The Mystery of Rh-Negative Blood

What Does the absence of Rhesus monkey factor mean?

No solid scientific explanation exists as to how or why Rh- blood came about. It is presumed to be the result of a random mutation. Have you ever felt you were weird or different? It may be due to your DNA … 85% of humans have the monkey gene (RH+) and 15% do not (RH-) and maybe have an alien gene instead. RH- people are characterized by higher IQs, sensitive vision, lower body temperatures, sensitivity to heat and sunlight, psychic power, ability to stop watches and electrical appliances and having extra vertebrae…

Of the human blood types, O is the most common. It is a universal blood type. Blood types are further broken down into two groups, negative and positive. This is called the RH factor. The RH factor is the Rhesus (rhesus as in monkey) blood factor. If your blood tests positive for this, you have the factor in your blood. If you test negative, you do not have the factor in your blood. The RH factor is a protein found in the human blood that is directly linked to the Rhesus Monkey.

When blood type is inherited from your parents, it is known that this factor element of the blood is the most consistent human or animal characteristic passed on to the off spring. There are VERY few aberrations. It rarely changes.

Most people, about 85%, have RH-positive blood. That could support the idea that humans evolved or were derived from Primates. 15 % of humans have RH-negative blood. If blood type is one of least mutable human characteristic, where did the RH negative come from? This question has puzzled scientists for years. There is some evidence that suggests the RH-negative blood group may have appeared about 35,000 years ago. And the appearance was regional and seemed to, originally, be connected with certain groups/tribes of people.

Northern Spain and Southern France is where you can find some of the highest concentration of the RH-negative factor in the Basque people. Another original group were the Eastern/Oriental Jews. In general, about 40 – 45% of Europeans have the RH-negative group. Only about 3% of African descendent and about 1% of Asian or Native American descendent has the RH-negative group. Due to the larger European numbers, it is a safe bet that was where it was introduced into the human genetic code. Could this also be where the Caucasian was introduced? Is the introduction of Caucasian related to the RH-blood factor.

If the RH-negative factor is a ‘normal’ presentation of blood, then why is there a problem when a mother of the RH-negative blood group gives birth to an RH-positive blood group baby. This Hemolytic disease, actually an allergic reaction, can cause death when the two different blood groups are mingled during pregnancy. When the antigenic substances attack the negative blood group it can destroy the blood cells. So why does the human body produce antigens to this blood type? Is the blood group alien?

The only other time this occurs in nature is, as an example, when donkeys and horses are crossed to produce mules. This is not ‘natural’ because left alone in the wild, these animals would never cross breed. Only with intervention would this happen. Was there a cross breeding of two human like beings, similar but genetically different?

People with RH-negative blood group have certain characteristics that seem to be common among the majority. Here is a brief list of the most common.

¨ Extra vertebra.
¨ Higher than average IQ
¨ More sensitive vision and other senses.
¨ Lower body temperature
¨ Higher blood pressure
¨ Increased occurrence of psychic/intuitive abilities
¨ Predominantly blue, green, or Hazel eyes
¨ Red or reddish hair
¨ Has increased sensitivity to heat and sunlight
¨ Cannot be cloned
¨ Alien Abduction and other unexplained phenomenon

So what does this mean? What can be concluded?

The appearance of RH-negative blood did not follow the usual evolutionary path. In fact, evolution would seem to be ruled out as a possible cause of the anomaly. It has been proven that blood is the least likely to mutate. There are no other blood mutations. The introduction of the RH-negative blood type was not a naturally occurring part of human evolution.

This would lend credence that the RH-negative factor was introduced from an outside source. Could the source be from human like beings from another planet? Or maybe we are just as alien as they are, in that, we are a product of their manipulation and interference. Could they have come here and manipulated life forms already present on earth to create modern man?

Many ancient texts, including, the Bible, do support this theory. Many stories in the ancient texts, especially pre-Christian texts, do tell about a race that from the Heavens to the Earth Came. And they created man in their image. Man saw them as gods, living long lives and performing miracles. Flying about in the sky ships and shooting fire and creating ear-shattering booms. The humans watched as these gods built massive and glorious houses and created beautiful cities for themselves. From man’s primitive point of view, they were gods. But that was early man’s point of view.

Who were the gods? The ancient stories tell us a lot about these gods. They obviously had advanced technology capable of space travel and air travel. They knew about aviation, metallurgy, the universe, the cosmic progression, medicine and evidently genetics. They knew about atomic energy and weapons and used them. Evidence of this can be found on Earth. They knew about agriculture and how to create more nutritious grains and other food staples. All of the basic grains that humans rely on for food have been determined to have all appeared at the same time spanning roughly a 10,000 year period. A very short time, geologically speaking. And no new grain has since been developed.

Our ancient texts tell us they began to take humans for their spouses. The Bible says, and the gods looked upon woman and found her pleasant to behold and took her as their wives. They had children, many children. But not all humans were a result of interbreeding. The first human was a result of scientific research combining primates with the gods’ genes. The first humans were not a product of interbreeding. But small portions of humans are a result of this interbreeding and their blood type can support this.

In the first part of this article, I described to you what happens when two species who similar but genetically different interbreed. They produce hybrids. The example I gave was about horses, donkeys, and mules. Mules are the hybrid, the product of a union between a horse and a donkey. However, mules are born sterile because there is no genetic relationship between the horse and the donkey.

When humans were first created, they were a product of two genetically similar but not related species.

The combination of the DNA of the primates and the gods was produced ‘artificially’ in a lab. If the gods have the technology to create a new species, they would have no problem overcoming the problem of the hybrids being sterile. A little genetic manipulation and it would no longer be an issue.

Three proto types of humans were created. Each one successively more advanced. Two types by design and the last by chance.Neanderthal Man is suspected of being an early humanoid created by the gods but Cro-magnon was definitely a product of their intervention. The next type is whom we call pre-human and then we have modern man. Modern man was a result of interbreeding between the gods and pre-humans. This interbreeding for the most part created no problems in the resulting offspring, except for a line that inherited, from their godly parents, the RH-negative blood type.

This is supported by the fact that these humans did not inherit the protein found in the blood that is directly linked to the Rhesus Monkey. They did not inherit it because one of their parents did not have the monkey protein. This protein is present only because combining primate DNA with DNA from the gods created the original human proto-type that carried the monkey protein. So in conclusion, I suggest that man is a creation of a highly technological race of human like beings that From the Heavens to the Earth came. I suggest that these advanced beings are still among us today and are still very active in the affairs of man. To what end, I can only suggest.

Global Blood suppliers managed to infect or kill 90% of Hemophiliacs in world by providing them with tainted blood. If Hemophiliac is the “Royal Disease”, woe to generations of boys, who could not be king. Worldwide, over 120,000 men, women and boys…a true “genetic holocaust”…are now infected with HIV worldwide…due to tainted blood transfusions At least 25,000 have died.

In some areas, the Rh-Negative blood factor is referred to as “Blood Royale” or “Royal Blood”. For centuries, European royalty have been inflicted with Hemophilia or “bleeders disease”. Apparently, Queen Victoria was a “carrier” of Hemophilia and gave it to all of her children who then intermarried and infected the bloodlines of very throne in Europe during the 1800s and 1900s.

As a direct result, Hemophilia became known as the “Royal Disease”. To keep this in perspective, only about 5% of all “royalty” have Rh-Factor negative blood…which means “less than the general population. That would indicate that the vast majority of “rulers” and “monarchs” are NOT Rhesus-factor negative. Is this by chance? or by genetic engineering called “arranged marriages”?

For all practical purposes the cultural group with the highest rates of Rh-negative blood are the “Berbers” of Morocco. In an earlier meme, i indicated that the highest concentration of Rh-Factor Negative was from Iraq. It seems that the Berbers may actually have originated thousands of years ago, from the border of Syria and Iraq.

If European royalty are no disposed to intermarriage with Rh-Negs, it may be because they are avoiding the “arab” bloodline? Let’s not get ahead of ourselves. It appears that the Basque Rh-neg factors come from ancient Berber sea farers as early as 8,000 BC! Perhaps, many of the “cave paintings” may be attributed to “strangers” of great artistic ability that migrated into the area.

Is “hyper-creativity” a “symptom” of Rh-Negative Blood? Artists? Entertainers? Who knows…but if European Royalty refuse to marry into the Rh Negative blood line it means one thing…Rh-Neg people are a “competing royal line”.

How do you get rid of it once and for all? Although the British would love for you to think that Victoria was the world’s first carrier…don’t be confused. It was he Hapsburg’s disease. Was Victoria a Hapsburg?

The unofficial motto of the Hapsburg family was “Bella gerunt alii, tu, felix Austria, nubes!” (”Where others must fight wars, you, fortunate Austria, marry!).

It’s curious that “marriage” can be a “dynastic” undertaking but it can also be a perverse form of “bio-warfare” or “genetic warfare”. In fact, the disease was much more ancient.

The “Father of Surgery” was El Zarhawi or Albucasis, 1013-1106. Albucasis described a family where only males died from blood loss after the most trivial of injury.

– http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/zahravi.html  

His full name was Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahravi. He was born and brought up in Zahra (zorro?) , the royal suburb of Cordova (Arabic Qurtuba), the capital of Muslim Spain. As we know from the history, Zahra competed in grandeur and magnificence with Baghdad. Al-Zahravi served in the capacity of the court physician to King Al-Hakam-II of Spain. After a long and distinguished medical career he died in 1013 C.E.

As an inventor of many surgical instruments, Al-Zahravi is famous for developing instruments for internal examination of the ear, internal inspection of the urethra and for applying or removing foreign bodies from the throat. He introduced such new procedures as cauterization of wounds, crushing stones inside the bladder, the vivisection and dissection.

He applied cauterization procedure to as many as 50 different operations. In addition, Al-Zahravi discussed the preparation of medicines and the application of such techniques as sublimation and decantation. He prescribed the use of diuretics, sudorifics, purgatives, the absorption of pure wine and hot baths. Al-Zahravi was the first to give detailed description hemophilia and was the first to use silk thread for stitching wounds.

So, you begin to wonder if the good doctor was treating an “Arab” family in Moorish Spain for the disease. Then you begin to wonder just where a supposed blue blood like Victoria got her “Arab Royalty Disease”??? Was it a disease of Spanish Royalty?

In other words, was marriage to Victoria’s daughters a way to kill or weaken future “non-Hapsburg” kings…since mostly males only contract the disease from their mothers? Still, Hemophilia was in Royalty long before Victoria.

Victoria’s daughters passed the disease into the Spanish, German and Russian Royal lines and threatened the thrones of all of Europes major powers. It would appear that Victoria is actually a direct descendant of Ferdinand of Castille, who retook he city of Castille in 1236, where the surgeon Abulcasis had counseled King Hakam II about a family who’s sons died easily.

What’s the connection between Hemophilia, Rh-Negative, AIDS and Royal Blood?
http://memes.org/rhfactor-negative-blood-rhrhesus-monkey-factor-vs-aids-spread-chimpanzeesbio-war-against-royal-blood

http://therhnegativefactor.webs.com/chapter1.htm

 As you can see the vast majority of RH- people come from the Basque people of France and Spain, and then Europe has the second highest percentage.  We can surmise that the RH- blood type originates out of Europe and has spread over to other countries that contain European ancestry heritage.  The RH- recessive alleles (+/-) make up approximately 60% of the Basque people and 40% of the Europeans, so that means that a higher percentage of RH+ people in Europe are carrying the genetics of the RH- factor in their DNA.

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“No one has tried to explain where the Rh negative people came from. Most, familiar with blood factors, admit that these people must at least be a mutation if not descendants of a different ancestor. If we are a mutation, what caused the mutation? Why does it continue with the exact characteristics? Why does it so violently reject the Rh factor, if it was in their own ancestry? Who was this ancestor? Difficulties in determining ethnology are largely overcome by the use of blood group data, for they are a single gene characteristic and not affected by the environment.

The Basque people of Spain and France have the highest percentage of Rh negative blood. About 30% have (rr) Rh negative and about 60% carry one (r) negative gene. The average among most people is only 15%-Rh negative, while some groups have very little. The Oriental Jews of Israel, also have a high percent Rh negative, although most other Oriental people have only about 1% Rh negative. The Samaritans and the Black Cochin Jew also have a high percentage of Rh negative blood, although again the Rh negative blood is rare among most black people.

http://www.greatdreams.com/reptlan/rhneg.htm

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The Basque people are also known for having the oldest language in Europe, and the origins of the Basque language are unknown.  The languages in neighboring countries in Europe show no resemblance to the Basque language, so this has become a real mystery to the linguist.

The Celtic people of Ireland and Great Britain also have high incidences of the RH- factor and it has recently been proven that there is a genetic link between the Basque and the Celts.  This research proves that the Celtic people came from the Basque regions of France and Spain and a group must have migrated over to the islands of Great Britain.  With this research I can surmise that my family got this distinct blood type from our French and Irish ancestry roots. 

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Genes link Celts to Basques

The Welsh and Irish Celts have been found to be the genetic blood-brothers of Basques, scientists have revealed.

The gene patterns of the three races passed down through the male line are all “strikingly similar”, researchers concluded.

‘Statistically indistinguishable’

He and his colleagues looked at Y-chromosomes, passed from father to son, of Celtic and Norwegian populations. They found them to be quite different.

“But we also noticed that there’s something quite striking about the Celtic populations, and that is that there’s not a lot of genetic variation on the Y-chromosome,” he said.

To try to work out where the Celtic population originally came from, the team from UCL, the University of Oxford and the University of California at Davis also looked at Basques.

“On the Y-chromosome the Celtic populations turn out to be statistically indistinguishable from the Basques,” Professor Goldstein said.

Why are people calling RH negatives “blue bloods”?  Well, again a peculiar thing happens between an RH- mother and a second RH+ baby.  As you may remember an RH- mother builds up antibodies against the RH+ baby, and this means that the babies blood will start to agglutinate.  Before the rhoGAM shot, babies were born blue and they needed to have blood transfusions to survive.

Blue blood is an expression from the Spanish phrase “sangre azul,”indicating noble birth or descent. This is said to derive from the fact that the native Spanish had fairer skin, which displays veins more prominently, than people of Arab origin. After the Moorish occupation of Spain, intermarriage occurred. The result seems to have been that the aristocracy, particularly certain families inCastille, who would not mix with the Moors, showed rather bluer blood vessels (in, for example, the back of the hand) than the ordinary folk.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_blood

So the phrase blue blood came to refer to the blood which flowed in the veins of the oldest and most aristocratic families. The phrase was taken over into English in the 1830s. By the time Anthony Trollope used it in The Duke’s Children in 1880, it had become common.

Source nexusilluminati.blogspot.co.uk

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17-09-2016 om 19:01 geschreven door peter  

Astronomen slagen er voor het eerst in de wedergeboorte van een ster in beeld te brengen- HLN.be

 Bron: Science Alert

Normaal gezien duurt het proces van de wedergeboorte van een ster veel langer dan een mensenleven, maar toen astronomen SAO 244567 ontdekten, zagen ze meteen dat het geen gewoon hemellichaam was. Ze slaagden voor het eerst in om het opwarmen en afkoelen van een ster tijdens haar wedergeboorte te observeren.

{ http://www.hln.be/ }

17-09-2016 om 18:34 geschreven door peter  

Zijn aliens al hier op aarde? Sheriff stuit op ‘omvangrijk complot’

17-09-2016 om 18:21 geschreven door peter  

Archeoloog: “Er staan piramides in Bosnië”

17-09-2016 om 18:14 geschreven door peter  

Dear visitor, We have the 500,000 ° visitor had on my blog. Thank you very much for that. I hope to see you back often as a visitor and that you are satisfied with the content of the articles.

Beste bezoeker,We hebben de 500.000° bezoeker gehad op mijn blog. Hartelijk dank daarvoor. Ik hoop jullie nog regelmatig terug te zien als bezoeker en dat je tevreden bent met de inhoud van de artikels.

Cher visiteur, nous avons le visiteur 500 000 ° eu sur mon blog. Je vous remercie beaucoup pour cela. J’espère vous voir de dos souvent en tant que visiteur et que vous êtes satisfait avec le contenu des articles.

Sehr geehrter Besucher, wir haben den 500.000 ° Besucher auf meinem Blog hatte. Ich danke Ihnen sehr dafür. Ich hoffe, Sie sehen Rücken oft als Besucher und dass Sie zufrieden mit dem Inhalt der Artikel sind.

Estimado visitante, tenemos al visitante 500.000 ° que tenía en mi blog. Muchas gracias por eso. Espero verte de espalda a menudo como visitante y que está satisfecho con el contenido de los artículos.

Caro visitatore, abbiamo il visitatore di 500.000 ° avevamo sul mio blog. La ringrazio molto per questo. Spero di vederti spesso indietro come un visitatore e che si è soddisfatti con il contenuto degli articoli.

LAND VAN HERKOMST

Land Percentage   Verenigde Staten 34,7 % (17566)   België 16,5 % (8348)   Nederland 16,0 % (8094)   Frankrijk 5,4 % (2725)   Canada 4,6 % (2303)   Verenigd Koninkrijk (Groot-Brittannië) 4,0 % (2038)   Duitsland 3,0 % (1514)   Australië 1,8 % (936)   Spanje 1,5 % (755)   Italië 1,0 % (494)   Zweden (Sverige) 0,8 % (386)   Zwitserland 0,6 % (316)   Polen (Polska) 0,6 % (304)   India 0,5 % (268)   Brazilië 0,5 % (260)   Japan (Nippon) 0,5 % (234)   Rusland 0,4 % (224)   Finland (Suomi Finland) 0,4 % (198)   Oostenrijk 0,4 % (193)   Hongarije (Magyar) 0,4 % (187)   Noorwegen (Norge) 0,3 % (166)   Turkije 0,3 % (151)   Tsjechië 0,3 % (148)   Roemenië (Rumania, Roumania) 0,3 % (144)   Mexico 0,3 % (142)   Portugal 0,3 % (137)   Denemarken 0,3 % (133)   Griekenland (Ellas, Hellas) 0,3 % (128)   Zuid Korea 0,2 % (126)   Nieuw-Zeeland 0,2 % (88)   Argentinië 0,2 % (83)   China (Zhongguo) 0,2 % (79)   Slowakije 0,2 % (77)   Maleisië 0,1 % (75)   Israël 0,1 % (74)   Hongkong (Xianggang) 0,1 % (71)   Indonesië 0,1 % (71)   Chili 0,1 % (70)   Taiwan 0,1 % (65)   Bulgarije 0,1 % (64)   Ierland (Eire) 0,1 % (59)   Koeweit 0,1 % (59)   Singapore 0,1 % (56)   Estland (Eesti) 0,1 % (53)   Verenigde Arabische Emiraten (Abu Dhabi, Dubai) 0,1 % (48)   Servië & Montenegro 0,1 % (42)   Slovenië 0,1 % (42)   Filipijnen 0,1 % (40)   Thailand 0,1 % (39)   Letland 0,1 % (35)   Luxemburg (Lëtzebuerg) 0,1 % (35)   Oekraïne 0,1 % (33)   Peru 0,1 % (30)   Saoedi-Arabië 0,1 % (29)   Litouwen (Lietuva) 0,1 % (26)   Costa Rica 0,0 % (25)   Kroatië 0,0 % (19)   Venezuela 0,0 % (16)   Cyprus 0,0 % (14)   Oman 0,0 % (14)   Colombia 0,0 % (13)   Pakistan 0,0 % (13)   Sri Lanka 0,0 % (12)   El Salvador 0,0 % (11)   IJsland 0,0 % (11)   Bosnië-Herzegovina 0,0 % (9)   Jordanië 0,0 % (9)   Aruba 0,0 % (8)   Ecuador 0,0 % (8)   Libanon 0,0 % (8)   Bangladesh 0,0 % (7)   Georgië 0,0 % (7)   Uruguay 0,0 % (7)   Groenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) 0,0 % (6)   Jemen 0,0 % (6)   Puerto Rico 0,0 % (6)   Vietnam 0,0 % (6)   Azerbeidzjan 0,0 % (5)   Bolivia 0,0 % (5)   Brunei 0,0 % (5)   Kazachstan 0,0 % (5)   Macedonië 0,0 % (5)   Malta 0,0 % (5)   Panama 0,0 % (5)   Wit-Rusland 0,0 % (5)   Caymaneilanden 0,0 % (4)   Iran 0,0 % (4)   Myanmar 0,0 % (4)   Palestijnse bezette gebieden 0,0 % (4)   Bermuda 0,0 % (3)   Egypte 0,0 % (3)   Mongolië 0,0 % (3)   Nepal 0,0 % (3)   Suriname 0,0 % (3)   Algerije 0,0 % (2)   Amerikaanse Maagdeneilanden 0,0 % (2)   Armenië 0,0 % (2)   Cuba 0,0 % (2)   Fiji 0,0 % (2)   Frans Polynesië (Tahiti) 0,0 % (2)   Gibraltar 0,0 % (2)   Guam 0,0 % (2)   Irak 0,0 % (2)   Kirgizië 0,0 % (2)   Moldavië 0,0 % (2)   Nieuw-Caledonië 0,0 % (2)   Trinidad en Tobago 0,0 % (2)   Albanië 0,0 % (1)   Bahrein 0,0 % (1)   Barbados 0,0 % (1)   Cambodja 0,0 % (1)   Dominicaanse Republiek 0,0 % (1)   Guadeloupe 0,0 % (1)   Guatemala 0,0 % (1)   Haïti 0,0 % (1)   Jamaica 0,0 % (1)   Laos 0,0 % (1)   Monaco 0,0 % (1)   Nicaragua 0,0 % (1)   Noordelijke Marianen-eilanden 0,0 % (1)   Oezbekistan 0,0 % (1)   Qatar 0,0 % (1)   Vanuatu 0,0 % (1)   Zambia 0,0 % (1)        Onbekend 0,4 % (203) +  100 % (50613)     Totaal aantal getelde landen: 124

17-09-2016 om 01:14 geschreven door peter  

{ http://nationalufocenter.com/ }

17-09-2016 om 00:48 geschreven door peter  

Filer’s Files # 38 -2016 Cosmonuats Claim UFOs Real - PART II

17-09-2016 om 00:36 geschreven door peter  

NASA to Send Autonomous Submarine to Explore Titan’s Sceans

By: Nidhi Goyal 

NASA

NASA plans to develop a submarine to explore Titan’s frigid oceans.

Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, is more similar to the Earth than any other body in the solar system, especially its atmosphere, which has layers just like our planet.

Conversely, Titan is extremely cold, with the average surface temperature around 94 degrees Kelvin (minus 179 C, or minus 290 F). Titan is so cold that water is frozen as hard as granite. It also has oceans of liquid methane and no water, but scientists still wonder if life based on methane could exist on Titan.

An autonomous submarine will explore the depths of Titan’s oceans and search for signs of life

The submarine will carry all the required instruments to measure the chemical composition of Titan’s oceans, the currents, tides, and the structure of the ocean floor.

The submarine will be fully autonomous. It will be packed with all kinds of meteorological tools, sensors, cameras, radars, and sonar equipment to facilitate a complete exploration. The submarine would be able to communicate with the Earth as well.

The project is still in the conceptual stage. A first mission has been tentatively scheduled for 2038 when Earth and Saturn are aligned properly.

Nidhi Goyal

Nidhi is a gold medalist Post Graduate in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. You can also find Nidhi on Google+.

{ http://www.industrytap.com/ }

16-09-2016 om 23:51 geschreven door peter  

Er is iets bijzonders aan de maan vanavond - nieuwsblad.be

We krijgen vanavond een ‘superoogstbloedmaan’ te zien. Drie natuurfenomenen vallen samen en zullen de maan een uitzicht geven dat we pas in 2024 opnieuw zien.

In de ‘Super Harvest Blood Moon’ (superoogstbloedmaan) komen drie fenomenen samen.

Ten eerste een oogstmaan. 

Dat is wanneer een volle maan dicht bij de equinox valt. Dit jaar valt de equinox, wanneer dag en nacht precies even lang zijn, op 22 september. De zon gaat dan onder op hetzelfde moment als als de maan opkomt. Daardoor krijgt de maan een vollere gloed. Het werd vroeger de oogstmaan genoemd, omdat landbouwers door het extra maanlicht meer tijd kregen om hun oogst binnen te halen.

Ten tweede een supermaan.

Doordat de maan in een elips rond de aarde draait, staat ze soms verder of dichter bij de aarde. Als de volle maan opkomt terwijl ze dicht bij de aarde staat, lijkt ze groter.

Ten derde een bloedmaan.

Die krijg je wanneer de aarde tussen de maan en de zon komt te staan. Daardoor werpt ze een schaduw op de maan, die daardoor een meer gedempte kleur krijgt. Doordat het licht van de zon door de atmosfeer van de aarde passeert voor ze op de maan valt, kan die zelfs een oranje tot rode glans krijgen.

De laatste keer dat die drie fenomenen samenvielen was in 1982, de volgende keer zal het pas in 2024 gebeuren. Let dus vanavond op de grote (1) maan met volle gloed (2) en roodachtige kleur (3).

{ http://www.nieuwsblad.be/ }

16-09-2016 om 20:51 geschreven door peter  

A Quick Rundown: The Five Closest Exoplanets That Could Potentially Support Life

 

A star system known as TRAPPIST-1 has three potentially Earth-like planets in its orbit. This is an artist's impression of the TRAPPIST-1 star system as seen from one of the three alien planets.

Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser

Credit: PHL @UPR Arecibo

M. Kornmesser/European Southern Observatory

IN BRIEF

In our quest for life beyond our little blue planet, Astronomers have identified five other planets (aside from the nearby Proxima b) that can potentially support life.

THE HIGH FIVE

Astronomers have long been seeking an Earth-like planet that could support some form of life. One prominent discovery is the Proxima Centauri b, also known as Proxima b, which was found in the habitable zone of the red dwarf star, Proxima Centauri.

Despite these discoveries, there’s still a lot to learn.

“We know very little about these [types of] planets,” Thomas Barclay, senior research scientist and director of the Kepler and K2 missions, told Space.com.

So let’s go over what we do know about five of the closest Earth-like planets to us.

Wolf 1061c

Located in the habitable zone of Wolf 1060 in the Ophiuchus constellation, this exoplanet is 4.3 times as large as the Earth, and is believed to have a rocky surface. It is also the second-nearest known exoplanet to us at 13.8 light-years from Earth, second only to Proxima b.

This is an artistic representation of the potentially habitable exoplanet Gliese 832 c compared to Earth. Gliese 832 c is represented here as a larger, temperate world covered in clouds.

Credit: PHL @UPR Arecibo

Gliese 832c

At five times the size of the Earth, astronomers identified Gliese 832c as a “super-Earth.” It was found 16 light-years away and revolves around Gliese 832 in just 36 days.

Gliese 667Cc

Located 22 light-years away in the Scorpius constellation, Gliese 667Cc is also a super-Earth (3.9 times larger than Earth). It takes only 28 days for it to revolve around Gliese 667C.

TRAPPIST-1d

40 light-years away from Earth in the Aquarius constellation, TRAPPIST-1d is one among three Earth-like planets orbiting the dwarf star TRAPPIST-1.

Gliese 163c

Located 49 light-years away in the Dorado constellation, Gliese 163c is also a super-Earth at a whopping seven times that of the Earth. It takes 26 days for it to orbit Gliese 163.

What a tidally locked habitable Proxima b might look like.

Beau.TheConsortium/Wikia (CC-BY-SA)

MILLIONS OF CHANCES FOR LIFE OUT THERE

Using the Kepler Space Telescope, NASA has discovered more than 2,000 planets that could possibly support life, but there’s still so much mystery surrounding these alien worlds. “For some of them, we know an approximate mass or an approximate radius, and we know roughly how far they are from their star — but that’s really all we know.” said Barclay.

And while living on these exoplanets may be possible, it will be an entirely different experience as life forms would have to adapt differently to its unique temperature, climate and environment. On Proxima b, for example, 

“The light also isn’t the bright white-yellow light we get from the sun. It would be much more red. So, you would expect biology to evolve differently,” Barclay said, adding that solar flares from red dwarfs could also have a large impact on exoplanets orbiting them.

In the end, we won’t be packing our bags anytime soon to settle on one of Earth’s closest neighbors.

References: 

• Space.com, 
• NASA, 
• Futurism

{ http://futurism.com/ }

16-09-2016 om 20:40 geschreven door peter  

VIDEO: Mysterieuze UFO vliegt tussen de wolken door in Peru

16-09-2016 om 20:17 geschreven door peter  

Arkansas witness reports triangle UFO at tree top

An Arkansas witness at Bella Vista and his wife rushed to a bedroom window after hearing “jet-like” sounds and watched a triangle-shaped object just 100 feet over the rooftop, according to testimony in Case 79100 from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness reporting database.

The object was moving slowly 100 feet over the rooftop. Pictured: Bella Vista, AR.

(Credit: Google)

The witness was lying in bed about 10 p.m. on September 11, 2016, when the incident began.

“I heard what sounded like an airplane about to crash or flying super low,” the witness stated.“We rushed to the bedroom window and saw a huge triangle-shaped aircraft flying about 100 feet above the house.”

The object moved away, but quickly returned as though it was looking for something. Pictured: Bella Vista, AR.

(Credit: Google)

The witness and his wife moved outside.

“We watched it flying slowly and still very low. It seemed to have vanished in the tree line, but then came back out like it was looking for something. We saw red, blue, and white lights on a huge black triangle-shaped craft. We stood in the driveway and watched it as it left our sight. Every animal in the neighborhood was going crazy and just like that, it was gone.”

The MUFON report indicated that the witness was less than 500 feet from the object and that it was moving along at the tree top level. The report was filed on September 12, 2016. No images or videos were included with the report. Arkansas Assistant State Director Lynn Travis McCullough is investigating.

Belle Vista, AR, is about 120 miles northeast of Tulsa, OK.

(Credit: Google)

Bella Vista is a city in Benton County, Arkansas, population 27,999. Please remember that most UFO sightings can be explained as something natural or man-made. The above quotes were edited for clarity. Please report UFO activity to MUFON.com.

{  http://www.niburu.nl/categorie/ufo/ }

16-09-2016 om 20:09 geschreven door peter  

Official Alien Contact And Humanity’s Path To The Universe

There is a clear defined reason why the Elite of this world do not want us to have Extra-terrestrial Disclosure and it is the same reason why our so-called leaders will not tell us the truth – they do NOT want to lose the Control over us!

As long as the friendly Aliens want to play nicely with us, disclosure of their existence will bring with it a possible doorway to the Universe, an opportunity for us to explore the darkness between the stars and beyond.  No longer will planet earths borders between countries appear necessary or relevant, and our world leaders and religious leaders would not appear so significant in our lives, in many aspects they may even come across as ‘fakes’ and ‘un-important’.  And THIS is what the elite who manipulate this planet are afraid of.

The Elites end of days?

UFO sightings are dramatically on the rise and have been for a while (please click HERE for more).  The ET’s want and need to be seen and many people believe that the Alien Beings are trying to force their own disclosure.  Hand in hand with the increased ‘clear’ UFO sightings, is a world-scaled awakening throughout the Human race, it is no longer a case of “are we alone in the Universe” but instead the question is “when will we discover who the Aliens are and what do they want?”.

The Elite are more than aware of this Global awakening so have put into place plans with other agencies/corporations ways of ‘delaying’ disclosure and in some cases ‘drip feeding us with disclosure’ perhaps for when the Aliens force their own disclosure, so our world leaders etc can turn around and tell us “that we did try telling you!”.

We are quite often TEASED by NASA about the existence of life in the Universe, by means of news headlines about ‘Life On Mars’ (please click HERE) and in some cases even delayed acceptance statements of there being other advanced life forms out there in the Universe.  We have recently been informed by NASA that they will discover Alien life forms in the next ten years, which appears to be a fantastic delay tactic in itself (please click HERE for more info on this).  “We are on the cusp of discovering alien civilizations”, NASA’s top scientists have said. They have very recently predicted that we are just one generation away from finding something in our Milky Way neighborhood, which is bustling with environments conducive to life…….let the Drip Feeding of Disclosure begin!

‘We will discover Alien life by 2025’ – Dr. Ellen Stofan from NASA helping to ‘drip feed the truth’

Even the UN have been hinting at what’s to come in a recent strange advertisement of theirs – please see video below:

The list could go on and on of the ways that the elite are drip feeding us all with disclosure, from adverts to Astronauts and even the US President getting heavily involved in this incredibly important subject matter, but all of this in the greater scheme of things is irrelevant – The Aliens are already HERE and have been for a long time and those who used to control us are soon to become surplus to requirement, BIG exciting changes are coming for us all!

What Will The Aliens Bring?

No matter which way you look at it this planet is in turmoil, what with conflicts and tensions between countries going on all around the world, created by war-mongering power hungry leaders! Planet earths natural resources are being drastically drained daily for money and ‘control’, a divide amongst different religions and races is being ridiculously encouraged by the Elite (again to CONTROL us) and on top of all this the people of this world appear to brainwashed into submission that money, TV and who owns the best gadgets is what is important in life.

BUT, there are big changes ahead, something which many of us have opened our minds up too, and these changes are going to inevitably happen across the planet when the Extra-terrestrials officially announce their presence to us all.

The Aliens aren’t coming, they are already HERE! 

At first you will have a clear divide amongst the masses on planet earth, of those who welcome our ET friends, and those who are threatened by them.  Of course the world powers will try to get the people on side to fear these unknown ‘demons’ from the sky and with this will come violence from certain fractions of humanity.  Some religious groups will oppose the ET’s and try to discourage the world from uniting with them.  Those who have a false sense of security and have been absorbed by the Elites brainwashing will potentially go up in arms and be untrusting of our ET visitors.

The ET’s (as long as it’s the good ones that appear) will probably first announce themselves to the world of who they are and where they are from, and  their reasons for their official contact with Planet Earth.  As soon as the vast majority of the Human race accept who are out ET visitors are and why they are here, a sudden worldwide ‘full’ awakening will start to begin and the universe will suddenly be deemed as a new playground of discovery for the people of this world.

Our technology will become obsolete in comparison to what the Aliens use and have further knowledge of.  It has been discussed by many leading researchers that in the greater scheme of things in the Universe the Human Race is a mere type ZERO civilisation, due to the fact that we are still very dependable on fossil fuels and have not yet quite understood the full benefits of using our local star as a true energy resource.  Compared to MANY other ET Beings out there who have been around in the Universe a lot longer than what we have, we would be pretty much prehistoric-like in comparison to them!

We Are a Mere Type 0 Civilization – Against Types I, II, III, IV And V, ALIEN Civilizations believes many leading researchers around the world.  If there are planets out there with life on it that has been around the Universe for millions of years over what we have, it is obvious that their technology and Science knowledge would be FAR superior to our own.  The ‘Kardashev scale’ has been developed as a way of measuring a civilization’s technological advancement based upon how much usable energy it has at its disposal – hence we are classed as a Type o Civilization.  Many leading researchers believe that as the populations grows and expands outwards its energy requirements will increase dramatically, what with the requirements of its various technological machines.  This is why the Kardashev Scale was created,  a way of measuring a civilization’s technological advancement based upon how much usable energy it has at its disposal.

Please see below a chart to the types of civilisations out there in the Universe:

U.I.P SUMMARY

 – As you can clearly see from the chart above our Extra-terrestrial visitors could bring with them not just a wealth of knowledge, technologies and cures for diseases, they could also offer us the chance to explore strange new worlds out there in the unknown infinite Universe (s)  – this is something that the Elite fear and have become scared of, as these exciting changes in our lives will make money appear insignificant and the restrictions of our borders unnecessary!

If we give our ET visitors the chance to unite with us, this could be our chance to learn from them and free ourselves from these invisible but very much there chains around our necks which limits us on a daily basis from progressing.  There is a world wide awakening happening right now and a lot of you reading this article are already very much awake and ready for the great/exciting changes ahead that the ET’s may bring with them.

Our corrupt leaders and the 1% elite on this planet are fearful of losing their control over us, but it is inevitable and critically important that we unite with those ET Beings out there that want to unite us with our Galactic/Universal Brothers and Sisters!

It is exciting yet challenging times for the Human Race, but one worth fighting for!  I often watch films like Star Wars etc and imagine the wonders and mysteries that lie beyond, perhaps one day soon we will all find out what is out there and part of the same Universe we are ALL part of.

MWV

A Dyson Sphere in space

{ http://www.ufointernationalproject.com/ }

16-09-2016 om 12:59 geschreven door peter  

The UFO That Travelled At 120 Miles In 8 SECONDS – Confirms Radar Operator

Recently two former radar operators have publically revealed how a UFO travelled 120 miles in less than EIGHT SECONDS during Britain’s most famous close encounter.

Ike Barker and Jim Carey have not so long ago given their first in-depth interviews since the incident at RAF Bentwaters, in Suffolk – hailed as the world’s best documented case, also known as the Rendlesham Forest! (please click HERE for more).

The two were on duty in the air traffic control tower at the time when the unidentified target was tracked on radar during a spate of bizarre sightings in late December 1980.

It was then back in December 26, a small team of security police officers at the time reported seeing a strange triangular shaped craft land in Rendlesham Forest, just outside the base.

Ike Barker described the UFO as looking like a ‘basketball’

And, two nights later, Deputy Base Commander Lt Col Charles Halt and several other USAF personnel observed strange flashing lights moving through the woods.

The military team watched in awe/shock as the mysterious glowing object fired some kind of a laser beam of light on the ground near their feet before it flew away.

Meanwhile, reports came in over their radios that the UFO was firing beams into the weapons storage bunkers, which housed the biggest stockpile of nuclear missiles in Europe at that time.

Halt, who made a recording of the incident on a pocket tape recorder, later filed an official report to the UK Ministry of Defence – dubbed the ‘Halt Memo’ – giving details about the case, which was released under the US Freedom of Information Act.

Ike Barker has given his first in-depth interview about the Rendlesham incident

But surprise surprise, some sceptics have tried debunking the sightings as merely satellites, meteors or even the Orfordness lighthouse a few miles away!? A LIGHTHOUSE!!???

But speaking in a new documentary called UFOs and Nukes: The Secret Link Revealed, the retired USAF air traffic controllers say the craft they tracked was not man-made.

Col Charles Halt reported UFO incident to the UK Ministry of Defence

Ike Barker said:

“It wasn’t like any radar target I’ve ever seen.

“It was travelling at an extremely high rate of speed. It passed over the control tower and then it stopped. I’ve never seen anything like the manoeuvrability that happened with this object.

“It was orange in colour and it popped into my mind that somebody was flying a basketball out here. There were lights around the centre but not like navigation lights.

“It was more like portholes, as if you were seeing the lights from the inside coming out. It hovered momentarily, reversed its course and went back out a high rate of speed”

The UFO is said to have shone a beam of light into the nuclear weapons bunker

Carey, a tech sergeant with the 2164th Communications Squadron, said the unknown target made a sharp right angle turn at high speed before it left the area.

He said:

“It was just phenomenal to see it go that fast. I said that can’t be one of ours. No jet can make an immediate right hand turn.”

The radar experts, who did not report the sighting to their superiors over fears it could ruin their careers, are among more than 150 military witnesses who have reported UFO activity at nuclear weapons laboratories, test areas, storage depots and missile sites since the 1940s – this was an incredible mass sighting by military personnel that SHOULD NOT be ignored!

Declassified US government and KGB documents from the former Soviet Union have also revealed how missile launch systems have mysteriously malfunctioned, causing panic among military chiefs during the Cold War.

American researcher Robert Hastings, who has produced the documentary and written a book on the ominous incidents, believes these incursions are a warning to humanity.

He said:

“My opinion is that those who pilot UFOs are visitors from elsewhere who engage in provocative actions against American and Russian nuclear missile sites to send us a message that we humans are playing with fire – that to engage in nuclear warfare is essentially suicide.”

Robert Hastings has produced the documentary UFOs and Nukes: The Secret Link Revealed

Retired UK police detective Gary Heseltine, who now edits the UFO Truth ezine, said: lighthouse.

“Their testimony clearly highlights that UFOs were interested in the base and that beams were shone down into the nuclear storage bunkers.

“Every high school child, politician and university college student should be shown this documentary.”

This exciting new evidence has come to light as Hillary Clinton’s campaign manager John Podesta told CNN News that the American people “can handle the truth” about UFOs – LET THE DRIP FEEDING OF DISCLOSURE CONTINUE – THESE ARE EXCITING TIMES!!

U.I.P SUMMARY

The Rendlesham Event is in fact probably THE most important sighting in UFO history.  It was a sighting witnessed by many official figures, from soldiers to British police officers in the local area at the time.  All of this ‘snippets’ of information into the public domain just confirms that ‘something’ DEFINITELY happened in Rendlesham all those years ago.

Interestingly Rendlehsam to this day is still an intriguing Police with many strange goings on, from inter-dimensional beings to British military helicopters confronting strange Orb like objects above the forest – please see links below:

New Rendlesham UFO incident – with an Apache Gunship?

The Interdimensional Beings At Rendlesham

MWV

{ http://www.ufointernationalproject.com/ }

16-09-2016 om 12:50 geschreven door peter  

Rainbow UFO Seen In A Village In France On May 2014, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: May 2014
Location of sighting: France
News source: 

http://www.morningnewsusa.com/ufo-news-2016-mysterious-flying-object-seen-village-france-23105239.html

Although this is a sighting from two years ago, it hit the news this week. I have never reported it and it before, so here it goes. UFOs don't just come in bright white light or single colors. They come in all colors. Some of the best photos of a UFO were of a bright orange glowing craft. Its very possible that if a cloak is activated, that it may cause a florescent glow at times, as seen in the photos here. Back in 2013, a similarly cloaked UFO was accidentally seen due to the fact it chose to hide in the green glow of the Aurora Borealis (click here to view). 
Scott C. Waring

News states: 
France is known for many things rich culture, delicious food, historical landmarks, romantic getaways, and, alien sightings? The country made UFO news after a mysterious flying object was spotted during a sunset at Aixe-sur-Vienne last Sunday.

The object appeared to be shrouded in what seems to be a cloud although its speed suggests otherwise. The object measuring about half a kilometer long, left a visible trail as it moves through the red palette of the sunset.

According to UFO Sightings Daily, Charles and Danielle Barbanes were about to enjoy their regular Sunday night. That was when things took a turn for the paranormal. The retired couple witnessed strange lights crisscross in the evening sky for 40 seconds to their shock, standard UFO news fare.

Charles Barbanes recounted “I was outside when suddenly saw a light south around the size of a half moon.” “I believed in a probe, then she started to move inexplicably.” He added.

He immediately called his wife, who was still inside their home, to see the strange phenomenon unfold. Danielle Barbanes still has trouble believing what she saw that day.

“A kind of ball which emanated a yellow light came” she described the experience. She later the recounted that the strange object made a parabola, the light later fell to the other side of the bank of Aixe-sur-Vienne.

A total of five mysterious balls of light passed by the Barbanes’ home in approximately 40 seconds. The objects made no noise as they made their way, nothing that can be attributed to aircraft or drones. Two of the objects even remained motionless before shooting vertically up into the sky.

Due to the lack of other eye witnesses or video proof, paranormal experts are unable to provide an explanation. It could be phenomena such as St. Elmo’s fire or merely the elderly couple’s vision playing tricks on them.

Either way there has been an increase of UFO news and sightings in Europe. Could the sightings be proof of increased alien activity here on Earth?

16-09-2016 om 12:38 geschreven door peter  

Pyramid UFO Leaves Mouth Of Ancient Volcano On Live Cam, Sept 14, 2016, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Sept 14, 2016
Location of sighting: Volcano Popocatepetl, Mexico
Cam source: http://www.webcamsdemexico.com/webcam-popocatepetl

I found a pyramid shaped UFO that was coming out of the mouth of the volcano. The UFO looks similar to the cloud, and probably exited the volcano trying to look like smoke, but its visible to the naked eye. Popocatepetl is known for having a alien base 4-5 miles below its surface. Local mountain climbers have even seen men three meters tall scaling the sheer sides of the volcano toward the mouth with no tools at incredible speed, and then disappear. 
Scott C. Waring

{ http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

16-09-2016 om 12:34 geschreven door peter  

Daytime UFO sighting above Fort Worth, Texas

Check out this daytime UFO video of a huge bright orb in the sky above Forth Worth in Texas. This was filmed on 30th July 2016.

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

16-09-2016 om 12:27 geschreven door peter  

Ancient Aliens: The Returned S11E14

Ancient Aliens – The Returned
History Channel, Season 11 Episode 14
26th August 2016

Thousands of people from every part of the world have reported being abducted by aliens, including even a world leader–President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov of the Russian Republic of Kalmykia, who announced in 2007 that he had been taken aboard an extraterrestrial ship. Could the alien abduction phenomenon be true? But if so, why are people being taken? And perhaps more importantly–why are they being returned? Stories of human abduction by otherworldly entities can be found in mythologies dating back thousands of years, and the abductees often return to Earth with new knowledge or instructions for mankind. In modern times, researchers of alleged alien abductions have found extraterrestrial objects implanted just under the skin, strange patterns in genetic mutations, and knowledge of entire alien languages from abductees. Is it possible that extraterrestrials are secretly manipulating mankind through these abduction events?

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

16-09-2016 om 12:25 geschreven door peter  

Weird Red Spot on Pluto Moon Explained

Pluto may be sharing its atmosphere with its largest moon, Charon, creating the visually striking red spot at the satellite's north pole.

New research suggests that conditions on the two worlds over the past few billion years would allow Pluto's traveling atmosphere to freeze out on the frigid moon Charon, while radiation would quickly transform the methane and nitrogen ices to a sticky residue known as tholins.

"Methane is volatile enough that it can only stick to the surface during the long, cold polar winters," Will Grundy, lead author of the new study, told Space.com by email. Grundy, a planetary scientist at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona, is part of NASA's New Horizons mission that made a historic flyby of Pluto in July 2015. After modeling conditions on Charon over the past few billion years, he and his colleagues found that, after methane from Pluto froze, radiation stripped away the hydrogen. (Methane is made up of hydrogen and carbon.) The carbon left behind joined with other molecules to make heavier fragments of materials able to stick around even after temperatures warmed [Amazing Pluto Flyby Photos by NASA's New Horizons]

"As more and more fragments join up, they build progressively bigger and more carbon-rich, complicated molecules until they are so complex that we don't even try to give them chemical names, just describe them with generic terms like 'organic molecules' or 'tholins,'" Grundy said. "These are what produce the reddish color."

The research was published online Sept. 14 in the journal Nature.

A captured atmosphere

When New Horizons made its historic flyby of Pluto, it also studied the moons around the dwarf planet. The largest of these moons, Charon, is nearly the size of Pluto itself, leading many scientists to classify the pair as a double-planet system. New Horizons revealed that the massive moon sports a red spot at its northern pole.

Based on early measurements taken by the New Horizons spacecraft, Grundy and many othersimmediately speculated that the red spot was made of tholins created by the transfer of Pluto's atmosphere to Charon. They theorized that some of the material could freeze and that, later, radiation could convert it to tholins.

Pluto's small size means that it has trouble holding on to much of an atmosphere; many scientists questioned whether much of an atmosphere would remain by the time New Horizons made its visit. Observations revealed that Pluto manages to hold on to much of the gas around it, but some still escapes the dwarf planet's grasp.

"Pluto's atmosphere escapes radially outward in all directions, but Charon's gravity is strong enough to intercept a few percent of that flow," Grundy said. [Fly Through Giant Canyon on Pluto's Moon Charon | Video]

To measure the probability that Pluto's captured atmosphere became Charon's red spot, Grundy and colleagues modeled how temperatures changed over the moon's history. Charon's winters are cold, with polar temperatures only a few degrees higher than absolute zero (minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 273.15 degrees Celsius) at coldest. Because the winters last so long — well over 100 Earth-years — the imported atmosphere has enough time to freeze.

The warmer temperatures near Charon’s equator allows less of the material to fall to the surface, which is why the red spot doesn't extend across the face of the moon. Charon itself is too small to hold on to its own gaseous atmosphere very long, so as the 100-year winters end, the atmosphere evaporates, leaving behind the larger hydrocarbons.

"For the most part, Charon's surface is too warm for methane to stick, so the methane molecules that make it to Charon's surface just bounce around there until they either escape back to space again or find a place cold enough to stick," Grundy said. "The winter pole does get cold enough for methane to stick; so methane will accumulate there, but only until the sun rises again in the spring and warms it back up."

{ http://www.livescience.com/ }

16-09-2016 om 01:03 geschreven door peter  

What Is a Light-Year?

While much of the cosmos remains mysterious and unexplored, we know this much is true: space is big. Very big. To quantify the vastness of the cosmos, astronomers often refer to things being a certain number of light-years away. What does that really mean?

Though seemingly contrary to how it sounds, a "light-year" is a measure of distance, rather than time. A light-year is the distance light travels in a year. Specifically, the International Astronomical Union defines a light-year as the distance light travels in 365.25 days.

In a similar vein, you could describe 60 miles as a car-hour (the distance a car travels in an hour on a highway). In fact, we often tell people distances in terms of time – "I'm 10 minutes away," for instance. The term "light-year" was invented because, simply put, the equivalent distances in miles, meters or kilometers were huge. [The Biggest Unsolved Mysteries in Physics]

How huge? Light moves at 186,282 miles per second, or 299,792.5 kilometers per second. That's 670.6 million miles an hour. The distance to the nearest star is 4.3 light-years, or 25.3 trillion miles (40.7 trillion km).

The first mention of light-years dates back to 1838 and a German scientist named Friedrich Bessel. He measured the distance to a star called 61 Cygni, and got a distance of 660,000 times the Earth's orbital radius. He noted that light would take about 10 years to get there, but he didn't like the term "light-year." (One reason was that at that time, it wasn't clear that light's speed was a fundamental constant of nature). In 1851, the term made a first appearance in Germany, in an astronomical publication known as Lichtjare. Later, astronomers adopted it and "light-years" are now a popular unit of measurement even in the scientific literature.

The light-year competes with the parsec, which stands for parallax-second, and is equal to 3.26 light-years. A parallax-second is the number of arcseconds (1/3600th of a degree) that a star's apparent position shifts when measuring its distance. British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, a prominent scientist in the early 20th century, preferred the parsec, calling the light-year "inconvenient." His was a losing battle, however.

Light-years can be divided into light-days, light-hours or even light-seconds, though those units are used less often. The sun is 8 light-minutes away, which means it takes light from the sun 8 minutes to reach Earth. [Quiz: How Well Do You Know Our Solar System?]

All this depends on knowing the speed of light, and that turns out to be hard to measure because it goes so fast. Galileo attempted it in 1638, and he described an experiment in which one person covers a lantern while another on a tower some distance away tries to time when the light gets there. The experiment failed, and Galileo could only answer that however fast light was, neither human reflexes nor the clocks at the time were speedy enough to catch it. (He did come up with an estimate of at least 10 times the speed of sound, but that was very much a guess.)

Danish astronomer Ole Rømer was able to make an estimate in 1676, using the timing of eclipses of Jupiter's moon Io. Later, in 1729, James Bradley used a phenomenon called stellar aberration, in which the apparent positions of stars in the sky seem to change slightly depending on the movement of the Earth, to get a closer estimate of light's velocity. Scientists kept refining these estimates, and by the 1860s, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell showed that electromagnetic waves travel at a certain speed in a vacuum. That speed is a constant, and at the time, most physicists thought of light as a pure wave. (We know now that it isn't – it can be a particle, too).

Finally, in 1905, Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity posited that light always travels at the same speed no matter where it is observed from. This was a big step because suddenly, the speed of light became one of the constants of the universe – and thus, more useful for measuring distances.

Original article on Live Science.

Editor's Recommendations

• The Funniest Theories in Physics
• Interstellar Space Travel: 7 Futuristic Spacecraft To Explore the Cosmos
• Spaced Out! 101 Astronomy Images That Will Blow Your Mind

{ http://www.livescience.com/ }

16-09-2016 om 00:50 geschreven door peter