The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
08-04-2022
Dolmen de Soto: Unique Millennia-Old Underground Structure Remains A Puzzling Enigma
Dolmen de Soto: Unique Millennia-Old Underground Structure Remains A Puzzling Enigma
A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - Among the more than two hundred megalithic structures discovered in southwestern Spain’s province Huelva, there is one particularly impressive and, at the same time, mysterious and puzzling.
A giant millennia-old underground structure known as Dolmen de Soto, buried beneath a mound, 60 meters in diameter, is often referred to as Spain’s underground Stonehenge, and one of the largest circular megalithic arrangements in Spain.
Dolmen de Soto in Spain.
Credit: Diario de Huelva
Its ancient history is fascinating, and thanks to modern techniques, scientists have discovered ancient drawings on the stones, and many of them display figures armed with daggers, staffs, and axes. Interestingly, based on the investigation of Dolmen de Soto, no other single megalithic structure in Europe contains so many well-armed figures.
So the question is: Were these ancient people frightened of someone or something?
Its ancient history is fascinating, and thanks to modern techniques, scientists have discovered ancient drawings on the stones, and many of them display figures armed with daggers, staffs, and axes. Interestingly, based on the investigation of Dolmen de Soto, no other single megalithic structure in Europe contains so many well-armed figures.
So the question is: Were these ancient people frightened of someone or something?
What Was The Purpose Of Dolmen de Soto?
Recent archaeological excavations also revealed and documented the existence of a Neolithic stone circle with a diameter of 65 m that now dates to 5,000-4,000 BC. The circle’s building was made of stones varying in size and shape. An underground passage, measuring 21.5 meters, starts narrow then extends to three meters in width and height as it reaches the back of the monument. Inside, a gallery consists of 63 stone pillars, a frontal slab, and 30 other stones covering it.
Was this great megalith a sanctuary for the cult of death? Or perhaps was it a place of reverence of important gods and other divinities? What was the purpose of Dolmen de Soto?
Was it a graveyard? If so, why were only a few people buried in this big underground complex? How was it constructed? There are many questions, but not all of them have clear answers.
Inside Dolmen De Soto.
Credit: IAPH
Dated between 3000 and 2500 BC, 69 granite pillars line the walls, and the dolmen has an anthropomorphic stele with a human face, belt, and trident, similar to that of the dolmen located on the Channel Island of Guernsey.
Discovered and excavated by Armando de Soto in 1923, the Dolmen was investigated by Hugo Obermaier, who shed light on its architecture, an enormous quantity of engravings, and various stelae used more than once.
Dolmen de Soto is astronomically oriented towards the east and perfectly matches the sunrise at the spring and autumn equinoxes. The first rays of the sun at the equinox appear through the corridor and are projected on a particular chamber located in the eastern end of the Dolmen’s passage. It suggests that the ancient people had a symbolic rite by which the deceased was reborn experiencing sunlight.
The underground structure of the long corridor dolmens family is the most extensive megalithic facility in the Huelva province. It is almost 21m long (ca 69ft), though its width varies from 0,82m at the door up to 3.10m (10ft).
Inside the mound, experts found a metalworking workshop dating back to 3,000 BC, which indicates that the drawings of the weapons are most probably related to the discovery of metallurgy.
Additionally, only eight bodies have been discovered buried in seven different places inside the Dolmen. The bodies appear crouched near the wall and have orthostats (large rock boulders, known as uprights), decorated with a few engravings showing the image of the deceased, his protecting totemic sign, or some of his weapons.
As we see, we know much today about Dolmen de Soto (also known as Soto Dolmen), but still much is missing. Doubtful, the mystery of this significant Neolithic landmark will be ever definitely solved even with modern techniques.
The problem is that the eight bodies buried in seven different places inside the Dolmen are missing!
The bodies and their belongings were taken from Dolmen de Soto and transported to the United Kingdom. Their whereabouts are unknown.
Professor of prehistory Mimi Bueno-Ramírez, at Alcalá de Henares University in Madrid, was right, saying: “if we had access to the ancient bodies found at the site, we could learn more about this fascinating place. It’s a pity these human remains and artifacts were never analyzed.”
A part of Dolmen De Soto’s history was lost.
Paintings Engravings Drawings And Symbols
Dolmen de Soto contains a rich collection of painting with symbolic motifs and engravings created with the help of various engraving techniques like incision, low relief, abrasion, and picking.
Dolmen de Soto, Trigueros.
Image credit: Hostal Ciudad Trigueros - CC BY-SA 4.0
This rock art is our ancestors’ artistic manifestations of cosmology, visions of the world, and sky with stars, sun, and moon. Inside Dolmen de Soto, these observations and concepts are expressed through symbols.
Some symbols tell stories about rituals linked to death and the afterlife because they helped them connect the material world with the spirits. Other characters in the Dolmen are related to beliefs, myths, and legends.
As we do today, our ancestors also pondered the concept of possible life after death, or whether death ends their existence and represents the gateway to an afterlife.
Dolmen de Soto resembles Stonehenge, and to a certain degree, both the same ancient builders have constructed those structures.
Did Stonehenge look like the Dolmen de Soto? Maybe there is no connection between these two prehistoric sites, but certainly, these are questions worth pondering for a curious mind seeking answers.
Written by – A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com Senior Staff Writer
4.000 JAAR OUDE BOOT OPGEGRAVEN BIJ SOEMERISCHE STAD URUK
Een bovenaanzicht van de nog grotendeels begraven boot.
Deutsches Archäologisches
4.000 JAAR OUDE BOOT OPGEGRAVEN BIJ SOEMERISCHE STAD URUK
In het zuiden van Irak, vlak bij de ruïnes van de voormalige Soemerische stad Uruk, hebben archeologen een ca. 4.000 jaar oude boot opgegraven. De boot was al ontdekt tijdens een verkennend onderzoek in 2018 - een deel van het vaartuig was destijds namelijk boven de grond komen te liggen, als gevolg van bodemerosie. Dit jaar besloten archeologen om de boot in zijn geheel uit te graven, om beschadiging te voorkomen.
Uruk wordt door historici gezien als een van de oudste steden ter wereld. De stad ontstond aan het begin van het vierde millennium voor Christus, en is ongeveer 4.500 jaar lang ononderbroken bewoond geweest. Vanaf ongeveer 3.500 v.Chr. diende Uruk bovendien als hoofdstad van de Soemeriërs, een van de oudste beschavingen ter wereld.
Soemer rond het jaar 2350 v.Chr.
Via Wikimedia Commons.
EERDER ONDERZOEK
In 2018 hebben archeologen van het Duitse Archeologische Instituut een systematisch onderzoek verricht in de omgeving van Uruk, waarbij ze alle bekende archeologische vondsten in de regio documenteerden. Resten van de vele inmiddels verdroogde kanaaltjes, landbouwgronden en nederzettingen laten zien dat het gebied destijds relatief dichtbevolkt was. Tijdens dit onderzoek ontdekten de archeologen per toeval een duizenden jaren oude boot, die voor een deel uit de grond stak. In eerste instantie deden de archeologen weinig met hun ontdekking, maar dit jaar kwam daar verandering in. Door verdere bodemerosie en doordat de boot zich in de buurt van een weg met veel autoverkeer begeeft, besloot men om hem alsnog op te graven, om te voorkomen dat hij beschadigd zou raken.
Restanten van Uruk vandaag de dag.
Andy Holmes via Wikimedia Commons.
FRAGIEL VOORWERP
Het was een klus die zorgvuldig uitgevoerd moest worden, omdat de zeven meter lange boot erg fragiel was. Dat is niet zo vreemd, aangezien het vaartuig hier waarschijnlijk al zo’n 4.000 jaar begraven ligt. De boot bestond uit een binnenwerk van organisch materiaal (riet, bladen of hout) dat inmiddels is weggerot, met daaromheen een laag van bitumen. Dit is een vloeibaar mengsel dat waterdicht wordt als het opdroogt. Alleen deze laag bitumen is vandaag de dag nog over. De archeologen vermoeden dat de boot 4.000 jaar geleden in de rivier gezonken is, en daarna in de loop der jaren langzaam in de rivierbodem is weggezakt.
Een archeoloog graaft de boot zorgvuldig uit.
Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
EN NU?
Tijdens de opgraving hebben de archeologen een laag klei en gips op de boot aangebracht, om de fragiele vondst te beschermen en in één stuk uit de bodem te kunnen halen. Hierna is de vondst overgebracht naar het Nationaal Museum van Irak in Bagdad, waar Irakese archeologen hem verder zullen onderzoeken. Na dit onderzoek zal de boot in het museum tentoongesteld worden.
Ancient Alien Woman Statue Found Under Lake Huron, 213 Meters Long! USA April 6, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Ancient Alien Woman Statue Found Under Lake Huron, 213 Meters Long! USA April 6, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: April 6, 2022
Location of discovery:Lake Huron, US/Canada boarder
Google coordinates: 45°46'33.19"N 81°57'14.09"W
After I found the island shaped like a bird just a few km away, I then found something way more exciting to me. I found an ancient alien statue under a few meters of water in Lake Huron. Her face is what really grabbed me. It just stood out so powerfully. Then my eyes went down her neck, and figure covered in a toga-like robe down to her ankles. She is holding out her hand, which becomes a tiny island named Can Island. This gesture could mean that aliens are offering this planet to humans to live upon. Showing an offering of friendship to all. It measures 213 meters long.
As I have said, ancient aliens have been to earth millions of years ago, and they left behind many signs that they were here. How we interpret the signs is up to each of us individually. But nevertheless, the signs are there.
Ancient Aliens Left Bird Shape Island For Humans To Find, Google Earth Map, UFO Sighting News.
Ancient Aliens Left Bird Shape Island For Humans To Find, Google Earth Map, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery:April 6, 2022
Location of discovery: Canada/US Boarder
Hey, found a island that looks like a bird, called Treasure Island on Google Earth. Strange, that sounds like part of a pirate story. Google coordinates 45°45'33.30"N 82°10'26.83"W On Canada US Boarder.
I have long believed, that intelligent aliens have long ago visited, lived and thrived on Earth, only to be forced to leave to allow a human experiment to take place. But they deliberately left behind secret messages, in our environment, in our maps, even in our genetic code. So that one day, we will realize the reality of the situation. That we were never alone.
Now I used the Time Machine button on lower left of Google Earth to get a more clear map view from 10/2016, because the current map has ice over the lake and makes it less beautiful.
In the 14th century, a small port near Holderness, England, vanished into the sea. The town, Ravenser Odd, had been ravaged by two floods: the first overwhelmed the town’s abbey, leaving the streets full of human remains. The second, according to eyewitnesses, caused a “towering wall of water” to surround the village and swallow it. The residents fled, and Ravenser Odd was never heard of again. Now, scientists from the University of Hull have a plan to uncover “Yorkshire’s Atlantis.”
Daniel Parsons, a professor in sedimentology, was on a family beach trip when he first heard about the town. He told The Guardian that while talking to historian Phil Mathison, he learned that local fishermen scouting for lobsters had seen disturbances on the surface of the water at low tide. This initial conversation sparked Parson’s interest in the sunken town and its location. As a geoscientist he was just the person to try to find it.
Parsons’ idea is to use high-resolution sonar systems—which he usually utilizes to study the movement of sediment—to locate the town. Last year’s excavation surveyed about 10 hectares off Spurn Point. It was unsuccessful, but Parsons believes that their next expedition will produce results: “Given the stories we’ve had from the folks on the lobster vessels,” he said, “I’m pretty confident we will find something [next time].”
There’s all sorts of interesting things under the seas. Like Pavlopetri, reportedly the oldest sunken city, off the coast of Greece. You have cities sunken in the Caribbean. Lots more in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Egypt, and even a stone circle, similar to Stonehenge, off the coast of Scotland. I do find this all pretty cool, but, there’s something else to this story
Parsons has good reason to feel confident about his chances of locating the once prosperous town. Comparable studies of towns destroyed by weather-induced coastal erosion in the Bay of Naples reveal that towns aren’t simply washed away; they leave evidence of their presence on the seabed. For Parsons, who heads the University of Hull’s Energy and Environment Institute, this is a prime opportunity to learn from the past. HetoldMark Brown, “I think it is a fantastic way to start conversations with people on the impacts of climate change long into the future by using these stories from the past.”
These people. Many of the cities were put underwater due to earthquakes and volcanic activity. Look at where so many reside. There’s lots of plate tectonics in the Med, Caribbean, and India, among others. Others because the seas actually rise about 6-8 inches per year over the last 8,000 years.
Anyhow, moving beyond that bit of Climatourettes, if the idea of all the sunken cities interests you, read the rest of the piece, which moves on from the stupid cult stuff, and is rather interesting.
Did Megalithic Sites in Turkey and Peru Share the Same Architects?
Top left: Cuzco, Peru. Top right: Western Italy. Bottom left: Alaca Hoyuk, Turkey. Bottom right: Casing stones on pyramid on Giza plateau.
Did Megalithic Sites in Turkey and Peru Share the Same Architects?
6,500 years before Stonehenge and 7,000 years before the pyramids were constructed, a cult megalithic complex sat atop the hills near current day Sanliurfa, in southeast Turkey. Göbekli Tepe was flourishing an astonishing 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. Today the preserved remains still exhibit high degrees of sophistication and megalithic engineering skill. Back in the 1990's when Robert Schoch exclaimed that the Sphinx could be many thousands of years older than previously thought, he was ridiculed. Graham Hancock's popular theories of a 12,000-year-old Ice Age civilization were slammed. With Göbekli Tepe we now have a unique and remarkably ancient complex that has been carbon-dated by German archaeologists to the end of the last ice-age that is shaking the foundations of science and history and awakening an interest in our human origins.
The Ancient Megalithic Site of Gobekli Tepe
In September 2013 I had the opportunity to go and see Göbekli Tepe for myself. I joined forces with authors Andrew Collins and Graham Hancock on a Megalithomania expedition around Turkey to investigate this enigmatic discovery. Graham was as astonished as I was. For such an old structure, the quality of stonework and abstract artistic skill just seems too advanced for its era.
T-shaped pillars and a fox relief at Göbekli Tepe.
(Author provided)
American archaeologist Peter Benedict first discovered something was going on there in 1963, noticing prehistoric flints all over the area. He also discovered some broken fragments of beautifully crafted T-shaped blocks with relief carvings. However, due to the superior quality of the stonework, they were classified as Byzantium artifacts. Interestingly this stone, now on display in Urfa Museum, looks conspicuously like one I had previously seen at Sillustani in Peru. In 1994, a German archaeologist named Klaus Schmidt recognized Göbekli Tepe as part of the “pre-pottery Neolithic” culture because this style of carving was similar to a site he had worked at earlier: Nevalı Çori.
What strikes people when they visit this site is the intricacy of the stonework, the size of the megalithic pillars, and the sheer magnitude of the man-made hill it was carefully covered with. The original construction was built on solid bedrock, then mounds were constructed on top of these, and further structures built on top over a period of around two thousand years, with the final enclosures containing smaller stones and less sophistication than the earlier levels.
The larger and older pillars at the lower levels show bas-relief carvings of various animals, reptiles, birds and serpents. Some pillars seem to represent strange, abstract statues of humans, wearing space-age belts, with long, bent arms and 'H' type letters (on every pillar in enclosure D). Most impressive is a strange creature in three dimensional high-relief showing beautiful craftsmanship and originality (for that period). There are several types of relief carvings at Göbekli Tepe . The 3D high-relief, the shallow reliefs of animals, 'H's, and the humanoid arms and belts, plus a rougher style that occurs on the later levels, although incredibly, this still dates to around 8,000 years old.
I found the shaping of the pillars interesting too. Why choose such a specific design? It is an abstract construction that sits gently on the bedrock, in very shallow pits. Some of the pillars are 18ft high (5.48 meters), with the top part of the “T” carved to look like it is a separate block to the main pillar, although it is actually one piece.
There are finely carved rims and shaping that reminded me of Tiwanaku in Bolivia, as well as some other sites around Peru. Another interesting aspect of the site are the unusual cup-marks that are found, mainly on the bedrock, but also on top of some of the oldest pillars, that may at some point shed some light on the cup-mark phenomenon in Britain, many thousands of years later.
Cup-marks and a pillar base at Göbekli Tepe.
(Author provided)
Megalithic Walls at Alaca Höyük Resemble Peruvian Constructions
As part of the expedition, we also visited a Hittite site called Alaca Höyük, near Ankara, the modern capital city of Turkey. Its earliest inhabitants were the Hattians, who were earth-based goddess worshipers, with roots in the Stone Age, who flourished from around 2350 BC to 1700 BC. Although much younger than Göbekli Tepe, the megalithic walls are indistinguishable from polygonal walls found all over Peru.
The jigsaw, irregularly shaped blocks, with some weighing more than twenty tons apiece are a unique style that were once thought to only exist in that part of South America. During my travels, I have seen them all along the west coast of Italy, on Easter Island, and in Egypt, plus they have been photographed in Delphi, Greece, Albania, Saudi Arabia, and Japan. Although separated by many millennia and vast distances, this style is possibly the most difficult style to accomplish, as each block needs to be carved with extreme accuracy so that they fit together and stay together over the years, even through earthquakes.
However, at Alaca Höyük and nearby Hattusu, they are not flat-faced walls. They look 'puffy', basically protruding from the joins, which some researchers say look like pillows. It does not seem to follow any particular plan, but it was a popular technique favored by the ancient megalith builders. This begs the question, was there a global megalithic stonemasonry elite in prehistory? Did they diffuse this influence around the world and construct specific sites? On witnessing so many similarities to sites in Peru and Bolivia, there was only one thing to do.
Top left: Sillustani, Peru. Top middle: Cutimbo, Peru. Bottom left: Sillustani. Top right: Pillar at Gobekli Tepe. Bottom right: The first artifact found at Gobekli Tepe, originally thought to be Byzantium.
(Author provided)
Peruvian Relief Carvings Match Those at Göbekli Tepe
Fortunately, I was co-organizing a Megalithomania trip to Peru and Bolivia in November 2013 with David Hatcher Childress and Brien Foerster. We headed to Cuzco, known as “The Navel of the World.” Interestingly, Göbekli Tepe 's name has a similar meaning (“Hill of the Navel”) and is one of many “world navels” or “sacred centers.” Cuzco is a megalithic city. Its foundations are made up of polygonal and precision carved stone, which is quite a sight when you first visit there.
Further southwest on the shores of Lake Titicaca , the strange Chulpu's, that are officially circular funerary towers, are built of huge megalithic blocks and hold several ancient secrets. On high bluffs, always with a steep climb up to them, these towers are a mystery, made with startling engineering precision, obviously meant to last for several generations. The most famous example is Sillustani, a site I have visited many times.
Not only does the Sillustani site have circular towers, it also has a unique square “chulpa” that is made of huge finely cut polygonal blocks. The mystery here is that it is an almost perfect match of one of the platforms on Easter Island , some 2,600 miles (4184.29 km) away across the Pacific Ocean. Sillustani has several relief carvings that closely resemble those at Göbekli Tepe , including serpents, lizards, foxes, pumas, and other unusual creatures. One tower that is partly intact shows a beautiful, but very weathered lizard that can only be seen at certain times of day when the sun reaches round to its location on the tower.
Perhaps as the sun revolved around the circular towers, the reliefs got exposed only at certain times of day. Could this have been a useful clock, or did it have some other shamanic meaning? I wonder if Göbekli Tepe was used in a similar way, as whoever repaired the site and covered it with thousands of tons of dirt, may have wanted to keep the pillars, and therefore the reliefs, in their correct position, suggesting they may hold astronomical secrets that have yet to be deciphered.
Cutimbo is another chulpa site further around the lake, about 15.5 miles (25 km) from Puno, the nearest major town. The stonework here reaches another level of complexity, with the beautiful “puffy” polygonal stonework, along with some exquisite reliefs, including serpents, pumas, and even faces of creatures emerging from the rock. As you can see from the images, the similarities to Göbekli Tepe are there. The faces that emerge from the rock look like the stone 'totem' statue found at Göbekli Tepe, now in Urfa Museum.
Near the entrance to Cutimbo amongst piles of broken stone, a unique relief of a cheeky critter sits upon a lump of rock that was once part of one of the towers. It looks like some kind of feline, but its’ unusual elongated fingers are an anomaly. This one closely resembles the vertical creature on the solitary high-relief at Göbekli Tepe .
Left: A Chulpa tower at Sillustani with Lizard relief, Peru. Right: Totem statue from Gobekli Tepe. Bottom: Chulpa tower at Cutimbo, Peru.
(Author provided)
The Rosetta Stone of South America
At a site about six miles (9.66 km) from Tiwanaku in Bolivia, a 3-foot (0.91 meter) wide ceramic bowl was discovered that shows proto-Sumerian writing, next to indigenous Aymara script. It has been labelled “The Rosetta Stone of South America." Not only does it suggest Sumerian visitors once arrived on the shores of Lake Titicaca, it has now been translated and the use of this type of script has been dated to 3,500 BC. What does this mean? It certainly looks like there was an ancient visit by Sumerians around 5,500 years ago, and when we look at the location of where this language was being used, suddenly we see a direct connection between Tiwanaku and the builders of Göbekli Tepe and surrounding sites.
Top: Gobekli Tepe relief. Bottom: Relief at Cutimbo, Peru.
(Author provided)
Cross-Cultural Bonds?
Arthur Posnansky, an eminent archaeologist of Bolivia, dated Tiwanaku to around 17,000 years old based upon archaeoastronomy. However, since his initial deductions, this date has been revised several times, with the Fuenta Magna bowl possibly nailing down one date at least. When you visit Tiwanaku and Puma Punku, they look like a cataclysm has given its best shot to destroy them a very long time ago, and with the evidence of advanced agriculture beginning in both South America and the fertile crescent at about the same time, we must reconsider the idea that perhaps the Fuenta Magna bowl is in fact just part of a long cross-cultural bond that had existed for thousands of years.
Left: The Fuente Magna bowl showing proto-Sumerian script. Top right: Gobekli Tepe “H” motifs. Bottom right: “H” blocks from Puma Punku, Bolivia.
(Author provided)
It can easily be argued that these distant cultures are divided by not only space, but time, and that they would have come up with their ideas independently. I’m not so sure. Carving high-reliefs, constructing polygonal walls, quarrying and transporting super-sized megaliths, are not things that that can be put away as simple “coincidences” that any culture would just come up with, as they are all particularly difficult to achieve. Since the discovery of Göbekli Tepe , the re-dating of the sites in Peru and Bolivia needs some more investigation, as this kind of sophistication, at this incredibly early date, could be the shake-up academia needs. Could it provide us with a new view into our ancestral megalithic origins?
Top left: Serpent carving from Nevali Cori. Bottom Left: Serpents at Gobekli Tepe. Top Right: Sillustani, Peru. Middle right: Cutimbo, Peru. Bottom Right: Cuzco, Peru with the author.
(Author provided)
Top image: Top left: Cuzco, Peru. Top right: Western Italy. Bottom left: Alaca Hoyuk, Turkey. Bottom right: Casing stones on pyramid on Giza plateau.
The Mysteries and Spectacular Architecture of Angkor Wat
The Mysteries and Spectacular Architecture of Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat is a fascinating temple complex in northwestern Cambodia, located in what was once the capital of the ancient Khmer Empire which presided over a vast kingdom in Southeast Asia. While Buddhists believe that it was built in a night under orders of the god Indra, it actually took decades to create what was originally a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu in the 12th century. Covering an area of about 162.6 hectares (about 400 acres), it is said to be the largest religious monument in the world.
Creating the Unforgettable Angkor Wat Temple
Angkor Wat was built over several decades starting in the first half of the 12th century by King Suryavarman II of the Khmer Empire who ruled from 1113 to 1150. Created to function as a temple complex, mausoleum and political center of his vast empire, its name means “city of the temples,” with Angkor meaning “capital city” and Wat meaning “temple.” Angkor Wat is one of the largest and most complex religious monuments ever constructed in the history of mankind.
The Khmer Empire existed between the 9th and 15th century, but during the 12th century it was at its height and the Angkor civilization was booming. It was during this period that Angkor Wat temple was built, over a period of approximately 30 years. Inscriptions claim that building Angkor Wat used the manpower of 300,000 workers and 6,000 elephants.
According to archaeologist Charles Higham, Suryavarman wasn’t just a man, but a demigod. In all depictions he appears large and muscular with everyone seated around him. “The Cambodian god-kings of old each strove to better their ancestors’ structures in size, scale, and symmetry, culminating in what is believed to be the world’s largest religious building,” stresses Lonely Planet .
Created for the god Vishnu, the Angkor Wat mountain-temple was built to represent the Hindu universe, although by the end of the 12th century it had been converted into a Buddhist temple. There are five sandstone towers that rise above the temple enclosures, the central tower representing the mythical Mount Meru , the center of the Hindu universe and home of the god Brahma and the Devas, and the surrounding four its smaller peaks.
Architecturally speaking, Angkor Wat is spectacular. The temple is an enormous three level pyramid built on a floating rectangular piece of land surrounded by water. The Khmer used laterite blocks encased in carved sandstone for the construction of the temple and the city wall, while the rest of the structures were made from less durable materials such as wood which explains why they are not visible today.
Angkor War is oriented in a westerly direction, associated with Vishnu and with death, which has led experts to believe that it was built as a mausoleum for Suryavarman II (although he was never actually buried there). It is said that the temple was constructed mathematically to be in harmony with the universe, and the distances and sizes in Angkor Wat are related to Indian mythology. In Angkor: Celestial Temples of the Khmer Empire , Eleanor Mannikka suggests that Angkor Wat was also used for astronomical purposes.
The Angkor Wat temple was built surrounded by an enormous moat, measuring about 200-meter-wide (650 ft), which symbolized the ocean surrounding Mount Mera. The scale of this is hard to imagine until you get there. In fact, the whole complex is a huge rectangle which measures 1.5 km by 1.3 km (0.93 x 0.8 mi), and the temple complex itself can only be reached by crossing a sandstone causeway.
The temple facade awash with intricate bas-relief carvings which line the walls and surfaces. Designed to be viewed in an anticlockwise direction, these depict deities and other figures from Hindu and Buddhist scriptures, telling the stories of the history and mythology of Cambodia. They even include scenes from the Hindu Mahabharata and a carving of Emperor Suryavarman II entering the city for the first time.
There are also almost 3,000 nymphs carved throughout the temple, each of which are unique, while at the central tower is a 3.25 m (10.7 ft) statue of Vishnu made out of a single block of sandstone. Around this statue, visitors will see offerings from pilgrims and young people about to get married. The Gallery of a Thousand Buddhas, at the central temple, was once home to hundreds of images of the Buddha, but many of these were stolen during the Khmer Rouge regime of the 1970s.
Illustration of the façade of Angkor Wat by Henri Mouhot from circa 1860.
While historians love to tell the story of a lost temple, according to Alison Kyra Carter “Angkor Wat was never abandoned,” unlike the other monuments within the larger Angkor city. In fact, History.com stresses that Angkor Wat “was important to the Buddhist religion” well into the 1800s, although it did fall into “disuse and disrepair.”
According to the BBC, the first European to visit the “extraordinary construction” of Angkor Wat was a Portuguese friar called Antonio da Madelena, as he reported to the historian Diogo do Couto in 1589. The temples became known to the Europeans around 1860 through French missionaries, and it was the writing of Henri Mahout, a French botanist who did extensive research at this time, who really captured the imagination of a subsequent generation of explorers. Mahout himself initially thought that the temples of Angkor Wat were built by another race and not by the Cambodians. He claimed that Ankor Wat was "grander than anything left to use by Greece or Rome.”
The Angkor Wat temple is the most famous of the hundreds of temples within the Angkor Archaeological Park, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It is estimated that the city of Angkor was once home to one million people, with a complex irrigation system, paved roads and beautiful buildings; however, within 200 years the Khmer civilization collapsed for no apparent reason. Without any written records to provide clues, scholars have suggested that an environmental collapse may have played a major role in the Khmer civilization’s disappearance.
These ancient ruins have attracted archaeologists for decades. Since 2007, aerial archaeologists Damian Evans and Jean-Baptiste Chevance have been mapping the ruins from the air to get a clearer understanding of the landscape, the scale of this immense ancient city, and to uncover hidden topographical details. Their work even enabled them to map the city’s huge irrigation system which had allowed the Khmer to feed such a huge population. National Geographic stated that Angkor was once the “size of modern-day Los Angeles,” making it the “largest settlement ever built in human history before the industrial revolution.”
Efforts to restore the spectacular architecture of Angkor didn’t really begin until the 1960s, and these were hindered by the Cambodian Civil War of the 1970s and the brutal rule of the Khmer Rouge. There are even bullet holes in the outer walls that remain as a memory of this era. When Angkor was added to the World Heritage list in 1992, it was also placed on the list of World Heritage in Danger, due to a history of earthquakes, war, overgrowth, frequent pillaging, illegal excavations and the existence of land mines.
After a UNESCO campaign to protect and restore the famed Cambodian ruins, it was taken off the World Heritage in Danger list again in 2004. Now one of the greatest threats to Angkor is tourism, keeping in mind that before the Covid-19 pandemic, the huge influx of tourists had reached 2.6 million (7,300 per day) in 2018.
Impressive and massive, Angkor Wat and the ancient city that surrounds it, is an intriguing place to visit that questions the prevailing belief that our civilization is more advanced than civilizations that existed in the past. Located about 6 km (4 mi) from Siem Reap airport, the Angkor Archaeological Park opens from 5 a.m. to 6 p.m. The best way to visit is by renting a tuk tuk to take you there and spend the day with you. This will make moving between the different sites more enjoyable.
The best months to visit are December and January, when it is dryer. You can buy 1, 3 and 7 day passes. Visiting the Angkor Wat temple site will take at least three hours, but to really get a feel for the entire city of Angkor can take days. Although Angkor Wat is no longer an active temple, it’s important to keep in mind that this is a sacred site and visitors should dress modestly, avoiding uncovered knees and upper arms.
Mythical Metropolises: Pithom, Piramesses, and the Israelite Exodus of Egypt
Mythical Metropolises: Pithom, Piramesses, and the Israelite Exodus of Egypt
The legendary Egyptian metropolises of Pithom and Piramesses were first noted in the Exodus story of the Old Testament. One of the foundations of the Jewish religion, it told of the plight of the Israelites against their wicked overlords, the pharaohs of Egypt. Scholars have placed massive importance on finding their locations for two main reasons: establishing the starting point of the Exodus route and identifying the capital of ancient Egypt under Ramesses II, who has long been ascribed as the villainous pharaoh.
The Tale of Exodus: Using Israelite Labor to Build Metropolises
The Exodus story relates how the Pharaoh subdued the Israelites in response to their increase in size, turning them into slaves and ordering that all Hebrew boys be killed at birth. As a result, the mother of Moses put her newborn baby in a basket, floating him down the river where he was found by the Pharaoh’s daughter who raised the child as her own. When Moses grew up, aware of his Hebrew descent, he killed an Egyptian beating an Israelite slave and promptly fled the scene.
It was at this point that God communicated with the fugitive through a burning bush, ordering Moses to return his people, the Israelites, to the promised land of Canaan. Moses went on to organize the Israelites, becoming their leader, and demanded the Pharaoh put a stop to their forced labor. Despite turning his staff into a snake, the Pharaoh remains unconvinced, and prescribes even more work for the ill-fortuned Israelites.
As punishment, God sends a series of ten devastating plagues to wreak havoc on the ancient Egyptian kingdom. Among these plagues, the Nile is turned into blood, the dust of Egypt is transformed into gnats, swarms of locust appear and destroy crops, and festering boils riddle humans and animal alike with disease.
After the final plague, when all first-born males in Egypt are killed, the Pharaoh relents, releasing the Israelites. The wandering Hebrews head east to Mount Sinai, with Moses famously parting the Red Sea on the way. At Mount Sinai , God appears in a bluster of thunder and lightning, giving Moses two stone slabs with ten commandments that would define Jewish and Christian religious doctrine.
During the period of forced labor, Exodus 1:11 states how the Israelites “built for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and Raamses.” The cities, which were said to have been constructed on virgin ground, were both characterized by lavish temples, a large size, many storerooms for treasures and riches, tall mud walls built without straw, and were located near to each other and on the Exodus route.
The tenth plague described in the Exodus was the selective killing of all Egyptian firstborn sons and firstborn cattle.
The location of Pithom, or Per-Atum after the Egyptian sun god Atum, has been narrowed down to two sites. In 1884, Edouard Naville, a Swiss archaeologist and Egyptologist, identified Pithom at Tell-el-Mashkutah, a site about 10 miles (16 km) west of Ismailia in Egypt where Naville uncovered many artifacts containing inscriptions alluding to Per-Atum. For example, one statue bore the words “the good recorder of Atum,” a Ptolemaic inscription mentioned the city three times, and many devotional monuments to Atum were discovered on the premises.
The archaeological finds further matched certain features of the Exodus account. The great size of Pithom was confirmed by the 55,000-yard (50,292 m) area enclosed in the wall, and the walls, which were made out of mud brick without straw, reflected the materials disclosed in the biblical description. The temple was situated on the most likely route of Exodus, the road leading out of Egypt called the Wadi Tumulat, and its position on the Red Sea-Nile trade route justified the unusually high number of storerooms excavated at the site, and showed that it was an important trading hub of the region.
Yet, although the timeworn objects encountered at the site alluded to Per-Atum, there was no definitive evidence that this was the name of the settlement used in ancient Egypt. In fact, the town was known as Tcheku during the 19th dynasty of Ramesses II . Moreover, the evidence for it as a newly built stronghold in Ramesside times, in accordance with the Exodus account, was lacking, and nearby Tell-er-Retabah was shown to have been built many years before Ramesses II’s New Kingdom.
In addition, some scholars, such as Eric Uphill, were unimpressed by the settlement, which lacked the grandeur of a city allegedly known throughout the ages, and pointed to an alternative site called Iunu. Iunu was a massive religious center, notably larger than Tell-er-Mashkutah, and housed multiple temple buildings and shrines.
Excavations revealed that most remains mentioned Ramesses II, and several architectural structures, such as a Ramesside-period guardhouse and features, such as a stone carved doorway inscribed with the words “beloved of Atum, the great god lord of Iunu,” strongly insinuated Ramesses II . Moreover, an ancient plan found on an offering table at Iunu has been linked with the layout of a Temple of Atum, a defining characteristic of the mythical Pithom. Pithom, then, had to be either at Tell-el-Mashkutah or Iunu.
Image of the brick store-chambers of the biblical metropolis of Pithom, believed to have been located at the archaeological site Tell El Maskhuta in Egypt.
The Hunt for the Biblical Metropolis of Raamses (Piramesses)
In marked contrast, the precise location of the biblical Raamses (also known as Piramesses), the second city presented in Exodus, was a lot more difficult to figure out. Initially, four sites were proposed: Tell-er-Retebah, Pelusium, Tanis, and Qantis.
The first, Tell-er-Retabah, about 62 miles (100 km) from Cairo, was conveniently located very close to Tell-er-Mashkutah, as Pithom and Raamses were said to be in the Exodus story, and featured a shrine to Ramesses II. A temple block depicting Ramesses II smiting a Syrian captive, as well as an inscription found on an official’s grave identifying him as “the Chief Archer, overseer of the granaries,” suggested the settlement had a strong Ramesses II affiliation and attested to the existence of storehouses.
Yet, this was probably the least convincing location of all the offered sites. The temple of Ramesses was far too small to be that of a royal residence, and there was no conclusive evidence linking the monuments with the city of Piramesses. The next area, Pelusium, was advanced by Gardner, after he combed the available Egyptian literature for references to Piramesses.
To Gardner, the city’s epithet “Great of Victories” strongly hinted that the city was located near the military road to Asia. Cross-referencing with Greco-Roman texts, he associated the description of Piramesses, “the Waters of Horus yield salt” and “the Waters of Horus yield rushes,” with an area of the Nile with running water in ancient Egypt’s 14th nome, also referred to as “The Waters of Horus” by the Romans and Greeks.
From two biblical references, Gardner maintained that the ancient citadel had to mark the boundary of Egypt, which was further supported by the descriptions in the Egyptian Anastasi texts which reported Piramesses as being “between Djahi and Egypt” and as “the forefront of every land, the land of Egypt.” This led Gardner to the sea-port of Pelesium, which he believed was big enough to be the Pharaoh’s capital through a reference to Greek geographer Strabo, who described it as being two and a quarter miles from the sea.
However, the major weakness of the argument was its reliance solely on the written record without any archaeological evidence to back its claims up. Adding to this, no finds relating to Ramesses II’s New Kingdom have ever been found in the area, and the location of Pelesium, 20 miles (32 km) from the official frontier town of Tchel, was wholly unsuitable for a capital city, being situated outside the frontiers of Egypt.
Archaeologists have been preoccupied with finding the ancient metropolises of Piramesses and Pithom. In the image an excavation at Tell el-Maskhuta in Egypt.
The third site was Tanis, where such an overwhelming trove of 19th dynasty Ramesses II artifacts were found that it convinced scholar M. Montet to abandon Pelesium. Also noteworthy was the lack of 18th dynasty monuments at the site and the inscriptions referring to new temple foundations, which implied that the temple of Atum was a new construction ordered by Ramesses II, fitting neatly into the Exodus story’s insistence that the temple was built by the Israelites on virgin ground. In addition, a whole plethora of deities linked with Ramesses II, such as Atum, Wadjit and Sekhmet, appeared to have shrines.
On the other hand, similar to the problems at Tell-er-Retabah, there were no direct references to Piramesses on any of the archaeological finds, and other Egyptologists argued that the Ramesses II objects were brought to Tanis from Memphis or Heliopolis where Ramesses II was already firmly established. Perhaps the biggest counter-argument comes from the literary references, which situated Wadjit’s place of worship in the north where Amun’s temple was recognized to be at the Tanis excavation.
The final and most compelling location proposed was Qantis. Paralleling the majority of the sites, numerous Ramesses II references could be found, and large granite blocks vouched for the existence of a temple. But, unlike the others, blue-glazed tiles reportedly from one of Ramesses II’s royal palaces were found in large numbers, leading some to speculate that a tile glazing factory was attached to the royal quarters. Furthermore, an inscription reading Per-Ramesses-meri-Amun (the royal residence) was the first time a direct reference to Piramesses was discovered in Egypt’s Eastern Delta.
Evidence from the site also indicated an unbroken line of royal monuments built over a period of 200 years, demonstrating that Qantis was not merely the place of a single king and suggested it was a major palace city. The scale and complexity of the tile-work, which included multiple colors and shades, had no comparison to other ancient Egyptian cities, and exemplified the splendor of Piramesses recounted in the literature.
Moreover, ground surveys from 1996, 2003, and 2008, showed that the residence was built on virgin ground. Qantis was clearly an enormous urban center with an extensive palace complex, and has since been identified as the most likely site of the illustrious city of Raamses from the Exodus story.
Although the existence of the ancient metropolises known as Pithom and Piramesses is undoubted, there still remains no historical evidence for the rest of the Exodus story . For a considerable length of time scholars based their thinking around the Exodus story, and its possible historical reality, on what is now viewed as the classical interpretation. Firstly, the Raamses in the biblical tale was identified as Pharaoh Ramesses II, who reigned between 1279 to 1213 BC, and his new capital Piramesses.
Secondly, a famous passage in the Papyrus Anastasi, about semi-nomadic tribes crossing into the Eastern Delta, was linked to the immigration of Israeli tribes into Egypt. Thirdly, it was assumed that with the end of the Ramesside period in 1069 BC and the fall of Piramesses as an esteemed capital city, that the name Ramesses disappeared with it. Finally, an inscription from the victory stela of Pharaoh Merneptah, from the year 1208 BC, which mentioned an ethnic group called “Israel” illustrated that the Exodus story had to have happened before this date, during the reign of Ramesses II.
However, there is simply no proof of an Israelite diaspora during the late second millennium BC when the Ramesses ruled Egypt. Ramesses II is known to have left behind the most records of any Egyptian monarch, however there is not a single mention of the events of the Exodus story. Moreover, in contrast to the classical theory, the names of the biblical metropolises Pithom and Ramesses (Piramesses) continued to live on after Ramesside times, with many places adopting the same names, making it impossible to exclusively locate the cities of the Exodus story to the 13th century BC.
The historical origins of the Israelite slavery have instead been linked to the forced labor of Jews in the 7th century BC under Pharaoh Necho of the 26th Dynasty and his oppressive taxation system. It is most likely that the Hebrew scribe who penned Exodus used the names Pithom and Raamses because they were instantly recognizable, and that his story had nothing to do with Egyptian history.
Top image: Israel’s Exodus from Egypt. Will archaeologists ever find concrete evidence for the Exodus and the metropolises the Israelites built in Egypt?
Ancient Alien Symbol Found In Algeria, Google Earth, UFO Sighting News.
Ancient Alien Symbol Found In Algeria, Google Earth, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: March 26, 2022
Location of discovery: 29°14'25"N 7°02'11"W
Now I have long believed that ancient aliens had left signs for us to find on our own map. They left symbols to be found and one day interpreted to reveal to humanity that many intelligent alien species have been here and will come back. The symbols are often familiar shapes, even faces or like the Amazon river...entire sentences written in their own alien language and made...into a river! But...what does it say? Thats the important question that needs answering. This five star symbol (Pentagram) has a lot of different meaning on Earth. To different cultures it means different things. The five sided star has been the symbol of Jerusalem since 300BCE, its meant to symbolize justice, mercy and wisdom. This is 100% proof that ancient aliens left signs for us to find.
The OLDEST Civilisation in the Americas: The Pyramid City of Caral, Peru | Ancient Architects
Not everybody knows that there is a magnificent lost pyramid city in the heart of Peru, a city that dates back to the same time at the Giza pyramids of Egypt. Yes, the magnificent ancient city of Caral dates back to 2,627 BC and is known as the Mother City of South America by some archaeologists.
For over a century archaeologists were searching for such a mother city and this large settlement, located 120 miles north of Lima, is one of the most ancient of the Americas, home of the Norte Chico civilisation. It was declared a UNESCO world heritage site back in 2009.
It was occupied between the 26th and 20th centuries BC and was described by excavators as the oldest urban centre in the Americas, but since its discovery in 1948, other ancient sites such as Bandurria in Peru have challenged this title.
Astonishingly, it was found in pristine condition and nothing had been built over it since the city was deserted. It would have been home to more than 3,000 people, with an elaborate complex of temples, an amphitheatre and ordinary houses covering 370 acres of land. There are plazas and residential buildings, and of course pyramids.
Watch this new Ancient Architects video to find out more about this truly fascinating lost civilisation, to see the incredible architecture, archaeological finds and the giant geoglyph associated with Caral.
All images are taken from Google Images for educational purposes only.
NEW Scientific Mission to Explore the Great Pyramid of Egypt | Ancient Architects
We all remember the news from November 2017 when the ScanPyramids project announced the discovery of a Big Void inside the Great Pyramid of Egypt, located above the Grand Gallery and being either straight or inclined.
The news permeated the international media and I think everybody with an interest in Ancient Egypt was excited. It was the second major cavity located inside the pyramid using cosmic muon science.
Not long after the announcement of the big void, pictures were released of a robotic blimp that could be used to explore the void via an endoscopic camera, but now, nearly 5 years later, nothing has materialised. We still don’t know what the voids are or what’s inside.
Now, a new team of scientists plan to scan the Great Pyramid in what is called ‘The Exploring the Great Pyramid Mission’. They plan to field a very large muon telescope system that will be transformational with respect to the field of cosmic-ray muon imaging. The system will be 100 times more sensitive that the equipment that was used between 2015 and 2017.
Watch this video to learn more about this new scientific mission to explore the Great Pyramid and click on the links below for more detail information.
All images are taken from Google Images and the below sources for educational purposes only. Please subscribe to Ancient Architects, Like the video and please leave a comment below.
Ancient Hall of Records found in Romania kept secret since 2003
Ancient Hall of Records found in Romania kept secret since 2003
In 2002, the Pentagon was running several military and geo desic programmes using satellites based on the above technology. The satellite spotted a particular structure located inside the Bucegi mountains.
In 2003, an amazing discovery was made of a large anomaly inside the Bucegi Mountains of Romania. A high level Italian Freemason was the first to alert a top secret paranormal unit of the Romanian intelligence service about the discovery made by US ground penetrating radar.
The discovery of a very large hemisphere or dome-shaped structure inside the mountain set off a complex set of geopolitical maneuvers that involved Romania being fast tracked into NATO for "its protection." All this happened around the same time a similar anomaly was found in Iraq making it an unknown factor in the US-led invasion.
Inside the mysterious structure was a fabulous repository of ancient information, a veritable Noah's ark of forgotten knowledge and genetics stored holographically. This ancient Hall of Records was built by a tall race of giants or human-looking extraterrestrials.
The Romanian "Hall of Records" has been involved in a complex geopolitical struggle between the Pentagon, Romanian government, and senior Freemasons vying to either release or suppress information coming out into the public arena.
There are 4 primary tunnels and further sub tunnels that lead to deeper and bigger places.
In these tunnels you will find rooms, huge rooms, with huge tables and stone chairs for people much taller than us. These rooms were created 50,000 years ago and each is connected to each other, protected by an energy source which activates all as one is activated.
The projection room contains all our history and can be replayed visually.
There are five tables on each side of the room. On some of them are different objects that appear to be technical tools. From many of them descending to the ground, are a lot of white, translucent wires which gather into rectangular boxes of shiny, silver material. The boxes are placed directly onto the ground. The cables are extremely flexible and lightweight and light pulses can be seen circulating along their length.
When approaching any of the tables, a holographic projection activates showing aspects of a particular scientific field. The three dimensional images are perfect and very large, with a height of almost two and a half meters.
The projections run by themselves but at the same time they are interactive and depend on one who interacts with the tables by touching their surfaces.
Climbing on a specially brought tripod the table surfaces can be seen. They are covered with a film of a dark glassy material. The film is divided into several large square bounded by straight lines, forming a kind of grid. At one table the subject is biology and the projected image are of plants and animals, some completely unknown.
Tapping one of the squares, the hologram shows the structure of the human body. It develops holographic images of various areas of the body that always rotate. Other squares show projections of other beings, on other celestial bodies. By tapping simultaneously two different squares, a complex scientific analysis shows the DNA of both beings and possibilities of compatibility between them.
In this interview, Peter Moon, famed author of the Montauk book series, discusses the Transylvania book series which he began editing and publishing in 2009. He explains how he first got involved through his time travel research on the Montauk Project. He has subsequently regularly traveled to Romania and been able to confirm key aspects of the story.
Ancient Map Shows the Lost City of Atlantis is the Eye of the Sahara - Published March 2022
Ancient Map Shows the Lost City of Atlantis is the Eye of the Sahara - Published March 2022
Ancient Map Shows the Lost City of Atlantis is the Eye of the Sahara – Published March 2022
“For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; neither hid, that shall not be known.”
Atlantis is a fictional island mentioned in an allegory on the hubris of nations in Plato’s works Timaeus and Critias, wherein it represents the antagonist naval power that besieges “Ancient Athens”, the pseudo-historic embodiment of Plato’s ideal state in The Republic. In the story, Athens repels the Atlantean attack unlike any other nation of the known world, supposedly bearing witness to the superiority of Plato’s concept of a state. The story concludes with Atlantis falling out of favor with the deities and submerging into the Atlantic Ocean. Wikipedia
The neolithic city of Çatalhöyük, in what was Anatolia or Asia Minor and now Turkey, is considered to be the oldest known city in the world, making it one of the world’s most important archaeological sites. While ancient, the civilization living there 9000 years ago showed a remarkable talent for acquiring and using colorful pigments for ceremonial, decorative and funeral activities. A new study published in Scientific Reportsfocused on one strange practice – the painting of skeletons. Since the skeletons appear to have been painted a number of times with different colors, the reasons were a puzzling and somewhat macabre mystery to researchers.
(Not a skull from this story)
The strangeness starts with the burials themselves – the graves are typically underneath buildings, which were tightly packed in this densely populated city. The skeletons uncovered by earlier archeologists were partially painted with bright colors and the signs indicated they had been removed one or more times to paint. Researchers from the University of Bern on the new study noticed something unusual – the number of burial layers under a building matched layers of paintings found on its wall. As senior study author Marco Milella explains in the press release:
“This means when they buried someone, they also painted on the walls of the house.”
After making that connection between burial and building, they found another. The colors used on the skeletons were unique to the sex of the person, and the colors matched those used on the wall when they were buried. Red ochre was most popular – used on children and adults – while cinnabar (a brownish red) was found on males and blue/green on females. Then it gets stranger – some of the remains appear to have been dug up a second time and painted again … but not reburied right away.
“Some individuals “stayed” in the community: their skeletal elements were retrieved and circulated for some time, before they were buried again. This second burial of skeletal elements was also accompanied by wall paintings.”
Bones, but not complete skeletons, were repainted and passed around the community for a while – possibly as a sign of reverence of the dead. When they were buried again, their colors were added to a new painting on the building’s walls. The researchers have not yet identified the reason why only some of the skeletons were painted – there seems to be no correlation between selecting which bones to paint and age or sex. But they definitely “provide new insights into pigment use by this community, by showing the internal dynamics of this particular society and contributing to the interpretation of mortuary practices in Neolithic Anatolia.”
Why some bones but not others?
(Not bones from this story)
The usage of pigments to paint skeletons and corresponding wall designs lasted until around 6500 BCE, as the resident of Çatalhöyük increased productivity, increased the social autonomy of single households, and moved to a more dispersed settlement pattern, thus reducing ritual ties such as the painting and sharing of ancestral bones. The study recommends future analysis of other Neolithic Anatolia sites for the use of mortuary pigment.
While less macabre, it’s still sad to see cultures lose these rituals that bind people together to remember their ancestors and loved ones.
Skeleton of a male individual aged between 35 and 50 years old with cinnabar painting on the cranium.
Detail of the cinnabar stripe on the cranium of the male individual.
Tales of a Two-headed Giant: Are the Legends of Kap Dwa Real?
Tales of a Two-headed Giant: Are the Legends of Kap Dwa Real?
Countless people have claimed to encounter giants throughout history. Greek titans, various Norse giants, the Chinese giant Pangu, and the Biblical giants Goliath and Anak are all examples of stories of extremely large beings in different cultures. This has led many to wonder if real giants ever existed. One example which has been suggested as a possibility is the giant Kap Dwa. Kap Dwa is alleged to be a Patagonian giant discovered off the coast of South America. The body is unusual not just in its gigantic stature, but also in the fact that it has two heads. Could this giant be real? It is scientifically plausible, but its association with P. T. Barnum and the fact that it has not been examined by experts call this giant’s authenticity into question.
Giant Bones in Baltimore
Kap Dwa is said to be a 12-foot (3.66 meter) tall giant, the body of which is in a museum in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. It is said to be a Patagonian giant. Patagonia was considered a land inhabited by giants for a long time. The legend of Patagonian giants goes back to a story told by the explorer Ferdinand Magellan.
English sailor offering bread to a Patagonian woman giant. Frontispiece to ‘Viaggio intorno al mondo fatto dalla nave Inglese il Delfino comandata dal caposqadra Byron’ (Florence, 1768), the first Italian edition of John Byron’s ‘A Voyage Round the World in His Majesty’s Ship the Dolphin . . .’ (London, 1767) [Rare Books Division].
Magellan and his men stopped on the beaches of South America and went inland to explore. As they explored, it is said they encountered natives that were twice the size of a normal man. This is probably because a few of the indigenous peoples of the region, namely the Tehuelche, do happen to be taller than the average European was at the time. This height difference may have been exaggerated, leading to the long-standing European myth that Patagonia was a land of giants.
Is it possible though that there may have been a few real giants in Patagonia and that Kap Dwa is an example of them?
There are two conflicting stories of the origin of Kap Dwa. According to the first, Kap Dwa was encountered by Spanish sailors in around 1673 on the beaches of Patagonia. He was captured and taken onto their ship where they strapped him to the mast. When he got free of the mast, he skirmished with them and was killed by a pike piercing his chest. After this his body was mummified and stuffed and eventually made its way first to Britain and later the United States in the 19th century; where it became the subject of many sideshows and freak shows as a spectacle of the unexplored world.
The second story is that the giant was found already dead on a beach with a spear through his chest. In this version, his body was found by Paraguay natives who mummified the body and worshiped it in a sort of religious ceremony. At some point after this, the British schooner captain George Bickle heard about it. He infiltrated Paraguay and stole the body. After having taken the body, he brought it with him to Britain.
Both stories end the same way: The body ends up in the hands of showmen who add it to their collection of curiosities.
There is some disagreement over its authenticity. Some believe it to be genuine and others are convinced it is a hoax. Let us examine the evidence and see which one sounds more likely.
Is a Two-Headed 12 Foot Man Even Possible?
Although a real two-headed giant seems pretty far-fetched, on par with discovering a real dragon or a real troll, it is not actually as unlikely as it sounds. Let us first examine the creature’s unusual height. There have been people of unusual stature due to the condition known as gigantism. The tallest person in recorded history for which there is indisputable evidence is Robert Wadlow (1918-1940) who was 8 feet 11 inches (2.47 meters) tall and still growing when he suddenly died at the age of 22.
Although people have been found who are over 8 feet tall, no living people or skeletal remains (for which the evidence is beyond dispute) have been found that are 12 feet tall. Although it may be possible for a human to grow to that size, increasing health complications make it more difficult for someone to reach that height and survive. The reason that Wadlow died is because his feet developed blisters because of the enormous weight on them. These blisters eventually became infected and he died from complications related to the infection. These health problems would only get worse for someone who was 12 feet tall.
People and animals with multiple heads have also been identified. One of the ways that conjoined twins can form is a condition called dicephalic parapagus, in which the twins will appear to have one body and two heads. Again, most cases do not survive infancy let alone to adulthood, but there are a few rare cases that do. The two most famous examples would be the Italian brothers Giovanni and Giacomo Battista Tocci (1875/1877-1940?) and the American sisters from Minnesota named Abby and Brittany Hensel (1990- present). The chances of survival for dicephalic parapagus twins is increased if their vital organs are doubled so that each twin has a separate heart, stomach, set of lungs, etc. It is thus possible for dicephalic parapagus twins to become biologically successful adults, but it is very rare.
1880's cabinet card photograph of the Tocci Brothers by Obermiller & Kern. It was sold by the Tocci Brothers.
For Kap Dwa to be genuine, we would have to suppose two very unlikely scenarios at once. We would have to presume that dicephalic parapagus twins were born who had yet another rare and lifespan-reducing disorder, gigantism, and they were somehow able to overcome all the health problems related to both conditions and become full-fledged adults that were strong and healthy enough to engage in combat with a band of sailors. While this is not out of the question, it does make the story much more unlikely and in need of considerably more evidence.
The body was allegedly examined by physicians in the 1960s who said that it showed no obvious signs of being fake. No other experts appear to have examined the body either to determine if it is genuine or if it had the internal anatomic requirements to be likely to survive as a set of dicephalic parapagus twins.
Another problem with the authenticity of the body is its association with Phineas Taylor Barnum. P.T. Barnum was a 19th century showman, businessman, and politician known for shows in which he would display creatures or items which he claimed to be the remains of mythical creatures or from distant lands. Two famous examples would be the jackalope and the Fiji mermaid. P.T. Barnum was known for telling tall tales and most of his specimens have turned out to be hoaxes, the most famous of which might be the Fiji mermaid. Any association with P.T. Barnum immediately casts doubt on the authenticity of Kap Dwa.
[Top] Fiji Mermaid, in the Folklore section at the Haus der Natur (House of Nature), a natural history collection in Salzburg, Austria. ( CC BY NC SA 2.0 ) [Bottom] P.T. Barnum’s Feejee mermaid
Furthermore, there is a strange artform known as rogue taxidermy which consists of reconstructing corpses to look like mythical creatures such as dragons, fairies, goblins, and even giants. This is not practiced very often today, but it was popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A two headed Patagonian giant would be a likely candidate for a specimen to be made by rogue taxidermists.
Although it is scientifically possible for Kap Dwa to be genuine as a set of dicephalic parapagus twins who suffered from gigantism, the unlikelihood of this scenario, the associations of the specimen with a man known to have produced multiple hoaxes, and the fact that no one has really examined the body since the 1960s all suggest that Kap Dwa is more likely an elaborate hoax… at least until indisputable evidence can be found.
The continued research on the ancient discoveries has always stunned the archaeologists who are trying hard to collect information about previous civilizations on Earth. The Egyptian type pyramids are found around the world and share a link between different cultures that existed thousands of miles from each other. Since the 20th century, amazing ancient artifacts have been discovered underwater that include lost cities and pyramids.
In 1992, an experienced diver named Geng Wei from China discovered handcraft flagstones and stone strips at the bottom of Fuxian Lake in the Yunnan Province. Geng accidentally discovered a large pyramid and a lost sunken city that supposedly belonged to the ancient Yunnan civilization during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE).
Fuxian Lake covers an area of 212 square kilometers, stretching through Chenjiang, Jianchuan, and Huaning Counties in Yunnan Province. The lake has a depth of 155 meters that makes it the deepest lake in the Yunnan Province. Besides, it is the third deepest freshwater lake in China.
Geng heard the legends about the lake that said people could see an impression that resembled a city under the lake from the mountains. Did he discover the ancient lost city? To get assurance, he dove 35 times underwater and explored the lake’s bottom. After surveying, he called the experts from Yunnan Province.
Fuxian Lake, Yunnan Province, China
Ancient astronaut theorist Giorgio A. Tsoukalos said: “What he saw was quite extraordinary. Handcrafts limestones, roads, buildings, and it as if he had discovered an underwater. The clearest evidence of dwellings at the bottom of a lake. It was built when there was even not a lake and that would mean, we are talking about the time before the last ice age.”
In the early 2000s, a Chinese submarine archaeology team conducted an investigation under Fuxian Lake and concluded that the underwater site had two large buildings that were built on huge stone slabs, similar to Mayans, a colosseum-like structure and another structure that resembled a pyramid.
Flagstones and stone strips at the bottom of Fuxian Lake in the Yunnan Province
The pyramid at the bottom of Fuxian Lake was built of huge stone slabs with mysterious engravings. It seemed to be even more advanced than Egyptian pyramids.
The Epoch Times writes: “Amongst the many engraved stones, one stone has attracted particular attention. On the top right of the stone is carved a small circle surrounded by seven radial lines, resembling the Sun. On the left side of the stone is carved a similar circle, but with only four radial lines.”
Experts believe that the sun-like symbol on the stones is very rare and could be even older than 1,800 years.
It would be impossible to install such blocks without special equipment, as well as to bring them to their existing form. The top, consisting of two steps, was lined with sandstone and therefore collapsed. A stronger limestone foundation survived and was found.
Sonar technique used to survey the sunken city beneath the lake
Sonar technique showed that the city covers an area of 10.8 million square feet. It was said that the pyramid might have been as old as the Egyptian pyramids and taller than some of them. Archeologists managed to find out that the massive blocks have a bonding composition with each other, reminiscent of cement. There are no gaps between the huge stone blocks.
Chinese researchers also discovered some handmade stone artifacts such as clay pots beneath the lake. From the carbon dating method, the sunken city was estimated to be 1750 years old. It is assumed that the under-lake structures were constructed by the Dian people who were good at metalworking. As the Han dynasty expanded towards Yunnan province, the ancient Dian kingdom assimilated into it and disappeared by 109 BCE.
A computerized model of the underwater pyramid and surrounding city at the bottom of Fuxian Lake
Ancient astronaut theorists suggested that the lake could be the base for UFOs. There is a legend behind Fuxian Lake. According to a book titled “Cheng Jang Fu Zhi” written during the reign of Emperor Daoguang, “a flying horse-like animal that lived in the lake, described as white with red spots on its back. More intriguingly, it was a creature that could actually take to the skies. This suggests it may have been part-USO, part-UFO.”
A disk-shaped UFO was even seen by a fisherman named Zhang Yuxiang at the lake that rose from the underwater on October 24, 1991. He described the UFO as a shiny disk that tossed his boat by creating strong waves into the water.
After this amazing underwater discovery of pyramids and cities, a lot of questions have arisen. Who built that city? Why is there no record of it in the ancient Chinese texts? What happened to its inhabitants? Is it possible that the city existed before the last ice age?
Underwater ruins and pyramid of ancient civilization discovered off St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Underwater ruins and pyramid of ancient civilization discovered off St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Amateur archeologist Gelé says he’s discovered the ruins of an ancient civilization off the coast of St. Bernard Parish and he said: “All I know is somebody built a city 12,000 years ago and it’s stuck out in Chandeleur."
He claims there are large underwater granite mounds near the Chandeleur Islands that may have once been the site of the lost city.
“What’s down there are hundreds of buildings that are covered with sand and silt and that are geographically related to the Great Pyramid at Giza,” Gelé said.
He produced underwater sonar images of what he claims are remnants of major buildings, including a large pyramid which produces an electromagnetic energy that’s incredible,” Gelé said. “It is apparently 280 feet tall” reports wwltv.
The Enigma of Prehistoric Skulls with Bullet-Like Holes
The Enigma of Prehistoric Skulls with Bullet-Like Holes
Nearly one century ago, a Swiss miner was searching for metal ore deposits in the limestone caves of Kabwe, Zambia, when he found a prehistoric skull that dated back between 125,000 and 300,000 years. It was the first fossil to be discovered in Africa with Homo sapiens characteristics.
But there was an even bigger surprise. The prehistoric skull had a small, circular shaped hole on the side, which forensic scientists say could only have been created by an extremely high-velocity projectile, such as that caused by a bullet. The mystery was compounded by the discovery of an ancient auroch skull with exactly the same feature. The discoveries have led to many wild and wonderful speculations, but we are really no closer to solving the puzzle.
Replica of the prehistoric Kabwe skull, housed in Mauer Museum, in Heidelberg, Germany.
Trying to Classify Prehistoric Skulls – The Case of the Kabwe Skull
The skull found in Kabwe (also known as Broken Hill) attracted a great deal of attention when it was first discovered. According to the Smithsonian Institution , it was initially believed that the Kabwe prehistoric skull was the first ever example of a new species of hominid called Homo rhodesiensis .
It was subsequently assigned the classification of Homo heidelbergensis , although more recent research has shown that several characteristics shown similarities to Homo erectus , Homo neanderthalensis , and modern Homo sapiens . Whoever the skull belonged to, it appears he or she may have been the product of interbreeding between different hominid species.
But its unique combination of features was not all that was unique about the Kabwe skull. It was also found to have a small, perfectly-round hole on the left side of the cranium, as well as a shattered parietal plate on the opposite side.
This suggests the projectile that entered on the left side, passed through the skull with such force that it completely shattered the right side. Strangely, the presence of these highly-unusual characteristics are missing from descriptions of the Kabwe skull on the Smithsonian Institution page, as well the Natural History Museum of London, although their photos clearly depict the hole in the skull.
A replica of the prehistoric Broken Hill or Kabwe skull from the Museum in Livingstone, Zambia, with the apparent bullet hole visible on the left.
What Could Have Caused the Hole in the Kabwe Skull?
While it is natural to assume that the hole may have been caused by a high-speed spear or javelin, investigations proved this was not possible. “When a skull is struck by a relatively low-velocity projectile – such as an arrow, or spear – it produces what are known as radial cracks or striations; that is, minute hairline fractures running away from the place of impact,” wrote The Shields Gazette . “As there were no radial fractures on the Neanderthal skull, it was unanimously concluded that the projectile must have had a far, far greater velocity than an arrow or spear.”
According to the book Technology of the Gods: The Incredible Sciences of the Ancients by David Hatcher Childress, a German forensics expert came to an even more radical conclusion: “the cranial damage to Rhodesian man’s skull could not have been caused by anything but a bullet.” Researcher Rene Noorbergen, who investigated the mystery in Secrets Of The Lost Races , concurred, saying that “this same feature is seen in modern victims of head wounds received from shots from a high-powered rifle.”
If this were true, it would mean that a) the skull is not as old as claimed, b) the ancient skull was shot in modern times, c) the ancient skull was shot in ancient times by a technologically advanced civilization. The first and second options are discounted by the fact that the skull was found 60 feet (18.2 m) below the surface, which confirms that it is at least several thousand years old.
It was not located near enough to ground level to have been accidently or intentionally shot in recent decades. Does that just leave us with the third option, or could there be other explanations in the mix?
Auroch skull with bullet-like hole in the forehead.
Before exploring other hypotheses, we must give consideration to another prehistoric skull discovery which further compounds the mystery. Thousands of miles away, along the Lena River in Russia, another ancient skull was discovered with the same clean, round hole.
The skull belonged to an auroch, an extinct species of wile cattle that lived between 2 million and 4,000 years ago. Like the Kabwe skull, the hole in the auroch skull is also missing radial cracks that would result from spear or arrow projectiles.
The prehistoric skull, which is now on display in Moscow’s Museum of Paleontology, could not have been struck by a bullet in more modern times because calcification around the bullet hole shows that the auroch survived the wound for some time afterwards.
The Kabwe skull, or Broken Hill skull, with its bullet-like hole clearly visible on the site, on display in the National History Museum in London.
All these pieces of the puzzle have really brought us no closer to learning the truth. Numerous hypotheses and speculations have surfaced, from radical theories, such as the idea proposed by The Shields Gazette that “someone from the future, carrying a firearm, travelled back into the past and engaged in some sort of trans-temporal hunting expedition,” to the slightly more plausible suggestion that the holes were caused by shrapnel from a small meteorite or something similar.
In alternative archaeology circles, the most popular perspective is that ancient man may have been technologically developed to a very high degree, before virtually all traces were lost. But could two separate societies, separated by thousands of years and a vast cultural gulf, have both invented weapons that just happened to fire small, cylindrical projectiles at high speed?
The only lukewarm attempt to debunk the alternative theories comes from the Bad Archaeology website, which denies the injuries to the right-side of the skull exist. Although they present no explanation or evidence, they claim that the bullet-like hole was caused by “a pathological, rather than a traumatic lesion, caused by an infection in the soft tissue over it.”
At this stage, none of the hypotheses are supported by adequate evidence or logic. Unless more prehistoric skulls or fossils are discovered with the same type of injuries, we may never hold the real answers to the Kabwe skull enigma.
Top image:The Kabwe Skull with bullet-like hole. prehistoric skulls.
WETENSCHAPPERS ONTHULLEN HET UNIEKE LOOPJE VAN HET GROOTSTE VLIEGENDE DIER DAT OOIT OP AARDE HEEFT GELEEFD
WETENSCHAPPERS ONTHULLEN HET UNIEKE LOOPJE VAN HET GROOTSTE VLIEGENDE DIER DAT OOIT OP AARDE HEEFT GELEEFD
Vivian Lammerse
Lopen met vleugels van 6 meter lang valt echt niet mee…
Als je vandaag de dag door moerassig gebied loopt, zie je hooguit één meter lange reigers in ondiep water waden, op zoek naar visjes, insecten of schaaldieren. Maar zo’n 70 miljoen jaar geleden zou je langs de Texaanse Rio Grande-rivier een indrukwekkender en enger wezen door de moerassen hebben zien struinen. Het gaat om een vrij angstaanjagende pterosauriër, bekend als Quetzalcoatlus. Dit beest, met een spanwijdte van bijna 12 meter, was het grootste vliegende dier dat ooit op aarde leefde. En in een nieuwe studie schetsen onderzoekers nu het meest complete beeld van dit gevreesde familielid van de dinosaurus.
Mysterie In de jaren zeventig van de vorige eeuw ontdekte wetenschappers in het Amerikaanse Big Bend National Park de gefossiliseerde botten van de pterosauriër. Eén van de mysteries is echter sindsdien geweest hoe een dier met zes meter lange vleugels rond kon lopen… De vleugels zouden zelfs opgevouwen de grond moeten hebben geraakt. Bovendien gingen er onder zijn enorme vleugels in verhouding vrij kleine beentjes schuil. En dus is het de vraag hoe Quetzalcoatlus het luchtruim koos. “Dit oude vliegende reptiel is legendarisch,” zegt onderzoeker Kevin Padian. “Maar dit is de eerste keer dat we een grondige blik werpen op het grootste dier dat ooit op aarde rondvloog.”
Studie De onderzoekers bogen zich over de gefossiliseerde botten en vergeleken deze met talrijkere exemplaren van een kleinere Quetzalcoatlus-soort om het vlieg-, loop- en lanceergedrag beter te begrijpen. En uiteindelijk slaagde het onderzoeksteam erin het unieke loopje van Quetzalcoatlus te onthullen.
Vleugels Het beeld dat het onderzoeksteam uiteindelijk schetst, is van een dier dat best wat weg heeft van hedendaagse reigers, gecombineerd met kenmerken van condors en gieren. “Pterosauriërs hebben enorme borstbeenderen – de plek waar de vliegspieren zich hechten – dus het lijdt geen twijfel dat het geweldige vliegers waren,” zegt Padian. “Hun opperarmbeen – de humerus – kenmerkt zich door enorme, benige toppen waar de spieren die ze gebruikten om te vliegen, worden verankerd. Deze zijn groter dan die van vogels en veel groter dan die van vleermuizen. De vleugels werkten in wezen hetzelfde als die van vogels en andere dinosauriërs, waaraan pterosauriërs het nauwst verwant zijn.”
Meer over Quetzalcoatlus De onderzoekers vermoeden dat Quetzalcoatlus geen veren had: zijn lichaam – inclusief vleugels – was bedekt met haar, zoals bij alle pterosauriërs. Net als dinosaurussen waren ze warmbloedig en actief. Quetzalcoatlus had geen staart, vermoedelijk om zo wendbaarder te zijn. Daarnaast leek hij een beetje op een uit de kluiten gewassen ooievaar. De pterosauriër hield er waarschijnlijk een gevarieerd dieet op na en zocht in de modder naar krabbetjes, wormen en kokkels, maar ook kleine visjes, insecten, slangen en hagedissen stonden geregeld op zijn menu.
Net als vogels, vleermuizen en zelfs mensen, hebben de voorpoten van pterosauriërs drie segmenten: de humerus, de onderarm en de pols- en handbotjes. Maar in tegenstelling tot vogels en vleermuizen, bestaat het buitenste deel van de pterosauriërvleugel uit een gigantische ‘vleugelvinger’. “Het is vergelijkbaar met een skistok die zich vanaf het begin van je vingers uitstrekt en 90 graden naar buiten buigt,” legt Padian uit.
Tweevoetig Quetzalcoatlus was tweevoetig, wat betekent dat hij op twee benen liep. Maar omdat de botten van de voorpoten zo langwerpig zijn, raakten zijn vleugels de grond wanneer ze opgevouwen waren. Dit deed sommigen vermoeden dat de pterosauriërs zich net als een vampiervleermuis voortbewogen; die gebruiken hun voorpoten om zichzelf op de grond voort te stuwen.
Een schets van de botten van Quetzalcoatlus northropi. Het dier hield er een uniek loopje op na, die duidelijk verschilde van die van een vampiervleermuis.
Afbeelding: John Conway
De onderzoekers komen nu echter tot de ontdekking dat Quetzalcoatlus hier waarschijnlijk niet toe in staat was: als hij op de grond stond, kon hij zijn vleugels alleen naar voren of opzij bewegen. “Eenmaal op de grond, kon hij zijn voorpoten niet terugdraaien om vooruit te komen,” zegt Padian. “Het bot in zijn schouder zat daarvoor in de weg.” Om toch op de grond vooruit te komen, hief de pterosauriër eerst zijn linkerarm op, zette vervolgens met zijn linkerbeen een stap en plaatste zijn linkerarm op de grond. Dit proces herhaalde hij aan de rechterkant. “Dit lijkt misschien wat omslachtig,” zegt Padian. “Maar het dier kon de gang snel en gemakkelijk uitvoeren.”
Opstijgen Hoe Quetzalcoatlus opsteeg? Omdat zijn poten korter waren dan zijn vleugels, kon hij niet simpelweg met zijn vleugels klapperen om zichzelf te lanceren. De onderzoekers vermoeden dan ook dat de pterosauriër zijn sterke achterpoten gebruikte om omhoog te springen. Vervolgens begon hij, zodra er enige ruimte onder hem was gekomen, met zijn vleugels te klapperen. Reigers en zilverreigers doen hetzelfde, hoewel ze aanzienlijk kleiner zijn dan Quetzalcoatlus.
Een stapsgewijze reconstructie van hoe Quetzalcoatlus opsteeg. De pterosauriër hurkt, springt en begint dan met zijn vleugels te klappen.
Afbeelding: Kevin Padian and John Conway
De bevindingen zijn revolutionair voor de studie naar pterosauriërs – de eerste dieren, na insecten, die ooit een gemotoriseerde vlucht ontwikkelden. Padian geeft toe dat er nog steeds enkele vragen over Quetzalcoatlus en pterosauriërs in het algemeen onbeantwoord blijven. Maar dankzij het omvangrijke onderzoek hebben we nu wel een veel beter beeld van hoe het grootste vliegende dier dat ooit op aarde leefde, zich – op vrij eigenaardige wijze – voortbewoog.
The Ateshgah Baku Fire Temple: Built On an Azerbaijan Natural Gas Vent
The Ateshgah Baku Fire Temple: Built On an Azerbaijan Natural Gas Vent
The Ateshgah Baku fire temple, located in the capital of Azerbaijan, was built over a natural gas vent, and constructed between the late 17th and early 18th centuries AD. There is evidence, however, that an older temple once stood at the site. One of the interesting features of the Ateshgah Baku fire temple are the inscriptions on the temple used by Zoroastrians, Hindus, and Sikhs. The Ateshgah has since lost its religious function and was converted into a museum during the 1970s.
Inscriptions in Arabic and Indian on the Ateshgah Baku fire temple, located in the suburb of Surakhany, Baku, Azerbaijan.
The Baku Fire Temples: Already in Use in the 10th Century AD
The Ateshgah Baku fire temple is located in Surakhany, a suburb of Baku, Azerbaijan. Due to the many natural gas vents under the Absheron Peninsula (where Baku is situated), fire rituals have been carried out in the area since the 10th century AD. The natural gas vents provided fuel for flames that could burn perpetually, the so-called “eternal flames.” This natural phenomenon can also seen at Yanar Dag (meaning “Burning Mountain”) near Baku.
Baku was once on the famous Silk Road . In addition to goods, this trade route also allowed news to travel from East to West, and vice versa. It is thought that through the Silk Road, merchants in India heard of stories about the Absheron Peninsula and its eternal flames. As a result, pilgrims from India began to travel to Baku to worship the sacred flames. At the same time, they brought their own gods to this foreign land, and worshipped them alongside these flaming gas vents.
The current Ateshgah Baku fire temple was built between the late 17th and early 18th centuries AD. When renovations were carried out in 1969, part of an older structure was found beneath the current temple. This suggests that the site was already used for religious purposes prior to the 17th century. Although it is speculated that the older temple extended beyond the perimeter of the current temple, this may be impossible to ascertain, since the remains were probably destroyed from the 19th century onwards as the surrounding area was excavated for oil and gas.
An inscribed invocation to Lord Shiva of the Hindu religion written in Sanskrit at the Ateshgah Baku fire temple.
The current Ateshgah fire temple consists of a circuit of pentagonal walls surrounding a courtyard, in the middle of which is the altar. This altar takes the form of a pavilion and was built on top of a natural gas vent. Through the gases from this vent, the flame in the middle of the pavilion and four smaller ones on the rooftop corners are maintained. Within the courtyard, and around the altar, are small cells that provided accommodation for pilgrims and ascetics.
The architecture of the Ateshgah fire temple incorporates elements from both Zoroastrianism and Hinduism. It is still a matter of debate, however, whether the temple was originally founded as a Zoroastrian or Hindu place of worship. The current consensus is that whilst the Ateshgah was initially established as a Zoroastrian temple, it developed into a predominantly Hindu site over time.
In addition to the Hindu architectural elements, the other sign of the presence of Hindus at the Ateshgah is the inscriptions dedicated to the Hindu gods Ganesha and Shiva. Apart from these, there are also inscriptions dedicated by Sikh pilgrims who came to the Ateshgah to worship. Although Ateshgah is also associated with Zoroastrianism, there is in fact only a single Zoroastrian inscription at the temple. In any case, the inscriptions indicate that the sacred site was shared by the three different religions.
An engraving of the Ateshgah Baku fire temple of Azerbaijan showing pilgrims visiting the site.
It seems that by the late 19th century, the Ateshgah Baku fire temple was abandoned, possibly due to the decline in Azerbaijan’s Indian population. Nevertheless, even during that century, Parsis and Zoroastrians, who migrated to India following the Islamic conquest of Persia during the 7th century AD, continued to make pilgrimages to the site. Moreover, the site also became a tourist attraction for European tourists travelling in Azerbaijan.
As mentioned earlier, the Ateshgah Baku fire temple was renovated in 1969. Incidentally, in that same year, the eternal flame at the altar died, due to the intensive exploitation of the natural gas reserves on the Absheron Peninsula. Although the flame is still maintained today, its source of fuel is provided by Baku’s main gas supply.
In 1975, the Ateshgah was converted into a museum. The cells surrounding the altar, for instance, are used to tell the stories of the pilgrims who once travelled to the temple to worship.
As the Ateshgah fire temple is located in a suburb of Baku, it is not close to any of the city’s metro stations. Instead, there are buses that run from some of the stations to the site. Apart from that, one could also travel to the temple by taxi. The Ateshgah is open every day from 10:00 to 18:00, and tickets are required to enter the site.
Top image: The altar of the Ateshgah Baku fire temple in the capital of Azerbaijan. Source: vadim.nefedov / Adobe Stock
New Denisovan Fossils From Siberian Cave Are The Oldest Ever Found
New Denisovan Fossils From Siberian Cave Are The Oldest Ever Found
Researchers from the Max Planck Society and the Universities of Vienna and Tübingen have found new fossilized human-like remains mixed in an assortment of bone samples taken from Siberia’s famed Denisova Cave. This includes three fragments that belonged to actual Denisovans, the much-speculated-about species that gave the cave its name. These bones will be added to the growing collection of Denisovan fossils connected to the most intriguing of all the extinct human species, which lived on the Earth at the same time as Neanderthals and early modern humans yet left such a light footprint as to be virtually undetectable.
Remarkably, these Denisovan fossils were recovered from a deep excavation layer that dated to 200,000 years in the past. These are the earliest Denisovan remains ever found, and they prove that Denisova Cave was occupied by archaic humans more than 150,000 years before modern humans reached the Siberian region following their migrations out of Africa. The analysis results of the newly discovered Denisovan fossils have been published in a study in the Nature Ecology & Evolution journal.
The latest Denisovan fossils were found in a deep layer of Denisova Cave in Siberian Russia and proven to date back about 200,000 years, making them the oldest Denisovan remains ever found.
Evidence Found In a Haystack of Denisovan Fossil Fragments
Science first learned of the existence of the Denisovans in 2008. That’s when a small number of fossilized bones and teeth were recovered from an isolated cave in the Altai Mountains in southern Siberia.
Unfortunately, the Denisovan fossil fragments found at the Denisova Cave were few. They revealed scarce details about this long-lost Homo sapiens cousin, which is believed to have died out approximately 50,000 years ago. In the years that have passed since, archaeologists and anthropologists have been frantically searching for more remains left behind by this elusive species. They’ve been searching primarily in northern, central, and eastern Asia, where traces of their DNA have been found in indigenous residents.
Archaeologists and anthropologists have been optimistic about eventually finding Denisovan fossils in these other locations (a fossilized Denisovan jawbone found in a cave in Tibet generated much excitement). But many scientists have continued to focus their search on Siberia’s Denisova Cave, where the ancient Denisovan presence has been most firmly established.
In this extraordinarily successful new study, scientists working under team leader Katerina Douka, an assistant professor in the University of Vienna’s Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, spent several years analyzing ancient DNA samples and assorted proteins extracted from approximately 3,800 bone fragments taken from the cave. As they explain in a new article in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution , these bones included a diverse mixture of animal and human fossils, and it would have been impossible to identify anything visually.
Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry or ZooMS was used to analyze the recently discovered Denisovan fossils, which are now the oldest ever!
For a Positive ID Researchers Relied on Peptide Analysis
To make a positive ID, the researchers only option was to use a technology known as Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectroscopy, or ZooMS. This high-tech tool can identify peptides (strings of amino acids) that are found specifically in the human body, and in the body of human ancestor species as well.
With this reliable technology at their disposal, the scientists concentrated on fossils excavated from the cave’s most ancient layer, which had been dated back 200,000 years. The bones collected from this layer were truly a fragmented and haphazard jumble, and that’s why little work had been done on them in the past. But with ZooMS, there was an opportunity to search for Denisovan fossils in a collection of bones that had not been fully examined before.
Team member Samantha Brown, a doctoral student at the University of Tubingen, was assigned the task of performing the actual analysis of the approximately 3,800 previously unidentified bone fragments. The vast majority of these fossil bones had belonged to animals, making the search for human remains the equivalent of looking for the proverbial needle in a haystack.
With enough time and diligence, even the smallest needle can be found eventually, and Brown’s research ultimately proved successful. Aided by the precise ZooMS technology, she found five bones with collagen profiles that matched those of humans.
But which types of humans? Certainly not modern humans ( Homo sapiens ), which would not arrive in Siberia until much later. That left Neanderthals and Denisovans as the two possible candidates.
To solve this mystery, the scientists turned to another high-tech innovation that has revolutionized archaeological and anthropological practice: DNA analysis. Out of the five human bones Brown identified, four contained significant enough traces of genetic material to allow for a mitochondrial DNA reconstruction. These tests showed that one of the bone fragments had belonged to a Neanderthal, while the other three were all Denisovan.
At an age of 200,000 years, this DNA typing officially established the three bone samples as the oldest remains of Denisovans ever found.
"Denisova is an amazing place for DNA preservation, and we have now reconstructed genomes from some of the oldest and best-preserved human fossils," Dr. Diyendo Massilani, a genetic researcher from the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, explained in an Institute press release announcing this amazing discovery.
The Denisova 3 fifth distal finger phalanx of 13.5-year adolescent Denisovan female, the first bone fossil uncovered at Denisova Cave in 2008.
Finding New Denisovan Fossil Bones and Lithic Stone Tools
There is no underestimating the impact and importance of this discovery. "We were extremely excited to identify three new Denisovan bones amongst the oldest layers of Denisova Cave," Katerina Douka told Live Science . "We specifically targeted these layers where no other human fossils were found before, and our strategy worked."
"Finding one new human bone would have been cool, but five? This exceeded my wildest dreams," Samantha Brown added.
The discovery of the age of the 200,00-year-old Denisovan bones was exciting. But there is another part to the story that is perhaps even more significant.
Inside the deep layer of the cave where the fossils were found, archaeologists also unearthed a large number of lithic stone artifacts dating to the same time period. These included several scaping tools, which presumably were used to process animal skins.
Notably, none of these tools were similar to any that had been found in central or northern Asia before.
"This is the first time we can be sure that Denisovans were the makers of the archaeological remains [the stone tools] we found associated with their bone fragments," Douka confirmed.
Previously discovered Denisovan fossils had either been found separate from artifacts, or alongside artifacts that were suspected to have been left by Neanderthals. The two ancient species frequently occupied the same caves and territories and were known to have interbred .
There were also thousands of pieces of animal bones found in the oldest layer of Denisova Cave. They have now been identified as belonging to such species as deer, wild horses, bison, gazelles, and wooly rhinoceroses, all of which could have been hunted by Denisovans 200,000 years ago. Many of the bones contained marks consistent with butchering, while others had been damaged by fire (meaning the flesh of the animals had been cooked).
"The site's strategic point in front of a water source and the entrance of a valley would have served as a great spot for hunting," Douka noted.
If Denisova Cave contains more Denisovan bones or artifacts, the researchers intend to find them. Katerina Douka confirms that her team is continuing its search at the cave, while also carrying out excavations at several other Asian sites where they are hopeful Denisovan fossil remains might be found.
Top image: Denisovan fossils look a bit unremarkable, but these bone fragments, mostly from animals, were perfect for Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectroscopy and DNA analysis, which were used in the recent study .
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
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