Soviet secrets: Are there dead cosmonauts in orbit above Earth?

ALEX HOLLINGS

On April 12^th, 1961, a Russian man named Yuri Gagarin made history aboard a Soviet Vostok 3KA-3 spacecraft. For years, the United States and Soviet Union had been using the barrier between our world and beyond as a benchmark to test each nation’s greatest technological and engineering advances, and on that day, Gagarin achieved an incredible victory for the communist nation: he flew in space.

The space race was about far more than national pride, however, it was truly about global supremacy. Each nation recognized the final frontier as both a tactical advantage for military operations and a public relations necessity – competition put the American people behind spending the money required to go up against the Red giant, and victory would benefit morale nationwide. However, the Soviets did not need the public’s approval for expenditures, opting instead to announce each mission toward the unknown only after its successful completion, leaving their people under the impression that the Soviet program was incapable of failure.

In recent years, however, stories have begun to emerge about failed Soviet space missions and their policy of ensuring the media, the public, and their American competition never learned of their missteps.

Photographs surfaced in the 1970s depicting early Cosmonauts (Soviet Astronauts) at work and on vacation with one another, but because of confusion regarding which photographs had been published, Soviet news managers accidentally released never before seen versions of the images. When previously published images were compared to the images that were released in the seventies, inconsistencies began to surface. Most notable among these issues were missing Cosmonauts; the Soviet government had actually airbrushed entire people out of group photographs, opting to pretend these men were never a part of the program to begin with.

When confronted about these alterations, the Soviet Government made a number of fumbled attempts at explaining why they felt the need to forge the images released to the public. Finally, in the final years of Soviet reign, Gorbachev instructed Soviet journalists and historians to determine what truly happened to these “missing” and omitted men. Their research revealed that most had been expelled from the program for behavior that made them unsuitable to be seen as heroes for the nation or had developed medical conditions that prohibited them from participating in space flight. According to reports, the Soviet government had opted to remove them from records completely rather than explain away their failures in public.

All of this did little to sway American beliefs that the Soviets, even years after America claimed victory in the space race by landing on the moon, had more to hide than they were letting on. While some Americans have gone so far as to travel to Russia to meet with some of these redacted cosmonauts to verify Soviet stories, not all of the men can be accounted for officially.

American author and former NASA mission control scientist, James Oberg, was one of the first to notice the inconsistencies in the Soviet images and, although he has written at length about his beliefs regarding these “lost” cosmonauts in books like “Uncovering Soviet Disasters,” he seems fairly convinced in recent years that the Soviets were telling the truth about these redactions, and that most, if not all, of these missing cosmonauts were simply removed from the space program photographs to protect their flawless reputation.

Possibly the most damning, or at least the most controversial, evidence to suggest that the Soviet space program was not nearly as flawless as they contended at the time, were reports of a pair of Italian brothers that recorded radio transmissions prior to and after Gagarin’s historic flight that seemed to indicate manned orbital missions going awry.

The Judica-Cordiglia brothers were amateur hand radio operators that released a number of recordings in 1963 that they claimed were recorded during the Soviet’s most intense period of attempts to put a cosmonaut in space; attempts which they claim began in 1960, nearly a year prior to Gagarin’s successful mission.

According to the brothers, in May of 1960 they recorded a Morse code message indicating that a manned Soviet spacecraft had drifted dangerously off course. Then, on November 28^th, 1960, another Morse code signal, this time an SOS distress call, was recorded as another spacecraft reportedly left Earth’s orbit. In February of 1961, they recorded a cosmonaut audibly suffocating to death while attempting to contact mission control, then in April, they tracked Gagarin’s vessel as it made three successful orbits around Earth before reentering. The Soviets announced Gagarin’s success three days after the brothers claim to have tracked his flight path.

The recordings did not stop there, however. In May, the brothers claimed to have recorded another craft’s distress call as it slipped out of orbit, then again in October and November. In November of 1963, the brothers said they recorded a female cosmonaut pleading for help as her craft burned up during reentry. A final death, according to these brothers, occurred in April of 1964, again due to failed heat shielding during the return flight.

There are confirmed reports of Soviets dying in their pursuit of space flight, but these reports were often not confirmed until after the fall of the Soviet Union and in the face of overwhelming evidence. Gagarin’s own best friend died in an orbital mission. According to claims, he was aware that his mission was likely to fail due to a number of structural issues on the vessel, but opted to fly anyway to prevent his friend and backup pilot, the Soviet hero Gagarin, from having to take the risk. While it is confirmed that Vladimir Kamarov died during the failed re-entry of his Soyuz 1 capsule, rumors continue to surface about his final minutes, in which many claim he railed against the Soviet regime and faulted them for his impending death.

Twenty-two Americans have died as a result of our own efforts to extend mankind’s reach beyond our tiny blue dot. The task is incredibly dangerous and the men and women of every nation’s space program should be heralded for their bravery, but if claims about Soviet efforts to erase the lives of men and women that were lost in pursuit of victory over America are even partially true, it would add a dark lens to how we perceive all Soviet accomplishments during the era.

• Feature image courtesy of WikiMedia Commons

{ https://fightersweep.com/ }

08-02-2019 om 17:27 geschreven door peter  

Site of alleged 1947 UFO crash changes hands

By Lisa Dunlap

 

The 1947 UFO crash site is under new management.

Bogle Ltd. Co. of Dexter has sold the Lincoln County ranching property about 75 miles northwest of Roswell to Dinwiddie Cattle Co. LLC.

Something crashed in 1947 at what was then the J.B. Foster ranch, with the U.S. Army announcing it had recovered a “flying disc” but later saying the debris was merely the remnants of a high-altitude weather balloon. Speculation about extraterrestrials and government cover-ups has existed ever since, inspiring books, movies and TV shows as well as serious scholarship and research.

A deed filed with the Lincoln County Clerk’s Office shows that the crash-site property was transferred to the Dinwiddie Cattle Co. Nov. 26. The Lincoln County Assessor’s Office indicates the property is a bit larger than 78 acres.

Tommy Dinwiddie said the parcel happens to be part of a much larger land purchase for the cattle company’s ranching operations.

Without a strong personal interest in the UFO connection at this time, Dinwiddie said he can’t say for sure whether the crash-site property will be made available to the public.

“I just don’t know a whole lot about it,” Dinwiddie said. “The guy who is running the ranch over there for me knows quite a bit about it, and after we kind of get our feet on the ground running it, we will do some more talking about it and figuring out what we want to do.”

The Bogle family hosted tours of the site during the most recent UFO Festival in July, marking the first time that the group provided visitor access during its 66 years of ownership of the land. Prior to that, only researchers or documentary makers were given permission to be on the property.

The public’s fascination with the “Roswell Incident” and other UFO and extraterrestrial matters created a new tourism focus for the area, with numerous UFO-related businesses and events created as a result. The Roswell’s International UFO Museum Research Center now attracts more than 200,000 visitors worldwide each year, and the week-long UFO Festival brings in more than 30,000 tourists each summer.

{ https://www.rdrnews.com/ }

08-02-2019 om 17:17 geschreven door peter  

‘The Blair Witch Project’ Creator Returns With ‘Skyman’ – A Found Footage UFO “Docu-Drama”

By Vince Hoover

It’s been 20 years since the release of the groundbreaking “found footage” movie, The Blair Witch Project, scared audiences everywhere, and changed the horror genre forever. Now, one of the men behind the phenomenon, co-writer and director, Daniel Myrick, returns to this unique horror style with a new “documentary” horror film revolving around UFO’s. Called Skyman, the “documentary” follows Carl Merryweather, who swears he was visited by a “Skyman” while camping when he was ten.

Now, thirty years later, something is calling him back to the same spot, for some kind of reunion, and he intends to document the whole thing. Needless to say, things may not go smoothly for Carl.

The first trailer for the film was debuted at the Slamdance Festival (kind of like the more ‘out there’ little brother to Sundance) in Park City, Utah, on January 28^th. A fuller trailer will be coming later this year. The film itself is set to be released towards the end of 2019.

Myrick co-created The Blair Witch Project with Eduardo Sanchez, but even after the incredible success of the film, the two haven’t worked together on a project since, going their separate ways on various projects (none of which came within a fraction of the success of their first project). Now, going back to his roots, Myrick hopes to catch fire once again with this Aline based docu-drama.

The realistic feel of these “found footage” style movies have garnered success after Blair Witch, like Paranormal Activity and the alien based The 4^th Kind, which was critically panned but it actually rather terrifying. As the Father of this style, hopefully Myrick can catch lightning in a bottle a second time and give us a scary alien film that feels all to real.

{ https://www.screengeek.net/ }

08-02-2019 om 16:35 geschreven door peter  

TRAVIS BARKER AND TOM DELONGE USED TO LOOK FOR UFOS TOGETHER

"Loaded," he adds.

By Philip Trapp

 

[Photo via Spotify]

“Let’s get high and look for UFOS.”

So illustrates Travis Barker of a typical suggestion his one-time blink-182 bandmate Tom Delonge would utter to him on tour. In fact, the once and current blink drummer says that, back in the day, he and DeLonge would partake in various substances to fuel their sleepless UFO searches. All from the comfort of the blink-182 tour bus, of course.

“He used to get loaded and just look out the bus window,” Barker tells comedian Joe Rogan as a recent guest on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast. “And I used to do it with him as, I don’t know, kind of a bonding experience.”

Watch the part of the interview, below.

• Read more: New 2019 emojis have yawns, dogs, more blood

“With Tom, that was his thing,” Barker adds. “Like, fucking let’s get high and look for UFOs. So we would! We’d just sit there and, like, stare out the bus window, look at UFOs. He would even go as far as, when we were on tour, like, ‘Let’s go and fucking look for Bigfoot.’ Whatever it was, you know? He would assemble a crew and they would go do it.”

But does the drummer actually believe in the extraterrestrial beings he once sought with DeLonge? While Barker confirms he never attended one of the Angels & Airwavessinger’s apparent Bigfoot trips, he doesn’t deny that aliens might exist.

“I feel like it could be real,” he tells Rogan. “I believe. But I’m not dedicating my life to search for it, you know? And I give it to him, man. To, like, honestly … to walk away from your fucking very successful band to go do that shit? … I have nothing but respect for his passion. But I couldn’t do that. It really shows, like, he’s very, very passionate about it.”

And what else does DeLonge seem passionate about? Mermen:

Tom DeLonge

✔@tomdelonge

Mermen are def real. Mermaids are fiction but Mermen are the supernatural leaders of our world. Pure in heart, strength through love and wisdom like a blazing glorious sunset. #MerFuckingMen

Justin@Justin79554989

Tom DeLonge, I am extremely interested to receive your input about the t.v. documentary, "Mermaid's" which, originally aired on Animal Planet...Many claim it is fake animation and they have done everything to discredit the scientists who were a part of the endeavor. What say u?

• 1,179

1:27 AM - Jan 25, 2019

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What do you think? Sound off in the comments.

{ https://www.altpress.com/ }

08-02-2019 om 16:29 geschreven door peter  

Syfy Takes Robert Zemeckis UFO Show ‘Project Blue Book’ for U.K.

By ROBERT MITCHELL

Syfy has acquired A+E Networks’ sci-fi historical drama “Project Blue Book” for the U.K., it was announced Thursday by Syfy’s parent company, NBC Universal International Networks.

Executive produced by Oscar-winning filmmaker Robert Zemeckis, “Project Blue Book” is based on a real-life U.S. government operation of the same name and centers on the investigation by the U.S. Air Force into UFO sightings in the 1950s and ’60s. It was created by writer David O’Leary, who also serves as an executive producer.

Aiden Gillen stars as a brilliant yet underappreciated college astrophysics professor who is recruited to head the clandestine operation. Along with his Air Force captain partner (Michael Malarkey), who is assigned to debunk the stories, he is summoned to investigate UFO sightings around the country and uses science to discover what really happened. However, when some encounters cannot be explained and cases remain open, he begins to suspect that he has been duped by the government into a larger conspiracy to cover up the truth.

“This acquisition is uniquely suited for Syfy U.K. and, with top talent both in front [of] and behind the camera, we know viewers will be instantly hooked by these compelling, mysterious case files,” said Lee Raftery, managing director U.K. & emerging markets and chief marketing & content officer, NBC Universal International.

Neal McDonough, Michael Harney, Laura Mennell, and Ksenia Solo co-star. Brad Van Arragon serves as producer with series executive producers also including Sean Jablonski, Jacqueline Levine, Jack Rapke, Arturo Interian, and Barry Josen.

The 10-part series will premiere on Syfy in March. It debuted in the U.S. on the History Channel on Jan. 9.

{ https://variety.com/ }

08-02-2019 om 16:19 geschreven door peter  

Video: Why The Universe May Be Full Of Alien Civilizations featuring department Chair, Avi Loeb

{ http://astronomy.fas.harvard.edu/ }

08-02-2019 om 15:35 geschreven door peter  

08-02-2019 om 15:03 geschreven door peter  

AAN HET EINDE DER GELIJKE TIJDEN ZUL JE VREEMDE GEZICHTEN ZIEN... ( VIDEO )

Een eeuwenoude voorspelling uit de bijbel zegt dat we tegen het einde der tijden vreemde gezichten zullen zien. 

En wanneer we dan kijken naar wat er om ons heen gebeurt, dan kan je eigenlijk maar één ding concluderen.

Eeuwen geleden is het al in de bijbel voorspeld: “Aan het einde der tijden zult gij vreemde gezichten zien”. Wanneer ik zo eens om me heen kijk en het internet rond speur kan ik niets anders concluderen dan dat wij leven in het einde der tijden. Ook de Maya’s hebben eeuwen geleden al voorspeld dat 2012 het jaar zou zijn van een groot omslagpunt, het einde van een langdurig tijdperk.

Het jaar is 2012 is daar ook goed omschreven, want we weten inmiddels dat dit jaar inderdaad een omslagpunt was, waarbij de aardbevingen letterlijk in een stroomversnelling gingen. We zijn inmiddels alweer jaren verder en de aarde gaat tekeer als nooit tevoren.

Wanneer je regelmatig beelden bekijkt van wat er zoal gebeurt, dan zou je bijna bang worden en iedere keer als je denkt dat het niet veel heftiger kan worden, dan gebeurt dit toch weer en wordt er wederom een of ander record gebroken.

We krijgen van meerdere kanten tekenen dat dit inderdaad wel eens de eindtijd zou kunnen zijn. Zoals bijvoorbeeld tekenen uit de natuur, zoals onlangs ook weer in Japan.

Iets waar men in dat land als de dood voor is, is de riemvis. 

Riemvissen (Regalecidae) vormen een familie uit de orde van de koningsvissen. Riemvissen komen overal voor in het open water van de oceanen. De vissen kunnen zeer lang worden, de ('gewone') riemvis tot 11 meter. De vissen hebben geen aarsvin, wel een zeer lange rugvin die voor op de kop begint. De eerste acht tot tien vinstralen van de rugvin zijn helder rood gekleurd en opvallend lang. De vissen hebben kleine ogen en geen tanden.

Het is niet dat men zozeer bang is voor wat deze vis hen kan aandoen, als wel de boodschap die deze vis brengt. In Japan hebben deze vissen een heel speciale betekenis en het volgende is wat wij hier al eerder over schreven.

In maart 2010 viel Japanse vissers een sterke toename van het aantal riemvissen op die of aanspoelden of werden gesignaleerd. Dat was in dezelfde maand dat er een heel krachtige aardbeving was van 8.8 op de schaal van Richter in Chili. Een die zo heftig was, dat men vermoedt dat de aardas zelfs iets is verschoven. 

Omdat normaal gesproken deze vissen op een diepte van zo’n 1.000 meter leven is het ongewoon als ze naar de oppervlakte komen en volgens de Japanse folklore gebeurt dit als waarschuwing voor een op handen zijnde aardbeving. Volgens sommige wetenschappers kan hier misschien wel waarheid in schuilen, omdat vissen die op de bodem van de zee wonen, gevoeliger zijn voor seismische veranderingen. 

In de maanden voor de zware aardbeving in Japan in maart 2011, werden er meer dan een dozijn aangespoelde riemvissen gesignaleerd die of waren aangespoeld of die verstrikt waren geraakt in de netten van vissers. Dit gebeurde in de districten Ishikawa, Toyama, Kyoto, Shimane en Nagasaki. Allemaal vlak in de buurt van het epicentrum van de aardbeving. 

Nu schijnt het echter weer te beginnen en zijn er aan de Japanse westkust de afgelopen weken drie exemplaren of aangespoeld of gevangen in de netten van vissers.

De lokale sociale media gaan in overdrive en veel Japanners zetten zich schrap voor wellicht een volgende grote aardbeving, al dan niet met tsunami.

Het is slechts één van de vele ongewone dingen die zich voor doen. Ook bij ons hebben we nu te maken met een onverklaarbaar verschijnsel in de natuur:

De afgelopen weken zijn ruim 20.000 zeekoeten doodgegaan. "Dat is veel", zegt onderzoeker Mardik Leopold van de Wageningse universiteit. "Zo'n massale sterfte kennen we alleen uit de jaren 80 en 90." Dagelijks wordt er op elke kilometer strand langs de Nederlandse kust zo'n dode vogel gevonden. En dagelijks worden tientallen zieke, magere en ernstig verzwakte dieren bij de vogelasiels langs de kust binnengebracht. "Er is sprake van een alarmfase." De doodsoorzaak is nog niet duidelijk, al wordt er wel gezocht naar een verklaring.

Natuurlijk komt er een verklaring met een oorzaak. Er komt altijd een verklaring met een oorzaak, ook al hebben ze geen flauw idee wat het heeft veroorzaakt. Een verklaring met oorzaak is nodig om ervoor te zorgen dat de bevolking rustig verder slaapt en geen lastige vragen gaat stellen.

Maar, wat misschien nog wel het meest indringende van alles is, zijn beelden. Neem heel even de tijd en kijk wat er zoal gebeurde aan heftige dingen in de laatste dagen van januari. 



Naast beelden zijn er geluiden. Geluiden die ergens vandaan komen en niemand weet waar. Geluiden die door merg en been gaan en waarvan je instinctief voelt dat ze niet alledaags zijn.

En de mens die bezig is onder de ontzielende leiding van de Saoedische kroonprins Mohammed Bin Salman de bouw van een New World Order stad, genaamd Neom. Dat niet alleen, die stad wordt gebouwd precies bij de Sinaïberg, de plek waar Mozes de tien geboden kreeg. Dit stuk land en de bijbehorende historie wordt verstopt gehouden door de Saoedi's en het is zelfs afgezet en ontoegankelijk gemaakt voor het publiek.

{ http://niburu.co/ }

08-02-2019 om 14:57 geschreven door peter  

In the paranormal reporting business, there are occasionally stories that make you want to pass because there’s no way they can be true. And yet, with many of them, it’s not the first time an incident like it has happened and there could be more to it. Such is the case of a small report in the Mountain Reporter about an accident on a California highway that the driver insists was caused by extraterrestrials. Does this sound familiar to you?

“The man was not transported for his injuries and his claims of “alien intervention” during the traffic accident are under investigation by the California Highway Patrol.”

That’s the most interesting line of the brief account in theMountain Reporter of a traffic accident on State Route 18, the main highway into the rugged San Bernardino mountains in Southern California. Three California Highway Patrol units arrived at the scene around 1:30 pm to find a white Ford E350 van overturned. (Photo of the van here.) Why were three CHP cars in such a remote area near Rimforest?

“According to CHP transcripts of the original 911 call, the driver adamantly stated that his van was flipped over by aliens.”

A similar white Ford van

No incident report was available and the Mountain Reporter didn’t say if the driver – never named — was tested for impairment … the logical first thought in these types of incidents. However, those who follow UFO reports will know that unidentified flying objects have sometimes been said to stop cars and cause accidents. A series of such incidents occurred in 1965 in England and became known as the ‘Warminster Thing’. Many people reported hearing mysterious booms and seeing an orange flame in the sky emitting hisses and crackles. Among the reports were incidents of moving cars stopping after either the boom was heard or the flash was seen. While investigated for over 50 years, the mystery of the Warminster Thing and its effect on cars has never been solved.

No question what caused this accident … or is there?

Then there’s the “Val Johnson incident.”

This year (2019) marks the 40th anniversary of a police car accident in Marshall County, Minnesota, which the driver, Deputy Sheriff Val Johnson, blamed on a UFO. Johnson never changed his story from his original report of a bright beam of light heading towards his car, then surrounding it and rendering him unconscious. He claimed to be out for 39 minutes, during which time his watch stopped for 14 minutes, his windshield was shattered, lights were damaged and an antenna bent. Johnson had bruises and eye damage which a doctor compared to welder’s burn – a severe irritation caused by staring at a welder’s flame. Johnson refused to take a lie detector test but his testimony was accepted because of his clean record as a sheriff and because examinations of the accident scene and the car (which is on display at the Settler’s Square Historical Museum in Warren, MN) by professionals and UFO investigators could not definitively identify the cause of the accident and damages. Non-believers say either Johnson concocted the story to hide an accident or he was a victim of a prank gone bad.

Will more information come out about the “alien intervention” accident in California? We’ll keep watching. Was it a DUI? Let’s hope not. Will it become a San Bernardino Thing or a Rimforest incident? Let’s hope so … we need some good new UFO stories.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

08-02-2019 om 14:43 geschreven door peter  

We’ve always known that the wars of the future would be fought with laser weapons and, well, here we are in the future. The militaries of all three of the world’s superpowers – China, Russia, and the US – are busy developing laser weapons presumably capable of zapping a human being into dust in mere seconds. Or at least causing an excruciatingly painful burn. I mean, it’s 2019 after all. If we can’t have flying cars we might as well have giant death ray lasers, right?

Or tiny handheld laser pistols, I’m not picky.

This week, government and technology watchdog site Nextgov spotted a curious document published by the Naval Surface Warfare Center at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The weapons research facility published a solicitation for contractors to bid on destruction services, a fairly common occurrence in top-secret research circles. However, the nature of the materials to be destroyed is somewhat conspicuous: the Navy needs someone to destroy 4,000 pounds of hard disks and other digital media related to its laser weapons research and to do so with the utmost secrecy and security. What does this mean for the US military’s research into directed energy weapons?

It’s hard to say, as all of the materials slated for destruction are classified. The call for bids states that for an incineration facility to be considered for the contract, it must be within ten driving hours of White Sands Missile Range, be capable of destroying the materials down to ash within eight to ten hours, and have “at the minimum, secure entry, 24-hour armed guards and 24/7 camera surveillance with recordable date and time capabilities.” What could be stored in these media that’s so sensitive?

The US Navy has for some time been looking into using “directed energy weapons” like lasers to shoot down drones and missiles.

According to Nextgov, the Navy’s call for bids disappeared within hours. Has someone won the contract to destroy all of this secret weapons research? What does this revelation mean for the Navy’s development of directed energy weapons? Have they perfected a design and no longer need all of the prototypes and test data produced along the way? As with all things related to secret weapons research, we’ll likely never know – until the laser beams start flying.

Invest in welding goggles.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

08-02-2019 om 14:32 geschreven door peter  

Thanks to the provisions of the Freedom of Information Acts of both the United States and the United Kingdom, we know with complete certainty that various military and intelligence agencies have opened secret files on countless people who claim to have encountered otherworldly beings. The evidence, we know, dates back to the early 1950s. That was when the Federal Bureau of Investigation quietly opened files on numerous people in the Contactee field. They included George Adamski, George Van Tassel, Orfeo Angelucci, and Truman Bethurum. All of them – and many more too – came under the careful and secret scrutiny of J. Edgar Hoover’s G-Men. The surveillance had very little to do with the claimed encounters of the characters above, but just about everything to do with the pro-Russian statements some of the Contactees made.

Of course, the Contactee experience didn’t involve people being abducted against their will. For the most part, the so-called Space Brothers would invite amazed people onto their craft. The Space Brothers were benevolent, human-looking figures who wanted nothing more than to help steer us away from worldwide, nuclear destruction and the extinction of life on Earth. This is in stark contrast to what erupted, all across the globe, just a few years after the likes of Van Tassel and Adamski were riding high. Suddenly, government agencies were faced with another non-human phenomenon – a very much unforeseen one. It was a phenomenon which concerned the governments of both the United States and the United Kingdom.

A stark and chilling realization hit government agencies square in the face: strange creatures from faraway worlds were kidnapping citizens of this planet. People were being subjected to medical experiments of kinds which puzzled those tasked with studying the situation; memories were being wiped clean; and there was a new threat to national security. Forget the Russians: sinister entities from an entirely different realm of existence to ours were using us like cattle. And, in the very early days – when the Betty and Barney Hill saga reached the media and the public – it seemed that nothing could be done to bring the onslaught to an end. Indeed, not only were government agencies confused and vulnerable to the activities of the new gang in town; they were hit by a terrible realization that they were unable to do anything about the growing intrusion in our very midst.

In other words, in the early years of the alien enigma, agencies were still very much in the dark, doing their utmost to come to grips with something that overwhelmingly baffled them. The military was used to dealing with enemies that wanted to destroy us. The United States Government knew that the Soviets were a major threat – and they knew how to handle them, in just the same way that the Soviets knew how to handle the Western world. The problem, as we have seen, though, is that the Grey abductors didn’t act like regular enemies: they didn’t attack us, they didn’t destroy our cities in Independence Day-style, and they never landed on the White House lawn and demanded worldwide surrender. Rather, they acted in a stealthy, odd way which agencies – particularly the military – had a hard time coming to grips with. There was no outright aggression, but there was no friendly approach either.

So, what did our leaders do? Agencies took what they felt was the best approach possible – maybe even the only approach possible, taking into consideration the fact that the aliens were infinitely years ahead of us, in terms of science and technology. There really was only one option available to governments. That was to watch – and watch closely – what was going on. To keep the abductees under surveillance.. To stay fully aware of the growing alien abduction epidemic – at least, to the extent that they were able to. And to stand ready and prepared for any significant changes in the clandestine actions of the Greys.

This is why, as the 1960s became the 1970s, we saw the rise of the black helicopter and “phantom helicopter” phenomena. It was in the early 1970s that elements of the government secretly assigned a significant budget towards creating helicopter-based quick-reaction teams that could respond to alien abduction events, and monitor the homes of abductees across the United States. The project even used those same helicopters to try and figure out the connection between abductions and the cattle mutilation phenomenon. That encounters involving alien abductees and those mysterious helicopters are still being reported is a very good indication that this particular kind of aerial surveillance is still very much afoot.

Let’s not forget that there is an even stranger aspect to all of this. It’s that of the MILABS controversy. We’re talking about Military-based abductor teams fabricating abduction events – such as the trauma-filled Charles Hickson-Calvin Parker abduction late one night in October 1973 in Mississippi – to try and place the aliens in an even more dangerous light than they already seem to be. Or, in the Brazilian affair of Antonio Villas Boas in October 1957, to make the whole abduction issue appear utterly ridiculous by bringing the issue of wild alien-human sex into the equation. Many researchers of the UFO issue outright dismissed the Villas Boas story when it first surfaced – which was exactly what the government wanted: keep Ufologists from investigating the real abductions, by trying to convince those same Ufologists that all of the tales of alien abduction – and sex with extraterrestrials – were ludicrous and the works of hoaxers.

From the 1950s to the present day, it has been an undeniably wild ride.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

08-02-2019 om 13:56 geschreven door peter  

Animal Skull, Crude Facial Sculpture Found On Mars In Rover Photo, Feb 8, 2019, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: Feb 8, 2019
Location of discovery: Mars
Source photo: 

• http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/211009

I was looking through some gigipan photos of Mars and found some really strange objects, each of which tells it own story from its detail. 

First is the skull above which has a lower jaw beak like a turtle or even the upper and lower beak of a triceratops dinosaur. The detail is extraordinary and had the rover spotted it, it would have intrigued world scientists for months. I believe this is a sculpture...since it lacks the upper face details most fossils would defiantly have. 

There was also a flat sculpture of a bearded face. I added color to it to more easily see the details due to its crude and aged appearance. It would appear that the culture that made these were of lower intelligence...like that of prehistoric earth. Did you notice his ear is lower than ours?

Then at the bottom of this post is a screenshot of another face...again a old male with an open mouth and high detailed lower teeth and jaw. His eyebrows, eyes, mouth nose, cheeks all highly stand out. These sculptures are undeniable proof that aliens...intelligent or not...once lived on Mars. 

I would also like to add something...this ancient society on Mars...is a male dominate culture. I find very few female faces and most the faces I find are male with beards, crowns, moustaches, aged older males with wrinkles. That alone may account for a large reason why their species went extinct...they dismissed the intelligence and ingenuity of the females of their species, thus increasing the odds of destroying themselves and their society. Male and female combined intelligence creates a balance and increases the chance of survival of any species. 
Scott C. Waring-Taiwan

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

08-02-2019 om 12:43 geschreven door peter  

UFO Sighting Video: Mysterious Objects Seen Flying In Formation Over China

Many UFO enthusiasts suggest that aliens are watching us after a fleet of unidentified flying objects were seen hovering over a Chinese city.

A video that was uploaded to YouTube appears to show multiple UFOs moving above China. While the details of the video may be scarce as the uploader doesn’t say which area of China they are spotted, the clip clearly shows something suspicious. The video shows three UFOs in formation moving overhead.

The strange aerial objects differ in size with the center one being by far the biggest.

The variation of size had led some to think that the UFOs were not human-made as the fleet would likely all have been of the same aircraft if they were terrestrial.

Some UFO enthusiasts believe that extraterrestrials are watching us across the globe. They say that UFOs are everywhere and they vary in size, some are big and some are as small as baseballs.

Certain quarters of conspiracy theorists say that China being the secretive nation has its own Area 51. They believe it is located in the middle of nowhere in the Gobi Desert where they see a series of strange structures.

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

08-02-2019 om 12:34 geschreven door peter  

08-02-2019 om 02:03 geschreven door peter  

Is the universe infinite?

BY MIHAI ANDREI 

The observable universe is some 93 billion light-years across. The whole universe is almost certainly much larger than that. But we still don’t know whether or not it’s infinite.

It takes some mental gymnastics to wrap your head around how big the universe is — and we’re not even sure of its actual size is (we’ll get to that a bit later). Think of it this way: in a single second, light travels around 300,000 kilometers (186,000 miles). The distance that light traveling at this speed travels in a year is called a light-year. The observable universe is 93 billion light-years across. What lies beyond that, we don’t know — we can’t observe it in any possible way and we’re not really sure. So we suspect that there’s still a lot of universe beyond that, though we’re not sure how much.

Although astronomers have frantically looked for an answer, we also don’t know if the universe is infinite or not — and to make matters even more complicated, “infinite” might also mean more than one thing.

Let’s see what we know so far, what the plausible possibilities are, and what we can guess off of that.

The observable universe

For starters, the fact that we know the observable universe to be 93 billion light-years across is astonishing — that’s a great story in itself, and you can read about it extensively here — but how do we know it? Well, the story starts out with an Austrian mathematician and physicist called Christian Doppler.

In the 19th century, Doppler tried to explain an unusual phenomenon about electromagnetic waves: if and observer moves towards or away from the source of a wave, the length of that wave decreases or increases respectively. This is now called the Doppler effect and was confirmed for essentially all types of waves.

For astronomers, this is extremely important. If you have some stars you can use as a reference (a sort of cosmic “candle“), you can look for all sorts of anomalies in the wavelengths you’re seeing. If you’re seeing increased wavelengths, the object is moving away from you (redshift), and if the wavelengths are getting smaller, it’s moving towards you (blueshift).

In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble discovered something unusual. Sure, some things are moving towards each other and others are moving away, but in a general sense, everything seems to be moving away from everything else. Simply put, the universe appears to be expanding. This was truly a groundbreaking moment — a paradigm shift from the universe which was once thought to be fixed and stable. Not only that, but this universal expansion also appears to be accelerating. We still don’t know exactly why or how this happens, but subsequent measurements have confirmed and refined this idea.

Studying redshift is fundamental for studying cosmic distances, especially for things which lie far away. But this is where things start to get a bit tricky.

If you’re looking at something that’s, say, 1 light year away, you see it the way it was 1 year ago. But in that year, the universe has expanded, so the distance between you and that object is now greater than 1 light year.

Astronomical observations have found the age of the universe to be around 13.7 billion years, and one of the farthest objects we’ve ever discovered is a galaxy called GN-z11. This galaxy is 13.4 billion years old, which is incredibly old. However, although it took light from it 13.4 billion to reach us, the galaxy lies way farther than 13.4 billion light-years away — in fact, astronomers believe it to be a whopping 32 billion light-years from Earth! So it’s misleading to think that the age of the universe (in years) also represents its size (in light years). But we can go even farther than that.

We can detect some photons which were formed before any other star or galaxy. These earliest photons come from the so-called cosmic microwave background (CMBR), faint cosmic background radiation filling all space. This is the earliest known electromagnetic radiation — and as far as we can tell, it’s the oldest thing we can detect.

Some of our most accurate estimates of the CMBR come from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which, along with other estimates, found that farthest observable photons come from 46.5 billion light-years away. This would mean that our observable universe is, at the very least, 93 billion light-years across (46.5 in both directions).

We have no idea where we are in relationship to the universe in general, but there’s no reason to believe that we occupy a special position. At any rate, the observable universe is estimated to be about 93 billion light years. But what lies outside our observable universe?

Wrap your head around this

The blunt answer is… we don’t really know. We can’t observe anything outside of the observable universe (doh!), so we can’t really know for sure — but that doesn’t mean we can’t make assumptions.

There are different studies attempting to calculate the real size of the universe. For instance, one statistical estimate carried out by Oxford researchers found that the universe might be 251 times larger than the observable universe, which would put it at 23,343 light-years across. Even so, that’s on the conservative side — one study reports that the universe is  megaparsecs across, with one megaparsec being 3.26 million light years. That’s a number so big that the unit of measure doesn’t even count. Whether you express it in meters or light-years or megaparsecs, the different just gets lost in the final digits.

The structure of the Universe does not appear to repeat in some significant way. For all we know, it could very well be infinite.

If the universe were to be this big, then even if it’s not technically infinite, it could still be practically infinite — nothing from our location could reach its edge or vice versa. But it gets even weirder!

Remember, we live in an expanding universe — we know that from Hubble. But Hubble was off on his initial measurements: recent studies have converged on an expansion rate around 70/km/megaparsec. So if something is one megaparsec away, it’s moving away at a rate of 70 km/s. If it’s 2 megaparsecs, it’s receding at 140 km/s, at 3 megaparsecs it’s 210 km/s, and so on.

Let’s do a gross simplification: the observable universe is 93 billion light-years across — that’s 28.500 megaparsecs. This would mean that the points which are farthest away are receding at a speed of about 2,000,000 km/s — that’s almost 10 times higher than the speed of light! But the theory of special relativity tells us nothing can move faster than the speed of light, so what gives?

Well, technically, the universe isn’t moving. It’s not like something is moving at 2 million km/s — space itself is expanding at that rate. General relativity does a better job of dealing with this type of conundrum, but even general relativity is, in a sense, a local law — with “local” being limited to our universe. We have no idea what’s going on “outside” the universe, if such an outside exists, or if it even makes sense.

Furthermore, notice that the expansion rate isn’t a speed: it’s a speed per distance. So while cosmic objects are getting farther away from one another, they aren’t moving away from one another. But if you were to try to reach these far away places, you’d have to travel faster than the speed of light, which is impossible (according to our knowledge). You can even calculate that objects farther than 4,740 megaparsecs are moving away at a rate higher than the speed of light and could therefore never reach one another. Galaxies closer than that are still emitting light that can reach us. Of course, this all relies on the assumption that the universe will continue to expand, which may or may not be true. The universe could stop expanding and start collapsing onto itself for all we know, or it could expand faster and faster forever.

So even if the universe is not theoretically infinite, from a practical point — it quite likely is. But that still doesn’t really answer the question, does it?

To infinity… and beyond!

The universe may be infinite, but we can only analyze a finite part of it (the part in which light has had time to reach us). As far as we can see, there are galaxies in every direction with no sign of slowing down. Simply put, we’ve seen no sign of an edge of the universe.

Olber’s paradox says that if the universe extends infinitely, then no matter where you look, you would eventually fall on the direction of a star, so the night sky would completely light up. Since this doesn’t happen, then the universe can’t be infinite. However, Olber’s paradox might be explained by the fact that some objects are simply too far away for their light to reach us, or there is just too much dust in the universe obscuring our view. It could also be that stars aren’t distributed on random directions, but rather take on a fractal distribution — so Olber’s paradox doesn’t ultimately do all that much in the way of disproving an infinite universe.

Another argument attempting to debunk an infinite universe is that during the Big Bang, the universe was condensed into an infinitesimal point, so how can something infinite derive from something finite?

This, however, relies on an incorrect assumption: the Big Bang wasn’t an eruption in space, it was an eruption of space. Before it, space did not exist, so something could not be big or small. It was a point of infinite energy, which again, doesn’t do much to clear up whether the universe can be infinite or not.

Let’s approach things another way: if the universe is expanding, what is it expanding into? Well, as far as we can tell, it’s not that the universe is expanding into something — space itself is expanding. In other words, it’s not like the edge of the universe is always moving forward, but more like all points in the universe are moving apart. Think of it like raisins in a dough: you put it in the oven, and all the raisins are pushed apart by the expansion of the dough. But still, if the universe is finite, then it probably has an edge and an “outside” — what those things would be like, however, we don’t really know.

Here’s another intriguing question: if the universe really is infinite, does that mean there’s an infinite number of you’s out there? Are there different variations of you, like one in which you have cat ears, and another one in which you’re immortal? That may very well happen, surprisingly enough — but it’s not that simple.

The odds of someone exactly like you are infinitesimal — from a cosmic standpoint, the odds are so small that they’re essentially 0. If the universe is infinite, then the odds of a new you are basically infinity times zero — a type of problem which has haunted mathematicians for centuries.

0 × ∞ = ?

For the less math-savvy out there, this is a type of indeterminate problem: on one hand, the answer should be 0, because everything multiplied by zero is zero. But on the other hand, the answer should be infinity, because everything multiplied by infinity is infinity. The answer relies on how “zero” that zero really is, and how “infinite” that infinity really is. In our practical case, we don’t know how infinitesimal the odds of evolving a specific life form are, so the problem remains indeterminate. You could be the only you out there, or there could be an infinite number of variations — it’s also possible that there’s a finite number of you’s out there, which makes it even weirder.

Drawing the line

You’ve probably realized that there’s a lot of if‘s, maybe‘s, and we don’t know‘s in this conversation. That’s just the way things are right now — we’re still only starting to scratch the surface of cosmic truths.

There’s no clear-cut answer to whether the universe is infinite or not, but in this case, the reward is in the journey, not the destination.

The one thing we do know is that the universe is big. It’s a big and mysterious place, equally wondrous and terrifying. The fact that we, the results of stardust and physical forces, are trying to understand its nature is equally wondrous — and equally terrifying.

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

08-02-2019 om 01:50 geschreven door peter  

THE BIG ONE LIJKT STEEDS DICHTERBIJ TE KOMEN 

In Californië weten ze niet wanneer maar wel dat het zal komen; een allesvernietigende aardbeving die ze de Big One noemen. 

Met tektonische platen die bewegen en 39 afzonderlijke aardbevingen in een tijdsbestek van 24 uur, begint men zich nu toch wel wat zorgen te maken.

De mainstream media verkneukelden zich eind 2012 toen de wereld niet werd vernietigd door een Apocalyps. 

Wat bijna niemand in de gaten had, was dat eind 2012 een enorm keerpunt voor de wereld betekende. Dit was het moment waarop aardveranderingen in een enorme stroomversnelling terechtkwamen en waarbij het aantal jaarlijkse aardbevingen letterlijk als een raket omhoog schoot.

Niet alleen worden dit soort dingen systematisch voor het publiek verborgen gehouden, ook is het naïef om te denken dat dit alles zonder verdere gevolgen zal blijven. 

En zo komen we terecht in de Amerikaanse staat Californië, waar wetenschappers al heel lang zeggen dat The Big One zal toeslaan op “een kwade dag”. The Big One is een allesvernietigende aardbeving aan de westkust en plaatsen zoals Los Angeles en San Francisco.

Dit gebied ligt ook nog eens op de bekende Ring of Fire, waardoor de gevaren nog eens extra worden versterkt. 

Er komen dan ook steeds meer aanwijzingen dat The Big One veel dichterbij is dan men graag zou willen. Afgelopen week is het heel erg onrustig geweest in dat gebied. Zoals in het weekend toen de kust voor Californië minimaal tien aardbevingen te verwerken kreeg van een kracht van minimaal drie op de schaal van Richter. 

De lokale kranten brengen berichten waarin ze schrijven dat ze hopen dat dit niet de opmaat is naar iets veel groters en dat het hierbij zal blijven. 

Het begon zaterdagochtend met de bevingen en het bleef maar doorgaan. Bevingen met een kracht van 3.0 tot en met 4.5. Iets verder naar het zuiden werd bij Mexico afgelopen vrijdag een beving gemeten met een kracht van 6.6 op de schaal van Richter. 

En de miljoen mensen die wonen in en rondom de eerder genoemde steden gaan gewoon door met hun leven en hopen maar dat er niets zal gebeuren. Eigenlijk is dat vreemd zeker gezien de conclusie van een recent wetenschappelijk onderzoek. 

Die conclusie is dat wanneer er echt een grote aardbeving in dat gebied voorvalt, er een aanzienlijke kans is dat grote delen van Californië in een oogwenk in zee zullen verdwijnen. En het sinistere is dat dit kan gebeuren zonder ook maar de geringste waarschuwing. 

Volgens professor Matt Kirby van de Cal State Fullerton universiteit zal het zo snel gaan, dat tegen de tijd dat je in de gaten hebt wat er eigenlijk aan de hand is, het al te laat is en je het zeewater ziet binnenstromen. 

Californië ligt op één van de meest bekende breuklijnen ter wereld, de San Andreas, en wanneer je naar het volgende plaatje kijkt, dan zul je zien dat het niet ondenkbaar is dat er een deel van deze staat zal afbreken en in zee terechtkomen. 

Het volgende is wat we eerder schreven over de breuklijnen in Californië.

De tektonische platen van de aarde schijnen ook steeds meer in beweging te komen en op sommige plaatsen zelfs af te breken. Op het onderstaande kaartje zie je de situatie voor de kust van Californië. 

Je ziet daar dat er twee van die platen langs elkaar schuiven. Hierdoor ontstaat volgens wetenschappers ooit de situatie dat Los Angeles naast San Francisco zal liggen. Dit soort bewegingen vindt plaats langs de San Andreas breuklijn.

Dan is er voor de kust daar ook nog een gebied waar de dunnere tektonische plaat van de oceaan onder die van het continent duikt. Men noemt dit de Cascadia Subduction Zone.

Hoewel minder bekend dan de San Andreas breuklijn, denken wetenschappers dat dit gebied de “Big One” zal gaan veroorzaken. 

Autoriteiten nemen de dreiging in ieder geval wel serieus, want ze hebben afgelopen juni een enorme oefening gehouden met de naam Cascadia Rising waarbij de gevolgen van een 9.0 aardbeving werden gesimuleerd. 

{

08-02-2019 om 01:32 geschreven door peter  

An incredible image was captured that shows the entire dark side of the Moon as well as Earth in the distance. Since we can’t see the dark side of the Moon from here on Earth, this is one spectacular photo to say the least.

The image was captured on February 3^rd by a team of radio amateurs who were using the Chinese Longjiang-2 satellite. Once they took the picture, they downloaded it with the Dwingeloo Radio Telescope which is located in the Netherlands. The team, which is led by Harbin Institute of Technology, sent twin micro-satellites into space last spring along with China’s Queqiao satellite.

Previously taken picture of the Moon (not the photo indicated in this article)

After a quiet period in order to prevent interfering with the Chang’e 4 Lunar landing, the satellite started up again on January 13^th. Then on February 3^rd, the team sent a command to start taking pictures and that’s when they noticed that Earth, as well as the entire dark side of the moon, were seen together.

In a blog post, astronomer Cees Bassa wrote, “The first image from this time-lapse was downloaded with the Dwingeloo telescope on February 4, 2019. For the first time, the entire Moon and Earth are in view.” In previous photos, they were able to get images of Earth but only a portion of the moon, that’s why this photograph of the both of them is so stunning.

Previously taken picture of Earth from the Moon surface (not the photo indicated in this article)

The team explained that it’s an exhausting and very carefully planned procedure to set up the shots and receive the data from them. But it’s definitely worth it when they capture a picture like the one they took on February 3^rd.

• Click here to see the image captured of Earth and the dark side of the Moon.

 

It’s only been in the past several decades that humans have seen for the first time the dark side of the Moon. Since it always faces away from Earth, nobody has seen it except for a very lucky few. In fact, it was only in 1959 that the Soviet Luna 3 spacecraft took the first pictures of the far side of the Moon. And it took another nine years, in 1968, before astronauts on the Apollo 8 spacecraft became the first ever humans to see its far side when they were orbiting our Moon. Then just this year, on January 2, 2019, China’s Chang’e 4 became the first spacecraft to touch down on the lunar’s far side.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

08-02-2019 om 01:24 geschreven door peter  

‘Oumuamua has been on a long, strange journey not only in terms of its voyage from a distant corner of space and through our own Solar System, but also in terms of the discussion surrounding the mysterious interstellar object. Since its initial discovery in 2017, professional astronomers and amateur stargazers alike have put forward all manner of theories concerning the curious traveler, most prominent being the claim made by Harvard astronomy chair Avi Loeb who adamantly stands by his claim that ‘Oumuamua could be an alien spacecraft.

Loeb argues that ‘Oumuamua could be a type of solar sail which uses the radiation from stars to propel itself through space.

Naturally, dead-eyed, cynical astronomy professors in their ivory towers everywhere have been attacking Loeb’s theory. How dare a scientist consider all possibilities and acknowledge the possibility, however small, that intelligent life could exist somewhere other than Earth! While Loeb and other scientists publicly debate whether or not ‘Oumuamua could be an alien craft or probe traveling by means of solar sail, a NASA astronomer quietly published a paper this week with his own theory about the first known interstellar visitor to our Solar System.

Zdenek Sekanina, an astronomer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, believes that ‘Oumuamua could be a “monstrous fluffy dust aggregate” left behind by the violent destruction of a comet. According to a new study Sekanina published in the open source journal arXiv.org, ‘Oumuamua very well could be a loosely-bound cloud of dust zooming through the universe like a cosmic zombie after a “recent explosive event” destroyed what was once a comet.

Who knows, maybe alien civilizations somewhere can create spacecraft which look to us like fluffy clouds of dust. We have no clue what any alien races, if they exist, are capable of producing.

Sekanina cites an Oort Cloud comet known as C/2017 S3 which exploded and left behind another “monstrous, extremely fluffy aggregate of loosely bound dust grains” which continued to fly through the cosmos. Could ‘Oumuamua be another one of these comet corpse clouds? Ultimately, we may never know, as the object quickly sped past Earth and around the Sun on its way to eventually exit our Solar System in 20,000 years. Will we ever know the true nature of this interstellar visitor? Could ‘Oumuamua indeed be an alien probe or is it a fluffy cloud of dust?

Why not both?

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

08-02-2019 om 01:13 geschreven door peter  

On January 29, 2019 a giant anomaly, possible an alien mothership, suddenly appeared on the Secchi Cor2A satellite.

It is possible that the object is closer to the camera than the sun, even though the size must be enormous.

And it is not for the first time that UFOs have been spotted on NASA’s satellites.

Many UFOs, other unknown objects possible under intelligent control and even triangular craft like a TR-3B have been observed near the sun over the years and despite decades of denial by NASA we all know that it is not always a camera reflection or a cosmic dust particle.

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

08-02-2019 om 01:05 geschreven door peter  

Sea level rise might not be as bad as predicted, despite accelerating ice sheet melting

 BY MIHAI ANDREI

The melting of the Arctic and Greenland ice sheets have long been known to be caused by climate change. Now, two new papers conclude that the effects of this melting have been overestimated: they may cause much less sea rise and climate shifts than we thought. However, ice will continue to melt at an accelerated rate, causing even more global warming.

Very young sea ice and sea smoke in from of the Stange ice shelf in the Ronne Entrance, Southern Bellingshausen Sea.
Image credits: Mark Brandon.

While some media and politicians are still debating whether climate change is happening and what its causes are, the science is very clear on this: climate change is happening, and we are causing it. Moderate estimates find that temperatures will rise by 3-4 degrees Celsius by the end of the century, and we are already feeling the effects.

However, the details of this warming are still being analyzed. For instance, we know that melting ice sheets will accelerate global warming largely due to the albedo effect: ice and snow are white and they reflect much of the Sun’s energy. When they melt, they leave behind something darker, which will absorb more solar energy and exacerbate the warming.

However, it’s still not clear just how much this accelerated melting will contribute to sea level rise. Two papers shed some new light on this phenomenon, concluding that things are (surprisingly) a bit better than we anticipated.

In the first paper, Nicholas Golledge and colleagues use satellite measurements of recent ice-mass changes to refine simulations of the melting Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and their potential impacts. Their models suggest that the melted ice will form a freshwater lens on the surface, allowing rising water to spread out, causing further melting of ice underwater and furthering overall melting. However, even with this effect, we might not see the sea level rise all that much worldwide — contradicting some predictions from 2016, which claimed that this type of cliff collapse could add more than a meter to rising seas by 2100.

The reason for this contradiction is connected to ice collapse. Most previous studies analyzing sea level rise used ice-cliff collapses to explain the observed measurements. However, when Golledge and colleagues looked at ice-losses 3 million years ago, 125,000 years ago, and over the last 25 years in more detail, they found that the results can be explained without the need for such collapses. So it’s not clear if or how such collapses should be included in future predictions. Dr. Tamsin Edwards, Lecturer in Physical Geography at King’s College London who led the work, says:

‘We’ve shown that ice-cliff instability doesn’t appear to be an essential mechanism in reproducing past sea level changes and so this suggests ‘the jury’s still out’ when it comes to including it in future predictions. Even if we do include ice-cliff instability, our more thorough assessment shows that the most likely contribution to sea level rise would be less than half a metre by 2100.’

In the second paper, Associate Professor Nick Golledge from Victoria University of Wellington and colleagues including Dr. Edwards report that current climate models do not consider the full effect of melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.

Essentially, melting will slow the Atlantic ocean circulation, trapping warm water below the surface in the southern hemisphere and hereby causing more Antarctic loss. This also increases temperatures variability, resulting in more frequent extreme weather events. Golledge comments:

“Melt from these ice sheets is going to significantly disrupt the global climate making temperatures in some areas vary much more from one year to the next. This unpredictability is going to prove extremely disruptive for all of us, and will make adaptation and planning much more difficult.”

So while both papers suggest that sea level rise won’t be as dramatic as some models predicted, it’s quite likely that ice will melt at an accelerated rate, with severe consequences worldwide. It’s yet another reminder that climate change has diverse and often unpredictable effects.

Journal References:

1. “Global environmental consequences of twenty-first-century ice-sheet melt,” by Golledge et al. DOI
   10.1038/s41586-019-0889-9.
2. “Revisiting Antarctic ice loss due to marine ice-cliff instability,” by Edwards et al. DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-0901-4

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

07-02-2019 om 17:59 geschreven door peter