Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 10 MONTHS.
ON 06/04/2024 MORE THAN 1.951.050
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
01-08-2016
UFO Watches Climbers On Mount Washington Summit, July 26, 2016, Photos, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Watches Climbers On Mount Washington Summit, July 26, 2016, Photos, UFO Sighting News
Date of sighting: July 26, 2016 Location of sighting: Mount Washington Summit, New Hampshire, USA
News source: MUFON #78091 UFOs are often seen around mountain peeks and this sighting is no exception. Some climbers at the Mount Washington summit decided to takes some photos of their victorious moment and accidentally caught a UFO watching them in the distance. I think that UFOs like to observer these people because they are the ones that think outside the box, seeking adventure and chasing it down. Just like meeting an alien would be quite the adventure. This reminds me of a UFO sighting By a world famous mountain climber Reinhold Messner,who saw a moon-sized object while climbing in Himalayas back in 1981 over Katmandu, Nepal Italian Reinhold Messner, one of the world's foremost mountaineers, said he watched a UFO "the size of a full moon" for nearly three hours while climbing in the Himalayas. On his return to Katmandu after an unsuccessful attempt on 24,248-foot Mount Chamlang, he said he spotted the UFO as it drifted south into Nepal from Tibet over the mighty snowcapped mountains. Scott C. Waring www.ufosightingsdaily.com Eyewitness states: I noticed the object in the background of two photos that were taken of me and my daughter and her friend on the top of Mount Washington when I zoomed in on them.Both photos were taken by another person at the summit. Both photos were taken no more than 5 seconds apart.
De Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA waarschuwt voor een asteroïde die gevaarlijk dicht langs de Aarde zal scheren. Raakt de ruimtesteen uit koers, dan zijn de gevolgen voor de mensheid niet te overzien.
Doorgaans nemen we de waarschuwingen van allesvernietigende asteroïden niet al te serieus. Vaak zijn het halvegaren die complottheorieën verspreiden over het einde van de aarde. Maar, wanneer de Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA achter de waarschuwing zit, kan het wel eens waar zijn.
De organisatie maakt zich zorgen over de asteroïde Bennu. NASA stuurt zelfs een sonde naar de ruimtesteen om meer informatie over de steen te verzamelen. Bennu zien we om de zes jaar vanaf de aarde voorbij komen. Maar, in 2135 zal de steen tussen de Aarde en de Maan vliegen. Dit kan mogelijk de baan van de Maan wijzigen, waardoor deze tegen de Aarde kan botsen.
Onderzoekers bij NASA stuurt nu een sonde naar de asteroïde. De sonde zal in 2018 aankomen en de ruimtesteen gedurende twaalf maanden observeren. Zo hopen de wetenschappers de exacte koers van de asteroïde te kunnen bepalen. In 2023 komt de sonde weer aan op Aarde en kunnen wetenschappers de gegevens analyseren.
Declassified documents reveal Britain’s great wartime prime minister asked a special team of Whitehall mandarins – called the Flying Saucer Working Party – to discover “the truth” behind a worrying number of UFO sightings.
The official report explained away the numerous observations – which included strange objects over US capital Washington DC picked up by several military radar.
But, in a deathbed confession, Churchill’s personal bodyguard accused his boss of covering up a close encounter over Britain by the RAF itself.
GETTY
BELIEVER?: Sir Winston Churchill ordered an investigation into flying saucers
“What does all this stuff about flying saucers amount to?”
Winston Churchill
Towards the end of World War 2 RAF pilots started reporting encounters with mysterious aircraft, which they called “foo fighters”.
Officials assumed they were secret German weapons but sightings continued after the end of the war – and even increased.
In July 1952, US Air Force fighter jets had to be scrambled on two consecutive weekends after radar detected several unidentified objects flying in a restricted zone over the White House – causing public panic.
In response, On July 28, 1952, Churchill sent his Secretary of State for Air Lord Cherwell a memo, requesting an urgent investigation.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES
CHURCHULL MEMORANDUM: The PM ordered a top secret prove
In the note – which became known as the “Churchill Memorandum” – he wrote: "What does all this stuff about flying saucers amount to?
“What can it mean? What is the truth?
“Let me have a report at your convenience."
Lord Cherwell – a close friend and confidante of the PM, dubbed “Churchill’s Dog” – tasked the Flying Saucer Working Party with the probe.
BULLDOG: Churchill allegedly feared the existence of aliens could undermine the Christian faith
NATIONAL ARCHIVE
REPORT: The Flying Saucer Working Party explained away UFO sightings
The top secret group – set up two years earlier to look into UFO sightings – admitted it was impossible to rule out “an aircraft of extraterrestrial origin, developed by beings unknown to us on lines more advanced than anything we have thought of”.
But it said it was more likely the sightings were down to normal aircraft, balloons, birds or other natural phenomena, optical illusions, deliberate hoaxes – or “psychological delusions”.
That appeared to put the matter to bed.
Until – in 1999 – the grandson of a retired RAF officer wrote to the MoD, inquiring about an incident in which Churchill allegedly banned the reporting of a UFO encounter off the east coast of England.
The unnamed airman – who was Churchill’s personal bodyguard – alleged an RAF reconnaissance plane was returning from a mission over occupied Europe when it was shadowed by a “metallic UFO” off Cumbria.
The crew apparently took photographs of the object – which they said “hovered noiselessly” near the plane.
When the close encounter was brought up with Churchill he allegedly ordered the incident remain classified for at least half a century – and only released after a review by a future PM – in case it caused “mass panic” and destroy faith in God.
Churchill – a committed Christian – is said to have boomed: “This event should be immediately classified since it would create mass panic among the general population and destroy one's belief in the Church.”
All records of the incident – and Churchill’s orders for it to be covered up – have mysteriously disappeared, with the MoD claiming all UFO files from before 1967 have been destroyed.
But conspiracy theorists and UFO hunters suggest the British Establishment hid – and is still hiding – proof that aliens have visited Earth.
The MoD is rumoured to be preparing to release a new cache of classified UFO files this year.
Jason Chapman, who has written several books on the Churchill Memorandum, said: “The MoD has demonstrated in the past that it is capable of covering up a great many incidents.
“I believe it is possible that a former high ranking military official would have knowledge of UFOs.”
The 46-year-old, who works for British defence contractor BAE Systems, said: “Someone, somewhere knows something.
“It’s definitely not our world leaders – such information is way above the pay grade of the Prime Minister.
“Perhaps sat at the back of the House of Lords there’s a retired general, a relic left over from the Cold War, who has information which could prove there’s a cover-up.”
NASA scientists have issued a stark warning over an asteroid that could hit the Earth causing “immense suffering and death”.
The space agency is sending a probe to collect rock samples from the asteroid dubbed 'Bennu'.
Bennu can be seen every six years from Earth – but in 2135 it is expected to pass between us and the Moon.
That could tweak its orbit and set it on a direct course for our planet.
Experts fear that such a change will result in mass destruction, with Nasa investigator Dante Lauretta warning: “It may be destined to cause immense suffering and death."
The crash could result in mass destruction say experts
The professor of planetary science is leading the mission to collect rock samples from the asteroid, which he says could provide “vital data for future generations”.
The Osiris-Rex probe will arrive in 2018 then spend a year surveying Bennu, which orbits the sun at 63,000mph.
Scientists are hoping that information gathered on the trip will help them to work out how the asteroid’s course is affected by absorbing and radiating sunlight.
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Alien-shaped skull from 2,000 years ago sparks fresh claims mankind was visited by extraterrestrial beings
Alien-shaped skull from 2,000 years ago sparks fresh claims mankind was visited by extraterrestrial beings
BYSCOTT CAMPBELL
Scientists discovered the remains in Russia and think they are thousands of years old
Archaeologists have found the remains of an ancient woman with an elongated skull sparking fresh claims that mankind was once visited by aliens .
When pictures of the humanoid figure with the egg-shaped skull were published, UFO watchers rushed to insist it was proof that aliens had once visited Earth.
Scientists however claimed that the discovered remains - found in Arkaim, in central Russia’s Chelyabinsk Oblast region - were around two thousand years old.
Experts were left wondering what the cause was for the bizarre shaped-skull, was it a new type of human?
CEN
Anthropologists will continue their work on the skeleton to probe its background
Archaeological museum head Maria Makurova, who analysed the remains, said: "Her skull was elongated because the tribe did so by tying up the heads of their children with rope. It was clearly a tradition in the tribe."
Ms Makurova added: "Most likely this is a woman who lived 1,800 to 2,000 years ago."
It is reported that anthropologists will continue working on the skeleton to determine the exact sex and age of the skeleton.
Apart from the peculiar skeleton, archaeologists have discovered an iron knife, ceramic whorls, small beads, as well as fragments of a ceramic jug.
It is reported that last year archaeologists had made a similar discovery.
On the territory of a burial ground, they found the well-preserved skeleton of a nomad with an elongated skull and the remains of two other men.
CEN
The skull from the ground is bizarrely elongated
All the discovered remains belonged to Sarmatians - an ancient tribe that moved on the territory of modern Ukraine, Kazakhstan and southern Russia.
It is believed that Sarmatians deliberately tied their skulls down, making it elongated in order to create a distinctive feature of the tribe.
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Verdoezelde Winston Churchill bewijs voor het bestaan van aliens?
Verdoezelde Winston Churchill bewijs voor het bestaan van aliens?
Sir Winston Churchill opende een topgeheim onderzoek naar vliegende schotels en verdoezelde mogelijk bewijs voor het bestaan van aliens. Dat schrijft de Britse Daily Star.
Uit geopenbaarde stukken blijkt dat de Britse oud-premier een speciaal team samenstelde – de Flying Saucer Working Party – om een verklaring te vinden voor het hoge aantal UFO-waarnemingen. Onder meer boven Washington DC waren vreemde objecten opgepikt door de radar.
Een beveiliger van Churchill onthulde op zijn sterfbed dat zijn baas informatie achterhield. Tegen het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog maakten twee RAF-piloten melding van mysterieuze vliegtuigen, die ze ‘foo fighters’ noemden.
Niet uitgesloten
UFO vastgelegd in Oregon (1927)
Men dacht dat het geheime Duitse wapens waren, maar de vreemde objecten werden ook na de oorlog nog in groten getale gezien. De nazi’s bleken te werken aan bizarre vliegtuigen die verdacht veel leken op vliegende schotels.
In juli 1952 moesten gevechtsvliegtuigen van de Amerikaanse luchtmacht twee keer in actie komen nadat ongeïdentificeerde vliegende objecten waren gespot boven het Witte Huis. Op 28 juli dat jaar stuurde Churchill een memo aan zijn wetenschapsadviseur Lord Cherwell, waarin hij aangaf dat er een onderzoek moest worden ingesteld.
De topgeheime groep gaf toe dat het niet kon worden uitgesloten dat de objecten een buitenaardse oorsprong hadden en waren gemaakt door onbekende wezens. Maar de groep dacht eerder aan normale vliegtuigen, ballonnen, vogels, optische illusies, hoaxes of hallucinaties.
Gevolgd
In 1999 schreef de kleinzoon van een gepensioneerde RAF-officier aan het Britse ministerie van Defensie dat Churchill een UFO-waarneming voor de oostkust van Engeland onder het tapijt had geveegd.
De officier, die werkzaam was geweest als beveiliger van Churchill, zei dat een verkenningsvliegtuig een missie had uitgevoerd boven bezet Europa en op de terugweg bij Cumbria werd gevolgd door een ‘metaalkleurige UFO’.
De bemanning maakte foto’s van het object, dat geruisloos naast het vliegtuig zweefde. Churchill vond dat het incident tenminste een halve eeuw geheim moest worden gehouden. Hij was bang voor massale paniek en dat mensen van hun geloof zouden vallen.
Verborgen
Alle stukken over het incident zijn op mysterieuze wijze verdwenen, aldus de krant. Het ministerie van Defensie claimt dat alle UFO-stukken van voor 1967 zijn vernietigd. Er wordt echter beweerd dat het Britse establishment bewijs voor buitenaards bezoek verborgen houdt.
Jason Chapman schreef meerdere boeken over de memo die Churchill verstuurde. Hij zei: “Het ministerie van Defensie heeft in het verleden al vele incidenten verdoezeld.”
De 46-jarige Chapman, die voor het Britse defensiebedrijf BAE Systems werkt, zei: “Het is duidelijk dat iemand iets weet. Het zijn zeker niet onze wereldleiders; dit soort informatie wordt niet gedeeld met de minister-president. Wellicht is er een gepensioneerde generaal die informatie heeft waaruit blijkt dat er sprake is van een cover-up.”
Een fenomeen waar nog steeds geen verklaring voor is en wat toch steeds weer overal opduikt is het raadsel van de kinderen met de pikzwarte ogen, de Black Eyed Kids (BEK's).
Nu we zijn aanbeland in een periode waarbij de grenzen tussen dimensies vervagen en de eindtijd schijnt te zijn aangebroken, begint er meer aandacht te komen voor deze bijzondere verschijningen.
Voor mensen die nieuw zijn op deze website of die niet weten waar het over gaat met BEK’s, een klein stukje uit een eerder artikel: Al jarenlang schrijven wij regelmatig artikelen over het fenomeen Black Eyed Kids (BEK), kinderen met roetzwarte ogen.
Gewoon lekker thuis op de bank en dan wordt er onverwacht op de deur geklopt. Buiten staan één of twee armoedig geklede kinderen.
Ze vragen of ze binnen mogen komen. De bewoners in de deuropening zijn eigenlijk alleen een beetje verbaasd, totdat de kinderen hun gezicht opheffen met daarin een paar pikzwarte ogen.
Dit is het spookachtige verhaal van de Kinderen met de Zwarte Ogen, ook BEK genoemd (Black Eyed Kids). Overal ter wereld worden ze waargenomen, vreemde kinderen met roetzwarte ogen die aan je deur kloppen en vragen om binnengelaten te worden. Op het moment dat mensen in deze pikzwarte ogen van de kinderen staren bekruipt hen een heel vreemd gevoel; geen prettig gevoel.
Sinds die tijd zijn de wereldwijde waarnemingen en publiciteit eigenlijk alleen maar toegenomen. Zodanig dat de verhalen nu zelfs in de mainstream media terecht zijn gekomen.
Zo stond er gisteren een artikel in het AD over een meisje met roetzwarte ogen dat regelmatig wordt waargenomen in Cannock Chase in het graafschap Staffordshire in Engeland.
Waarschijnlijk is hier zelfs sprake van de oudste waarneming van een BEK want het verhaal in Staffordshire gaat terug naar het begin van de jaren '80.
Toen deden zich de eerste waarnemingen voor van een ongeveer tienjarig meisje met koolzwarte ogen. Daarna werd het ongeveer 30 jaar lang stil tot enkele maanden geleden toen hetzelfde meisje opnieuw werd waargenomen.
Ook enkele dagen geleden was het weer raak:
Op zaterdag 13 september liep een echtpaar in een bos in Cannock Chase met hun hond. 'Zodra we het bos inliepen en de weg niet goed zichtbaar meer was, hoorden we het gegiechel van een klein meisje.' Het stel keek om zich heen om te kijken waar het geluid vandaan kwam. 'Tot onze verbazing verscheen er uit het niets een klein kind, niet groter dan 1 meter hoog, voor ons op het pad. We stopten met lopen, nadat we zagen dat haar ogen geen kleur hadden.' Niet alleen de ogen van het meisje waren opmerkelijk, volgens de man was ook de lichaamshouding niet menselijk. 'Haar hoofd was gekanteld naar één kant, waardoor het leek alsof ze was opgehangen.'
De meeste mensen ervaren echter BEK’s als kinderen die aan de deur kloppen en met een smoesje vragen om binnen gelaten te mogen worden.
Zelfs wanneer mensen op het punt staan om toe te geven, doen ze dat toch op het laatste moment niet omdat ze doodsbang worden wanneer ze in die donkere pikzwarte ogen kijken.
Ook in ons land komt dit verschijnsel voor en het begint er meer en meer op te lijken dat het hier wezens betreft die afkomstig zijn uit een andere dimensie.
Volgens de christelijke onderzoeker L.A. Marzuli die zich al lange tijd bezighoudt met het verschijnsel van Black Eyed Kids hebben we hier te maken met een soort satanische entiteiten die inderdaad afkomstig zijn uit een andere dimensie.
Hij brengt het verschijnen van dit soort kinderen die geen kinderen zijn volgens hem, eveneens in verband met de eindtijd waarin wij als mensheid ons schijnen te bevinden.
Volgens sommigen zijn deze kinderen het resultaat van een “broedprogramma” tussen de Nephilim, de gevallen engelen, en menselijke vrouwen. Het resultaat is dan een soort hybride met een menselijk lichaam waardoor er geen onderscheid is te maken met andere mensen, behalve wanneer ze ervoor kiezen om je een glimp te gunnen in hun pikzwarte ogen.
Klaarblijkelijk kunnen ze telepathisch met elkaar communiceren en zijn ze in staat om gedachten en emoties van mensen “te lezen”. Ook zijn er verhalen dat ze in een andere vorm kunnen veranderen en zelfs onzichtbaar worden.
Zij die in deze hybride theorie geloven, zeggen dat je ze in alle lagen van de maatschappij tegenkomt. Dat ze zich tussen gewone mensen verbergen en de satanische agenda dienen. Het plan is dan om in deze eindtijd zoveel mogelijk zielen richting satan te leiden. En dat, wanneer je een dergelijke Black Eyed Kid tegenkomt, je goed moet uitkijken, want ze hebben het op je ziel begrepen.
Wanneer je een leuke hiphop happening bezoekt en je kijkt op een bepaald moment naar de lucht dan zie je soms vreemde dingen.
Een man op een onbekende locatie legt met zijn mobiele telefoon iets vast dat hij omschrijft als een buitenaardse invasie en daarbij geeft hij misschien wel het mooiste commentaar ooit bij een UFO waarneming.
Via een lezer (dank!) kregen wij de volgende video opgestuurd.
De video is gepubliceerd door een website Worldstarhiphop die zich bezighoudt met allerlei zaken op dit gebied.
Klaarblijkelijk hebben zij de opname gekregen van een hiphop fan die ergens buiten op een festival is en opeens een vreemd licht in de lucht ontwaart.
Niet alleen dat, maar plotseling splitst het licht zich in meerdere bollen die dan vervolgens stil in de lucht blijven hangen.
Aan de echtheid van de opname hoeven we waarschijnlijk niet te twijfelen. Als je het commentaar van de man hoort, dan weet je dat het echt is wat hij ziet en dat dit niet wordt geacteerd.
De man is ervan overtuigd dat de aliens aan het landen zijn en ook al moet je niets hebben van UFO’s dan is het commentaar alleen al de moeite waard.
The extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) is the belief that UFOs are vehicles from other planets that contain intelligent life for the purpose of visiting earth.
This being the most popular view among the public has been losing ground among those that have given Ufology serious study and thought over a long period of time. This is the perception that Hollywood has romanticized and advanced to the public but is probably the least likely. The chances of intelligent life climbing into to some type of space vehicle and visiting earth are pretty slim. Back in the 1930's this was the main theory put forward, since then physics and science have advanced to the point of making this theory almost irrelevant. It now seems that this is far too a simple explanation and in fact does not explain all the strange things reported by witnesses. The universe is not really as complex as one might think but it is full of things and knowledge that man has yet to comprehend or experience so the simple Hollywood explanation is probably far from realistic.
2. Conspiracy Theory
A UFO conspiracy theory is any one of many often overlapping conspiracy theories which argue that evidence of the reality of UFOs is being suppressed by various governments around the world. The prevailing thought is that earth governments, especially the United States and to a lesser extent Russia are in communication & cooperation with ETs and even allowing for a certain number and type of alien abductions.
3. Portals
As of 2012 portals have moved from theoretical to reality. A NASA-sponsored researcher at the University of Iowa has developed a way for spacecraft to hunt down hidden magnetic portals in the vicinity of Earth. These portals link the magnetic field of our planet to that of the sun.The existence of portals would go a long way in explaining the erratic and very short duration of many UFO sightings. Could it be possible that UFOs are only seen as they "uncloak" just prior to entering or exiting a portal. Since we know that portals exist between planet earth and the sun than it only stands to reason that portals would exist between galaxies. This would explain why we have not found anybody living in our immediate neighborhood. Maybe there is an abundance of life in the universe but not in our Milky Way. It could be they are traversing the galaxies using these portals or hyperlinks.
4. Wormhole Theory
There is no observational evidence for wormholes, but on a theoretical level there are valid solutions to the equations of the theory of general relativity which containwormholes . Because of its robust theoretical strength, a wormhole is also known as one of the great physics metaphors for teaching general relativity.This sounds very Hollywood but the idea of bending distance and time has been around for years. In theory this works and as a practical matter it could explain the vast distances intelligent life would have to travel to visit earth. This moves the ETH "From Another Planet Theory" to a entirely new level.
5. Ancient Alien Theory
This theory is gaining in popularity and it proposes that extraterrestrial beings have been visiting earth since the advent of man. It puts forward that early man was in direct contact with these entities even benefiting from alien technology to build various pyramids and structures around the world. There is some strong evidence that man was much more advanced than originally thought or did have technological support from unknown resources. Proponents suggest that this contact influenced the development of human beings and that man's DNA may have an alien variant. Due to mans lack of sophistication, knowledge and technology these aliens were misidentified as religious deities or Gods and their technology were evidence of their divine status. Early writings and scriptures,such as, Vedas Scriptures, various San-script writings (from India, China, Pakistan) and even the Bible seem to confirm this hypothesis.
6. Biological Theory (Atmospheric Life Forms)
When you stop and give this aspect of the UFO equation some thought this really has to be true. We know that life is tenacious, persistent and procreates just about anywhere at anytime under almost any conditions. Why should this aspect of life be any different in space or in the greater universe. There are some laws that are truly universal,one of them is that life will find a way to flourish even in the most adverse and unexpected circumstances. To read about biological UFOs.
7. Quantum Physics
Quantum Physics has been around since the 1920 but we are only just beginning to understand what it really is and what it means to mankind. When the possibility of more than one universe was mention it was pretty radical stuff. Even today quantum physics is just on the fringe of mainstream discussion. It is always hard for us to believe in things that we cannot see or fully understand. While at a glance this may seem like just another strange theory, it contains many clues as to the fundamental nature of the universe and is more important then even relativity in the grand scheme of things . Furthermore, it describes the nature of the universe as being much different then the world we see.
Ronald Reagan (attempting to prove the existence of God) once said that he wanted to invite 20 atheist to the White House for a grand meal. After the meal was devoured he was going to ask his guest if they believed that there was a cook in the kitchen even though they never saw him/her. Sometimes you just have to believe in things that you cannot see, feel or touch.
Theories with more than one dimension of time have occasionally been advanced in physics, whether as a serious description of reality or just as a curious possibility. This theory is gaining momentum as more and more scientist believe in quantum physics. If you believe like many respected scientist have come to believe that there are multiverses (more than one universe) than it is not that much of a stretch to believe that beings could be traveling between universes (dimensions). This does necessarily mean that intelligent life forms are "time traveling" but they are simply traveling between dimensions, realms or universes.
9. Hollow Earth Theory
This theory proposes that the planet earth is either entirely hollow or
otherwise contains a substantial interior space. In the early 19th century an American eccentric, John Cleves Symmes (1779-1829), sought funding for an expedition to enter the earth through one of two 4,000-mile wide polar holes. Inside the Earth, he was convinced, a benevolent advanced civilization existed.
Though an object of derision to most people, some took him seriously, and the idea of a hollow Earth was championed in a number of books throughout the rest of the century and right into the next.Today, hollow-earthers believe flying saucers travel in and out of the polar holes. The people inside are descendants of Atlantis and its Pacific equivalent, Lemuria.
10. Earthlights, Ball Lightening Hypothesis
People have reported seeing ball lightning—a rare phenomenon that resembles a glowing sphere of electricity—for hundreds of years. Ball lightning often appears during thunderstorms and typically glows, spins, hisses, bounces, and floats. But scientists still can't explain what causes it, or even exactly what it is. (although in 2006 Brazil's physicist Antonia Pavoa believes he recreated it in a lab)
Related to the balls of light hypothesis is the earthlights or earthquake lights hypothesis which is based on the work of various independent researchers who have attempted to link UFO sightings where geological faults and geomagnetic fluctuations occur.
11. Man-Made UFOs / Back Engineered Technology
Governments and military have been attempting to emulate the performance of UFOs for decades. Pilots (especially since WWII) have reported that these craft have performed phenomenal feats and are capable of speeds that far exceeds our current technology. A good example of these efforts can be understood by reading about the AVRO Corporation which mysteriously and abruptly closed their doors in 1962. Follow this link for a list of the top 11 man-made UFOs that were made on earth.
Ever since the famous Roswell Incident of 1947 there has been serious speculation that the US military has attempted to back engineer UFO technology. In the event that the US military actually took possession of this type of technology it would have been only natural to do so. There have been claims by high ranking officials that other technologies were discovered at the same time which include, night vision capabilities, lasers, bullet proof vest to name just a few. Follow this link for a list of 12 technologies that were developed in the 1950's and 60's that may have had alien origin.
12. Other UFO Theories
TheoriesThere are other theories about where UFOs comes from and the reason we see them but they are too numerous to go into here. Some of those theories include.
Cryptoterrestrial Hypothesis - The belief that extraterrestrial intelligence is not of our planet, but living among us.
Electromagnetic Hypothesis - Earths magnetic fields affect human perception (similar to earthlights).
Geophysical Locations - Certain geophysical locations have a strong effect on human consciousness (similar to earthlights).
Hoax - The theory that all UFOs are fake and perpetrated on the public intentionally, for a short video on how to spot a hoax UFO sighting.
Mass Delusion - For multiple witnesses, sometimes thousands to have a false belief bordering on psychotic, examples include Phoenix Lights and the Belgium Wave.
Misidentified Hypothesis - All UFOs are man made or natural.
Paranormal Hypothesis - Paranormal activity causes the human mind to materialize objects.
Phyccotronic Hypothesis - The belief that the UFO phenomena is the result of the manifestation of the human subconscious.
Psycho-Social Hypothesis - This theory says people are a product of their social environment and human behavior explains UFOs, such as, wishful thinking, hallucinations, misidentification etc. This is a one size fits all explanation.
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The Vatican Unleashes Their Top Astronomer To Talk About Aliens
The Vatican Unleashes Their Top Astronomer To Talk About Aliens
Pope's astronomer to talk aliens
Also on the bill is Auckland University of Technology microbiologist Professor Steve Pointing,
who has worked with Nasa in researching extreme lifeforms. Photo / Sarah Ivey
Aliens will be on the agenda when Great Barrier Island, population 939, brings the Pope's astronomer and other top scientists to a quirky public event.
The one-day festival, called "Is There Life out There?", follows a similar event last year that was organised by the island-based Awana Rural Women group and attracted around 12 per cent of Great Barrier's residents.
But the coming summit, planned for mid-September, would be a stellar step up, with the speakers list including Brother Guy Consolmagno, director of the Vatican Observatory, top US planetary scientist Dr Faith Vilas, and Gino Acevedo, the Weta Digital creative art director behind such films as Avatar and King Kong.
Also on the bill is Auckland University of Technology microbiologist Professor Steve Pointing, who has worked with Nasa in researching extreme lifeforms that can survive in polar cold and desert heat.
The group's president, Gendie Somerville-Ryan, chuckled when asked how these heavyweights had been pulled to such a remote spot.
"Well, it's just never good luck is it?"
The group was fortunate to have among its members Dr Ann Sprague, a retired University of Arizona planetary scientist who studied light data from Mars and already had connections with Dr Vilas and Dr Consolmagno.
"So we did have an in there, but then it's not just about having a contact -- it's that these people have to actually be willing to come, and they're even paying for themselves to come here," Somerville-Ryan said.
"Partly I think it was the attraction of people being able to come to a small isolated community, where we are desperate for knowledge, basically."
The Hauraki Gulf island, accessible only by plane or ferry, was well served with most amenities, "but mind-wise, it's a bit harder".
She was inspired by a festival that began in Canada 20 years ago, where a scientific topic was explored from different angles.
Last year's inaugural event focused on pandemics, and attracted a virologist, a Civil Defence expert and a science fiction writer.
"It was so successful that everyone just said, when's the next one?"
Again, the festival would address the topic from four perspectives: where did life come from, how does humanity fit into the universe, why do aliens appear the way they do in film, and how are we searching for other lifeforms?
"You can cover a lot of different angles, all with the purpose of providing education that meets a lot of peoples' interests."
The group also persued directors Sir Peter Jackson and James Cameron, but were unable to land them.
Still, she expected the talent on offer in September would more than satisfy locals.
"It's amazing. We're extremely privileged."
Along with the main panel discussion, the festival would involve breakout sessions and an art exhibition and book month event at the local library.
The Auckland Astronomical Society also plans to run an educational programme on the island during the week, giving local school students and adults the chance to see the stars through an eight-inch telescope.
Small island, big names
Brother Guy Consolmagno
• Brother Guy Consolmagno: an astronomer, Jesuit Brother, director of the Vatican Observatory and president of the Vatican Observatory Foundation. He'll discuss the interface between science and humanity, exploring such issues as our place in the universe and what it would mean to us if life was found out there.
• Dr Faith Vilas: Project scientist at the United States Planetary Science Institute, who directs a National Science Foundation programme in charge of solar system and exoplanets grants. She'll discuss the search for life in the stars, where we are looking, how we are looking and what we are looking for.
• Gino Acevedo: Creative art director and textures head of department at Weta Digital, who worked on Avatar, King Kong, The Hobbit and Lord of The Rings. He'll speak about the human imagination when it comes to aliens, discussing what makes aliens friendly or fierce and why we depict them as we do.
• Professor Steve Pointing: An Auckland University of Technology microbiologist who has worked with Nasa in researching extreme lifeforms that can survive in polar cold and desert heat. His research and fascination with astrobiology has given insights into how life might exist on other planets.
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UFOs Are Monitoring Our Nuclear Facilities - New Film Bring Forward Hundreds of Witnesses
UFOs Are Monitoring Our Nuclear Facilities - New Film Bring Forward Hundreds of Witnesses
I-Team: New film claims UFOs monitored nuclear weapons
Officially, the U.S. government ended its study of UFOs in 1969 because -- it assured the public -- there is no proof the phenomena represents a threat to national security.
But what if these unknown aircraft showed an interest in our nuclear weapons? Multiple Military Witness Have Seen UFOs
A group of more than 150 military veterans, missile officers, and security personnel, including many who worked at the Nevada Test Site, say they've seen mystery intruders over nuclear facilities.
In the darkest days of the Cold War, atomic weapons were routinely exploded above ground at the Nevada Test Site, the most nuked placed on earth.
In 1955, 14 A-bombs were detonated as part of Operation Teapot, witnessed by thousands of military personnel in trenches, and by thousands of test site employees. But there were other observers as well.
"It was what we called flying saucers. They were pretty prevalent at the test site back then," said a former test site photographer.
At least a dozen former test site employees have told similar stories about unknown aircraft showing up hours or days after an atomic blast.
Forty Years of Fact Finding
Author and investigator Robert Hastings has spent more than 40 years locating and interviewing military veterans, missile officers, and others who worked in various parts of the atomic weapons program, more than 150 of them so far. They've all told the same story.
"That, in fact, UFOs have routinely monitored our nuclear weapons dating back decades and that, on occasion, apparently have interfered with the functionality of those weapons," Hastings said.
In addition to the eyewitness accounts, thousands of pages of formerly-classified documents have been released to buttress these stories.
The I-Team's own Freedom of Information Act request filed in 1992 produced a thick stack of documents from the Department of Energy, indicating UFO incidents over every major atomic weapons facility dating to the late 1940s, over Los Alamos national lab, where the bombs were designed, over Hanford, where the plutonium was processed, but DOE has no records of any official sightings over what later became the Nevada Test Site. Hastings however, has found plenty.
"Civilians living near the proving grounds observed UFOs sometimes flying in formations and reported them to the ....."
New UFO Documentary
This is a clip from a new documentary, the culmination of Hastings' years of research. The film includes chilling incidents where UFOs have not only infiltrated restricted airspace over nuclear missile bases, but on occasion, have disabled ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles) and put the military on high alert. In one dramatic incident from the film, military photographers using telescopic lenses watched a UFO disable a warhead used in a missile test fired from Vandenberg.
"Flying over the Pacific suddenly this domed disc came into frame, circled the warhead, which is flying at 8 or 10,000 miles-per-hour, shot four beams of light at it, whereupon the dummy warhead fell into the Pacific Ocean and the UFO left the vicinity," Hastings said.
UFO incidents at the Nevada Test Site became so routine, according to a former security officer named Walter Levine, that teams were assigned the job of specifically looking for them from inside a specially-equipped building at Indians Springs Air Force Base now known as Creech. Levine told Hastings:
Disc Shaped, Square Shaped UFOs
"They were all luminous, they were disc-shaped, some of them were square-shaped. We were to pick up a telephone in this little shack. There was no dial tone. A voice would just come on. We would read off all these coordinates, the direction of the object, etcetera, then when we wrote this stuff down on a piece of paper, we were to burn the paper in a trash can in the shack," Hastings said.
The government ended atomic weapons tests years ago, but Nevada incidents continue. Former security officers at Area 2 at Nellis Air Force Base, for years a storage facility for up to 200 nuclear warheads, have reported multiple intrusions by unknown aircraft from the late 1990s through 2004. What is the Motivation of the UFO Occupants
Who's behind these incidents and why?
"Who knows what their motivation is?" Hastings said.
Similar incidents have been reported in the UK, India, Pakistan and other nuclear powers. In the 1990s, the I-Team traveled to Russia twice and obtained classified documents about frightening incidentsthere.
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Area 51, Facts, Secrets, Things You Did Not Know About
Area 51, Facts, Secrets, Things You Did Not Know About
AREA 51 FACTS & SECRETS
With all the secrecy shrouding Area 51, it's time for some light to be shed. Learn more about the nicknames, entertainment, food, spy planes, and rumors surrounding this infamous site. On August 15, 2013 the CIA finally acknowledged the existence of Area 51. After repeated freedom of information request made by George Washington University the CIA lifted the veil of secrecy on Area 51. On December 8, 2013 President Obama makes an off hand comment about Area 51, becoming the first President to publicly acknowledge its existence. This does not mean they are talking openly about UFOs and military secrets but it does open the door for lawsuits and additional freedom of information request from the public.
The name ‘Area 51’ derives from its marking on 1950’s Nevada Test Site maps. Today, the official name of Area 51 is Air Force Flight Test Center, Detachment 3, or AFFTC Det. 3 for short. For years even our own government denied its existence until Soviet pictures confirmed what many knew all along. The base did exist. The facility was originally designed for the testing of U-2 spy planes, and ultimately Stealth technology would be born there. The secret site has grown to many times its original size. The USAF took over command of Area 51, and its airspace in 1970.
Area 51 was also referred to as Groom Lake (the name of the dry lake Area 51 was built around), Paradise Ranch (a half-serious way to entice employees to accept positions at the remote, rustic base), Watertown (the official name of the test site, given in 1956), and Dreamland (after an Edgar Allan Poe poem).
Area 51’s nickname DREAMLAND was allegedly derived from an Edgar Allan Poe poem by the same name. It admonishes that “the traveler, traveling through it, may not-dare not openly view it; Never its mysteries are exposed, to the weak human eye unclosed.”
The first known use of the area was the construction in 1941 of an auxiliary airfield for the West Coast Air Corps Training Center at Las Vegas Air Field. Known as Indian Springs Airfield Auxiliary No. 1, it consisted of two dirt 5000' runways.
Under President Dwight Eisenhower the Groom Lake facility was put in the hands of the CIA for Project Aquatone, for the development of the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft in April 1955.
This mysterious fortress and its surrounding grounds are strictly off-limits. What secrets are kept inside this highly guarded facility? The rumors abound. Yes, there have been pictures of craft doing amazing maneuvers over these guarded skies and pictures and video smuggled from inside have become legend. These smuggled articles show living and dead aliens, spacecraft of futuristic design, but still the government denies these claims.
Helen Frost, whose husband Robert died in 1988 from the fumes, filed a lawsuit against the government in 1996 but the case was dismissed by the judge because the government could neither confirm nor deny the allegations, and it was also stated that the base is exempt from any environmental laws.
During the 70's and 80's the workers at Area 51 were exposed to jet fuel toxins like JP7. Supposedly old computer parts were also burned in trenches. The workers were ordered to go into the trenches and mix up the material and were only allowed to wear protection up to their waist.
The A12 Oxcart
When Area 51 was chosen as the testing site for the A-12 OXCART, a new, 8,500-foot runway had to be built. So as not to draw attention, contractors worked under cover of night.
Flying at 2,200 mph, it took OXCART pilot 186 miles just to make a U-turn. To accommodate the plane, an additional 38,400 acres of land around the base had to be withdrawn from public access and the restricted airspace expanded to create a 440-square mile box.
Early on, the only entertainment at Area 51 consisted of a single cement tennis court and a small bowling alley. There was no television, and radio signals only made it through the surrounding mountains in the evening.
The Area 51 mess hall sometimes served lobsters and oysters. Once a week it was steak night.
There is a sliver of truth to the conspiracy theory that the moon landing was staged at Area 51. Various space equipment – including land rovers and life support systems – were tested by the astronauts at the adjoining nuclear testing grounds.
Area 51 has not been spared by the downturn in the economy, it is estimated that there are 1600 to 2000 employees working at the military facility involving at least a dozen defense contractors as of 2013. This is down by 200-400 employees since 2012.
A recent poll showed that 70%+ of Americans believe that UFOs are real.
After an increase in UFO sightings in 1952, the CIA concluded that “there is a remote possibility that they may be interplanetary aircraft,” and that it was necessary to investigate each sighting.
90% of reported UFO sightings could be easily debunked, while the other 10% were “a number of incredible reports from credible observers.”
Over half of all UFO reports from the late 1950s through the 1960s were accounted for by manned reconnaissance flights (namely the U-2) over the United States, virtually all originating from Area 51.
The A-12 OXCART required special fuel in order to fly at such extreme speeds and heights. The fuel was made to withstand extremely high temperatures and would not ignite even if someone threw a match into a barrel full of it.
The OXCART cruised at 2200 miles per hour, but because the plane was secret it was kept out of official speed competitions.
The A-12 OXCART consisted of more than 90% titanium. It was the world’s first titanium plane.
An A-12 spy plane was used when the USS Pueblo was captured by North Korea to photograph the area and determine the ship's location.
The OXCART's engines acted as vacuum cleaners, sucking up any debris left on the runway. So personnel would vacuum the runway before each test flight.
The Air Force has acknowledged the existence of the Nellis Range Complex near the Groom Dry Lake for many years now. There are a variety of activities, some of which are classified, throughout the complex.
The range is used for the testing of technologies and systems training for operations critical to the effectiveness of U.S. military forces and the security of the United States.
Some specific activities and operations conducted on the Nellis Range, both past and present, remain CLASSIFIED and cannot be discussed.
The A12 - Spy Plane could travel at 2200 MPH
Suspended upside down, a titanium A-12 spy-plane prototype is prepped for radar testing at Area 51 in the late 1950s.
But pushing the limits came with risks—and led to the catastrophic 1963 crash of an A-12 based out of Area 51.
After a rash of declassification's and the acknowledgement of the existence of Area 51, details of Cold War workings at the Nevada base, are coming to light—including images of an A-12 crash and its cover-up pictured publicly for the first time in May.
Remnants of a crashed A-12 spy plane—including two engines and the shattered rear fuselage—litter the ground near Wendover, Utah, in a 1963 picture recently declassified by the CIA and published here for the first time.
After pilot Ken Collins had parachuted to the ground, he was stunned to be greeted by three civilians in a pickup, who offered to give him a ride to the wreckage of his plane. Instead, Collins got them to give him a ride in the opposite direction, by telling them the plane had a nuclear weapon on board—a prearranged cover story to keep the Area 51 craft a secret.
Nearly undetectable to radar, the A-12 could fly at 2,200 miles (3,540 kilometers) an hour—fast enough to cross the continental U.S. in 70 minutes. From 90,000 feet (27,400 meters), the plane's cameras could capture foot-long (0.3-meter-long) objects on the ground below.
You won't find it on any geological or aeronautical maps and yet like a place in the Twilight Zone, flights to it leave Las Vegas' McCarran Airport every day. Some say alien aircraft are stored there and reverse-engineered to create new aircraft and weapons, or it's the site of genetic testing or other diabolical plots. Others say it's just a very secret aircraft development site. No matter, what it is, Area 51 remains shrouded in mystery.
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Aliens and UFOs May Have a Hand on the Creation of the Pyramid Discovered in Antarctica
Aliens and UFOs May Have a Hand on the Creation of the Pyramid Discovered in Antarctica
UFO sightings in Antarctica are believed to involve aliens flying around its old pyramid bases. Enthusiasts say the remote landmass, up to three miles of ice, buried various mysteries. Conspiracy theorists say aliens lived an ice-free Antarctica long time ago, and many believe so because of a significant number of strange activities surrounding the icy landmass.
YouTube channel UFOvni2012 has been featuring an alleged alien-made ancient pyramid. Researchers discovered strange magnetic anomalies beneath the ice too. These unknown signals increase speculations that the continent holds signs or even old life itself. There were rumors top officials and Nazi knew that aliens made the old pyramid.
Aside from the pyramid bases, other apparent signs of aliens are several UFO sightingsreported around the area. Some researchers believe that these sightings could be aliens visiting their ancient bases. An image that made the rounds on the internet shows evidence of military presence as tanks that seem to guard an alien crash site can be revealed in the zoomed-in image. Of course, there’s doubt of the picture, but former officials have come forward confirming there’s alien activity in the area.
One Navy officer, who chose not to be named, claimed he was in Antarctica between 1983 and 1997. His job is to fly cargo and rescue missions. The officer said that he saw some UFOs during his flights. However, the greatest controversy was those researchers that went missing. He believes that they made contact with aliens.
Einstein once described his friend Michele Besso as “the best sounding board in Europe” for scientific ideas. They attended university together in Zurich; later they were colleagues at the patent office in Bern. When Besso died in the spring of 1955, Einstein—knowing that his own time was also running out—wrote a now-famous letter to Besso’s family. “Now he has departed this strange world a little ahead of me,” Einstein wrote of his friend’s passing. “That signifies nothing. For us believing physicists, the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.”
Einstein’s statement was not merely an attempt at consolation. Many physicists argue that Einstein’s position is implied by the two pillars of modern physics: Einstein’s masterpiece, the general theory of relativity, and the Standard Model of particle physics. The laws that underlie these theories are time-symmetric—that is, the physics they describe is the same, regardless of whether the variable called “time” increases or decreases. Moreover, they say nothing at all about the point we call “now”—a special moment (or so it appears) for us, but seemingly undefined when we talk about the universe at large. The resulting timeless cosmos is sometimes called a “block universe”—a static block of space-time in which any flow of time, or passage through it, must presumably be a mental construct or other illusion.
George Ellis, a cosmologist at the University of Cape Town, listens to a presentation at the Time in Cosmology conferenceMany physicists have made peace with the idea of a block universe, arguing that the task of the physicist is to describe how the universe appears from the point of view of individual observers. To understand the distinction between past, present and future, you have to “plunge into this block universe and ask: ‘How is an observer perceiving time?’” said Andreas Albrecht, a physicist at the University of California, Davis, and one of the founders of the theory of cosmic inflation.Others vehemently disagree, arguing that the task of physics is to explain not just how time appears to pass, but why. For them, the universe is not static. The passage of time is physical. “I’m sick and tired of this block universe,” said Avshalom Elitzur, a physicist and philosopher formerly of Bar-Ilan University. “I don’t think that next Thursday has the same footing as this Thursday. The future does not exist. It does not! Ontologically, it’s not there.”Last month, about 60 physicists, along with a handful of philosophers and researchers from other branches of science, gathered at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada, to debate this question at the Time in Cosmology conference. The conference was co-organized by the physicist Lee Smolin, an outspoken critic of the block-universe idea (among other topics). His position is spelled out for a lay audience in Time Reborn and in a more technical work, The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time, co-authored with the philosopher Roberto Mangabeira Unger, who was also a co-organizer of the conference. In the latter work, mirroring Elitzur’s sentiments about the future’s lack of concreteness, Smolin wrote: “The future is not now real and there can be no definite facts of the matter about the future.” What is real is “the process by which future events are generated out of present events,” he said at the conference.Andreas Albrecht, a physicist at the University of California, Davis, presents his work on the nature of time. (Philip Cheung for Quanta Magazine)Those in attendance wrestled with several questions: the distinction between past, present, and future; why time appears to move in only one direction; and whether time is fundamental or emergent. Most of those issues, not surprisingly, remained unresolved. But for four days, participants listened attentively to the latest proposals for tackling these questions—and, especially, to the ways in which we might reconcile our perception of time’s passage with a static, seemingly timeless universe.
* * *
There are a few things that everyone agrees on. The directionality that we observe in the macroscopic world is very real: Teacups shatter but do not spontaneously reassemble; eggs can be scrambled but not unscrambled. Entropy—a measure of the disorder in a system—always increases, a fact encoded in the second law of thermodynamics. As the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann understood in the 19th century, the second law explains why events are more likely to evolve in one direction rather than another. It accounts for the arrow of time.
But things get trickier when we step back and ask why we happen to live in a universe where such a law holds. “What Boltzmann truly explained is why the entropy of the universe will be larger tomorrow than it is today,” said Sean Carroll, a physicist at the California Institute of Technology, as we sat in a hotel bar after the second day of presentations. “But if that was all you knew, you’d also say that the entropy of the universe was probably larger yesterday than today— because all the underlying dynamics are completely symmetric with respect to time.” That is, if entropy is ultimately based on the underlying laws of the universe, and those laws are the same going forward and backward, then entropy is just as likely to increase going backward in time. But no one believes that entropy actually works that way. Scrambled eggs always come after whole eggs, never the other way around.
To make sense of this, physicists have proposed that the universe began in a very special, low-entropy state. In this view, which the Columbia University philosopher of physics David Albert named the “past hypothesis,” entropy increases because the Big Bang happened to produce an exceptionally low-entropy universe. There was nowhere to go but up. The past hypothesis implies that every time we cook an egg, we’re taking advantage of events that happened nearly 14 billion years ago. “What you need the Big Bang to explain is: ‘Why were there ever unbroken eggs?’” Carroll said.
Some physicists are more troubled than others by the past hypothesis. Taking things we don’t understand about the physics of today’s universe and saying the answer can be found in the Big Bang could be seen, perhaps, as passing the buck —or as sweeping our problems under the carpet. Every time we invoke initial conditions, “the pile of things under the rug gets bigger,” said Marina Cortes, a cosmologist at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh and a co-organizer of the conference.
To Smolin, the past hypothesis feels more like an admission of failure than a useful step forward. As he puts it in The Singular Universe: “The fact to be explained is why the universe, even 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang, has not reached equilibrium, which is by definition the most probable state, and it hardly suffices to explain this by asserting that the universe started in an even less probable state than the present one.”
Other physicists, however, point out that it’s normal to develop theories that can describe a system given certain initial conditions. A theory needn’t strive to explain those conditions.
Another set of physicists think that the past hypothesis, while better than nothing, is more likely to be a placeholder than a final answer. Perhaps, if we’re lucky, it will point the way to something deeper. “Many people say that the past hypothesis is just a fact, and there isn’t any underlying way to explain it. I don’t rule out that possibility,” Carroll said. “To me, the past hypothesis is a clue to help us develop a more comprehensive view of the universe.”
Jenann Ismael, a philosopher at the University of Arizona, argues that the block universe holds within it the explanation for our experience of time’s apparent passage. *(Philip Cheung for Quanta Magazine)
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Can the arrow of time be understood without invoking the past hypothesis? Some physicists argue that gravity—not thermodynamics—aims time’s arrow. In this view, gravity causes matter to clump together, defining an arrow of time that aligns itself with growth of complexity, said Tim Koslowski, a physicist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (he described the idea in a 2014 paper co-authored by the British physicist Julian Barbour and Flavio Mercati, a physicist at Perimeter). Koslowski and his colleagues developed simple models of universes made up of 1,000 point-like particles, subject only to Newton’s law of gravitation, and found that there will always be a moment of maximum density and minimum complexity. As one moves away from that point, in either direction, complexity increases. Naturally, we—complex creatures capable of making observations—can only evolve at some distance from the minimum. Still, wherever we happen to find ourselves in the history of the universe, we can point to an era of less complexity and call it the past, Koslowski said. The models are globally time-symmetric, but every observer will experience a local arrow of time. It’s significant that the low-entropy starting point isn’t an add-on to the model. Rather, it emerges naturally from it. “Gravity essentially eliminates the need for a past hypothesis,” Koslowski said.
The idea that time moves in more than one direction, and that we just happen to inhabit a section of the cosmos with a single, locally defined arrow of time, isn’t new. Back in 2004, Carroll, along with his graduate student Jennifer Chen, put forward a similar proposal based on eternal inflation, a relatively well known model of the beginning of the universe. Carroll sees the work of Koslowski and his colleagues as a useful step, especially since they worked out the mathematical details of their model (he and Chen did not). Still, he has some concerns. For example, he said it’s not clear that gravity plays as important a role as their paper claims. “If you just had particles in empty space, you’d get exactly the same qualitative behavior,” he said.
Increasing complexity, Koslowski said, has one crucial side effect: It leads to the formation of certain arrangements of matter that maintain their structure over time. These structures can store information; Koslowski calls them “records.” Gravity is the first and primary force that makes record formation possible; other processes then give rise to everything from fossils and tree rings to written documents. What all of these entities have in common is that they contain information about some earlier state of the universe. I asked Koslowski if memories stored in brains are another kind of record. Yes, he said. “Ideally we would be able to build ever more complex models, and come eventually to the memory in my phone, the memory in my brain, in history books.” A more complex universe contains more records than a less complex universe, and this, Koslowski said, is why we remember the past but not the future.
But perhaps time is even more fundamental than this. For George Ellis, a cosmologist at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, time is a more basic entity, one that can be understood by picturing the block universe as itself evolving. In his “evolving block universe”model, the universe is a growing volume of space-time. The surface of this volume can be thought of as the present moment. The surface represents the instant where “the indefiniteness of the future changes to the definiteness of the past,” as he described it. “Space-time itself is growing as time passes.” One can discern the direction of time by looking at which part of the universe is fixed (the past) and which is changing (the future). Although some colleagues disagree, Ellis stresses that the model is a modification, not a radical overhaul, of the standard view. “This is a block universe with dynamics covered by the general-relativity field equations—absolutely standard—but with a future boundary that is the ever-changing present,” he said. In this view, while the past is fixed and unchangeable, the future is open. The model “obviously represents the passing of time in a more satisfactory way than the usual block universe,” he said.
The physicist Tim Koslowski listens to the discussion at the Time in Cosmology conference. (Philip Cheung for Quanta Magazine)
Unlike the traditional block view, Ellis’s picture appears to describe a universe with an open future—seemingly in conflict with a law-governed universe in which past physical states dictate future states. (Although quantum uncertainty, as Ellis pointed out, may be enough to sink such a deterministic view.) At the conference, someone asked Ellis if, given enough information about the physics of a sphere of a certain radius centered on the British Midlands in early June, one could have predicted the result of the Brexit vote. “Not using physics,” Ellis replied. For that, he said, we’d need a better understanding of how minds work.
Another approach that aims to reconcile the apparent passage of time with the block universe goes by the name of causal set theory. First developed in the 1980s as an approach to quantum gravity by the physicist Rafael Sorkin—who was also at the conference—the theory is based on the idea that space-time is discrete rather than continuous. In this view, although the universe appears continuous at the macroscopic level, if we could peer down to the so-called Planck scale (distances of about 10-35meters) we’d discover that the universe is made up of elementary units or “atoms” of space-time. The atoms form what mathematicians call a “partially ordered set”—an array in which each element is linked to an adjacent element in a particular sequence. The number of these atoms (estimated to be a whopping 10240 in the visible universe) gives rise to the volume of space-time, while their sequence gives rise to time. According to the theory, new space-time atoms are continuously coming into existence. Fay Dowker, a physicist at Imperial College London, referred to this at the conference as “accretive time.” She invited everyone to think of space-time as accreting new space-time atoms in way roughly analogous to a seabed depositing new layers of sediment over time. General relativity yields only a block, but causal sets seem to allow a “becoming,” she said. “The block universe is a static thing—a static picture of the world—whereas this process of becoming is dynamical.” In this view, the passage of time is a fundamental rather than an emergent feature of the cosmos. (Causal set theory has made at least one successful prediction about the universe, Dowker pointed out, having been used to estimate the value of the cosmological constant based only on the space-time volume of the universe.)
********
The challenge, she said, is to frame this first-person experience within the static block offered by physics.
In the face of these competing models, many thinkers seem to have stopped worrying and learned to love (or at least tolerate) the block universe.
Perhaps the strongest statement made at the conference in favor of the block universe’s compatibility with everyday experience came from the philosopher Jenann Ismael of the University of Arizona. The way Ismael sees it, the block universe, properly understood, holds within it the explanation for our experience of time’s apparent passage. A careful look at conventional physics, supplemented by what we’ve learned in recent decades from cognitive science and psychology, can recover “the flow, the whoosh, of experience,” she said. In this view, time is not an illusion—in fact, we experience it directly. She cited studies that show that each moment we experience represents a finite interval of time. In other words, we don’t infer the flow of time; it’s part of the experience itself. The challenge, she said, is to frame this first-person experience within the static block offered by physics—to examine “how the world looks from the evolving frame of reference of an embedded perceiver” whose history is represented by a curve within the space-time of the block universe.
Ismael’s presentation drew a mixed response. Carroll said he agreed with everything she had said; Elitzur said he “wanted to scream” during her talk. (He later clarified: “If I bang my head against the wall, it’s because I hate the future.”) An objection voiced many times during the conference was that the block universe seems to imply, in some important way, that the future already exists, yet statements about, say, next Thursday’s weather are neither true nor false. For some, this seems like an insurmountable problem with the block-universe view. Ismael had heard these objections many times before. Future events exist, she said, they just don’t exist now. “The block universe is not a changing picture,” she said.“It’s a picture of change.” Things happen when they happen. “This is a moment—and I know everybody here is going to hate this—but physics could do with some philosophy,” she said. “There’s a long history of discussion about the truth-values of future contingent statements—and it really has nothing to do with the experience of time.” And for those who wanted to read more? “I recommend Aristotle,” she said.
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The Debate Over Time’s Place in the Universe
The Debate Over Time’s Place in the Universe
Einstein once described his friend Michele Besso as “the best sounding board in Europe” for scientific ideas. They attended university together in Zurich; later they were colleagues at the patent office in Bern. When Besso died in the spring of 1955, Einstein—knowing that his own time was also running out—wrote a now-famous letter to Besso’s family. “Now he has departed this strange world a little ahead of me,” Einstein wrote of his friend’s passing. “That signifies nothing. For us believing physicists, the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.”
Einstein’s statement was not merely an attempt at consolation. Many physicists argue that Einstein’s position is implied by the two pillars of modern physics: Einstein’s masterpiece, the general theory of relativity, and the Standard Model of particle physics. The laws that underlie these theories are time-symmetric—that is, the physics they describe is the same, regardless of whether the variable called “time” increases or decreases. Moreover, they say nothing at all about the point we call “now”—a special moment (or so it appears) for us, but seemingly undefined when we talk about the universe at large. The resulting timeless cosmos is sometimes called a “block universe”—a static block of space-time in which any flow of time, or passage through it, must presumably be a mental construct or other illusion.
George Ellis, a cosmologist at the University of Cape Town, listens to a presentation at the Time in Cosmology conferenceMany physicists have made peace with the idea of a block universe, arguing that the task of the physicist is to describe how the universe appears from the point of view of individual observers. To understand the distinction between past, present and future, you have to “plunge into this block universe and ask: ‘How is an observer perceiving time?’” said Andreas Albrecht, a physicist at the University of California, Davis, and one of the founders of the theory of cosmic inflation.Others vehemently disagree, arguing that the task of physics is to explain not just how time appears to pass, but why. For them, the universe is not static. The passage of time is physical. “I’m sick and tired of this block universe,” said Avshalom Elitzur, a physicist and philosopher formerly of Bar-Ilan University. “I don’t think that next Thursday has the same footing as this Thursday. The future does not exist. It does not! Ontologically, it’s not there.”Last month, about 60 physicists, along with a handful of philosophers and researchers from other branches of science, gathered at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada, to debate this question at the Time in Cosmology conference. The conference was co-organized by the physicist Lee Smolin, an outspoken critic of the block-universe idea (among other topics). His position is spelled out for a lay audience in Time Reborn and in a more technical work, The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time, co-authored with the philosopher Roberto Mangabeira Unger, who was also a co-organizer of the conference. In the latter work, mirroring Elitzur’s sentiments about the future’s lack of concreteness, Smolin wrote: “The future is not now real and there can be no definite facts of the matter about the future.” What is real is “the process by which future events are generated out of present events,” he said at the conference.Andreas Albrecht, a physicist at the University of California, Davis, presents his work on the nature of time. (Philip Cheung for Quanta Magazine)Those in attendance wrestled with several questions: the distinction between past, present, and future; why time appears to move in only one direction; and whether time is fundamental or emergent. Most of those issues, not surprisingly, remained unresolved. But for four days, participants listened attentively to the latest proposals for tackling these questions—and, especially, to the ways in which we might reconcile our perception of time’s passage with a static, seemingly timeless universe.
* * *
There are a few things that everyone agrees on. The directionality that we observe in the macroscopic world is very real: Teacups shatter but do not spontaneously reassemble; eggs can be scrambled but not unscrambled. Entropy—a measure of the disorder in a system—always increases, a fact encoded in the second law of thermodynamics. As the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann understood in the 19th century, the second law explains why events are more likely to evolve in one direction rather than another. It accounts for the arrow of time.
But things get trickier when we step back and ask why we happen to live in a universe where such a law holds. “What Boltzmann truly explained is why the entropy of the universe will be larger tomorrow than it is today,” said Sean Carroll, a physicist at the California Institute of Technology, as we sat in a hotel bar after the second day of presentations. “But if that was all you knew, you’d also say that the entropy of the universe was probably larger yesterday than today— because all the underlying dynamics are completely symmetric with respect to time.” That is, if entropy is ultimately based on the underlying laws of the universe, and those laws are the same going forward and backward, then entropy is just as likely to increase going backward in time. But no one believes that entropy actually works that way. Scrambled eggs always come after whole eggs, never the other way around.
To make sense of this, physicists have proposed that the universe began in a very special, low-entropy state. In this view, which the Columbia University philosopher of physics David Albert named the “past hypothesis,” entropy increases because the Big Bang happened to produce an exceptionally low-entropy universe. There was nowhere to go but up. The past hypothesis implies that every time we cook an egg, we’re taking advantage of events that happened nearly 14 billion years ago. “What you need the Big Bang to explain is: ‘Why were there ever unbroken eggs?’” Carroll said.
Some physicists are more troubled than others by the past hypothesis. Taking things we don’t understand about the physics of today’s universe and saying the answer can be found in the Big Bang could be seen, perhaps, as passing the buck —or as sweeping our problems under the carpet. Every time we invoke initial conditions, “the pile of things under the rug gets bigger,” said Marina Cortes, a cosmologist at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh and a co-organizer of the conference.
To Smolin, the past hypothesis feels more like an admission of failure than a useful step forward. As he puts it in The Singular Universe: “The fact to be explained is why the universe, even 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang, has not reached equilibrium, which is by definition the most probable state, and it hardly suffices to explain this by asserting that the universe started in an even less probable state than the present one.”
Other physicists, however, point out that it’s normal to develop theories that can describe a system given certain initial conditions. A theory needn’t strive to explain those conditions.
Another set of physicists think that the past hypothesis, while better than nothing, is more likely to be a placeholder than a final answer. Perhaps, if we’re lucky, it will point the way to something deeper. “Many people say that the past hypothesis is just a fact, and there isn’t any underlying way to explain it. I don’t rule out that possibility,” Carroll said. “To me, the past hypothesis is a clue to help us develop a more comprehensive view of the universe.”
Jenann Ismael, a philosopher at the University of Arizona, argues that the block universe holds within it the explanation for our experience of time’s apparent passage. *(Philip Cheung for Quanta Magazine)
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Can the arrow of time be understood without invoking the past hypothesis? Some physicists argue that gravity—not thermodynamics—aims time’s arrow. In this view, gravity causes matter to clump together, defining an arrow of time that aligns itself with growth of complexity, said Tim Koslowski, a physicist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (he described the idea in a 2014 paper co-authored by the British physicist Julian Barbour and Flavio Mercati, a physicist at Perimeter). Koslowski and his colleagues developed simple models of universes made up of 1,000 point-like particles, subject only to Newton’s law of gravitation, and found that there will always be a moment of maximum density and minimum complexity. As one moves away from that point, in either direction, complexity increases. Naturally, we—complex creatures capable of making observations—can only evolve at some distance from the minimum. Still, wherever we happen to find ourselves in the history of the universe, we can point to an era of less complexity and call it the past, Koslowski said. The models are globally time-symmetric, but every observer will experience a local arrow of time. It’s significant that the low-entropy starting point isn’t an add-on to the model. Rather, it emerges naturally from it. “Gravity essentially eliminates the need for a past hypothesis,” Koslowski said.
The idea that time moves in more than one direction, and that we just happen to inhabit a section of the cosmos with a single, locally defined arrow of time, isn’t new. Back in 2004, Carroll, along with his graduate student Jennifer Chen, put forward a similar proposal based on eternal inflation, a relatively well known model of the beginning of the universe. Carroll sees the work of Koslowski and his colleagues as a useful step, especially since they worked out the mathematical details of their model (he and Chen did not). Still, he has some concerns. For example, he said it’s not clear that gravity plays as important a role as their paper claims. “If you just had particles in empty space, you’d get exactly the same qualitative behavior,” he said.
Increasing complexity, Koslowski said, has one crucial side effect: It leads to the formation of certain arrangements of matter that maintain their structure over time. These structures can store information; Koslowski calls them “records.” Gravity is the first and primary force that makes record formation possible; other processes then give rise to everything from fossils and tree rings to written documents. What all of these entities have in common is that they contain information about some earlier state of the universe. I asked Koslowski if memories stored in brains are another kind of record. Yes, he said. “Ideally we would be able to build ever more complex models, and come eventually to the memory in my phone, the memory in my brain, in history books.” A more complex universe contains more records than a less complex universe, and this, Koslowski said, is why we remember the past but not the future.
But perhaps time is even more fundamental than this. For George Ellis, a cosmologist at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, time is a more basic entity, one that can be understood by picturing the block universe as itself evolving. In his “evolving block universe”model, the universe is a growing volume of space-time. The surface of this volume can be thought of as the present moment. The surface represents the instant where “the indefiniteness of the future changes to the definiteness of the past,” as he described it. “Space-time itself is growing as time passes.” One can discern the direction of time by looking at which part of the universe is fixed (the past) and which is changing (the future). Although some colleagues disagree, Ellis stresses that the model is a modification, not a radical overhaul, of the standard view. “This is a block universe with dynamics covered by the general-relativity field equations—absolutely standard—but with a future boundary that is the ever-changing present,” he said. In this view, while the past is fixed and unchangeable, the future is open. The model “obviously represents the passing of time in a more satisfactory way than the usual block universe,” he said.
The physicist Tim Koslowski listens to the discussion at the Time in Cosmology conference. (Philip Cheung for Quanta Magazine)
Unlike the traditional block view, Ellis’s picture appears to describe a universe with an open future—seemingly in conflict with a law-governed universe in which past physical states dictate future states. (Although quantum uncertainty, as Ellis pointed out, may be enough to sink such a deterministic view.) At the conference, someone asked Ellis if, given enough information about the physics of a sphere of a certain radius centered on the British Midlands in early June, one could have predicted the result of the Brexit vote. “Not using physics,” Ellis replied. For that, he said, we’d need a better understanding of how minds work.
Another approach that aims to reconcile the apparent passage of time with the block universe goes by the name of causal set theory. First developed in the 1980s as an approach to quantum gravity by the physicist Rafael Sorkin—who was also at the conference—the theory is based on the idea that space-time is discrete rather than continuous. In this view, although the universe appears continuous at the macroscopic level, if we could peer down to the so-called Planck scale (distances of about 10-35meters) we’d discover that the universe is made up of elementary units or “atoms” of space-time. The atoms form what mathematicians call a “partially ordered set”—an array in which each element is linked to an adjacent element in a particular sequence. The number of these atoms (estimated to be a whopping 10240 in the visible universe) gives rise to the volume of space-time, while their sequence gives rise to time. According to the theory, new space-time atoms are continuously coming into existence. Fay Dowker, a physicist at Imperial College London, referred to this at the conference as “accretive time.” She invited everyone to think of space-time as accreting new space-time atoms in way roughly analogous to a seabed depositing new layers of sediment over time. General relativity yields only a block, but causal sets seem to allow a “becoming,” she said. “The block universe is a static thing—a static picture of the world—whereas this process of becoming is dynamical.” In this view, the passage of time is a fundamental rather than an emergent feature of the cosmos. (Causal set theory has made at least one successful prediction about the universe, Dowker pointed out, having been used to estimate the value of the cosmological constant based only on the space-time volume of the universe.)
********
The challenge, she said, is to frame this first-person experience within the static block offered by physics.
In the face of these competing models, many thinkers seem to have stopped worrying and learned to love (or at least tolerate) the block universe.
Perhaps the strongest statement made at the conference in favor of the block universe’s compatibility with everyday experience came from the philosopher Jenann Ismael of the University of Arizona. The way Ismael sees it, the block universe, properly understood, holds within it the explanation for our experience of time’s apparent passage. A careful look at conventional physics, supplemented by what we’ve learned in recent decades from cognitive science and psychology, can recover “the flow, the whoosh, of experience,” she said. In this view, time is not an illusion—in fact, we experience it directly. She cited studies that show that each moment we experience represents a finite interval of time. In other words, we don’t infer the flow of time; it’s part of the experience itself. The challenge, she said, is to frame this first-person experience within the static block offered by physics—to examine “how the world looks from the evolving frame of reference of an embedded perceiver” whose history is represented by a curve within the space-time of the block universe.
Ismael’s presentation drew a mixed response. Carroll said he agreed with everything she had said; Elitzur said he “wanted to scream” during her talk. (He later clarified: “If I bang my head against the wall, it’s because I hate the future.”) An objection voiced many times during the conference was that the block universe seems to imply, in some important way, that the future already exists, yet statements about, say, next Thursday’s weather are neither true nor false. For some, this seems like an insurmountable problem with the block-universe view. Ismael had heard these objections many times before. Future events exist, she said, they just don’t exist now. “The block universe is not a changing picture,” she said.“It’s a picture of change.” Things happen when they happen. “This is a moment—and I know everybody here is going to hate this—but physics could do with some philosophy,” she said. “There’s a long history of discussion about the truth-values of future contingent statements—and it really has nothing to do with the experience of time.” And for those who wanted to read more? “I recommend Aristotle,” she said.
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Gullies on Mars Likely Not Carved by Liquid Water, NASA Says
Gullies on Mars Likely Not Carved by Liquid Water, NASA Says
By Calla Cofield, Space.com Staff Writer
Top: A region of the Martian landscape taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) that features a series of gullies.
Below: The same image, overlaid with observations by MRO's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM).
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UA/JHUAPL
Gullies that lace the surface of Mars appear similar to those carved out on Earth by flowing water — but a new a deep look at the Red Planet turned up no evidence that the life-giving liquid is the cause of the Martian features.
The surface of Mars appears to light up in pastel shades of pink, purple, blue and green in a new image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The colors show the chemical composition of a region that includes a handful of gullies streaking across the surface like veins.
While some scientists had theorized that the gullies form in a fashion similar to gullies on Earth — typically via a process involving liquid water — new composition maps of more than 100 gully sites provide no evidence of "abundant liquid water or its byproducts" in the shallow channels, according to a statement from NASA. [The Search for Water on Mars in Photos]
Scientists have a few clues to work with when trying to unravel how the Martian gullies form — and from there, learn something about the relatively recent geologic activity on the planet. First, the Martian gullies are "a widespread and common feature" on Mars, mostly between the 30- and 50-degree latitudes in both hemispheres, and generally occur "on slopes that face toward the poles," according to the NASA statement.
Previous observations by MRO's powerful High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera showed seasonal activity in gullies, Jorge Núñez of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, and lead author of the new study, said in the statement.
This animated NASA image shows a region of Mars that is home to gullies. The view is overlaid with observations that show the presence of different minerals on the surface.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UA/JHUAPL
Seasonal variations in surface features typically suggest that whatever is responsible for the features might be undergoing changes associated with ups and downs in temperature — such as water melting and freezing. For example, the seasonal appearance of dark streaks on the slopes of some Martian hillsides, known as recurring slope lineae (RSL), appears to be caused by the flow of very salty liquid water on the surface of Mars today.
Mars' gullies are different than the RSL, but, according to Nunez, some researchers had thought that liquid water might also be the mechanism forming the gullies. However, he noted that the "main mechanism" that the HiRISE researchers suspected was the freezing and thawing of carbon dioxide frost. (Evidence has been mounting in recent years to suggest that water is not the cause of the gullies' formation, including the results of a study from 2014 and another from 2010.)
To figure out which mechanism was at work, scientists want to look at the minerals present in the gullies.
"On Earth and on Mars, we know that the presence of phyllosilicates — clays — or other hydrated minerals indicates formation in liquid water," Núñez said in the statement.
Because different chemical elements absorb light differently, it's possible to "read" light coming from an object and see the different elements present therein with an instrument called a spectrometer. So the team aimed another MRO instrument at the gullies, the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). (HiRISE captures optical images, and thus couldn't provide any evidence about the minerals in or around the gullies.)
"In our study, we found no evidence for clays or other hydrated minerals in most of the gullies we studied," Núñez said. He noted that the clays they did see appeared to be ancient deposits that were exposed in the formation of the gullies, "rather than altered in more recent flowing water."
"These gullies are carving into the terrain and exposing clays that likely formed billions of years ago when liquid water was more stable on the Martian surface," he said.
The new study doesn't show conclusively that carbon dioxide frost is the culprit in forming the gullies, but it adds support to models that demonstrate that hypothesis.
The CRISM observation and analysis by Núñez and colleagues has been published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
Mystery Solved: Black Holes Twist Space-Time Like Taffy
Mystery Solved: Black Holes Twist Space-Time Like Taffy
By Space.com, staff
This artist's impression depicts the accretion disc surrounding a black hole, in which the inner region of the disc precesses. "Precession" means that the orbit of material surrounding the black hole changes orientation around the central object.
Credit: ESA/ATG medialab
A 30-year-old mystery about black holes has just been solved.
The story starts in the 1980s, when astronomers found that small (stellar-mass) black holes emit X-ray light that flickers in a curious pattern. At first, this flickering occurs every few seconds; however, the time between each flicker shortens over the course of a few months, eventually stopping completely.
This "quasi-periodic oscillation" (QPO) was thought to be a result of a phenomenon predicted by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity — that any object with enough mass, like a black hole, will twist space-time as it spins. Later, scientists calculated that these gravitational vortices will cause the orbits of particles around the black hole to change orientation, leading to the QPO phenomenon. [Images: Black Holes of the Universe]
"It is a bit like twisting a spoon in honey: Imagine that the honey is space, and anything embedded in the honey will be 'dragged' around by the twisting spoon," Adam Ingram, lead author of a new study describing the findings, said in a statement. "In reality, this means that anything orbiting a spinning object will have its motion affected," added Ingram, of the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
Though the observed QPO periods were close to those predicted by this idea, there had not been enough evidence to nail down the connection — until now.
Black Hole : How Well Do You Know Nature's Weirdest Creations?
Black holes are so bizarre, they sound unreal. Yet astronomers have found good evidence they exist. Test your knowledge of these wacky wonders.
Observations by the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton spacecraft and NASA's Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) satellite show that matter orbiting close to a black hole moves in paths that wobble in a characteristic way — one that reveals the gravity-twisting behavior of black holes, the researchers said.
The two satellites observed the X-ray light emitted by iron atoms in one black hole's accretion disk — the flat collection of dust and gas spiraling into the object. The accretion disk is receding on one side and approaching on the other, relative to the spacecraft; the light emitted is therefore shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum on the approaching side, and red-shifted on the other. (This is similar to the way sound waves emitted by an ambulance's siren are shifted as the vehicle approaches and then passes an observer.)
These shifts revealed the twisting motion of the accretion disk, which was caused by the black hole's powerful gravity, the researchers said.
"We have spent a lot of time trying to find smoking-gun evidence for this behavior," Ingram said.
The new study was published in May in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
An ultraviolet image of a small area of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies, which consists of more than 1,300 galaxies packed into a dense clump only 65 million light-years away.
Somewhere, in the deepest reaches of the cosmos, far from the safe confines of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, lies a monster. Slowly, inevitably, it is pulling. Over the course of billions of years, it draws us and everything near us closer to it. The only force that acts over such immense distance scales and through cosmic periods of time is gravity, so whatever it is, it's massive and unrelenting.
We call it the Great Attractor, and until recently, its true nature has been a complete mystery. Note that it's still a mystery, just not a complete one.
The Great Attractor was first discovered in the 1970s when astronomers made detailed maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background (the light left over from the early universe), and noticed that it was slightly (and "slightly" here means less than one one-hundredth of a degree Fahrenheit) warmer on one side of the Milky Way than the other — implying that the galaxy was moving through space at the brisk clip of about 370 miles per second (600 km/s).
Even though astronomers could measure the rapid velocity, they couldn't explain its origin.
First, why is there a mystery in the first place? Astronomers are fantastically good at looking at stuff in space — it is, after all, their one job. So you'd think by now someone would've pointed a telescope in the direction of our motion and … well, figured it out. But there's a problem: whatever the Great Attractor is, it lies in the direction of the constellation Centaurus, and the disk of our own Milky Way cuts right through our view that way. Our galaxy is full of junk — stars, gas, dust, more gas — and all that junk blocks the light from the more distant universe.
So we're fantastically good at mapping most of the large-scale structure of the universe, except where we're forced to look through our own galaxy. Ever the dramatic bunch, astronomers have called this region the Zone of Avoidance.
And dang it, the Great Attractor sits right back there, deep in the Zone, difficult to characterize. Thankfully, that's been starting to change, as X-ray and radio astronomers have peered through the murky depths of the Milky Way and begun a hazy, uncertain sketch of that hitherto unknown patch of universe.
Go Big and go home
To understand what's going on with the Great Attractor, we need to look at the big picture. And I mean Big: The biggest picture of all. Beyond our Milky Way galaxy is our nearest decent-size galactic neighbor, the Andromeda Galaxy. A little over 2.5 million light-years away, it's practically down the street at the scales I'm talking about.
The Milky Way, Andromeda, the Triangulum Galaxy, and a few dozen hangers-on form the Local Group, a gravitationally bound clump about 10 million light-years across.
The Next Big Thing down the way is the Virgo Cluster, the Downtown of our local patch of universe: More than 1,300 galaxies packed into a dense clump only 65 million light-years away. The Virgo Cluster is gravitationally bound, too, which means about what you think it would mean: Its member galaxies tend to hang out near each other, tied up by their mutual gravity.
Going bigger than that and it gets a little fuzzy, in terms of defining extra-galactic structures. There are enormous collections of galaxies called "superclusters," and for a long time they were loosely defined as "Eh, it's larger than a cluster, but smaller than a universe." They got sweet names, too, based on what constellation we looked through to map out the structure, or named after old astronomers: Virgo Supercluster, Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, Shapley Supercluster, etc. That definition worked fine until we needed to start getting serious work done; e.g., figuring out what the heck is going on with the Great Attractor.
Go with the Flow
We live in a hierarchical universe. That is, over the past 13-and-change billion years, matter has been accumulating into small clumps, which merged into bigger clumps, which merged into even bigger clumps. The party came to a stop, however, about 5 billion years ago when dark energy started to dominate … but that's the subject of another article.
Our universe has already formed galaxies, groups and clusters. Our own Local Group is condensing, with the Milky Way and Andromeda headed for a collision in about 5 billion years. The Local Group itself, along with some other groups and smaller clusters, are cruising along the gravitational highways to the downtown Virgo Cluster, which is at the center of the conveniently-named Virgo Supercluster.
And all the nearby stuff — including the Milky Way, Andromeda, the Virgo Cluster, and environs — are heading toward the Great Attractor. A combination of more sophisticated (read: any) surveys within the Zone of Avoidance, and a more sophisticated (read: any) understanding of what exactly is a "supercluster," have begun to unravel the mystery of the Great Attractor.
Instead of just being a "large blob of galaxies," studies of the velocities of galaxies in our local neighborhood of the universe have led to a better working definition of "supercluster:" a volume of space where all the galaxies in that space are "flowing" to a common center. And this definition has reworked our understanding of the local universe. The Virgo Supercluster isn't an isolated object, but just an arm (to be fair, a tremendously huge arm) of an even larger structure: the Laniakea Supercluster.
The Not-So-Great Attractor
Looking at super-galactic structures through the lens of flows of matter, it's easy to see what's going on with the Great Attractor. We live in a hierarchical universe, with small structures assembling like galactic Lego blocks into larger ones. The Milky Way and Andromeda are headed toward the center of the Local Group as it condenses. All the stuff in the Virgo Supercluster is falling toward its center: the Virgo Cluster.
And all the stuff in the Laniakea Supercluster is falling toward its center, currently occupied by the Norma Cluster, which is the accumulation of all the gas and galaxies that already beat us there.
So the Great Attractor isn't really a thing, but a place: the focal point of our patch of the universe, the end result of a process set in motion more than 13 billion years ago, and the natural result of the flows and buildup of matter in our universe. How did this process begin? Well, that, too, is another article….
And before I go: The Great Attractor won't stay that Great for long. In fact, we'll never reach it. Before we do, dark energy will rip the Norma Cluster away from us. Clusters will stay like they are, but superclusters will never live up to their names. So take comfort in that: we have nothing to fear from the Great Attractor.
A very young star has been discovered by itself, far from any star forming region. It is so isolated that astronomers are confounded as to how it came to be.
By collecting data from several observatories, researchers have realized that the star, called CX330, is going through an outburst. This energetic phase in the star's youth has heated the gas and dust surrounding it, making it glow in infrared radiation.
The fact that its outburst has been detected puts it in an already rare collection of stellar objects, but what makes CX330 unique is its apparent solitude. Frankly, the star shouldn't exist and in earlier observations it wasn't clear if it was even a star.
"We tried various interpretations for it, and the only one that makes sense is that this rapidly growing young star is forming in the middle of nowhere," said Chris Britt, of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, in a statement. Britt is lead author of a study focusing on CX330published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
WATCH VIDEO: The Youngest Galaxy and Oldest Star
By comparing infrared observations by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Spitzer Space Telescope, Britt's team found the star had increased in brightness 100-fold between 2007 and 2010. Only around a dozen stars exhibiting this type of rapid outburst have been recorded, but all were found in dense star-forming regions inhabited by other young stars. These stellar nurseries are hothouses for star formation.
But CX330 is 1,000 light-years from the nearest star forming region, leaving the researchers to speculate how it ended up by itself in an apparently empty void.
Could it be possible that the star was formed in a star formation region, only for it to be gravitationally slingshot out of the nest? This is highly unlikely as astronomers estimate the star is only a million years old and it is still consuming the gas and dust surrounding it. All lines of inquiry point to the fact the star was born where it is now and hasn't migrated far.
Another idea is that it might not be alone at all and it's with a group of other very faint stars, though there is no observational clues of their existence.
Regardless of its origins, we are very lucky to see the energetic outburst of a young star as this phase is predicted to last only a few years -- a fraction of a moment when considering the millions to billions of years life cycle of a star.
The last observations of CX330 were taken in 2015 and astronomers hope to check in with the baby star again soon to see whether it is still having a tantrum. By doing so, they hope to refine stellar evolution models. One model of star birth suggests singular stars can be born alone, far from the frenzied star nurseries where many stellar embryos compete for material to grow, sparked by turbulence in an interstellar cloud. If CX330 really is a stellar loner, it could be a unique example of this fascinating star formation model.
Filer’s Files #31 – 2016 New UFO Revelations - PART I
A farmer in Strongfield, Canada shot this image on-July 1st 2016.
Filer’s Files #31 – 2016 New UFO Revelations - PART I
In special reports, this week’s files cover: Dr. Linus Pauling and UFOs, William Tompkins Aviation Designer, Vril UFO Disc Developer Maria Orsic, Majestic 12 Document, Brazilian Air Force UFO Document Release, and 2016 UFO Sighting Map.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over California, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Australia, Canada, Eire, Georgia, Macedonia, Portugal, Russia, Sri Lanka, and England in the United Kingdom.
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The weekly intelligence report provides you with information on the latest sightings and UFO news that you need to understand the world situation. The purpose of these files is to report the UFO eyewitness and photo/video evidence that occurs on a daily basis around the world and in space. These Files assume that extraterrestrial intelligent life not only exists, but my hypothesis is that the over a thousand UFOs reported each month represent technologically advanced spacecraft conducting surveillance of Earth. I personally became interested in UFOs when London Control ordered me to intercept one over England while flying for the US Air Force and Prince Phillip told me of his personal interest in UFOs. The US Air Force investigated UFOs for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
There is a new world coming
Lt. George A. Filer III a few years ago
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
Www.nationalUFOcenter.com. Now receiving 3 million hits a month
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors.
Special Projects
Dr. Linus Pauling and UFOs
Anthony Bragalia writes, Nobel Prize winner Dr. Linus Pauling -physicist, chemist and controversial advocate of Vitamin C therapy- was a secret UFO researcher who authored intriguing confidential studies on the flying saucer phenomena. Recently acquired information also reveals that Pauling may have provided his technical expertise to Battelle Memorial Institute in the study of Roswell-like memory metal in the years after the crash!
Emerging research reveals that Pauling was intensely studying UFOs and that he had a special relationship with Battelle- a research and development contractor known to have been active in UFO study through its work with the USAF’s Project Blue Book. Battelle has also been implicated in the study of the Roswell UFO crash debris “memory metal.” Pauling was invited by Clyde Williams, the Director of Battelle at the time of the Roswell crash, to discuss “intermetallics” – a class of materials which are the basis for “shape memory” alloys!
A truly multi-disciplinary scientist, Pauling is distinguished as one of only four individuals to have won multiple Nobel prizes. He is the only scientist to have ever been awarded his prizes without sharing it with another recipient. Named in the list of the “20 Greatest Scientists of All Time” by New Scientist magazine, Pauling held a PhD in Mathematical Physics and Physical Chemistry from Caltech.
Francis Crick, the co-inventor of the DNA model, was a close Pauling associate. Crick acknowledged Dr. Pauling as one of the world’s “greatest minds” and to be “The Father of Molecular Biology.” Crick was also the architect of the theory of “Directed Panspermia” which holds that the “seeds of life” were spread through the Universe through extraterrestrial action. Crick -like his friend Linus Pauling- shared deep interest in intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe.
PAULING’S VITAMIN C DISCOVERY
Pauling is most well-known by the general public for his advocacy of high doses of Vitamin C to help lessen the duration and severity of the common cold. Today millions consume the vitamin for the prevention and treatment of colds and in the improvement of health.
Pauling personally consumed 3 grams of Vitamin C every day of his adult life. He died in 1994 at the age of 93. Pauling believed that an adjunctive cancer therapy could be found in mega-doses of Vitamin C delivered by IV. In 2007, the National Academy of Science reported that cancer survival rates were substantially improved with IV-delivered Vitamin C. Phase I Clinical Trials are expected to begin shortly.
Holding Top Secret clearance during WW II, Pauling advanced military research and development and devised many inventions for our defense departments including life-safety systems, explosives and missile propellants. However Pauling -with his belief in ET clearly established, as shown in the next section of this article- then abruptly eschewed his military R&D work in favor of becoming a vocal peace advocate. He championed nuclear disarmament and opposed the militarization of outer space. UFO STUDIES Pauling’s lifelong dedication to scientific discovery included the intense study of the flying saucer phenomena and of extraterrestrial intelligence. He believed it to be likely that we have been visited by beings capable of interplanetary travel. Within documents that were located in the Special Collections library at Oregon State University (where Pauling earned a degree in Chemical Engineering and where his papers are now archived) are found portions of UFO studies by Pauling that he composed in July of 1966. Pauling examines several aspects of UFOs and offers ideas about the phenomena that were advanced many years later by others. He explores the possibility that extraterrestrial beings have been in contact with the earth over a long period of time.” He also alluded to the idea of Panspermia- a concept advanced by his friend, Francis Crick the Nobel Prize winner who discovered DNA, years before Crick did so. Pauling envisions “the extraterrestrial origin of man and some or all of the organisms on earth.” When Pauling died, it was discovered that he had maintained a massive library of well-worn UFO books.
Pauling was a close friend of Clyde Williams, the Executive Director of Battelle Memorial Institute in the 1940s and 1950s. Williams and Pauling shared a unique research interest in “intermetallics” which are especially complex metal alloys that are associated with “shape memory” or the ability to “morph.” Battelle was contracted by Wright Patterson Air Force Base to conduct scientific analysis on the UFO phenomenon in support of the Air Force’s Project Grudge (later Project Blue Book.).” Williams wanted to tap Pauling’s expertise in exotic metals to determine the structure of intermetallic compounds in the UFO crash at Roswell.” Dr. Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application in the elucidation of complex substances.” In fact by the 1950s, Pauling was thought to be the premier materials chemist in the entire world. Intermetallics constitute a then-novel (and highly unusual) class of materials. They are mostly compounds of metals whose crystal structures are different from those of constituent metals. The best known representatives of intermetallics are the shape memory alloys (SMA’s.) Shape memory metal was reported as a “morphing material” found at the reported UFO crashes near Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. The best known of these shape-recovery materials is Nitinol. Nitinol has been historically traced by this author as having its origins in Battelle studies that were contracted by Wright Patterson AFB, where the crash material was reportedly flown to.
Buried within the pages of Pauling’s personal copy of the 1966 bestseller Flying Saucers: Serious Business is a copy of a letter from Pauling to the President of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology that concerns UFO study; and includes the statement, “There are such difficult cases as the rancher near Roswell, New Mexico.” Linus Pauling -one of the most brilliant scientists in all history. But perhaps it is his work on UFOs and exotic metals – and his subsequent promotion of global and interplanetary peace- that may well prove to be his greatest legacy. Special Thanks to Tony Bragalia
William Tompkins Aviation Designer
William Tompkins with Admiral Larry Marsh
Aviation designer William (Bill) Tompkins appears to be one of the most highly prized employees of the government’s secret space program for his ability to conceptualize the big picture placing him at the highest levels of the alien-human interface. Dr Bob Woods introduced me to Bill saying that Bill worked at Lockheed when he was there and had excess to some of the most extraordinary projects. Bill claims Navy Admirals are encouraging him to tell his classified story.
Bill had high level clearances in the Navy, at Douglas Aviation, Northrop., JPL and NASA.
He claims in his book, “Selected by Extraterrestrials,” there is an alien ET threat. He helped the Navy to push into space to counter these threats through the development of fantastic near and deep space battle groups and bases in this solar system and on other solar systems across the universe in alliance with friendly ETs. Bill and the female Nordic ETs played a very large role in conceptualizing and presenting this to the Naval High Command which essentially runs NASA. Bill claims we are working with Nordic ETs who are helping us copy what the Nordic ETs already have operating across part of our Galaxy. Bill worked with the help of mostly female Nordic friendly ETs he worked with within aviation companies. He claims not all ETs are friendly; the Draco Reptilians are aggressive and plan to take over the Earth. We are being hindered by unfriendly Reptilian-Grey groups also infiltrating the secret programs. He claims the Reptilians have become masters of manipulation of earth human minds. The other races like the Nordic humans intervene both physically and telepathically to help earth humans develop technologically and spiritually in order carry their own weight in these complex extraterrestrial struggles. Friendly ETs are spread rather thin across this sector of the Milky Way and are bringing primitive technological worlds up to speed to help fight the Reptilians. Bill helped build space ships and a space weapons programs to defend Earth. Tompkins claims he is being encouraged to reveal the struggle in outer space because more space assets are needed to carry the fight to the Reptilians, or at least have them realize a fight with the combined ET and Earth’s forces would be too costly.
UFO Disc Developer Maria Orsic
Maria Orsic, also known as Maria Orschitsch was a famous medium who became the leader of the Vril Gesellschaft Society. She was born in Vienna and in 1919, Maria moved to Munich to be with her fiancé where she was in contact with the Thule Gesellschaft. She soon created her own circle of friends: the “Alldeutsche Gesellschaft für Metaphysik”, official name of the Vril Society. Allegedly Maria Orsic communicated with Extraterrestrials in the 1920s and was provided early UFO technology.
Vril Society was composed of young ladies, which were against the arising fashion of short hair-styles for women. Maria had blond long hair in long horse tails, a very uncommon hairstyle at that time. This became a distinctive characteristic in all the women who integrated into the Vril Society. They believed that their long hair acted as cosmic antennae to receive alien communication from beyond. For identification, Vril members wore a disk.
n December 1919 a small group of persons from Thule, Vril and DHvSS (Men of the black stone) rented a small forester’s lodge in the vicinity of Berchtesgaden. Germany where they met, accompanied by Maria Orsic and another medium who is only known as Sigrun. Maria claimed to have received transmissions in a secret German Templar script containing technical data for the construction of a flying machine. Vril documents mention these telepathic messages had their origin from a planet near Aldebaran. She had two piles of papers: one with the Templar script, the other in the ancient Sumerian eastern language. Sigrun a lady from the Vril helped translate the language and decipher the strange mental images of a circular flight machine.
Because of the financing difficulties it took three years until the flying machine project started taking shape. By 1922, parts for the machine began arriving independently from various industrial sources paid in full by Thule and Vril.
Maria Orsic was contacted by “the Sumi, dwellers of a distant world, which orbits the brightest star Aldebaran in the constellation Taurus the Bull”. Aldebaran is an orange giant star located about 65 light years away and is the fourteenth brightest star in the nighttime sky. The name Aldebaran means “the Follower”, presumably because it rises near and soon after the Pleiades. According to the voice, the Sumi were a humanoid race who had briefly colonized Earth 500 million years ago. The ruins of ancient Larsa, Shurrupak and Nippur in Iraq had been built by them. Those of them who survived the great flood of the Deluge of Noah’s Ark had become the ancestors of the Aryan race. The Vril group built the discs as instructed and one model is shown..
Vril 1 Jaeger Hunter Disc.
She was active in the German national movement to annex Austria with the German Reich. It is likely the SS discovered her new Vril craft and encouraged her to provide help for them.
Tomkins working under Admiral Rico Botta who had a series of spies who spent months in Nazi Germany collecting intelligence data discovered information about Maria and the SS Disc craft. The Navy spies claimrd the alien Reptilians provided Nazi Germany with some 17 disc shaped craft and important technology. Not much is known why or how this arrangement occurred.
LaterBill worked with NASA’s Director Dr. Debus the Penemede German rocket genius who was brought to the United States as part of Paperclip after World War II. Bill thought Dr. Debus was aware of the Stargate concept and the dimensional portal or gateway to Aldebaran where Maria Orsic was said to have gone in 1945. At the end of World War II some 9,000 German scientists and engineers were brought to the US, while Russia captured a similar number. With the help of the Germans and ETs our space program has been greatly enhanced.
ill claims several types of ET aliens are on Earth and the negative ones can manipulate our minds, while positive ones through love, compassion help to counter the psychological threats to our inner and outer worlds.
Thanks to Joseph Trainor – UFO Roundup. Jeff Rense Radio with Tompkins, Filer, Chille: Rense Radio
Majestic 12
According to Dr Robert Wood and Ryan Wood, the burned document, is an original carbon with an Eagle watermark characteristic of government work, but so far forensic laboratories have been unable to trace it…. Although no dated is given, its content directly suggests the month of September in the early 1960s.
The burned document dates from the Kennedy era and has the characteristics of a government document. If its contents are accurate, it provides smoking gun evidence of a direct link between Kennedy’s efforts to gain access to UFO information and his assassination. Burned Memo
The nine-page “burned” memo, stamped TOP SECRET/MJ-12, is named because it was snatched from a fire before being destroyed, which is why it is discolored and disintegrating. Unlike many of the Majestic documents, this one is an original carbon with an Eagle watermark characteristic of government work, but so far forensic laboratories have been unable to trace it.
The memo is from the Director of Central Intelligence (MJ-1) to MJ-2, MJ-3, MJ-7, in reference to Project MAJESTIC and JEHOVAH, Project EVIRO, Project PARASITE, and Project PARHELION. Although no dated is given, its content directly suggests the month of September. The year is estimated to be in the early 1960s and is still under investigation. The purpose is to have the team review a new set of directives and recommend changes that can be agreed on. Of note is the statement:
“As you must know LANCER [code word for JFK] has made some inquiries regarding our activities which we cannot allow.”
The eight tabs of directives are fascinating:(A) President’s EYES ONLY, (B) “NEED-TO-KNOW” (C) DoD 5200.1(D) Project BLUE BOOK (E) Freedom of Information (F) PSYOP (G) BW (biological weapons) (H) Project ENVIRONMENT
Particularly chilling is the Biological Weapons directive, which states: “Designated MJ projects should be held in readiness to perform SPIKE and HOUSE CLEANING operations in major population centers in the event conventional methods are not satisfactory. Specialists from MK-ULTRA and ARTICHOKE are hereby activated to conduct DOMESTIC.”
Logically, this paragraph refers to UFO retrieval operations. The authenticity of these directives seems beyond question: original onionskin papers, proper forensically verified red ink of the time period, and rare “CI” (counter intelligence) stamps. From Website
Brazilian Air Force UFO Documents Release
Gabrielle Pickard writes, “The newly released information tracks an incident that occurred in Brazil in 1986 when around 20 UFOs were sighted by numerous airplanes and by ground radar.”
According to the reports, the UFOs were sighted by at least six aircraft and by ground radar on the night of May 19, 1986, flying over several states in the south east of Brazil.
Unidentified radar returns were tracked by the Integrated Air Defense and Air Traffic Control Center in Brasilia, as well as by Sao Paulo Airport. Three Mirage jet fighters and two F-5E planes were said to have been scrambled from in the states of Sao Paulo and Goias.
As UFO Evidence states, the incident was “discussed openly” by Brazil’s high ranking government officials (2). The case was reported by the president of the Brazil-owned oil firm Petrobras, Ozires Silva. Reports say that Silva had been flying on a jet plane when he and the pilot sighted and pursued the UFOs from almost half an hour.
Media Attention
The case got a lot of attention in the media in Brazil. Several days after the sighting, a press conference was given at the Ministry of Aeronautics. At the time, General Otavio Moreira Lima, the Minister of Aeronautics, described the incident in the press conference, stating:
Between 20:00 hrs. (5/19) and 01:00 hrs. (5/20) at least 20 objects were detected by Brazilian radars. They saturated the radars and interrupted traffic in the area. Each time that radar detected unidentified objects, fighters took off for intercept. Radar detects only solid metallic bodies and heavy (mass) clouds. There were neither clouds nor conventional aircraft in the region. The sky was clear. Radar doesn’t have optical illusions.”
The Air Force admitted that they did not have the technical operational conditions to explain the incident but announced that a commission would be made in order to study the incident.
What is interesting is that the Aeronautics Commission report was never released. However, accounts of the radar controllers and air force pilots that witnessed the UFOs flying over north-eastern skies of Brazil in 1986 were widely published in the media.
Classified Info
30 years later, Brazil decided to publish the formerly classified information. On Reddit, a video of a report of the incident that shows the dialogue between the pilot and the controller as they were chasing the UFO caused quite a stir amongst readers (3).
One Reddit reader asked “Why is this nowhere else on the entire Internet?”
Another was quick to note that the report was shown on the popular Brazilian news show ‘Fanastico, which only covers the most important news of the week, proving that the story about the UFO incident is being taken seriously.
Top Secret Writers is keen to keep our readers up to date about secret, classified UFO documents, and why governments remain intent on keeping them hidden from the public domain (4).
The fact that Brazil has gone ahead and declassified such information 30 years after the UFO incident took place could possibly suggest that there may be some new clues as to what the Brazilian government knows about the mysterious UFO incident that took place over Brazil in 1986. Thanks to Gabrielle Pickard Originally published on com
197 UFO Sightings Reports Map to July 16, 2016
Thanks to UFOs Northwest William Puckett, Director Website
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
