Artificial Photosynthesis May Help Scientists Create Atmospheres in Space

By Danny Paez

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

12-07-2018 om 23:39 geschreven door peter  

The Major Blazar Discovery Is "Just the Beginning' of a New Age of Physics

The discovery of the elusive neutrino's source is even bigger than it seems.

By Peter Hess

 

The team had sent out these alerts before, and Kopper didn’t think this one would be special. “How wrong I was,” Kopper tells Inverse.

Estimates showed that the neutrino was flung toward Earth off the shoulder of the constellation Orion, and when Kopper returned to work the next morning, he saw that astronomers at the Fermi Large Area Telescope had indeed identified a source of gamma radiation in that part of the sky. Soon after, astronomers at the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) Telescope confirmed a bright emission of light in that part of space at the time in question. And so, the hunt for the neutrino’s source began.

NASA | Blazar Bonanza

In the new papers, the scientists announced their findings: The neutrino most likely came from a flaring blazar, an astronomical object considered to be one of the most energetic bodies in the universe. A blazar is a supermassive black hole situated at the center of a galaxy, whose powerful jet blasts light and radiation toward Earth from across all that space.

The blazar in question, TXS 0506+056, is about 4 billion light-years away from Earth, and in the pair of Science papers, over 100 scientists present evidence that this coincidence — the neutrino detection and the blazar flare — are most likely connected. In one paper, an international team shows that there’s a very low probability that the coincidence of the neutrino detected on Earth and the blazar flare observed in outer space did not occur by random chance.

In the other paper, scientists from the IceCube Collaboration confirm that high-energy neutrons came from the direction of blazar TXS 0506+056 between September 2014 and March 2015.Together, these papers support the idea that blazars are a source of the cosmic rays that create the evasive ghost particles. Neutrinos are produced when the high-energy protons and atomic nuclei in cosmic rays smash together, so where there are neutrinos, there are cosmic rays.

Prior to this discovery, scientists knew that cosmic rays came from our sun and from supernovae, but now they know the most energetic ones originate in blazars.

While the discovery of the neutrino’s source is an astounding find, what’s even more important is the near-unprecedented method used to discover it, which will usher in a new age of physics. For only the second time in history, the scientists used both light and radiation to understand an astronomical phenomenon. The only other time “multimessenger observation” had ever been used was when scientists used light and gravitational waves to detect a neutron star collision.

To detect all those signals, scientists need seriously heavy-duty equipment. “It can be hard to even imagine how big the detector is,” says Kopper. The IceCube Observatory detector, situated at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica, lies entirely below the surface of the ice. It includes 86 vertical strings that reach over 8,000 feet below the surface of the Antarctic ice, spread out over a cubic kilometer of ice. Each string has 60 optical detectors on it, so as a neutrino passes undisturbed through the ice and the Earth, the observatory’s array can detect which direction the particle is moving. But even with this massive sensor array, the observatory can only detect about 10 astrophysical neutrinos each year.

Fermi Telescope Kicks Off a Blazar Bonanza

“Painting a picture of the entire sky at a pace of ten dots per year is hard, so we rely on the multimessenger technique, using other telescopes to see what else is going on in the sky at the position where a neutrino is detected,” Marcos Santander, an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at the Universty of Alabama and one of the collaborators on the discovery, tells Inverse. This use of multimessenger observation is the bigger, perhaps more important context of the blazar discovery.

“It was not only IceCube but so many more people across so many other experiments and observatories that needed to come together to make this happen,” says Kopper of the collaboration that allowed scientists to make this discovery.

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is almost entirely under the Antarctic ice, consisting of over 5,000 detectors that lie between 1.5 and 2.5 kilometers below the surface.

As astrophysicists begin to use all the available signals sent our way by astronomical phenomena, they’ll be able to piece together mysteries about the universe that had puzzled their predecessors for decades. For instance, even though scientists have known about cosmic rays for a century, multimessenger observation helped them identify a likely source for the most energetic ones. But this is much more of a starting point than a final result.

“Now that we have the first source candidate we need to know what makes it special and how the acceleration actually happens,” says Santander.

“We want to also be able to do neutrino astronomy, finding many sources that we can study and comparing their emission to what we see in electromagnetic waves. This is really just the beginning.”

Photos via DESY/ Science Communication Lab, M. Weiss/CfA, Flickr / Rennett Stowe, Flickr / Hubble Space Telescope / ESA, Flickr / Travels with Kathleen,  IceCube Collaboration/NSF, Flickr / NASA Hubble

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

12-07-2018 om 23:30 geschreven door peter  

Waar komen neutrino’s vandaan? Wetenschappers hebben het voor het eerst uitgerekend - HLN.be

Bron: ANP - Science

Neutrino’s zijn miniem. Ze hebben geen elektrische lading en nauwelijks massa. Elke seconde vliegen er vele miljarden neutrino’s recht door ons lichaam en door de aarde heen. Ze zijn door niets tegen te houden. Ook magnetische velden kunnen de deeltjes niet wegkaatsen. Dat maakt het ook heel moeilijk om neutrino’s te vangen en te bestuderen. Ze worden daarom ook wel ‘spookdeeltjes’ genoemd. Om ze toch op te sporen, zijn in het ijs van de Zuidpool 86 gaten van 2,5 kilometer diep geboord. In die gaten zitten 5160 ultragevoelige sensoren, verspreid over een gebied van 1 vierkante kilometer. Als neutrino’s een spoor achterlaten in het ijs, is er een miniem lichtflitsje te zien. De sensoren zijn in staat om dat op te vangen.

Lees ook

Fysica op zijn kop? Mogelijk nieuw elementair deeltje ontdekt

300 biljoen elektronvolts

Zo’n flitsje is op 22 september vorig jaar gemeten. De kleine neutrino raakte het ijs met een kracht van 300 biljoen elektronvolts. Dat is 45 keer de kracht van de sterkste deeltjesversneller op aarde.

Telescopen op aarde en in de ruimte sloegen vervolgens aan het meten en rekenen. Daaruit bleek dat het deeltje is opgejaagd en weggeslingerd door een enorm zwart gat op vier miljard lichtjaar afstand. Eerder gemeten deeltjes kwamen van dezelfde bron, bleek uit een ander onderzoek. De beide studies staan donderdag in het belangrijke wetenschapsblad Science.

Neutrino’s kunnen wetenschappers iets leren over de manier waarop het heelal in elkaar zit.

View image on Twitter

Science Magazine

✔@sciencemagazine

Two new papers in Science report that blazars are a source of high-energy neutrinos, a discovery that could open a new field of astronomy: https://scim.ag/2zvwHAz 

https://scim.ag/2KNIqzD 

5:03 PM - Jul 12, 2018

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12-07-2018 om 22:55 geschreven door peter  

UFO Caught Making A Cloud To Hide In, July 2018, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: July 11, 2018

Location of sighting: Unknown

 

What starts off looking like a normal cloud is actually a cloud created around a large UFO. This particular cloud is being made by a smaller UFO built for the job, like small worker drones around a main craft. The UFO produces the clouds to hide the craft. There are many reasons to hide it even though it may be cloaked...if its glowing in any way, they always will create clouds around it to hide the glow. Also when you see long cloud tunnels side by side, that is how they hide the glowing ships when moving across the planet from base to base. 

Scott C. Waring

12-07-2018 om 22:44 geschreven door peter  

Close Encounter of the Third Kind In Oregon

Former MUFON Field Investigator Ron Wright shared a first-hand report of a close encounter of the third kind. The incident started when his spouse received a phone call on the late evening of June 6, 2018, from her son. He is a former police officer, former American Army veteran, and currently a local casino security guard.

Watching the face of his spouse while talking to her son, he noticed a look of concern. She handed the phone to him and said: “you need to hear this!” As Ron listened to her son, he was serious about what they spotted and encountered.

The primary witness was the 12-yr old daughter of his girlfriend. Ron spoke to the girl for over half an hour asking several questions.

The girl told him that the encounter took place at around 7:30 pm on June 6, 2018, 5 miles southeast of Siletz off a gravel road close to Ojalla Road in the woods.

The creature was approximately 100 feet standing 2 legs from the girl. The witness described the strange being to be pale grey, standing about 4-5 feet with quarter size dark brown eyes. The ribs were showing, super skinny, no clothes and had round, oval head, according to the witness. She added that it looked like no ears or nose, just a roundish bump of where the nose should be located.

The girl saw it about 10 seconds the first time and around 12 seconds the second time. The witness noticed that the birds were quiet but got noisy when it took off. She heard a buzzing noise before the sighting. Then the sounds got echoing for approximately 20 seconds before going normal again.

She went on to tell Ron that the family checked the area but saw only tuffs of white and black fur on the stump.

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

12-07-2018 om 22:37 geschreven door peter  

NICK JORDAN/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

What Eight Astronauts Saw When They Looked at Earth

National Geographic’s miniseries ‘One Strange Rock’ reminds us our home planet is breathtaking.

There’s been no shortage of shows this century seeking to dissect and expound on the strange natural mysteries of Earth. David Attenborough managed to jumpstart things with the BBC’s Blue Planet back in the day, and then with Planet Earth. Now, every season seems to herald a new mini-series focused on showing exactly how wondrous and unique our third rock from the sun really is.

One Strange Rock, National Geographic Channel’s ten-episode series produced by Darren Aronofsky and Will Smith (who also doubles as a narrator) is just the latest in this entry, but with a twist: Each episode is hosted by an astronaut who has been to space, using the stories of what they’ve seen and heard and felt while drifting weightlessly in Earth’s orbit to regale Earthlings about the unique home we have, unlike anything we’re likely to discover out in the rest of the universe.

“It might be the weirdest place in the universe,” Smith says about Earth in the series’ opening scene. Each astronaut discusses a specific theme or concept critical to our understanding of the planet’s evolution, and how it’s helped lead to the human species’ dominance of this world.

“It’s like I lived my life in a little dark room and somebody flipped on a light,” astronaut Peggy Whitson, the record holder for the most cumulative time spent in space, says at one point.

Take “Gasp,” the premiere episode of One Strange Rock. Hosted by Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield, “Gasp” essentially tells the story of oxygen on Earth. The episode demonstrates not just how the oxygen cycle moves through the smallest microbes to the tallest reaches of the atmosphere and sustains most life throughout the planet. Learning to “gasp” allowed us to evolve into complex creatures, but it also comes with severe biological limitations. Breathing oxygen is both a gift and a curse.

Hadfield drives this point acutely home through a story of his own, recounting the time during a spacewalk when his helmet became contaminated by some sort of anti-fog solution and caused him to lose the ability to see for several minutes. The solution to clear up the problem was to release his own oxygen out from his helmet into space, and flush out the contaminant.

For Hadfield, breathing suddenly transformed from something so automatic and natural he never gave it a second’s thought to a precarious action requiring his full attention. Oxygen, which is essentially Hadfield’s lifeline, is now hissing out of his helmet, and should this plan fail, he’ll be gasping furiously for air.

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“That’s when you really appreciate the significance of that thin blue line,” Hadfield tells The Daily Beast, referring to the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space. That small division is the difference between living in a comfortable blanket of freely-available oxygen and a bleak vacuum where your ability to breathe could vanish in mere seconds.

As a show about the natural world, One Strange Rock is offers the same lessons its contemporaries do (the Earth is strange and wonderful and we should have more reverence and respect for it, or something like that), but it’s fascinating to see it arrive there through the tales of astronauts.

“It’s like I lived my life in a little dark room and somebody flipped on a light.”

— Peggy Whitson, astronaut, 'One Strange Rock'

“It’s important that people see the world differently, and weigh that into their decision making,” says Hadfield. “The perspective that we get orbiting the world in 92 minutes kind of inevitably gives that to us.”

Watching the planet’s glaciers in full; algal blooms in the ocean pluming off the coasts; volcanic eruptions in the mountains and fires in the amazon; snowstorms and hurricanes and typhoons making landfall; dust storms stretching out across the equator and making their way across entire oceans—astronauts are able to bear witness to how intertwined and interconnected the Earth’s regions and its inhabitants.

“It’s all just so wonderfully unlikely,” Hadfield says. “And yet it’s here.”

Unlikeliness is a common theme for each episode. In the episode “Awakening,” astronaut Leland Melvin explores the evolution of the brain and how this multi-neuronal structure has learned to grant humans the ability to create new languages for communication, design and build entire ships that exist in space, and even, as happened to Melvin, rewire itself in order to regain lost abilities like hearing.

“We still don’t understand how our brain works in this magnificent way,” he tells The Daily Beast. For such an organ to take shape, even over billions of years of evolution, is a mathematical miracle.

Sometimes, that rarity coalesces with fragility, spelling out gloom and doom. “Storm,” hosted by astronaut Nicole Stott, explores how violent natural events are basically the a global version of a forest fire: clearing out life as we know it, but from the ashes new life arises. If an asteroid hadn’t hit a specific sulfur reserve and thrown toxic elements into the air which killed off the dinosaurs, humans might have never evolved to take their place.

“It’s all just so wonderfully unlikely. And yet it’s here.”

— Chris Hadfield, astronaut, 'One Strange Rock'

As Smith points out, this asteroid had been traveling through space for billions of years before it hit Earth. And almost impossibly, “if this rock had arrived just a few seconds later, it would have crashed out in the deep blue ocean.” No bullseye into the sulfur reserve, and no massive extinction. The Earth is capable of weathering extinction impacts, but life is fragile, and prone to disappearing in the blink of an eye.

That dichotomy is what is effectively at the core of One Strange Rock. The show uses National Geographic’s greatest asset—unparalleled images and footage of Earth—to push forward the very important lesson that the planet is a witness to a long geological and biological history. Yet most of the life, humans included, are delicate spectators. Yes, we’re tearing the planet up with climate change, and it might devastate us and lead to our ruin, but Earth will still be here, and life will find a way to move on without us.

The show is certainly not without its faults—different segments in each episode don’t always neatly fit in the overall theme being explored, and sometimes it feels like Smith and Aronofsky are fitting a square peg in a round hole just because the visuals are so stunning. But there’s no question they succeed in delivering their overall message; Earth is a one of a kind place, and it seems the farther one gets away from, the stranger and more miraculous it looks.

One Strange Rock premieres on March 26 on the National Geographic Channel.

{ https://www.thedailybeast.com/ }

12-07-2018 om 18:30 geschreven door peter  

Apollo 15 Astronaut Says Humans Are Descendants Of Ancient Aliens

The idea that Ancient Aliens created the human race has fascinated countless authors and researchers for decades.

And while mainstream science believes this is just absurd, countless pieces of evidence have been found across the globe that back up the ancient alien theory.

Perhaps the most important connection between the rise of civilization and alien beings can be found in history, tucked away in ancient manuscripts and clay tablets that have survived for thousands of years.

Example of this is the Ancient Sumerian King list, which describes kings who ruled over Earth for a total of 241,200 years since the original kingship had ‘descended from heaven.’

This ancient list is written in Ancient Sumerian lists numerous generations of Kings that ruled over Ancient Sumer, detailing their length and location of kingships.

But mainstream scholars believe not everything written down on the Sumerian King list is real, saying that the Sumerian King list is a mixture of prehistorical and mythological accounts which speaks of Gods that ruled over the land enjoying implausibly lengthy reigns.

If we travel halfway around the world, all the way from Ancient Mesopotamia to the Americas we will find how the sacred book of the ancient Maya, the Popol Vuh describes the beings that created mankind.

The creators of our race in the Popol Vuh are referred to as “the Creator, the Former, the Dominator, the Feathered-Serpent, they-who-engender, they-who-give-being, hovered over the water as a dawning light.”

And while these above mentioned ancient texts are extraordinary, perhaps, even more, are the countless artifacts that have been found scattered across the globe depicting beings eerily similar to modern-day astronauts.

And while speaking of astronauts, Al Worden, former astronaut and member of the Apollo 15 mission had something fascinating to say about alien life, while speaking in an interview with Good Morning Britain.

Al Worden was an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon. The former astronaut has also been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the “Most isolated human being” during his time alone in the Command Module Endeavour.

While Speaking to Good Morning Britain, Al Worden, the astronaut who flew around the moon 75 times, spending six days in orbit around the moon, was asked if he believed aliens were real.

The answer probably surprised everyone watching the interview.

The former Apollo 15 member said that not only are aliens real, but they came to Earth in the distant and created our civilization, and if we wanted to look for evidence, all we had to do was look at ancient Sumerian literature.

Al Worden, former astronaut and the first person to take a space walk, gave an interview today to describe his view of the history of mankind. He believes that the people are descended from an extra-Iridic race related to ancient Sumerians.

“We are the aliens, but we just think they are somebody else. But we are the ones who came from somewhere else, because somebody else had to survive, and they got into little spacecraft then they came here and landed, and they started civilization here.”

“And if you don’t believe me, go get books on Ancient Sumerians and see what they had to say.”

“They’ll tell you right up front,” Worden added.

Source: Ancient Code

{ http://www.reportingthetruth.com/ }

12-07-2018 om 18:19 geschreven door peter  

NASA May Have Discovered and Then Destroyed Organics on Mars in 1976

12-07-2018 om 18:11 geschreven door peter  

Canadians spotted 3 UFOs per day in 2017: survey

Canada Is A Hotspot For UFO Sightings & One Man Has Plenty Of Proof. - CTV

Vancouver A Hotspot For UFO Sightings with 116 Last Year Alone - CTV

CTV National News: UFO sightings in Canada

•  
  

There were three UFO sightings in Canada every day in 2017 according to a survey by UFOlogy Research of Manitoba. Janet Dirks has the story.

UFO sighting stats in Canada

•  
  

Edmonton is among the cities with the most UFO sightings in the country. CTV Edmonton’s Bill Fortier reports.

Canadians reported over 1,100 UFOs in 2017

•  
  

Last year, more than 1,100 Canadians reported seeing unusual lights or shapes in the sky and a new study says some are still unexplained.

Last September, 10 campers in Quebec say they watched as a glowing, pyramid-shaped object floated above their trailer and came to a halt mid-air.

The group says the unusual object hovered above the campsite and emitted an intense red light. A moment later, the light flickered and it flew out of sight.

The unexplained encounter is one of the best-documented UFO sightings reported in Canada in 2017. Last year, 1,101 people reported seeing unusual lights and shapes in Canada’s skies, according to the annual Canadian UFO Survey released by UFOlogy Research of Manitoba.

RELATED STORIES

• Canada's best-documented UFO sighting still intrigues, 50 years on
• Close encounters in Canada: UFO data reveals unexplained alien sightings
• Canadians report near-record number of UFO sightings: survey

RELATED LINKS

• UFOlogy: 2017 Canadian UFO Survey

PHOTOS

Last year, 1,101 people reported seeing unusual lights and shapes in Canada’s skies, according to the annual Canadian UFO Survey released by UFOlogy Research of Manitoba.

A donut-shaped UFO was spotted in Rimouski, Que. on Oct. 23, 2017 and photographed by witnesses. It's one of 1,101 UFO sightings in Canada last year.

(Source: 2017 Canadian UFO Survey)

A UFO sighting at a Quebec campsite in 2017 is illustrated in this drawing submitted by witnesses.

(Source: 2017 Canadian UFO Survey)

That amounts to about three UFO sightings in Canada each day. It was the fifth-highest number of sightings since the survey began in 1989, says science writer Chris Rutkowski, who spearheaded the project.

“UFOs still seem to be thing. They haven’t gone away. And they don’t seem to be declining in any numbers,” Rutkowski told CTVNews.ca

The report collects and analyzes UFO sightings across the country each year. A team then analyzes the reports, including photographs and other evidence, for their reliability and strangeness factor.

About one-third of last year’s cases had a logical explanation, such as a solar flare, drone or shooting star. Another third of cases didn’t include enough information to be sufficiently studied.

But 10 cases had a high degree of both reliability and strangeness, and are what the UFO researchers describe as “high quality unknowns.”

“It’s not just an average person seeing a light in the sky. It’s someone with a good background of observing the sky … who sees something a bit more structured,” Rutkowski said.

The Quebec campsite case is among last year’s small list of high-quality unknowns, which account for just one per cent of all sightings.

Other examples include a spinning, donut-shaped object spotted around 5 a.m. in Rimouski, Quebec; a university physicist who, along with two other witnesses, saw an illuminated “V”-shaped object on a condo rooftop in downtown Montreal; and a cigar-shaped object that darted across the Ottawa sky on an April morning.

One of the more frightening encounters occurred on Jan. 5 in Ontario’s French River, where two witnesses saw several coloured orbs float toward them and hover before moving away.

Among the less reliable cases: someone said a three-foot-tall alien was seen last June in Rothesay, N.B. crouching and “poking at some bushes.” In Toronto, someone said they were watching lights flashing in the sky when suddenly a group of aliens appeared beside their car.

Below is a map of UFO sightings in Canada in 2017, using data provided by UFOlogy Research. The accuracy of locations depends on the report. Using our app? Touch here.

Canada’s UFO capital

While plenty of UFO sightings come from rural locations, a number of city-dwellers spotted UFOs in urban areas last year. In 2017, Montreal was the country’s UFO-sighting capital.

• Montreal - 74
• Toronto - 57
• Vancouver - 46
• Edmonton - 29
• Hamilton - 28
• Ottawa - 26
• Calgary - 24
• Winnipeg - 9

Nearly half of all UFO sightings in 2017 came from Quebec, which had a record year. Many of those were linked to a series of fireballs seen crossing the sky in the fall.

“It was in fact pieces of comet entering the atmosphere,” Rutkowski said.

• Quebec – 518
• Ontario – 241
• British Columbia – 128
• New Brunswick – 27
• Nova Scotia – 27
• Yukon - 3
• Nunavut – 2

The sightings themselves were generally quite long, with the average UFO sighting lasting 15 minutes in 2017.

The purpose of the study is not to prove that extra-terrestrial life exists, but rather, to document and investigate unidentified flying objects in Canada’s skies. More often than not, the report debunks what a witness may have initially considered unexplainable.

“In fact, none of these cases are proof that aliens are visiting us,” Rutkowski said. “What it does say, what our report overall says is that people continue to see UFOs in significant numbers and Canadians are certainly reporting them in very significant numbers.”

Since the report began 29 years ago, 19,138 Canadian UFO reports have been catalogued.

{ http://www.ctvnews.ca/ }

12-07-2018 om 17:57 geschreven door peter  

Europa’s Buried Ocean Could Rise to the Surface (Video)

12-07-2018 om 17:36 geschreven door peter  

Making oxygen from water may pave way for long-distance space travel

by Brooks Hays

Scientists have converted water into oxygen and hydrogen under microgravity conditions using only a semiconductor and sunlight. The technology could make long-distance space travel possible.

NASA astronaut Robert Curbeam works on the International Space Station's S1 truss during the space shuttle Discovery's STS-116 mission in December 2006.

File Photo by NASA/UPI | License Photo

Researchers have previously developed a variety of water-splitting technologies for use on Earth. One of the simplest methods is called photocatalysis -- the technology uses photons, a semiconductor material and water to create electron-hole pairs.

When the material absorbs photons, a free electron is released. The reaction pulls a proton from the water, which can combine with the free electron to form hydrogen. The hole created by the released electron is replaced by an electron from water, which can combine with protons to form oxygen.

The system can produce hydrogen fuel for a spaceship and oxygen for astronauts to breathe.

To see if the technology can work under microgravity conditions, scientists dropped a photocatalysis system down a drop tower. When an object is in free fall, it experiences conditions similar to microgravity.

Photocatalysis results in bubble production near the catalyst material. On Earth, buoyancy causes the bubbles to float to the surface. But under microgravity conditions the bubbles remain near the catalyst.

Scientists were able to make nanoscale augmentations to the catalyst material's microstructure, creating tiny pyramid-like shapes on the surface. The texture causes bubbles to move to the tip of the pyramid and disengage.

Researchers detailed their design change this week in the journal Nature Communications.

NASA astronaut Kate Rubins works with a Nitrogen/Oxygen Recharge System tank aboard the International Space Station. The tanks are designed to be plugged into the station’s existing air supply network to refill the crew’s breathable air supply.

NASA

The technology isn't yet perfect. Though scientists were able to get the bubbles to separate from the catalyst, they still remain in the water. The accumulating foam diminishes the efficiency of the hydrogen-production process.

"Engineering solutions around this problem will be key to successfully implementing technology in space -- with one possibility being using centrifugal forces from rotation of a spacecraft to separate the gases from the solution," researchers wrote in The Conversation.

There is also the problem of water supply. Though blasting off with large amounts of water is safer than carrying large amounts of fuel, water is heavy. Long-term space travel will require external sources. Eventually, scientists hope space-mining operations will be able to harvest water form asteroids.

"Thanks to this new study we are a step closer to long-duration human spaceflight," scientists said.

Photo catalyst producing hydrogen gas from water. O. Usher

(UCL MAPS)/Flickr, CC BY-SA

Drop tower at the Centre for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity. Bremen University.

Sludge G/Flickr, CC BY-SA

Related Links

Space Tourism, Space Transport and Space Exploration New

{ http://www.spacedaily.com/ }

12-07-2018 om 17:26 geschreven door peter  

Unearthed spearpoints and other stone tools go back at least 16,000 years

BY  BRUCE BOWER 

 

AMERICAN MADE  Human-modified stones excavated in central Texas date to more than 16,000 years ago. Finds include a spearpoint (far right) unlike any others previously unearthed at ancient American sites.

N. VELCHOFF/THE GAULT SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ©

People inhabited what’s now central Texas several thousand years before hunters from North America’s ancient Clovis culture showed up, researchers say.

Excavations at the Gault site, about 64 kilometers north of Austin, produced a range of stone artifacts that date to between around 16,700 and 21,700 years ago, reports a team led by archaeologist Thomas Williams of Texas State University in San Marcos. An analysis of 184 of those finds identified 11 spearpoints unlike any others that have been found at ancient American sites, the scientists conclude July 11 in Science Advances.

Researchers have long argued about whether people reached North America before the rise of Clovis culture 13,000 years ago. Evidence from the Gault site joins other recent reports of humans venturing deep into North America far earlier (SN: 6/11/16, p. 8), which would take Clovis people out of the running for the title of first New World settlers.

Williams’ group estimated the age of the Gault pre-Clovis discoveries with a method that calculates the time since artifact-containing sediment has been exposed to sunlight.

Previous work at the Gault site uncovered Clovis spearpoints and other implements from roughly 13,000 years ago, as well as tools and other artifacts made by groups dating to as recently as a few thousand years ago. Some of the newly described stone tools at Gault, such as small, rectangular cutting implements, display similarities to Clovis tools, the investigators say. Overall, though, the earlier artifacts belong to a toolmaking tradition separate from Clovis, the team asserts.

Citations

• T.J. Williams et al. Evidence of an early projectile point technology in North America at the Gault Site, Texas, USA. Science Advances. Published online July 11, 2018. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5954.

Further Reading

• B. Bower. ‘Slam-dunk’ find puts hunter-gatherers in Florida 14,500 years ago. Science News. Vol. 189, June 11, 2016, p. 8.

{ https://www.sciencenews.org/ }

12-07-2018 om 17:06 geschreven door peter  

Ancient Tools Discovered In China Rewrite Mankind’s History

Ancient tools and bones discovered in China by a group of archaeologists indicate that the first humans left Africa and arrived in Asia sooner than previously thought.

This discovery implies that hominins left Africa earlier than indicated by the evidence from Dmanisi.

The discovery illustrates how our ancestors colonized East Asia more than two million years ago, effectively rewriting history as we know it.

The archaeological evidence was discovered at Shangchen, on the south Loess plateau, by a Chinese team led by Zhaoyu Zhu.

The oldest pieces date back to 2.12 million years ago and are about 270,000 years older than the bone remains and stone tools of Dmanisi, Georgia, which were previously considered as the oldest evidence of human evidence outside of Africa.

“Finding artifacts that you knew were around two million years old—and therefore the oldest outside Africa—was for me, as a palaeoanthropologist, really exciting,” says study coauthor Robin Dennell, a professor at the University of Exeter.

“More people have climbed Everest than found stone tools that old.”

“I’ve always said that once the Chinese researchers start looking for evidence on a similar scale as all the money spent in Africa, things will turn up!” exclaims Gerrit van den Bergh, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Wollongong who wasn’t involved with the study.

“It again shows how little we actually know.”

The artifacts include a notch, scrapers, hammerstones and pointed pieces.

A team of researchers from China and the UK investigating the ancient Chinese site have rewritten the history of early humankind

All show signs of use: the stone, for example, had scales made intentionally.

Most were made out of quartzite and quartz that probably came from the Qinling Mountains at a distance of between 5 and 10 km.

Fragments of animal bones dating back to around 2.12 million years were also discovered by the archaeological team led by Zhaoyu Zhu.

The ancient stone tools were discovered in 11 different layers of soil that correspond to a warm and humid climate.

Others, found in six different layers, corresponded to colder and drier conditions.

In total, the 17 layers cover a period of almost one million years.

According to experts, this shows that the first types of humans occupied the Chinese plateau under different climatic conditions between 1.2 and 2.12 million years ago.

Featured Image Credit: Zhaoyu Zhu

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12-07-2018 om 16:43 geschreven door peter  

Best UFO sightings of June 2018

UFO World TV  presents a compilation with the best UFO sightings of June 2018.

12-07-2018 om 16:27 geschreven door peter  

SETI: “To find ET’s we must open our minds and have a less anthropocentric stance”

To find ET, we must open our minds beyond a deeply rooted, Earth-centric perspective, expand our research methods and deploy new tools. Advanced intelligent life is probably abundant in the universe, but can be very different from us. We need to understand how to identify it. In order to do so, a radical change in current methodologies is needed.

Research director of SETI, Nathalie Cabrol, proposes a more multidisciplinary approach in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, beyond radio and optics. According to Cabrol, we must remain open-minded about Alien lifeforms and have a lesser anthropocentric stance when looking for ET.

In an article published in the journal Astrobiology, Cabrol suggests the need for a radical change in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, with a combination of physical, biological, computer and social sciences, joined on a mission to search for life in different forms we may not even know exists.

Cabrol asserts that “To find ET, we must open our minds beyond a deeply rooted, Earth-centric perspective, expand our research methods and deploy new tools.  Never before has so much data been available in so many scientific disciplines to help us grasp the role of probabilistic events in the development of extraterrestrial intelligence. These data tell us that each world is a unique planetary experiment. Advanced intelligent life is likely plentiful in the universe, but may be very different from us, based on what we now know of the co-evolution of life and environment.”

Led by pioneers such as Frank Drake and Jill Tarter, SETI-the Search for extraterrestrial intelligence began in the 1960s using radio astronomy to ‘listen’ to potential signals sent from our cosmic neighbours. Today, we search for radio and optical signals generated by a technology similar to ours. And even though there are compelling reasons to continue with these efforts, it is equally convincing expand the search criteria and accept existing and other methodologies that might prove useful in the near future.

This is why Cabrol promotes the establishment of a Virtual Institute with the participation of the global scientific community. The new Virtual SETI Institute would integrate our new knowledge to understand who aliens might be and where they might be located. Cabrol proposes we should break the constraints imposed by only suggesting extraterrestrial necessarily needs to be similar to us.

“The timing is right for SETI research around the world to open a new chapter in its history. The SETI Institute is taking the lead on this new path,” says Bill Diamond, President, and CEO of the SETI Institute. “In the coming months, we will invite the US and international research communities to contribute to a new scientific roadmap for SETI. We will explore resources for the development of a Virtual Institute, and an intellectual framework for projects focused on the advancement of knowledge on extraterrestrial intelligence,” said Cabrol.

Journal Reference:

• www.seti.org

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12-07-2018 om 16:16 geschreven door peter  

Scientists reveal: Our Galaxy alone has at least 100 Billion Planets!

Just within our Galaxy the Milky Way, astronomers say there are at least 400 BILLION STARS—even though some believe stars in the milky way number the trillion, which means that the Milky Way alone is home to at least 100 BILLION planets.

Due to the fact that Astronomers are unable to take a peek at our galaxy from the outside, it’s nearly impossible to know the exact number of planets in our galaxy. This means that scientists are forced to make estimates of the number of worlds within the Milky Way.

To understand the number of planets hiding in our galaxy, scientists calculate the Milky Way’s mass, and estimate of how much of the mass is composed of Stars. Based on these mathematical calculations, scientists are confided that the Milky Way is home to roughly 400 BILLION STARS—even though some believe stars in the milky way number the trillion—which means that the Milky Way alone is home to at least 100 BILLION planets, although many astronomers agree that this number could rise as our observational techniques get better.

According to Universe Today, we can then say that the Milky Way galaxy has – on average – between 800 billion and 3.2 trillion planets, with some estimates placing that number as high as 8 trillion.

NASA indicates that there is likely to be at least 1,500 planets within just 50 light-years of Earth.

Based on a statistical analysis of all the Kepler observations, UC Berkeley and University of Hawaii, Manoa, astronomers now estimate that one in five stars like the sun have planets about the size of Earth and a surface temperature conducive to life.

Based on geometric-based methods, or measuring specific astronomical objects, our Sun is located around 25,000–28,000 ly (7.7–8.6 kpc) from the Galactic Center.

Check out NASA’s Exoplanets Archive to learn more about the exact number of confirmed exoplanets.

Now remember, we are talking about the Milky Way Galaxy alone. In comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (10¹²) stars.

Jason Marshall, aka “The Math Dude,” has calculated that there are roughly 5 sextillion grains of sand on all our planet’s beaches combined. So take every grain of sand on every beach on Earth and you can begin to be able to actually visualize how many planets we’re talking about. Then you begin to wonder why we aren’t overrun with aliens. (source)

NASA’s Kepler space telescope has been one of the most important tools for discovering alien worlds.

Based on Kepler space mission data, astronomers believe there could be as many as 40 BILLION Earth-sized planets orbiting habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs in the Milky Way alone. Interestingly, astronomers say that around 11 billion may be orbiting Sun-like Stars.

The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light-years away, according to a 2016 study.

Do you think there may be Alien life on some of the—aproximate—100 BILLION in the Milky way?

{https://www.ancient-code.com/}

12-07-2018 om 16:00 geschreven door peter  

17 Google Satellite images you won’t believe are real

Google Maps/ Google Earth has become one of the most popular tools on the internet for researchers, paranormal hunters and those who are naturally curious about what’s out there.

According to reports, combining satellite, aerial and street level imagery, Google Maps has over 20 petabytes of data, which is equal to approximately 21 million gigabytes, or around 20,500 terabytes.

Interestingly, aerial and satellite images are updated nearly every two weeks, depending on data availability.

Curiously, The Street View team from Google Maps has taken tens of millions of images since the Street View project began in 2007, and they’ve driven more than 5 million unique miles of road.

Google’s software has allowed millions of people around the world to explore places they’d probably never be able to travel to.

Not only has Google Earth allowed us to explore our planet like never before, it has allowed us to go beyond Earth and take a peek at what’s on the Moon, and even Mars.

In this article, we take a look at 17 mind-bending images that have been found on Google Earth you WON believe are real.

Not long ago, Google Earth has moved into sharper focus due to an update provided by a new satellite. NASA’s Landsat 8 satellite launched in 2013, but Google has just launched a fresh set of imagery taken from the satellite which enables not only sharper images, but also better, brighter and more realistic colors than previously possible.

These 17 images are stunning. From heart-shaped islands, to what seem to be GIANT bunny’s, Google Earth will make you look at the surface of our planet like never before.

You’ll be able to see the SS Jassim—one of the LARGEST shipwrecks visible in satellite images. The ferry is 80.54 meters long and has a width of 13 meters. The SS Jassim is just one of the ONE MILLION shipwrecks around the globe, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration.

But shipwrecks aren’t the only thing that you will see while using Google Maps.

You’ll come across the world’s LARGEST airplane graveyard, commonly referred to as the Boneyard. According to reports, there are around 5,000 discarded aircraft there, including several types of military planes. The ‘Boneyard‘ is open to the public so you can actually take a trip there and visit the ‘open air, airplane museum’.

However, shipwrecks and MASSIVE airplane graveyards are the only interesting things you’ll come across as this video intricately shows:

Video by Believe That

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12-07-2018 om 15:56 geschreven door peter  

Does ‘Quantum Theory’ prove consciousness moves to another universe after death?

As controversial as it may sound to many, there are several theories that indicate that man’s consciousness moves to another place after death. According to scientists, the structure of the universe we live in, its laws and forces and constants are in fact fine-tune for life. This implies the existence of intelligence prior to matter.

Quantum Theory Proves That Consciousness Moves To Another Universe After Death

The book Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe written by Dr. Robert Lanza –who was voted the 3^rd most important scientist alive by the NY Times— expands the theory like never before, stirring along the way the internet up by proposing that life as we know it does not die with the body, and can be considered as forever lasting. Robert Lanza is one of the most respected scientists in the world—a US News & WorldReport cover story called him a “genius” and a “renegade thinker,” even likening him to Einstein.

Dr. Lanza is the man to go to when it comes to regenerative medicine and works as the director of Advanced Cell Technology Company. Prior to this, Dr. Lanza was known for his extensive studies in the field of stem cells and is known for perfuming successful experiments in cloning endangered animal species.

However, as all scientists are curious by nature, Dr. Lanza became interested and involved with physics, quantum mechanics, and astrophysics. This erratic mixture gave rise to a new theory of biocentrism.

According to Biocentrism, life and consciousness are fundamental parts of the universe. Consciousness is responsible for creating the material universe and not the other way around.

Dr. Lanza indicates that the structure of the universe we live in, its laws and forces and constants are in fact fine-tune for life. This implies the existence of intelligence prior to matter.

Furthermore, Dr. Lnaza suggests that space and time are not like objects or things, but are tools that are utilized by our ‘animal understanding’.

Lanza indicates that mankind carries space and time “like turtles with shells.” When the shell comes off –space and time— we do not cease to exist.

In other words, this theory suggests that death of consciousness simply does not exist. In fact, it only exists in such a way because people are identified with their body, and since they believe that this body will ‘perish’ one day, their consciousness may disappear too.

This would mean that if our body crates consciousness, then consciousness will disappear together with the body.

However, if our body is receiving consciousness like a satellite received obtains its signals, then ‘consciousness’ does not cease to exist on death.

This suggests that Consciousness exists outside of the constraints of time and space and is able to travel anywhere, within the human body and outside of it: it is not something that is localized, just as quantum objects are not.

Furthermore, Dr. Lanza believes that multiverse can exist simultaneously: In one universe the body can die while in another it continues to exist, absorbing consciousness which migrated into this universe. In other words, this would mean that someone who died ends up in a similar world where that person once inhabited, and so on infinitely. Think of it like a Russian doll ‘afterlife effect’.

For more about this provocative theory visit The Learning Mind

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12-07-2018 om 15:50 geschreven door peter  

NASA Just Released First Close-Up Images Of Ceres' Mysterious Bright Spots

NASA has released some high-resolution images that give a close-up look at the mysterious bright spots of Ceres.

The images come courtesy of the NASA Dawn spacecraft, which at the moment, is at the lowest orbit of the planet.

Bright Spots Are No Alien Cities

The amazing photographs reveal the salt deposit in the southwest region of Cerealia Facula, which is located in the Occator Crater of Ceres. The Dawn spacecraft captured the photographs on June 22.

High-Resolution Images Courtesy of NASA Dawn Spacecraft

The Dawn spacecraft is able to send back superb high-resolution photographs showing the rugged surface with scientists having been intrigued by the bright spots of the Occator Crater. The spots can be clearly seen in the high-res photos due to the fact they stand out against what is essentially a dark background. They are something the public along with scientists were amazed ever since Dawn first discovered them in 2015 when arriving at Ceres.

On June 6, the spacecraft was at its lowest orbit and since then has managed to send back many thousands of images along with data that has given scientists a lot more information about Ceres.

One thing that has baffled scientists is how Ceres evolved over time along with how it manages to remain geologically active even though the planet is relatively small in comparison to other planets.

Data Has Exceeded All Expectations of NASA

NASA said the latest images to come from Ceres have a resolution that is less than 5 meters per pixel. The framing camera lead investigator, Dr. Andreas Nathues said, “The data exceeds all our expectations.”

NASA showed an image taken in February 2015 of Ceres, with the image sparking interest in the bright spots, which at that time remained even more of a mystery than they are today. It was said they took on the appearance of alien headlights. After more analysis, it was determined they were, in fact, salt deposits.

Dawn Spacecraft is Just 22 Miles Off Ceres Surface

The orbit of Ceres is 22 miles from the surface of Ceres with NASA capturing the carbonate deposit on the southwest part. The salt deposits gave a huge clue about the current activity while the data and images will help scientists to find answers to how they got there.

Cerealia Facula is the biggest deposit in the middle with Dawn managing to take some of the closest ever photos after it adjusted the orbit trajectory.

The results of the high-resolution images have been better than hoped for as they show the rich details of the planet offering scientists along with others a glimpse of the beauty of Ceres. The low orbit meant that many more details could be seen on the planet, including the bright spots.

{ https://www.disclose.tv/ }

12-07-2018 om 15:39 geschreven door peter  

The Lost City of Z, and its Mysterious Connection to the Mighty Atlanteans

There are a number of ancient cities—considered myths by most authors—that some believe existed before written history, in different places on Earth.

The Lost City of Z, just like Atlantis is one such mysterious place.

The strange mystery of Colonel Percy Fawcett and the lost city of Z

The most famous person to ever search for this lost city was a man called Percy Harrison Fawcett a renowned explorer who tried discovering the long-lost city thought to remain hidden somewhere in the Amazon jungle.

According to myths and legends, the lost City of Z would have been erected in very ancient times by the descendants of Atlantis. It is believed that the Atlanteans who survived the destruction of their home and escaped to a number of different regions on Earth, and some of them ended up in the Amazon, where they eventually settled down.

Fawcett made eight expeditions, disappearing in the last in strange circumstances.

Did he find the lost city of Z in the Amazonian jungle? Could the Lost City of Z be connected to El Dorado and Atlantis? And what exactly happened to Fawcett in his last expedition?

No one seems to have answers for these questions.

But where to stories about massive cities made of gold, inhabited by powerful beings come from?

We can say that part of the stories come from the old continent. In other words, when the Europeans explorers began arriving at the Americas, the myths and legends of supernatural creatures and pseudo-human tribes slowly gave way to stories of massive ancient cities hidden in the heart of the jungle.

But what exactly is the reason?

Some authors would argue that thanks to the abundance of indigenous communities that the Europeans faced and their exuberant religious rites fed the European fantasies which quickly spread.

Thinking of a great civilization whose wealth one cannot imagine was quickly acknowledged as a common idea. An idea that would later—acoridng to many authors—become known as the legend of El Dorado and that, moreover, satisfied the delirious hunger for gold of the first, and several of the following, visitors to the continent.

The Strange Mystery Of Colonel Percy Fawcett And The Lost City..!!

The Lost City of Z and Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett

Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett was a British explorer who named the Lost City of Z in 1912 after finding an ancient document titled Manuscript 512, kept in the National Library of Brazil. It is believed that his conviction was fed in part due to the rediscovery of the lost city of Machu Picchu in 1911.

The docuemnt—Mansucript 512—is believed to have been authored by Portuguese Bandeirantes, João da Silva Guimarães, who allegedly discovered the ruins of a mighty ancient city, containing arches, statues, and temples covered in hieroglyphs, deep in the Amazonian Jungle in 1753. While Guimarães described the city in great detail, he failed to give off its location.

The enigmatic manuscript is completed with curious details, such as documenting the discovery of a bag of gold coins bearing the silhouette of an archer and a crown, or the reproduction of hieroglyphs copied from various corners of the city, which some say bare an uncanny similarity with Greek and Phoenician letters.

In some way, Fawcett was obsessed with lost cities.

Throughout his travels, Fawcett had heard rumors of a secret ancient underground city located ‘somewhere’ in the jungles of Chile, which, according to tales, legends, and reports, was made of streets paved with silver and roofs of gold.

The strange mystery of Colonel Percy Fawcett and the lost city of Z

Fawcett wrote about the Lost City of Z in a letter to his son in 1912:

I expect the ruins to be monolithic in character, more ancient than the oldest Egyptian discoveries. Judging by inscriptions found in many parts of Brazil, the inhabitants used an alphabetical writing allied to many ancient European and Asian scripts. There are rumors, too, of a strange source of light in the buildings, a phenomenon that filled with terror the Indians who claimed to have seen it.
The central place I call “Z” — our main objective — is in a valley surmounted by lofty mountains. The valley is about ten miles wide, and the city is on an eminence in the middle of it, approached by a barreled roadway of stone. The houses are low and windowless, and there is a pyramidal temple. The inhabitants of the place are fairly numerous, they keep domestic animals, and they have well-developed mines in the surrounding hills. Not far away is a second town, but the people living in it are of an inferior order to those of “Z.” Farther to the south is another large city, half buried and completely destroyed.

The mystery behind Fawcett’s disappearance

So what happened to one of the most famous explorers in history?

In 1921, the first expedition to find the Lost City of Z was assembled by Fawcett.  His search for Z culminated with his disappearance and the appearance of many myths and tales surrounding his faith.

His last expedition was set in March in April of 1925, this time financed by newspapers and societies such as the Royal Geographic Society and the Rockefellers. Fawcett was certain that his expedition would culminate with the discovery of the mythical city.

In May of 1925, the expeditions had reached the edge of uncharted territory, exploring an area that no foreigner had ever dared crossing.

Fawcett’s beliefs were greatly influenced on what the Indians had told him about alleged Lost Cities spread across the Amazon jungle. Even his penultimate letter – nine days before he mysteriously vanished, mentions one such tale.

Correspondence from Colonel Fawcett dated May 20th, 1925

“I saw the Indian chief Roberto and had a talk with him.
Under the expanding influence of wine he corroborated all my Cuyaba friend told me, and more. Owing to what his grandfather had told him, he always wanted to make the journey to the waterfall, but is now tot old. He is of the opinion that bad Indians are numerous there, but committed himself to the statement that his ancestors had built the old cities. This I am inclined to doubt, for he, like the Mechinaku Indians, is of the brown or Polynesian type, and it is the fair or red type I associate with the cities.”

The team traveled into territory that no one had ever seen. They faced many dangers, but they wouldn’t give up. Eventually, they reached an area called ‘Dead Horse Camp’ when Fawcett sent back dispatches for another five months, finally stopping after the fifth. In this dispatch, he would send a letter to his wife saying (dated 29th May 1925):

“My dear Nina,
The attempt to write is fraught with much difficulty, thanks to the legions of flies that pester one from dawn till dusk – and sometimes all through the night! The worst are the tiny ones that are smaller than a pinhead, almost invisible, but sting like a mosquito. Clouds of them are always present. Millions of bees add to the plague, and other bugs galore, stinging horrors that get all over ones hands. Even the head nets won’t keep them out, and as for mosquito nets, the pests fly through them! It is quite maddening.
We hope to get through this region in a few days, and are camped here for a while to arrange for the return of the peons, who are anxious to get back, having had enough of it – and I don’t blame them. We go on with eight animals – three saddle mules, four cargo mules, and a madrinha, a leading animal which keeps the others together. Jack is well and fit and getting stronger every day, even though he suffers a bit from insects.
I myself am bitten or stung by ticks, and these piums, as they call the tiny ones, all over the body. It is Raleigh I am anxious about. He still has one leg in a bandage but won’t go back. So far we have plenty of food and no need to walk, but I am not sure how long this will last. There may be little for the animals to eat as we head further in. I cannot hope to stand up on this journey better than Jack or Raleigh – my extra years tell, though I do my best to make up for it with enthusiasm – but I had to do this.

I calculate that I shall contact the Indians in about a week, perhaps ten days, when we should be able to reach the much talked-about waterfall.

Here we are at Dead Horse Camp, Lat. 110 43’ S and 540 35’ W, the spot where my horse died in 1920. Only his white bones remain. We can bathe ourselves here, but the insects make it a matter of great haste. Nevertheless, the season is good. It is very cold at night and fresh in the morning, but the insects and heat are out in full force come mid-day, and from then until evening it is sheer misery in camp.

You need have no fear of any failure ….”

Those were the final words of Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett.

Two years passed and nothing was heard from Fawcett nor his team.

This resulted in many expeditions being launched in order to find them.

Mysteriously, each expedition suffered the same fate as Fawcett’s.

Fawcett’s disappearance resulted in a total of 13 expeditions being mounted in which more than a hundred people lost their lives, attempting to find not only Fawcett but the Legendary Lost City of Z as well.

No one knows what exactly happened to Fawcett, his expedition and to more than one hundred people that set out to search for him.

Numerous theories were proposed eventually.

Some say Fawcett and his team were killed by an Amazonian tribe, while otters suggest they may have starved, drowned, or suffered a disease. There are some who also say that they may have been robbed and killed by bandits in the region.

Featured Image Credit: Leon Tukker. Posted with permission.

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12-07-2018 om 15:21 geschreven door peter