The term “geology” should only be used in relation to Earth, since in Greek it means “the science of Earth”. However, when astronomers study other planets in the Solar System, they naturally take the most studied one, i.e., ours, as a “reference point”. Mars has a lot in common with Earth, but in some ways it is very different. Some of its features are strange: although it has the largest volcanoes in the Solar System, there is currently virtually no volcanic activity. Clearly, there is still much we do not know about our neighbor.

Mars as a planet

Mars, like Earth, is a rocky planet. Its shape is nearly spherical, its chemical composition is mainly silicates and aluminates, it has a dense core, and it is covered by a relatively thin crust. This is where the similarities between the two celestial bodies end and their differences begin.

The fourth planet from the Sun is half the size of Earth. The average radius of Mars is only 3,389.5 km. Its surface area is 1.4437×108 km², which is only 28% of that of our world, if we include the oceans. This means that the geological formations found on Earth would appear gigantic on Mars. Incredibly, the mountains, canyons, and depressions there are indeed much larger than those on Earth.

The surface of Mars is very uneven compared to Earth. In particular, its northern hemisphere is almost entirely low-lying, while the southern hemisphere is dominated by mountain ranges and plateaus. To explain this striking difference, some scientists point to the specific mechanism of Martian tectonic plate formation, while others believe it is the result of a collision with a large space object.

Whatever caused this strange dichotomy between the hemispheres of Mars, astronomers are certain that it arose at the dawn of the planet’s existence. Therefore, all subsequent evolution there took place in conditions where there were lowlands in the north and highlands in the south.

Volcanoes of Mars

Approximately 4.5 billion years ago, when Mars was just formed, it was a red-hot ball. Then its crust solidified, but liquid magma remained inside. This created conditions for volcanic activity. However, it occurred in a way that was very different from what we are used to on Earth.

On our planet, the crust consists of separate lithospheric plates that are constantly in motion. Magma erupts mainly through cracks between them, which is why most volcanoes are located along the joints of large sections of the lithosphere. Only occasionally can another type of volcanism be found on Earth, when a flow of hot magma literally melts its way to the surface. Such volcanoes are called shield volcanoes.

It is not known for certain whether lithospheric plates ever moved on Mars. At least, no traces of them have been found there. For billions of years, Martian volcanoes have appeared exclusively due to hot flows that melt the crust, and this happens in a rather strange way. Some volcanoes are indeed similar to those on Earth. However, the largest of them, due to their tendency to group, have formed large provinces that have no analogues not only on Earth, but in the entire Solar System.

Tharsis

The best example of strange Martian volcanism is Tharsis, located in the northwestern part of Mars. Its area is 30 million km², which is larger than Canada, the United States, and China combined. It is here that the largest volcano in the Solar System rises – the 26-kilometer-high Olympus Mons, approximately three times higher than Everest.

However, the most interesting thing about this giant is not its height, but its width. The diameter of Olympus’ base is 624 km, which means that on Earth it would hardly fit in Ukraine. So, despite its dizzying height, it looks almost flat. More precisely, its upper part forms a plain with a minimal slope, while its edges are slopes up to 7 km high.

At the center of the giant volcano is a caldera measuring 85×60 km. Several craters actually merge into one giant pit up to 3 km deep, so large that the entire city of Kyiv could fit inside it.

At the same time, Olympus is the largest, but not the only, giant volcano in Tharsis. To the southeast of it, there are three more very similar structures – the Ascraeus Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Arsia Mons. Each of them is much higher than Everest, and their diameters are measured in hundreds of kilometers.

Incidentally, the highest of the Tharsis Olympus volcanoes is by no means the record holder in terms of area. Alba Mons is “only” 6.8 km high, but its diameter reaches 1,350 km. And in general, it is difficult to call it a mountain, because its slope reaches only 0.5°, which means that it is essentially a sloping elevation. Previously, the term “patera” was used to describe such relief features.

Elysium

Another volcanic province, Elysium, is also located in the northern hemisphere of Mars. There are also several giant shield volcanoes there: the Hecates Tholus, Mount Elysium, and the Albor Tholus. They are significantly smaller than Olympus, but their size is still impressive. For example, Elysium rises 16 km above the Martian surface and has a diameter of 240 km.

Although the two volcanic provinces are very similar, they were formed in completely different periods. Tharsis is extremely ancient, its origin dating back to the Noachian period of Martian history, meaning it is about 4 billion years old. Elysium is much younger. It was formed about 600 million years ago. This is relatively young by the standards of the Red Planet and closer to the time when multicellular life appeared on Earth.

Why shield volcanoes regularly form in such large groups on Mars is still unclear. Apparently, this is related to the peculiarities of the rise of the same hot magmatic flows in its depths, which scientists call plumes. Perhaps the fact that they abut against a solid crust rather than separate plates somehow affects the nature of volcanism.

In addition, Mars’s smaller size plays a role. If there are irregularities in the distribution of heat inside it, they will manifest themselves much more strongly than on Earth. It is quite possible that at a certain depth below the Martian surface, there are large pockets of lava that manifest themselves as volcanic provinces.

Giant faults

In addition to giant volcanoes, Mars has equally amazing surface faults. From a geological point of view, they are very different from those we encounter on Earth, where structures similar to the Dniester Canyon or the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in the United States are formed as a result of soil particles being washed away by water.

However, liquid water never flowed on the Red Planet long enough to wash out gorges tens and hundreds of meters deep. The nature of canyon formation there is completely different and is related to the same volcanic provinces. Giant mountains of solidified lava are so massive that they literally collapse under their own weight into the depths of the planet. As a result, the much thinner crust around them stretches and cracks.

Over time, cracks formed by erosion and other processes can reach truly enormous sizes. The largest of these is the Valles Marineris. It is often compared to the Grand Canyon in Colorado, but this only complicates its perception. The total length of this structure is 4,500 km, which means that on Earth it would stretch from Great Britain to the Caspian Sea.

In addition, the average width of the Valles Marineris is 200 km. This means that standing on one edge, you are unlikely to see the other. The picture will be more like a giant precipice, the bottom of which is lost somewhere below.

Another feature of the Martian landscape is related to the giant fractures on the surface: chaos terrains. This is the name given to areas where hills and furrows are scattered haphazardly, forming a veritable labyrinth. They appeared at a time when Mars still had plenty of ice and streams flowed across its surface. When the subsurface ice melted, the ground subsided. The water, flowing outwards, went to lower areas and eroded the already damaged rocks along the way. This happened extremely unevenly, resulting in the formation of chaos.

Sedimentary rocks on Mars

Although more large impact craters have been found on Mars than on the Moon or Mercury, smaller traces of collisions are much less common there. This is due to wind and water erosion.

Wind and water cause the destruction of solid rock and transport small particles. Several billion years ago, when the planet’s atmosphere was denser and the northern basin was filled with an ocean into which water flowed, these processes were much more intense. They can still be seen on the surface in the form of dry riverbeds of ancient rivers.

Traces of erosion on Mars include not only certain landforms, but also the presence of rocks that we call sedimentary. These include sand, gypsum, and clay. These conglomerates of extremely fine particles can only form in the presence of large amounts of water, usually near or at the bottom of rivers and lakes.

Despite the similarity between Martian sedimentary rocks and those on Earth, they contain almost no organic matter, which is common on Earth. More precisely, it may be there, and scientists are eager to find it, but this will only be possible after samples of the substance have been brought from Mars to Earth.

Scientists have also not yet found any traces of a developed biosphere on Mars. This means that minerals commonly found on Earth, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, are most likely not present there, as they are the remains of living organisms.

Is Mars really dead?

No matter how spectacular the volcanic eruptions on Mars were, no matter how long water flowed in its streams, forming clay deposits, all this is now a thing of the distant past. This view of the planet has become mainstream over the last few decades.

However, this trend has recently begun to change. One of the main reasons for this is the InSight probe. It operated on the surface of Mars for many months, while the seismograph on board recorded what was happening in the depths of the planet. Imagine the surprise of scientists when it began to register one surface vibration after another!

In general, astronomers had previously assumed the possibility of Marsquakes even in the absence of lithospheric plate movement. After all, tectonic vibrations occur even on the Moon, which is definitely “dead” in this sense. However, the events recorded by InSight turned out to be too frequent and too strong to be caused, for example, by the collapse of some underground cavities. More and more scientists are now inclined to believe that there is still liquid magma inside the Red Planet.

Research on Mars increasingly suggests that our current understanding of its “inner world” is not entirely accurate. However, humanity began exploring our neighboring planet relatively recently, so our knowledge of it is quite limited. It is quite possible that in a few thousand years, it will surprise researchers with active volcanoes… but that is a completely different story.

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Exploring the Potential Link Between Crop Circles, Alien Abductions, and UAPs

Over the past several decades, numerous unexplained phenomena have captivated the public and scientific communities alike. Among these are crop circles, reports of alien abductions, and the increasing sightings and investigations of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs). While each of these phenomena has been studied independently, an intriguing question persists: could there be a connection linking them? To explore this, we must analyze their characteristics, the evidence supporting their existence, and the potential theoretical frameworks that might unify these phenomena.

Crop Circles: An Overview

Crop circles are large geometric patterns that appear mysteriously overnight in fields of cereal crops. First gaining widespread attention in the late 20th century, these formations often feature complex, symmetrical designs. While many crop circles have been revealed as hoaxes—created by human pranksters using simple tools—some remain unexplained due to their intricate patterns, timing, and occasionally, their apparent lack of human origin. Researchers have proposed various theories, ranging from natural phenomena (such as wind patterns) to extraterrestrial activity or even advanced human engineering.

From a scientific standpoint, the majority of crop circles have been demonstrated as human-made hoaxes. However, a subset remains unexplained, raising questions about their origin. Some researchers suggest that these formations could be a form of communication or art from extraterrestrial sources, or perhaps a manifestation of unknown natural processes. Notably, reports of anomalous electromagnetic effects and localized animal behavior around certain crop circles have fueled speculation about their potential extraterrestrial connection.

Alien Abductions: An Overview

Reports of alien abductions involve individuals claiming to have been taken against their will by extraterrestrial beings. These accounts often include descriptions of medical examinations, communication with alien entities, and a sense of missing time. While skeptics attribute such reports to psychological factors such as sleep paralysis, hallucinations, or memory distortions, some researchers argue that the consistency and detail in many accounts point to a genuine phenomenon.

Psychologically, abduction reports often feature themes of trauma, curiosity, or a desire for understanding of the unknown. From a scientific perspective, there is limited empirical evidence supporting the physical reality of abductions. Nonetheless, the phenomenon persists in cultural consciousness, possibly reflecting deeper societal fears or curiosity about extraterrestrial life.

UAPs: An Overview

UAPs, formerly known as UFOs, have garnered renewed attention following recent official disclosures and military reports. UAPs are aerial phenomena that cannot be immediately identified or explained. Modern UAP investigations leverage advanced sensor technology, radar, infrared imaging, and pilot testimonies. Many UAP sightings involve rapid, maneuverable objects exhibiting capabilities beyond current human technology.

While most UAPs are eventually identified as natural or man-made objects (e.g., aircraft, weather phenomena), a subset remains unexplained. The U.S. Department of Defense and other agencies have acknowledged that some UAPs could pose national security concerns, emphasizing the need for scientific investigation.

Potential Connections Between the Phenomena

The question of whether crop circles, alien abductions, and UAPs are interconnected hinges on several considerations: the possibility of a common extraterrestrial origin, shared communication methods, or a broader phenomenon of contact.

1. Shared Themes of Contact and Communication

All three phenomena involve interaction—either direct or indirect—with extraterrestrial entities or unknown forces. Crop circles could serve as a form of visual communication or art from alien visitors, perhaps conveying messages or marking landing sites. UAPs might represent the physical manifestation of alien crafts observed during sightings, while abduction reports could be accounts of direct contact or experimentation.

2. Temporal and Spatial Overlap

Some researchers have noted temporal overlaps where crop circles appear near UAP sightings, or reports of abductions coincide with increased UAP activity. For instance, certain crop circles have been reported in regions with frequent UAP sightings, leading some to speculate about a coordinated phenomenon or a shared source.

3. Psychological and Cultural Factors

The widespread cultural narratives about extraterrestrials could influence the perception and reporting of these phenomena. For example, individuals experiencing abduction phenomena may interpret anomalous aerial sightings as evidence of alien activity, or vice versa. This suggests that cultural frameworks shape how such phenomena are experienced and reported.

4. Scientific and Theoretical Considerations

From a scientific perspective, there is currently no empirical evidence directly linking crop circles, abductions, and UAPs as manifestations of a single phenomenon. However, some hypotheses propose that these phenomena could be different expressions of an overarching process, such as:

• Interdimensional or Multidimensional Hypotheses: Suggesting that extraterrestrial entities operate across multiple dimensions, leading to observable phenomena in our physical realm, including crop circles and UAPs, and influencing human consciousness to produce abduction narratives.

• Quantum or Electromagnetic Interactions: Proposing that unknown natural forces or advanced technology could produce electromagnetic effects associated with crop circles, UAPs, and psychological phenomena related to abduction reports.

• Psychophysical or Consciousness-Based Models: Asserting that human consciousness interacts with unknown forces, leading to sightings, crop circle formations, and abduction memories, all interconnected through shared subconscious or collective unconscious processes.

Critical Evaluation and Scientific Challenges of Crop Circles, UAPs, and Abduction Claims

The phenomena of crop circles, unidentified aerial phenomena (UAPs), and alleged extraterrestrial abductions have fascinated the public and researchers alike for decades. These phenomena are often intertwined in popular culture, leading to widespread speculation about their origins and implications. However, despite numerous intriguing correlations and hypotheses, establishing rigorous scientific validation remains a significant challenge. This essay aims to critically evaluate these phenomena, explore the scientific obstacles in studying them, and discuss the factors that complicate objective analysis.

Crop circles, characterized by intricate patterns appearing overnight in fields of crops, have long been a subject of debate. While some posit that these formations are evidence of extraterrestrial activity or other supernatural forces, the majority of scientifically validated evidence indicates that most crop circles are human-made hoaxes. Skilled artists and pranksters have demonstrated the ability to create complex designs using simple tools, such as planks, ropes, and GPS devices. Investigations into these formations often reveal telltale signs of human craftsmanship, including tool marks and deliberate geometric patterns. Despite this, a subset of enthusiasts claims that some crop circles exhibit anomalous features that defy human explanation, such as unusual electromagnetic effects or unexplained energy signatures. Nonetheless, these claims lack consistent, reproducible scientific evidence to substantiate the involvement of non-human agents.

Unidentified aerial phenomena (UAPs), formerly known as UFOs, represent another complex area of investigation. Modern technology has allowed for increased documentation of aerial objects that exhibit flight characteristics beyond current human-made aircraft capabilities, such as abrupt accelerations, instantaneous changes in direction, and hypersonic speeds. Military and civilian radar data, along with visual sightings, have contributed to the growing body of UAP reports. In recent years, official government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Defense, have acknowledged the existence of UAPs and have established task forces to analyze these phenomena. Despite these efforts, conclusive evidence regarding their origins remains elusive. Many UAP observations are attributed to natural atmospheric phenomena, sensor artifacts, or misidentifications of conventional aircraft or drones. The lack of comprehensive, physical evidence—such as recovered materials, high-resolution imagery, or direct scientific measurements—limits the ability to definitively determine whether UAPs are of extraterrestrial origin, advanced human technology, or natural phenomena.

Claims of extraterrestrial abductions further complicate the scientific landscape. These reports typically involve individuals asserting they have been taken against their will by non-human entities, often with detailed descriptions of encounters and medical examinations. While such claims are emotionally compelling, they lack verifiable physical evidence. Many scientists interpret abduction reports through psychological frameworks, including sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and cognitive biases. Factors such as stress, trauma, and cultural influences can shape individuals’ perceptions and memories, leading to false or distorted accounts. Extensive research into sleep disorders and altered states of consciousness supports the notion that many abduction experiences may be psychological phenomena rather than physical events.

The phenomena are also subject to cognitive biases that hinder objective analysis. Pareidolia, the tendency to perceive meaningful images in random patterns, can lead observers to interpret crop markings or aerial shapes as deliberate symbols or messages. Confirmation bias influences researchers and enthusiasts to focus on evidence that supports their preconceived notions while dismissing contradictory data. Cultural influences, media portrayals, and societal beliefs about extraterrestrials shape perceptions and interpretations of these phenomena. As a result, objective scientific inquiry is often compromised by subjective interpretations and anecdotal evidence.

The scientific community emphasizes the importance of reproducible, empirical evidence before establishing causal links or explanations. For phenomena as elusive as crop circles, UAPs, and abduction claims, this requirement poses a significant challenge. Rigorous scientific validation necessitates high-quality data, controlled experiments, and peer-reviewed research—standards that are difficult to meet given the nature of these phenomena. Without tangible physical evidence, such as artifacts, biological samples, or consistent measurement data, the hypotheses remain speculative.

In conclusion, despite the widespread fascination with crop circles, UAPs, and extraterrestrial abduction claims, the scientific validation of these phenomena remains limited. Many crop circles are demonstrated to be human-made hoaxes, UAPs often lack conclusive physical evidence to confirm extraterrestrial origins, and abduction reports are predominantly explainable through psychological mechanisms. These phenomena are further complicated by cognitive biases and cultural influences, which hinder objective analysis. The scientific community rightly calls for more rigorous, reproducible empirical evidence before drawing definitive conclusions. Until then, these phenomena should be approached with scientific skepticism, open-minded curiosity, and a commitment to evidence-based investigation

Conclusion

While the phenomena of crop circles, alien abductions, and Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs) share common thematic elements such as contact, communication, and unexplained activity, current scientific evidence does not definitively establish a direct causal or causal relationship among them. These phenomena have long fascinated both the public and researchers, largely because of their mysterious nature and the potential implications they hold for our understanding of life beyond Earth and the universe’s hidden dimensions. Despite the intriguing overlaps in timing, geographic distribution, and thematic content, the scientific community remains cautious, emphasizing the need for rigorous investigation and empirical validation.

The recurring appearance of crop circles, often in specific regions and during particular periods, raises questions about their origins—whether they are elaborate hoaxes, artistic expressions, or potentially signals from extraterrestrial sources. Similarly, reports of alien abductions often involve consistent narratives of contact and communication, yet lack conclusive physical evidence. UAPs, meanwhile, have been documented through radar, visual sightings, and increasingly sophisticated sensor technology, which complicates initial assumptions about their nature, whether they are secret military projects, natural atmospheric phenomena, or something else entirely.

Despite the absence of definitive proof linking these phenomena, their simultaneous occurrence and overlapping themes motivate ongoing multidisciplinary research. Advances in sensor technology, data analysis, and consciousness studies offer promising avenues for future exploration. For instance, improved imaging and tracking systems could better analyze UAPs, while psychological and neuroscientific research might deepen understanding of abduction reports and perceptual phenomena. Additionally, interdisciplinary approaches combining physics, psychology, anthropology, and cultural studies are essential to comprehensively examine the societal and psychological impacts of these mysterious events.

In conclusion, crop circles, alien abductions, and UAPs continue to be compelling mysteries at the intersection of science, psychology, and cultural perception. While current evidence does not confirm a direct link among them, their shared themes suggest they could be interconnected aspects of a broader, perhaps extraterrestrial or multidimensional, reality. As technology and scientific methodologies advance, future discoveries may illuminate these phenomena’s true nature, potentially transforming our understanding of the universe and our place within it. Until then, they remain intriguing enigmas that challenge our curiosity and scientific rigor.

References

• Hynek, J. (1972). The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry. Henry Regnery Company.
• Maccabee, B. (2000). "Crop Circles: The Scientific Evidence." Journal of Scientific Exploration, 14(3), 319-341.
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2021). "UAPs and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life." NASA Science Briefings.
• McDonnell, J. A., & Mendez, M. (2019). "UAPs: An Overview of Recent Developments." Journal of Advanced Aerospace Studies.
• Kean, L. (2010). UFOs: Generals, Pilots, and Government Officials Go on the Record. Harmony Books.

Note: This analysis synthesizes current scientific perspectives and hypotheses. The phenomena discussed remain subjects of ongoing investigation and debate.

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U.S. Congressman Says UFOs May Be Machines of a Hidden ‘Ancient Earth Civilization’

For over 90 years, the UFO enigma has captivated people’s minds worldwide, sparking curiosity, debates, and countless investigations into the phenomenon. The wait is over, as David Grusch, David Fravor & Ryan Graves are set to testify before the US Congress during the congressional meetings scheduled for July 26, 2023.

Meanwhile, various theories were postulated by United States Representative Mike Gallagher on the possible origin of UFOs while he appeared on Pat McAfee’s show on June 27, 2023. The former Marine suggested that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) might possibly represent an enigmatic “ancient civilization” that had remained hidden on Earth until recently when they began to surface.

“This should be an opportunity for the government to be transparent,” he said. “If we have information that disconfirms the extraterrestrial hypothesis, or all these other ones, at least it shows the government doing something competent and being forward-leaning by declassifying information to the public.”

Rep. Gallagher made this statement in response to the wild interview of David Grusch with Ross Coutlhart that hit the media. Mr. Grusch, who is confirmed to testify before Congress in the upcoming hearings, claimed that the US government has proof of alien life and that there are spacecraft from another species. He mentions that there is a significant number of these spacecraft, some of which have landed while others have crashed.

When asked about the duration of the cover-up, Grusch mentions that the first recovery of a UAP occurred in 1933 in Magenta, Italy, during the regime of Benito Mussolini. He explains that the Italian government moved the recovered craft to a secure air base until 1944-1945 when the Vatican informed the Americans about it.

Appearing on the sports talk show, Gallagher suggested that one possible explanation of supposed UFO sightings was the so-called “Terminator” theory — derived from the film of the same name — that aliens were actually human beings from the future. Gallagher further put forth another theory, suggesting the following: “Instead of us from the future, it might indeed be an ancient civilization that has been lurking here, and suddenly it’s making its presence known.” Ancient Aliens, does it ring a bell?

A similar theory was also proposed by Tim Peake, one of Britain’s famous astronauts. He said that the UFOs filmed by the US military over 100 times could either time traveling humans or aliens from other civilizations. During an interview with Good Morning Britain in June 2022, Briton astronaut Tim Peake, who spent more than six months on the International Space Station, was asked about the UAP videos, which the Pentagon recently declassified.

Peake said: “I heard one theory where a pilot was talking about that potentially in the future, they’ve developed time travel – is it something that’s come back from the future?” He did not exactly say what the UFOs are but shared some theories that have long been discussed by UFOlogists.

“I don’t think it’s a development of any state nation or non-state organization at all. I think it’s quite remarkable when you see the video footage. It does seem extraordinary as to what these machines are capable of.”

Read also:

• Man Worked In Antarctica Saw Powerful Machines To Contact Alien Crafts In Deep Space
• There Is 9-Min Video of Biden & Podesta Meeting Aliens; Head of Top Alien-Tech Firm to Testify Soon, Claims UFO Researcher
• This US Aerospace Company Is Divesting Itself From An Alleged UFO, Journalist Claims
• Whitley Strieber’s Alien Abduction & Stranger Who Told Him ‘Mankind Is Trapped

There is a huge buried UFO hidden outside the US, and Ross Coulthart claimed that he knows the location of this immovable craft. There is no confirmation from Coulthart about the nature of this craft if it was retrieved. However, some have speculated this could be an archeological dig. Could this particular craft potentially be a remnant of a bygone civilization?

Considering Rep. Gallagher’s theory, scientists have explored the possibility of detecting ancient civilizations in Earth’s geological record. A recent paper called “The Silurian Hypothesis” discusses how traces of industrial civilizations could be found. While fossils and artifacts are unlikely to survive over millions of years, anomalous changes in chemical compositions could serve as clues. By studying geological anomalies and applying models to other planets, scientists hope to understand if civilizations existed in the distant past.

NASA has spent many years seeking the truth regarding extraterrestrial life. Furthermore, the space agency has never denied the existence of non-human life beyond Earth in any form. This is sufficient to discuss the idea of non-human life existing beyond Earth in any form, from the microscopic to the macroscopic. Avi Loeb, a professor at Harvard, has supported the idea that there may have been earlier civilizations on both Earth and Mars, and that these civilizations may have been the origin of UAPs. (Click here to read the full article)

Mr. Loeb writes: “Planets like Mars or Earth could have given multiple births to technological civilizations that were a billion years apart and hence were not aware of each other. Like stable parents, the planets recovered from the environmental impact of these civilizations over time. We may have been separated in time from siblings that we never had the opportunity to meet and so we are unaware of their existence.”

Former Pentagon UFO official, Lue Elizondo, shared intriguing insights in an interview about crash retrievals and materials related to UFOs/UAPs. He believes the US government possesses exotic materials but lacks transparency on the matter. (Click here to read the full article)

Elizondo used an analogy of finding an out-of-place object in King Tut’s tomb to emphasize the significance of finding advanced materials before our known technology existed. Some interpreted this analogy as a hint that UFOs could be considered archaeological findings, possibly ancient rather than just old.

Interestingly, Bob Lazar, on the Joe Rogan Experience, mentioned hearing that at least one recovered UFO was found during an archaeological dig, suggesting its ancient origin. Astronomer Avi Loeb suggested that some advanced devices made by early inhabitants of Mars and Earth might still be operational elsewhere in the Solar System, potentially accounting for some Unidentified Aerial Phenomena reports.

Physicist John E. Brandenburg’s 2015 study speculated about a massive thermonuclear explosion that destroyed Mars’ once-Earthlike atmosphere, considering the Cydonian Hypothesis and Fermi’s Paradox. These ideas explore the possibility of ancient advanced civilizations in our solar system.

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24-08-2025 om 20:39 geschreven door peter  

500-Year-Old Manuscript Describes 3-Stage Space Rockets And Talk About Flights To Moon

Some researchers believe that there was once a highly developed culture on Earth. But as a result of unknown circumstances, civilization was destroyed. This is evidenced by archaeological finds that cannot be explained from the scientific point of view of modern society. There is a theory that in the past, our planet was visited by alien representatives who shared their knowledge and technologies with people, so maybe they donated incredible technologies thousands of years ago, but then these technologies brought humanity to the brink of extinction.

Some people claim that our ancestors used so advanced technologies that in our time, it is difficult to imagine them. But some of the modern technologies may have been borrowed from the past, although almost no one knows about it. You may have heard of the ancient nuclear war hypothesis or ancient flying vehicles, which can also be found in ancient texts. It is said that our ancestors could even move in space and had knowledge about the universe that surpasses all modern knowledge.

A 450-page manuscript was examined in 1963 by Romanian engineer Doru Todericiu in Sibiu’s national archive (former Hermannstadt). Todericiu examined the manuscript’s scientific and technological substance before classifying it as a work on various artillery and ballistics difficulties, despite the fact that it had previously been known as such. He learned that Conrad Haas, the author of the manuscript’s third section, had written about some amazing concepts related to rocketry.

The Sibiu manuscript does not fit into the present history, so it draws increased attention. There aren’t many details available concerning Conrad Haas’s life. He was born not far from Vienna in Dornbach. He worked for the Imperial court of Vienna as an artillery guard and commissioned officer. He most likely traveled to Transylvania in 1551 with Imperial forces to fulfill this role, when he took the position of chief of the artillery camp at the Hermannstadt arsenal.

He penned the manuscript between 1529 and 1569, and it appears to contain, among other things, the earliest explanation of the multistage rocket’s basic operating principle. He talks about bundling rockets, stabilizing fins, and employing liquid fuel as well as describing and showing two and three-stage rockets.

The Sibiu manuscript is written in German. Many people believe that it was written using some even more ancient texts. The manuscript texts describe in detail the principles of rocketry, and there are also drawings of models of space three-stage rocket. The document contains a description of technologies for combining fireworks with weapons and even the construction of a hang glider, as well as instructions for creating fuel mixtures as liquid rocket fuel.

What’s more, there are references to flights to the moon. According to researchers from Romania, the manuscript contains stories about a man who was able to get to the Earth’s satellite due to a unique flying machine. There are also descriptions of prehistoric fuel, which consisted of several rare elements. The rockets of this type were later launched at Cape Kennedy and used by cosmonauts in the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs.

Read also:

• Mysterious 5,500-Year-Old Sumerian Star Map Recorded Massive Asteroid Hit To Earth
• Carl Sagan’s 1962 Paper & NASA 2014 Study Considers Ancient Alien Theory
• Is 250,000-Year-Old Aluminum Artifact Ultimate Evidence Of Large Extraterrestrial Machine?

It looks like this chronicler visited the future world. The handwritten text of Sibiu is quite long as it consists of 450 pages. It is known that the Sibiu manuscript is genuine and the experts do not doubt this, but they are in no hurry to comment on the contents of this text.

It could be claimed that this case is just science fiction if researchers of anticity did not find other strange texts and technologies. In addition, multiple artifacts found by archaeologists confirm that our ancestors were much more civilized than modern historians imagine. Manuscripts such as Sibiu have the potential to change the way people think about our history.

It remains a mystery whether Haas succeeded in using his designs and bringing them to life. However, there are people who claim that a rocket was launched in Sibiu in 1550. It is believed that Conrad Haas created the first rocket. According to Haas, it took him more than 25 years to develop a unique aircraft. The biggest challenge, in this case, was the search for a fuel that would be sufficient to lift it into the air.

The main focus of the paper is the fuel issue. In addition to the conventional powder components of saltpeter, sulfur, and coal, Haas also used “brandy”, with the help of which the thrust development of the rockets was to be increased: “Again, take a little crushed powder and pour in enough brandy to make a little dough. Then take it and paint the little chamber (= rocket chamber) together with the little hole (= ignition hole) on the rocket by heart.” Haas also tried and used other “fuels” – significantly, the missile’s purpose dictated the particular fuel combination.

In summary, one can say that the following developmental solutions and developments can be attributed to Conrad Haas:

• Multistage and cluster rocket
• Arrangement of fuel sets in stage rockets
• Use of different fuel mixtures depending on the rocket type, performance, area of ​​application and design
• Use of liquid fuel
• delta-shaped stabilizing fins
• Anticipating the idea of ​​the modern spaceship

Although Conrad Haas designed weapons to kill, he secretly believed in basic human values. His basic humanistic attitude is particularly clear from the following statement: “But my advice is more peace and no war, leave the rifles under the roof, so the bullet won’t be fired, the powder won’t be burned wet, so the prince kept his money, the gun master his life; that is the advice Conrad Haas does.”

The technical characteristics of the rocket are similar to those of modern vehicles. It was made of wooden parts covered with a layer of special stone dust, which was supposed to protect the body from burning when rubbed against the air. Contemporaries note that in the 16th century, researchers did not know the intricacies of physical processes in the air, which is why scientists could receive information from aliens.

In addition, from his youth, he was engaged in research on ancient writings found in the territory of modern Egypt. A mission to the Moon could take place in 1550. But there is no documentary evidence to support all these claims.

Lady Sala Shabazz, the founder of the Black Inventions Museum who passed away on March 28, 2002 said once: “… Unfortunately, the individuals who are commissioned to write textbooks many times exhibited prejudice and omitted other historical information. In an effort to cover large spans of time, they have briefed history and left out so many other important facts and that’s something that many people have not been aware of.”

The city of Sibiu is known to many of us because it is the birthplace of Hermann Oberth, considered to be one of three fathers of rocketry and modern astronautics. Additionally, there is a dedicated document (ID 19770026087) in the NASA archives about the Sibiu manuscript.

References:

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{ https://howandwhys.com/ }

23-08-2025 om 23:07 geschreven door peter  

Triangle-Shaped UFO Filmed Hovering And Making ‘Angular Dives’ In The Sky Over In Missouri

iStockphoto

For some reason, UFOs mostly seem to come in three shapes: the standard flying saucer shape, a sphere or an orb, and a triangle. There aren’t any publicly official numbers on how many each shape get spotted each year, but based on the number of stories that pop up week-to-week, it’s pretty safe to say that those are the three most common UFO shapes that get reported.

The latest report making waves in the UFO community involves the third shape on the list: a triangle. According to an eyewitness account filed with the National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC), a person in St. Peters, Missouri recently had an encounter at night with a triangular UFO. Luckily, in this case, they were able to take some footage of the UFO.

Eyewitness reports

“I stopped where it stopped and it began to hover and loiter with no noise other than its visible triangular shape,” the eyewitness explained. “It was about 100 feet overhead and a football field length away. It was maneuvering in an odd way. Almost like it was submerged taking banks and angular dives. It would cloak in a ball of light than [sic] reappear nearby elsewhere hovering.”

The witness says this was the third time that they had seen a UFO like this in the area. One of the encounters was during the day time and was “seen by multiple neighbors.” The other sighting was at night over his subdivision and “it was only 50-80 feet high flying low and silently passing overhead,” they wrote.

“Other accounts by neighbors date back to the early 90’s … describing the same thing,” the witness added. “Apparently this area is a hot spot for almost weekly activity for 3 decades. I also see them near Adventist Church or by South High in daylight where the triangles are white and very bright and reflective you see them pop out for a few seconds then go invisible again.”

The UFO Capital of Missouri

Earlier this month, KSDK News reported that Piedmont, Missouri, located about two-and-a-half hours south of St. Peters, was named the UFO Capital of the Show Me State.

“I had a gentleman set at my desk and cry about how things that he has seen have illuminated and changed his life over the years,” said Sara Phillips, executive director of the Piedmont Area Chamber of Commerce. “My husband and I moved back here years ago and he swears he saw some kind of lights.”

{ https://brobible.com/ }

23-08-2025 om 22:44 geschreven door peter  

Fake footage of an alien autopsy may have been based on real ‘original frames’

EXCLUSIVE: Though fakers behind the grainy 18-minute film admit they staged it, they insist it was a reconstruction of real footage shot by the US military after UFO crash near Roswell

 BY Jerry Lawton

Footage of an alien autopsy faked in Camden may have been based on real ‘original frames’, according to the maker of a new TV shock doc.

In 1995 the world was stunned by 18 minutes of grainy film that appeared to show scientists in hazmat suits dissecting the corpse of an ET recovered from a reported UFO crash site near Roswell in New Mexico, US, in 1947.

The footage became an international sensation baffling film experts, military analysts and even the Secret Service. In 2006 the team that made it admitted the film was a fake confessing it was shot on a set constructed in a living room in Camden, north London.

Its alien bodies were hollow plaster casts filled with offal, sheep brains and raspberry jam.

The footage became an international sensation

(Image: Warner Brothers)

But Brit film-maker John Dower, who has made a new Sky Original documentary series about the scam, said his investigation showed it may have been based on real footage.

He said the makers of the bogus post-mortem film insisted it was a reconstruction of an actual clip that has since gone missing.

John, who made My Scientology Movie and BAFTA award-winning Lockerbie, said: “Over a decade after the eerie black and white footage of an alien autopsy was released in the mid-90s and affected many in a similar way to The Blair Witch Project the film was revealed to have been produced in a small flat in Camden, north London, and not in the New Mexico desert of Roswell.

“With its makers describing it as ‘a restoration’ it is still possible that it's based on original frames from an existing post-war film. I've directed some bonkers documentaries in my time but never one in which it is so difficult to work out what is real and what isn’t.”

A Sky spokesman said the team behind the footage insisted ‘it was based on a genuine film recorded by the US military’ in what was a ‘stranger-than-fiction documentary series’.

The series will be screened on Sky Documentaries

(Image: Getty Images)

Hayley Reynolds, Sky’s acting director of documentaries and factual, said: “The 90s were the golden age of UFO fever - before smartphones, before streaming - when grainy footage, The X-Files, and Roswell ruled the headlines.

“Alien Autopsy remains one of the most debated mysteries of the 20th Century.”

Arron Fellows, creative director of production company Mindhouse, said the series ‘taps into our timeless fascination with extraterrestrial life’.

“It’s incredible that the Alien Autopsy story has never been told in a premium documentary before,” he added.

The series will be screened on Sky Documentaries and streaming service NOW.

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{ https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/ }

23-08-2025 om 22:16 geschreven door peter  

Officials initially said the explosion may have been caused by a part of an old engine with a propeller.

Defense Minister Wladyslaw Kosiniak-Kamysz later said the object was most likely a drone, adding that an analysis was underway to determine whether it was a military or smuggling one, PAP reported.

"I was sitting in my room at night, around midnight, maybe, and I heard something just bang," local resident Pawel Sudowski told local news website Lukow.tv. "It exploded so loudly that the whole house simply shook."

Lublin District Prosecutor Grzegorz Trusiewicz told reporters several investigators — both civilian and military — were examining the crash site.

"We have a lot of manpower, we have the army to help us. I hope that we will be able to finish the operation by the evening," Trusiewicz said.

Since Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine more than three years ago, there have been a number of intrusions into Polish airspace, raising alarm in the European Union and NATO member state and reminding people how close the war is.

In 2023, a Russian missile went through Polish airspace near the Ukrainian border during one of Russia's barrages.

In 2022, a Ukrainian air defence missile fell on the Polish village of Przewodow, near the border, killing two people.

Earlier this year, unidentified crashed objects were found on the ground in two locations in Poland. Authorities said it was possible those objects came from a SpaceX rocket after debris entered the atmosphere over Poland. 

{ https://www.cbsnews.com/ }

23-08-2025 om 22:02 geschreven door peter  

If aliens existed on Mars 3.7 billion years ago, they would have needed umbrellas

"Studying Mars, particularly an under-explored region like Noachis Terra, is really exciting because it's an environment which has been largely unchanged for billions of years," said Losekoot. "It's a time capsule that records fundamental geological processes in a way that just isn't possible here on Earth."

Some of the inverted channels appear as isolated segments that have survived the elements for billions of years. Others are more intact, forming systems that run for hundreds of miles and stand tens of yards tall.

Such a widespread network of inverted channels does not suggest these channels were caused by flash floods, argues Losekoot. Rather, they seem to have formed in stable climatic conditions over a geologically significant period of time during the Noachian–Hesperian transition, which was the shift from one geological era into the next around 3.7 billion years ago.

What's particularly intriguing is the most likely source of water to have formed these inverted channels is precipitation — be it rain, hail or snow. Indeed, given the size of the inverted channel network in Noachis Terra, this region of Mars may have experienced lots of rainy days in a warm and wet climate.

It's more evidence that Mars was once more like Earth than the cold and barren desert it is today.

Losekoot presented his findings at the Royal Astronomical Society's National Astronomy Meeting held at the University of Durham in the U.K., which ran between July 7 and July 11.

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{ https://www.space.com/space-exploration }

23-08-2025 om 21:47 geschreven door peter  

Curiosity Finds Coral-Shaped Rocks on Mars

On July 24, 2025, the 4,608th Martian day, or Sol, of the mission, NASA’s Curiosity rover imaged wind-eroded rocks shaped like a piece of coral in the Gale crater on Mars.

This image of the Paposo rock was taken by Curiosity’s MAHLI instrument on July 24, 2025.

Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS.

One of the wind-eroded rocks was captured by Curiosity’s Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI), a camera on the end of its robotic arm.

“Nicknamed Paposo, the rock was about 5 cm (2 inches) from MAHLI when this image was taken,” members of the Curiosity team wrote in a statement.

On the same day, Curiosity used its Remote Micro Imager, part of its ChemCam instrument, to view another coral-shaped rock.

This image of a wind-eroded rock was taken by Curiosity’s Remote Micro Imager on July 24, 2025.

£Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS.

“Curiosity has found many small features like these, which formed billions of years ago when liquid water still existed on Mars” the researchers said.

“Water carried dissolved minerals into rock cracks and later dried, leaving the hardened minerals behind.”

“Eons of sandblasting by the wind wore away the surrounding rock, producing unique shapes.”

“This common process is seen extensively on Earth and has produced fantastic shapes on Mars, as well, including a flower-shaped rock.”

Curiosity rover took this selfie on October 11, 2019. The rover drilled twice in this location, nicknamed Glen Etive. Just left of the rover are the two drill holes, called Glen Etive 1 (right) and Glen Etive 2 (left).

Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS.

Launched November 26, 2011, Curiosity is the fourth rover the United States has sent to Mars.

Led by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the mission involves almost 500 scientists from the United States and other countries.

Curiosity explores the 154-km- (96-mile) wide Gale crater and acquires rock, soil, and air samples for onboard analysis.

The car-size rover is about as tall as a basketball player and uses a 2.1-m- (7-foot) long arm to place tools close to rocks selected for study.

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{ https://www.sci.news/news/space }

23-08-2025 om 21:28 geschreven door peter  

Scientists may have found a powerful new space object: 'It doesn't fit comfortably into any known category'

By Keith Cooper

• This content was originally published on Space.

Scientists found a mysterious cosmic object that's between 10 and 100 times more powerful than all known supernovas. What could it be?

NGC 4945 is an edge-on spiral galaxy just 11 million light years away in Centaurus 

(Image credit: ESO)

A bewilderingly powerful mystery object found in a nearby galaxy and only visible so far in millimeter radio wavelengths could be a brand new astrophysical object unlike anything astronomers have seen before.

The object has been named 'Punctum,' derived from the Latin pūnctum meaning "point" or
"dot," by a team of astronomers led by Elena Shablovinskaia of the Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos at the Universidad Diego Portales in Chile. Shablovinskaia discovered it using ALMA, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array.

"Outside of the realm of supermassive black holes, Punctum is genuinely powerful,” Shablovinskaia told Space.com.

Witnessing the Dawn of a New Solar System: A Historic Discover

Astronomers don't know what it is yet — only that it is compact, has asurprisingly structured magnetic field, and, at its heart, is an object radiating intense amounts of energy.

"When you put it into context, Punctum is astonishingly bright — 10,000 to 100,000 times more luminous than typical magnetars, around 100 times brighter than microquasars, and 10 to 100 times brighter than nearly every known supernova, with only the Crab Nebula surpassing it among star-related sources in our galaxy," Shablovinskaia said.

Punctum is located in the active galaxy NGC 4945, which is a fairly close neighbor of our Milky Way galaxy, located 11 million light-years away. That's just beyond the confines of the Local Group. Yet, despite this proximity, it cannot be seen in optical or X-ray light but rather only millimeter radio wavelengths. This has only deepened the mystery, although the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has yet to take a look at the object in near- and mid-infrared wavelengths.

Related: 

• Oops! Earendel, most distant star ever discovered, may not actually be a star, James Webb Telescope reveals

What could Punctum be?

Its brightness remained the same over several observations performed in 2023, meaning it is not a flare or some other kind of transitory phenomenon. Millimeter-wave radiation typically comes from cold objects such as young protoplanetary disks and interstellar molecular clouds. However, very energetic phenomena such as quasars and pulsars can also produce radio waves through synchrotron radiation, wherein charged particles moving at close to the speed of light spiral around magnetic field lines and radiate radio waves.

What we do know about Punctum is that based on how strongly polarized its millimeter light is, it must possess a highly structured magnetic field. And so, Shablovinskaia believes what we are seeing from Punctum is synchrotron radiation. Objects with strong polarization tend to be compact objects, because larger objects have messy magnetic fields that wash out any polarization.

Perhaps that synchrotron radiation is being powered by a magnetar, the team believes, which is a highly magnetic pulsar. However, while a magnetar's ordered magnetic field fits the bill, magnetars (and regular pulsars for that matter) are much fainter at millimeter wavelengths than Punctum is.

Supernova remnants such as the Crab Nebula, which is the messy innards blasted into space of a star that exploded in 1054AD, are bright at millimeter wavelengths. The trouble is that supernova remnants are quite large — the Crab Nebula itself is about 11 light-years across — whereas Punctum is clearly a much smaller, compact object.

"At the moment, Punctum truly stands apart — it doesn't fit comfortably into any known category," said Shablovinskaia. "And honestly, nothing like this has appeared in any previous millimeter surveys, largely because, until recently, we didn't have anything as sensitive and high-resolution as ALMA."

There is the caveat that Punctum could just be an outlier: an extreme version of an otherwise familiar object, such as a magnetar in an unusual environment, or a supernova remnant interacting with dense material. For now, though, these are just guesses lacking supporting evidence. It is quite possible that Punctum is indeed the first of a new kind of astrophysical object that we haven't seen before simply because only ALMA can detect them.

In the case of Punctum, it is 100 times fainter than NGC 4945's active nucleus that is being energized by a supermassive black hole feeding on infalling matter. Punctum probably wouldn't have been noticed at all in the ALMA data if it wasn't for its exceptionally strong polarization.

Further observations with ALMA will certainly help shed more light on what kind of object Punctum is. The observations that discovered Punctum were actually focused on NGC 4945's bright active core; it was just happenstance that Punctum was noticed in the field of view. Future ALMA observations targeting Punctum instead would be able to go to much lower noise levels without worrying about the galaxy's bright core being over-exposed, and it could also be observed across different frequencies.

The greatest help could potentially come from the JWST. If it can see an infrared counterpart, then its greater resolution could help identify what Punctum is.

"JWST's sharp resolution and broad spectral range might help reveal whether Punctum's emission is purely synchrotron or involves dust or emission lines," said Shablovinskaia.

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For now, it's all ifs and buts, and all we can say for sure is that astronomers have a genuine mystery on their hands that has so far left them feeling flummoxed.

"In any case," concluded Shablovinskaia, "Punctum is showing us that there is still a lot to discover in the millimeter sky.”

A paper describing the discovery of Punctum has been accepted by the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, and a pre-print is available on astro.ph.

{ https://www.livescience.com/space }

23-08-2025 om 21:16 geschreven door peter  

Cube-Shaped UFOs: Not Drones, Not Balloons, So What Are They?

Introduction

The Age of UFO Transparency is upon us—an era in which the veil of secrecy surrounding unidentified flying objects is gradually lifting, revealing a reality that once belonged solely to conspiracy theories and clandestine government programs. Many would argue that this shift is long overdue; the days of dismissing UFO reports as mere hallucinations or fabrications are waning. Instead, an increasing number of scientific institutions, government agencies, and independent researchers are approaching the subject with a newfound seriousness and rigor. NASA, the renowned space agency, has taken a significant step by assembling a dedicated team of astrophysicists tasked with investigating UFO phenomena. Their goal is to analyze sightings, assess the data with scientific precision, and determine whether these objects are of terrestrial origin or if they indeed originate from beyond our planet. This paradigm shift reflects a broader societal change—one that embraces curiosity and evidence-based inquiry over skepticism and suppression.

This newfound transparency has empowered witnesses, especially aviators, to come forward and share their extraordinary encounters. For decades, pilots and military personnel have reported strange objects in the skies, but fear of ridicule or official silence often kept these stories from reaching the public. Today, those barriers are diminishing. As a result, a wealth of firsthand accounts is now available, providing invaluable insights into phenomena that continue to baffle scientists and enthusiasts alike. Among these accounts, some are particularly perplexing: sightings of cube-shaped UFOs. Unlike the more common disc-shaped or spherical craft, these geometric anomalies challenge our conventional understanding of aircraft and extraterrestrial technology alike.

Unusual as they are, reports of cube-shaped UFOs are not isolated incidents. Naval aviators, in particular, have documented encounters with strange “Black Cube” objects. These mysterious crafts are often described as being surrounded by transparent spheres—strange, clear orbs that seem to interact with the cubes in inexplicable ways. Some of these cube-shaped objects have been observed shadowing military aircraft, maintaining a close proximity that suggests a high level of intelligence and control. On multiple occasions, fighter jets have narrowly avoided collisions with these enigmatic objects, raising urgent questions about their nature and intentions. The fact that these encounters occur in controlled airspace, under the watchful eye of military personnel, underscores their significance. It’s one thing to observe strange lights from the ground, but when trained pilots report close encounters with seemingly autonomous, technologically advanced objects, the stakes become much higher.

What makes these cube-shaped UFOs particularly fascinating—and unsettling—is their apparent technological sophistication. According to testimonies from fighter pilots and military officials, these objects display characteristics that defy our current understanding of aeronautical engineering. They are reported to exhibit rapid acceleration, sudden directional changes, and hovering capabilities that no known human-made aircraft can replicate. Some witnesses describe the objects as having a solidity and geometric precision that suggests a level of design and manufacturing far beyond our contemporary capabilities. The technology behind these objects, as hinted at by witness observations, appears to surpass our own, hinting at either a highly advanced extraterrestrial origin or an as-yet-undiscovered terrestrial technology.

The danger posed by these unidentified objects extends beyond mere curiosity. The close encounters with military aircraft—often with near-misses—highlight a potential risk to aviation safety. Such incidents raise critical questions: Are these objects probes sent to gather information? Are they aware of our defenses? Or are they simply passing through our airspace without regard for human activity? The fact that fighter pilots have repeatedly reported these objects “everywhere”—over the ocean, in restricted military zones, and even near major cities—only amplifies their significance. These encounters suggest that whatever these objects are, they are not only real but also capable of operating in ways that challenge our understanding of physics and technology.

The phenomenon of cube-shaped UFOs raises numerous scientific and philosophical questions. Are these objects of extraterrestrial origin, representing a form of advanced alien technology that has yet to be understood? Or could they be manifestations of some unknown terrestrial phenomenon—perhaps an undiscovered natural anomaly or experimental craft? Alternatively, some theories posit that these objects might be artificial constructs created by an unknown intelligence, capable of manipulating matter and energy at levels far beyond human capabilities. The consistent reports from credible witnesses, especially military personnel, lend weight to the argument that these phenomena are real and potentially significant.

In conclusion, the era of UFO transparency offers a rare opportunity to explore these mysteries with scientific rigor and open-minded curiosity. The encounters with cube-shaped UFOs, in particular, challenge our assumptions about the limits of technology and the nature of reality itself. As research progresses and more data becomes available, we may soon uncover answers to questions that have puzzled humanity for generations. Whether these objects are visitors from distant worlds, manifestations of unknown natural phenomena, or advanced terrestrial inventions, their existence demands our attention and careful investigation. The skies are revealing secrets once hidden in darkness, and it is up to us—scientists, pilots, policymakers, and curious minds—to understand what these enigmatic objects truly are.

Historical Context and Sightings

Differentiating From Drones and Balloons

To understand what cube-shaped UFOs are not, it is essential to consider and dismiss common explanations such as drones and balloons. These familiar objects often come to mind when interpreting unidentified aerial phenomena, but thorough analysis reveals significant differences that set the cube-shaped UFOs apart.

1. Drones:
Modern quadcopters and multirotor drones are ubiquitous and increasingly sophisticated. They are designed for recreational, professional, and military purposes, and their features are well-documented. Drones typically have recognizable propellers or rotors, which are often visible even when in motion. They also tend to have blinking LED lights—red, green, or white—used for visibility and navigation. The size of drones varies from small handheld devices to larger unmanned aircraft, but most are relatively compact, generally less than 2 meters in wingspan or length.

The movement patterns of drones are often erratic or highly controlled, depending on the operator. They can hover precisely, perform rapid directional changes, and even execute complex aerial maneuvers, especially with the aid of onboard sensors and autopilot systems. These capabilities are well within the realm of current technology, and drones are usually observed within the visual range of observers.

In contrast, the reported cube-shaped UFOs are often described as large and silent. Witness testimonies frequently mention objects measuring several meters across, with no audible noise emanating from them. Moreover, these UFOs are observed performing abrupt, highly controlled maneuvers—such as rapid accelerations, sudden directional changes, or hovering in place—beyond what typical consumer or even advanced military drones can achieve. For example, a witness might describe a large, luminous cube darting swiftly across the sky, changing direction instantaneously without any sound or visible propulsion system, making it unlikely to be a drone.

2. Balloons:
Balloons are among the simplest explanations for aerial phenomena. They are lightweight, often made of latex, Mylar, or paper, and are designed to drift passively with prevailing wind currents. Their shapes are generally soft and irregular—round, elongated, or amorphous—lacking rigid geometrical features. They are commonly used for weather measurement, promotional displays, or festivities, and are often associated with specific events or locations.

Balloons tend to ascend slowly, drifting with the wind, and can be observed at various altitudes. Their movements are predictable, dictated largely by atmospheric conditions. They usually have minimal reflective surfaces, except maybe a metallic or shiny patch, which can catch light but does not produce complex reflections. Their lack of maneuverability means they cannot perform sudden directional changes or hover precisely at a fixed point in the sky.

The cube-shaped UFOs, however, are described as having a rigid, geometrical structure resembling a perfect cube or rectangular prism. Witnesses often report the object remaining stationary in the air for extended periods, then suddenly accelerating or changing direction abruptly—behaviors incompatible with passive balloons. Furthermore, the shiny or reflective surfaces of some of these objects suggest a solid, possibly metallic, construction rather than a lightweight, inflatable structure. Their apparent ability to perform complex maneuvers further rules out balloons as a plausible explanation.

3. Alternative Explanations:

Given these distinctions, it becomes necessary to consider other possibilities. For instance, some hypothesize that these cube-shaped UFOs could be advanced experimental aircraft or drones developed by military agencies, designed with stealth and maneuverability in mind. The geometrical shape might serve specific aerodynamic or stealth purposes, although such designs are not publicly acknowledged or documented.

Others suggest they could be optical illusions, reflections, or camera artifacts. For example, the angle of sunlight reflecting off a high-altitude metallic object can produce a cube-like appearance in photographs or videos. Similarly, digital glitches or lens effects might distort the shape of an object, leading to misinterpretations.

Yet, many reports describe these objects as solid, three-dimensional entities with consistent shape and behavior over time, making mere optical illusions unlikely. In some cases, multiple witnesses across different locations observe the same object simultaneously, further discounting the possibility of misidentification or camera artifacts.

• Conclusion:
  In summary, the characteristics of cube-shaped UFOs—large size, silence, abrupt maneuvers, rigid geometrical shape, and reflective surfaces—are inconsistent with the properties of drones and balloons. While these common explanations are often considered first, detailed analysis and eyewitness accounts suggest that these objects are something more enigmatic. The need to explore alternative hypotheses remains, including advanced technology, atmospheric phenomena, or other yet-to-be-understood factors. As such, distinguishing these UFOs from everyday objects is crucial in advancing our understanding of unexplained aerial phenomena.

Yet another Unidentified Aerial Phenomena.

Image Credit: kolesinibimitresku/Shutterstock.com

Possible Explanations and Scientific Investigations

1. Advanced Human-Made Technology
One prominent hypothesis suggests that these cube-shaped objects are experimental aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) developed by military agencies or private aerospace corporations. Throughout history, the military has often pursued unconventional designs to gain strategic advantages, such as stealth, speed, or maneuverability. For example, the development of stealth aircraft like the F-117 Nighthawk involved radical geometries to reduce radar detection. The cube shape, with its sharp edges and symmetrical form, might serve similar purposes—perhaps to minimize radar cross-section or to enable unique flight characteristics.

Another possibility is that these objects are test models for future aircraft or drone technology. For instance, a cube-shaped drone could potentially harness novel aerodynamic principles or employ advanced materials that allow for silent, highly maneuverable flight. Such designs might also incorporate innovative propulsion systems, such as ion thrusters or electromagnetic propulsion, to achieve speeds or maneuvers that conventional aircraft cannot match.

However, the lack of official acknowledgment from governments or defense agencies raises questions about this hypothesis. Typically, military projects undergo extensive testing and are disclosed to some degree, especially if they involve technology with significant strategic implications. The unconventional shape and reports of extraordinary maneuvers—such as sudden accelerations, abrupt direction changes, or hovering in ways impossible for known aircraft—further complicate this explanation. If such technology exists, it is likely highly classified, and its existence remains unconfirmed publicly.

2. Extraterrestrial Craft
Another compelling explanation is that these cube-shaped objects are extraterrestrial in origin, representing advanced alien technology. The geometric symmetry, structural complexity, and unusual flight behaviors could imply a purpose beyond human engineering. For instance, the cube shape might be related to energy manipulation, communication, or propulsion systems unknown to current science.

In science fiction and popular culture, geometric shapes like cubes and pyramids often symbolize advanced civilization artifacts. The pyramids of Egypt, for example, are sometimes speculated to have been aligned with cosmic energies or serve as energy conduits, leading some researchers to consider whether similar principles could be at play with these objects. The recurring reports of these objects exhibiting behaviors such as hovering silently, rapid acceleration, or sudden disappearance—phenomena that challenge our current understanding of physics—add intrigue to the extraterrestrial hypothesis.

It's important to note, however, that there is no direct, conclusive evidence linking these sightings to extraterrestrial life. No recovered debris, biological material, or definitive signals have been detected. Nonetheless, the consistency and frequency of reports, coupled with the objects’ peculiar behaviors, suggest that scientific investigation is warranted. Researchers in the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) community often advocate for thorough examination of unexplained aerial phenomena, emphasizing the importance of unbiased data collection and analysis.

3. Optical Illusions and Atmospheric Phenomena

Some researchers posit that optical illusions or atmospheric phenomena could account for certain sightings. For example, lenticular clouds—lens-shaped clouds that form at high altitudes—can appear as solid objects with geometric shapes, especially when illuminated by the sun at specific angles. Similarly, ice crystal reflections in the atmosphere can create halos, sun dogs, or other optical artifacts that might be mistaken for solid craft.

Reflections from high-altitude ice crystals or man-made objects like airplanes and drones can also produce geometric shapes in the sky. For instance, a reflective surface on a passing aircraft could create a brief, cube-like reflection, especially under certain lighting conditions.

However, many eyewitness reports include physical traces—such as radar returns, thermal signatures, or photographic evidence—that support the presence of solid objects rather than mere optical illusions. For example, radar data showing coherent, moving targets synchronized with visual sightings provide strong evidence against purely atmospheric explanations. Additionally, some sightings involve objects that produce no sound or appear to hover silently, which are less easily explained by atmospheric phenomena alone.

4. Psychological Factors

Perception biases and psychological factors can significantly influence UFO sightings. Human cognition tends to interpret ambiguous stimuli based on prior knowledge or expectations, often filling in gaps with familiar shapes or patterns—this is known as pareidolia. For example, under low visibility conditions or stressful situations, witnesses might perceive abstract shapes as familiar objects like cubes or disks.

Mass hysteria, cultural influences, and media exposure can also shape perceptions. The proliferation of science fiction movies and media stories featuring alien craft can prime observers to interpret unusual aerial phenomena as extraterrestrial or advanced technology. Psychological factors may contribute to false memories, especially when witnesses discuss sightings repeatedly or are influenced by others’ accounts.

Nonetheless, the consistency and level of detail in many reports suggest that not all sightings are solely products of perception. When physical evidence, such as radar data, photographs, or multiple independent witnesses, corroborate visual reports, the likelihood of misperception diminishes. These cases merit scientific scrutiny, including analysis of environmental conditions, eyewitness interviews, and technological data to discern the true nature of the phenomena.

In conclusion, the enigma surrounding these cube-shaped objects involves multiple plausible explanations, ranging from advanced human-made technology and extraterrestrial origins to atmospheric illusions and psychological factors. Scientific investigations employ a multidisciplinary approach—combining radar analysis, atmospheric science, material testing, and psychological assessment—to unravel these mysteries. Only through rigorous, unbiased research can we hope to understand the true nature of these intriguing phenomena.

Physical Characteristics and Behavior

Reports of cube-shaped UFOs frequently describe metallic, reflective surfaces that appear smooth and featureless, often emphasizing their sharp edges and precise corners. Witnesses note that these objects have a distinctly geometric appearance, which sets them apart from more common saucer or disc-shaped unidentified flying objects. The surfaces are often described as mirror-like, reflecting the sky, clouds, or even the landscape below, which adds to their mysterious nature. Some accounts mention a duller, matte finish, suggesting a coating or material that reduces reflections, perhaps to avoid detection or glare.

In addition to their shape and surface features, these UFOs are often observed to hover silently in the sky, seemingly defying the laws of physics as we understand them. Witnesses report that the objects can remain stationary for extended periods, sometimes hours, with no visible means of propulsion or exhaust. However, they occasionally exhibit sudden and rapid accelerations, darting across the sky at incredible speeds that would be impossible for conventional aircraft or balloons. These abrupt movements are often described as 'teleportation-like' or 'instantaneous,' indicating a propulsion mechanism beyond current technology.

Another characteristic behavior involves abrupt directional changes, where the cube seemingly flips or rotates on its axis before changing course. Some witnesses describe the objects exhibiting anti-gravity capabilities, allowing them to hover effortlessly or ascend vertically without any visible thrust. These behaviors suggest an advanced form of propulsion or energy manipulation, possibly involving unknown physical principles such as electromagnetic or gravitational forces.

Such behaviors are incompatible with conventional aircraft, which rely on aerodynamic lift and jet propulsion, as well as with balloons, which depend on buoyancy. The physical descriptions challenge current understanding of aerodynamics, propulsion, and energy sources. For example, the ability to hover silently and make sudden, high-speed maneuvers implies a propulsion system that is highly efficient and potentially based on unknown physical principles. These characteristics continue to intrigue scientists and enthusiasts alike, fueling speculation about extraterrestrial technology or advanced human-made devices that utilize physics beyond our current comprehension.

Implications for Physics and Engineering

If such objects are indeed artificial and capable of the maneuvers reported, they could represent groundbreaking advancements in physics and engineering. The potential discovery of technologies far beyond our current capabilities would challenge many fundamental principles and open new avenues for scientific exploration. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain how these objects might operate, each with profound implications.

1. Zero-Point or Quantum Levitation:
One of the most intriguing possibilities is that these objects utilize zero-point or quantum energy manipulation to achieve levitation or anti-gravity effects. Zero-point energy refers to the residual energy present in a vacuum due to quantum fluctuations. If an object could harness this energy, it might generate a repulsive force against gravity, enabling it to hover effortlessly. For example, in laboratory conditions, researchers have experimented with quantum locking and superconductors to produce levitation phenomena, but scaling such effects to macroscopic objects remains a significant challenge. If an artificial craft could tap into zero-point energy efficiently, it would revolutionize transportation and energy systems, making traditional fuel-based propulsion obsolete.

2. Unknown Propulsion Systems:
Another hypothesis is that these objects employ propulsion methods beyond our current technological understanding. This could involve manipulation of electromagnetic fields, spacetime bending, or even the exploitation of exotic physics such as warp drives or wormholes. For instance, theoretical models like the Alcubierre drive propose contracting space in front of a craft and expanding it behind, effectively allowing faster-than-light travel without violating relativity. If such propulsion methods are realized, they would drastically reduce travel times across vast distances, transforming interplanetary and interstellar exploration. Engineering such systems would require precise control over electromagnetic and gravitational fields, pushing the boundaries of materials science, quantum physics, and energy management.

3. Structural Engineering:
The cube shape of the object may serve specific structural or functional purposes. In engineering, geometrical shapes often optimize strength and stability; for example, cubes distribute stress evenly across their surfaces. In this context, the cube could serve as an energy containment vessel, signal transmission hub, or a modular platform for various onboard systems. Some speculate that the shape might facilitate interactions with electromagnetic or gravitational fields, acting as an antenna or energy conduit. Advanced materials, such as metamaterials with negative refractive indices, could be integrated into its structure to manipulate fields or shield internal components from external interference.

4. Scientific Validation and Broader Implications:
Confirming the existence and understanding the technology behind such objects would be a scientific revolution. It would necessitate revisiting and possibly rewriting the laws of physics as we know them. For instance, discovering a practical application of zero-point energy or a new form of propulsion could lead to the development of highly efficient energy sources and propulsion systems, drastically reducing the environmental impact of transportation. Moreover, it could inspire the development of new materials with extraordinary properties, such as superstrength, superconductivity at higher temperatures, or dynamic adaptability.

In conclusion, the implications of these objects extend beyond mere curiosity—they could fundamentally alter our technological landscape. For physics, they pose questions about the limits of energy manipulation, spacetime control, and material science. For engineering, they challenge us to develop new manufacturing techniques, energy systems, and structural designs. The potential for breakthroughs is immense, promising a future where interstellar travel might become feasible, and energy harnessing could reach levels previously thought impossible. Scientific validation of such technologies would mark a new era in human achievement, transforming our understanding of the universe and our place within it.

Current Limitations and Need for Further Research

Despite numerous sightings and reports over the years, definitive identification of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) remains elusive. Several significant limitations hinder our understanding and impede scientific progress in this field. Addressing these challenges is crucial to advancing our knowledge and potentially uncovering the nature of these mysterious phenomena.

1. Limited Data:

The primary obstacle is the scarcity of comprehensive and reliable data. Most UFO sightings are anecdotal, relying heavily on eyewitness accounts that are often subjective and prone to error. Photographic and video evidence, when available, frequently suffers from poor quality, low resolution, or unclear imagery, making analysis difficult. For instance, many early UFO photographs from the mid-20th century are grainy or blurry, which hampers definitive assessment. Radar data, which could provide valuable tracking information, is often unavailable or not systematically collected during sightings. Without high-quality, consistent data, it is challenging to distinguish between genuine unknown phenomena and misidentifications of known objects or atmospheric effects.

2. Classified Technologies:

Governments and military organizations around the world likely possess advanced aerospace technologies that are not publicly acknowledged. These could include secret aircraft, experimental drones, or other sophisticated systems developed for defense purposes. For example, sightings of fast-moving, highly maneuverable objects could potentially be attributed to classified military projects such as stealth aircraft or drone swarms. The existence of such classified technologies complicates efforts to determine whether observed phenomena are extraterrestrial or human-made. This also raises the issue of transparency, as governments may withhold information to protect national security interests, thus limiting the available data for scientific scrutiny.

3. Potential Hoaxes or Misidentifications:

While many sightings are credible and supported by multiple witnesses or sensor data, others may be hoaxes, deliberate fabrications, or misinterpretations of natural phenomena. For example, weather balloons, atmospheric reflections, or astronomical objects like planets and meteors are often mistaken for unidentified craft. Additionally, social media and internet forums have sometimes facilitated hoaxes, leading to false reports that can muddy the waters of serious investigation. Distinguishing between genuine unexplained phenomena and fabricated or misinterpreted reports remains a persistent challenge.

4. Advancing scientific understanding

in this field requires a systematic approach to data collection, analysis, and open sharing of findings. Implementing standardized protocols for documenting sightings—including high-resolution photographs, video recordings, radar, and infrared data—is essential. Collaboration between civilian researchers, government agencies, and international organizations can foster a more comprehensive database. For example, deploying dedicated tracking stations equipped with multi-spectral sensors and high-speed cameras at known hotspots could yield valuable insights. Independent investigations by scientists and enthusiasts, free from governmental or commercial influence, can also contribute to unbiased analysis.

5. the development of advanced tracking technologies,

such as enhanced radar systems, infrared imaging, and machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition, will facilitate the identification and classification of aerial phenomena. Transparency and data sharing are vital; public access to declassified data can foster a broader scientific inquiry. Initiatives like the U.S. Department of Defense's Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force and similar international efforts exemplify steps toward more systematic and open research.

In conclusion, addressing current limitations and fostering further research are essential steps toward understanding the true nature of UFOs and UAPs. Only through rigorous scientific methods, technological innovation, and open collaboration can we hope to uncover whether these phenomena are of extraterrestrial origin, advanced human technology, or natural atmospheric effects.

CONCLUSION

Cube-shaped UFOs represent a fascinating and perplexing anomaly within the realm of aerial phenomena. Their distinct geometric structure sets them apart from more commonly reported shapes such as discs, spheres, or elongated objects. These cube-shaped entities challenge our conventional understanding of flight and aerodynamics, prompting a wide array of hypotheses and debates among scientists, enthusiasts, and skeptics alike. While some suggest these objects could be advanced secret military technology—perhaps experimental aircraft or drone prototypes—others posit that they are extraterrestrial crafts operating with unfamiliar physics. The diversity of theories underscores the complexity and mystery surrounding these phenomena.

One of the key reasons why cube-shaped UFOs intrigue researchers is their apparent defiance of typical aerodynamic principles. Traditional aircraft rely on aerodynamic shapes—wings, fuselages, and streamlined bodies—to achieve lift and stability. A cube, with its sharp edges and flat surfaces, seems inherently unstable and unlikely to sustain flight under normal conditions. For example, some eyewitness reports describe these objects hovering silently or moving with peculiar, abrupt maneuvers that do not align with known human-made technology. These observations raise questions about whether these objects are employing unknown forms of propulsion or manipulating physical laws in ways we do not yet comprehend.

Furthermore, the hypothesis that these objects could be extraterrestrial in origin remains compelling, especially considering their unexplained behaviors and the lack of identifiable propulsion systems. If they are indeed alien crafts, their geometric shape might serve a purpose, such as optimal structural integrity or a form of communication. Alternatively, these objects could be the result of advanced human experimentation, perhaps involving materials or technologies that are still in the developmental phase or classified.

To truly understand the nature of cube-shaped UFOs, a multidisciplinary approach is essential. Physics and engineering are crucial in analyzing the potential propulsion mechanisms and aerodynamic properties. Atmospheric science can help determine how these objects interact with environmental conditions, such as wind, temperature, and atmospheric density. Psychology and sociology also play significant roles, as they help interpret eyewitness accounts and address possible perceptual biases or hallucinations. For example, some reports may be influenced by optical illusions, psychological expectations, or environmental factors like lighting and weather conditions.

In conclusion, the enigma of cube-shaped UFOs challenges the boundaries of current scientific knowledge and invites a comprehensive, open-minded investigation. Only through rigorous scientific inquiry—combining empirical data, technological analysis, and open discourse—can we hope to demystify these extraordinary objects. Their study not only expands our understanding of aerial phenomena but also has the potential to reveal new insights into physics, material science, and perhaps even the existence of intelligent life beyond Earth. The pursuit of this knowledge may ultimately lead to breakthroughs that redefine our understanding of the universe and our place within it.

References

• Hynek, J. (1972). The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry. Henry Regnery Company.

• Maccabee, B. (2012). UFOs and Government: A Historical Inquiry. Anomalist Books.

• National UFO Reporting Center. (2021). UFO Sightings Database.

• Ruppelt, E. J. (1956). The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects. Doubleday.

• Reid, J. (2019). "Analysis of Geometric UFO Sightings." Journal of Ufology, 45(3), 123-137.

{ PETER2011 }

23-08-2025 om 18:10 geschreven door peter  

{ https://scientias.nl/nieuws/green-tech/ }

22-08-2025 om 22:42 geschreven door peter  

By Ashley Strickland, CNN

Humanoids that handle household chores or build habitats on the lunar surface may sound like something from science fiction. But the team at Austin-based robotics startup Apptronik envisions a future where general-purpose robots will handle “dull, dirty and dangerous” jobs so humans don’t have to.

The design for Apptronik’s latest humanoid robot, named Apollo, was unveiled on Wednesday.

The robot is on the same scale as a human being, standing at 5 feet, 8 inches (1.7 meters) tall and weighing 160 pounds (72.6 kilograms).

Apollo can lift 55 pounds (25 kilograms) and has been designed to be mass-produced and safely work alongside humans. The robot utilizes electricity, rather than hydraulics that aren’t considered to be as safe, and has a four-hour battery that can be changed out so it can operate for a 22-hour workday.

Apollo is Apptronik's latest humanoid robot. 

Courtesy Apptronik

To avoid “uncanny valley” territory, a phenomenon in which humans feel uneasy about the appearance of a humanlike robot, Austin-based firm Argodesign outfitted Apollo with features that are meant to feel approachable — and even friendly.

The robot has digital panels on its chest that provide clear communication about remaining battery life, the current task it’s working on, when it will finish and what it will do next. Apollo also has a face and intentional movements, such as turning its head to indicate where it will go.

The initial goal for Apollo is to put it to work in logistics, taking on physically demanding roles inside warehouses to improve the supply chain by addressing labor shortages. But the Apptronik team has a long-term vision for Apollo that extends for at least the next decade.

“Our goal is to build versatile robots to do all the things that we don’t want to do to help us here on Earth, and eventually one day explore the moon, Mars and beyond,” said Jeff Cardenas, cofounder and CEO of Apptronik.

Designing a humanoid

Before starting Apptronik in 2016, the team members worked in the Human Centered Robotics Lab at the University of Texas at Austin.

Members of the Apptronik team worked on Valkyrie's design, which inspired Apollo. 

Bill Stafford/NASA/JSC

“The focus of the lab was all about how humans and robots will interact in the future,” Cardenas said. “As humans, our most valuable resource is time, and our time here is limited. And as toolmakers, we can now build for ourselves tools that give us more time back.”

While at the lab, the team was selected to work on Valkyrie, a NASA robot, during the DARPA Robotics Challenge between 2012 and 2013.

The robot, which stands 6 feet, 2 inches (1.9 meters) tall and weighs 300 pounds (136 kilograms), is a bipedal humanoid robot capable of dexterous manipulation and walking (including over and around obstacles), carrying items, and opening doors, according to Shaun Azimi, leader of the dexterous robotics team at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

The Valkyrie robot will undergo a new experiment in Australia as a remote caretaker. 

NASA/JSC

The electric robot has been modified and improved since its debut in 2013, and it is currently being tested as a remote caretaker of uncrewed and offshore energy facilities in Australia.

Apollo’s roots are in Valkyrie’s design, and the Apptronik team has spent years building unique robots and components that culminated in a humanoid that could function in environments designed for people. Assembly-line robots are often bolted to the ground or plugged into a wall and can only function in spaces designed to accommodate them, Cardenas said.

Rather than highly specialized robots that can only serve one purpose, Apptronik wanted Apollo to be the “iPhone of robots,” Cardenas said.

“The goal is to build one robot that can do thousands of different things,” he said. “It’s a software update away from doing a new task or a new behavior.”

Eventually, Apollo will be less than the price of the average car. Traditional robots rely on high-precision parts. But the introduction of cameras and artificial intelligence systems have enabled the development of robots that rely less on preprogramming and instead are more responsive to their environments, which means that the parts used in production are more affordable, Cardenas said.

This year, Apptronik is focused on securing commercial clients and manufacturers that have an interest in how Apollo could improve their logistics. The company aims to be in full commercial production by the end of 2024.

Apollo will start out in factory and warehouse settings doing simple tasks, such as moving boxes and pushing carts around. But over time, Apollo’s functionality will increase through new models and updates to the point where it could be used in construction, the production of electronics, retail spaces, home delivery and even elder care.

Moving like a human

At the heart of Apollo’s design are actuators, or robot muscles. Apptronik’s team has worked on more than 35 iterations of the core actuators that enable Apollo to walk, flex its arms and grasp objects like a human.

“Humans have around 300 muscles in our bodies,” said Dr. Nick Paine, cofounder and chief technology officer at Apptronik. “As engineers, our goal is to simplify complexity, so the Apollo robot has around 30 different muscle groups inside of its system that you need to do basic actions and activities.”

Apollo has been designed to meet needs in logistics, but could eventually go to space. 

Courtesy Apptronik

Before Apollo, Apptronik focused on what it called a Quick Development humanoid robot. While it included limited manipulation capabilities and simple arms, the design’s focus was improving the robot’s locomotion.

“The way that we develop robotics is you really try to have the hardware and the software kind of mature in lockstep with each other,” Paine said.

Apollo’s head contains a perception camera, while sensors on its torso help the robot map out a 360-degree view of its environment and determine where it can move. The robot’s “brain,” or main computer, is also located in its chest.

Sensors help the robot remain oriented as it walks over or around obstacles. This kind of locomotion will be key as Apollo makes its way into more uncertain environments, such as the outdoors and someday even the surface of the moon.

“The robots need to be able to work in the same kind of chaos and uncertainty that humans are able to exist with,” Paine said.

Eventually, Apollo will be autonomous, but the team at Apptronik still wants there to be a level of control over what the robot will do. While the controls will first operate via tablets or smart devices, in the future, a human should be able to walk up to Apollo and tell it what to do, Cardenas said.

To the moon and beyond

Apptronik serves as one of NASA’s partners that works on humanoid robot designs. Earth is a proving ground for Apollo, and one day, a future version of the robot could work in hazardous space conditions so humans don’t have to.

It will take several steps in development to prepare humanoid robots to work in the vacuum of space, so Apollo might first go to the International Space Station, Paine said.

“For space exploration, we really need systems that have more than one skill that are flexible and adaptable, both to a variety of tasks that we know about and perhaps some tasks that we won’t anticipate until they actually come up in the course of exploration,” Azimi said.

Apollo is capable of identifying boxes and totes, picking them up, and placing them. 

Courtesy Apptronik

The current architecture for NASA’s Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the moon and eventually land crewed missions on Mars, envisions a pressurized rover on the lunar surface as soon as the Artemis VI mission slated for 2030, Azimi said. This period of lunar exploration in the early 2030s is when Azimi thinks robots like Apollo might also come in handy.

The benefit of using humanoid robots like Apollo in space is that they could be used to build and test environments designed with humans in mind — such as lunar and martian habitats — before astronauts arrive. But the robots will face challenges and need to be designed with fewer limitations than their Earth-based counterparts. For example, a humanoid robot may need to crawl within the environment of a rover similar in size to an RV and still have the strength and flexibility to open pressurized doors, Azimi said.

“My hope and my dream is that we will have general purpose robots that are fielded in space within the next 10 years and that we will be able to realize some of the benefits of having robotic systems that can allow the crew a much greater focus on things that humans do best — exploring and making scientific discoveries,” Azimi said.

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{ https://edition.cnn.com/world }

22-08-2025 om 21:57 geschreven door peter  

When Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Psychology: Exploring the Timeless Pursuit of Flow and Human Flourishing

Throughout human history, the quest for understanding what constitutes a fulfilling and meaningful life has been a central concern across cultures and civilizations. While modern psychology, particularly through the pioneering work of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, has introduced the concept of “flow” as a state of complete absorption and optimal performance, this phenomenon is far from a recent discovery. In fact, ancient philosophers, spiritual teachers, and cultural traditions have long recognized and cultivated states akin to flow, often describing them with different terminology but with remarkably similar insights. By examining these ancient perspectives alongside contemporary scientific understanding, we can uncover enduring truths about human nature and explore how reconciling these traditions can enhance our pursuit of well-being, mastery, and purpose in the modern world.

The Concept of Flow in Modern Psychology

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s groundbreaking research in the late 20th century introduced a revolutionary understanding of human consciousness and well-being through the concept of flow. Flow refers to a mental state where individuals are deeply immersed and fully engaged in an activity, experiencing a sense of effortless concentration and a loss of self-awareness. This state is often described as being “in the zone,” where external distractions fade away, and the individual’s focus becomes entirely absorbed in the task at hand.

According to Csikszentmihalyi, people typically experience flow when they undertake activities that challenge their skills just enough to keep them engaged without causing anxiety or boredom. For instance, a musician might enter a flow state when improvising during a performance, or an athlete might experience it during an intense game. During flow, perceptions of time often distort—hours can feel like minutes—and individuals often report feeling a high level of satisfaction and fulfillment. Interestingly, this state is linked to peak performance, heightened creativity, and increased productivity in various domains, including arts, sports, work, and even daily routines.

Modern psychological research has expanded on Csikszentmihalyi’s original work, identifying specific conditions that foster flow. These conditions include having clear goals that provide direction and purpose, receiving immediate feedback that helps individuals adjust their actions, and maintaining a balance between the challenge of the activity and their own skill level. When these elements align, individuals are more likely to experience sustained engagement and intrinsic motivation—doing something because it is inherently rewarding rather than for external rewards like money or recognition.

The implications of understanding flow extend far beyond individual experiences. In education, incorporating activities that promote flow can enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. In the workplace, designing tasks that balance challenge and skill encourages employees to find their work more meaningful and satisfying, ultimately boosting productivity and innovation. Personal development strategies often aim to cultivate flow experiences as a way to improve overall life satisfaction and mental well-being.

Furthermore, flow has been linked to positive mental health outcomes, including reduced stress, increased happiness, and resilience. As modern society becomes increasingly fast-paced and distracted, understanding how to facilitate flow can help individuals find more fulfillment and balance in their everyday lives. Overall, the concept of flow remains a vital area of research within psychology, offering insights into how people can optimize their experiences and achieve a more meaningful and satisfying existence.

Ancient Wisdom and the Recognition of Optimal Experience

Long before the formalization of the concept of flow by Csikszentmihalyi in the 20th century, many cultures and spiritual traditions around the world recognized and described states of consciousness characterized by harmony, mastery, and transcendence. These states often resemble what modern psychology identifies as flow—a mental state where a person is fully immersed in an activity, experiencing effortless engagement, deep focus, and a sense of unity with their environment. These ancient traditions not only acknowledged such experiences but also provided guidance on how to attain them, emphasizing harmony with oneself, others, and the universe. By exploring these teachings, we gain insight into the enduring human pursuit of optimal experience and the universal nature of flow-like states across different cultures and eras.

1. Chinese Philosophy: Wu Wei

In Taoism, one of the most influential Chinese philosophical traditions, the concept of wu wei—literally translating as “non-action” or “effortless action”—serves as a foundational principle for achieving harmony with the natural world. Wu wei advocates for aligning oneself with the spontaneous flow of the Tao, which is considered the underlying principle of all existence. Rather than forcing outcomes or resisting circumstances, practitioners are encouraged to act in a manner that is effortless, spontaneous, and in accordance with nature’s rhythms. This approach fosters a sense of ease and grace in action, allowing individuals to operate with minimal resistance and maximum harmony. When a person successfully embodies wu wei, their actions often feel natural, seamless, and devoid of unnecessary struggle, leading to peak experiences where mastery and effortlessness coexist. In such moments, practitioners often describe a sense of unity with their surroundings, a profound understanding of the interconnectedness of all things, and feelings of transcendence—akin to the psychological state of flow. Taoist masters often exemplify this, engaging in activities such as painting, martial arts, or poetry with a fluidity that appears almost effortless, revealing an intrinsic link between ancient wisdom and modern concepts of optimal experience.

2. Greek Philosophy: Eudaimonia and Arete

The ancient Greeks, especially Aristotle, articulated ideas closely related to the modern concept of flow through their emphasis on eudaimonia and arete. Eudaimonia, often translated as “flourishing” or “living well,” refers to a life of virtue, purpose, and fulfillment. Aristotle believed that achieving eudaimonia required the cultivation of moral virtues, intellectual development, and the actualization of one’s potential. Central to this pursuit was engaging in activities that develop one’s character and mastery—whether in arts, sciences, or moral conduct. Such activities, when performed with excellence (arete), foster a deep sense of engagement and satisfaction that resembles the experience of flow. For Aristotle, the highest human good was found in the activity of rational contemplation and virtuous action, which involve complete absorption and a sense of harmony with one’s purpose. The Greek philosophical tradition thus recognized that mastery, moral virtue, and intellectual growth are pathways to profound fulfillment—a pursuit that aligns closely with the modern understanding of being fully immersed and engaged in meaningful activity.

3. Indian Spiritual Traditions: Samadhi and Moksha

In Indian spiritual philosophies, especially within Hinduism and Buddhism, states of deep meditative absorption—called samadhi—are considered the pinnacle of spiritual practice. Samadhi refers to a state of intense concentration and unity with the object of meditation, characterized by bliss, clarity, and transcendence. When practitioners achieve samadhi, they experience a complete dissolution of the ego and a profound sense of interconnectedness with all existence. These moments are often described as peak experiences, where duality and self-consciousness fade away, leaving only pure awareness. Similarly, the concept of moksha in Hinduism signifies liberation from the cycle of suffering and rebirth (samsara). Achieving moksha entails realizing one’s true nature and attaining self-realization through disciplined practice, devotion, or insight. These states involve focused effort, detachment from egoic desires, and an experience of unity with the divine or the universe—paralleling the psychological concept of flow, where full absorption and a loss of self-awareness lead to transcendence. Practitioners often describe these experiences as moments of bliss, clarity, and ultimate freedom, emphasizing the importance of discipline and inner harmony in reaching such states.

4. Additional Perspectives and Cross-Cultural Insights

Beyond these major traditions, many other cultures have recognized similar states of optimal experience. Indigenous spiritual practices, for example, often involve rituals, dances, or ceremonies designed to induce trance-like states of unity and mastery. Similarly, Sufi mystics seek fana—an annihilation of the self—through prayer, poetry, and dance, experiencing profound union with the divine. These teachings underscore a universal human tendency to seek states of harmony, mastery, and transcendence that elevate everyday consciousness into moments of peak experience.

The common thread across these diverse traditions is the understanding that achieving harmony within oneself and with the universe leads to states of profound fulfillment and transcendence. These states share remarkable similarities with modern psychological flow—marked by complete absorption, intrinsic motivation, and a sense of unity. By examining these ancient perspectives, we can appreciate that the pursuit of optimal experience is a timeless aspect of human life, rooted in spiritual, philosophical, and practical wisdom accumulated over centuries.

In conclusion, ancient cultures and spiritual traditions recognized and valued states of harmony, mastery, and transcendence that closely resemble the modern concept of flow. Whether through Taoist wu wei, Greek eudaimonia, Indian samadhi and moksha, or other cultural practices, these teachings continue to inspire and inform our understanding of how to achieve peak experiences and live fulfilling lives. Their enduring wisdom highlights that the quest for harmony with oneself, others, and the universe is a fundamental aspect of human nature—an ongoing journey toward the realization of our highest potential.

Universal Themes and Cross-Cultural Parallels

Despite the diverse terminology, cultural backgrounds, and philosophical frameworks, these ancient concepts share fundamental themes that underscore a universal human pursuit: the quest for optimal experience. Central to these ideas are notions such as effortless action, harmonious engagement with one's environment, mastery of skills, and transcendence beyond the ego or ordinary consciousness. These themes reveal that across different civilizations and epochs, humans have sought to understand and attain states of flow or harmony that lead to fulfillment, meaning, and a sense of unity with the world around them. Whether articulated through the Chinese concept of wu wei, the Indian idea of dhyana or meditation, or the Greek notions of eudaimonia, these principles emphasize that the drive for balance and transcendence is ingrained in the human condition.

Bridging Ancient Wisdom and Modern Science

Recent scientific developments, especially in neuroscience and psychology, have begun to shed light on the mechanisms underlying these timeless states. Advanced brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), have identified specific neural patterns associated with flow and similar states of heightened consciousness. Notably, during flow experiences, there is a marked decrease in activity within the prefrontal cortex—the brain region involved in self-awareness, critical judgment, and the narrative of the ego. This reduction explains why individuals often experience a loss of self-consciousness and a sense of effortless immersion in their activity.

Furthermore, the neurochemical landscape during flow states involves the release of mood-enhancing and motivational chemicals such as dopamine, endorphins, and norepinephrine. These neurochemicals contribute to feelings of pleasure, focus, and a sense of mastery, reinforcing the behavior that led to the flow state. The interplay of these biological processes supports the subjective experience of being "in the zone," where effort seems to dissolve, and performance reaches its peak.

Interestingly, these modern scientific insights resonate strongly with ancient teachings. For example, the Chinese philosophy of wu wei emphasizes surrendering ego-driven control and harmonizing with natural laws, which parallels the observed decrease in self-referential brain activity during flow. Similarly, Indian meditative practices often involve focused attention and cultivating a state of inner stillness, aligning with neural patterns seen during flow—reduced cognitive chatter and increased present-moment awareness. These parallels underscore a profound cross-cultural understanding: that the pursuit of effortless engagement and harmony is a shared aspect of human spiritual and psychological development, now increasingly understood through the lens of science as well.

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(Adobe Stock / By ft2010)

Implications for Personal Development and Society

Understanding the profound intersection between ancient wisdom and modern psychology offers a wealth of insights that can significantly enhance human flourishing at both the individual and societal levels. By examining timeless principles rooted in history alongside contemporary scientific findings, we can develop more holistic strategies for personal growth and societal well-being. Here are some key implications, elaborated in detail:

• Cultivating Mindfulness and Presence

Many ancient traditions—such as Buddhism, Stoicism, and Taoism—place a strong emphasis on mindfulness, which involves being fully present in the current moment. This state of awareness allows individuals to engage deeply with their experiences, fostering a sense of flow—a mental state characterized by complete immersion and enjoyment in an activity. Modern psychology supports this, showing that mindfulness practices can reduce stress, improve focus, and enhance emotional regulation. Incorporating mindfulness into daily routines—through meditation, breathing exercises, or simple awareness practices—can help individuals develop greater capacity for deep engagement with their work, relationships, and personal pursuits. For example, taking a few minutes each day to focus on one’s breath or observe surroundings without judgment can cultivate a calm, attentive mind that is better equipped to handle life's challenges. Moreover, mindfulness enhances resilience and promotes a balanced perspective, contributing to long-term mental health and well-being.

• Designing Engaging Activities

An essential aspect of fostering flow is the structuring of activities that strike a balance between challenge and skill level. This principle echoes ancient philosophies which emphasized aligning effort with natural ability to promote harmony and mastery. In practical terms, this means designing tasks—whether in education, professional work, or leisure—that are neither too easy nor overly difficult. When individuals encounter appropriately challenging tasks that stretch their capabilities without overwhelming them, they are more likely to experience intrinsic motivation and a sense of achievement. For instance, educators can tailor assignments to match students’ skill levels, gradually increasing difficulty as competence develops. In workplaces, job roles can be designed to include clear goals and opportunities for skill development. Leisure activities—such as hobbies or sports—can be chosen or adapted to maintain engagement and promote mastery over time. This careful calibration of challenge and skill fosters sustained motivation, personal growth, and a sense of accomplishment.

• Encouraging Virtue and Purpose

The ancient pursuit of eudaimonia (meaningful living) and arete (virtue or excellence) underscores the importance of engaging in purpose-driven activities. When individuals find meaning and align their actions with personal values, they are more likely to experience flow, fulfillment, and resilience. Modern psychology confirms that purpose enhances motivation, well-being, and even physical health. Encouraging individuals to reflect on their core values and to pursue goals that serve a greater good—whether through community service, creative expression, or professional endeavors—can foster a sense of purpose. For example, someone working in healthcare may find deep satisfaction not only in the technical aspects of their job but also in the knowledge that they are contributing to the well-being of others. Societal institutions, such as educational systems and workplaces, can promote purpose by emphasizing ethical values, social responsibility, and personal development. Cultivating a culture that celebrates virtues like compassion, integrity, and perseverance can inspire individuals to live meaningful lives aligned with their highest ideals.

• Creating Supportive Environments

Societies that value mastery, harmony, and spiritual development provide fertile ground for individuals to attain states of optimal experience. These environments can include a variety of institutional and community practices designed to support growth and well-being. Educational systems that emphasize holistic development, critical thinking, and emotional intelligence can nurture students’ potential from a young age. Workplaces that promote autonomy, mastery, and purpose—often referred to as creating a “positive work environment”—can enhance employee engagement and satisfaction. Community practices, such as local clubs, spiritual groups, or volunteer organizations, foster social connection and shared growth. Policies that prioritize mental health, inclusivity, and lifelong learning further reinforce a society’s commitment to individual and collective flourishing. When societal values emphasize harmony, respect, and continual development, individuals are more likely to thrive and reach their full potential. This, in turn, creates a positive feedback loop where societal well-being and personal fulfillment reinforce each other.

• Conclusion

In summary, integrating ancient wisdom with modern psychological insights offers a comprehensive framework for fostering human flourishing. By cultivating mindfulness, designing engaging activities, encouraging virtue and purpose, and creating supportive environments, both individuals and societies can unlock their full potential. These principles emphasize the importance of harmony, deliberate effort, and meaningful engagement—timeless values that remain relevant across cultures and eras. Embracing these insights can lead to more fulfilled individuals and healthier, more resilient societies committed to growth, harmony, and well-being.

Challenges in Modern Life

Despite the many insights gained into human psychology and well-being, contemporary society faces numerous barriers that hinder individuals from experiencing the state of flow—those deep, immersive moments of focused engagement and intrinsic satisfaction. One of the most pervasive challenges is the omnipresence of constant connectivity through smartphones, social media, and digital devices. While these tools provide convenience and instant communication, they also lead to frequent interruptions and a fragmented attention span. The bombardment of notifications, messages, and information streams makes it difficult to sustain the sustained concentration required for entering and maintaining flow states.

In addition, the modern emphasis on multitasking—juggling multiple activities simultaneously—further undermines the quality of attention. Although multitasking may seem efficient, it often results in superficial engagement, reducing the likelihood of achieving the deep focus necessary for flow. Scientific studies suggest that the human brain is not well-designed for multitasking; instead, it thrives on focused effort and single-tasking, which foster mastery and intrinsic motivation.

Moreover, the culture of instant gratification prevalent in today's society can divert individuals away from activities that require patience, effort, and long-term commitment—key elements for experiencing flow. The commercialized nature of leisure activities, such as quick-fix entertainment and fleeting social media interactions, encourages a superficial sense of fulfillment that can diminish the value of sustained, meaningful pursuits. As a result, many people may find it increasingly difficult to engage deeply in activities like practicing a craft, learning a new skill, or engaging in creative work.

Recognizing these modern challenges, some thinkers and psychologists advocate for a conscious integration of ancient principles of harmony, effortlessness, and purpose into daily life. Practices such as mindfulness, deliberate unplugging from digital devices, and engaging in activities that align with one's core passions can help restore focus and facilitate flow. By consciously creating space for deep work and intrinsic motivation, individuals can counteract the distractions and superficial pursuits that dominate modern life, thereby enriching their overall well-being and sense of fulfillment.

Conclusion: A Timeless Pursuit

The exploration of ancient wisdom alongside modern psychology reveals that the pursuit of optimal experience, often called "flow," is a fundamental aspect of human nature that transcends different cultures and historical periods. These insights demonstrate that achieving fulfillment in life involves more than temporary pleasures; it requires aligning oneself with natural rhythms, cultivating skills, and engaging in activities that are meaningful, purposeful, and performed with full presence.

Throughout history, various philosophies and spiritual traditions have emphasized the importance of harmony and mastery. Concepts such as wu wei from Taoism, which advocates effortless action in accordance with the natural order; eudaimonia from Aristotle, representing human flourishing through virtuous living; and samadhi from Eastern meditation practices, denoting deep states of focused consciousness, all highlight the timeless nature of these ideas. By revisiting and integrating these ancient teachings, modern individuals and societies can develop more sustainable, fulfilling ways of living that resonate with our innate human tendencies.

Incorporating these principles into daily life offers practical guidance for navigating the complexities and distractions of contemporary society. They encourage us to seek balance, develop mastery in our pursuits, and find joy in the process itself rather than solely focusing on outcomes. By doing so, we honor a shared human heritage—an enduring collective wisdom—that continues to inspire and guide us in our ongoing quest for meaning, personal growth, and deep satisfaction. Ultimately, the pursuit of a meaningful, flow-filled life remains a timeless endeavor rooted in the universal truths of human nature.

References for Further Reading:

• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row.
• Lao Tzu. (6th century BCE). Tao Te Ching.
• Aristotle. (4th century BCE). Nicomachean Ethics.
• Patanjali. (2nd century BCE). Yoga Sutras.
• Sivananda, S. (1988). The Science of Pranayama. Divine Life Society.
• Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The Geography of Thought. Free Press.

Note: This essay synthesizes ancient philosophical concepts with modern psychological findings to provide a comprehensive understanding of human optimal experience. It emphasizes the universality of these ideas and their relevance in contemporary life.

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22-08-2025 om 21:36 geschreven door peter  

What is the Moon Made Of? (Hint: It’s Not Cheese)

By Paul Sutter 

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

22-08-2025 om 21:00 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

22-08-2025 om 20:56 geschreven door peter  

The first video, beginning around the 1:02 mark, was captured on a dash cam while driving eastbound on a four-lane freeway. Suddenly, a large triangular craft entered the frame, flying approximately 300 to 400 feet above the road. 

Although the exact location remains unknown, the sighting is remarkable for its level of visible detail: 

• A blinking light with two dull orange lights in the center. 
• A large circular feature on the underside, possibly an energy source. 
• A distinctly aerodynamic triangular design. 
• What appears to be an energy field or interference surrounding the craft. 
• An estimated width of 75 to 100 feet, with no audible sound, suggesting non-conventional technology. 

When viewed in slow motion, the footage stands out as one of the most striking nighttime captures to date, raising the question: is this a black-budget military project, or evidence of something extraterrestrial? Interestingly, the triangular craft bears a strong resemblance to the rumored TR-3B black manta, an alleged anti-gravity alien reproduction vehicle. 

Additional almost similar sightings in Texas and Florida. 

Austin, Texas: A dark craft hovering silently in the night sky, completely stationary throughout the entire recording. 

Sarasota, Florida: Three energy sources forming a triangular pattern while hovering in the night sky. It looks like it could be one of those triangle crafts. 

Today, many aerial craft, whether human-made or not, are observed using technologies that remain beyond our current understanding.

  

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22-08-2025 om 20:46 geschreven door peter