NASA Solves the Mystery of How Matter Moves on Exotic Worlds

 

Custom. M.A

IN BRIEF

• The mystery of how dust on the moon travels through an airless environment. Researchers discovered UV radiation and the sun's plasma can cause the particles to spring above the surface creating the "horizon glow."
• Researchers noticed the same phenomena was also occurring on the rings of Saturn and the craters of Eros, which could help us learn more about how matter behaves in other airless environments.

MYSTERY SOLVED

How dust particles on the Moon’s surface levitate and transport themselves across vast distances have baffled scientists for more than 50 years now — and has been used to explain the Moon’s ‘horizon glow.’ But, it seems that a team of scientists from NASA solved the mystery.

“This new ‘patched charge model’ resolved a fundamental mechanism of dust charging and transport, which has been puzzling scientists for decades,” explained researcher Xu Wang, from NASA’s Ames Research Centre in California. The journal Geophysical Research Letters published the study. 

The team wanted to figure out if these dust particles are suspended by an electrostatic force. Wang, together with Mihaly Horanyi at the University of Colorado in Boulder, and their team of researchers conducted lab experiments to see how micron-sized dust particles would behave when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or electrically-charged gasses (or plasmas).

The team discovered, in both cases, the dust would actually leap by a few centimeters above the surface. On the Moon, the strange properties of its dust combined with UV radiation or plasma from the Sun can loft single particles and, sometimes, even large dust clusters up above the surface.

DUSTING YOUR BOULDERS OFF

On the Moon, these dust particles would scatter light reflected from the Sun, creating that famous ‘horizon glow’ that was first captured in the 1960s by the Apollo astronauts and NASA’s Surveyor probes.

“[T]hese dust particles would have been lofted more than ten centimeters (four inches) above the lunar surface, leading researchers to conclude that the moon’s “horizon glow” — seen in images taken by Surveyor 5, 6, and 7 five decades ago — may have been caused in part by sunlight scattering in a cloud of electrostatically lofted dust particles,” according to NASA.

The same phenomenon was observed later over Saturn’s rings and in the craters of the asteroid Eros — where dust is also transported across vast regions devoid of winds or flowing water. “We expect dust particles to mobilize and transport electrostatically over the entire lunar surface, as well as the surface of any other airless planetary body,” said Wang.

Unfortunately, the dust particles on the Moon actually create a rather harsh environment on its surface. The particles can be sharp and therefore dangerous to anything on the surface. These dusts are partly formed by meteorite impacts that pounded the Moon’s surface rocks into fine particles, which are actually sharp due to being covered by a glassy shell. The glassy shell comes from lunar dirt that’s melted into vapor, thanks to the energy from the meteorite impacts, which cooled and condensed on the dust particles.

“The dust was so abrasive that it actually wore through three layers of Kevlar-like material on [Harrison Schmitt’s] boot,” explained Larry Taylor, director at the Planetary Geosciences Institute at the University of Tennessee, speaking of the Apollo 17 crewmember’s 1972 moon walk.

References: 

• ScienceAlert - Latest, 
• Geophysical Research Letters, 
• NASA

{ https://futurism.com/ }

10-01-2017 om 21:01 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious shape-shifting UFO 'disguised as cloud' drifts through the sky over desert leaving experts baffled

The man said the cloud's surface appeared to be 'reflective' and couldn't explain what it might be

BY KARA O'NEILL

WATCH NEXTAlien sceptic can't find a rational explanation f

A man was convinced he'd spotted a cloud hiding an alien spaceship after he noticed the surface appeared to be 'reflective'.

Anthony Sakowski was baffled by his discovery, which he spotted in the sky while driving in Arizona.

He films the strange saucer-shaped cloud for over two minutes while driving along a country road.

Alongside the footage, Anthony wrote: "Strange cloud hiding UFO . Reflected above."

He added: "UFO reflected on haze above."

Anthony published the video on YouTube on January 6 although the exact date and time of the sighting is unknown.

The clip has now been viewed more than 5,400 times.

Most viewers were convinced that Anthony had simply spotted a lenticular cloud , which are stationary lens-shaped clouds and have often been mistaken for UFO sightings.

But UFO hunter Scott Waring, of UFO Sightings Daily disagreed, saying: "The UFO was noticed when the sun lit it up and caused a disk reflection above it on the clouds.

"Only a metal reflective surface could do this, and, as you see, the dark area of the cloud is the actual UFO."

READ MORE

UFOs And Close Encounters

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{ http://www.mirror.co.uk/ }

10-01-2017 om 20:48 geschreven door peter  

Chilean Navy still puzzled over UFO footage

Its been almost three years since one pilot from the Chilean Navy caught footage of an unidentified flying object (UFO) in the country’s airspace, but the government body still could not put their finger around the situation.

The seemingly dubious craft—which was first sighted in November 2014 but was only shared to the public recently— was shot using an infrared camera during a routine coast patrol in broad daylight, according to The Huffington Post

The supposed UFO was hovering high in the clouds before emitting what seemed to be a type of gas as it cruised along.

After unsuccessfully trying to communicate with it multiple times, the pilot tracked the craft from around 40 miles and reported it to nearby radar stations.

Even more surprising was that neither of them were able to detect the ‘UFO’ on their screens, despite being completely visible to the nearby navy choppers.

More so, no other aircraft were authorized to fly in the area where the aircraft was sighted, the report said.

The UFO sighting incident has been the subject of a thorough investigation by the Chilean government agency, the CEFAA (Comité de Estudios de Fenómenos Aéreos Anómalos), for the past two years.

However, its officials remain clueless about the matter, even after questioning the pilots, air traffic controllers, and radar operators who witnessed the levitating object.

“We do not know what it was, but we do not know what it was not,” director of CEFAA, General Ricardo Bermúdez, described the complexity of the incident in the report.

The executive added that even their organization’s cream-of-the-crop could not identify nor give out possible suggestions regarding the obscure vehicle.

“I was very impressed by these witnesses. They were highly trained professionals with many years’ experience, and they were absolutely certain that they could not explain what they saw,” he said.

As of this writing, the CEFAA is still seeking help from expert groups to resolve the mystery. Khristian Ibarrola

{ https://www.inquirer.net/ }

10-01-2017 om 20:25 geschreven door peter  

The 1952 Washington D.C. UFO incident, also known as the Washington flap or the Washington National Airport Sightings, was a series of unidentified flying object reports from July 12 to July 29, 1952, over Washington D.C. The most publicized sightings took place on consecutive weekends, July 19-20 and July 26-27.

At 11:40 p.m. on Saturday, July 19, 1952, Edward Nugent, an air-traffic controller at Washington National Airport, spotted seven objects on his radar. The objects were located 15 miles south-southwest of the city; no known aircraft were in the area and the objects were not following any established flight paths. Nugent's superior, Harry Barnes, a senior air-traffic controller at the airport, watched the objects on Nugent's radarscope. He later wrote:

"We knew immediately that a very strange situation existed ... their movements were completely radical compared to those of ordinary aircraft". Barnes had two controllers check Nugent's radar; they found that it was working normally. Barnes then called National Airport's other radar center; the controller there, Howard Cocklin, told Barnes that he also had the objects on his radarscope. Furthermore, Cocklin said that by looking out of the control tower window he could see one of the objects: "a bright orange light. I can't tell what's behind it".

At this point, other objects appeared in all sectors of the radarscope; when they moved over the White House and the United States Capitol, Barnes called Andrews Air Force Base, located 10 miles from National Airport. Although Andrews reported that they had no unusual objects on their radar, an airman soon called the base's control tower to report the sighting of a strange object.

Airman William Brady, who was in the tower, then saw an "object which appeared to be like an orange ball of fire, trailing a tail ... it was unlike anything I had ever seen before." As Brady tried to alert the other personnel in the tower, the strange object "took off at an unbelievable speed." Meanwhile, another person in the National Airport control tower reported seeing "an orange disk about 3,000 feet altitude".

On one of the airport's runways, S.C. Pierman, a Capital Airlines pilot, was waiting in the cockpit of his DC-4 for permission to take off. After spotting what he believed to be a meteor, he was told that the control tower's radar had picked up unknown objects closing in on his position. Pierman observed six objects - "white, tailless, fast-moving lights" - over a 14-minute period. Pierman was in radio contact with Barnes during his sighting, and Barnes later related that "each sighting coincided with a pip we could see near his plane. When he reported that the light streaked off at a high speed, it disappeared on our scope."

At Andrews AFB, meanwhile, the control tower personnel were tracking on radar what some thought to be unknown objects, but others suspected, and in one instance were able to prove, were simply stars and meteors. However, Staff Sgt. Charles Davenport observed an orange-red light to the south; the light "would appear to stand still, then make an abrupt change in direction and altitude ... this happened several times".

At one point both radar centers at National Airport and the radar at Andrews AFB were tracking an object hovering over a radio beacon. The object vanished in all three radar centers at the same time. At 3 a.m., shortly before two jet fighters from Newcastle AFB in Delaware arrived over Washington, all of the objects vanished from the radar at National Airport. However, when the jets ran low on fuel and left, the objects returned, which convinced Barnes that "the UFOs were monitoring radio traffic and behaving accordingly". The objects were last detected by radar at 5:30 a.m. Around sunrise, E.W. Chambers, a civilian radio engineer in Washington's suburbs, observed "five huge disks circling in a loose formation. They tilted upward and left on a steep ascent."

The sightings of July 19-20, 1952, made front-page headlines in newspapers around the nation. A typical example was the headline from the Cedar Rapids Gazette in Iowa. It read "SAUCERS SWARM OVER CAPITAL" in large black type.

By coincidence, USAF Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, the supervisor of the Air Force's Project Blue Book investigation into the UFO mystery, was in Washington at the time. However, he did not learn about the sightings until Tuesday, July 22, when he read the headlines in a Washington-area newspaper.

After talking with intelligence officers at the Pentagon about the sightings, Ruppelt spent several hours trying to obtain a staff car to investigate the sightings, but was refused as only generals and senior colonels could use staff cars. He was told that he could rent a taxicab with his own money; by this point Ruppelt was so frustrated that he left Washington and flew back to Blue Book's headquarters at Wright-Patterson AFB in Ohio. Before leaving Washington, Ruppelt did speak with an Air Force radar specialist, Captain Roy James, who felt that unusual weather conditions could have caused the unknown radar targets.

At 8:15 p.m. on Saturday, July 26, 1952, a pilot and stewardess on a National Airlines flight into Washington observed some strange objects above their plane. Within minutes, both radar centers at National Airport, and the radar at Andrews AFB, were tracking more unknown objects. A master sergeant at Andrews visually observed the objects; he later said that "these lights did not have the characteristics of shooting stars. There were no trails ... they traveled faster than any shooting star I have ever seen".

Meanwhile, Albert M. Chop, the press spokesman for Project Blue Book, arrived at National Airport and refused several reporters' requests to photograph the radar screens. He then joined the radar center personnel. By this time (9:30 p.m.) the radar center was picking up unknown objects in every sector. At times the objects traveled slowly; at other times they reversed direction and moved across the radarscope at speeds calculated at 7,000 mph.

At 11:30 p.m., two jet fighters from Newcastle AFB in Delaware arrived over Washington. Capt. John McHugo, the flight leader, was vectored towards the radar pips but saw nothing, despite repeated attempts. However, his wingman, Lt. William Patterson, did see four white "glows" and chased them. Suddenly, the "glows" turned and surrounded his fighter. Patterson asked the control tower at National Airport what he should do; according to Chop, the tower's answer was "stunned silence". The four objects then sped away from Patterson's jet and disappeared.

After midnight on July 27, Major Dewey Fournet, Project Blue Book's liaison at the Pentagon, and a Lt. Holcomb, an Air Force radar specialist, arrived at the radar center at National Airport. During the night, Lt. Holcomb received a call from the Washington National Weather Station. They told him that a slight temperature inversion was present over the city, but Holcomb felt that the inversion was not "nearly strong enough to explain the 'good and solid' returns" on the radarscopes.

Fournet relayed that all those present in the radar room were convinced that the targets were most likely caused by solid metallic objects. There had been weather targets on the scope too, he said, but this was a common occurrence and the controllers "were paying no attention to them." Two more jets from Newcastle AFB were scrambled during the night. One pilot saw nothing unusual; the other pilot moved towards a white light which "vanished" when he closed in. A Capital Airlines flight leaving Washington spotted "odd lights" which remained visible for about twelve minutes. As on July 20, the sightings and unknown radar returns ended at sunrise.

The sightings of July 26-27 also made front-page headlines, and even led President Harry Truman to personally call Capt. Ruppelt and ask for an explanation of the sightings. Ruppelt, remembering the conversation he had with Capt. James, told the President that the sightings might have been caused by temperature inversion, in which a layer of warm, moist air covers a layer of cool, dry air closer to the ground. This condition can cause radar signals to bend and give false returns. However, Ruppelt had not yet interviewed any of the witnesses or conducted a formal investigation.

CIA historian Gerald Haines, in his 1997 history of the CIA's involvement with UFOs, also mentions Truman's concern. "A massive buildup of sightings over the United States in 1952, especially in July, alarmed the Truman administration. On 19 and 20 July, radar scopes at Washington National Airport and Andrews Air Force Base tracked mysterious blips. On 27 July, the blips reappeared."

White House concern may possibly have resulted in an order to shoot down the UFOs, reported in various International News Service (INS) stories on July 29, 1952. E.g., one such story reported that "jet pilots have been placed on a 24-hour nationwide 'alert against the flying saucers' with orders to shoot them down if they ignore orders to land."

An Air Force public information officer, Lt. Col. Moncel Monte, confirmed the directive stating, "The jet pilots are, and have been, under orders to investigate unidentified objects and to shoot them down if they can't talk them down." It was further stated that no pilot had been able to get close enough to take a shot at a flying saucer, as the objects would disappear or speed away as soon as an interceptor approached, sometimes outflying their pilots by "as much as a thousand miles an hour."

However, in seeming contradiction to the admitted "shoot-down" order, Air Force headquarters also put out statements that the unidentified flying objects were no threat to the United States and not controlled by "a reasoning body."

Some public protests resulted, including telegrams and letters to the White House stating that the policy was dangerous if the UFOs were controlled by extraterrestrial beings, who would obviously be much more technologically advanced than humans.

In response to the INS "shoot-down" stories, to calm rising public anxiety and answer the news media's questions about the sightings - and, hopefully, to slow down the numbers of UFO reports being sent to Blue Book, which were clogging normal intelligence channels - Air Force Major Generals John Samford, USAF Director of Intelligence, and Roger Ramey, USAF Director of Operations, held a well-attended press conference at the Pentagon on July 29, 1952. It was the largest Pentagon press conference since World War II. Press stories called Samford and Ramey the Air Force's two top UFO experts.

Samford was heavily influenced by Capt. Roy James, who had discussed the sightings with him earlier in the day and who also spoke at the conference. Samford declared that the visual sightings over Washington could be explained as misidentified aerial phenomena (such as stars or meteors). Samford also stated that the unknown radar targets could be explained by temperature inversion, which was present in the air over Washington on both nights the radar returns were reported.

In addition, Samford argued that the radar contacts were not caused by solid material targets, and therefore posed no threat to national security. In response to a question as to whether the Air Force had recorded similar UFO radar contacts prior to the Washington incident, Samford admitted that there had been "hundreds" of such contacts where Air Force fighter interceptions had taken place, but stated they were all "fruitless." The conference proved to be successful "in getting the press off our backs", Ruppelt later wrote.

Among the witnesses who supported Samford's explanation was the crew of a B-25 bomber, which had been flying over Washington during the sightings of July 26-27. The bomber was vectored several times by National Airport over unknown targets on the airport's radarscopes, yet the crew could see nothing unusual. Finally, as a crew member related, "the radar had a target which turned out to be the Wilson Lines steamboat trip to Mount Vernon...the radar was sure as hell picking up the steamboat".

Air Force Captain Harold May was in the radar center at Andrews AFB during the sightings of July 19-20. Upon hearing that National Airport's radar had picked up an unknown object heading in his direction, May stepped outside and saw "a light that was changing from red to orange to green to red again ... at times it dipped suddenly and appeared to lose altitude." However, May eventually concluded that he was simply seeing a star that was distorted by the atmosphere, and that its "movement" was an illusion.

At 3 a.m. on July 27, an Eastern Airlines flight over Washington was told that an unknown object was in its vicinity; the crew could see nothing unusual. When they were told that the object had moved directly behind their plane, they began a sharp turn to try to see the object, but were told by National Airport's radar center that the object had "disappeared" when they began their turn.

At the request of the Air Force, the CAA's Technical Development and Evaluation Center did an analysis of the radar sightings. Their conclusion was that "a temperature inversion had been indicated in almost every instance when the unidentified radar targets or visual objects had been reported".

Project Blue Book would eventually label the Washington radar objects as "mirage effects caused by double inversion" and the visual sightings as "meteors coupled with the normal excitement of witnesses". In later years two prominent UFO skeptics, Dr. Donald Menzel, an astronomer at Harvard University, and Philip Klass, a senior editor for Aviation Week magazine, would also argue in favor of the temperature inversion/mirage hypothesis.

Almost from the moment of General Samford's press conference, eyewitnesses, UFO researchers, and Air Force personnel came forward to criticize the temperature inversion/mirage explanation. Captain Ruppelt noted that Major Fournet and Lt. Holcomb, who disagreed with the Air Force's explanation, were not in attendance at Samford's press conference. Ruppelt himself discovered that "hardly a night passed in June, July, and August in 1952 that there wasn't a temperature inversion in Washington, yet the slow-moving, solid radar targets appeared on only a few nights".

According to a story printed by INS, the United States Weather Bureau also disagreed with the temperature inversion hypothesis, one official stating that "such an inversion ordinarily would appear on a radar screen as a steady line, rather than as single objects as were sighted on the airport radarscope."

Also, according to Ruppelt, when he was able to interview the radar and control tower personnel at Washington National Airport, not a single person agreed with the Air Force explanation. Michael Wertheimer, a researcher for the government-funded Condon Report, investigated the case in 1966. He found that the radar witnesses still disputed the Air Force explanation, but that did not stop the report from agreeing with the temperature inversion/mirage explanation.

Ruppelt related that on July 27 the control tower at Washington National had called the control tower at Andrews AFB and notified them that their radar had an unknown object just south of the Andrews control tower, directly over the Andrews AFB radio range station. According to Ruppelt, when the Andrews control tower personnel looked they all saw "a huge fiery-orange sphere" hovering over the range station.

When Ruppelt interviewed the tower personnel several days later, they insisted that they had been mistaken and had merely seen a bright star. However, when Ruppelt checked an astronomical chart he found that there were no bright stars over the station that night, and that he had "heard from a good source that the tower men had been 'persuaded' a bit" by superior officers to state that their sighting was merely a star.

There were also witnesses who claimed to see structured craft and not merely "glows" or bright lights. On July 19 an Army artillery officer, Joseph Gigandet, was sitting on the front porch of his home in Alexandria, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington.

At 9:30 p.m. he claimed to see "a red cigar-shaped object" which sailed slowly over his house. Gigandet estimated the object's size as comparable to a DC-7 airplane and at about 10,000 feet altitude; he also claimed that the object had a "series of lights very closely set together" on its sides. The object eventually flew back over his house a second time, which led Gigandet to assume that it was circling the area.

When the object flew away a second time, it turned a deeper red color and moved over the city of Washington itself; this occurred less than two hours before Edward Nugent first spotted the unknown objects on his radar at Washington National. Gigandet claimed that his neighbor, an FBI agent, also saw the object.

Dr. James E. McDonald, a physicist at the University of Arizona and a prominent ufologist in the 1960s, did his own analysis of the Washington sightings. After interviewing four pilot eyewitnesses and five radar personnel, McDonald argued that the Air Force explanation was "physically impossible". Harry Barnes told McDonald that the radar targets "were not shapeless blobs such as one gets from ground returns under anomalous propagation", and that he was certain the unknown radar blips were solid targets; Howard Cocklin agreed with Barnes.

The extremely high numbers of UFO reports in 1952 disturbed both the Air Force and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Both groups felt that an enemy nation could deliberately flood the U.S. with false UFO reports, causing mass panic and allowing them to launch a sneak attack.

On September 24, 1952, the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) issued a memorandum to Walter B. Smith, the CIA's director. The memo stated that "the flying saucer situation ... have national security implications ... in the public concern with the phenomena ... lies the potential for the touching-off of mass hysteria and panic". The result of this memorandum was the creation in January 1953 of the Robertson Panel.

Physicist Howard Percy Robertson chaired the panel, which consisted of prominent scientists and which spent four days examining the "best" UFO cases collected by Project Blue Book. The panel dismissed nearly all of the UFO cases it examined as not representing anything unusual or threatening to national security.

In the panel's controversial estimate, the Air Force and Project Blue Book needed to spend less time analyzing and studying UFO reports and more time publicly debunking them. The panel recommended that the Air Force and Project Blue Book should take steps to "strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status they have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately acquired".

Following the Panel's report, Project Blue Book would rarely publicize any UFO case that it had not labeled as "solved"; unsolved cases were rarely mentioned by the Air Force.

References:

Clark, Jerome, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial. Visible Ink, 1998. ISBN 1-57859-029-9

Michaels, Susan, Sightings: UFOs. Simon and Schuster, 1997. ISBN 0-684-83630-0

Peebles, Curtis, Watch the Skies!: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth. Berkley Books, 1994. ISBN 0-425-15117-4

Randle, Kevin D., Invasion Washington: UFOs Over the Capitol. HarperTorch, 2001. ISBN 0-380-81470-6

Ruppelt, Edward J. The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects

{ http://www.crystalinks.com/1952WashintonUFOIncident.html }

10-01-2017 om 18:26 geschreven door peter  

A Huge Pyramid in Antarctica. Built More Than 50,000 Years Ago!

{ http://beforeitsnews.com/home/featuredlist/top_unexplained.html }

10-01-2017 om 18:15 geschreven door peter  

Nieuwe theorie: "Maan is samengesteld uit veel kleine maantjes" - HLN.be

© reuters.

De maan, die je overmorgen weer in al haar glorie kan aanschouwen, zou wel eens samengesteld kunnen zijn uit een heleboel kleine maantjes die ooit allemaal rond de Aarde cirkelden. De maan zoals we die kennen zou het resultaat zijn van een reeks kosmische botsingen. Die zorgden voor veel maantjes die samensmolten tot de maan die we elke avond zien.

{ http://www.hln.be/ }

10-01-2017 om 17:55 geschreven door peter  

The transition from one year to the next is always a little uncertain – an uneasy blend of anxiety and optimism, it’s also a time of retrospection, introspection, and even a little tentative prognostication. And since the latter is our stock-in-trade at Futurism, we believe now is the perfect time to look ahead at what 2017 has in store for us.

When it came to artificial intelligence (AI), 2016 was a year of notable firsts: Tesla’s autopilot predicted a car crash, Alexa was subpoenaed, the White House took notice of the subject, and Google’s AlphaGo beat the reigning European Go champion. But 2016 is gone and buried and 2017 is promising even greater advances in AI as the technology further infiltrates our lives and colonizes new frontiers of endeavor.

Here’s some of what we can expect for artificial intelligence in the year ahead.

Personal AI

2016 saw the growth of more consumer-oriented AI. Alexa, Siri, and Cortana—among many others—now come standard in our handy personal devices, and Amazon even open-sourced Alexa for developers. Look for 2017 to be the year when AI begins to be a commonplace in some apps, and also expect the other major tech companies to follow Amazon’s lead in opening up their AI systems to outside development.

With this more collaborative approach to the evolution of AI, we may finally begin to see the personalization of artificial intelligence, and a great proliferation of new AI programs with idiosyncratic personalities, temperaments, and even intellectual outlooks.

A Better Conversationalist

Trying to hold a conversation with Siri or Alexa is like watching two people in the same canoe paddling in opposite directions—it just ain’t goin’ anywhere. For one thing, neither have much a sense of humor; furthermore, these robotic ladies just lack that wonted je ne sais quoi we expect in our intellectual sparring partners—they’re dull, frankly, and haven’t really got much to say.

But in 2017, that’s all about to change.

“In 2017 there will be a chatbot that passes the Turing test, exhibiting responses so human-like that an average person wouldn’t be able to tell if it’s human or machine,” forecasts Jim McHugh, Vice President and General Manager at NVIDIA. Such extraordinary capabilities will be the natural sequel to the new advances in machine learning, natural language processing, and pattern recognition that will finally beget more empathic and intuitive AI programs.

“In the coming year, we will see advances that are used to endow systems with new human-centered qualities, including more natural, fluid conversation—that can address several topics or needs in one ongoing interaction, and deeper understanding of human values and intentions, such as recognizing the commitments we make to others in our email and text messaging,” observes Eric Horvitz, Technical Fellow and Managing Director at Microsoft Research.

Very soon now, you’ll really be able to have that deep, meaningful conversation with Alexa that you always wanted.

Cognitive Machinery

According to the big brains at Ovum, “machine learning will be the biggest disruptor for big data analytics in 2017.”  They’ve got a point, too—a damn good one. Deep learning and neural networks have shown remarkable promise, even holding out the hope that they might point the way toward achieving some sort of serviceable, human-like machine intelligence—not a terrible surprise, since their mechanism mimics the layered cognitive processing employed by the human brain.

And in 2017, we can expect even greater strides in machine learning, as massive upgrades to parallel processing power enable the networks to crunch ever-larger blocks of data. “Generative adversarial networks” (GANs) are the next big thing in machine learning—essentially dual networks, one that learns from datasets and another that distinguishes between real and fake data.

So look for our machines to become better learners in 2017, as AI approaches its “terrible twos” and begins to cognitively mature.

A Companion Mind

Harry Shrum, Executive Vice President of Microsoft’s AI and Research Group, is cheerfully optimistic about AI’s outlook in the coming year:

“In 2017 we’ll see increased acceleration in the democratization of AI for every person and every organization. With advances in technology, computers will gain even greater ability to see, hear and understand our world—to make us more productive, to have more fun and also enable greater strides towards solving some of society’s most pressing challenges like fighting disease, ignorance, and poverty.”

And that seems to be the general consensus about what the New Year holds for artificial intelligence. Not a mystical singularity; not the sudden “awakening” of an inchoate machine mind—inhuman, alien, perhaps even malevolent or at least antipathetic to all we hold dear. That’s a fantasy—the reality will be far more prosaic.

If AI is taken to mean the evolution of tools that act in concert with their makers, and are instilled with a limited, almost instinctual awareness, then we seem to be well on the way toward building a world in which our machines are active partners in the business of life. So don’t look for the coming of Skynet or HAL 9000 in 2017—nothing so dramatic as all that. For now, baby steps—incremental steps toward a world in which our very tools are endowed with the same sort of sensory and reactive faculties that are found throughout the living world.

Now, as for 2018… that’s a different story altogether.

References: 

• MIT Technology Review, 
• Battery Ventures, 
• The Huffington Post, 
• NVIDIA

{ https://futurism.com/ }

10-01-2017 om 12:35 geschreven door peter  

L’alchimie : superscience ou vestige d’une ancienne civilisation ?

JACQUES CARLES et MICHEL GRANGER

Il pourrait sembler paradoxal que la science moderne, après avoir acquis ses lettres de noblesse en accumulant des milliers de faits et en homologuant une multitude d’expériences, revienne aujourd’hui à des hypothèses formulées il y a plusieurs millénaires. C’est ainsi que l’on sait que Démocrate parlait déjà, bien avant l’ère chrétienne, d’atomes et qu’il envisageait que la Voie lactée était formée d’innombrables étoiles, ce qui conférait cette blancheur laiteuse à la région du ciel où on l’observe. Les Egyptiens, construisant le temple d’Edfou et installant de longs mâts en cuivre pour briser l’orage étaient à cent lieues de penser que Benjamin Franklin « inventerait » le paratonnerre trente siècles plus tard…

Il existe une foule d’exemples de ce genre dans tous les domaines scientifiques, mais d’autres faits plus troublants sont restés inexpliqués et même inexplicables à l’heure actuelle. Il semble donc naturel que les scientifiques armés de leur matériel ultramoderne s’attaquent à ces bastions de la connaissance.L’Île de Pâques, dans le Pacifique, est un cas typique. On peut y voir près de six cents statues gigantesques de plusieurs dizaines de tonnes dont il est impossible de formuler la provenance et la manière par laquelle elles furent érigées. Dans les Andes on a retrouvé des sculptures d’animaux de l’ère secondaire et des ports de mer à six mille pieds d’altitude ! Les Mayas utilisaient, en plus du calendrier basé sur l’année solaire, un calendrier basé sur l’année vénusienne de 584 jours…Plus on s’enfonce dans le temps et plus les faits fantastiques se multiplient. Cependant notre histoire est limitée : au-delà de 6000 ans on ne sait que des généralités, le plus souvent d’ordre géologique, et pourtant il est certain que l’homme existe depuis un nombre inconnu de siècles.

L’alchimie : une science ?

Il semble que sur terre les civilisations se font et se défont, qu'elles évoluent dans le temps et dans l'espace. Il est possible que des civilisations plus avancées nous ont précédé sur terre et qu'à notre tour nous tendons vers une supercivilisation. Malgré l'apocalypse d'une ancienne civilisation, certaines bribes, certains aphorismes, certaines conclusions auraient pu échapper au déluge universel et se perpétuer. Les Incas, les Egyptiens, les Chinois n'ont peut-être utilisé que des recettes ou des résultats d'une science passée qu'ils ne comprenaient pas mais qui leur était parvenue par tradition et s'était enrobée de considérations mystiques et religieuses.L'une de ces sciences ou doctrines, celle qui nous serait la mieux connue, retransmise depuis des siècles sans subir d'évolution et que l'on retrouve sous des formes très voisines dans les mondes orientaux, arabes ou européens, est l'alchimie.L'alchimie ne se développe pas, elle se transmet. Rien de nouveau n'est découvert. C'est l'« adepte », qui a appris son savoir d'un « maître », de chercher à réaliser le « grand œuvre », toujours pour un moyen immuable. Le grand œuvre c'est l'obtention de la pierre philosophale (ou poudre de projection) qui permet de transmuter les métaux vils en « or plus fin que celui de la minière ».Cependant le but essentiel de l'alchimie n'était pas la transmutation des métaux en or, mais bien la transmutation de l'alchimiste lui-même. Le véritable alchimiste méprisait et méprise encore (car il en existe toujours) celui qui œuvre dans un but intéressé.

Les adeptes modernes de l'« art sacré »

Le 20^ème siècle est sceptique mais il est aussi curieux. De nos jours, les rééditions et traductions de textes alchimiques connaissent des succès non négligeables. Les espoirs entrevus par la physique et la chimie d'aujourd'hui trouvent leur pendant dans l'alchimie. Mais cette curiosité ne peut demeurer passive devant cet inconnu surgi du néant. C'est pourquoi il existe encore de vrais alchimistes oeuvrant contre vents et marées, disséminés de par le monde et de plus en plus recherchés. Un pays comme l'URSS n'hésite pas à prospecter l'Europe afin de les localiser et à leur offrir des bonnes conditions de travail.Contrairement à ce que l'on pense, les alchimistes actuels sont des gens très sérieux qui, pour fuir le halo de charlatanisme qui les poursuit, évitent toute publicité et s'entourent du secret le plus complet. L'un des plus célèbres alchimistes du 20^ème siècle est aussi peu connu et auréolé de légende que l'était Paracelse ou Basile Valentin au Moyen-Âge. Il a écrit sous le nom de Fulcanelli et son ouvrage le plus célèbre « Le Mystère des Cathédrales » est toujours une énigme. Personne ne sait qui a été Fulcanelli, s'il est mort ou encore vivant. Il existe une société secrète « les frères d'Héliopolis » qui a été au second siècle après J.-C. à Alexandrie et dont Fulcanelli était un initié ; une telle société serait susceptible de détenir les traditions et les techniques les plus anciennes qui associent l'expérience scientifique et l'expérience spirituelle.Parmi les alchimistes prémodernes, on peut citer l'étrange personnage français qu'était Tiffeneau. Celui-ci, le 8 mais 1854, révéla devant l'Académie des Sciences de Paris certains résultats de ses expériences menées à Guadalajara, au Mexique, où il aurait préparé de l'or artificiel par une technique dérivée de l'alchimie. Selon lui, une explication rationnelle pourrait être l'action catalytique du rayonnement solaire au Mexique et la possibilité que certains rayons cosmiques traversant la terre possèdent une intensité et une énergie qui varient avec le temps et les sites géographiques, rendant impossible la répétition de l'expérience jusqu'à ce que ces conditions s'y prêtent de nouveau. Un phénomène qui apporte de l'eau au moulin de Tiffeneau est celui observé par le professeur Bruno Rossi, aux Etats Unis, en 1957. Des particules d'une énergie considérable, venant peut-être d'un autre monde, furent détectées dans un rayon de trois miles par des centaines d'appareils enregistreurs.

La croyance en l'unité de la matière

Bien que les « souffleurs » (alchimistes non initiés qui cherchent au hasard) aient permis de faire des découvertes valables, celles-ci ayant servi de base pour notre chimie moderne, l'obscurité des écrits « hermétiques » et la vague de rationalisme du siècle dernier, tout en ayant permis à l'ensemble des sciences de faire un bond gigantesque, ont malheureusement exagéré les contradictions et les aberrations des travaux alchimiques. Ceux-ci furent pendant longtemps complètement discrédités et considérés comme un assemblage d'absurdités et de folies. A présent, on se rend compte qu'une folie persistant avec tant de force pendant des siècles doit être étudiée avec sérieux, même si cela doit révéler jusqu'à quel point l'humanité peut déraisonner.De nos jours, des équipes de savants ont commencé l'étude critique et encyclopédique de l'alchimie ; certains faits se dégagent déjà tels que le chiffrage de certains textes alchimiques. Plusieurs grimoires ne sont que des cryptogrammes qu'il reste à traduire en langage clair, ceux-ci étant constitués d'une grande quantité de symboles qui n'étaient accessibles qu'à un petit nombre d'initiés. Depuis les débuts de la physique nucléaire, et plus récemment à la suite des observations du Français C. L. Kervran dans le domaine de la biologie, il est devenu évident que des transmutations sont possibles et que l'unité de la matière n'est plus une légende mais une réalité scientifique.Sur le même plan, les alchimistes décrivaient également la façon d'obtenir l'élixir de longue vie, ce procédé consistant en une série de distillations de l'eau et ensuite en une incorporation intime de certains sels métalliques. Aujourd'hui, on a mis en évidence le fait que le vieillissement pouvait provenir de l'accumulation de l'eau lourde dans les tissus. L'élixir de longue vie serait donc une substance capable d'éliminer l'eau lourde.Pourquoi alors notre science actuelle serait-elle la seule technique permettant la vérification des résultats déjà décrits par les alchimistes ? Des hommes (ou, devrait-on dire, des êtres humains ou non, terrestres ou pas) ont-ils déjà découvert les secrets de l'énergie et de la matière dans un passé sans fin ?Un passé ayant connu une brillante civilisation, aux techniques et philosophies très avancées mais différentes des nôtres, aurait-il réussi à nous transmettre un peu de son savoir malgré les cataclysmes géologiques, climatiques ou autres, par le biais d'une science traditionnelle et mystique ? Notre propre civilisation, au seuil de connaître un prodigieux épanouissement, se met à douter de son « exclusivité » et cherche à interroger le passé d'une façon scientifique afin de trouver peut-être un moyen de percer le mystère de son essence, et de nouveaux outils pour forger son avenir.
Ce texte, écrit en collaboration avec Jacques Carles, parut dans la page « sciences » du journal La Presse de Montréal, le samedi 13 septembre 1969.
Il constitue un préambule au livre que nous avions en projet comme coauteurs et qui, écrit en 1969-70 à Montréal alors que nous étions thésards, parut en août 1972 chez Albin Michel à Paris sous le titre :L’Alchimie, superscience extra-terrestre ? On y retrouve d’ailleurs la fin de l’article en dos de couverture.

              


Traductions :

              

En espagnol 1974.                       En portugais 1973.

En grec 1978.                              En espagnol (poche) 1977.

{ http://michelgrangerovni.blogspot.be/ }

10-01-2017 om 12:10 geschreven door peter  

UFO cover up - Needles, California - Men in black - Documentary

{  https://www.youtube.com/ }

10-01-2017 om 11:57 geschreven door peter  

‘Very quickly, very nearby’: Jumbo asteroid flashes by Earth in close-shave

© Erik Simonsen / Getty Images41

An asteroid between 11 to 34 meters across (36 to 111 feet), roughly the size of 10 jumbo African elephants, made a remarkably close approach to Earth on Monday morning, passing by at a distance only half that of the Moon.

According to the Slooh Observatory, the space rock, dubbed 2017 AG13, was moving at about 10 miles per second, making it hard to spot with a telescope.

“This is moving very quickly, very nearby to us,” Eric Edelman, an astronomer with Slooh, said during a live broadcast of the surprise flyby at 7:47am ET on January 9.

Посмотреть изображение в Твиттере

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Slooh 

✔@Slooh

While you were hitting snooze, we nearly hit an asteroid! At 7:47 AM EST an asteroid we only first spotted Saturday gave us a wake up call.

17:12 - 9 января 2017

• 128128 Ретвитов
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The near-Earth object, or NEO, has “a particularly elliptical orbit,” he noted, adding that “it actually crosses the orbits of two planets, Venus and Earth.”

The asteroid was initially spotted by the University of Arizona’s Catalina Sky Survey as recently as Saturday.

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Slooh 

✔@Slooh

We caught newly discovered asteroid 2017 AG13 as it made an extremely close approach to Earth this morning. It was closer than the Moon!

15:42 - 9 января 2017

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If a “good size chunk of it made it through Earth’s upper atmosphere near a populated area, there might have been damage like we saw in 2013,” technology website CNET reported.

Earth appears to be utterly defenseless in the face of comets and asteroids that bring little warning, a NASA scientist warned in December. The researcher believes building an interceptor rocket and an observer spacecraft could avert catastrophe.

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Asteroids and Comets @AsteroidMisses

asteroid (2017 AG13) missed earth by 0.5 lunar distances: diameter ~25 m, velocity 15.7 km/s, energy ~723 kilotons. http://j.mp/2i8hLtZ 

13:49 - 9 января 2017

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“The biggest problem, basically, is there’s not a hell of a lot we can do about it at the moment,” Dr. Joseph Nuth, a researcher with NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, said at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco, as quoted by the Guardian.

READ MORE: ‘Shock and frustration’: Locals report on meteorite crash in Russian Urals (VIDEO)

In February 2013, Russia’s southern Urals Region was rocked by a meteorite explosion in the stratosphere. NASA said the shockwave force was equivalent to a 500-kiloton explosion. The 20-meter-wide (65 feet) meteor exploded over the town of Chelyabinsk. As windowpanes shattered throughout the city, around 1,500 people were injured, but luckily no one was killed. The impact wave damaged a number of buildings, blowing out thousands of windows amid the extremely cold weather.

The US space agency has spotted over 90% of near-Earth objects that are larger than a kilometer. This is thought to be the required size for causing devastation on Earth. 

As of January, a total of 15,451 Near-Earth Objects have been discovered, according to NASA. An estimated 875 of these NEOs are asteroids with a diameter of approximately one kilometer or larger. Around 1,766 of these NEOs have been classified as Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs).

{ https://www.rt.com/ }

10-01-2017 om 11:42 geschreven door peter  

Giant asteroid rocketing towards Earth just misses us – and NO ONE spotted the danger

AN ASTEROID the size of a tower block has whizzed just past Earth – and we had no idea it was coming.

By Harry Kemble 

View image on Twitter

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Slooh 

✔@Slooh

While you were hitting snooze, we nearly hit an asteroid! At 7:47 AM EST an asteroid we only first spotted Saturday gave us a wake up call.

5:12 PM - 9 Jan 2017

• 126126 Retweets
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{ http://www.dailystar.co.uk/ }

10-01-2017 om 11:30 geschreven door peter  

10-01-2017 om 11:08 geschreven door peter  

‘Starfish’ disc UFO photographed over Tucson

An Arizona witness at Tucson reported watching and photographing a “starfish-like disc” hovering and rotating over his back backyard, according to testimony in Case 81033 from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness reporting database.

Witness image.

(Credit: MUFON)

The witness was outside in his backyard about 11:30 a.m. on December 18, 2016, when the object was first noticed a reflection coming in from the west at about 5,000 to 10,000 feet.

“When I focused on it, I could see that there was something that was metallic and rotating clockwise in a slow, stable, and consistent manner,” the witness stated. “There was no noise at all. I had my phone and tried to take a picture, but the object was too high up for me to get a good shot.”

Cropped and enlarged portion of witness image.

(Credit: MUFON)

The witness then ran inside to retrieve an SLR camera and quickly changed lenses to a telephoto; then ran back outside.

“It was still there, so I started taking pictures.”

Cropped and enlarged portion of witness image.

(Credit: MUFON)

The witness uploaded nine images with his MUFON report, which was filed on December 18, 2016.

“The object appeared and then disappeared from my view based upon how it was reflecting the sunlight. Since it seemed to be several miles away, I had a hard time focusing my camera on it, but I was able to get several good shots.”

After around 15 minutes, the witness was no longer able to find it in his viewfinder or by simply looking in that direction.

Cropped and enlarged portion of witness image.

(Credit: MUFON)

“I got the impression that it exited my view following a consistent northwest path until it left my field of vision. The only thing that was left in the sky was a jet heading from the west to east at approximately the same height. This is an estimate from my vantage point, and I am not an expert so couldn’t say for certain. I also took pictures of the jet for comparative reference.”

State Section Director Diane Gleason is investigating for Arizona MUFON. Please remember that most UFO sightings can be explained as something natural or man-made. The above quotes were edited for clarity. Please report UFO activity to MUFON.com.

{ http://www.niburu.nl/categorie/ufo/ }

10-01-2017 om 10:58 geschreven door peter  

{ http://www.niburu.nl/categorie/ufo/ }

10-01-2017 om 10:53 geschreven door peter  

{  http://www.niburu.nl/categorie/ufo/ }

10-01-2017 om 10:49 geschreven door peter  

Dyson Sphere Found Near Aquarius Constellation Using Google Sky Map, Jan 2017, PHOTOs, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: January 10, 2017

Location of discovery:  Near Aquarius

Google Sky Coordinates: 22h35m54.80s -4 25'27.22"

Looking through Google sky is a lot of fun. Its a bit slower that Google Mars or Moon to find an alien structure, but when you do, its well worth the effort. 

 

This is an alien megastructure...also known as a Dyson sphere. That is a megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures most or all of its energy output. It makes sense, since the more technologically advanced a species grows, the more dependent on energy that species becomes.You can see the light of the sun...which is a green light shining through the gaps in one side of the sphere. These gaps may be unfinished areas, since it take millions of years to construct, or it could have been made that way so ships can travel easily in and out. You see, the inside of the Dyson sphere would have the the inside area that is 600 million times that we have on Earth. That is a lot of room for a lot of people. 

 

Sure it might take a long time to build such a large sphere, but if aliens constructed millions of robots, they could work 24/7 for a million years and probably finish it. They could even mine their own materials and construct their own materials. Then...the aliens just wait for the work to be finished, while they do something more important with their times.

Scott C. Waring

{ http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

10-01-2017 om 10:41 geschreven door peter  

UFO Shoots Past Passenger Jet Over Mudgee, Australia On Jan 6, 2017, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: January 6, 2017

Location of sighting: Mudgee, Australia

 

This passenger jet had a really close flyby with a UFO in broad daylight over Australia this week. The UFO moves so fast that it almost makes the jet seem like its standing still. Aliens are always interested in the latest and greatest human technology. Aircraft often have this, so the drone UFOs will shoot by so fast the plane will not see them, and it will not be seen on radar. They scan the craft, the humans on board and the interesting tech it has...all in the span of a few seconds or less. 

Scott C. Waring

 

Eyewitness states: 

        The camera was using: CANON X A.25. Full H D camera.50 X optical zoom.

 { http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

10-01-2017 om 10:37 geschreven door peter  

{ http://nationalufocenter.com/ }

09-01-2017 om 23:36 geschreven door peter  

Filer’s Files #2 – 2017 Solar Warden Space Fleet - PART II

09-01-2017 om 23:25 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers Think A Rare And Explosive 'Red Nova' Will Light Up The Night Sky In A Few Years

The V838 monocerotis red supergiant which may have been  two stars that collided as a red nova

NASA/ESA/ The Hubble Heritage Team ( STSCI/AURA)

Every once in awhile, the stars actually do align — then merge, catastrophically explode, and spray their guts all over space.

Or at least that's the suspected trigger of rare "red novas," so-named for their characteristic red color.

One of the best-studied red novas happened in 2008. The object, called V1309 Scorpii, was a double-star system (also called a binary) measured for over 6 years before it merged and erupted.

But astronomers are desperate to find more such binary systems before they detonate, since watching the cosmic collisions would not only reveal a lot about the evolution of stars and nebulas, but also how space gets seeded with elements necessary for life.

Part of that effort has been a thorough search for binary star systems that look ready to blow.

However, Larry Molnar, an astronomer at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, has gone a big step further with a few colleagues: Over the past 2 years, he's claimed not only to have found such a system, but also predicted when it will blow up as a red nova.

"No one has ever seen a star go into this kind of explosion. No other situation has come up where any astronomer has ever been able to say, 'this is a star about to blow up,'" Molnar said in a preview for an upcoming documentary, called "Luminous."

His prognostication is specific enough to make any astrophysicist squirm: Molnar now says the whole thing will go down just 5 years from now.

In fact, according to Molnar's prediction, the stellar outburst should be visible in the night sky without any help from binoculars or a telescope.

"[I]n the lack of viable alternatives we must take seriously the unlikely hypothesis at hand," Molnar told Business Insider in an email.

A dance of death

^{A computer model of the binary star system KIC 9832227.Calvin College/Cara Alexander, Daniel Van Noord, Chris Spedden, and Larry Molnar}

The stars in question are a system called KIC 9832227, and they're locked in a dance of death.

In fact, they're so close together that they share each other's million-degree-plasma atmospheres: an object called a "contact" binary.

If you could magically teleport to the system, which is located about 1,700 light years from us amid the constellation Cygnus, it might appear as a brilliantly glowing bowling pin.

But no one was certain that KIC 9832227 was actually a double-star system; all astronomers knew was that its brightness varied over the years. Many types of stars and star systems "pulsate" their brightness in this way, so Molnar and a Calvin College student had to first rule out any doubt that it was two stars.

What they found in 2015 is that it behaved much like V1309 Scorpii — one of the best-known binary systems to unpredictably merge — and that the stars' mutual orbits were closing in.

"Over the past ten years, the period of KIC 9832227 has been getting shorter at a faster and faster rate," Molnar and his team wrote in a research poster about their discovery. "This implies that the stars are orbiting faster and getting closer together."

The team has recently ruled out more "mundane" explanations for what they see, according to a January 7 press release by Calvin College.

Predicting a violent stellar outburst

^{By using data from the few known examples, especially V1309 Scorpii, Molnar has calculated the approximate moment that the two stars of KIC 9832227 will collide: in the year 2022, "give or take a year," according to the release.}

Molnar said the explosion should increase the brightness of the star system 1,000-fold, to about magnitude 2 — roughly as bright as Polaris, the North Star.

If and when the two stars collide, they aftermath might look something like V838 Monocerotis, a star which suddenly flashed in 2002, temporarily becoming 600,000 times brighter than the sun — and the brightest star in the Milky Way galaxy.

Astronomers aren't certain V838 Monocerotis is actually a red nova, but ever since 2002, the Hubble Space Telescope has kept its wandering eye on the expanding gas and dust of the object.

Researchers in 2006 morphed eight of those Hubble photos to show off the red nova's evolution. This animation shows 4 years compressed into 6 seconds:

Should Molnar's prediction of the merger of KIC 9832227 prove correct, then astronomers will get one of the greatest heads-ups ever to a relatively rare and important event in the evolution of stars.

And being many times closer than a star like V838 Monocerotis, which is located some 20,000 light-years away, KIC 9832227 may also afford among the closest views of a stellar mega-eruption.

"If the star can completely merge, it can release as much energy as the sun would release in its entire lifetime," he said in the teaser video for "Luminous", adding that there's only "a one-in-a-million chance" to catch an event like this.

"Given the percentages of how many systems we have looked at and how unusual this event is," Molnar told Business Insider, "it seems unlikely that we should have found the next red nova so 'easily.'"

Read the original article on Tech Insider. Copyright 2016

Now watch: NASA just released the most accurate map of where Americans can witness a spectacular total solar eclipse this year

{  http://www.iflscience.com/ }

09-01-2017 om 23:05 geschreven door peter