We associate Halloween with jack-o’-lanterns, carnival costumes, and various creatures and otherworldly beings that, according to legend, can enter our world on the night of October 31 to November 1. But the traditional images of this holiday are found not only on our planet, but also throughout the universe.

In honor of Halloween, the editors at Universe Space Tech have compiled a selection of the most unusual and frightening space photographs, featuring ghosts, witches, jack-o’-lanterns, and even a galaxy-sized emoji.

The Sun is a jack-o’-lantern

This image was captured by the SDO spacecraft on October 8, 2014, and shows active regions on the surface of our star. By a strange coincidence, they are arranged in a pattern that closely resembles a traditional Jack-o’-lantern.

Dead Man’s Hand

This image was obtained by the Chandra X-ray telescope. It shows a nebula located 17,000 light-years from Earth. At its center is a pulsar, the remnant of a star that exploded about 1,700 years ago. It rotates at a speed of 7 revolutions per second, affecting the surrounding matter and creating various bizarre structures resembling a giant ghostly hand.

Eye of Sauron

This Hubble Space Telescope image shows one of the brightest stars in the night sky, Fomalhaut. It is still very young and is surrounded by a residual disk consisting of dust and various debris. In images taken by space telescopes, the star resembles a giant eye. Because of this, it is sometimes called the Eye of Sauron.

Witch Head Nebula

This bizarre object has the official designation IC 2118, but is much better known by its informal nickname. In fact, the Witch Head Nebula is a reflection nebula in the constellation Eridanus, located thousands of light-years from Earth. It glows with the reflected light of the supergiant star Rigel. Its powerful wind is most likely responsible for the nebula’s unusual shape.

Hole in the sky

Due to its unique appearance, the NGC 1999 nebula has long attracted the attention of astronomers. It was previously thought that the characteristic dark area in its center was actually a cloud of gas and dust so dense that it simply blocked all visible light. However, recent observations have shown that this region is indeed empty. There are no gas and dust clouds or stars hiding inside it. What we see is a true cosmic void.

Creepy emoji

The powerful gravity of the largest structures in the universe can do truly strange things with light: amplify it and bend the direction of photons, leading to the formation of various cosmic mirages. One of them is captured in the photo shown here. The gravity of the SDSS J1038+4849 galaxy cluster has created a giant smiley face, whose smile makes an eerie impression. In reality, its “eyes” are two large elliptical galaxies that are part of the cluster itself, and its “nose” is a smaller galaxy. As for the ‘smile’ and “head,” these are distorted light from more distant galaxies.

Skull and bones

Appearances can be deceiving. Looking at images of the distant cosmic object NGC 2467, we see something that closely resembles a grinning skull. In reality, what we see is a stellar “maternity ward” that has given birth to many generations of young stars. Interestingly, NGC 2467 is not a single object, but rather several nebulae and groups of stars moving at different speeds. This image is the result of the observer seeing all of its objects in a single line, with their images overlapping each other.

Space virus

This image is quite capable of evoking memories of the COVID-19 pandemic, as it resembles a photograph of the virus taken with an electron microscope. But in fact, what we see here is not a microcosm, but a macrocosm. What we see is the remnant of a supernova that exploded in the constellation Cassiopeia in 1572. It is a bubble of hot gas rapidly expanding from the site of the explosion. In the process, it collides with the surrounding matter, generating shock waves and accompanied by the formation of high-energy radiation.

Death Star

Saturn’s natural satellite Mimas is known for two reasons. First, it is the smallest spherical body in the Solar System. Second, thanks to the Herschel crater, Mimas bears a striking visual resemblance to the famous Death Star. The crater’s diameter is 139 kilometers, which is more than a third of the natural satellite’s diameter. Miraculously, this impact did not destroy the icy moon. Interestingly, Mimas was first photographed by the Voyager spacecraft. They were launched in 1977, just when the first Star Wars movie hit the screens.

Skull Nebula

Different stars die in different ways. Some end their existence in a dazzling fireworks display, while others shed their outer layers and turn into white dwarfs. This is exactly what happened to one of the stars at the center of the NGC 246 nebula. The matter ejected by it formed a bizarre shape resembling a skull. Unlike most of the other objects on our list, in this case, the unofficial name quite accurately conveys the essence of what is happening. We see a huge burial shroud enveloping the recently deceased star.

Ghost of Cassiopeia

Ghosts and spirits are an integral part of the folklore of virtually all peoples of the world. Therefore, it is not surprising that their images can even be found in space. This Hubble Space Telescope image shows the IC 63 nebula, also known as the Ghost. Of course, in reality, this object has nothing to do with the otherworldly realm. IC 63 is a gas and dust cloud in the constellation Cassiopeia that glows under the influence of a neighboring giant star. Over time, this radiation will destroy the cosmic Ghost, scattering its matter throughout the Milky Way.

Scary face

This terrifying face seems to be writhing in pain caused by the surrounding fire. Fortunately, no one was hurt in reality when this photograph was taken. In fact, what we see here is an image of the Perseus cluster taken by the Chandra Observatory. The “skull” is formed by fluctuations in X-ray radiation caused by hot gas filling the cluster. The bright spot in the center of the image corresponds to a supermassive black hole located in the center of the Perseus A galaxy.

• Posted in Articles, Questions

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

18-10-2025 om 15:40 geschreven door peter  

Scientists baffled as interstellar visitor makes mysterious maneuver toward the sun

• READ MORE: Precise date interstellar visitor will reveal itself

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

The interstellar visitor 3I/ATLAS has displayed behavior never before seen in a comet.

In August, the Two-Meter Twin Telescope in the Canary Islands captured an image showing a faint jet extending roughly 3.7 miles from the object's nucleus, pointing toward the sun. 

This stream of gas and dust is unusual because comet tails are typically pushed away from the Sun by solar radiation and wind.

Harvard professor Avi Loeb said on Friday: 'The existence of an anti-tail pointed toward the sun is an anomaly that raises two questions: What is the nature of the anti-tail? 

'Why are comet experts ignoring this anomaly while insisting that 3I/ATLAS is a familiar comet?'

Weeks earlier, the Hubble Space Telescope observed a similar phenomenon, capturing an extended glow aimed sunward in late July. 

Loeb explained that the glow stretched roughly ten times longer than it was wide, forming what he described as the geometry of a jet directed at the Sun, a pattern unlike any known comet.

'Realizing this is as shocking as photographing an animal your family thinks is a street cat, only to see a tail coming out of its forehead,' Loeb said.

In August, the Two-Meter Twin Telescope in the Canary Islands captured an image showing a faint jet extending roughly 3.7 miles from the object's nucleus, pointing toward the sun

He noted that while many specialists hailed the Hubble image as evidence that 3I/ATLAS behaves like a comet, they overlooked the critical detail: the jet points the wrong way. 

Both the Hubble and ground-based observations show material moving toward the Sun, contradicting the physics that normally shape comet tails.

Loeb suggests the unusual orientation could indicate the object is ejecting large, heavy particles less affected by sunlight, or that an entirely new type of outgassing mechanism may be at work.

The professor has speculated that 3I/ATLAS could be of extraterrestrial origin, the moment it was identified in July.

Loeb said there is a 30 to 40 percent chance the object 'does not have a fully natural origin,' noting the possibility it is a 'Trojan Horse,' where a technological object masquerades as a comet.

However, the world could soon know the answer when 3I/ATLAS makes its closest approach to the sun on October 29.

The object should 'disintegrate into fragments' if it is a comet.

'When a comet gets close to the sun, solar radiation heats its icy nucleus,' Loeb explained.

Comet 3I/ATLAS streaks across a dense star field in this image captured by a telescope in Chile

'Volatile ices like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or water sublimate directly into gas, carrying away dust and small rocks.

'This process can cause the comet to break apart if the mix of ice and dust cannot withstand the thermal stress.'

The European Space Agency's Jupiter probe will have a front-row seat, capturing the moment it either breaks apart or, as Loeb speculated, 'releases mini-probes as a technological mothership.'  

The ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) craft will have a view of the object when it comes 125 million miles from the planet and monitor it through November.

'During November and December, terrestrial observatories will also be able to monitor 3I/ATLAS and check whether it disintegrated like a natural comet or released mini-probes as a technological mothership,' Loeb explained.

While the professor believes there is a possibility it is of alien origin, NASA has long said the object is a natural comet.

The American space agency released images of 3I/ATLAS as it soared past Mars on October 3, showing it as cylindrical-shaped.

Stargazers on social media shared color-enhanced images of the object, which showed the interstellar visitor having a green glow.

Loeb and many other scientists are anticipating the visitor's journey to the sun as it will finally put the mystery to rest.

3I/ATLAS will appear as a fuzzy ball of light in the blackness of space, and if it does disintegrate, the professor said it will break into independent, smaller dots of light

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

18-10-2025 om 15:13 geschreven door peter  

Terra Nova: Naar Mars – De Uitdagingen, De Missie en De Mogelijkheden

Inleiding

De verkenning van de ruimte heeft ooit enkel in de verbeelding van sciencefiction-auteurs bestaan. Tegenwoordig zijn we echter getuige van een ware revolutionaire ontwikkeling binnen de ruimtevaart, waarbij de mensheid zich voorbereidt op een Mars-missie. De Rode Planeet, al eeuwenlang een fenomeen van menselijke fascinatie, wordt nu beschouwd als de volgende grote sprong voorwaarts in onze zoektocht naar kennis, overleving en avontuur. Maar hoewel de voordelen en de aantrekkingskracht groot zijn, zitten er ook talloze uitdagingen en problemen in de voorbereiding op en de uitvoering van een dergelijke missie. Deze analyse onderzoekt de belangrijkste problemen, de onderdelen van de missie en de mogelijkheden die Mars ons kan bieden.

De Probleemstelling: De Uitdagingen van een Mars-missie

De reis naar Mars brengt een breed scala aan technische, logistieke en menselijke uitdagingen met zich mee. Het is belangrijk om deze problemen te begrijpen voordat we kunnen spreken over succesvolle missie-uitvoering en de mogelijke voordelen.

Symbolische, artistieke voorstelling van komonisatie van Mars

Technische Uitdagingen

1. Afstand en Communicatie

De afstand tussen Mars en de aarde bedraagt gemiddeld ongeveer 225 miljoen kilometer, wat leidt tot aanzienlijke communicatievertragingen. Een signaal door de ruimte reizen kost tussen de 13 en 24 minuten, afhankelijk van de positie van beide planeten. Hierdoor is het onmogelijk om in real-time te communiceren, wat betekent dat de missie volledig autonoom moet opereren. De astronauten en systemen moeten zelfstandig kunnen handelen zonder voortdurende directe controle vanaf aarde. Dit vereist geavanceerde technologieën voor automatische navigatie, besluitvorming en probleemoplossing. Daarnaast moeten er robuuste communicatie-infrastructuren ontwikkeld worden, zoals satellietnetwerken en redundante systemen, om continu contact en datatransmissie te waarborgen. Het ontwerp van deze systemen moet flexibel en betrouwbaar zijn, om te functioneren in de uitdagende omstandigheden van Mars en onder de tijdsdruk van de enorme afstand.

2. Luchtdruk en Atmosfeer

De atmosfeer op Mars is extreem vijandig voor menselijke aanwezigheid. De CO₂-rijke atmosfeer (meer dan 95%) biedt geen ademlucht en zorgt voor gevaarlijke omstandigheden zonder speciale apparatuur. De luchtdruk op Mars is slechts circa 0,6 procent van die op aarde, wat betekent dat ademhalen zonder hulp in de open lucht onmogelijk is. Daarom moeten levensondersteunende systemen worden ontwikkeld die zuurstof genereren, zoals elektrolyse van water of terugwinningstechnologieën. Voor de bewoning zijn duurzame habitats nodig die zowel luchtdruk als temperatuur reguleren, en beschermen tegen de atmosfeer, die gevaarlijke stoffen bevat. Daarnaast wordt gewerkt aan draagbare ademhalingsapparatuur en koelsystemen die astronauten veilig houden. Het ontwerp van de infrastructuur moet eveneens rekening houden met het uitzetten en krimpen van materialen door de omstandigheden, om structurele schade te voorkomen.

3. Extreme Temperatuurverschillen

Mars kent enorme temperatuurverschillen: in de poolgebieden kan het in de winter dalen tot ongeveer -125°C, terwijl het overdag aan de evenaar tot +20°C kan worden. Overgang van dag tot nacht en de extreme temperaturen vereisen dat alles, van voertuigen tot habitats, bestand moet zijn tegen deze fluctuerende omstandigheden. Speciale isolatiematerialen en verwarmingssystemen zijn essentieel om astronauten en apparatuur warm te houden. Daarnaast moeten de voertuigen en infrastructuren bestand zijn tegen de omgevingsstress van vorst en hitte, inclusief mogelijke vorstvorming en structurele uitzetting. Het ontwerpen hiervan vergt innovatieve oplossingen voor warmte-isolatie, thermisch management en materiaalkeuze. Daarnaast worden metalen en polymeren gebruikt die flexibel blijven en bestand zijn tegen de extreme temperatuurschommelingen, zodat de missie veilig en operationeel kan blijven ondanks de uitdagende klimatologische omstandigheden.

4. Straling

De afwezigheid van een magnetisch veld en een dichte atmosfeer maken Mars zeer gevoelig voor kosmische straling en zonnepanelen. De verhoogde niveaus van straling vormen een enorm gezondheidsrisico voor astronauten, waaronder een verhoogde kans op kanker, genetische mutaties en andere ziekten. Om dit gevaar te beperken, moeten habitats en beschermingsmaterialen worden ontwikkeld die stralingsbestendig zijn. Bijvoorbeeld, het gebruik van dikker aardekorraal, water of speciale stralingsabsorptiematerialen in muren vermindert de blootstelling aanzienlijk. Daarnaast worden er ondergrondse habitats overwogen, die bescherming bieden door onder het oppervlak te bouwen. Astronauten krijgen ook persoonlijke stralingsmonitors en beschermende kleding. Het veiligheidsbeleid moet strak zijn en continu worden aangepast op basis van de stralingsniveaus. Kortsamengevat, bescherming tegen straling blijft een van de grootste technische en medische uitdagingen bij het vestigen op Mars.

Logistieke Uitdagingen

1. Voorraadbeheer

Bij een bemande Marsmissie is voorraadbeheer een cruciale factor voor het succes. De reis en de verblijfperiode opMars stellen hoge eisen aan de planning van levensmiddelen, water, brandstof en andere essentiële benodigdheden. Vanwege de enorme afstand en de lange duur van de missie (meerdere maanden tot jaren), is het onbegonnen werk om alles vanaf de aarde mee te nemen. Daarom moeten wetenschappers en ingenieurs systemen ontwikkelen die het mogelijk maken om op een efficiënte en duurzame wijze voorraden te beheren. Dit omvat onder andere het gebruik van geavanceerde verpakkingsmaterialen die voedsel en water langer houdbaar maken, en slimme opslagmethoden die temperatuur, vochtigheid en isolatie optimaliseren.

Een belangrijk aspect van voorraadbeheer is het besparen van ruimte en gewicht. Dit wordt gedaan door middel van het gebruik van stabiele, compact te bewaren producten en het implementeren van modulaire opslagunits die ruimte optimaal benutten. Daarnaast wordt er gezocht naar technologieën voor hergebruik en recycling. Bijvoorbeeld, afvalwater uit sanitaire voorzieningen en transpiraat kan worden gerecycled voor irrigatie of zelfs voor het maken van drinkwater via omgekeerde osmose-systemen. Verder wordt er actief gewerkt aan in situ resource utilization (ISRU), het gebruik van lokale hulpbronnen op Mars, zoals ijs voor waterproductie of kooldioxide uit de atmosfeer voor het genereren van zuurstof en brandstof.

2. Aarding en Herbruikbaarheid

Een andere grote logistieke uitdaging is het terughalen en hergebruik van materialen die op Mars beschikbaar zijn. Dit betekent dat het niet alleen gaat om het oppompen van water uit ijslagen onder het maanoppervlak, maar ook om het technisch mogelijk maken van het extraheren van zuurstof uit de atmosphere of het recyclen van metalen en kunststoffen die worden afgedankt.

Het zelfvoorzienend maken van een Marsbasis vereist geavanceerde technologieën voor resource-extractie en verwerking. Zo werken verschillende projecten aan systemen die in staat zijn om water te winnen uit ijs, dat vervolgens kan worden opgespoten en hergebruikt voor drinkwater en als oplosmiddel in de productieprocessen. Het gebruik van lokale hulpbronnen vermindert niet alleen de kosten en logistieke afhankelijkheid van de aarde, maar maakt de missie ook veel duurzamer en veiliger.

Bovendien is het herbruikbaar maken van materialen van groot belang voor duurzame levensonderhoud. Bijvoorbeeld, 3D-printtechnologieën kunnen worden ingezet voor het produceren van reserveonderdelen of gereedschappen op de oppervlakte, waardoor de voorraad van alles wat wordt meegebracht op aarde, aanzienlijk kan worden verminderd. Het is dus essentieel dat de technologieën voor resource-exploitatie en recycling robuust, betrouwbaar en efficiënt zijn, zodat de bemanning niet afhankelijk wordt van onbetaalbare of moeilijk te verkrijgen voorraden van buitenaf.

Kortom, logistieke uitdagingen in een Marsmissie vragen om innovatieve, integrale oplossingen gebaseerd op geavanceerde technologieën voor voorraadbeheer, resource-exploitatie en recycling. Alleen door een strategische en slimme aanpak kunnen we de lange termijn zelfvoorzienendheid en veiligheid van toekomstige Marsbewoners waarborgen.

Menselijke Uitdagingen

1. Psychologie en Gezondheid

Het verblijf in de ruimte, vooral tijdens langeafstandsmissies, brengt aanzienlijke psychologische uitdagingen met zich mee die de mentale stabiliteit van astronauten ernstig kunnen beïnvloeden. De lange periodes van isolement en beperkte sociale interactie met een klein team zorgen voor een gevoel van eenzaamheid en isolatie, wat kan leiden tot depressieve gevoelens en angststoestanden. Daarnaast moeten astronauten omgaan met voortdurende stress die voortkomt uit technische storingen, gevaarlijke situaties en het feit dat hulp van de aarde niet altijd snel of gemakkelijk verkrijgbaar is.

Een andere belangrijke factor is de angst voor mislukking of gevaar, vooral wanneer er zich problemen voordoen die directe actie vereisen. Dit kan leiden tot verhoogde spanning en emotionele drain. Communicatie met het thuisfront speelt hierbij een cruciale rol: het gebrek aan directe, emotionele ondersteuning kan het gevoel van eenzaamheid versterken. Het is daarom essentieel om geavanceerde psychologische ondersteuning en regelmatige counselling-sessies te bieden, zowel via videoconferenties als via virtuele realiteit-ervaringen die een gevoel van nabijheid en verbinding creëren.

Daarnaast moet er voorzien worden in entertainment- en ontspanningsmogelijkheden om stress te verminderen en mentaal welzijn te bevorderen. Dit kan variëren van virtual reality-ervaringen en videospellen tot muzikale en artistieke activiteiten die afleiding en creativiteit stimuleren. Training in stressmanagement, meditatie en mindfulness kan ook helpen bij het handhaven van de emotionele balans. Al deze maatregelen dragen bij aan het voorkomen van langdurige psychische problemen en zorgen dat astronauten mentaal sterk blijven gedurende het hele missieproces.

2. Fysiologische Veranderingen

De omstandigheden in de ruimte, zoals langdurige gewichtloosheid en microzwaartekracht, veroorzaken ingrijpende fysiologische veranderingen bij astronauten. Een van de meest prominente problemen is spieratrofie, waarbij de spieren — vooral die gebruikt voor lopen en tillen — in kracht en omvang afnemen door het ontbreken van zwaartekrachtseisen. Dit kan het lichaamsvermogen ernstig verminderen en brengt operationele risico’s met zich mee. Hetzelfde geldt voor botontkalking; zonder de belasting die zwaartekracht normaal gesproken op botweefsel uitoefent, neemt de botdichtheid af, wat het risico op fracturen verhoogt.

Daarnaast kunnen cardiovasculaire systemen worden aangetast doordat het hart in gewichtloze omstandigheden minder hoeft te pompen, wat kan leiden tot een afname in cardiovasculaire capaciteit. Bovendien passen andere organen zich aan aan de microzwaartekracht, wat kan leiden tot veranderingen in de bloeddruk, de bloedsamenstelling en het evenwicht van lichaamsvocht.

Om deze fysiologische effecten te beperken, worden uitgebreide oefenprogramma’s ontwikkeld die gericht zijn op kracht en uithoudingsvermogen. Speciale apparatuur zoals loopbanden, krachtmachines en gewichtloosheidstrainers maken het mogelijk om weerstandsoefeningen uit te voeren. Medicatie zoals botversterkingsmiddelen en vitamines kunnen verdere botontkalking voorkomen. Fysiotherapie en regelmatige medische controles maken eveneens deel uit van het gezondheidsbeheer, zodat problemen tijdig worden geïdentificeerd en aangepakt. Het handhaven van de fysieke gezondheid van astronauten is essentieel voor het succes van de missie en voor hun lange termijn welzijn na terugkeer op aarde.

De Missie: Organisatie en Uitvoering

Voor de succesvolle humanitaire exploratie van Mars moeten de plannen ontworpen en uitgevoerd worden met de grootste precisie. Verschillende ruimtevaartorganisaties en private ondernemingen werken hard aan het ontwikkelen van een overzichtelijke, haalbare missie.

Doelstellingen van de Missie

1. Wetenschappelijke Onderzoek

Het primaire doel van de missie is het uitvoeren van uitgebreid wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar Mars’ geologie, klimaat en mogelijke biosignaturen. Door middel van geologische monsters en remote sensing technieken willen wetenschappers ontdekken wat de geschiedenis van de planeet is en of er ooit een levensvatbare omgeving heeft bestaan. Het bestuderen van de geologische lagen, mineralogische composities en ondergrondse structuur helpt bij het reconstrueren van het klimatische verleden van Mars en het identificeren van plaatsen waar water ooit aanwezig was of nog steeds mogelijk is. Daarnaast wordt gezocht naar biosignaturen, sporen van mogelijk oud leven, zoals microfossielen of chemische markers die door biologie kunnen worden verklaard. Het vergaren van deze informatie is cruciaal om de vraag te beantwoorden of Mars ooit levend is geweest en onder welke omstandigheden dat mogelijk was. Deze inzichten bieden niet alleen wetenschappelijke kennis, maar versterken ook ons begrip van de algemene omstandigheden waarin leven overal in het universum kan ontstaan. Het uitgebreide wetenschappelijke onderzoek vormt daardoor de fundering voor verdere exploratie en toekomstige menselijke aanwezigheid, en helpt om de planeet beter te kunnen beschermen en duurzaam te bestuderen.

2. Planetair Verkennen

Naast wetenschappelijke doeleinden wordt de missie ingezet om Mars’ natuurlijke hulpbronnen te inspecteren en te testen of technologieën die voor toekomstige bewoning en exploitatie noodzakelijk zijn, haalbaar en efficiënt werken. Het in kaart brengen van waterbronnen, ijslagen en minerale afzettingen is essentieel voor het plannen van langdurige bemande missies en potentiële kolonisaties. Het gebruik van in situ resource utilization (ISRU) technologische systemen stelt astronauten in staat om zelf meststoffen, water of brandstof te produceren uit Mars’ eigen hulpbronnen. Dit verlaagt de afhankelijkheid van resupply vanuit aarde en bevordert duurzaamheid. Daarnaast wordt de operationele betrouwbaarheid van habitatbouwsystemen, robotica en transporttechnologieën getest om te bepalen wat onder de vele omstandigheden op Mars effectief en betrouwbaar is. Het verkennen van de planeet dient ook om potentiële gevaren en uitdagingen tijdig te identificeren, zoals extreme temperaturen, stofstormen en stralingsniveaus. Deze informatie is essentieel voor het veilig en succesvol uitvoeren van toekomstige menselijke reizen en het opzetten van infrastructuur op Mars, waarmee een stevige basis wordt gelegd voor verdere menselijke aanwezigheid op de planeet.

3. Menselijke Aanwezigheid

Het opzetten van een duurzame menselijke aanwezigheid op Mars vormt een van de kernpunten van de missie. Het doel is niet alleen tijdelijke verkenning, maar het vestigen van een zelfvoorzienende nederzetting die op lange termijn kan bestaan. Dit omvat de ontwikkeling en tests van habitatmodules, levensondersteunende systemen en het beheer van voedsel- en waterbronnen. Een duurzame nederzetting vraagt om technologieën voor hernieuwbare energie, zoals zonne-energie en mogelijk nucleaire krachtbronnen, zodat de bewoners niet afhankelijk zijn van externe voorraad. Daarnaast wordt onderzoek gedaan naar het overleven onder de Martiaanse omstandigheden, zoals het omgaan met straling, lagere zwaartekracht en psychologische factoren waar de mens mee te maken krijgt tijdens langdurige expeditie. Een ander belangrijk aspect is het mogelijk initiëren van mijnbouwactiviteiten voor essentiële materialen, wat de zelfvoorzienendheid verder vergroot en de economische haalbaarheid van een permanent menselijk onderkomen op Mars mogelijk maakt. Door het vestigen van een menselijke aanwezigheid wil de missie de eerste stappen zetten naar een nieuwe samenleving op een andere planeet en de mensheid voorbereiden op verdere interplanetaire exploratie.

Missie naar Mars: Twee Fasen van de Missie

De verkenning van Mars vormt een van de meest ambitieuze doelen binnen de ruimtevaart. Het opzetten van een menselijke aanwezigheid op de rode planeet vereist uitgebreide voorbereiding, technologische innovatie en langdurige planning. De missie kan in twee hoofdfasen worden onderverdeeld: de voorbereidende en lanceringsfase, en de daadwerkelijke verkenning en vestiging op Mars. Hieronder worden deze twee fasen uitgebreid beschreven, inclusief de verschillende activiteiten, uitdagingen en doelstellingen die elke fase kenmerkt.

1. Voorbereiding en Lancering

a. Technologische ontwikkeling en testen

De eerste fase van de missie draait grotendeels om het ontwikkelen en testen van de benodigde technologieën. Dit omvat onder andere de bouw en verfijning van draagraketten die krachtig genoeg moeten zijn om een ruimtereis van meerdere maanden te ondersteunen. De draagraketten vormen het fundament voor het transport van alle voorbereidende modules, voertuigen en materialen die nodig zijn om een menselijke aanwezigheid op Mars mogelijk te maken.

Daarnaast worden landingsmodules en habitats ontworpen, met speciale aandacht voor veiligheid, duurzaamheid, en het functioneren onder de Mars-omstandigheden. Vorig jaar hebben verschillende ruimtevaartorganisaties en bedrijven zoals NASA, ESA, SpaceX en anderen prototypes getest onder vergelijkbare omstandigheden, om het landingsproces en de kritieke systemen te optimaliseren.

b. Testvluchten en simulaties

In deze fase worden uitgebreide simulaties uitgevoerd en testvluchten georganiseerd. Deze tests richten zich op het bevestigen van de functionaliteit van de technologieën, zoals de werking van de landingstechnologie, de terugkeer- en ondersteuningssystemen, en de levensondersteuningssystemen. Ook wordt de betrouwbaarheid van nieuwe materialen en fabricagetechnieken gecontroleerd.

Veel van deze tests vinden plaats op aarde, in speciale faciliteiten die de omstandigheden van Mars nabootsen, zoals stralingsniveau, bodemtype en atmosfeer. Sommige experimenten omvatten het gebruik van robots en onbemande verkenningsvoertuigen die de terreinstructuur en de beschikbare hulpbronnen beoordelen.

c. Planning en internationale samenwerking

De voorbereiding omvat ook een uitgebreide planning en coördinatie tussen verschillende dus internationale partners en commerciële partijen. Elke organisatie heeft haar eigen rol en verantwoordelijkheden, variërend van het lanceren van draagraketten tot het bouwen van habitats en het voorzien in de logistieke behoeften.

Deze samenwerking zorgt voor een gecoördineerde aanpak en het delen van kennis. Daarnaast wordt rekening gehouden met het oplopen van kosten en de logistieke complexiteit van de missie. Een belangrijke prioriteit is het afstemmen van tijdschema’s, risicoanalyses en het opstellen van back-up plannen voor mogelijke tegenslagen.

d. De lancering van de ‘Mars Transit Vehicle’

De daadwerkelijke lancering wordt gepland zodra alle systemen volledig getest en klaar zijn. De ‘Mars Transit Vehicle’, een speciaal gebouwde ruimtetuig dat dient als drager voor de crew en voortplantingssystemen, wordt gelanceerd zodra de lanceerpunten beschikbaar zijn. Deze grote, krachtige raket brengt de missie in een baan om de aarde en zet het voertuig in een veilige traject naar Mars.

Tijdens de voorbereidingsfase wordt ook gezorgd dat alles gereed is om de omstandigheden tijdens de reis te overleven, zoals voeding, medische voorzieningen, en communicatiesystemen. Het inrichten van de logistieke keten en het trainen van de bemanning speelt ook een cruciale rol in deze voorbereidende fase.

2. De Reis

a. Reisduur en technologische uitdagingen

De reis naar Mars varieert afhankelijk van de technologie en de planetenbanen, maar duurt meestal tussen 6 en 9 maanden. De grote uitdaging hierbij is om de bemanning en systemen veilig en gezond te houden gedurende deze periode.

Gebruikmakend van de nieuwste voortstuwingstechnologieën, zoals nucleaire aandrijving of geavanceerde chemische motoren, wordt geprobeerd de reis zo kort mogelijk te maken, wat zorgt voor minder ruis- en stralingsbelasting. Verder moet de reis voorzien in een stabiele omgeving die medische controles, rustperioden en communicatie met de aarde mogelijk maakt.

b. In situ hulpbronnengebruik (UH)

Tijdens de reis worden ook voorbereidingen getroffen voor het gebruik van in situ hulpbronnen (In Situ Resource Utilization, ISRU). Dit betekent dat de bemanning en systemen al tijdens de reis materialen en hulpbronnen kunnen verzamelen en verwerken, zoals het omzetten van marsbodem en -ijs in drinkwater, zuurstof en zelfs brandstof. Dit vermindert de afhankelijkheid van vooropgezette voorraden en vergemakkelijkt de toekomstige, permanente vestiging.

c. Gezondheid en welzijn van de bemanning

Het behouden van de fysieke en mentale gezondheid van de bemanning is essentieel. Daarom worden uitgebreide medische controles en routines gedurende de reis gehandhaafd, inclusief oefenprogramma’s en communicatie met familie en medische teams op aarde. Psychologische ondersteuning, rustperioden, en entertainment zijn belangrijke elementen om de motivatie en het welzijn van de crew op peil te houden.

3. Aankomst en Landing

a. Keuze van landingsplaatsen

Eenmaal aangekomen bij Mars wordt de landing uitgevoerd op vooraf geselecteerde locaties, afhankelijk van de wetenschappelijke en operationele doelen. Hierbij wordt gekeken naar de aanwezigheid van hulpbronnen zoals ijs, mineraalrijke bodem en veilige terreinstructuur. Sommige locaties, zoals de krater Gale of de vlakte van Utopia Planitia, worden vaak genoemd als potentiële landingsplaatsen.

Het wordt cruciaal dat de landingssystemen betrouwbaar en flexibel zijn, omdat de Mars-omgeving onvoorspelbaar kan zijn. Hiervoor worden speciale landingsmodules en parachutes ontwikkeld die gecontroleerde landingen mogelijk maken.

b. Veiligheid en habitattechnologie

Omdat de omgeving op Mars bijzonder gevaarlijk is, spelen veilige landingssystemen en robuuste habitats een centrale rol. De habitats moeten bestand zijn tegen stralings, extreme temperaturen en de dunne atmosfeer. Modulariteit en eenvoudige aanpassing vormen de kern van het ontwerp, zodat toekomstige uitbreidingen en reparaties mogelijk zijn.

4. Op Mars

a. Wetenschappelijk en onderzoeksactiviteiten

Na aankomst begint de werkfase op Mars. Het eerste aandachtspunt is het opzetten en activeren van installaties voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek en grondverkenning. Robuuste robots en extravehiculair werk (EVA) maken het mogelijk om de omgeving te bestuderen en in kaart te brengen, evenals hulpbronnen te verzamelen en te verwerken.

b. Omgaan met hulpbronnen en bouwactiviteiten

Het benutten van lokale hulpbronnen is de basis voor het bestaan op Mars. Dit wordt gerealiseerd door het opzetten van systemen voor het extraheren van water uit ijslagen, het produceren van zuurstof uit de atmosfeer en het fabriceren van brandstoffen. Op termijn kunnen semi-permanente en zelfs permanente structuren worden gebouwd, waarbij modulaire habitats worden uitgebreid met extra modules voor onderzoeken, landbouw en leefruimte.

c. Extravehiculair werk en verkenning

EVA’s bieden de mogelijkheid voor de astronauten om de omgeving te verkennen, nieuwe locaties te beoordelen en hulpbronnen te verzamelen. Het draagbare en geautomatiseerde verkenningsmateriaal wordt uitgebreid om lange expedities mogelijk te maken.

5. Terugkeer en Continuïteit

a. Afsluiten en terugreis

Na een afgesproken periode op Mars wordt de missie voorbereid op de terugreis. Hierbij worden alle benodigde materialen en gegevens veiliggesteld en voorbereid voor de terugkeer naar de aarde. De astronauten worden geëvalueerd en opnieuw klaargemaakt voor de reis.

b. Opvolging en ontwikkeling van permanente aanwezigheid

Het uiteindelijke doel is niet slechts een korte verkenning, maar het vestigen van een levensvatbare, permanente aanwezigheid op Mars. Door het verzamelen van wetenschappelijke data en het ontwikkelen van duurzame systemen wordt gewerkt aan het opzetten van een basis voor langetermijngebruik. Dit helpt niet alleen bij verdere verkenningen, maar ook bij het voorbereiden van toekomstige menselijke kolonies.

Samenvatting

De missie naar Mars is opgebouwd uit twee grote fasen: een uitgebreide voorbereiding en lancering, gevolgd door een langdurige reis en verblijf op de planeet zelf. Deze missie vereist niet alleen natuurwetenschappelijke en technologische doorbraken, maar ook internationale samenwerking, logistiek, en innovatieve benaderingen van hulpbronnengebruik. De succesvolle uitvoering van deze twee fasen kan de mensheid brengen tot een nieuwe grens in de ruimteverkenning en het mogelijk maken van een blijvende menselijke aanwezigheid op Mars.

De Mogelijkheden: Wat kan Mars ons bieden?

De verkenning en kolonisatie van Mars zijn niet alleen een grote technologische uitdaging, maar bieden ook enorme kansen op verschillende gebieden.

Wetenschappelijke Mogelijkheden

1. Levenswetenschappen en Astrobiologie
Mars biedt een unieke kans om de vraag te beantwoorden of er ooit leven heeft bestaan buiten de aarde. Door de analyse van rotsen, mineralen en chemische samenstellingen kunnen wetenschappers aanwijzingen vinden die erop wijzen dat water ooit vloeibaar aanwezig was of dat micro-organismen mogelijk hebben kunnen overleven. Het bestuderen van de geologische en atmosferische geschiedenis van Mars helpt ons beter te begrijpen in hoeverre de omstandigheden ooit geschikt waren voor het ontstaan van leven. Atmosferische modellen kunnen laten zien hoe het klimaat op Mars in de loop van de tijd is veranderd, wat mogelijk wijst op periodes van habitabiliteit. Daarnaast kunnen monsters die teruggebracht worden naar aard worden onderzocht op sporen van organische verbindingen, wat belangrijke inzichten kan geven over de universele verschijnselen die mogelijk tot leven leiden. Deze wetenschappelijke zoektocht helpt niet alleen om de geschiedenis van Mars te ontrafelen, maar kan ook antwoorden bieden op de universele vraag of wij niet de enigen zijn in het heelal. Het ontdekken van eventueel fossiele micro-organismen zou een revolutie betekenen in de biologische wetenschappen en onze kijk op het leven in het universum aanzienlijk veranderen.

2. Geologische en Klimaatwetenschap
Het onderzoeken van de geologie van Mars, zoals stratificaties, vulkanische formaties en sedimentlagen, geeft inzicht in de geologische geschiedenis van de planeet. Door het bestuderen van rotsformaties kunnen wetenschappers de processen achter de vorming van de planeet, zoals vulkanisme, tectoniek en impactbanen, reconstrueren. Daarnaast speelt het klimaatgebeurtenis een centrale rol: het begrijpen van de veranderingen in atmosfeer en temperatuur door de tijd heen helpt ons te ontdekken waarom Mars nu zo droog en ijzig is. Door klimaatmodellen te gebruiken, kunnen we de periodes identificeren waarin de planeet mogelijk een milder klimaat had, vergelijkbaar met dat van de Aarde. Deze kennis kan niet alleen de evolutie van Mars verklaren, maar geeft ook inzichten in de aardse geschiedenis, zoals de factoren die het klimaat in de loop der tijd hebben beïnvloed. Verder helpt dit onderzoek bij het voorspellen van toekomstige klimaatveranderingen op Aarde en het ontwikkelen van strategieën om Extreme weer en klimaatwijzigingen beter aan te pakken.

Technologische Innovaties

Het plannen en uitvoeren van een missie naar Mars stimuleert voortdurende technologische innovaties met enorme toepasbaarheid op aarde. Voor dergelijke missies worden geavanceerde systemen ontwikkeld op het gebied van energiebeheer, zoals duurzame energiebronnen en efficiënte energieopslag. Onderzoek naar waterrecyclingtechnieken voor de verrijking van middelen op Mars leidt tot verbeteringen in waterbeheer en -hergebruik in aride en afgelegen regio’s op aard. Kunstmatige intelligentie en robotica worden ingezet voor het besturen van onduidelijke en gevaarlijke omgevingen, wat resulteert in autonome systemen die ook in de medische sector, landbouw en infrastructuur kunnen worden toegepast. Daarnaast schakelen onderzoekers zich in robotische technologieën die menselijke missies ondersteunen en uiteindelijk zelfvoorziening op Mars mogelijk maken. Deze technologische vooruitgang zorgt voor duurzame ontwikkeling en innovaties die ten goede komen aan diverse sectoren op aarde, zoals de energietransitie, gezondheidszorg en landbouw. Bovendien dragen de vernieuwde technische kennis en vaardigheden bij aan de economische kracht en strategische autonomie van landen die investeren in ruimtevaart.

Economische en Strategische Voordelen

Het langdurig mennen van hulpbronnen op Mars – zoals waterijs, mineralen en mogelijk andere energiebronnen – kan een omzetgevende sector worden die nieuwe industrieën stimuleert. Water op Mars kan bijvoorbeeld worden omgezet in drinkwater, brandstof en zuurstof, essentieel voor het voortzetten van toekomstige ruimtemissies én voor de aardse industrieën. Mineralen die op Mars gevonden worden, kunnen nieuwe markten openen voor robotische mijnbouw en materiaalproductie. Daarnaast kan de aanwezigheid op Mars strategisch belangrijk zijn voor geopolitieke macht en invloed, vooral als landen exclusieve toegang en controle krijgen tot buitenaardse hulpbronnen. Dit leidt tot nieuwe geopolitieke machtsverhoudingen en economische allianties, waarbij ruimtevaart een belangrijke rol speelt in het wereldwijde concurrentiespel. Het ontwikkelen van infrastructuur op Mars, zoals basisinstallaties en communicatie-netwerken, stimuleert bovendien de creatie van hoogtechnologische banen en economische groei in de betrokken landen en private bedrijven. De commerciële ruimtevaartsector profiteert hierdoor enorm, wat een aanzet is tot de verdere ontwikkeling van een buitenaardse economie die op termijn nieuwe markten en zakelijke kansen creëert.

Duurzame Bewoning en Missies op de Aarde

De ervaringen en innovaties opgedaan tijdens de plannen en uitvoeringen van bemande missies naar Mars kunnen ook waardevolle toepassingen hebben voor de bescherming en verduurzaming van onze planeet. Technologieën ontwikkeld voor het overleven in extreme omstandigheden, zoals isolatie, water- en voedselvoorziening en energiebeheer, kunnen worden geïmplementeerd in gebieden op aarde die geconfronteerd worden met droogte, kou en voedseltekorten. Bijvoorbeeld, systemen die water efficiënt recyclen en energie besparen kunnen in droge gebieden helpen bij het ontwikkelen van duurzame leefomgevingen. De kennis over het omgaan met de uitdagingen van een gesloten ecosysteem op Mars kan leiden tot nieuwe technieken voor het ontwerpen van autonome en zelfvoorzienende stadsdelen op Aarde. Bovendien stimuleert de marstechnologie een cultuur van duurzame innovatie, waarin eco-efficiëntie en milieubescherming centraal staan. Deze kennis en technologie kunnen ook helpen bij het bestrijden van klimaatverandering door het ontwikkelen van nieuwe, efficiënte energie- en watermanagementsystemen en het verbeteren van rampenbestrijdingstechnologieën. Zo draagt de ruimtewetenschap bij aan het creëren van een toekomstbestendige en veerkrachtige aarde.

Toekomstperspectieven en Conclusie

De ambitie om naar Mars te reizen en er menselijke bewoning tot stand te brengen, is een ambitieuze en uitdagende onderneming die innovatieve technologie, internationale samenwerking en lange termijn planning vereist. De obstakels die voor ons liggen, variëren van technische en logistieke problemen tot menselijke en psychologische wortels.

Ondanks deze uitdagingen opent de missie naar Mars ongekende mogelijkheden op het gebied van wetenschap, technologie, economie en menselijke ontwikkeling. Het is niet alleen een zoektocht naar nieuwe werelden, maar ook een spiegel voor onze eigen evolutie, onze veerkracht en onze vaardigheden om samen complexe doelen te behalen.

In de toekomst zou Mars niet slechts een bestemming zijn voor wetenschappelijke ontdekking, maar mogelijk een tweede thuis voor de mensheid. De inspanningen die nu gedaan worden, vormen de basis voor een nieuwe epoch van exploratie en innovatie — een die ons kan leiden naar een bredere, meer verbonden en veerkrachtige mensheid.

Eindwoord

De reis naar Mars symboliseert onze voortdurende drang om te ontdekken, te verbeteren en te overwinnen. Hoewel we geconfronteerd worden met enorme problemen en risico’s, bieden de technologische mogelijkheden en de collectieve kracht van menselijke aspiraties een hoopvolle toekomst. Door met vastberadenheid, vernuft en samenwerking de uitdagingen te overwinnen, kunnen we de Rode Planeet betreden en misschien wel, op termijn, een nieuwe wereld voor de mensheid creëren.

{ PETER2011}

17-10-2025 om 22:02 geschreven door peter  

James Webb telescope finds something 'very exciting' shooting out of first black hole ever imaged

{ https://www.livescience.com/space }

17-10-2025 om 21:06 geschreven door peter  

Researchers at Johns Hopkins University have reported an important discovery related to dark matter. The mysterious diffuse glow of gamma rays near the center of the Milky Way may be caused by collisions between its particles.

Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to not participate in electromagnetic interactions and accounts for about a quarter of the mass-energy of the Universe. Since dark matter is a fundamental building block of the cosmos, studying it is important for understanding how the structure of galaxy clusters that we observe today developed and evolved.

Scientists around the world are searching for evidence of dark matter. Among them are researchers from Johns Hopkins University. In their research, they drew attention to a phenomenon that has been troubling the scientific community for many decades. It is about the diffuse gamma-ray glow near the center of the Milky Way. There are two main hypotheses explaining its appearance. According to the first, their source is rapidly rotating neutron stars. According to the other, it is all about the collision of dark matter particles.

Today, the Milky Way is a relatively closed system, with no materials entering or leaving it. But this was not always the case. During the first billion years, many smaller galaxies containing dark matter became part of it as building blocks. As dark matter particles were drawn toward the center of the galaxy and clustered together, the number of dark matter collisions increased.

An international team of researchers used supercomputers to create maps of the distribution of dark matter in the Milky Way, taking into account its formation history for the first time. When researchers included more realistic collisions with galaxies, their simulated maps matched the actual gamma-ray maps obtained by the Fermi space telescope.

These matching maps extend the triad of evidence suggesting that the excess gamma radiation in the center of the Milky Way may originate from dark matter. Gamma radiation emitted from collisions of dark matter particles will produce the same signal and have the same properties as that observed in the real world, researchers say, although this is not definitive proof. 

An alternative explanation for the phenomenon is radiation emitted by rapidly rotating old neutron stars (millisecond pulsars). However, according to researchers, this theory is incomplete. To explain the observed pattern, there have to be more pulsars than astronomers have observed.

The final answer may come with the construction of a new gamma-ray telescope called the Cherenkov Telescope Array. Researchers believe that its higher-resolution data will finally help solve this paradox. They are already planning a new experiment that will either confirm or refute the dark matter hypothesis. 

Earlier, we reported on how astronomers discovered a tiny “brick” of dark matter at the edge of the Universe.

• According to Phys.org

• Posted in News, Science

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/news-en/science-en/ }

17-10-2025 om 16:07 geschreven door peter  

Unexpected discovery on Saturn's moon challenges view on chemistry before life emerged

Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden and the US space agency NASA have made an unexpected discovery that challenges one of the basic rules of chemistry and provides new knowledge about Saturn's enigmatic moon Titan

In its extremely cold environment, normally incompatible substances can still be mixed. This discovery broadens our understanding of chemistry before the emergence of life.

Scientists have long been interested in Saturn's largest, orange-colored moon as its evolution can teach us more about our own planet and the earliest chemical steps towards life. Titan's cold environment, and its thick nitrogen and methane-filled atmosphere, has many similarities to the conditions thought to have existed on the young Earth billions of years ago. By studying Titan, researchers therefore hope to find clues about the origin of life.

Martin Rahm, Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Chalmers, has been working for a long time to understand more about what is happening on Titan. He now hopes that the research group's surprising discovery, that certain polar and nonpolar substances can combine, will inform future studies of Titan.

"These are very exciting findings that can help us understand something on a very large scale, a moon as big as the planet Mercury," he says.

New insights into the building blocks of life in extreme environments

The researchers' paper, which has been published in PNAS, shows that methane, ethane and hydrogen cyanide—which exist in large quantities in the atmosphere and on the surface of Titan—can interact in a manner that was not previously considered possible.

That hydrogen cyanide, an exceptionally polar molecule, can form crystals with completely nonpolar substances such as methane and ethane is surprising because such substances normally remain strictly separate, much like oil and water.

"The discovery of the unexpected interaction between these substances could affect how we understand Titan's geology and its strange landscapes of lakes, seas and sand dunes," says Martin Rahm, who led the study.

"In addition, hydrogen cyanide is likely to play an important role in the abiotic creation of several of life's building blocks, for example, amino acids, which are used for the construction of proteins, and nucleobases, which are needed for the genetic code. So our work also contributes insights into chemistry before the emergence of life, and how it might proceed in extreme, inhospitable environments."

An unanswered question led to NASA collaboration

The background to the Chalmers study is an unanswered question about Titan: What happens to hydrogen cyanide after it is created in Titan's atmosphere? Are there meters of it deposited on the surface or has it interacted or reacted with its surroundings in some way?

To seek the answer, a group at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California began conducting experiments in which they mixed hydrogen cyanide with methane and ethane at temperatures as low as 90 Kelvin (about -180 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, hydrogen cyanide is a crystal, and methane and ethane are liquids.

When they studied such mixtures using laser spectroscopy, a method for examining materials and molecules at the atomic level, they found that the molecules were intact, but that something had still happened. To understand what, they contacted Martin Rahm's research group at Chalmers, which had conducted extensive research into hydrogen cyanide.

"This led to an exciting theoretical and experimental collaboration between Chalmers and NASA. The question we asked ourselves was a bit crazy: Can the measurements be explained by a crystal structure in which methane or ethane is mixed with hydrogen cyanide? This contradicts a rule in chemistry, 'like dissolves like," which basically means that it should not be possible to combine these polar and nonpolar substances," says Rahm.

Expanding the boundaries of chemistry

The Chalmers researchers used large scale computer simulations to test thousands of different ways of organizing the molecules in the solid state, in search of answers.

In their analysis, they found that hydrocarbons had penetrated the crystal lattice of hydrogen cyanide and formed stable new structures known as co-crystals.

"This can happen at very low temperatures, like those on Titan. Our calculations predicted not only that the unexpected mixtures are stable under Titan's conditions, but also spectra of light that coincide well with NASA's measurements," he says.

The discovery challenges one of the best-known rules of chemistry, but Martin Rahm does not think it is time to rewrite the chemistry books.

"I see it as a nice example of when boundaries are moved in chemistry and a universally accepted rule does not always apply," he says.

In 2034, NASA's space probe Dragonfly is expected to reach Titan, with the aim of investigating what is on its surface. Until then, Martin Rahm and his colleagues plan to continue exploring hydrogen cyanide chemistry, partly in collaboration with NASA.

"Hydrogen cyanide is found in many places in the universe, for example in large dust clouds, in planetary atmospheres and in comets. The findings of our study may help us understand what happens in other cold environments in space. And we may be able to find out if other nonpolar molecules can also enter the hydrogen cyanide crystals and, if so, what this might mean for the chemistry preceding the emergence of life," he says.

In 2028, the US space agency NASA plans to launch the Dragonfly space probe, which is expected to reach Titan in 2034. The aim is to study prebiotic chemistry, the chemistry that precedes life, and to look for signs of life.

• More information: Fernando Izquierdo-Ruiz et al, Hydrogen cyanide and hydrocarbons mix on Titan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2507522122
• Provided by Chalmers University of Technology
• This story was originally published on Phys.org.

{ phys.org }

17-10-2025 om 14:25 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious dark matter is seen for the first time: Eerie image shows elusive substance that makes up 25% of the universe - and baffles scientists

• READ MORE: Scientists capture an image of two black holes circling each other

By WILIAM HUNTER, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY REPORTER

Despite making up more than a quarter of the universe, dark matter has remained stubbornly hidden from scientists' telescopes for decades.

But researchers from Johns Hopkins University now believe they have found the evidence they have been searching for.

While the elusive substance doesn't give off any energy of its own, when dark matter particles collide, they produce a burst of gamma–ray radiation.

For this reason, researchers believe the mysterious gamma–ray glow coming from inside our very own galaxy could reveal exactly where dark matter is hiding.

If they are right, this could be the first concrete proof that dark matter really exists.

'Dark matter dominates the universe and holds galaxies together,' said Professor Joseph Silk, co–author of the study.

'It's extremely consequential and we're desperately thinking all the time of ideas as to how we could detect it.

'Gamma rays, and specifically the excess light we're observing at the centre of our galaxy, could be our first clue.'

Scientists say that a glow of gamma ray radiation from the Milky Way could be evidence that dark matter exists. In a new paper, researchers argue that this glow is produced by colliding particles of dark matter 

Dark matter is an elusive type of particle that makes up a large part of the extra mass that is 'missing' from most galaxies.

Although scientists can see the gravitational effects this hidden mass creates, dark matter doesn't give off any energy of its own that our telescopes can detect.

Since 2008, NASA's Fermi satellite has been slowly piecing together a picture of the Milky Way using gamma rays.

When scientists looked at this gamma ray picture of the galaxy, they noticed something extremely unusual.

The centre of the Milky Way seemed to be filled with a diffuse glow of gamma radiation that didn't appear to come from any specific source.

To explain this, scientists put forward two competing explanations. 

Either the glow was caused by the spinning cores of dying stars – or it was was caused by colliding dark matter.

However, figuring out which of these explanations is the most likely has proved tricky.

Researchers believe the mysterious gamma–ray glow coming from inside our very own galaxy could reveal exactly where dark matter is hiding

What is dark matter?

Dark matter outweighs visible matter roughly six to one, making up about 27 per cent of the universe. 

Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not interact with the electromagnetic force. 

This means it does not absorb, reflect or emit light, making it extremely hard to spot.

In fact, researchers have been able to infer the existence of dark matter only from the gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter. 

Source: CERN 

In their study, published in the journal Physical Review Letters, the researchers used supercomputers to create a map of where dark matter should be in the galaxy.

What made their approach different was that they took into account how the Milky Way came into existence.

'Our galaxy formed out of a vast cloud of dark matter,' explains Professor Silk.

'The ordinary matter cooled down and fell into the central regions, dragging along some dark matter for the ride.'

Over billions of years, the dark matter from these other systems gravitated to the dense galactic core, and the number of collisions increased. 

When Professor Silk took these simulations and compared them to real pictures of the galaxy taken by Fermi, he found that their predictions were a match.

Although this isn't yet a 'smoking gun' for the existence of dark matter, it raises the tantalising possibility that the gamma ray glow really is coming from dark matter.

Speaking to the Daily Mail, Professor Silk said: 'Our key new result is that dark matter fits the gamma ray data at least as well as the rival neutron star hypothesis. 

In a new paper, scientists simulated where they thought dark matter should be in the galaxy (illustrated), and worked out what the pattern of gamma rays should look like. When they compared this to the actually distribution of gamma rays they found that the predictions matched 

We have increased the odds that dark matter has been indirectly detected.'

It is still possible that the gamma ray glow is being produced by spinning neutron stars.

Read More

• Scientists reveal the terrifyingly high odds a black hole will EXPLODE in the next 10 years 

Professor Silk says his 'great hope' is that the soon–to–be–constructed Cerenkov Telescope Array in Chile will be able to settle the debate once and for all.

This will be the world's most powerful gamma ray telescope, and should have the sensitivity to detect the tiny differences between gamma rays produced by dark matter and radiation from spinning neutron stars.

Alternatively, the telescope could scan nearby dwarf galaxies, which should be made mostly of dark matter.

'Detecting the same signal Fermi found for the galactic centre would confirm the dark matter hypothesis,' says Professor Silk.

RELATED

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

16-10-2025 om 23:33 geschreven door peter  

Earth to Pass Through the Same Taurid Meteor Stream in 2032 That May Have Triggered a Mass Extinction 12,800 Years Ago

Earth will travel right in front of the same Taurid meteor stream in 2032 that caused a mass extinction and worldwide flood ~12,800 years ago, plunging Earth into a mini-Ice Age for 1,300 years. Graham Hancock was right all this time but we did not listen to him.

Our solar system is a dangerous place, and every month Earth inches closer to one of its riskier places, the “Taurid swarm” of meteors. Our planet is predicted to pass directly through the “Taurid swarm” in November 2032.

An ancient monument found in Turkey might be more than just a monument—it could be the world’s oldest solar calendar. Researchers from the University of Edinburgh studied symbols carved on the pillars of Göbekli Tepe, a large, ancient site in southern Turkey. They think these carvings were used to track days, seasons, and years, like a calendar. (Source)

The team noticed that each “V” shape carved on the pillars might represent one day. One pillar even had 365 “V”s, the same number as days in a year. They also found that a special “V” around the neck of a bird-like figure could represent the summer solstice—the longest day of the year. This might explain why the “V” symbol shows up on many other statues in the area, often around the necks of figures connected to time and creation.

Mini Ice Age

The ancient calendar focused on tracking day, night, and seasonal changes, which might have become more important after a major comet hit Earth around 10,850 B.C. This event likely caused a mini-ice age that wiped out many species. According to Martin Sweatman, a researcher from the University of Edinburgh, the people at Gobekli Tepe were careful observers of the sky, possibly because the comet strike had changed their world.

This disaster may have sparked the beginning of civilization by starting new religious beliefs and pushing people to develop agriculture to survive the colder climate. Their carvings might be some of the earliest attempts at writing. These carvings also tracked the cycles of the Moon and Sun, long before similar calendars were made. They may have even shown for the first time that comet strikes are more likely to happen when Earth crosses the path of comet fragments, something that modern scientists have confirmed.

To help support this theory, the team points to another pillar at the site appearing to picture the Taurid meteor stream lasting 27 days, which was quite possibly the source of the ancient comet strike. The researchers believe that the temple carvings show the ancient civilization was recording dates precisely, noting how the movement of constellations across the sky differed based on the time of the year. This would be 10,000 years before Hipparchus of ancient Greece documented the wobble in the Earth’s axis in 150 BC, making this newfound calendar well ahead of its time.

The Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) cosmic-impact hypothesis suggests that around 12,800 years ago, Earth was hit by pieces of a large comet, which broke apart as it entered the inner solar system. This event likely caused a chain reaction, leading to an “impact winter” (a period of intense cold) and a climate change episode called the Younger Dryas (YD). (Source)

The collision is also believed to have caused massive wildfires, the extinction of large animals like mammoths, and changes in human cultures and population decline. Evidence of this impact includes unusually high levels of platinum found at 26 sites across the Northern Hemisphere, including in ice cores from Greenland, which show platinum deposits over a 21-year period.

The start of the Younger Dryas also shows an increase in dust and chemicals linked to wildfires, like ammonium and other burning aerosols, found in ice cores from Greenland, Antarctica, and Russia. These signs point to one of the biggest wildfire events in over 120,000 years, with about 9% of Earth’s forests burned, covering 10 million square kilometers.

This large-scale burning and the cooling effect of the impact may have triggered the Younger Dryas climate change, according to the theory.

A 2021 study (Taurid complex smoking gun) found that 88 near-Earth asteroids, hidden in the debris that creates the Taurid Meteor Shower, likely came from the breakup of a single comet about 20,000 years ago. Astronomers at the University of Antioquia in Colombia studied the ‘Taurid complex’ to learn more about where these objects came from.

In the 1980s, scientists William Napier and Victor Clube noticed large asteroids in the Taurid stream. They suggested these asteroids had the same origin as Comet Encke, which orbits the Sun every three years. However, some asteroids are over a mile wide, meaning they couldn’t have come from Comet Encke itself. Scientists Ignacio Ferrín and Vincenzo Orofino reviewed old research and measured light reflected from the larger asteroids.

They found more evidence that both Comet Encke and the big asteroids came from the breakup of a huge ice comet, 62 miles wide, about 20,000 years ago. The team warned that these asteroids could be dangerous to Earth, and others from the ancient comet might have already hit our planet in the past. Every year, Earth passes through a stream of debris, causing shooting stars to appear in October in the southern hemisphere and November in the north.

Comet Encke, first seen in 1786, left a trail of debris as it got closer to the sun, like other comets. This trail, made up of rocks, dust, and debris, sometimes comes close to Earth, leading to lots of scientific study. Some studies focus on larger asteroids.

Experts think impacts from the Taurid stream may have contributed to the extinction of ancient cultures and global cooling during the Younger Dryas period. The 1908 Tunguska event, where a small asteroid exploded above Russia, destroying millions of trees, is believed to be connected to this debris stream.

In 2013, the Chelyabinsk meteor, which injured over 1,500 people in Russia, may have also come from the Taurid stream. In 2005, NASA astronomer Rob Suggs observed a flash from a meteor hitting the moon, which was part of the Taurid meteor shower.

A team of Colombian researchers, along with astronomers from Italy’s University of Salento, reviewed many studies on space impacts. They confirmed that a group of space objects contains up to 88 large pieces. Using a method called secular light curves, they noticed changes in the brightness of these objects and found that 67% showed signs of “comet-like” activity. This supported the idea that these objects came from a common origin.

Napier, another scientist, supported their findings. He said that these asteroids, which have orbits like Comet Encke, could either be affected by unknown forces or are pieces of a larger, older comet that lost its gases. This original comet may have been a “rubble pile” – a mix of rocks and other materials held together by ice. Over time, this pile could have broken apart, possibly due to forces from the Sun or another object, creating smaller fragments.

One asteroid, Oljato, is an example of a rubble pile. It’s still held together by ice, which gives it comet-like activity, but it’s much smaller than its parent. Bigger inactive objects like Morpheus are similar, but their ice is trapped inside. Smaller objects, like 2006 SO198, might be the original rocky pieces. The team explained that even if an object looks like a regular asteroid, it could still have a comet-like origin.

Taurid meteors, part of this group, are usually larger than normal meteors. They shine brightly and go deeper into the Earth’s atmosphere, sometimes creating fireballs. While this is mostly harmless, the discovery of larger asteroids in one “dangerous” part of the meteor stream could be a real threat.

Earth passes through this risky area every few years, leading to more shooting stars and possibly large objects hitting Earth instead of burning up in the atmosphere. Future encounters are expected in 2022, 2025, 2032, and 2039.

In 2021, David Asher, Armagh Observatory astronomer predicted that in 2032 and 2036 we are likely to pass through the centre of the Taurid complex, where there will be a ‘noticeable enhancement of fireballs.’ According to study [Taurid complex smoking gun] authors Ignacio Ferrín and Vincenzo Orofino, outgassing from comet-like objects within the complex could be hiding smaller, but still potentially dangerous, asteroids that might hit the Earth.

‘The Tunguska cosmic body was 60 to 90 meters in diameter,’ he told Discover Magazine, adding that we ‘now believe the complex may contain many more objects of that size. It is not the tame, simple and innocent complex we thought it was.’

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://howandwhys.com/ }

16-10-2025 om 22:55 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

16-10-2025 om 22:33 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

16-10-2025 om 22:25 geschreven door peter  

America's most renowned 'prophet' makes startling prediction about alien 'mothership'

• READ MORE: Precise date interstellar visitor will reveal itself as 'alien mothership' or comet confirmed

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

A Christian pastor who accurately foresaw the assassination attempt on Donald Trump three months prior has shared a new vision about a threat in the sky.

Brandon Biggs claimed that God showed him a vision of an 'alien' ship flying over the Vatican and Mayan temples in Mexico.

'A major distraction is about to take place,' Biggs said in a YouTube video. 'I said, 'Lord, are there two of these?' And he said, 'No, it's just one.' 

'That's what's going to make everybody freak out because they're going to see it moving across the ocean. It's going to be something that's going to be on TV.'

Biggs shared the vision in July, just weeks after 3I/ATLAS was identified, claiming that it is not aliens, but 'demonic spirits.'

'There is no such thing as aliens. You need to hear me. But there are going to be things in the sky that are going to scare everybody in the days ahead because people are going to go, 'Oh, no. ET really exists.' No, it's fallen angels,' he said. 

Biggs admitted he did not know when his vision was set to take place, but warned that it would appear as a 'demonic-looking light' in the night sky.

His prediction has been met with criticisms online, with many users calling Biggs a 'false prophet.'

While there is no scientific or credible evidence to back up the claims, Biggs had accurately predicted the attack on Trump last year.

In April, Biggs posted a video detailing what he saw.

'This bullet flew by his ear, and it came so close to his head that it busted his eardrum,' he said

Three months later, Matthew Crooks, 20, took several shots at Trump, with one grazing his ear. But the bullet did not burst his eardrum.

While there are wild theories about the object, dubbed 3I/ATLAS, NASA has long determined it is nothing more than a comet from another part of the universe

Also during the segment, Biggs said he saw red waves in Michigan and Oklahoma during the 2024 Election, which ultimately occurred in both states.

Now that those predictions have come and passed, social media users fear the last vision could also come true.

Biggs' vision aligns with statements from Harvard Professor Avi Loeb, who speculated that 3I/ATLAS could be of extraterrestrial origin.

Loeb has also floated the idea that it is a mothership set to release tiny probes to intercept Earth.

Read More

•  Interstellar object spotted carrying mysterious companion that points to 'technological design' 

Dr Matthew Genge, a planetary scientist from Imperial College London, dismissed Loeb's claims, telling the Daily Mail that 3I/ATLAS is a natural object.

'Little green men certainly aren't responsible!' he added. 

Loeb said this week that the world will soon know the true origins of 3I/ATLAS, as the object will make its closest approach to the sun on October 29.

If it is a comet, it should 'disintegrate into fragments.'

'When a comet gets close to the sun, solar radiation heats its icy nucleus,' Loeb explained.

'Volatile ices like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or water sublimate directly into gas, carrying away dust and small rocks.

'This process can cause the comet to break apart if the mix of ice and dust cannot withstand the thermal stress.'

The European Space Agency's Jupiter probe will have a front-row seat, capturing the moment it either breaks apart or, as Loeb speculated, 'releases mini-probes as a technological mothership.'

Loeb noted there is a 30 to 40 percent chance the object 'does not have a fully natural origin,' noting the possibility it is a 'Trojan Horse,' where a technological object masquerades as a comet. 

The ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) craft will have a view of the object when it comes 125 million miles from the planet and monitor it through November.

'During November and December, terrestrial observatories will also be able to monitor 3I/ATLAS and check whether it disintegrated like a natural comet or released mini-probes as a technological mothership,' Loeb explained.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

16-10-2025 om 17:24 geschreven door peter  

On October 15–16, the recently discovered asteroid 2025 TP5 made a close flyby of Earth and then the Moon. It flew past our planet at a distance of less than 100,000 km. This is about four times less than the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.

Over the past few decades, astronomers have made significant efforts to catalog and search for potentially dangerous asteroids that could pose a threat to Earth. Their detection is handled, in particular, by the ATLAS system, which is funded by NASA. It consists of four automated telescopes, two of which are located in Hawaii, one in Chile, and another in South Africa. It was the ATLAS system that discovered the famous interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, which is currently approaching the Sun.

On October 13, ATLAS telescopes discovered a previously unknown asteroid, designated 2025 TP5. Its diameter is 16 meters.

On October 15, 2025, TP5 flew close to Earth. According to NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the minimum distance between the two bodies was 97,089 km. This is significantly less than the distance of most similar visits. However, in any case, the approach posed no threat to Earth. And the very next day, 2025 TP5 flew past the Moon at a distance of 120,084 km, which is also quite close by cosmic standards.

Interestingly, in 1979, 2025 TP5 already made a close flyby of Earth. But no one noticed the asteroid at that time. The discovery of 2025 TP5 clearly demonstrates the significantly increased capabilities of astronomers in searching for near-Earth asteroids. Technology has advanced to such an extent that several small asteroids approaching Earth are now detected every month. Recall that one of them flew over Earth at the altitude of the International Space Station in early October.

• According to Space.com

• Posted in News, Science

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/news-en/science-en/ }

16-10-2025 om 15:01 geschreven door peter  

Scientists are interested in the origin of a number of gullies on Mars. They believe that carbon dioxide may be responsible for their formation. More precisely, we are talking about its solid form, which is essentially ice.

Martian gullies

Was there really life on Mars? Unfortunately, there is no convincing evidence of this yet. However, some form of life seems to have been the driving force behind the mysterious Martian gullies. Geologist Dr. Lonneke Roelofs from Utrecht University investigated how these gullies were formed. During her experiment, she observed that blocks of CO2 ice “dug” these gullies in a unique way.

Other researchers had previously suggested that these blocks might play a role in the formation of gullies. Roelofs proved this by conducting an experiment in which blocks of CO2 ice actually carved out these gullies — a phenomenon that is unknown on Earth and has never been observed before.

Sublimation process

Ice appears on the dunes during the Martian winter, when temperatures drop to minus 120 degrees Celsius. By the end of winter, the slopes of the dunes heat up and blocks of ice break off, some of which are up to a meter long. Due to the thin atmosphere and the large temperature difference between the warm sand of the dunes and the ice, the lower part of the ice immediately turns into gas — a process called sublimation. Since a kilogram of gas takes up much more space than the same weight of ice, the ice, so to speak, explodes.

As a result of this process, the block gradually moves downward, leaving behind a long, deep gully with small sandy ridges on both sides. Such gullies can also be found on the Red Planet.

• Posted in News, Science

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/news-en/science-en/ }

15-10-2025 om 17:38 geschreven door peter  

US Air Force's nuclear-ready bomber spotted over Texas on secret mission

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

A US Air Force nuclear-capable B-52H Stratofortress has been spotted flying over Texas, raising questions about the purpose of the high-profile flight.

Flight tracking data showed the long-range, subsonic strategic bomber departed from Shreveport, Louisiana at 1:18pm ET on Tuesday, soaring up through Arkansas, into Oklahoma and is now flying over Texas.

The US Air Force describes the aircraft as a long-range, heavy bomber that can perform a variety of missions.

The bomber is capable of flying at high subsonic speeds at altitudes of up to 50,000 feet. 

It was built during the Cold War to serve as a long-range strategic bomber capable of delivering massive payloads, including nuclear weapons, anywhere in the world. 

The B-52 made a loop outside of Oklahoma City and several circles above northern Texas.

While the exact purpose of the flight has not been disclosed, such missions are often part of training exercises, strategic rotations or readiness operations. 

The flight, which traveled over Texas at 26,000 feet at speeds exceeding 554 mph, highlights the bomber’s continued role in America’s nuclear and conventional arsenal. 

Flight tracking data showed the long-range, subsonic strategic bomber departed from Shreveport, Louisiana at 1:18pm ET on Tuesday

The bomber is capable of flying at high subsonic speeds at altitudes of up to 50,000 feet, while carrying nuclear or precision-guided conventional ordnance with worldwide precision navigation capability

In conventional conflicts, the B-52 can conduct strategic attacks, close-air support, air interdiction, offensive counter-air and maritime operations. 

During Desert Storm, B-52s were responsible for 40 percent of all coalition munitions dropped, demonstrating their critical role in large-scale operations. 

The bomber is also highly effective in ocean surveillance, assisting the US Navy with anti-ship missions and mine-laying operations. 

In just two hours, two B-52s can monitor roughly 140,000 square miles of ocean surface, providing unmatched coverage. 

Modern B-52s are equipped with electro-optical viewing sensors, forward-looking infrared, and advanced targeting pods to improve targeting, battle assessment, and flight safety. 

Pilots also use night vision goggles (NVGs) to enhance visibility during night operations, improving situational awareness, safety, and the ability to visually track other aircraft.

The current flight has the callsign 'TUFFF72,' which suggests the B-52 would likely be conducting training exercises and complex tactical maneuvers with other aircraft and ground forces. 

This includes rehearsing strategic attack, air interdiction and maritime operations.

Flight tracking data spotted another bomber mission on October 8, taking a different route than today's flight

Another bomber took off from Shreveport this month, but its flight details are unknown.

Flight data tracked the aircraft heading east into Mississippi, back around over Baton Rouge, where it made several circles just outside the city before returning to home base.

While the bomber emerged during the Cold War, officials said that America's 76-strong fleet will fly until at least 2050, with a few upgrades along the way. 

Rolls-Royce is among the companies competing to provide new fuel-saving engines that will spare the Air Force from having to keep ferreting out parts for existing ones that are no longer manufactured.

The B-52 is versatile, able to fire long-range missiles and launch satellite-guided mines and bombs, and is the only current U.S. bomber that can be equipped with nuclear-tipped cruise missiles. 

RELATED

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

15-10-2025 om 17:16 geschreven door peter  

{  https://www.universetoday.com/ }

14-10-2025 om 21:40 geschreven door peter  

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

14-10-2025 om 20:34 geschreven door peter  

Earth loses its shield: “Hole” in magnetic field is rapidly expanding

The Earth’s magnetic field is our invisible protective shield. It keeps the planet safe from dangerous cosmic radiation and solar particles. But this shield has begun to weaken. Thanks to data from the European Space Agency’s Swarm satellite constellation, scientists have obtained worrying evidence: one of the weakest areas of the field — the South Atlantic Anomaly — is rapidly expanding.

What is the South Atlantic Anomaly?

This anomaly is a huge area over the South Atlantic where the magnetic field is significantly weaker than normal. It was first discovered in the 19th century. Today, it poses a real threat to spacecraft. Satellites flying through this zone receive increased doses of radiation, which can damage their equipment.

The Swarm mission, consisting of three identical satellites, has been continuously measuring the Earth’s magnetic field since 2013. Data published this month shows that since 2014, the anomaly has expanded to cover almost half of Europe. But what is most concerning is that since 2020, an area of even more rapid weakening has formed over the Atlantic southwest of Africa.

“The South Atlantic Anomaly is not just one block,” explains Professor Chris Finlay, lead author of the study. “It changes in different ways. Something special is happening in this region, causing a more intense weakening”.

Probable cause

Scientists attribute this strange behavior to processes in the Earth’s core, at a depth of about 3,000 km. There molten iron creates electric currents that generate a magnetic field. Unusual areas have been discovered beneath the South Atlantic Anomaly – so-called “reverse flow zones.” There, instead of escaping outward, the magnetic field unexpectedly returns back to the core. Swarm data shows that one such zone is moving westward over Africa, which is exacerbating the weakening.

Global changes in the magnetic field

Recent discoveries emphasize that the Earth’s magnetic field is a dynamic and complex structure. For example, there are two powerful magnetic regions in the Northern Hemisphere: one above Canada and the other above Siberia. Since Swarm was launched, the Siberian region has strengthened, while the Canadian region has weakened. This is due to the fact that the North Magnetic Pole is rapidly drifting towards Siberia, which is important for global navigation systems.

The Swarm mission continues to provide unique data that helps us not only better understand our planet, but also protect our technological infrastructure. As mission leader Anja Stromme notes, they hope to continue this research after 2030 in order to obtain even more key answers.

Earlier, we talked about the anomaly that prevented GPS signals from being received over Brazil.

• According to ESA

• Posted in News, Science

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/news-en/science-en/ }

14-10-2025 om 17:56 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious 'dent' in Earth's magnetic field explodes in size

• READ MORE: Earth faces mass extinction as magnetic poles race toward catastrophe, expert warns 

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

Scientists have discovered that a 'weak spot' in Earth's magnetic field is growing at an alarming rate.

Known as the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), the region has expanded by an area nearly twice the size of Texas since 2014, and it is also slowly shifting westward toward Africa, according to a new study released on Monday. 

The SAA has increased by up to 25 percent, as it moves about 14 miles west each year.

The expansion and movement are the result of turbulent flows of molten iron in Earth’s outer core, which generate unusual magnetic patterns that weaken the field in this part of the planet.

The Earth’s magnetic field, created by the swirling liquid iron thousands of miles beneath the surface, acts as a protective shield against dangerous charged particles from the sun and cosmic radiation.

Scientists warned that the weakening and shifting of this shield in the SAA is not just a scientific curiosity but has real-world consequences.

The SAA poses the greatest threat to satellites passing overhead, exposing spacecraft to higher levels of radiation that can temporarily disable electronics, corrupt data, or even cause permanent damage to critical hardware.

Satellites providing GPS, communications, and weather forecasting services for the US and around the world are particularly vulnerable when they pass through the anomaly.  

The SAA has increased by up to 25 percent, as it moves about 14 miles west each year since 2014

Lead author Chris Finlay, Professor of Geomagnetism at the Technical University of Denmark, said in a statement: 'It's changing differently towards Africa than it is near South America. 

'There's something special happening in this region that is causing the field to weaken in a more intense way.'

While regions outside of Earth contribute to the observed magnetic field, the primary source stems from inside the planet.

The outer layer of Earth's core is made of molten iron and nickel, located 1,800 miles below the surface.

These churning metals act like a massive generator called the 'geodynamo,' creating electric currents that produce the magnetic field.

But this motion isn't constant. It fluctuates over time, and as a result, Earth's magnetic field fluctuates too.

This, coupled with the tilt of the planet's magnetic axis, is what produces the SAA, according to Nasa.

In the southern hemisphere, weak magnetic areas under Africa are moving westward, while similar features in the mid-Atlantic are moving east. 

Scientists warned the weak spot will let harmful radiation from the sun hit Earth, disrupting satellites in orbit

In the north, a strong magnetic zone under the Bering Strait is drifting west, and near Indonesia and the western Pacific, magnetic features are moving east. 

These shifts are strongest near the equator, where the field is also experiencing rapid changes and oscillations. 

The study, which analyzed 11 years of data from the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Swarm satellite constellation, also revealed other significant changes in Earth’s magnetic field. 

In northern Canada, the area of the strong magnetic field has weakened, shrinking by 0.65 percent of Earth’s surface area.

This weakening can affect navigation systems, satellite operations, and even technologies that rely on geomagnetic calibration.

Additionally, the study found that strong magnetic flux features under the Bering Strait have shifted westward, while those beneath Indonesia and the western Pacific have moved eastward. 

These movements, though invisible to most people, can influence global geomagnetic conditions and the behavior of space weather, further impacting satellites and technology infrastructure worldwide.

Scientists emphasized that the changes in Earth’s magnetic field highlight its dynamic nature. 

The SAA is not static and its continued growth underscores the importance of constant monitoring to anticipate and mitigate potential impacts. 

The Swarm satellites, which have been collecting continuous magnetic field data since 2013, are providing unprecedented insight into the complex forces at work deep inside our planet.

While the average person on the ground is not directly at risk, the growing anomaly is a reminder of the delicate balance that protects life on Earth from the constant bombardment of cosmic radiation. 

For satellites, astronauts, and high-altitude air travel, however, the implications are real and require careful attention.

'The South Atlantic Anomaly is a warning from Earth’s core,' Finlay said. 'It shows us that our planet’s protective shield is dynamic, and changes deep below the surface can ripple all the way to space and to our daily lives.'

The discovery was made using the European Space Agency's (ESA) Swarm satellite constellation that precisely measures the magnetic signals that stem from Earth's core, mantle, crust and oceans, as well as from the ionosphere and magnetosphere.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

14-10-2025 om 16:07 geschreven door peter  

The secret world lurking in Earth's backyard: Scientists say a 'Planet Y' could be hiding in our solar system

• READ MORE: Scientists discover a NEW planet that could have life

By WILIAM HUNTER, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY REPORTER

It is a question that feels like it should have a straightforward answer: how many planets are there in our solar system?

Since Pluto was relegated back down to dwarf planet status, almost everyone has agreed that the answer is eight.

However, scientists say that it might be time to rewrite the textbooks.

A new study has proposed that there could be a secret world lurking on the edge of our solar system.

Dubbed 'Planet Y' by reseachers from Princeton University, this planet is said to be Earth–sized and rocky. 

The researchers were alerted to the possible planet after noticing that 50 objects in the Kuiper Belt – a region of icy objects beyond Neptune – were tilted on an unusual angle.  

'We started trying to come up with explanations other than a planet that could explain the tilt, but what we found is that you actually need a planet there,' lead author Dr Amir Siraj told CNN.

'This paper is not a discovery of a planet. But it's certainly the discovery of a puzzle for which a planet is a likely solution.'

Scientists say there could be a ninth planet, dubbed Planet Y, hidden in the outer reaches of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune

(stock image) 

Since Pluto was axed from the list of planets, astronomers looking for a ninth planet have focused on the Kuiper Belt.

This is a doughnut–shaped ring of icy objects, asteroids, and dwarf planets beyond Neptune that scientists believe was left over by the creation of the eight planets.

Any potential planets hiding in this distant region would receive very little light from the sun, making them extremely hard to see with a conventional telescope.

But scientists think they might be able to pick up on the traces of these hidden worlds by looking at how they affect other bodies in the Kuiper Belt.

In 2016, Caltech astronomers Mike Brown and Konstantin Batygin proposed the 'ninth planet hypothesis', arguing that the movement of a dozen Kuiper Belt objects could only be caused by an enormous and very distant 'Planet X'.

However, Dr Siraj thinks that there could be another ninth–planet contender, hiding much closer to home.

If it exists, Planet Y should be a rocky world with a mass between that of Earth and Mercury.

That makes it much smaller than Planet X – another theorised planet hiding in our solar system, believed to be a gas giant with a mass 10 times greater than Earth's.

What do we know about Planet Y?

Type of planet: Rocky

Size: Between that of Earth and Mercury

Location: Kuiper Belt

Distance from the Sun: 100 to 200 times further than Earth

Evidence in favour: Disturbed orbits of Kuiper Belt objects

Evidence against: Lack of direct observations  

Orbiting 100 to 200 times farther from the sun than the Earth, Planet Y is also much closer than Planet X – which is believed to orbit 400 times further from the sun than Earth.

However, at that distance, Planet Y would still be extremely dim and difficult to detect.

Likewise, the researchers predict that Planet Y's orbit is likely tilted by about 10 degrees from the orbital plane, which would make it much harder to find.

Importantly, the Planet Y theory does not mean that Planet X does not exist – meaning there could be as many as 10 planets in our solar system.

In fact, Dr Siraj's previous research suggests that there could be room for up to five more Earth–like planets to hide in the Solar System's very outermost regions.

That means our stellar neighbourhood might be much more crowded than we had previously thought.

However, not every astronomer is convinced by Dr Siraj's calculations.

Dr Samantha Lawler, associate professor of astronomy at the University of Regina in Canada, told CNN that these findings were 'not definitive'.

Planet X and Planet Y are likely located in the Kuiper Belt, a doughnut–shaped ring of icy objects beyond Neptune. However, Planet Y could be two to four times closer to Earth 

Although Planet Y is a plausible explanation for the tilted orbits of Kuiper Belt objects, without observational evidence, there is no hard proof.

Read More

• Scientists are baffled by a rogue planet growing at a record rate of six BILLION tonnes per second 

However, that could change very soon thanks to the Vera Rubin Observatory, which has just started taking photos of the sky with the world's largest digital camera.

Over the next decade, the Vera Rubin Observatory will take a photo every 40 seconds for eight to 12 hours a night, repeatedly scanning the entire sky.

Scientists anticipate that this observatory will discover thousands of new objects – including Planet X and Planet Y – if they really are there.

Dr Siraj predicts: 'I think within the first two to three years [of the observatory's mission], it'll become definitive. If Planet Y is in the field of view of the telescope, it will be able to find it directly.'

PLANET NINE: ORBITS OF OBJECTS BEYOND NEPTUNE SUGGEST 'SOMETHING LARGE' IS THERE

Astronomers believe that the orbits of a number of bodies in the distant reaches of the solar system have been disrupted by the pull of an as yet unidentified planet.

First proposed by a group at CalTech in the US, this alien world was theorised to explain the distorted paths seen in distant icy bodies.

In order to fit in with the data they have, this alien world - popularly called Planet Nine - would need to be roughly four times the size of Earth and 10 times the mass.

Researchers say a body of this size and mass would explain the clustered paths of a number of icy minor planets beyond Neptune.

First proposed by a group at CalTech in the US, this alien world was theorised to explain the distorted paths seen in distant icy bodies.

Its huge orbit would mean it takes between 10,000 and 20,000 years to make a single pass around the sun. 

The theoretical Planet Nine is based on the gravitational pull it exerts on these bodies, with astronomers confident it will be found in the coming years.

Those hoping for theoretical Earth-sized planets proposed by astrologers or science fiction writers - which are 'hiding behind the sun' and linked with Doomsday scenarios - may have to keep searching.

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

14-10-2025 om 15:44 geschreven door peter  

More than 50 years ago, the Apollo 17 astronauts made the last lunar landing. They returned to Earth not only with unforgettable impressions, but also with a priceless cargo — more than 2,000 samples of lunar rocks. NASA carefully packed and preserved some of these treasures for the future, assuming that advanced technology would better reveal their secrets. And now, half a century later, that hope has been fulfilled.

The breakthrough was achieved thanks to the work of a team led by James Dottin from Brown University. Scientists gained access to one of the unique preserved samples — a soil column extracted from the Taurus Littrow lunar valley. Instead of the methods used in the 1970s, they used modern secondary ion mass spectrometry, a technology that allows the ratio of isotopes, a kind of “chemical fingerprint” of substances, to be measured with incredible accuracy.

The aim of the study was sulfur in volcanic rocks originating from the mantle of the Moon. For a long time, science believed that the composition of our moon’s mantle was practically identical to that of Earth, which was indicated, in particular, by analyses of oxygen isotopes. Dottin expected to see the same picture with sulfur.

However, the results published in the journal JGR Planets proved to be sensational. Analysis showed that the sulfur-33 (33S) isotope content in lunar rocks differs sharply from any terrestrial samples. “My first thought was, ‘Oh my God, this can’t be true,’” Dottin admitted.

What does this mean for science?

This discrepancy is not just an interesting fact. It indicates different origins or different chemical processes that occurred in the early stages of the formation of the Earth and the Moon. The most common theory is that the Moon was formed from debris after a giant collision between Earth and an object the size of Mars, known as Theia.

The discovery of Dottin’s team may be the first direct “trace” of Theia. Scientists may have discovered the very sulfur that was once part of the mysterious protoplanet. This opens up new horizons for understanding the greatest space catastrophe in the history of our planet.

Further study of sulfur isotope “fingerprints” on Mars and other objects in the Solar System will help paint a complete picture of how the chaos formed into the eight planets known to us today.

Earlier, we reported on what humanity learned thanks to the Apollo 17 expedition.

• According to brown.edu

• Posted in News, Science

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

13-10-2025 om 18:00 geschreven door peter