The journey to Mars will subject astronauts to extended periods of exposure to radiation during their months-long travel through space. While NASA’s Artemis 1 mission lasted only a matter of weeks, it provided valuable radiation exposure data that scientists can use to predict the radiation risks for future Mars crews. The measurements not only validated existing radiation prediction models but also revealed unexpected insights about the effectiveness of radiation shielding strategies too. 

Space radiation poses one of the most significant health risks for astronauts travelling beyond Earth’s magnetic field. Unlike the radiation from medical X-rays or nuclear sources on Earth, space radiation includes high-energy galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events that can penetrate traditional shielding materials. When these particles collide with human tissue, they can damage DNA, increase cancer risk and weaken the immune system. The effects are cumulative too, with longer missions like a journey to Mars significantly increasing exposure and health risks. 

The International Space Station crews receive radiation doses similar to nuclear power plant workers due to a little protection from Earth’s magnetosphere, but astronauts traveling to Mars would face much higher exposure levels during their multi-month journey. NASA estimates that a mission to Mars could expose astronauts to radiation levels that exceed current career exposure limits, making effective radiation shielding one of the key challenges for deep space exploration.

A paper recently published by a team led by Tony C Slaba from the Langley Research Centre at NASA, they use computer models and data from on-board detectors to assess the health risk to long term space flight. The data is taken from the International Space Station (ISS,) the Orion Spacecraft, the BioSentinel CubeSat and from receivers on the surface of Mars. Collectively this data enables a full mission profile to be modelled for a Martian journey. The data was captured during the time period of the Artemis-1 mission, just under one month in duration.

Space radiation comes in two primary forms that pose risks to astronauts and spacecraft. Solar Particle Events occur during solar storms, releasing intense bursts of energetic particles from the Sun, while Galactic Cosmic Rays represent a constant stream of highly penetrating radiation from deep space. The findings enabled the team to assess current models for accuracy. They found that predictions match actual measurements to within 10-25% for the International Space Station, 4% for deep space conditions, and 10% for the Martian surface. This level of precision gives confidence in the existing models and in planning radiation protection for future missions.

A cloud of cold charged gas around Earth, called the plasmasphere and seen here in purple, interacts with the particles in Earth’s radiation belts — shown in grey — to create an impenetrable barrier that blocks the fastest electrons from moving in closer to our planet. 

NASA/Goddard

They also found that, having assessed traditional shielding approaches, that they are largely ineffective against Galactic Cosmic Rays. In some cases, excessive shielding or inappropriate material choices can even amplify radiation exposure through secondary particle production. This occurs when the ‘original radiation’ creates a cascade of new particles on impact that can be more dangerous than the original radiation! They found that radiation levels vary substantially depending on location and the specific shielding configurations used! Quite the headache for engineers!

Radiation exposure is one of the greatest challenges in human space exploration. The study shows that our models for assessing radiation risk are reliable and that the ability to accurately assess those risks is crucial for protecting astronauts from serious health consequences. Having a good understanding of the risk directly influences how spacecraft are engineered, and plays a key role in mission planning for trips beyond Earth orbit. More work is needed now in the design of radiation protection systems if our space travellers are to be better protected from the long term risks posed by radiation.

Source : 

• Validated space radiation exposure predictions from earth to mars during Artemis-I

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{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

24-02-2025 om 12:36 geschreven door peter  

Combining data from multiple sources, the Glambie team produced an annual time series of global glacier loss from 2000 to 2023. In 2000, glaciers covered about 705,221 square km (272,287 mi2) and held an estimated 121,728 billion metric tons (134,182 US tons) of ice. Over the next twenty years, they lost 273 billion tonnes of ice annually, approximately 5% of their total volume, with regional losses ranging from 2% in the Antarctic and Subantarctic to 39% in Central Europe. To put that in perspective, this amounts to what the entire global population consumes in 30 years.

In short, the amount of ice lost rose to 36% during the second half of the study (2012 and 2023) compared to the first half (2000-2011). Glacier mass loss over the whole study period was 18% higher than the meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet and more than double that from the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Michael Zemp, a noted glaciologist who co-led the study, said in an ESA press release:

“We compiled 233 estimates of regional glacier mass change from about 450 data contributors organized in 35 research teams. Benefiting from the different observation methods, Glambie not only provides new insights into regional trends and year-to-year variability, but we could also identify differences among observation methods. This means that we can provide a new observational baseline for future studies on the impact of glacier melt on regional water availability and global sea-level rise.”

Globally, glaciers collectively lost 6,542 tonnes (7,210 tons) of ice, leading to a global sea-level rise of 18 mm (0.7 inches). However, the rate of glacier ice loss increased significantly from 231 billion tonnes per year in the first half of the study period to 314 billion tonnes per year in the second half – an increase of 36%. This rise in water loss has made glaciers the second-largest contributor to global sea-level rise, surpassing the contributions of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Antarctic Ice Sheet, and changes in land water storage. Said UZH glaciologist Inés Dussaillant, who was involved in the Glambie analyses:

“Glaciers are vital freshwater resources, especially for local communities in Central Asia and the Central Andes, where glaciers dominate runoff during warm and dry seasons. But when it comes to sea-level rise, the Arctic and Antarctic regions, with their much larger glacier areas, are the key players. However, almost Thione-quarter of the glacier contribution to sea-level rise originates from Alaska.”

These results will provide environmental scientists with a refined baseline for interpreting observational differences arising from different methods and for calibrating models. They hope this will help future studies of global ice loss by narrowing the projection uncertainties for the twenty-first century. These research findings are the culmination of many years of cooperative studies and observations, which included the use of satellites that were not specifically designed to monitor glaciers globally. As co-author Noel Gourmelen, a lecturer in Earth Observation of the Cryosphere at the University of Edinburgh, said:

“The research is the result of sustained efforts by the community and by space agencies over many years, to exploit a variety of satellites that were not initially specifically designed for the task of monitoring glaciers globally. This legacy is already producing impact with satellite missions being designed to allow operational monitoring of future glacier evolution, such as Europe’s Copernicus CRISTAL mission which builds on the legacy of ESA’s CryoSat.”

The study also marks an important milestone since it was released in time for the United Nations’ International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation and the Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences (2025–2034). Said Livia Jakob, the Chief Scientific Officer & Co-Founder at Earthwave, hosted a large workshop with all the participants to discuss the findings. “Bringing together so many different research teams from across the globe in a joint effort to increase our understanding and certainty of glacier ice loss has been extremely valuable. This initiative has also fostered a stronger sense of collaboration within the community.”

The study also illustrates the importance of collective action on climate change, which is accelerating at an alarming rate. Research that quantifies glacial loss, rising sea levels, and other impacts is key to preparing for the worst. It’s also essential to the development of proper adaptation, mitigation, and restoration strategies consistent with the recommendations made by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Further Reading: 

• ESA

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

24-02-2025 om 12:12 geschreven door peter  

Satellites often face a disappointing end: despite having fully working systems, they are often de-orbited after their propellant runs out. However, a breakthrough is on the cards with the launch of China’s Shijian-25 satellite which has been launched into orbit to test orbital refuelling operations. The plan; docking with satellite Beidou-3 G7 and transferring 142 kilograms of hydrazine to extend its life by 8 years! It’s success will mean China plans to develop a network of orbital refuelling stations!

Like cars on Earth, satellites need fuel to manoeuvre and for their constantly decaying orbits to be boosted. But unlike vehicles on the ground, when satellites run out of propellant, they become expensive space debris. This challenge has driven the development of orbital refuelling technology, which could extend satellite lifespans and transform space operations.

The International Space Station (ISS) offers one of the most well known examples of an orbiting ‘satellite’ and it too needs to deal with boosting its orbit. The problem is the drag imposed upon the structures by gas in our atmosphere. In the case of the ISS, docked supply craft are typically used to fire their engines to reposition ISS to the correct altitude. Without these periodic “orbital boosts,” the ISS would eventually lose altitude and reenter the atmosphere.

A significant milestone in autonomous refuelling came in 2007 with DARPA’s Orbital Express mission. This demonstration involved two spacecraft: the ASTRO servicing vehicle and a prototype modular satellite called NextSat. Over three months, they performed multiple autonomous fuel transfers and component replacements, proving that robotic spacecraft could conduct complex servicing operations without direct human control.

The technology continues to advance with China’s Shijian-25 satellite (launched on 6 January 2025) representing another step forward in orbital refuelling capabilities. The mission aims to demonstrate refuelling operations in geosynchronous orbit approximately 36,000 kilometres above Earth. This is particularly significant because geosynchronous orbits often host communications satellites that benefit from life extension.

The technical challenges of orbital refuelling are considerable though. Spacecraft must achieve extremely precise rendezvous and docking while travelling in excess of 28,000 kilometres per hour. The fuel transfer system must prevent leaks, which could be hazardous to both spacecraft and create hazardous debris. Adding to the challenge is that many satellites were never designed with refuelling in mind, lacking any form of standardised fuel ports or docking interfaces.

Looking ahead, several companies and space agencies are developing orbital refuelling systems. These range from dedicated “gas station” satellites to more versatile servicing vehicles that can perform repairs and upgrades alongside refuelling. As the technology advances, it could significantly change how we operate in space, making satellite operations more sustainable and cost-effective.

Source : 

• China successfully sent Shijian-25 satellite

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

24-02-2025 om 11:57 geschreven door peter  

A secretive U.S. spaceplane just snapped a stunning view of Earth

Credit: Air Force

From time to time, the U.S. military shows glimpses of its X-37B spaceplane, which can travel to space for years at a time.

We just got another glimpse. The U.S. Space Force — which took the reins from the Air Force's expansive military operations in space in 2019 — has released a view the robotic craft took from Earth's orbit. You can see a portion of the X-37B and an outstretched panel above a view of a partially shadowed Earth.

"An X-37B onboard camera, used to ensure the health and safety of the vehicle, captures an image of Earth while conducting experiments in [highly elliptical orbit] in 2024," the Space Force posted on X. "The X-37B executed a series of first-of-kind maneuvers, called aerobraking, to safely change its orbit using minimal fuel."

This is the seventh mission of the X-37B, which orbits 150 to 500 miles above Earth to explore reusable space vehicle technologies and conduct long-term space experiments. The plane was originally built by Boeing for NASA, but the project transferred to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, in 2004. At nearly 30 feet long, it's one-fourth the size of NASA's retired Space Shuttle.

The X-37B's "aerobraking" maneuver mentioned above involves using close passes by Earth's atmosphere to produce drag, ultimately allowing it to switch orbits without burning too much of its finite fuel.

"This novel and efficient series of maneuvers demonstrates the Space Force's commitment to achieving groundbreaking innovation as it conducts national security missions in space," former secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall explained in 2024.

But the spaceplane, which most recently launched in Dec. 2023, isn't coming back home just yet. The mission is "now continuing its test and experimentation objectives," the Space Force said. After that, the craft will plummet through our planet's atmosphere and land on a runway — an event the U.S. military has released images of in the past.

The military clearly wants to promote the X-37B's successes — without revealing too much about its outer space exploits.

{ https://sea.mashable.com/ }

23-02-2025 om 23:58 geschreven door peter  

This radiation reveals everything from star-forming gas clouds to the shapes of the galaxy’s spiral arms. Whereas visible light just gets caught up in all the interstellar dust at it tries to traverse the tens of thousands of light-years across the galaxy, 21cm radiation just sails right though.

But mapping the galaxy’s structure is just one part of the story. Astronomers can also learn about the Milky Way’s rotation by studying the redshift and blueshift of the 21cm radiation. When an object in space moves away from us, the wavelength of the light or radiation it emits gets stretched out, making it appear redder (redshift). Conversely, when an object moves toward us, the wavelength gets compressed, making it appear bluer (blueshift).

By analyzing the redshift and blueshift of the 21cm radiation from different parts of the galaxy, astronomers can determine how fast various regions of the Milky Way are rotating. This information helps them build a more comprehensive picture of our galaxy’s dynamics and motion.

The utility of 21cm radiation isn’t limited to the Milky Way alone. Astronomers can use these same techniques to study distant galaxies as well. By examining the neutral hydrogen gas clouds in far-off galaxies, they can estimate the masses of these galaxies. This is because the amount of 21cm radiation emitted is related to the number of hydrogen atoms present, which in turn gives clues about the galaxy’s overall mass.

21cm radiation is a powerful tool in the field of astronomy that allows astronomers to map the structure of our Milky Way galaxy, understand its rotation, and even estimate the masses of distant galaxies. This technique opens a window into the vast and complex universe, helping us unravel the mysteries of the cosmos with every new observation.

So next time you gaze up at the night sky, remember that there’s a whole lot more going on than meets the eye. Thanks to 21cm radiation, we’re able to peel back the layers of the Milky Way and explore the wonders of the universe in ways that were once unimaginable.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

23-02-2025 om 22:13 geschreven door peter  

NASA astronomers have been continuing to monitor the trajectory of asteroid 2024 YR4. The initial calculations suggested a 1.3% probability of an Earth impact event, which temporarily increased to 3.1% as more data came in. However, and with a sigh of relief, recent analysis brings encouraging news: the Earth impact probability has decreased significantly to 0.28%, though calculations now show a 1% chance of lunar impact. Observations will continue with the James Webb Space Telescope so stay tuned. 

Asteroids are rocky, airless worlds that are remnants left over from the formation of our Solar System about 4.6 billion years ago. They range in size from tiny pebbles to massive bodies hundreds of kilometres across. Most asteroids are found in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter although some follow paths that bring them closer to Earth.  Occasionally, they can pose a threat to Earth, which is why astronomers and space agencies closely monitor their orbits and develop potential deflection techniques.

Asteroid Ryugu as seen by Japan’s Hayabusa 2 spacecraft, which returned a sample of the ancient asteroid to Earth in 2020.

Image Courtesy ISAS/JAXA

Asteroid 2024 YR4 is one such asteroid that has had gripped the nations media over recent weeks. It’s a near-Earth object that was discovered on 27 December 2024, by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) in Chile. Initially, it had an estimated 1.3% chance of impact with Earth in 2032, making it one of the highest-risk asteroids ever recorded. However, further observations raised that risk!

Astronomers use systems like ATLAS to identify near-Earth objects (NEOs) that could pose a potential threat to our planet. It was developed by the University of Hawaii and funded by NASA and consists of a network of telescopes positioned around the world to provide continuous sky surveys. Its primary goal is to detect asteroids before a potential impact, allowing for timely warnings and mitigation efforts. Since its installation, ATLAS has successfully discovered thousands of asteroids, including hazardous ones just like 2024 YR4. 

Understanding the level of threat from asteroids like 2024 YR4 requires time, time and observations. Imagine a game of tennis and the ball is hit, sending it flying over the net. A photographer sat in the crowd grabs a snapshot of the ball as it flies over the net. The picture is a clear, sharp capture of a point in time however analysis of the image can only reveal the exact location of the ball and not its trajectory. It’s the same with asteroids, once they are discovered, a single observation will reveal where it is but a series of observations are required to understand where it’s going. Ok so this is a simplistic view but it shows how important continued observations are to asteroids like 2024 YR4.

Further observations of asteroid 2024 YR4, conducted during the night of 19-20 February have revealed encouraging results. NASA’s planetary defence team have reported that the probability of an Earth impact has decreased to 0.28%. Monitoring will of course continue to refine trajectory predictions, but current calculations indicate a slight increase in the possibility of lunar impact, now estimated at 1%. These percentages are of course tiny and pose no cause for alarm but 2024 YR4 will continue to be observed over the coming months, just to be sure.

Source : 

• Additional Observations Continue to Reduce Chance of Asteroid Impact in 2032

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

23-02-2025 om 22:07 geschreven door peter  

The Lacerta Files: A Shocking Interview with a Reptilian Alien

The Lacerta Files have long intrigued UFO enthusiasts, conspiracy theorists, and researchers interested in extraterrestrial phenomena. First emerging in 1999, these alleged transcripts detail an interview between a Swedish researcher and an enigmatic reptilian being named Lacerta. While widely debated, the files present an alternative narrative of Earth’s history, the origins of humanity, and hidden civilizations that may exist beneath our feet.

The Origin of the Lacerta Files

The transcripts, which surfaced on conspiracy forums in December 1999 and April 2000, were supposedly translated by Christian Filer. They recount a discussion between an anonymous Swedish researcher and a reptilian female named Lacerta. According to the files, Lacerta’s species evolved millions of years before modern humans and has lived in secrecy underground. Despite the lack of verifiable evidence—such as audio recordings or video footage—the documents have gained traction within UFO and alien research communities.

Who Is Lacerta?

Lacerta describes herself as a member of an ancient reptilian species that predates human civilization. Unlike extraterrestrials from distant galaxies, she asserts that her species is indigenous to Earth, having evolved from dinosaur-like ancestors. Their advanced technology and intelligence allowed them to survive a catastrophic war that occurred 65 million years ago, a conflict between two alien factions that led to widespread destruction and mass extinctions.

Key Claims in the Interview

1. Reptilian Origins and Underground Civilization

Lacerta explains that her kind retreated underground to escape the chaos on the surface, particularly as early human species began to dominate the land. Their subterranean cities remain hidden, allowing them to observe human progress from a distance. She also claims that some historical depictions of serpentine or dragon-like deities in ancient cultures (such as the Egyptian and Incan civilizations) were inspired by real interactions with her species.

2. UFOs and Hidden Technology

According to Lacerta, some of the unidentified flying objects (UFOs) reported by humans belong to her species, though the majority originate from extraterrestrial visitors or human military projects. She describes reptilian spacecraft as cylindrical objects with red lights, often concealed using advanced cloaking technology. Triangular UFOs, she suggests, belong to human military factions using reverse-engineered alien technology.

3. Human Genetic Manipulation by Aliens

Perhaps one of the most controversial claims in the Lacerta Files is that humanity was genetically modified by an advanced extraterrestrial species known as the Elohim (also referred to as the Anunnaki in other ancient texts). This intervention allegedly accelerated human evolution, allowing Homo sapiens to develop much faster than natural evolution would have permitted. Lacerta argues that this manipulation is the reason humans have difficulty accepting the reality of non-human intelligence—it was engineered into their minds.

4. Reptilian Anatomy and Abilities

Lacerta provides a detailed description of her species, noting several distinct differences from humans. She describes her skin as smooth with greenish-beige tones and brown patterns. Unlike mammals, her kind has no navel, as they are born from eggs encased in a soft shell. She also mentions their heightened sensitivity to sunlight, which they absorb through specialized plates on their backs to regulate body temperature.

Additionally, she demonstrates telepathic and telekinetic abilities, claiming her kind can manipulate objects using their minds. These abilities, she asserts, make them superior to humans in many ways.

The Alleged War and Future Predictions

Lacerta claims that Earth has been a battleground for extraterrestrial species, with a major conflict occurring 65 million years ago. This war allegedly led to the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs, though she states that it was caused by an experimental weapon rather than an asteroid impact.

She also hints at an impending war involving different alien factions, implying that Earth remains a strategic location in an ongoing interstellar conflict. However, she does not provide concrete details on when or how this might unfold.

Skepticism and Controversy

Despite the fascinating nature of The Lacerta Files, there is no concrete proof that the interview took place. The absence of physical evidence, the anonymity of the interviewer, and the lack of corroborating testimony raise doubts about the authenticity of the documents. Many skeptics argue that the files are an elaborate hoax or a work of fiction inspired by previous conspiracy theories about reptilian beings, such as those popularized by David Icke.

However, supporters of the files point to the consistency of the narrative, the detailed descriptions of reptilian physiology, and the references to ancient cultures as potential evidence of credibility. Some suggest that if the files are not literal truth, they may still contain symbolic or esoteric knowledge meant to reveal deeper truths about human history and extraterrestrial influence.

VIDEO:

• https://youtu.be/QYn84QTOGEw

The Lacerta Files remain one of the most debated and intriguing documents in the realm of UFO lore and conspiracy theories. Whether one sees them as an elaborate science fiction story or as hidden truth disguised as fantasy, they continue to captivate readers worldwide. If nothing else, the files challenge us to reconsider what we believe about our origins, the presence of intelligent life on Earth, and the possibility of hidden civilizations living beneath our feet.

As interest in UFOs and extraterrestrial phenomena grows, the Lacerta Files serve as a compelling, if controversial, piece of alternative history. Whether one chooses to believe in the existence of an ancient reptilian race or not, the conversation they spark is undeniably fascinating.

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

23-02-2025 om 21:31 geschreven door peter  

Antarctica is shrouded in mystery, holding secrets from the past and serving as the site of ongoing covert operations. It's no surprise that numerous restricted zones exist to conceal the truth about what’s really happening there. The intrigue extends beyond the surface, hidden dangers lurk beneath the ice, particularly in the depths of Lake Vostok. 

This hidden subglacial lake, sealed off from the world for 15 million years, holds secrets beyond imagination. Preserved in isolation, its ecosystem is unlike anything else on Earth. 

When a Russian team drilled into Lake Vostok, they uncovered more than just ancient water. But something went wrong. Two scientists died under mysterious circumstances, and official reports contradict witness accounts. Military operations, classified research, and blurred satellite images suggest something is being hidden. 

What are they trying to hide at the bottom of the world? Rumors speak of monstrous, spider-like entities, shape-shifting predators, and colossal, whale-like humanoids known as the "Ningen" a name that means "human" in Japanese.

    

{ https://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

22-02-2025 om 14:27 geschreven door peter  

By SHIVALI BEST FOR MAILONLINE

Fed up of being stuck in traffic jams? Soon you could fly right over them in a £235,000 electric car.

Alef Aeronautics' futuristic vehicle can be driven around like a normal car on the streets. 

However, it is also packed with propellors in the bonnet and boot that allow it to take off at any time to skip the queue. 

This week, the company successfully tested the flying car in a city environment for the first time. 

Incredible footage shows the car driving forwards a few metres, before taking off vertically. 

It then glides through the air over the car in front of it, before landing on the ground and driving off. 

'This drive and flight test represents an important proof of technology in a real-world city environment,' said Jim Dukhovny, CEO of Alef. 

'We hope it will be a moment similar to the Wright Brothers' Kitty Hawk video, proving to humanity that new transportation is possible.'

Fed up of being stuck in traffic jams? Soon you could fly right over them in a £235,000 electric car

Alef Aeronautics' futuristic vehicle can be driven around like a normal car on the streets. However, it is also packed with propellors in the bonnet and boot that allow it to take off at any time to skip the queue 

Fed up of being stuck in traffic jams? Soon you could fly right over them in a £235,000 electric car

The test was conducted on an unidentified public street that had been closed off. 

According to Alef, the video is the first in history to show a car both driving and vertically taking off. 

'While previous videos exist of cars driving and using a runway to take off, videos of tethered flights, and eVTOL flying taxis taking off, this is the first publicly released video of a car driving and taking off vertically,' the company said in a statement. 

While the test was carried out with a special, ultralight version of the Alef Model Zero, the Model A flying car will eventually be a two-seater with a road range of 200 miles and a flying range of 110 miles.

The carbon-fibre frame – which measures around 17ft long and 7ft wide – is designed to fit in any parking space or garage.

To drive on the road, the car uses four small engines in each of the wheels and will drive similar to a normal electric car.

This leaves space in the front and the back for eight propellors, which spin independently at different speeds to allow it to fly in any direction.

It uses a technology called distributed electric propulsion, with a mesh cover over the rotor blades allowing airflow through the vehicle.

To drive on the road, the car uses four small engines in each of the wheels and will drive similar to a normal electric car

This leaves space in the front and the back for eight propellors, which spin independently at different speeds to allow it to fly in any direction

Its cruise speed in the air is 110mph, while on the road it will be limited to between 25 and 35mph despite being able to go far faster.

This is so the vehicle – which weighs 850lb – can be classed as an ultralight 'low speed vehicle', a legal classification reserved for small electric vehicles like golf carts, to pass regulations.

Mr Dukhovny claims the car, which is aimed at the general public, is relatively simple to use and would take just 15 minutes to learn. 

The controls while in the air are similar to those used to fly a consumer drone.

The Model A is different to most of the so-called flying cars being designed today because it actually functions as a car, he said, whereas others on the market tend to be eVTOLS, which are essentially electric helicopters that can only fly.

Alef's founders began working on the concept in 2015 – coincidentally the same date when Marty McFly went Back to the Future in the second instalment of the Hollywood trilogy.

The Model A is currently on pre-order for £235,000 – around the same as the finest Rolls Royce, Bentleys and Aston Martins – but the company is aiming to sell them far cheaper in the future.

Mr Dukhovny said he wanted to bring sci-fi to life and build an 'affordable' flying car, with the cost likely to be closer to £25,000 when built at scale. 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

22-02-2025 om 01:42 geschreven door peter  

Scientists make shocking discovery where the Bible says Moses parted the Red Sea

• READ MORE:  Archaeologists unearth religious relic that depicts Moses

By STACY LIBERATORE FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

Scientists exploring the depths of the Red Sea have discovered natural death traps on the seafloor.

They found brine pools nearly 4,000 feet below the surface of the Gulf of Aqaba, which are up to 10 times saltier than normal seawater and lack of oxygen, essentially killing all life that enters inside.

Researchers speculated that these extreme environments mimic the harsh conditions of early Earth, particularly in the deep sea where life may have first emerged.

Brine pools are rare, with only about 40 ever discovered in the Red Sea, the Mediterranean and the newly named Gulf of America.

The team noted that the pools also act as geological capsules, preserving records of the Gulf of Aqaba's past due to the undisturbed sediment.

They will be able to see information on tsunamis, flash floods, and earthquakes in the region that took place thousands of years ago.

The brine pools were found in a region of the Red Sea believed to be where Moses parted the waters while leading the Israelites to the Promised Land. 

'The NEOM Brine Pools, as we name them, extend the known geographical range of Red Sea brine pools, and represent a unique preservational environment for the sedimentary signals of regional climatic and tectonic events,' the researchers said.

Scientists have discovered four brine pools nearly 4,000 feet below the surface of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea

Since this brine is so dense, it sits at the bottom of the ocean and cannot easily mix with the surrounding salt water

The Gulf of Aqaba is considered mysterious due to its unique geological features, including extreme depths, volcanic activity, and unusual temperature variations at depth.

The region is an elongated strip of the Red Sea that separates the Egyptian Sinai from Saudi Arabia and some experts believe it is where Moses parted the waters while leading the Israelites to the Promised Land.

That is because the Gulf of Aqaba is deeper and wider than other regions of the Red Sea, which could align with the story of Moses in the Book of Exodus.

The Bible also shares how the Israelites traveling through the wilderness before reaching the sea, and some routes near Aqaba may fit the description.

But scientists from the University of Miami uncovered another enigma while exploring the depths with a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) for six weeks.

Professor Sam Purkis said: 'We were very lucky. The discovery came in the last five minutes of the ten-hour ROV dive that we could dedicate to this project.'

The ROV spotted a 'desolate seabed thickly draped with mud' in those final minutes, leading researchers to the brine pools.

Since this brine is so dense, it sits at the bottom of the ocean and cannot easily mix with the surrounding salt water.

In places where the saltwater wells up from the ground, 'brine pools' can form strange underwater lakes and ponds

The parting of the Red Sea appears in the Book of Exodus in the Old Testament of The Bible

In places where the saltwater wells up from the ground, 'brine pools' can form strange underwater lakes and ponds.

While most lifeforms would perish the moment they floated inside, scientists spotted extremophile prokaryotes thriving.

These are single-celled organisms that live in extreme environments with conditions like high temperature, pressure, salinity, acidity or radiation.

The team also found sulfate-reducing bacteria, which turn sulfate into energy.

Scientists found these bacteria have reduced sulfate levels so much in the Gulf of Aqaba that the ratio of sulfate to chloride in the brine is the lowest ever recorded in the area. 

This means the bacteria are playing a big role in changing the water's chemical makeup. 

While most creatures cannot live in the pools, many linger near them due to the bacteria creating food sources for them. The team spotted eels, shrimp and mollusks nearby. 

The team also believes the pools could offer clues to life on other planets, they shared in the study.

Purkis told Live Science: 'Our current understanding is that life originated on Earth in the deep sea, almost certainly in anoxic — without oxygen — conditions.

Deep-sea brine pools are a great analog for the early Earth and, despite being devoid of oxygen and hypersaline, are teeming with a rich community of so-called 'extremophile' microbes. 

'Studying this community hence allows a glimpse into the sort of conditions where life first appeared on our planet, and might guide the search for life on other 'water worlds' in our solar system and beyond.'

The team took core sample from the pools that represented 'an unbroken record of past rainfall in the region, stretching back more than 1,000 years, plus records of earthquakes and tsunami,' Purkis said. 

The findings painted a picture of weather events over the last 1,000 years, showing major floods from rain 'occur about once every 25 years, and tsunamis [take place] about once every 100 years.'

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

22-02-2025 om 01:26 geschreven door peter  

NASA engineers are pressing ahead with preparations for the Artemis II mission unless someone tells them otherwise. The ambitious flight will send four astronauts on a trajectory similar to Apollo 8’s historic lunar journey, with the crew traveling around the Moon in an Orion Capsule before returning to Earth. A crucial milestone in the mission preparations was reached as technicians completed the assembly of the Space Launch System’s twin solid rocket boosters inside the Vehicle Assembly Building. The stacking process began in late November 2024 and concluded on February 19th.

In a significant step forward for our return to the Moon, NASA engineers at Kennedy Space Center have finished assembling the massive solid rocket boosters that will power the Artemis II mission. The stacking operation, completed on 19 February 2025, marks a key milestone in preparation for the first crewed lunar mission since Apollo. As someone who never saw the Apollo Moon landings, I’m excited. 

The assembly process began on 20 November 2024, inside Kennedy’s amazing Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), where generations of Moon rockets have been built. Using techniques that have been refined over decades of spaceflight experience, technicians employed one of the facility’s overhead cranes to carefully position each segment of the twin boosters.

These solid rocket boosters represent modern engineering at its best, being assembled on Mobile Launcher 1, a huge structure standing 380 feet tall – roughly the height of a 38-story building. This launch platform serves a number of different functions, acting as both the assembly base for the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft, and the launch platform from which the mission will eventually depart for the Moon.

The completed boosters will form part of the most powerful rocket ever built by NASA, more powerful even than Saturn V that took Apollo astronauts to the Moon. When ignited, these twin rockets will generate millions of pounds of thrust, working in together with the SLS core stage to lift the Orion spacecraft and its four-person crew toward the Moon.

Artemis II represents a historic moment in space exploration as the first time humans will venture beyond low Earth orbit since 1972. The mission profile calls for a crew of four astronauts to journey around the Moon in the Orion spacecraft, testing critical systems and procedures before future missions attempt lunar landings.

The successful completion of booster stacking demonstrates the expertise of NASA’s engineering teams. Each segment had to be perfectly aligned and secured, with no room for error in a process that demands accuracy. The boosters will eventually help propel the spacecraft to speeds exceeding 17,000 miles per hour – fast enough to break free of Earth’s gravity and get to the Moon.

With this milestone achieved, NASA continues toward launch, carefully checking and testing each system to ensure the safety of the crew and the success of this ambitious mission to return humans to deep space.

Moon, here we come, once again. 

Source : 

• Artemis II Rocket Booster Stacking Complete

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21-02-2025 om 14:40 geschreven door peter  

The Greys’ Secrets: Anatomy, Genetics & Human Hybrids Revealed by Whitley Strieber

The phenomenon of Grey aliens has fascinated researchers and enthusiasts for decades, with reports of encounters, abductions, and unexplained experiences fueling discussions about their origin and purpose. In a compelling interview with George Knapp, author Whitley Strieber shared his deep insights into the behavior, abilities, and genetic structure of these mysterious beings. Drawing from his own harrowing abduction experience and years of research, Strieber revealed startling information about the Greys’ anatomy, their genetic makeup, and their interactions with humans.

Understanding the Greys’ Anatomy and Physiology

Strieber’s research suggests that Grey aliens have distinct biological characteristics that set them apart from humans. He claims to have learned a significant amount about their anatomy, highlighting that their bodies are designed for functions beyond human comprehension. Unlike humans, they exhibit abilities such as telepathic communication, self-healing, and the capacity to levitate or move instantaneously from one place to another.

One of the most striking revelations from Strieber is the notion that the Greys have a hybrid nature, blending biological and mechanical components. He suggests that some of them are not entirely organic beings but rather bioengineered entities—biological machines with highly developed cognitive abilities. This unique blend of organic and synthetic elements could explain their remarkable resilience and adaptability.

Furthermore, Strieber points out that their lung function is akin to that of birds, allowing for rapid oxygen exchange, which might contribute to their endurance and ability to operate in different atmospheric conditions. Unlike humans, they do not have vocal cords, relying instead on telepathy for communication.

The Genetic Aspects of Grey Aliens

A significant aspect of Strieber’s revelations is his claim that the Greys are actively involved in genetic experimentation, particularly in the creation of human-hybrid beings. According to him, the primary reason behind their abductions is to collect genetic material from humans, which they use to develop hybrids capable of advanced telepathic abilities.

Strieber explains that these hybrids, while appearing human, possess an enhanced connection to the Greys through their genetic modifications. However, one major limitation of these beings is their inability to produce speech, making their integration into human society difficult. He suggests that they might exist in isolated communities, separate from both humans and full-blooded Greys.

Additionally, Strieber theorizes that the Greys might be working to recover certain abilities that early humans may have once possessed but lost over time. He refers to ancient records of telepathy, levitation, and heightened consciousness, suggesting that human civilization may have undergone a significant evolutionary shift that suppressed these capabilities. The Greys, through their hybridization programs, could be trying to bridge the gap between our current state and a more advanced, interconnected existence.

The Purpose of Human Abductions

One of the most controversial claims made by Strieber is that the Greys have been systematically abducting humans for decades, if not centuries. He believes that these abductions serve two main purposes:

1. Data Collection and Genetic Archiving:
   The Greys have reportedly collected genetic samples from humans, animals, and plants, preserving biological records in case of catastrophic events that could threaten Earth’s biodiversity. Strieber suggests that the Greys might have witnessed the destruction of other civilizations and are attempting to safeguard humanity from a similar fate.
2. Hybridization for Telepathic Communication:
   Through selective genetic modification, the Greys aim to create a species that can seamlessly communicate with them. Telepathy is a fundamental aspect of their existence, and the ability to interact on this level may be crucial for deeper engagement between them and humanity.

A Shift in Human Perception?

The discussion between Knapp and Strieber highlights a broader concern: Is humanity ready to accept the reality of extraterrestrial interaction? Strieber acknowledges that while there has been growing interest in the subject, large portions of the world remain unaware or skeptical. He believes that disclosure efforts, congressional hearings, and whistleblower testimonies are only the beginning of a larger process in which humans will have to reconcile with the existence of these beings.

He also speculates that historical agreements, possibly dating back to the Eisenhower administration, might explain why the majority of abduction reports originate from the United States. While the full details remain unknown, Strieber implies that the government has long been aware of these encounters but has struggled to address them openly.

Conclusion

Whitley Strieber’s insights into the anatomy and genetics of Grey aliens present a compelling narrative about their intentions and interactions with humanity. Whether one believes in the existence of the Greys or not, the recurring patterns in reported abductions, hybrid theories, and telepathic phenomena raise profound questions about the nature of reality and our place in the universe.

As research and testimonies continue to surface, humanity may eventually be faced with undeniable evidence that we are not alone—and that our genetic history may be more intertwined with extraterrestrial life than we ever imagined.

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{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

21-02-2025 om 14:08 geschreven door peter  

• READ MORE:  Two new 5ft-tall 'alien mummies' are discovered in Peru

By STACY LIBERATORE FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

Scientists on a mission to prove Peruvian mummies are aliens have made a new discovery they believe confirms the bodies are authentic. 

Dozens of these specimens were discovered in the Nazca desert by journalist and ufologist Jaime Maussan, which has led to years of investigations to uncover the truth.

Now, the team says they have found evidence of 'cavity fillings and clear evidence of dental work,' suggesting the mummies are biological beings.

Dr José Zalce, former director of the Mexican Navy Medical Department, and his team were investigating one of the mummies they named 'Antonio' when they placed a small camera in the mummy's mouth, capturing footage of what appeared to be amalgam fillings.

This type of filling is made from a mixture of metals, including mercury, silver, copper and tin. That's compared to the more common tooth-colored composite fillings today, which use resin, glass and ceramic particles.

Dr Zalce told DailyMail.com that they found between 28 and 32 teeth, some were broken, and a 3D reconstruction found dental spacing and structions similar to those of primates.

They also probed Antonio's eyes, finding 'desiccated tissue corresponding to the intrinsic eye muscles and what appears to be the residue of the completely desiccated optic nerve,' said Dr Zalce.

'This is yet another piece of clear and irrefutable evidence that these bodies are 100% genuine, real, and organic, having once been alive,'  Dr Zalce said.

Researchers investigating 'alien mummies' found in Peru conducted recent tests on a specimen, probing its mouth with a camera

They place a small camera in the mummy's mouth, capturing footage of what looked like an amalgam filling. This type of filling is made from a mixture of metals, including mercury , silver, copper and tin

Dr Zalce told DailyMail.com that he has analyzed 21 of the strange bodies, finding 'fingerprints, bone wear, dental formations, muscular features and internal organs - proving they're 100 percent real biological organisms.'

The mystery over the mummies began in 2017 when Maussan and a team of self-proclaimed paranormal researchers said they found strange three-fingered 'mummified humanoids' with an elongated skull.

The body was found covered in white powder, which the team said was used to preserve the remains.

And five years later, the tiny beings were paraded through Mexico's Congress where Maussan argued his case and did so on two occasions.

During the second meeting, he brought in a string of doctors who all said the bodies were those of real, once-living organisms - some experts claimed to have studied five similar specimens over four years.

However, scientists outside this group have also studied two mummies and found different results.

Forensic archaeologist Flavio Estrada, who led the analysis, said the claims that the two objects came from another word are 'totally false.'

'The conclusion is simple: they are dolls assembled with bones of animals from this planet, with modern synthetic glues, therefore they were not assembled during pre-Hispanic times,' he said in January 2024.

Antonio was unveiled to the world in December 2024, showing it had three fingers, an elongated head and small, slanted eyes

Another mummy named Paloma was also revealed with Antonio in December, which the team said showed evidence of hair— a first among the mummies 

'They are not extraterrestrials; they are not aliens.' 

However, a former Colorado prosecutor and current defense attorney, who has examined one of the mummies, is also a true believer.

Joshua McDowell told DailyMail.com: 'The bodies studied by Estrada were not related to any specimen that we have studied. They were folk dolls made to look like [mummies] confiscated at the airport.' 

Antonio was unveiled to the world in December 2024, showing it had three fingers, an elongated head and small, slanted eyes. It is unclear why researchers probed this specimen over others, but it was likely due to it being the most recent discovery.

'[Antonio] is approximately 5.5 to 5.7 feet tall,' said Dr Zalce.

He added that either other mummies in their care were also found to have 'have fully identifiable teeth in the tomography images and their 3D reconstruction.

'Teeth can reveal aspects of wear, which correspond to diet, developmental timeline, and certain habits during their lifetime,' Dr Zalce said.

'Teeth are an essential element that must be considered and warrant a specialized forensic dental investigation.'

The team claimed to have conducted a Carbon-14 dating test on the specimen, which determines the age of organic materials by measuring the amount of a radioactive isotope of carbon remaining in a sample.

The team speculated that Antonio is about 1,500 years old. 

The body was mummified with its arms tucked up over its chest and hands nearly touching its shoulders.

Dr David Ruiz Vela, former president of Peru's Medical Association, was the first to analyze Antonio, saying it had human-like organs with a visible brain structure.

He also claimed Antonio had a stab wound in his chest that caused its broken ribs and perforated organs.

'He has a stab that broke his ribs on the left side of his chest, penetrating the chest, abdomen, liver and completely perforating him inside,' Dr Vela said. 

Researchers have suggested that the bodies were fossilized by algae that helped preserve them, along with a highly toxic adhesive that 'does not match those of the time.'

Estrada's statements have not stopped Dr Zalce and his team from looking deeper into the mysterious bodies.

'All serious researchers involved have confirmed that these are non-human bodies with unique anatomical differences, such as tridactyl [three-fingered being], without any traces of artificial manipulation or alteration,' Dr Zalce said.

Another mummy named Paloma was also revealed with Antonio in December, which the team said showed evidence of hair— a first among the mummies.

Dr Ruiz Vela believes Paloma lived for up to 60 years. 

'This is the first time we've found a dried body with hair, hair with copper-colored characteristics,' said Dr Ruiz Vela. 

Jois Mantilla, a journalist who has become dedicated to proving the mummies are real, said that 'more will be revealed in 2025' about the creatures, specifically the secret place for where the bodies have been recovered. 

The location has been kept from the public to keep looters at bay, researchers have said. 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/  }

21-02-2025 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

Scientists discover mysterious form of energy in Egypt's pyramids that should only exist in modern times

• READ MORE:  Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza's hidden chamber

By CHRIS MELORE, ASSISTANT SCIENCE EDITOR FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

A new discovery in Egypt's Great Pyramid of Giza suggests the structure was not just a pharaoh's final resting place, but also a giant power plant.

Scientists blasted the 4,600-year-old structure with electromagnetic waves, a form of radiation that travel though the universe, finding it focused and amplified the energy into specific chambers and around the base.

Electromagnetic waves are used in such research because the radiation interacts with matter in unique ways, allowing experts to probe specific details about a structure's composition, arrangement and dynamics.

The waves built up as energy in the King's chamber, the Queen's chamber, and an unfinished chamber beneath the structure. Scientists concluded the Pyramid may have been a gigantic resonator that was designed to trap electromagnetic waves.

Retired aerospace engineer Christopher Dunn, who has spent years analyze the pyramid, recently shared that research like this suggests there was a greater purpose behind the building the structure.

Speaking on the Joe Rogan Experience in April 2024, Dunn said the Northern Shaft of the pyramid has an appearance similar to a ube-like structure used to transmit microwaves and electromagnetic energy.

'That's a part of the theory in the Giza power plant,' he said. 'There are two chemicals that are introduced into the chamber, and the chemicals mix, and they boil off hydrogen [to create energy].'

As for the purpose of turning this structure into a giant clean energy power plant, scientists of the study said it's still a mystery - but the Egyptians may have been much more advanced than anyone thought.

The Great Pyramid of Giza may have been a giant energy resonator, according to scientists examining how it reacts to being bombarded by electromagnetic waves

In simulations, scientists found that energy built up in the pyramid's hidden chambers, including the famous King's chambers near the center of the structure

'I don't think there's any part of that pyramid that did not serve a practical function,' Dunn told Rogan.

Dunn spent 30 years conducting computer analyses of the pyramids, landing on the theory that the ancient Egyptian builders had access to highly refined tools, modern construction techniques, and even mega-machines - despite there being no archaeological record of their use 

The 2018 study, conducted by researchers from ITMO University in Russia, focused on the response of the pyramid to waves with wavelengths between 656 and 1,968 feet, a range commonly associated with radio frequencies. 

Researchers modeled the pyramid as if it were in an enormous environment - meaning they ignored external factors like the Earth's atmosphere or the surrounding landscape - and then examined how the pyramid interacted with incoming waves.

They also conducted their electromagnetic experiments under a more realistic condition in which the pyramid was sitting on top of a limestone surface - similar to its actual location on the Giza Plateau.

The results revealed that the internal structure of the pyramid, including its three chambers, can gather and focus electromagnetic energy received from these waves.

In their theoretical models, when the waves at these specific frequencies interacted with the pyramid, they excited what scientists call 'multipole resonances.'

These are patterns of electromagnetic activity that depend on the shape and material of the object in they're colliding with.

The Great Pyramid contains at least 3 chambers and several shafts, which some believe may have played a role in turning the pyramid into a power plant

The study showed that the King's Chamber, located near the center of the Great Pyramid, concentrated electromagnetic energy more effectively than the other chambers.

In the more realistic scenario where the pyramid sits on limestone substrate, the electromagnetic energy focused underneath the structure, suggesting that the base of the pyramid could have played a critical role in distributing energy. 

Dunn claimed the Queen's chamber was 'a reaction chamber... where the hydrogen was produced.'

'The hydrogen filled the interior spaces of the Great Pyramid, which included the King's chamber,' he told Rogan. 

As for what the Great Pyramid was collecting and what it was gathering it for, Dunn noted that Earth is constantly bombarded by microwaves, possibly from atomic hydrogen dating all the way back to the Big Bang itself.

The tests also revealed that the base of the Great Pyramid of Giza could have played a major role in the structure's ability to send out energy. Pictured is the King's chamber hit with electromagnetic waves

Interestingly, the ancient Egyptians would not have been able to pour hydrogen atoms into the pyramid.

So, Dunn theorizes that they would have used to two separate chemicals, poured down the shafts into the Queen's chamber, which mix and then boil off hydrogen particles - triggering the energy resonance.

As for what those chemicals would have been and how the ancient Egyptians would have known how to do all this is still unclear.

Meanwhile, the Russian researchers believe there are some real-world practical applications that may come from their discovery in Giza.

Using what they learned from the Great Pyramid, the ITMO team said their next goal was to design their own nanoparticles that could recreate the same effects in the radio frequency range.

Those tiny particles, in theory, could help develop new sensors and highly effective solar cells.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

21-02-2025 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

Artist's impression of an asteroid or a comet.

Credit: Mark A. Garlick, space-art.co.uk, University of Warwick and University of Cambridge

How Big is YR4 and What Would an Impact Mean?

YR4 measures approximately 40 and 90 meters (130–300 feet) in diameter, comparable in height to the Leaning Tower of Pisa. While relatively small in cosmic terms, an asteroid of this size carries significant destructive potential. If it were to strike Earth, it could unleash the equivalent of 8 megatons of energy—over 500 times more powerful than the Hiroshima explosion. This would be sufficient to devastate a city, though not large enough to trigger a global catastrophe.

There is also a slim possibility that YR4 could collide with the Moon rather than Earth, though the most likely outcome remains a harmless flyby when it makes its closest approach in 2032.

Torino Scale and Emergency Observations

Due to its initial impact probability exceeding 1%, YR4 reached Level 3 on the Torino Impact Hazard Scale. This classification is reserved for objects that warrant further study but are expected to be downgraded as more data is gathered. Most asteroids initially placed at this level ultimately pose no risk once their orbits are better understood.

In response to the early uncertainty, an international team of scientists has been granted emergency access to the James Webb Space Telescope. This advanced observatory will provide highly detailed observations, helping to refine YR4’s projected trajectory. Over the coming months, astronomers expect to confirm that it poses no danger to Earth.

For now, there is no reason for concern. The history of asteroid tracking shows that initial impact probabilities tend to decrease with more precise data. Scientists continue to monitor YR4 closely, but all indications suggest that it will pass by Earth without incident.

As new observations come in, NASA and other space agencies will provide ongoing updates. Follow trusted sources for the latest information on asteroid 2024 YR4 and other near-Earth objects.

{ https://curiosmos.com/ }

20-02-2025 om 23:35 geschreven door peter  

Artist's illustration of an asteroid impacting the Atlantic ocean.

Depositphotos.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is set to observe the asteroid before it moves out of view, aiming to refine estimates of its size, trajectory, and composition. Once 2024 YR4 travels further into the solar system, gathering new data will become much more difficult.

What Happens If 2024 YR4 Hits Earth?

At an estimated 40 to 90 meters (130 to 300 feet) wide, this asteroid wouldn’t wipe out civilization, but it could cause catastrophic regional destruction.

If it were to strike a populated area, the energy released would be equivalent to 8 megatons of TNT, over 500 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb. Possible impact zones include South America, Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, with major cities like Bogotá, Lagos, and Mumbai at risk.

However, experts have noted an unexpected best-case scenario: an impact on the Moon. If 2024 YR4 were to collide with the Moon instead of Earth, it would remove the risk entirely while providing an unprecedented opportunity for scientists to study an asteroid impact up close.

How Do We Stop an Incoming Asteroid?

Humanity is not defenseless against threats like 2024 YR4. The DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) mission, launched by NASA in 2022, successfully altered the trajectory of an asteroid by smashing a spacecraft into it. This marked the first real-world test of asteroid deflection.

Building on that success, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched Hera in October 2024. This follow-up mission is set to analyze the aftermath of DART’s impact, collecting crucial data to refine future planetary defense strategies and better prepare Earth for potential threats.

Meanwhile, nuclear-based asteroid deflection remains a last resort. Scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have simulated scenarios where nuclear devices could shatter an asteroid into smaller, non-lethal fragments. While controversial, this remains one of the most powerful backup options if an asteroid is detected too late for other interventions.

What Are the Odds of an Asteroid Impact?

Despite the headlines, Earth is not in immediate danger. Space agencies continuously track thousands of near-Earth objects, and NASA estimates that the chance of a “city-killer” asteroid hitting our planet is just 0.1% per year.

Even if an impact were to occur, there’s a 70% chance it would land in the ocean, with another 25% chance it would strike an unpopulated region.

That being said, 2024 YR4 is unique—it’s one of the few asteroids with an impact probability high enough to trigger early planetary defense discussions. If that probability increases further, we may witness history: the first-ever mission to deflect an asteroid outside of a test environment.

With eight years until its potential impact, scientists have time to improve tracking, refine predictions, and prepare defensive measures. NASA, ESA, and China will continue monitoring 2024 YR4, adjusting estimates as more data comes in.

For now, the takeaway is clear: Earth is watching, and if necessary, we are ready to act.

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{ https://curiosmos.com/ }

20-02-2025 om 23:23 geschreven door peter  

Callisto has a different appearance than other suspected ocean moons like Europa and Saturn’s Enceladus. Europa clearly has a white, icy surface, although it has other brownish colours, too. Enceladus has an extremely bright, icy surface and has the highest albedo of any object in the Solar System. Callisto, on the other hand, has a dark, icy surface and is covered in craters.

However, the evidence for its ocean is unrelated to its surface appearance and any visible ice.

The main evidence supporting an ocean on Callisto comes from the moon’s magnetic field. Unlike Earth’s internally generated magnetic field, Callisto’s is induced. That means the field is created from Callisto’s interactions with Jupiter and its extremely powerful magnetic field. For Callisto to induce a magnetic field, it has to have a layer of conductive material.

The question is, is the layer an ocean or something else?

Different researchers have been trying to answer that question since Galileo gathered its data. One of the spacecraft’s instruments was a magnetometer, a type called a Dual-Technique Magnetometer (DTM). There are multiple types of magnetometers, and each one works differently. Galileo’s DTM provided redundancy and allowed for cross-checking, which increased the accuracy and reliability of its data. It was especially good at detecting the subtle magnetic fields of Jupiter’s moons, including Callisto. It also collected data continuously, which let scientists gain insights into how the magnetic fields of Jupiter and its moons varied over time due to different interactions.

In a 2017 paper, researchers pointed to the ionosphere as the primary cause of Callisto’s magnetic fields. “We find that induction within Callisto’s ionosphere is responsible for a significant part of the observed magnetic fields,” the authors wrote. “Ionospheric induction creates induced magnetic fields to some extent similar as expected from a subsurface water ocean.”

New research in AGU Advances based on Galileo data strengthens the idea that Callisto has a subsurface ocean and that it’s responsible for the moon’s magnetic field rather than its ionosphere. The paper is titled “Stronger Evidence of a Subsurface Ocean Within Callisto From a Multifrequency Investigation of Its Induced Magnetic Field.” The lead author is Corey Cochrane, a scientist at JPL who studies planetary interiors and geophysics. An important part of this research is that they considered data from multiple Galileo flybys (C03, C09, and C10).

“Although there is high certainty that the induced field measured at Europa is attributed to a global-scale subsurface ocean, there is still uncertainty around the possibility that the induced field measured at Callisto is evidence of an ocean,” Cochrane and his co-researchers write. “This uncertainty is due to the presence of a conductive ionosphere, which will also produce an induction signal in response to Jupiter’s strong time-varying magnetic field.”

In short, Callisto’s magnetic field could be caused by its ionosphere, an ocean, or a combination of both. The problem is that Callisto’s conductive ionosphere creates a magnetic field that can mask the presence of an ocean. To get to the truth, the authors used previously published simulations of the moon’s interactions combined with “both an inverse and an ensemble forward modeling method.” The authors write that this brings some clarity about the possible range of Callisto’s interior properties.

The researchers created a four-layer model of Callisto, including its ionosphere. “Among these models, we vary the thickness of the ice shell, the thickness of the ocean, and the conductivity,” the authors write. They also varied the seafloor depth and the ionosphere’s conductance.

The researchers concluded that the moon’s ionosphere alone cannot explain the magnetic field. Instead, it “more likely arises from the combination of a thick conductive ocean and an ionosphere rather than from an ionosphere alone.”

They also concluded that the ocean is tens of kilometres thick from the seafloor to the ice shell, and the ice shell could also be tens of kilometres thick. “As our results demonstrate, both the inverse and forward modelling approaches support the presence of an ocean when considering data acquired from flyby C10 alongside C03 and C09,” the researchers explain. “Our analysis, the first to simultaneously fit C03, C09, and C10 flyby data together, favours the presence of a thick and deep ocean within Callisto.”

The models also favour a thick ice shell “consistent with Callisto’s heavily cratered geology,” they explain.

Galileo wasn’t dedicated to studying Callisto, so there is a dearth of data in all research into its magnetic fields. “It is challenging to place tighter constraints on the properties of Callisto’s ocean because of the limited number of close Galileo flybys that produced reliable data and because of the uncertainty associated with the plasma interaction,” the authors write in their conclusion.

Better and more complete data is in the future, though. Both NASA’s Europa Clipper and the ESA’s JUICE mission will gather more data, some of it from very close to Callisto’s surface.

The Europa Clipper is scheduled to make nine flybys of Callisto. Seven will be within 1800 km of the surface, and four of those will be within 250 km. Its magnetometer will operate continuously during those flybys. The ESA’s JUICE mission is scheduled to perform 21 flybys of Callisto. All of them will be within 7000 km of the surface, and most will be below 1000 km.

Both the Europa Clipper and JUICE have instruments that Galileo didn’t have. Though Galileo came within about 1100 km of Callisto’s surface, it simply could not provide the same kind of data that these newer missions will. The Clipper and JUICE are scheduled to reach the Jovian system in 2030 and 2031, respectively.

As their data starts to arrive and reaches scientists, we will likely determine for sure if Callisto is yet another of the Solar System’s ocean moons.

• Press Release: Jupiter’s Moon Callisto Is Very Likely an Ocean World
• Research: Stronger Evidence of a Subsurface Ocean Within Callisto From a Multifrequency Investigation of Its Induced Magnetic Field

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

20-02-2025 om 22:09 geschreven door peter  

Sending crewed missions to Mars presents many challenges, including logistics and health hazards. In the past 20 years, the shortest distance between Earth and Mars was 55 million km (34 million miles), or roughly 142 times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. This was in 2003 and was the closest the two planets had been in over 50,000 years. Using conventional methods, it would take six to nine months to make a one-way transit, during which time astronauts will experience physiological changes caused by long-term exposure to microgravity.

These include muscle atrophy, loss of bone density, a weakened cardiovascular system, etc. Moreover, a return mission could last as long as three years, during which time astronauts would spend at least a year living and working in Martian gravity (36.5% that of Earth). There’s also the risk of elevated radiation exposure astronauts will experience during transits and while operating on the surface of Mars. However, there are also the potential health effects caused by exposure to Martian regolith. As Wang described to Universe Today via email:

“There are many potential toxic elements that astronauts could be exposed to on Mars. Most critically, there is an abundance of silica dust in addition to iron dust from basalt and nanophase iron, both of which are reactive to the lungs and can cause respiratory diseases. What makes dust on Mars more hazardous is that the average dust particle size on Mars is much smaller than the minimum size that the mucus in our lungs is able to expel, so they’re more likely to cause disease.”

During the Apollo Era, the Apollo astronauts reported how lunar regolith would stick to their spacesuits and adhere to all surfaces inside their spacecraft. Upon their return to Earth, they also reported physical symptoms like coughing, throat irritation, watery eyes, and blurred vision. In a 2005 NASA study, the reports of six of the Apollo astronauts were studied to assess the overall effects of lunar dust on EVA systems, which concluded that the most significant health risks included “vision obscuration” and “inhalation and irritation.”

“Silica directly causes silicosis, which is typically considered an occupational disease for workers that are exposed to silica (i.e., mining and construction),” said Wang. “Silicosis and exposure to toxic iron dust resemble coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, which is common in coal miners and is colloquially known as black lung disease.”

Beyond causing lung irritation and respiratory and vision problems, Martian dust is known for its toxic components. These include perchlorates, silica, iron oxides (rust), gypsum, and trace amounts of toxic metals like chromium, beryllium, arsenic, and cadmium – the abundance of which is not well understood. On Earth, the health effects of exposure to these metals have been studied extensively, which Wang and his team drew upon to assess the risk they pose to astronauts bound for Mars in the coming decades:

“It’s significantly more difficult to treat astronauts on Mars for diseases because the transit time is significantly longer than other previous missions to the ISS and the Moon. In this case, we need to be prepared for a wide array of health problems that astronauts can develop on their long-duration missions. In addition, [microgravity and radiation] negatively impact the human body, can make astronauts more susceptible to diseases, and complicate treatments. In particular, radiation exposure can cause lung disease, which can compound the effects that dust will have on astronauts’ lungs.”

In addition to food, water, and oxygen gas, the distance between Earth and Mars also complicates the delivery of crucial medical supplies, and astronauts cannot be rushed back to Earth for life-saving treatments either. According to Wang and his colleagues, this means that crewed missions will need to be as self-sufficient as possible when it comes to medical treatment as well. As with all major health hazards, they emphasize the need for prevention first, though they also identify some possible countermeasures to mitigate the risks:

“Limiting dust contamination of astronaut habitats and being able to filter out any dust that breaks through will be the most important countermeasure. Of course, some dust will be able to get through, especially when Martian dust storms make maintaining a clean environment more difficult. We’ve found studies that suggest vitamin C can help prevent diseases from chromium exposure and iodine can help prevent thyroid diseases from perchlorate.”

They also stressed that these and other potential countermeasures need to be taken with caution. As Wang indicated, taking too much vitamin C can increase the risk of kidney stones, which astronauts are already at risk for after spending extended periods in microgravity. In addition, an excess of idione can contribute to the same thyroid diseases that it is meant to treat in the first place. For years, space agencies have been actively developing technologies and strategies to mitigate the risks of lunar and Martian regolith.

Examples include special sprays, electron beams, and protective coatings, while multiple studies and experiments are investigating regolith to learn more about its transport mechanisms and behavior. As the Artemis Program unfolds and missions to Mars draw nearer, we are likely to see advances in pharmacology and medical treatments that address the hazards of space exploration as well.

Further Reading: 

• GeoHealth

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20-02-2025 om 21:43 geschreven door peter  

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20-02-2025 om 20:51 geschreven door peter  

The legend of the 13 crystal skulls is one of mystery, intrigue, and ancient wisdom. According to myth, these skulls hold the complete knowledge of our galaxy and the history of the human race. Twelve are said to represent different worlds where intelligent life once thrived, while the thirteenth serves as the key that unites them all. 

One of the most famous crystal skulls, the Mitchell-Hedges Skull, was discovered in 1927 by archaeologist F.A. Mitchell-Hedges during an excavation at an ancient Mayan site in the dense jungles of Yucatán. This artifact defied conventional understanding of physics and engineering, astonishing scientists at Hewlett-Packard's crystal laboratory, who had never encountered anything like it. 

Other crystal skulls have been found across Central and South America, Mexico, and beyond. Both the Maya and Aztecs are believed to have used them in sacred rituals and ceremonies. Additionally, various Native American tribes and indigenous cultures worldwide have passed down similar stories, linking these artifacts to ancient Atlantean and Lemurian civilizations. 

Crystals can transfer, retain, and amplify energy, focusing and transmitting it over great distances to similar crystals. They also have the capacity to store vast amounts of data and knowledge, much like a computer, and can even be used for communication. Could it be, then, that these crystal skulls possess the same mysterious power as the crystal 'Atlantis' sphere discovered by Ray Brown in the submerged ruins of an ancient temple near Bimini? 

Now, the crystal skulls story spans from ancient Mars to modern-day laboratories, weaving through lost civilizations and CIA psychic programs. As scientists unravel the truth behind these mysterious artifacts, they discover something even more fascinating about the potential of crystal technology.

  

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20-02-2025 om 20:24 geschreven door peter