass as ice boils off violently during its journey.

To create this kind of color change, 3I/ATLAS would need to have lost about 10 percent of its weight in just one month, causing a giant cloud of gas around it, which telescopes should see in November and December.

However, Loeb said that the non-gravitational push and blue coloring could also come from a hot engine and artificial light beaming from inside the object.

'The observed features are surprising but could be explained in both natural or artificial scenarios,' Loeb told the Daily Mail on Friday.

'The blue color could be a signature of ionized carbon monoxide or a hot engine. The non-gravitational acceleration could be a result of cometary evaporation or technological propulsion,' the professor explained.

3I/ATLAS is expected to make its closest approach to Earth on December 19

3I/ATLAS is widely thought to be a comet, but scientists like Professor Avi Loeb maintain that unusual clues point to the object being a spacecraft

Read More

EXCLUSIVE

•  NASA goes dark hours before first look at interstellar object moving closer to Earth 

Loeb has called the latest strange readings from 3I/ATLAS the ninth anomaly detected as the object makes its way through our solar system.

The scientist said his first clue that something wasn't adding up was the sheer brightness of the object while it was still far away from our planet and the sun.

It also developed a backward 'anti-tail' that was facing the sun before it reached perihelion.

However, it then swiftly shifted to a normal tail behind the supposed comet as it moved closer, which some have suggested could be a sign of a spacecraft engine reversing thrust.

Its strange course taking it close to three planets and its unique chemical combination of nickel and carbon dioxide have all contributed to a growing belief that 3I/ATLAS is not a floating space rock.

Before discovering the ninth oddity, Loeb calculated that the odds of all these strange occurrences happening at the same time were one in 10,000,000,000,000,000 (that's ten quadrillion).

Loeb previously told the Daily Mail that those in the scientific community who have dismissed the more extraordinary possibilities are more concerned with being right and avoiding criticism than alerting the public to a potentially world-changing event.

'Here we are talking about a potential for something that could affect humanity in the future in a dramatic way, and so you shouldn't apply the same approach of being as conservative as possible,' Loeb explained.

{  https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

31-10-2025 om 22:24 geschreven door peter  

Interstellar visitor reappears from the sun's shadow with baffling glow unlike natural comets

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

A mysterious interstellar visitor has emerged from behind the sun, glowing in a way that has left scientists stunned.

The comet, which is not visible from terrestrial telescopes, appears to have unusual chemistry. It passed through solar conjunction with Earth - meaning it was hidden behind the sun - on October 21.

It is exciting for scientists because, unlike other comets, it does not orbit the sun.

The object, named as 3I/ATLAS, made its closest approach to it on Wednesday, observed by three NASA spacecraft.

Data showed that it brightened at a rate about seven times faster than typical comets as it reached the sun. 

Researchers who captured the observations noted: 'The reason for 3I/ATLAS's rapid brightening, which far exceeds the brightening rate of most Oort cloud comets at similar distances from the sun, remains unclear.' 

Even more puzzling, the comet now appears distinctly bluer, a reversal from its previously reddish hue.

Scientists speculate that the blue glow likely comes from gas emissions, including carbon molecules (C2) and other compounds, rather than just sunlight reflecting off dust. 

The object made its closest approach to the sun on Wednesday, as seen by NASA spacecraft

The study, conducted by researchers from the Lowell Observatory in Arizona and the US Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, pulled data from the STEREO‑A (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) and SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory).

They also used a weather satellite, called GOES‑19, carrying a coronagraph, a device which helped capture the comet's brightness and color while it was hidden behind the Sun from Earth-based telescopes.

It detected a glowing plume extending nearly 186,000 miles around the object, comparable to the carbon dioxide halo observed months earlier.

The satellite revealed that 3I/ATLAS is enveloped in a huge, fuzzy coma, roughly half as wide as the full moon. 

Ground-based telescopes had trouble observing 3I/ATLAS. At the same time, it was very close to the sun, but radio observations were able to detect emissions from the comet, showing it was producing huge amounts of water-related molecules. 

The production rate of these molecules increased sharply as the comet approached the Sun, following a pattern similar to the rapid brightening observed in optical images. 

The comet is expected to return to visibility in twilight and night skies during November and December, allowing ground-based telescopes to study it in much greater detail. 

Early analysis suggests 3I/ATLAS will emerge considerably brighter than before.

Its light was increasing at an unusually rapid pace, which could be due to its chemical make-up

Scientists still do not fully understand why it brightened so fast, but it may be related to unusual activity from gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), or unique properties of the comet's nucleus, such as its composition, shape, or structure. 

Observations from spacecraft also show that 3I/ATLAS has a large, fuzzy coma about half the size of the full moon, and its light is distinctly bluer than the sun, likely due to gas emissions from molecules like C2 and Amino groups, rather than just reflected sunlight from dust.

Its brightness increased much faster than typical comets, with a measured rate far exceeding the standard for Oort cloud comets, and the post-perihelion behavior remains uncertain; it could continue brightening, level off, or fade quickly. 

Harvard professor Avi Loeb, who has been studying the object for months, said: 'This unfavorable geometry, a possible hint of design, placed the comet within the fields of view of several space-based solar coronagraphs and heliospheric imagers, allowing continuous observation during its final approach to perihelion.' 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

30-10-2025 om 21:07 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers have released a spectacular new image of the Milky Way, providing a glimpse of our galaxy in unprecedented detail.

The photograph, which took 18 months and over 40,000 hours to construct, is the largest low–frequency radio colour image of the Milky Way ever assembled.

It captures the Southern Hemisphere view, revealing it across a wide range of radio wavelengths – or 'colours' of radio light.

And it provides astronomers with new ways to explore the birth, evolution and death of stars in our galaxy.

The stunning picture was created by astronomers from the International Centre of Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR).

'This vibrant image delivers an unparalleled perspective of our galaxy at low radio frequencies,' Silvia Mantovanini, a PhD student at the Curtin University of ICRAR said.

'It provides valuable insights into the evolution of stars, including their formation in various regions of the galaxy, how they interact with other celestial objects, and ultimately their demise.'

Ms Mantovanini constructed the image with the help of supercomputers which processed and compiled data from two extensive surveys carried out by the Murchison Widefield Array telescope in Western Australia.

The new spectacular image of the Milky Way, providing a glimpse of our galaxy in unprecedented detail

The photograph, which took 18 months and over 40,000 hours to construct, is the largest low–frequency radio colour image of the Milky Way ever assembled

It provides astronomers with new ways to explore the birth, evolution and death of stars in our galaxy

The astronomers focused on radio waves because they reveal a different part of the universe that visible light cannot show – allowing them to see through gas and dust clouds to observe the birth of stars and the structures of galaxies.

When compared to images constructed from visible light, the radio frequency photograph reveals the galaxy in much clearer, more colourful detail.

The new image offers twice the resolution, 10 times the sensitivity and covers twice the area compared to a previous radio wavelength image released in 2019.

This significant improvement in resolution, sensitivity and sky coverage allows for a more detailed and comprehensive study of the Milky Way, the team said.

Ms Mantovanini's research focuses on supernova remnants, the expanding clouds of gas and energy left behind when a star explodes at the end of its life.

Although hundreds of these remnants have been discovered so far, astronomers suspect that thousands more are waiting to be found.

The image allows them to distinguish between the gas surrounding new stars and that left behind by dead ones, revealing clearer patterns in the cosmic landscape.

'You can clearly identify remnants of exploded stars, represented by large red circles,' she said. 'The smaller blue regions indicate stellar nurseries where new stars are actively forming.'

Left: The centre of our Milky Way in radio colour. Right: The same area of sky as seen in visible light

Antennas from the MWA telescope, on Wajarri Country in Western Australia, which carried out the two extensive surveys

 The image may also help unravel the mysteries surrounding pulsars in our Galaxy.

By measuring the brightness of pulsars at different GLEAM–X frequencies, astronomers hope to gain a deeper understanding of how these enigmatic objects emit radio waves and where they exist within our galaxy.

Associate Professor Natasha Hurley–Walker from the same ICRAR team, who is the principal investigator of the GLEAM–X survey, emphasised how this is a big step forward in studying the Milky Way's structure. 

'This low–frequency image allows us to unveil large astrophysical structures in our Galaxy that are difficult to image at higher frequencies,' she said. 

'No low–frequency radio image of the entire Southern Galactic Plane has been published before, making this an exciting milestone in astronomy.'

The new image was published in the journal Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.

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29-10-2025 om 22:48 geschreven door peter  

Everything we know about 3I/ATLAS: The mysterious object speeding through our Solar System

While most scientists believe it’s a natural comet, one Harvard astronomer has suggested its unusual features could hint at signs of alien technology.

3I/ATLAS is largely believed to be a comet - it has a tail, is brightening as it approaches the Sun, and shows signs of dust and gas being released.

Its name was derived from its origins: “3” for the third interstellar object found, “I” for interstellar, and “ATLAS” for the telescope network that spotted it.

What makes it extraordinary is where it came from. Its speed and trajectory show that it’s not gravitationally bound to the Sun - meaning it must have originated in another star system and wandered into ours by chance.

How fast is it travelling and where is it going?

According to astronomers, 3I/ATLAS is racing through space at more than 200,000 km/h (around 61 km per second), and its speed is increasing as it approaches the Sun.

It’s following a hyperbolic orbit, which means that it’s moving too quickly to be captured by the Sun’s gravity.

“It’s going to kind of cruise through the inner solar system – in between Mars and Earth’s orbit – and then it will fly past the sun," Con Stoitsis, comet and meteor director at the Astronomical Society of Victoria, told The Guardian.

"This one is on what we call a hyperbolic orbit. So it’s not gravitationally bound to the sun. It’s travelling much too fast, and so it will just fly out the other side of the solar system," he added.

According to NASA, the closest 3I/Atlas will come to Earth is about 270 million kilometres.

Could it be something more than a natural object?

For most astronomers, 3I/ATLAS is an exciting but natural phenomenon. But one prominent scientist - Professor Avi Loeb, a theoretical astrophysicist at Harvard University - has advocated the need for a closer examination of the object.

Through the Galileo Project, which investigates potential evidence of extraterrestrial technology, Loeb has been asking provocative, eyebrow-raising questions about 3I/ATLAS’s origin.

In a series of scientific essays published on Medium, he argues that scientists should still consider whether the object could be an alien technological - an artificial probe or artefact from another civilisation.

In one essay titled “Does 3I/ATLAS Generate Its Own Light?”, Loeb questioned whether its brightness might stem from self-luminosity rather than reflected sunlight - a property unlike any known comet.

“The hypothesis in question is that the recent interstellar visitor to our Solar System, 3I/ATLAS1-10, is a technological artefact, and furthermore has active intelligence. If this is the case, then two possibilities follow: first, that its intentions are entirely benign, and second, they are malign, or somewhere in between," he wrote in a paper titled “Is the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS alien technology?”

"The consequences, should the hypothesis turn out to be correct, could potentially be dire for humanity, and would possibly require defensive measures,” he warned.

NASA has firmly rejected Loeb's perspective.

“It looks like a comet. It does comet things. It very, very strongly resembles, in just about every way, the comets that we know,” Tom Statler, NASA’s lead scientist for solar system small bodies, told The Guardian.

Loeb has since acknowledged in a blog post that “the simplest hypothesis is that 3I/ATLAS is a comet,” clarifying that his goal was to challenge assumptions rather than make firm claims.

“Let us instead maintain our childhood curiosity and seek evidence rather than pretend to be the adults in the room that know the answers in advance,” he wrote.

Will we be able to see 3I/ATLAS?

The comet will reach its closest approach to the Sun around 30 October, coming within 1.4 au (about 130 million miles), just inside Mars’ orbit.

Its size and physical properties are still being studied, but NASA says it should become visible again through ground-based telescopes in early December, once it re-emerges from behind the Sun.

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29-10-2025 om 22:18 geschreven door peter  

Probes could catch tail of Manhattan-sized space object 3I/ATLAS, but time is running out: report

A pair of space probes cruising the solar system may be able to pass through the tail of the mysterious Manhattan-sized comet hurtling towards Earth — but only if the scientists operating them act fast to divert-course.

The probes — Hera and Europa Clipper — are both speeding on separate missions, but a new paper being published in the Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society found they are perfectly poised to pay a visit to the remains of 3I/ATLAS being dispersed across the solar system.

Both probes will be flying “downwind” of 3I/ATLAS as it cruises through the cosmic neighborhood in the next few weeks and leaves a trail of particles in its wake, Live Science reported, giving researchers the opportunity to fly directly through a comet’s tail for first time in history.

The probe Europa Clipper is on the way to Jupiter’s moon, but could pass through the comet’s tail if scientists act fast.

Nasa

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope observed interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS on Aug. 6, with its near-Infrared spectrograph instrument.

NASA/James Webb Space Telescope

The probes wouldn’t be flying straight through the tail, however, but across a field where its particles are expected to be blown into space by the Sun’s solar wind.

That dispersal field would be about 5 million miles from the comet itself, but would still be plenty close for the probes to collect invaluable information from the particles it leaves behind.

3I/ATLAS has left scientists puzzled since it was first spotted in June. Though few have disputed that it is anything but a comet, its irregular behavior and make-up have some like Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb speculating it could be an intelligently-operated alien probe.

It is expected to fly closest to the Earth by the end of October, but will be hidden behind the sun and impossible for Earthen telescopes and cameras to get a good look at it.

The object is also ejecting a nickel alloy only ever found in human manufacturing, and previously emitted an “anti-tail” from its front that Loeb speculated could be some kind of “braking thrust” system.

Hera and Europa Clipper could be science’s best bet to gather information from the object.

But they will only be in that position over the next two weeks, and scientists would need to act immediately to send them on course to meet the comet’s tail, according to Live Science.

Hera may not even be able to be of much help. The probe is currently headed to study an asteroid and isn’t equipped with instruments that could do much reading of 3I/ATLAS’ particles.

But Europa Clipper — which is on the way to analyze ice on Jupiter’s moon Europa — has exactly the kind of instruments the job would call for.

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{ https://nypost.com/us-news/ }

29-10-2025 om 21:59 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious interstellar visitor set to reveal its true self in just HOURS

• MORE: Scientists reveal all the strange behaviors of interstellar visitor 3I/ATLAS that deepen the mystery of its origins

By CHRIS MELORE, US ASSISTANT SCIENCE EDITOR

The mysterious interstellar visitor traveling through our solar system may finally reveal its true nature in just hours, as scientists wait for it to emerge from behind the sun.  

While many astronomers are convinced the object known as 3I/ATLAS will be confirmed as a comet, some scientists have said the three-mile-long visitor could be an artificially constructed craft that's maneuvering around the solar system.

3I/ATLAS has been obscured by the sun since last week, but it will reach its closest point, called the perihelion, on October 29.

Scientists expect to determine which scenario is correct once they observe exactly where the object exits perihelion, saying that a noticeable shift in its trajectory tomorrow could indicate that 3I/ATLAS is artificially powered.

In space travel, the most effective moment to accelerate or decelerate a spacecraft is when it is closest to a massive body. Firing the engine at this point, an effect known as the Oberth effect, produces the greatest change in speed.

The majority of astronomers have maintained that 3I/ATLAS is simply a strange space rock from a distant solar system that formed under conditions completely foreign to comets in our solar system.

Studies of the interstellar visitor to this point have shown the classic signs of 3I/ATLAS being a comet, including a tail and a coma, a large cloud of gas and dust surrounding it.

However, some researchers have argued that there are still too many irregularities to overlook, including 3I/ATLAS appearing to reverse thrust like a spacecraft as it moved behind the sun from our perspective.

Astronomers observed 3I/ATLAS strangely shift the position of its tail as it approached our sun in October 2025

3I/ATLAS (Pictured) is expected to reach its closest point to the sun on October 29, and a change in its position as it leaves this blind spot could be a sign of intelligence

Harvard physicist Avi Loeb has argued since the object's discovery that 3I/ATLAS could be an 'alien mothership' which could be positioning itself in this blind spot to either change direction or release smaller probes before continuing on its journey.

Loeb said 3I/ATLAS could be completing a maneuver known as the Oberth effect to change its speed and path, which would be a sign that it has an engine and was being controlled by an unknown intelligence.

Astronomers tracking 3I/ATLAS revealed last week that the object performed a dramatic tail reversal, shifting from an unusual 'anti-tail' that was pointing towards the sun to one that was pointing away.

High-resolution observations from the Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands confirm that this anti-tail seen in July and August 2025 vanished and a new one formed in the opposite direction by September.

The shift is believed to have occurred because the comet's dust and ice particles reacted differently to sunlight.

Early on, large, slow-moving dust grains scattered light sunward, creating the anti-tail.

As 3I/ATLAS moved closer to the sun, rising temperatures ejected more ice fragments and longer-lived dust particles, producing the tail that now points away like a traditional comet moving through space.

However, Loeb has noted that 3I/ATLAS shed very little of its mass as it has moved closer to the sun, meaning the true nature of the object's chemical makeup is still a mystery.

3I/ATLAS is widely thought to be a comet, but scientists like Professor Avi Loeb maintain that unusual clues point to the object being a spacecraft

3I/ATLAS appears to be coated in nickel, which astronomers believe is responsible for giving the object a green glow

Through October 2025, the supposed comet has seen about two million tons melt away as it approached the sun, which is just a tiny fraction of the 33billion tons Loeb has calculated the giant object to weigh.

• Mysterious interstellar object is morphing in unexplained ways as it moves closer to Earth

Moreover, Loeb told the Daily Mail that scientists still can't explain how 3I/ATLAS is releasing nickel in a gaseous form as it moves around the sun.

'Nobody understands how nickel can be released into the gas form, because you need a special process for that, and the temperatures are not high enough to release the nickel, so that's a puzzle,' Loeb explained.

Nickel is a metal used by Earth-made space technology to shield against the extreme heat from booster engines, and 3I/ATLAS seems to be coated in it.

Until now, astronomers have only seen nickel alongside deposits of iron in nature, but Loeb noted that there have been no signs of iron in 3I/ATLAS at all. 

'That is unprecedented in comets. So, it's not so much the existence of nickel. It's the nickel without iron, which we only know about in the context of nickel alloys that we produce industrially for spacecraft,' the professor added.

While Loeb said any drastic change in 3I/ATLAS speed, course, or size when it emerges from the sun would be a clear sign of intelligence, other scientists still believe these changes still fall in line with normal comet behavior.

Austrian astronomer Michael Jäger told Daily Mail: 'Even though there were some unusual things about this comet, I still assume that we are observing a comet here.' 

'This is because 3I/ATLAS has not changed its course or its calculated speed so far,' Jäger continued.

The scientist added that even if the interstellar object splits apart as it emerges from the sun, that's not uncommon for comets, which have been observed breaking apart as they travel through space. 

'A split of a comet would not be so unusual. Just a few weeks ago, the split of comet 240P/NEAT was confirmed,' Jäger concluded.

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28-10-2025 om 23:01 geschreven door peter