Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
16-11-2020
Two Abandoned Alien Ships 1km Long! Found On Earths Moon, Nov 15, 2020, UFO Sighting News.
Two Abandoned Alien Ships 1km Long! Found On Earths Moon, Nov 15, 2020, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: Nov 15, 2020 Location of discovery: Earths moon
Source: Not saying O_o
So I found this really cool looking cigar ship in a crater on Earths moon. The ship measures just under 1km across and looks very similar to a submarine. The front is pointed like the old iron locomotives...to push through things it may encounter. Also the front kinda looks like the old submarine from the story of 2000 Leagues Under The Sea. Now I added a bit of yellow to make it more visible for those who have trouble seeing it. The back of the craft actually seems to have a flat upper deck, like the old 1600s Spanish Galleons that sailed on the ocean. As I looked around it, I noticed another ship almost equal in size but very different from the first. They are sitting on opposite sides of the same hill. Probably long since abandoned, but left there for emergency spare parts.
This is as close as it gets guys...this is 100% proof that intelligent alien species live not only in our solar system, but right next to earth...on our own moon. I guess its not really our...moon...is it?
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
Huge Fleet of UFOs flying past the International Space Station
Huge Fleet of UFOs flying past the International Space Station
After 6 months, on November 15, 2020, a new huge formation of UFOs appeared on the ISS live cam while flying past the International Space Station.
Before, several waves of UFO formations appeared in February through the first week of May, 2020 on the ISS live feed camera while passing the Earth and images show that these clusters of UFOs fly in large coordinated groups.
It is suggested that these UFO formations are city lights but since the ISS circles the Earth in roughly 93 minutes, completing 15.5 orbits per day then we should see these kind of city lights on the live feed every day, but that is not the case, which makes you wonder why these kind of formations appear again or are we being watched?
When I look at these images, I also think that they are images of the illuminated cities, filmed at night by the IS. These images really remind me of the space photos we sometimes get to see.
3 Triangle UFOs Fly By The International Space Station
The images of this video, filmed from the IS, are puzzling and perhaps fastwalkers ...
The UFO Seekers team heads to AREA 51 to get as close as possible to the secretive U.S. Air Force facility. While there, off Groom Lake Road, they spot employee vehicle traffic, the employee transport bus, camo dudes, and most importantly, they sky-watch for UFO activity. Let’s see what’s out there!
Zimbabwe UFO Child Conactee Speaks Publicly For The 1st Time
Zimbabwe UFO Child Conactee Speaks Publicly For The 1st Time
Emily Trim was a student at the Ariel primary school near the town of Ruwa in Zimbabwe. On September 16, 1994, many students reported seeing a craft land near the school and strange beings exit the craft and interact with the children. The incident was made famous when it was covered by the BBC, who interviewed the children soon after the incident. Harvard psychiatrist Dr. John Mack traveled to the school to interview the children and recorded their extraordinary accounts.
Emily was one of those children and says the incident still effects her to this day. She says she was only a few feet away from the beings and believes she was given messages. She has began painting and drawing mysterious and beautiful images she feels are a manifestation of the messages she received.
Day of the incident, she and a friend were out during recess and playing a game where they would hop on the boundary logs around the playground. The two of them then heard a high pitched frequency and saw a flash, followed by the craft. She says that it’s hard to judge time at this point, how long the whole thing lasted, etc.
Two beings started hopping on the logs next to them, mimicking them, and then all of a sudden ended up in front of them, at arms length. Suddenly the girls were frozen and started receiving telepathic images being communicated from the beings’ eyes. The message of the images was about the positives and negatives of technology, “there’s a good and a bad way to use technology, you can do better.”
Someone in the crowd asks if she’s had further experiences with the beings, she says yes but she doesn’t know if it’s the same ones she saw as a child. Then she describes her painting, says that she doesn’t know what she’s going to paint when she starts painting (I think?), but she describes the painting shown in the slide and talks about the “energy” that surrounds her when time seems to freeze during the encounters.
Then someone asks her to describe the beings from her other experiences. She says they can alter perception to make you feel more comfortable with what you’re seeing. She says that in her last encounter there were greys and a face that went back and forth between a “being” and a lion (very interesting stuff, reminds me of descriptions of angels in the bible). And she says that the beings are similar to the ones she saw as a child.
Then the guy with the glasses closes it out by paraphrasing what she told him. “Who cares what the ship looked like, who cares what it sounded like, who cares what they look like, it’s what they’re saying to us.”
I just received this footage that was filmed with a stationary camera located in the woods. Exact location is unknown but it was filmed on 18th October 2020. This poor deer is a possible victim of an alien mutilation. You can find out more info about alien mutilations here.
A documentary has attempted to shine new light on the infamous Rendlesham Forest incident from 1980, involving UFOs and nuclear weapons.
With UFOs and Nukes: The Secret Link Revealed, the latest feature to offer new and compelling details on the decades-old incident, the feature, produced by US researcher Robert Hastings, cites key witnesses like Lt Colonel Charles Halt, where a UFO shaped like a basketball was recorded as having travelled 120mph in less than eight seconds.
Ike Barker and Jim Carey, who were radar operators at the RAF Bentwaters, Suffolk, in the early 1980s, say the object flew over the base during the much debated incident in December of 1980.
The speeding ball happened during a series of unexplained encounters that amounted to several eye-witnesses saying they’d seen it. Filmmaker Hastings, who has investigated the event, believes it was a warning to humanity, as the UFO appeared to target the base’s nuclear arsenal.
Triangle News
On Boxing Day of 1980, a team of security officers noted a bright beam coming from the depths of the forest near to the base. Two days later, on the night of December 29, then Deputy Base Commander Halt, as well as other colleagues, saw flashing lights darting across the forest, before the glowing object shot beams of light into the ground and disappeared.
Reports later came in that the same UFO had targeted the base’s storage facility of nukes – which were the largest in Europe at the time – and began pinging beams into the bunker.
Halt’s report, dubbed the ‘Halt memo’, documenting the entire thing written in early 1981, was sent to the UK’s Ministry of Defence. It stated how he and other witnesses saw a glowing object in the forest and a ‘red, sun-like’ pulsing light in the trees, and that a quick-moving, metallic-like triangular-shaped object was spotted acting erratically.
Take a look at what he said, below:
Triangle News
While some have tried to debunk the strange sightings as military satellites, secret weaponry, a meteor, or the nearby shine from the Orfordness lighthouse, those who were there say different.
Ike is convinced in what he saw, saying, ‘It wasn’t like any radar target I’ve ever seen.’
‘It was travelling at an extremely high rate of speed,’ he recalled. ‘It passed over the control tower and then it stopped. I’ve never seen anything like the manoeuvrability that happened with this object.’
Describing it as basketball-like object, he said it was ‘orange in colour and it popped into my mind that somebody was flying a basketball out here. There were lights around the centre but not like navigation lights.’
Speaking about how otherworldly it was, he claimed the lights were ‘more like portholes, as if you were seeing the lights from the inside coming out. It hovered momentarily, reversed its course and went back out a high rate of speed.’
Triangle News
Prior to the witnessed object speeding off, it had made an unnatural right angle shift. ‘It was just phenomenal to see it go that fast. I said that can’t be one of ours,’ tech sergeant with the 2164th Communications Squadron, Carey said.
‘No jet can make an immediate right-hand turn,’ he added.
There are around 150 military witnesses to such unexplained phenomenon at similar sites since 1940 and, despite the pair not immediately coming forward to their superiors out of fear of the sack, declassified documents from both the US and Russian governments have emerged to show similar strange occurrences during the Cold War period.
If you have a story you want to tell, send it to UNILAD via story@unilad.com
Global and Regional Dust Storms Cause Mars to Lose Water
Global and Regional Dust Storms Cause Mars to Lose Water
Mars was once a wet planet, but it has lost most of its water through reactions that produce hydrogen. In standard models, molecular hydrogen produced from water in the lower atmosphere diffuses into the upper atmosphere where it is dissociated, producing atomic hydrogen, which is lost. Using NASA’s MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft, a team of researchers has now found that water can reach higher altitudes than previously thought, especially during global or regional dust storms on the planet.
This artist’s concept depicts the dry environment seen at Mars today versus the early Martian environment.
Image credit: Simon Fraser University.
“We know that billions of years ago, there was liquid water on the surface of Mars,” said lead author Shane Stone, a graduate student in the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona.
“There must have been a thicker atmosphere, so we know that Mars somehow lost the majority of its atmosphere to space.”
“MAVEN is trying to characterize the processes responsible for this loss, and one portion of that is understanding exactly how Mars lost its water.”
Using data from MAVEN’s NGIMS (Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer) instrument, Stone and colleagues found that when Mars is nearest the Sun, the planet warms, and more water — found on the surface in the form of ice — moves from the surface to the upper atmosphere where it is lost to space.
This happens once every Martian year or about every two Earth years.
The regional dust storms that occur on Mars every Martian year and the global dust storms that occur across the planet about once every 10 years lead to further heating of the atmosphere and a surge in the upward movement of water. “The processes that make this cyclical movement possible contradict the classical picture of water escape from Mars, showing it is incomplete,” Stone said.
According to the classical process, water ice is converted to a gas and is destroyed by the Sun’s rays in the lower atmosphere.
This process, however, would play out as a slow, steady trickle, unaffected by the seasons or dust storms, which doesn’t mesh with current observations.
Two 2001 images from the Mars Orbiter Camera on NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor show a dramatic change in the planet’s appearance when haze raised by dust-storm activity in the south became globally distributed. The images were taken about a month apart.
Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS.
“This is important because we didn’t expect to see any water in the upper atmosphere of Mars at all,” Stone said.
“If we compare Mars to Earth, water on Earth is confined close to the surface because of something called the hygropause.”
“It’s just a layer in the atmosphere that’s cold enough to condense (and therefore stop) any water vapor traveling upward.”
The researchers argue that water is moving past what should be Mars’ hygropause, which is likely too warm to stop the water vapor.
Once in the upper atmosphere, water molecules are broken apart by ions very quickly — within four hours, they calculate — and the byproducts are then lost to space.
“The loss of its atmosphere and water to space is a major reason Mars is cold and dry compared to warm and wet Earth,” Stone said.
“The new data from MAVEN reveal one process by which this loss is still occurring today.”
When the scientists extrapolated their findings back 1 billion years, they found that this process can account for the loss of a global ocean about 43 cm (17 inches) deep.
“If we took water and spread it evenly over the entire surface of Mars, that ocean of water lost to space due to the new process we describe would be over 43 cm deep,” Stone said.
“An additional 17 cm (6.7 inches) would be lost due solely to the effects of global dust storms.”
This close-up color image of a small-scale dust storm on Mars was acquired by the HRSC instrument on ESA’s Mars Express in April 2018.
Image credit: ESA / DLR / FU Berlin / CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.
During global dust storms, 20 times more water can be transported to the upper atmosphere.
For example, one global dust storm lasting 45 days releases the same amount of water to space as Mars would lose during a calm Martian year, or 687 Earth days.
“This process likely didn’t work the same before that, because Mars might have had a stronger hygropause long ago,” Stone said.
“Before the process we describe began to operate, there must have been a significant amount of atmospheric escape to space already.”
“We still need to nail down the impact of this process and when it began to operate.”
The findings were published in the journal Science.
Shane W. Stone et al. Hydrogen escape from Mars is driven by seasonal and dust storm transport of water.2020. Science 370 (6518): 824-831; doi: 10.1126/science.aba5229
The UFO files of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) have been declassified. There are 20 pages in the files, and although there is a dubious claim about the construction of a secret alien base and an unconvincing UFO photo, there is an interesting UFO report from U.S. Air Force personnel at a radar station in Montana.
The Forest Service UFO files were obtained via a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request by John Greenewald. Greenewald runs TheBlackVault.com, a site that houses over one million declassified files obtained via FOIA requests.
Greenewald says he made the request in November, 2016 and received the files in February, 2017.
UFO Photo in Bighorn National Forest
The first report in the file is a letter and photographs from a man who says he caught something “very strange” in a photograph he took while visiting Lost Twin Lakes in Bighorn National Forest. The witness says he did not see or hear anything unusual while taking the picture, but he noticed an odd object in one of the photos when he reviewed them later. He speculates that perhaps it is a drone, but also says he did some research and did not find any drones that looked like the object in the image.
The marker shows the location of Lost Twin Lakes in Bighorn National Forest.
(Credit: Google Maps)
The photograph was taken at about 2:30 pm on September 12, 2015.
Images of unidentified object at Bighorn National Forest provided to U.S. Forest Service.
(Credit: U.S. Forest Service)
It is hard to make out what exactly the object in the image is, but the USFS files did not include a high resolution image. Greenewald says he did inquire if higher resolution images were available, but they were not.
Enlargement of object in photo.
(Credit: U.S. Forest Service)
Without better images, this blob of light and shadows could be anything, and is likely a bird in flight. Often vacation photos with weird objects that were not noted at the time of their taking turn out to be birds or bugs that look strange in photographs once they are reviewed back home.
The USFS did not include their response to the UFO photog, or if they responded at all.
UFO Sighting at Yaak Air Force Station in Kootenai National Forest
Following the UFO photos letter and was a copy of an article regarding Yaak Air Base. According to the article, Yaak Air Base was in operation from April, 1952 to July, 1960, as part of a number of stations throughout the country that served as an early warning system during the cold war in case of a potential Russian attack. The base was near Yaak, Montana, in the Kootenai National Forest.
Location of Yaak Air Base as described in the article.
(Credit: Google Maps)
For our purposes, the most interesting paragraph in the article is the last, and in the file provided to Greenewald, is highlighted in yellow.
It reads:
The Yaak Radar Station also had its share of mystery, on Sept. 1 , 1952, Yaak, Montana. 4:45 a.m: Two USAF enlisted men, and three men using AN/FPS-3 radar set. Report visually sighting two small, varicolored lights becoming black silhouettes at dawn, and flying erratically for one hour. The crew at the radar station saw a, “dark, cigar shaped object,” right where the radar had the UFO pinpointed. What these people saw is a mystery to this day.
This is my favorite part of the USFA UFO files. Unfortunately, no further information is provided.
Alien Base Construction in Tonto National Forest
The most sensational claim in the files, and the one picked up by silly UK tabloids, is a report of a secret government installation being constructed that has something to do with aliens. The subject of the report is “Secret govt installation being built in the Salt River Canyon area on the TNF [Tonto National Forest].”
Area of alleged construction of secret government base that has some relation to aliens that eat people.
(Credit: Google Maps)
What is scary is that this is not far from my house. However, it does make it less scary for me that I do not believe an alien base was actually built there.
Here is a report regarding the call that was taken by David of the Forest Service on the morning of December 30, 2013 regarding UFOs, aliens and one detached head.
David received a call this morning at the front desk from a male caller reporting the construction of a secret government installation upstream from the Salt River Canyon past Pinal Creek (upstream from Roosevelt Lake). Aliens and at least one detached head are involved.
Caller claims to have seen construction cranes coming out the side of the cliffs, miniature stealth planes and UFOs, aliens and people working together at the site, aliens eating people. He found a severed head and claims to have pictures of some of this stuff.
Caller reported that he is 60, not crazy, and doesn’t do drugs. He said he had already called the “office at the lake,” but he didn’t know if those people were turning the other cheek or maybe those people have been paid off.
David had him leave a message with Bray.
Please let me know if t here are any Talking Points to be developed. I’m sure the Phoenix media will be all over this.
Thanks.
P.S. David and I aren’t doing drugs either.
The only other item in the files was a report in 2012 of a meteor or space junk that landed in George Washington & Jefferson National Forests and caused a fire. It was determined the fire was caused by a lightning strike. The report states, “Witnesses saw flaming space junk or satellite crash land in these mountains [Massanutten Range, Virginia] which may have caused the forest fire of last year: June 24, 2012, at around 1150PM Sunday.”
A supernova is a star’s colossal explosion at the end of its life, potentially outshining its entire galaxy. Read about the causes and types of supernovae here.
A supernova is the name given to the cataclysmic explosion of a massive star at the end of its life. It can emit more energy in a few seconds than our sun will radiate in its lifetime of billions of years.
The sky above us is strewn with alluringly beautiful remnants of ancient supernovae, that is, stars that lived out their lives and then died in these violent explosions. In a galaxy like our Milky Way, consisting of some 200 billion stars, there should be a supernova as often as every 50 years. Yet supernovae visible to the eye alone are exceedingly rare. You might – or might not – witness one in your lifetime.
What we do see are supernova remnants, expanding clouds in space where stars used to be. There are many examples, both inside and outside our galaxy. The most famous supernova remnant visible from the Northern Hemisphere is called the Crab Nebula. It’s located in the direction of the constellation Taurus the Bull. The Chinese recorded witnessing the supernova in the year 1054 CE (although it had occurred 6,523 years earlier, because this star was that many light-years away). They called it a guest star and wrote that it was visible in daylight for a full three weeks, finally fading entirely from view about three months later.
Later, the Crab Nebula became famous for hosting the first known pulsar, discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell Burnell, when she was a graduate student at Cambridge University in England. The Crab pulsar, as it is known, is a neutron star, the remnant of the supernova that created the Crab Nebula. Like cosmic lighthouses, pulsars give off beams of radio waves as they spin. The beams from the Crab pulsar happen to be aimed our way.
This photo shows a 3-color composite of the well-known Crab Nebula (aka Messier 1), as observed via the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999. It is the remnant of a supernova explosion, observed from Earth in the year 1054. It contains a neutron star near its center that spins 30 times per second around its axis.
So we know that supernovae are star explosions. We see examples of their aftermath in the space around us. We know that – as the star explodes outward – it also implodes, forming an exceedingly dense neutron star that might or might not appear to us on Earth as a pulsar.
But what exactly is a supernova, and what makes it explode?
Astronomers are slowly peeling away the layers of mystery surrounding these exploding stars. Their sheer unpredictability is exciting: each supernova teaches us something new. Astronomers have learned much about supernovae in just the last 50 years. A bright supernova in our Milky Way galaxy is now, statistically, long overdue. Let us hope it happens in our lifetimes, but preferably not too close!
The Veil Nebula in the constellation Cygnus is another famous supernova remnant. It is the visible part of a much larger structure (the Cygnus loop) representing the remains of a star with 40 times the mass of our sun that exploded an estimated 8,000 years ago.
Image (left) via T. A. Rector/ University of Alaska Anchorage/ WIYN/ NOAO/ AURA/ NSF and image (right) via NASA/ JPL-Caltech.
A supernova is a more final – and more powerful – explosion than a nova, which is the temporary flaring up of a dwarf star in a binary system. In the nova scenario, the dwarf star collects matter from its companion star. The excess mass causes the dwarf star to flare up suddenly, every now and then, to many times its normal brightness. Then it fades over months to its original brightness before the next flare-up. A supernova, on the other hand, is a much bigger and intrinsically much brighter event (hence the prefix super) where the outer layers of a star are blown explosively into space. A star that goes supernova does not return to its previous brightness and may disappear completely, leaving a an expanding supernova remnant behind.
Both novae and supernovae were once called stella novae (“new stars”), a term coined by the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe in 1572. That is because both novae and supernovae can cause a “new star” to appear in our sky where none was seen before. Both flare up suddenly and – in the case of supernovae – unexpectedly, before slowly fading away entirely over weeks or months.
Sixteenth-century astronomer Tycho Brahe coined the term “stella nova” or new star for stars which suddenly brighten, now called novae and supernovae.
Now we know that a supernova is not a new star, but – quite the opposite – an existing one which has reached the end of its life.
And we know that novae – the less powerful flare-ups – mark the location of a star system that might flare up again.
Supernovae can have different causes, but all involve the sudden detonation of a star. Astronomers currently recognize two main types of supernovae, Type I and Type II, according to a way of classifying them devised by German-American astronomer Rudolph Minkowski and Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky. Hence the classification system is known as the Minkowski-Zwicky system. The classification is based on the spectra of the supernovae: that is, on their light when it is split into its component colors. Type I supernovae lack the presence of hydrogen in their spectra, while Type II supernovae display it. Type I is further divided up into three subtypes, Ia, Ib and Ic, also based on their spectra.
But maybe more exciting is the difference between the types as determined by the cause of the explosion, and here, a bit confusingly, Types II, Ib and Ic are actually the same kind of explosion, while Type Ia is a completely different creature.
This composite image of the supernova remnant 1E0102.2-7219 contains X-ray emission measured by the Chandra telescope (blue and purple), visible light data from the optical Very Large Telescope’s (VLT) MUSE instrument (bright red), and additional data from the Hubble telescope (dark red and green). A neutron star, the ultra dense core of a massive star that has collapsed in a supernova explosion, is found at its center.
Image via NASA Marshall Space Flight Center/ Flickr.
Type II Supernovae
We will start with the more common Type II, which is what people normally think of when they think of a supernova: a star exploding due to old age. Type II supernovae occur when a large star runs out of fuel, which brings it into a rapid collapse and explosion. Such a star is between eight and 40 times heavier than our sun. They are often referred to as “core collapse” supernovae because that’s exactly what happens. The star’s core suddenly – in just a few seconds – collapses in on itself.
But let’s set the scene for that cataclysmic event. For billions of years during this star’s lifetime, nuclear fusion – the process by which hydrogen is converted into helium in the star’s interior, in the process liberating huge amounts of energy, thus enabling the star to shine – had been fighting a battle with gravity. We’re not talking here about the gravitational attraction of one object toward another, but about the star’s own self-gravity. In stars, the outward-pushing radiation from fusion reactions in the star’s core is continually being countered by an inexorable inward-pushing force of gravity. It’s a duel of forces in which neither can be the victor … as long as the nuclear fusion at the core of the star is maintained, the star stays in balance.
But stars are born with a finite amount of hydrogen fuel. After billions of years (around 10 billion in the case of our sun, although our sun isn’t massive enough to produce a supernova), changes begin to take place as hydrogen is depleted. Once the core of the star completely runs out of hydrogen, nuclear fusion in the core ceases; the star has nothing left to “burn.” At that point, the star is no longer able to maintain its outward push against inward-pulling gravity. The star slowly starts to shrink. This shrinking has the effect of bringing more hydrogen from locations further out in the star into the region previously occupied by the core, sufficient hydrogen, in fact, for the nuclear fusion to resume in a shell around the star’s inner core.
However, there is something called the mirror principle, to do with the conservation of gravitational and thermal energy, which states, very simply, that if the core of a star contracts, its outer layers must expand. So the star starts to swell, expanding massively from its original size. As it does so, its outer layers cool, being further from the shell of fusing hydrogen at the core. Once the temperature cools sufficiently, convection rather than radiation becomes the dominant way the outer layers of the star are heated, and the star stops expanding. The star has become a swollen, cooler, and hence reddened, version of its former self; it is now a red giant star.
When our sun becomes a red giant, in about 5 billion years, it will expand to consume – and destroy – Mercury, Venus and possibly Earth too. This means that the sun’s diameter will increase some 115 times; it will also brighten by perhaps 3,000 times.
But – dramatic as its brightness increase may be – we’re not at the supernova stage yet, and reaching the red giant phase is not the end of the story. As the star’s core continues to shrink, temperatures inside it rise to even higher levels than before, reaching a staggering 100 million degrees Celsius. At this extreme temperature, and if the star is massive enough, it can start fusing the next element in the periodic table, that is helium, into carbon, and nuclear fusion starts up once again in its core. Temperatures rise even further, until the helium is used up, leaving a core consisting of carbon and oxygen.
The burning of its helium, however, is not a rapid process: a star eight times the mass of the sun will probably have enough helium to last 100 million years.
However, during all that time, the temperature of the core slowly increases, and when it reaches 500 million degrees, it’s hot enough for the next element to start fusing. Carbon nuclei fuse, producing sodium, neon and magnesium. All of these are burned in turn by the star; the core continues to heat up, reaching 2 billion degrees. As the temperature climbs, first silicon is formed, followed by sulphur, argon, calcium, chromium, manganese and nickel.
Each is burned in successive shells as the core continues to shrink until the star resembles an onion. Each element created in this stellar nucleosynthesis is progressively heavier – consists of larger numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons – until, eventually, one element is produced that cannot be burned: iron.
As a star ages, fusion takes place in heavier and heavier elements.
At this point the temperature at the star’s core may reach 3.5 billion degrees Celsius, and its “onion layers” consist of a dense iron core, surrounded by shells of silicon and sulphur, oxygen and carbon, helium and an outer shell of hydrogen. It’s incredible to realize that – to reach this late stage in its life – the star might have been in its red giant phase for a billion years! As iron cannot be burned, not even at these temperatures (fusing iron and heaver elements would require more energy than would be created), the star truly has reached the end of the road.
Once all of the core’s center has been converted to iron, a sudden and dramatic event occurs. Now, with no outward radiation pressure at all, the core completely collapses in on itself: after billions of years, gravity finally wins the stand-off!
What the core collapses into depends on the mass of the star. A star between eight and 25 times as massive as our sun will form a neutron star, while the cores of the most massive stars, more than 25 times our sun, will likely collapse into black holes.
The effect of the core’s final collapse – which takes perhaps just a second or so – is to send a shockwave right to the center, which then rebounds and propagates outward through the outer layers of the star, completely blowing it apart. Copious amounts of energy are released: hence, the brilliant event we know as a supernova explosion can be seen across the universe.
This supernova explosion is able to form all elements heavier than iron; now there is enough energy for that! For a brief period, the star can be brighter than the rest of the stars in its galaxy put together, a fiery beacon signifying the death of an ancient star. Left behind will be a neutron star or a black hole, a totally new, and final, phase in its evolution. After weeks or months, the glow of the supernova slowly fades from view, finally snuffing out altogether.
So what happens to the material flung into space in a supernova explosion, the remains of the star? It disperses gently over the eons, and its elements go toward forming new stars, new planets, perhaps even new life. All the atoms in your body were forged in the fiery hearts of ancient stars. The calcium in your bones. The iron in your blood. All were born in a huge red giant star and seeded across the universe in a supernova explosion, billions of years ago.
The two Type I sub-classes called Ib and Ic are actually similar to Type II supernovae in that all of them are produced by the core collapse of a massive star. They have their own designation because, in both cases, they lost their outer layers already before the core collapse, in a stellar wind during their red giant states, and are thus usually referred to as stripped core-collapse supernovae. Like onions already partially peeled, Type Ib has lost its first hydrogen-rich layer, and Type Ic both its hydrogen and the next helium layer, revealing the carbon-rich layer below.
The FOE
The physicists Gerry Brown and Hans Bethe devised a unit of measurement to quantify the amount of energy released in a typical Type II supernova. The measurement is stated in ergs, a unit of energy equal to 10^-7 joules. Believe it or not, the standard illustration of one erg is the amount of energy consumed by a housefly doing one pushup!
Brown and Bethe called their unit of measurement the FOE, which means ten to the power of Fifty-One Ergs; the number 10 followed by 51 zeroes. During its lifetime, the sun will emit about 1.2 FOE of energy. In other words, for the duration of 10 billion years the sun will release just a bit more energy than a Type II supernova produces in a few seconds!
For another demonstration of simply incomprehensible amounts of energy, consider this: a Type II supernova producing 1 FOE of energy may sound like a huge amount; it undoubtedly is. But now compare this to the black hole at the center of the galaxy M87, famously imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017: humans’ first image of a black hole, released in April 2019. It rotates at 90% of the speed of light. Now imagine attaching a huge dynamo to it, like that which powers a bicycle light by converting the wheel’s rotational, or kinetic, energy to electricity. How much kinetic energy would be drawn off the black hole by the dynamo? The answer is truly shocking: 10 trillion FOE. In other words, the M87 black hole’s kinetic energy is ten trillion times the energy released by a Type II supernova.
Type Ia supernovae
Quite differently (but similar to the smaller recurring nova explosions), a supernova of Type Ia will take place in a binary star system where one of the stars is a white dwarf, and the other is a companion star which the white dwarf is busy stealing matter from. A white dwarf is the superdense remnant of a smaller star (less than eight times the mass of the sun) in the last phase of its life. It is the result from the slow shrinkage, over millions of years, of a red giant star, such as Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion, recently the subject of much speculation that it was about to go supernova (it’s not). And a red giant star, in turn, is the result of a star like our sun slowly swelling up, over millions of years, when it begins to exhaust its supply of hydrogen. Our sun’s ultimate destiny is therefore to become a white dwarf, a slowly-cooling remnant of the core of our star, measuring perhaps just 0.8% of its original radius. In the case of our sun this would be a white dwarf of about 7,000 miles (11,000 km) in diameter.
An artist’s impression of a Type Ia supernova: a white dwarf stripping its companion star of matter until it reaches the critical limit – the Chandrasekhar limit – for a supernova explosion to occur.
A white dwarf star is so dense that a teaspoonful of its material would weigh about 15 tons. In its interior, all nuclear fusion processes have ceased. However – and this is the key to our supernova Ia classification – they can be reignited! If the white dwarf acquires enough material to end up with more than 1.44 times the mass of our sun, the processes can restart and lead to a runaway thermonuclear explosion and subsequent destruction of the white dwarf: a supernova. This very clear mass limit of a white dwarf is known as the Chandrasekhar Limit, named after Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar who calculated it in 1930.
How, then, can a white dwarf accumulate more mass? What happens is that the binary system contains the white dwarf and a companion, which can be any kind of star – a “normal” star, a red giant or even another (smaller) white dwarf. In the former two cases, the immense gravity of the white dwarf slowly pulls material off the companion star, accumulating it on the white dwarf’s surface until the Chandrasekhar limit is reached. Almost immediately, the resulting runaway nuclear fusion reaction blows the white dwarf apart within a few seconds: the supernova explosion. If the companion is another white dwarf, the two can merge violently, their combined mass exceeding the limit of 1.44 solar masses, again leading to a supernova explosion.
Within the Type Ia classification there are several subtypes whose exact details are still a little uncertain, but the general idea of all Type Ia supernovae is the same: a white dwarf star accumulates sufficient mass to push it over the Chandrasekhar limit, resulting in a catastrophic explosion and destruction of the star. The only exception to this is a newly discovered Type Iax supernova, which may not completely destroy the white dwarf but instead turn it into a so-called “zombie star”, keeping half its original mass. Theoretically, this could then be the cause of another supernova explosion should it merge with another white dwarf. Currently there are 30 candidates for this type of supernova which astronomers are studying.
Supernovae as useful tools
One interesting feature of Type Ia supernovae is that because of the mass limit of white dwarfs, they all explode with the same amount of energy, and hence with roughly the same brightness.
This consistency of brightness is an extremely useful way of measuring distances across the nearby universe and is known as a standard candle. If you know how intrinsically bright a Type Ia supernova is, you can measure its brightness as it appears from the Earth and thus accurately calculate its distance. It’s like seeing distant car headlights at night: you know how much light a headlight emits, so how bright it appears to you will tell you how far away it is. While we used to think that all Type Ia supernovae had exactly the same intrinsic brightness, we now know that the brightness can vary slightly. However, there is a correlation between a supernova’s luminosity and the amount of time it takes to fade from view, so its exact brightness, and hence distance, can be accurately calculated.
It was measurements of the brightness of distant supernovae which, in 1998, led a team of astronomers in the United States, Europe, Australia and Chile to a shocking discovery: the most distant Type Ia supernovae are farther away than they should be, given what was known about the age and expansion rate of the universe. This resulted in a completely unexpected realization: the universe’s expansion is actually accelerating, not slowing down over time as we had always assumed and which models predicted. Later confirmed by several subsequent studies, astronomers could not explain the accelerating universe and came up with the term dark energy to describe whatever it is that is causing it. This should not be confused with dark matter; the epithet “dark” simply means “unknown”.
To this day, the nature of dark energy is still a complete mystery, although we do know that up until around 6 billion years after the Big Bang the universe’s expansion was indeed slowing down. Then, something happened which reversed the slowdown and caused the expansion to actually accelerate. We have no idea what that event was. It’s extremely mysterious: something suddenly, as far as we can make out, changed the nature of the entire Universe. The best guess cosmologists have at the moment was that it was some sort of phase transition, an example of which is water freezing into ice and becoming something entirely different in structure and appearance. In water’s case, the event that triggers the transition, the freezing, relates to its temperature: in the case of dark energy, the event must have been something in the very structure of spacetime itself, some critical limit which had been reached. As to what that limit was, we have no idea. It may have been something entirely beyond our comprehension.
We may be decades away from understanding dark energy, although a slew of new dedicated telescopes and observation programs will seek to unravel the mystery in the upcoming years. As with the case of the search for a quantum theory of gravity, it may well take somebody of Einstein’s intellect to pull all the threads together and finally understand dark energy. However, speaking of Einstein, dark energy does seem to resemble his infamous “cosmological constant”, which was basically a mathematical trick Einstein pulled to eliminate the expanding Universe – which Einstein did not accept – from his equations. Later realizing his error, Einstein called it the greatest mistake of his life.
For their roles in leading the observations of Type Ia supernovae which resulted in the discovery of dark energy, astronomers Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 2011.
Bottom line: A supernova is the cataclysmic explosion of a star at the end of its life. Supernova explosions come in different types, but all can emit more energy in a few seconds than our sun over its entire lifetime. Some supernovae outshine an entire galaxy for a brief period.
ALL RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011
Filer’s Files 46, 2020 Why are UFOs Ridiculed? - PART I
Millennium Falcon over Warsaw, Poland on August 21, 2020.
Filer’s Files 46, 2020Why are UFOs Ridiculed? - PART I
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
Www.nationalUFOcenter.com. Now receiving 3 to 4 million hits a month
Sending out 32,000 emails a week
In special reports, this week’s files cover: Winston Churchill Blocked UFO Disclosure, Why are UFOs Ridiculed? NASA Astronauts Hoping to go into Space, Mars Face, Louis Farrakhan Great Mother Wheel UFO, Prehistoric Cave, and How China Won the Election H
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over California, Colorado, Kansas, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Texas.
Worldwide Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings reported over Canada, Poland, Tanzania. Wales, and United Arab Emirates
he Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors.
Special Projects
Winston Churchill Blocked UFO Disclosure
Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered an alleged UFO incident in the 1950s be kept secret to prevent “mass panic.” According to reports, the grandson of one of Churchill’s personal bodyguards wrote to the British Ministry of Defense in 1999 hoping to learn more about the incident. His account, along with Churchill’s claimed reaction, was among a new batch of files released from Britain’s National Archives. The letter describes how the man’s grandfather, who served with the RAF in World War II, was present when Churchill went to discuss a UFO sighting with Dwight Eisenhower. The incident involved an RAF reconnaissance plane, returning from Germany that was said to have been intercepted by an unidentified metallic object near the English coastline.
UFO over Stonehenge
The Daily Mail reports, “During the discussion with Mr. Churchill, a consultant dismissed any possibility that the object had been a missile, since a missile could not suddenly match its speed with a slower aircraft and then accelerate again.The event was totally beyond any imagined capabilities of the time. Another person at the meeting raised the possibility of an unidentified flying object, at which point Mr. Churchill declared that the incident should be immediately classified for at least 50 years and its status reviewed by a future Prime Minister.”According to another note found among the new files, however, Churchill and his staff took such claims extremely seriously. By 1957, ministers were commissioning weekly reports on UFO sightings from a committee of intelligence experts.
Why are UFOs Ridiculed?
Telephone Switch board Operator
At a certain level of government, it seems that Reports of UFOs rather than the UFOs themselves were regarded as a threat to national security. After World War II operators who literally plugged you in when making a phone call handled telephone calls. The government became concerned that our phone system was being overrun by UFO reports. On September 24, 1952, H. Marshall Chadwell, wrote a memo to CIA Director Walter Smith stating, “I’m concerned that large numbers of phone calls, a huge volume of letters and press releases, ATIC (Air Technical Intelligence Center) had received 1500 official UFO reports since 1947, and 250 reports in July alone. z
That the public concern with the phenomena, which is reflected in both in the US press and the pressure of inquiry upon the Air Force indicates that a fair proportion of our population is mentally conditioned to the acceptance of the incredible. In this fact lies the potential for creating mass hysteria and panic. The U.S.S.R. is credited with the present capability of delivering an air attack against the United States, yet at any given moment now, there may be current a dozen official unidentified sightings plus many unofficial ones.
7At any moment of attack, we are now in a position where we cannot, on an instant basis distinguish hardware from phantom, and as the tension mounts, we will run the increasing risk of false alerts and the even greater danger of falsely identifying the real as phantom. What could be done to stop people from reporting UFOs?
The Robertson Panel was convened by the CIA to discuss the problem during January 14 to 17, 1953. The panel concluded UFOs were not a threat, but that the continued emphasis on the reporting of these phenomena does, in these perilous times, result in a threat to the orderly functioning of the protective organs of the body politic. This threat involved the clogging of communication channels with UFO reports, the cultivation of a morbid national psychology in which skillful hostile propaganda could induce hysterical behavior and harmful distrust of duly constituted authority. Consequently, the Panel recommended that the national security agencies take immediate steps to strip the UFOs of the special status
They have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately hav acquired. The method prescribed was debunking UFOs. Here is the Panel’s debunking strategy from some the top scientific minds in the government such as Nobel Prize winner in Physics Dr. Luis Alverez, Dr. Lloyd Berkner director of the Brookhaven National Laboratories and Chairman Dr. H. P. Robertson director of Weapons Systems Evaluation at the Secretary of Defense. The debunking aim would result in reduction in public interest in flying saucers which today evokes a strong psychological reaction. This education could be accomplished by mass media such as television, motion pictures and popular articles. Basis of such education would be actual case histories, which had been puzzling at first but later explained. As in the case of conjuring tricks, there is much less stimulation if the secret is known. Such a program should tend to reduce the current gullibility of the public and consequently their susceptibility to clever hostile propaganda. Dr. Edward Condon.
Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects. Page 915-916. Editor’s Note: Essentially belittling and propaganda techniques were used to debunk the reality of UFOs in order to help protect the United States and other countries from propaganda that could induce hysterical behavior and clog communications channels. Robertson Panel was still putting a negative spin on UFO news at least 13 years after the panel met.
NASA Astronauts Hoping to go into Space
Last Shuttle Launch
I feel the future of America is in space and we should be conducting research into advanced technology as shown by the capability of Unidentified Flying Objects as described in General Nathan Twining letters. UFOs have certainly conquered space flight with a huge array of craft, while only the International Space Station remain although the new Space Force likely has space craft of its own. ASA’s moon exploration program called Constellation was canceled by President Obama. A new moon and Mars program directed by by Trump may continue.
Two Cosmonauts and Astronaut
It cost taxpayers over $50 million to send an American astronaut into space on Russians equipment. The US Air Force cost for rockets to send satellites into space will also double. I hope that we are researching the propulsion systems used by Unidentified Flying Objects rather than using thousand year old rocket technology. Instead of being the leader in space countries like Japan, China, Russia, and India have are swiftly moved ahead of us as we cancel key portions of our manned space program. President Bush had instigated a flood of research and development throughout the nation by charging NASA with getting us back to the moon, and eventually to Mars. NASA began developing technologies for a new series of vehicles for this project including the Ares rockets and the Orion crew capsule, which together is called the Constellation program. Constellation represents five years of R&D and a $10-billion taxpayer investment, and it has demonstrated success. U.S. taxpayers have already invested a $100-billion dollars in the International Space Station; will be unreachable by scientists and astronauts from the U.S. without hitching a ride on Russian or Chinese space transport at a cost of over $50 million for each astronaut. NASA’s Commercial Crew program finally produced real, tangible results when SpaceX’s Crew Dragon carried a pair of astronauts to the International Space Station earlier this year. It was a very big deal for NASA, and the first time the space agency had launched a crewed mission from U.S. soil in almost a decade.
SpaceX’s Crew Dragon
NASA wants to be able to launch crewed missions whenever it wants, and it simply couldn’t do that by leasing seats aboard Russian Soyuz rockets. So, the fact that NASA astronaut Kate Rubins just rode a Russian spacecraft to the orbiting laboratory certainly seems odd, but it’s actually been planned for quite some time.
With the ending of the Shuttle program, requiring us to “purchase tickets” from Russia, the cost will jump to $51 million starting next year and climb to $55.8 million by 2013.
Moon Base
The world’s oil and energy resources are rapidly depleting but sitting on the Moon surface is a vast reservoir of He3 estimated at total of 1,100,000 metric tons of He3. About 25 tons of He3 would power the United States for one year at our current rate of energy consumption. To put it in perspective; that is the weight of a fully loaded railroad boxcar, or the maximum Space Shuttle payload. The 25-tons of He3 would be worth about $100 billion $ today, or $4 billion per ton. However, Obama decided to cancel the Constellation program that promised to bring us advanced technology and bring back a multitude of minerals and assume energy from the Moon. The solar wind has deposited on the surface of the Moon He3 down to depths of several meters. The highest concentrations are in the lunar Maria; about half the He3 is deposited in the 20% of the lunar surface covered by the Maria. To extract He3 from the lunar soil, we heat the dust to about 600 degrees C and 900 degrees to get the oxygen out.
He3 Area
India, China, and Japan have launched unmanned lunar mission. Russia recently announced its own ambitious lunar plans — for not only sending cosmonauts to the Moon, but establishment of a permanent moon base.
Meanwhile Japan is planning to build a $2 billion moon base starting in 2015, followed by reflecting energy off the moon’s surface to Earth. Shimizu the Japanese construction company is planning to ring the moon with solar panels and beam the energy to Earth. Shimizu’s idea is that to ensure continuous generation of power, an array of solar cells would extend like a belt along the entire 11,000-kilometer (6,835 mile) lunar equator shown here.
NASA has done a great deal to bolster the U.S. economy and medical system for the past fifty-plus years. or every dollar the U.S. government has given NASA for space R&D, seven dollars are returned in the form of corporate and personal income taxes from increased jobs and economic growth. NzSA became a weather station rather than a jumping off place for space until Trump started it up again? Perhaps NASA will discover global warming may caused by the sun as all the planets are all heating up.
Our nation as spent years in time, money, and lives to remain at the forefront in space exploration because we recognized the dangers of having communist powers rule space. Now, after our Shuttles have done most of the heavy lifting for the ISS, and our taxpayers most of the heavy paying, we are going to turn it all over to Russia and China. This places our space capabilities and experiments in their hands and poses an intolerable national security risk. I agree with former astronauts Neil Armstrong and Gene Cernan (the first and last men on the moon) who, complain that abandonment of the Constellation project sets U.S. space capabilities on a downhill slide to mediocrity.” Trump directed a program to go back to the moon and on to Mars. That will likely be cancelled to give illegal immigrant free medical care and a socialistic economy that will likely fail/.
Mars Cave Opening,
Richard Buchli D.V.M. PhD. writes, this opening on Mars is 238 feet wide and has perfectly squared corners. Thanks to European Space Agency. What is inside those huge cave openings?
Mars Face
Dr. Buchli writes, I can make out a definite face, possibly two located at 25 39 N 53 41W I measured the side pieces and they range from 700 to 900 feet long! Thanks to Richard Buchli D.V.M. Ph.D.
Maars Hole
Buchli states, I found a large area where there are a great number of craters, however the hole for each crater in the first area is plugged with a ball which is very plain and has several parallel lines crossing it. Every crater in this first area is plugged with one of these smooth looking balls. Thanks to Richard Buchli D.V.M. Ph.D
Mars Crater
Dr. Buchli states, I found a large area where there are a great number of craters, however the hole for each crater in the first area is plugged with a ball which is very plain and has several parallel lines crossing it. Every crater in this first area is plugged with one of these smooth looking balls. Thanks to Richard Buchli D.V.M. Ph.D
Louis Farrakhan Great Mother Wheel UFO
The Nation of Islam’s Louis Farrakhan
Dr. Richard Buchli writes, this is from a high esolution patch that has been applied to Google moon, and labeled lunar highlands. This hole is about 5 miles wide and 9 miles long. Watching the elevation gage in the lower right corner of my screen, it read over 36,000 feet at the surface. I penetrated the hole until I hit bottom at about 7,200 feet or almost 29,000 feet deep located at 8 23S17 54E. I have no idea what all of this means but I did not find it last fall when I spent several weeks scanning the moon. Editor’s Note: Looks like a deep hole possibly for mining. Ingo Swan and other Remote Viewers claimed mining was being done on the Moon. Thanks to Richard Buchli D.V.M.Ph.D.
Minister Louis Farrakhan delivered his annual 3hour speech giving his belief concerning UFOs the Nation of Islam teaches as part of their religion, that in 1995, Louis Farrakhan was whisked away to a spaceship called the Great Mother Wheel. While there, he met with Elijah Muhammad (who died in 1975) who gave him instructions to put together the Million Man March.
Great Mother Wheel
In a 1996 speech, Farrakhan states, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad told us of a giant Mother plane that is made like the universe, spheres within spheres. White people call them unidentified flying objects (UFOs). Ezekiel, in the Old Testament, saw a wheel that looked like a cloud by day but a pillar of fire by night. The Hon. Elijah Muhammad said that that wheel was built on the island of Nippon, which is now called Japan, by some of the original scientists. It is a circular plane, and the Bible says that it never makes turns.
Because of its circular nature it can stop and travel in all directions at speeds of thousands of miles per hour. He said,”there are 1,500 small wheels in this mother wheel which is a half mile by a half mile. Each small spaceship contains three bombs, he said, and the “angels on that human-built planet can build a wall out of air … wall America in and start a fire. “Farrakhan said, I’m a light in the midst of darkness, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad said these planes were used to set up mountains on the earth. The white man writes in his above top secret memos o the UFOs. He sees them around his military installation like they are spying. The Great Mother Wheel is a space vehicle of an advanced technology beyond the limits of the present world. And she does house an advanced civilization with power and force capable of making this world bow in submission to the divine will of its creator, Elijah Muhammad’s book, “The Mother Plane.” This obviously seems pretty closely related to the ancient astronauts Associated Content @Tmbchr UFO Crash Dream
India Prehistoric Cave
Rajasthan Times reports: A group of anthropologists working with hill tribes in a remote area of India have made a startling discovery: Intricate prehistoric cave paintings depicting aliens and UFO type craft. The images were found in the Hoshangabad district of the state of Madhya Pradesh only 70 kilometers from the local administrative centre of Raisen. The caves are hidden deep within dense jungle. A clear image of what might be an alien or ET in a space suit can be seen in one cave painting along with a classical flying saucer shaped UFO that appears to be either beaming something down or beaming something up, in what might be an ancient UFO abduction scenario. A force-field or trail of some sort is seen at the rear of the UFO. Also visible is another object that might depict a wormhole, explaining how aliens were able to reach Earth. This image may lead UFO enthusiasts to conclude that the images might have been drawn with the involvement of aliens themselves. Local Archaeologist, Mr. Wassim Khan, has personally seen the images. He claims that the objects and creatures seen in them are totally anomalous and out of character when compared to other, already discovered, examples of prehistoric cave art depicting ancient life in the area. As such, he believes that they might suggest beings from other planets have been interacting with humans since prehistoric times: Adding weight to the ancient astronaut theory which postulates that human civilization was established with the assistance of benevolent space-faring aliens.
Monthly Statistical MUFON Report – for October 2020
UNITED STATES 340, CANADA 34 , UNITED KINGDOM 19, GERMANY 3 , AUSTRALIA 2 , Australia 2 , IRELAND 2 , POLAND 2 , INDIA 2 , IRAN 1 FRANCE 1TOTAL: 414
How China Won the Election
China Biological Weapons Attack
Philippine Fishing boat attacked by China
Communist nations often launch attacks when least expected like the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, some have alleged that the Soviet Union weapon zed the tularermia disease for use against invading German forces in 1942. China–U.S. conflict intensified during the Korean War (1950–1953). China, North Korea, and the Soviet Union accused the United States of employing bacteriological weapons against Korea and China. Biological weapons are “unfortunately characterized by low visibility, high potency, substantial accessibility, and relatively easy delivery” (Lederberg 1999,)
Then moving nuclear armed missiles into Cuba in 1962. It is no secret Trump Trade agreements are costing China billions of dollars and threatening China’s economy. The US economy was stronger than ever in 2019, and President Trump would likely win the election in 2020.China only hope was to hurt the US economy and get Trump out of office. There is strong evidence China developed the
China has become increasingly predatory using Chinese ships to destroy Philippine fishing boat in Philippine waters. The Chinese laser attack on a U.S. Navy aircraft flying over international waters on February 17, 2020, was unprovoked, unprofessional, and unsafe. Twenty Indian soldiers are murdered in a surprise cross-border attack: Jun 17, 2020, by the People’s Liberation Army. It is apparent China is ruthless in its operations to destroy other countries. This article will show evidence developed or used the Coved- 19 virus as a biological weapon.
Chinese Prison
The United States accused China of putting more than a million minority Muslims in “concentration camps”. Peaceful pro-democracy demonstrators in Hong Kong are beaten bloody by riot police on Beijing’s orders. A hundred unprecedented wildfires burning in the West Coast far above the normal number. Officials continue to battle fires in most of the West Coast states. Many Fires appear to be started by directed energy weapons Large flashes from space satellites staring fires have been reported. Newswars.com claims Beams of Light have been spotted starting West Coast Fires as Pentagon warns that China has weapon zed space .YouTube DUTCHSINSE captured what appears to show directed energy weapons from satellite imagery.
Multiple Fires in West
Within days of the occurrence, US Defense Secretary Mark Esper revealed China and Russia have satellites equipped with “directed energy weapons and more”.
High number of tornadoes and the greatest number of hurricanes to hit the US suggest China is using HAARP or (High-Frequency Active Auroral Research) to affect the weather and spread the drought.
China is also conducting clandestine biological weapons-related research and has failed to disclose past offensive germ weapons work, according to the U.S. a State Department report on Biological Weapons.
Biological weapons are toxic materials produced from pathogenic organisms (usually microbes or viruses) or artificially manufactured toxic substances that are used to intentionally interfere with the biological human systems. As of April, nearly 1,300 people who died of the COVID-19 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, where the virus was first detected. It was likely released from the advanced Biological Wuhan warfare laboratory thought to be the best in China.
Chairman Xi Jinping
China’s bully tactics are led by Chinese Chairman Xi Jinping politician who has served as of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) since 2012, and President of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 2013. Xi has been the paramount leader.
Chairman Xi Jinping claims, Since the early nineteenth century, China has been humiliated by the Western powers through their imperialist and colonizing endeavors. It appeals to a long-rooted xenophobia, growing anti–United States and anti-Western sentiments, and China’s dominant ideology of patriotism or nationalism giving them the right to attack the West.
World powers are no longer so eager to sit back and let Chinese President Xi Jinxing walk all over them.
Australia’s farmers and miners are hit with trade sanctions after Canberra suggests that the virus, which came out of China, may have come from a China laboratory. Chinese President Xi Jinping has apparently decided that now is the time to assert dominance over an economically prostrate post-pandemic world. But instead of just rolling over, a growing number of nations are fighting back.
India, for one, is clearly not intimidated… The Hindustan News claims China murdered 20,000 Indian troops. Meanwhile, the people of the Philippines are up in arms over China’s expansionism into areas of the South China Sea claimed by Manila.
The survey conducted across 14 countries showed a majority of people had an unfavorable view of China.
Biological Warfare Weapons
India is now the second country to surpass seven million corona virus cases after the United States as of May 19.
The official message from Chiba where the virus started is the “heroic city of Wuhan” is back to normal and back in business, its schools and tourist sites reopened and its enterprises running at full capacity
Wuhan
This announcement suggests that 8,364,977 or over 8 million pepo in Wuhan had received a vaccination that provides immunity to Covid-19 by May.
Prior to taking the virus around the world the key important people were given the vaccine that had been developed at an early date. The Chimes military of almost three million had also received vaccine by May suggesting the vaccine was likely available to key people in china and perhaps in the US since the winter. It seems odd no major Democrat has come down with the decease.
China has a surprisingly low level of COVID-19 disease among its people that started in Wuhan lab has not spread to Shanghai or Beijing its largest cities. I suggest they were prepared with the vaccine indicating there was a plan to release the decease around the worked and disrupt Trump being elected. It is well known the Biden’s were weal liked in China. and with e strongest economy in the world Trump was picked to win.
The COVID-19is not the first serious disease from China. A Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness an early version of a COVID-19 called SARS in February 2003.
Allegedly it escaped from a military laboratory causing thousands of deaths in China. The mounting death toll exacted by SARS in China has triggered speculation that the virus could ultimately be traced back to a leak from military bio-weapon programmers. The illness spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. The most recent human cases of SARS-CoV infection were reported in China in April 2004 in an outbreak resulting from laboratory-acquired infections killing 800 people in China
Bio-military laboratory
Although most reports favor a natural origin for SARIS as a bio-weapon link should not be ruled out, according to Mr. Richard Fisher, a senior fellow at the Jamestown Foundation, a Washington-based think-tank. Antibody (CBL-rAb-1570FY), Human IgG (CAT#: CBL-rAb-1570FY) is effective for treatment of SARs.
‘While there is no reported evidence that SARS is indeed a weapon, there are plenty of ways that a real weapon with the properties of SARS could prove decisive in a military conflict,’ he said.
SARs is likely the basis for the latest COVID-19 virus according to Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng’.
Ms. Stephanie Lieggi, an East Asia expert at the California-based Centre for Nonproliferation Studies, said: ‘I have seen nothing in recent reports that would support any connection between SARS and biological weapons. The new COVID-19 is likely a much stronger version of SARS.
But it is exactly the innocuous nature of SARS that could make it militarily useful for someone wanting to sow panic and prompt political instability, Mr. Fisher argued.
‘A seemingly ‘natural’ epidemic would lessen suspicion of the main ‘enemy state’ by the target country and its main allies,’ he said.
According to US intelligence sources, the People’s Liberation Army does have an offensive biological weapons program.
Biological weapons include viruses and toxins that can be used in wartime to kill or disable. Communist mission has always been to destroy democracy and this virus has killed millions worldwide.
The Washington Times quoted a senior Trump administration official in May alleging that China is engaged in a covert biological weapons program that includes building arms capable of attacking ethnic groups with pathogens.
China’s State Council Information Office 2020). Released this statement, The theory of the U.S. origins of the virus serves a crucial role in a large-scale propaganda campaign aiming to define and reshape the narratives on the role of China in the world. The China Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated: “It might be the US army personnel which brought the epidemic to Wuhan.” Such official remarks caused a crisis in China–U.S. relations (Myers 2020) According to the official discourse, due to the “strong leadership” of the Party-government and the “huge sacrifice” made by Chinese people, China has achieved “great success” in containing COVID-19 .Such success becomes even more remarkable when compared to the inept response of most Western countries, particularly the United States. Above all, China’s success “evidently” shows the superiority and global applicability of China’s authoritarian response to COVID-19 as well as the Chinese political system.
“We are looking at potential biological experiments on ethnic minorities,” the official said on the condition of anonymity. For example blacks and Latinos seem more prone to get the corona virus.
The Chinese may carry genes that make them more immune to this particular biological weapon. Only 50,000 cases and 15,000 dead in China compared to over an eight million cases in the US and 250,000 deaths. These numbers strongly suggest China developed both the virus and its vaccine before the end of 2019 ..
A Chinese general, Zhang Shibo, stated in a 2017 book, “New Highland of War,” that biotechnology advances were increasing the likelihood of offensive bioweapons, including the danger of “specific ethnic genetic attacks.” A report by the Chinese military’s National Defense University in 2017 included a section warning that biology is a new domain of warfare and that a future germ conflict could include “specific ethnic genetic attacks”. China is currently a signatory of the Biological Weapons Convention.
Chinese various DNA are different from other peoples. This can be an advantage in biological warfare in protecting your civilization from catching the disease. .Various types of corona virus have been in China for centuries giving the Chinese a certain natutal immunity.
The devastating consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for individuals, families, communities, countries, and the world as a whole offers vivid proof that microbes could be just as destructive and terrifying—if not more so—than the use of nuclear weapons. And it is much less difficult to forge biological weapons than nuclear ones.
Kanatjan Alibekov, former director of one of the Soviet germ-warfare programs, said that China suffered a serious accident at one of its biological weapons plants in the late 1980s. Alibekov asserted that Soviet reconnaissance satellites identified a biological weapons laboratory. . The Soviets suspected that two separate epidemics of hemorrhagic fever that swept the region in the late 1980s were caused by an accident in a lab where Chinese scientists were weapon zing viral diseases.[12]
China’s extensive work with viruses, including laboratory research on bat corona viruses, has fueled concern that the virus that causes COVID-19 may have escaped from a laboratory in Wuhan.
The Arab oil company worker wondered why he had to keep his Chinese COVID-19 vaccination a secret. Questions raced through his head as he read the confidentiality agreement, which threatened discipline if he told anyone outside company management about the COVID-19 shot he was waiting to get.
The worker knew the vaccine maker, China National Biotec Group — part of the state-owned pharmaceutical group Sinopharm claimed it was conducting trials of this vaccine on hundreds of thousands of people in the United Arab Emirates, Peru, Morocco and other countries to protect oil workers and gain favor. It is likely the vaccine was given secretly to high ranking personnel in China before the actual outbreak last year and spread of the disease was initiated around the world.
“At least they’re in a monitored, controlled situation,” he said of those trials, watching as hundreds of his co-workers lined up around him to get their injection at a clinic in Beijing. “But for us, they can’t make any guarantees. The employee — who did not give his name for fear of reprisal — is one of hundreds of thousands of Chinese citizens who have received COVID-19 vaccines. All China’s military received their vaccinations by June. Medical workers and employees of state-owned companies working abroad were soon included in an “emergency use” program. In September, a China National Biotec executive said 350,000 people outside clinical trials had already received the vaccine. None has been offered to the West including the United States except for possibly key Democrats who seem immune. About 90% of Sinovac’s employees have taken the vaccine early, the company said.
Once released on the public large numbers of carriers were sent to numerous countries around the world including Italy where the decease spread throughout the world.
The Chinese government has denied that the COVID-19escaped from a laboratory.
Army Gen. Mark A. Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said this year that U.S. intelligence agencies were investigating whether the virus escaped from a Wuhan lab or originated naturally.
While key leaders in the US, UK, France, Italy, and Sprain have gotten sick none of the key leaders in China’s military nor government leaders have gotten sick suggesting they have some sort of built in immunity or vaccine which is the mark of a biological weapon. Vaccines normally take several years to develop.
Dr Li Meng-Yan, who defected to the US after claiming she was being muzzled by China, She stated, “I need everyone to understand this is very critical for all of us.” She was lucky to escape once she found the weapon system. She published a report alleging the virus was created in a lab. Dr Li Meng-Yan, who defected to the US after claiming she was being muzzled by China, published a report alleging the virus was created in a lab.
The virologist claims lives could have been saved if the Chinese government hadn’t censored her work
Dr Yan is formerly a specialist at Hong Kong’s School of Public Health who said her supervisor first asked her to investigate a new “SARIS-like” virus in Wuhan on December 31 — but claims her efforts were later stifled.
After reportedly being told she would “be disappeared” if she spoke out, she fled to the United States.
She wrote that the COVID-19could have been “conveniently created” within a lab setting over a period of just six months.
She adds: “SARS-CoV-2 shows biological characteristics that are inconsistent with a naturally occurring, zoometric virus.”
Real evidence of artificial manipulation and is highly speculative.”
U.S. intelligence agencies recently increased their knowledge of China’s covert biological weapons program with the help of a second defector from the People’s Liberation Army, according to people familiar with the incident.
Sinovac’s Coronavirus Vaccine Candidate Approved for Emergency Use in Chin
The defector escaped from China and traveled to Europe, where he is under the protection of a European government security service, according to the sources. The PLA defector believes that Chinese intelligence has penetrated the U.S. government and is therefore wary of cooperating with the CIA and other Western spy agencies.
Still, the defector has provided some information about China’s biological arms program that has reached the U.S. government. No other details of the defection could be learned.
As a former intelligence officer, I believe China developed COVID-19 and its vaccine last year and decided to spread it around the world. Also saving the lives of millions with the vaccine is a very powerful propaganda to
Warning: The 128 page Democratic Party’s Manifesto is very similar to the1936 Soviet Constitution that allowed Joseph Stalin to rule Communist Russia with an Iron Hand.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:FILER FILES - overzicht met foto's met dank aan Georges Filer en WWW.nationalUFOCenter.com (ENG)
Filer’s Files 46, 2020 Why are UFOs Ridiculed? - PART II
Millennium Falcon over Warsaw, Poland on August 21, 2020.
Filer’s Files 46, 2020 Why are UFOs Ridiculed? - PART II
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
Www.nationalUFOcenter.com. Now receiving 3 to 4 million hits a month
Sending out 32,000 emails a week
UFO Sightings in the United States
Sightings are from MUFON CMS
California Object
– On November 1, 2020, San Martin – Black cheerio with circle with a whole in the middle.
El Sobrante, California
On October 27, 2020, captured object on I pone video
Hawaii Lights
I saw a possible V shaped craft, but it was hard to tell. It had lots of lights and was very large. Some people say it was a “mothership” I am a podcast host and YouTube, I put together this video October 24, 2020
News Report KHON2 – Honolulu: Did you happen to see the strange, bright lights Saturday night? You may have been one of many who thought it looked like a plane, a meteor shower, or something unexplainable. People on different islands reported seeing these lights in the sky on Saturday night shortly after 10 o’clock. We’re told since it was traveling east, residents on the Big Island and Maui probably got a better view.
Kansas Lights
Kansas City– On November 1, 2020, video from car shows moving lights.
New Jersey Cylinders
Trenton– On October 5 2020, 2 Snake objects ejects orb
Ohio Circler of Lights
Wapakoneta — On June 2, 2020, I photographed a circle of bright lights.
Oklahoma Object
Tulsa – Om October 31, 2020 Unlit flyover of unusual craft. Stealth- slow moving large
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia – On November 2 2020, strange object recorded at school
Tennessee Light
Hermitage – On October 22, 2020, Two photos are attached: My Ring camera at my alarm sounded and opened on my cell phone and the next day it was saved and I made a screen shot of the unknown item. Today I took a picture of the same area in daylight to compare the area. I have not been concerned except that it keeps bugging my mind. The weather was wet but rain had stopped.
Note:This is a strange photo. Given that the ring doorbell was triggered at the time adds more credibility to the sighting.
Texas Triangle
Highland Village—On November 3, 2020,ossible UFO in RC plane video.
Texas Object
San Beno– Om on October 124 2020,
Silver/Dark cylinder hovering in background of backyard pool picture
Worldwide UFO Sightings
Canada Light
Ajax – On October 24, 2020. Witnessed UFO change into tic tac from dark object and instantly move across the sky
Poland Disc
Warsaw– Object captured over Poland on the 21st of August 2020. The shape of it looks like a Millenium Falcon from a Star Wars movie!
Tanzania Beam of Light
Singida– On November 15 2020,I was photographing a landscape.then when I came to look at the photos I just noticed that there was a huge white flash on one of the photos
UK/Wales
Bath–On November 14 2020, Three triangular lights
United Arab Emirates Lights
Abu Dhabi – On November 5, 2020,
I saw a white ball slowly moving past a hotel and across the island. It eventually disappeared from sight.
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Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women; God Bless Our Troops, and Georgie, Elizabeth, and Victoria Filer, and Eddie Pedrick. May the Angels be your guide and take you to paradise.
Put another way, a young person in the U.S. is nearly 11 times as likely to die in a swimming pool than in a school shooting. Few public officials would say pools are doing a poor job protecting swimmers, but the statistics suggest that we need “more lifeguards at pools, as opposed to guards at schools,” Fox said
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
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Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women Georgie Filer and Eddie Pedrick my grandsons who both drowned. We pray that God will bless those who read these files spiritually.
A meteorite that originated on Mars billions of years ago reveals details of ancient impact events on the red planet. Certain minerals from the Martian crust in the meteorite are oxidized, suggesting the presence of water during the impact that created the meteorite. The finding helps to fill some gaps in knowledge about the role of water in planet formation.
There's a longstanding question in planetary science about the origin of water on Earth, Mars and other large bodies such as the moon. One hypothesis says that it came from asteroids and comets post-formation. But some planetary researchers think that water might just be one of many substances that occur naturally during the formation of planets. A new analysis of an ancient Martian meteorite adds support for this second hypothesis.
Several years ago, a pair of dark meteorites were discovered in the Sahara Desert. They were dubbed NWA 7034 and NWA 7533, where NWA stands for North West Africa and the number is the order in which meteorites are officially approved by the Meteoritical Society, an international planetary science organization. Analysis showed these meteorites are new types of Martian meteorites and are mixtures of different rock fragments.
The earliest fragments formed on Mars 4.4 billion years ago, making them the oldest known Martian meteorites. Rocks like this are rare and can fetch up to $10,000 per gram. But recently 50 grams of NWA 7533 was acquired for analysis by the international team in which Professor Takashi Mikouchi at the University of Tokyo was participating.
"I study minerals in Martian meteorites to understand how Mars formed and its crust and mantle evolved. This is the first time I have investigated this particular meteorite, nicknamed Black Beauty for its dark color," said Mikouchi. "Our samples of NWA 7533 were subjected to four different kinds of spectroscopic analysis, ways of detecting chemical fingerprints. The results led our team to draw some exciting conclusions."
It's well known to planetary scientists that there has been water on Mars for at least 3.7 billion years. But from the mineral composition of the meteorite, Mikouchi and his team deduced it's likely there was water present much earlier, at around 4.4 billion years ago.
"Igneous clasts, or fragmented rock, in the meteorite are formed from magma and are commonly caused by impacts and oxidation," said Mikouchi. "This oxidation could have occurred if there was water present on or in the Martian crust 4.4 billion years ago during an impact that melted part of the crust. Our analysis also suggests such an impact would have released a lot of hydrogen, which would have contributed to planetary warming at a time when Mars already had a thick insulating atmosphere of carbon dioxide."
If there was water on Mars earlier than thought, that suggests water is possibly a natural byproduct of some process early on in planet formation. This finding could help researchers answer the question of where water comes from, which in turn could impact theories on the origins of life and the exploration for life beyond Earth.
Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field
Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field
Once upon a time, Mars had a magnetic field, just like Earth. Four billion years ago, it vanished, taking with it the planet’s chances of evolving life as we know it. Now scientists have proposed a new explanation for its disappearance. A model of asteroids striking the red planet suggests that, while no single impact […]
Image: NASA
Once upon a time, Mars had a magnetic field, just like Earth. Four billion years ago, it vanished, taking with it the planet's chances of evolving life as we know it. Now scientists have proposed a new explanation for its disappearance.__
A model of asteroids striking the red planet suggests that, while no single impact would have short-circuited the dynamo that powered its magnetism, a quick succession of 20 asteroid strikes could have done the job.
"Each one crippled a little bit," said geophysicist Jafar Arkani-Hamed of the University of Toronto, author of the new study. "We believe those were enough to cripple, cripple, cripple, cripple until it killed all of the dynamo forever."
Rocky planets like Earth, Mars, Mercury and even the moon get their magnetic fields from the movement of molten iron inside their cores, a process called convection. Packets of molten iron rise, cool and sink within the core, and generate an electric current. The planet's spinning turns that current into a magnetic field in a system known as a dynamo.
Magnetic fields can shield a planet from the constant rain of high-energy particles carried in the solar wind by deflecting charged particles away from the surface. Some studies have suggested that Earth's magnetic field could have protected early life forms from the sun's most harmful radiation, allowing more complex life to develop. But traces of magnetism in the Martian surface reveal that the red planet lost its magnetic field some four billion years ago, leaving its atmosphere to be dessicated by the harsh solar wind.
Previous studies suggested that a massive impact could have shut down Mars's dynamo by warming the mantle layer, disrupting the heat flow from the core to the mantle and shutting down convection. The fact that the crust of Mars's younger impact craters is not magnetized supports this idea. Earlier computer models by geophysicist James Roberts of Johns Hopkins University showed that the largest known impacts on Mars could turn the mantle to a warm blanket, bringing the dynamo to a standstill.
But Arkani-Hamed's new study in the Journal of Geophysical Research suggests that just one impact wouldn't suffice. The dynamo would recover in less than one hundred million years. "The magnetic field should come back again," he said.
To make his case, Arkani-Hamed modeled the heat that could have been produced when -- according to some geophysicists -- an asteroid the size of Texas hit Mars about 4.5 billion years ago, producing the biggest impact in our solar system's history. Called the Borealis impact, it may have flattened Mars's entire northern hemisphere.
This mega-impact would have flattened out the heat cycle inside the planet, too, snuffing out the dynamo within about 20,000 years. Without the cold compress of the mantle to siphon heat away from the core, convection wouldn't have a chance.
But left alone, convection would have recovered in the outer parts of the core, and eventually penetrated deep and started the whole core churning again. The Borealis impact would have crippled the dynamo, but not killed it outright.
"If there were a dynamo at 4.5 billion years, it could cease, go away and regenerate after about 100 million years," he said.
But perhaps__ several impacts in a row could do the __job. The planet's crater record shows that Mars suffered 20 impacts in quick succession between 4.2 and 3.9 billion years ago. In work to be presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in The Woodlands, Texas this March, Arkani-Hamed teamed up with Roberts to show that just the five largest of these impacts could have shut down the magnetic field. The impacts came so rapidly that the dynamo had no time to recover before the next crippling blow arrived.
"This research is important because it shows that this scenario is plausible. It could have physically happened," said Wesley Watters of Cornell University, who was not involved in the new research. "But to test this model versus another is enormously difficult to do."
To really figure out when and how Mars lost its magnetic field, we'd need to know the ages of lots of Martian rocks with the same kind of precision with which we know them on Earth.
Chemical reactions high in Mars’ atmosphere rip apart water molecules
Chemical reactions high in Mars’ atmosphere rip apart water molecules
The process, which takes four hours on average, helps explain why Mars loses water so fast
Mars is so arid because its water is constantly escaping into space, as seen in this illustration. A new study suggests this process can occur higher in the atmosphere and more quickly than previously thought.
Mars’ water is being skimmed off the top. NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft found water lofted into Mars’ upper atmosphere, where its hydrogen and oxygen atoms are ripped apart, scientists report in the Nov. 13 Science.
“This completely changes how we thought hydrogen, in particular, was being lost to space,” says planetary chemist Shane Stone of the University of Arizona in Tucson.
Mars’ surface was shaped by flowing water, but today the planet is an arid desert (SN: 12/8/14). Previously, scientists thought that Mars’ water was lost in a “slow and steady trickle,” as sunlight split water in the lower atmosphere and hydrogen gradually diffused upward, Stone says.
But MAVEN, which has been orbiting Mars since 2014, scooped up water molecules in Mars’ ionosphere, at altitudes of about 150 kilometers. That was surprising — previously the highest water had been seen was about 80 kilometers (SN: 1/22/18).
That high-up water varied in concentration as the seasons changed on Mars, with the peak in the southern summer, when seasonal dust storms are most frequent (SN: 7/14/20). During a global dust storm in 2018, water levels jumped even higher, suggesting dust storms lift water in a “sudden splash,” Stone says.
The top of Mars’ atmosphere is full of charged molecules that are primed for rapid chemical reactions, especially with water. So water up there is split apart quickly, on average lasting only four hours, leaving hydrogen atoms to float away (SN: 11/27/15). That process is 10 times faster than previously known ways for Mars to lose water, Stone and his colleagues calculated.
This process could account for Mars losing the equivalent of a 44-centimeter-deep global ocean in the past billion years, plus another 17-centimeter-deep ocean during each global dust storm, the team found. That can’t explain all of Mars’ water loss, but it’s a start.
It’s one of the Solar System’s most enduring mysteries on one of its most intriguing planets.
Now, thanks to NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, scientists have gained a richer understanding of the Martian atmosphere, getting to the core of how the planet functions — and they think they have an answer to the enigma.
To understand where the Martian water went, scientists looked up — a little over 92 miles, or 150 kilometers above the Martian surface, to be precise. What they found is detailed in a new study published Thursday in the journal Science.
Shane Stone is a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona and one of the authors on the new study. Looking at this specific part of the planet's atmosphere, rather than its surface, was critical to the scientists' newfound understanding of what happened to its water, he tells Inverse.
“This is the part of the atmosphere where we're transitioning from the atmosphere to space. It’s not a hard edge, but a smooth transition,” Stone says.
All planets with an atmosphere, including Earth, have this transitory space. Earth’s is known as the exosphere. It’s where the light from stars breaks apart neutral molecules into their constituent parts, like carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.
And it is in this transitional space that Stone’s team found traces of water.
“It’s a real surprise and has significant implications for understanding the escape of water from the planet,” Stone says.
DUST DEVILS
According to the new data, dust storms rising from the Martian surface appear to have been slowly sucking away the planet's water over the course of millions of years by sweeping water molecules up on a wild journey into the atmosphere. This happens on Earth, too — evaporated water molecules travel upwards until they condense from a gas back into a liquid, becoming rain-filled clouds. Where this process happens is known as the hygropause.
“On Mars, the hygropause is not operating as efficiently as it should be, not as efficiently as Earth’s hygropause,” Stone says. As a result, when water moves into Mars' upper atmosphere, it reacts with atmospheric molecules and is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen — the hydrogen can then escape the Martian atmosphere entirely, the study suggests — and is ultimately lost to space forever.
A 2001 dust storm engulfs the entirety of Mars.NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
The findings shed light on the Red Planet's evolution from a wet world, perhaps similar to Earth, to the desert-like world we know today. Scientists believe that while the Martian surface is riddled with ancient lake beds and rivers, the only water remaining may be trapped underground.
MARTIAN WEATHER
MAVEN can conduct research during Martian dust storms. While most other satellites take circular orbits, meaning they look at the same part of Mars at the same time of day, over and over again, MAVEN “samples different conditions on Mars continually, in terms of times of day, longitude and latitude," Stone says.
The Red Planet experiences regular regional dust storms, but in 2018 the planet was overtaken by a global dust storm. Stone describes the event as “very lucky” for the team, as it provided an unprecedented view of how the entire planet reacts to a storm.
A dust devil on Mars, captured by the ill-fated Opportunity rover in 2016.NASA/JPL-Caltech
Not everyone would refer to the 2018 storm as "lucky." While MAVEN was busy watching the skies, NASA’s Opportunity rover was patrolling the Martian surface. The dust storms settled on Opportunity’s solar panels, blocking out the sun’s rays and depriving it of energy — eventually putting an end to the rover’s historic journey.
“We were absolutely ecstatic when we got that dust storm...it giveth and it taketh away,” Stone says.
Abstract:
Mars has lost most of its once-abundant water to space, leaving the planet cold and dry. In standard models, molecular hydrogen produced from water in the lower atmosphere diffuses into the upper atmosphere where it is dissociated, producing atomic hydrogen, which is lost. Using observations from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft, we demonstrate that water is instead transported directly to the upper atmosphere, then dissociated by ions to produce atomic hydrogen. The water abundance in the upper atmosphere varied seasonally, peaking in southern summer, and surged during dust storms, including the 2018global dust storm. We calculate that this transport of water dominates the present-day loss of atomic hydrogen to space and influenced the evolution of Mars’ climate.
Correction:
A previous version of this article misstated the constituent parts of carbon dioxide. We regret the error.
ALL RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011
Astronomers have reconstructed the Milky Way’s merger history, finding that our galaxy has absorbed five large satellite galaxies in the last 12 billion years.
This artist’s impression shows how the Milky Way galaxy would look seen from almost edge on. Shown are the disk with star-blocking dust clouds, the central bulge and globular clusters (added by the author) in the halo. ESO/NASA/JPL-Caltech/M. Kornmesser/R.Hurt
Our galaxy is old, nearly as old as the universe itself. But it didn’t start as a spiral of stars around a peanut-shape middle. It grew over time, both accumulating stars from collisions with other galaxies and forming stars itself from inflowing gas.
Piecing together the details of this history is a major goal of astronomers, and Diederik Kruijssen (University of Heidelberg, Germany, and Harvard) and colleagues have proposed one version of this story, now published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (preprint available here).
THE BIG FIVE
To peek into the past, Kruijssen and colleagues examined globular clusters. These ancient balls of densely packed stars were pawns of history, accompanying satellite galaxies as they were subsumed into the Milky Way. Now they largely orbit outside our galaxy’s disk in the stellar halo. Astronomers know of at least 150 of them.
Many globular clusters formed right where they are, but the orbits of a subset of them suggest they’re strangers in a strange land. These clusters don’t have as many elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, known to astronomers as metals, indicating their origin in smaller galaxies rather than the larger and metal-enriched Milky Way.
To understand where — and when — these globular clusters came from, Kruijssen’s team relied on a set of zoomed-in cosmological simulations called E-MOSAICS. These simulations show the evolution of Milky Way-like galaxies as they cannibalize smaller galaxies, subsuming their globular clusters.
“Galaxy assembly is an extremely messy process, during which the orbits of the globular clusters are completely reshuffled,” Kruijssen explains. “To make sense of the complex system that is left today, we therefore decided to use artificial intelligence.”
Kruijssen and his colleagues trained an artificial neural network on E-MOSAICS, teaching it to relate the properties of globular clusters and their galaxy of origin. The result is a history of the most significant mergers with other galaxies:
A history of collisions, this merger tree shows when five different satellite galaxies collided and accreted onto the Milky Way. D. Kruijssen et al. / Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
First came a galaxy playfully dubbed “the Kraken,” which collided with our galaxy around 11 billion years ago. Though not the most massive satellite that the Milky Way encountered, it was the most significant with respect to our galaxy’s mass at the time. It contributed at least 13 globular clusters to the Milky Way.
A billion years later came a smaller galaxy whose remains are seen as a rivulset of stars dubbed the Helmi streams; it brought along at least five globular clusters.
Another two small galaxies joined our own in quick succession, nicknamed “Sequoia” and “Gaia-Enceladus,” accompanied by at least three and at least 20 globular clusters, respectively.
The most recent acquisition was the Sagittarius dwarf, which joined us 7 billion years ago. In addition to the seven globular clusters it brought with it, the galaxy’s remains are also visible as strung-out loops of stars circling our galaxy on nearly polar orbits.
This artist's impression shows the tidal tails of stars (white) streaming from the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy (orange) that orbits the Milky Way. The bright yellow circle to the right of the galaxy's center is our Sun (not to scale). Sagittarius is on the other side of the galaxy from us, but we can see its tidal tails of stars stretching across the sky as they wrap around our galaxy. Amanda Smith / University of Cambridge
Gaia-Enceladus was previously thought to be the biggest collision. “However, the merger with Kraken took place 11 billion years ago, when the Milky Way was four times less massive,” Kruijssen explains. “As a result, the collision with Kraken must have truly transformed what the Milky Way looked like at the time.”
It’s possible that many other, smaller galactic collisions took place that did not contribute globular clusters, but this study wasn’t designed to catalog those.
Interestingly, Kruijssen and his colleagues also find that although these galaxy collisions represent the most major events of the Milky Way’s history, they only contributed about a billion stars, about the mass of the stellar halo but a drop in the bucket compared to the spiral-imprinted disk. Most of our stars formed within our galaxy.
WHAT DOES “AVERAGE” MEAN, ANYWAY?
Helmer Koppelman (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton), who was not involved in the study, calls it “a fascinating summary of the Milky Way’s merger history.”
But there are some philosophical caveats to keep in mind. First, although the study is based on simulations of galaxies that are on average like the Milky Way, Koppelman explains that “the ‘average’ galaxy might not exist – meaning that each galaxy has its own peculiarities.”
Not only do the simulations assume an “average” Milky Way, they also assume a specific universe. Other simulations — and there are a wide range of them — might give different results. In fact, the study of galaxies’ formation history is inspired in part by the desire to test how well simulated universes reflect reality.
“In a way, the authors have provided an excellent test for this,” Koppelman says. “Independent future research that either agrees or disagrees with the merger history presented in the paper might tell us whether the simulations are accurate or not.”
There’s clearly a lot of work still to be done in reconstructing our galaxy’s messy history, but this study provides a cohesive framework for those efforts.
Astronomers were able to detail our Milky Way galaxy’s first “family tree” and it revealed that the largest collision occurred around 11 billion years ago with another galaxy that was named after a mythical sea monster.
The collision between the Milky Way and Kraken galaxies is definitely an exciting revelation for those who work in the field of astronomy because it occurred about 11 billion years ago when our galaxy was in its developmental stages and its early history has remained a mystery for so many years.
While intergalactic collisions were fairly common in ancient times, the one that occurred between Milky Way and Kraken was so massive that it actually changed our galaxy’s appearance. A few examples of ancient collisions include the “Helmi Streams” event that occurred approximately 10 billion years ago; the Sequoia event that happened about a billion years later; and the Gaia-Enceladus event that occurred a short time later around 9 billion years ago. In fact, the Gaia-Enceladus event was believed to have been the biggest ever collision with our galaxy until experts uncovered the Kraken event.
Milky Way
According to Dr. Diederik Kruijssen from the University of Heidelberg and who co-authored the study, since the merger with Kraken occurred 11 billion years ago when our galaxy was around four times smaller than it is today, it would make sense that the event changed its appearance.
Our galaxy is huge at about 100,000 light-years across with spiral arms and a peanut-shaped core. So in order for the experts to find out how it became so massive, they used artificial intelligence to study global clusters that contain up to a million stars.
Dr. Kruijssen as well as Dr. Joel Pfeffer from Liverpool John Moores University and a team of international researchers created computer simulations of our galaxy called E-Mosaics which allowed them to study different global clusters.
Milky Way
There are over 150 clusters in the Milky Way and many of them were created in other small galaxies that eventually merged with ours. Around five galaxies with over 100 million stars and approximately 15 galaxies with a minimum of 10 million stars all merged into the Milky Way, with the largest ones colliding with us between 6 and 11 billion years ago.
B-52 Encounter With An Alien Craft Near Minot Air Force Base
B-52 Encounter With An Alien Craft Near Minot Air Force Base
A reproduction of the events from the Minot Air Force base incident
MINOT AIR FORCE BASE – Project Blue Book case dated October 24, 1968, when missile crews, control personnel and maintenance personnel observed a UFO in the vicinity of the base. The following is the tape between the air controllers and the B-52 crew with call sign JAG Three one.
At 0330 hours: The controllers received the information that there was a UFO 24 miles to the northwest. A B-52 jet bomber (JAG 31) flying at 2000 feet was on a calibration check and requests a clearance from radar personnel.
At 0334 “MIB (Minot) approach control does JAG 31 have clearance to WT fix at Flight Level 2000?”
JAG 31, Roger climb out on a heading of 290 climb and maintain 5000. Stand by for higher altitude. We’re trying to get it from center now.
At 0335, the controller asked, “And JAG 31 on your way out to the WT fix request you look out toward your one o’clock position for the next fifteen miles and see if you see any orange glows out there? “Roger, roger glows 31, “Someone is seeing UFOs again!” “Roger I see a…….. (Rest of transmission garbled)
An aerial view of the facility
At 0352, The controller then radioed, “Three one, the UFO is being picked up by weather’s radar also. Should be at our one o’clock position three miles now”
The pilot said, “We have nothing on our airborne radar and I’m in some pretty thick haze now and unable to see out that way.”
At 0358, the pilot then requested an instrument guided approach, and received instructions. The pilot called, and then the transmitter went dead, but they could hear instructions from the ground. The controller asked them to squawk ident,” which meant to use the aircraft’s transponder which would paint the controller’s radar with a large, glowing blip with the aircraft’s identification.
At 0400, the controller then radioed, “JAG 31 if you hear me squawk ident…JAG 31 ident observed. Cleared for the approach attempt. Contact on frequency 271 decimal three and you’re cleared for the low approach. They continued to have radio problems for another couple of minutes.
At 0402, they were able to communicate easily. The pilot said, “Our UFO was off to our left side when we started penetration.
A depiction of the sighting from the control tower
“Roger, understand you did see something on your left side.” “We had a radar return at about a mile and a quarter, at nine o’clock position for about the time we left 200 to 14…”They discussed the troubles with the transmission and then, the controller asked, “Affirmative. I was wondering how far out did you see that UFO?”
“He was about one and a half miles off our left wing at 35 miles when we started in and stayed with us ’til about 10.”
“I wonder if that could have been your radio troubles?”
“I don’t know…. But that’s exactly when they started. “At 0413, Jag 31 are you observing any more UFOs? Negative on radar. We can’t see anything visually.
JAG 31, request you have someone report to base ops after you land.
What we have, then, was a group of sightings made by men on the ground, at the missile sites scattered around the base. There was radar sightings from ground and weather’s radar. There were visual sightings from the crew of the B-52, and an airborne radar sighting where the target traveled at 3,000 miles per hour.
Scope photographs were taken. There were sightings made by S.Sgt. Bond the FSC at Nov. Flight, S.Sgt. Smith at Oscar-1, Julelt, and Mike Flight Team and a number of men in widely scattered locations.
The object landed at location AA-43 and the entire observation lasted for 45 minutes. Fourteen other people in separate locations also reported the UFO. Security alarm were activated for both the outer and inner ring at the missile sites. When the guards arrived at the outer door it was open and the combination lock on the inner door had been moved.
Witness sketch of the UFO sighting
An image of the radar readings
Editors Note:
The case in my estimation was never investigated properly. Project Blue Book personnel never sent a representative and the case was essentially written off despite the interest of several Strategic Air Command generals including 15th Air Force’s Major General Nichols.
The sighting was officially explained by on November 13, by Lt. Col. Hector Quintanilla who wrote, “The following conclusions have been reached after a thorough study of the data submitted to Foreign Technology Division. The ground visual sightings appear to be of the star Sirius and the B-52, which was flying in the area.
The B-52 radar contact and the temporary loss of the UHF transmission could be attributed to a plasma similar to ball lightning. The air visual from the B-52 could be the star Vega, which was on the horizon at the time, or it could be a light on the ground, or possibly a plasma. No further investigation by the Foreign Technology Division is contemplated.
This is a classic Blue Book case where dozens of Air Force personnel who see B-52s and stars nightly have their testimony doubted. They know when they’ve seen a UFO. In this case the scientists doing the Condon report agreed that this was a real UFO.
The apparent damage to the missile site and disruption of B-52 radio transmissions was in my opinion a threat to primary nuclear offensive systems and should not have been trivialized. The records speak for themselves. This article was taken from Scientific Ufology written by Captain Kevin D. Randle USAFR.
It appears Quintanilla either did not care or had instructions to write off most of the sightings with any available excuse. I wonder why the reports were white washed, while the Air Force’s scientific advisor Alan Hynek was coming to the opposite conclusion that, UFOs were real? NOTE: The above image is CGI.
30 Meter UFO Shoots Out Of Volcano In Mexico, Nov 14, 2020, UFO Sighting News.
30 Meter UFO Shoots Out Of Volcano In Mexico, Nov 14, 2020, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Nov 14, 2020
Location of sighting: Popocatepetl, Mexico
Source: Live Cam
I was watching the live cam and noticed a bright object coming out of the volcanos side. At first I thought it was the moon, but the object shot away in under two minutes and the moon moves slowly. The stars above the volcano never moved while all this was happening. The glowing object had a trail behind it for about 3 seconds after leaving the volcano side exit, but the trail soon disappeared. I have observed this and Colima for over 12 years and caught many UFOs entering and leaving this volcano. That is why I have come to the conclusion that there must be an alien base 6km below the volcano and that the volcano is not really active naturally, but made active by the aliens to keep curious humans away.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
