Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
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THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
02-11-2021
UFO Fleet Over Salt Lake City, Utah Oct 31, 2021, Video, UFO Sighting News
UFO Fleet Over Salt Lake City, Utah Oct 31, 2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 31, 2021 Location of sighting: Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Source: MUFON
Some eyewitnesses in Salt Lake City, Utah caught sight of several long objects moving across the sky. They swear its not geese or ducks and the objects were obviously going much too fast for geese in the video. The long objects we are seeing in the video are UFOs, or at least...the front edge of them. You see, UFOs often cloak themselves to hide, and sometimes these cloaks are vulnerable and have glitches, like what we see here. The UFOs from edges are visible because its pushing clouds out of the way, carrying with it some parts of the clouds, compounded with the lights from the city below reflection off of them. Thus...we see the front edges of UFOs above Salt Lake City. The craft itself is much larger since only 4% is showing, 96% of the craft is invisible. Probably scanning the population to measure how much covid, variants are spreading and effecting the public. With winter here...covid only grows stronger.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
This happened last night (10-31-2021) at 7:20pm, time of video is at 7:24 less than 1 mile from downtown Salt Lake City I was in my backyard letting one of my dogs go to the bathroom and I had a sudden feeling a star to the west was feeling at me. I looked at it and could feel the connection for a moment, when out of nowhere five of these giant waves of ships (I believe) suddenly started glowing in the sky. I know for a fact it wasn’t geese, as five minutes before a flock flew by and were, as a matter of fact, not glowing orange-yellow. Plus, they were loud with their squawking. After taking in the sight for a moment, and truly feeling so much, I quickly ran inside to get my wife and our friends screaming; “YOU GUYS HAVE TO COME QUICK, THERE’S A FLEET OF UFOS OUTSIDE!! I then proceeded to break my coat rack as I ran back out the door to go see and show everyone. The giant wave that came by was first, probably spanning a mile wide. They seemed to be just above the clouds. Then the second and third came! It was amazing. Truly, cool. It was at this time I realized I didn’t have my phone on me and had to run inside to grab it. By the time I got out to take the video, there was a little of the second to last (just above the clouds) and the last one coming in nice and slow. I also saw two of the ships break off and fly west, (or up?). I have an impression of who they could be, and I’d love to hear your feedback! My intuition told me that was Commander Ashtar’s fleet. I haven’t heard too much about them, but when I think on this I get chills. Sorry for the quality, the day before I dropped my phone on some gravel at work and cracked my lens cover so that’s why some parts are kinda blurry. The darkness in the middle of the video is light interference from the building right next to me, as seen just after.
MOGELIJK VOOR HET EERST EEN PLANEET ONTDEKT DIE ZICH NIET IN ONZE MELKWEG BEVINDT
MOGELIJK VOOR HET EERST EEN PLANEET ONTDEKT DIE ZICH NIET IN ONZE MELKWEG BEVINDT
Vivian Lammerse
Na een zinderende speuractie hebben astronomen mogelijk een exoplaneet ontdekt op maar liefst tientallen miljoenen lichtjaren afstand.
Astronomen speuren al jaren de nachtelijke hemel af, op zoek naar planeten die zich buiten ons zonnestelsel ophouden. En dat werpt zijn vruchten af. Op dit moment zijn er al duizenden planeten rond andere sterren ontdekt. Deze exoplaneten bevinden zich echter allemaal op minder dan 3000 lichtjaar afstand van de aarde. Onderzoekers komen nu echter met spannend nieuws. Want mogelijk hebben ze voor het eerst een planeet buiten ons Melkwegstelsel ontdekt, op maar liefst tientallen miljoenen lichtjaren afstand.
Messier 51 De onderzoekers kwamen de ‘exoplaneet-kandidaat’ op het spoor met behulp van NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory. De vermoedelijke planeet bevindt zich in het dubbelstersysteem M51-ULS-1, te vinden in het draaikolkstelsel Messier 51: een interagerend spiraalvormig sterrenstelsel op een afstand van ongeveer 28 miljoen lichtjaar van de Melkweg. Dit is, zoals je je kunt voorstellen, veel te ver weg om een planeet direct waar te nemen. De onderzoekers zochten dan ook naar kleine dipjes in de helderheid van de dubbelster, bekend als de transit-methode. Want dergelijke afnames kunnen namelijk veroorzaakt worden doordat een planeet voorlangs beweegt en tijdelijk een deel van het sterlicht tegenhoudt.
Transit-methode Veel telescopen die jagen op exoplaneten – denk aan de ondertussen gepensioneerde telescoop Kepler en planetenjager Tess – gebruiken de zogenaamde transit-methode. Hierbij wordt de helderheid van sterren langdurig in de gaten gehouden in de hoop dat deze met regelmaat afneemt. Zo’n regelmatige afname in de helderheid van het sterrenlicht kan namelijk wijzen op de aanwezigheid van een planeet die zo af en toe voor de ster langs beweegt en daarbij een deel van het sterrenlicht tegenhoudt. De mate waarin de helderheid van de ster afneemt, vertelt vervolgens meer over de omvang van de planeet; hoe groter de afname, hoe groter ook de straal van de planeet.
In de nieuwe studie zochten de onderzoekers echter niet naar dipjes in optisch licht, maar naar afnames in de helderheid van röntgenstraling. Het bestudeerde dubbelstersysteem M51-ULS-1 bestaat namelijk uit een neutronenster of zwart gat, dat gas aanzuigt van een begeleidende ster. Het materiaal in de buurt van de neutronenster of zwarte gat raakt vervolgens oververhit en gloeit in röntgenstraling.
Röntgenstraling Omdat het gebied dat heldere röntgenstraling produceert klein is, zou een planeet die ervoor langs trekt de meeste of zelfs alle röntgenstraling kunnen tegenhouden. En dat is exact wat de onderzoekers ontdekten. Met behulp van het Chandra-observatorium vonden ze een ongeveer drie uur durende dip in de röntgenhelderheid van de dubbelster in Messier 51. En dat kan dus betekenen dat de dubbelster vergezeld wordt door een planeet. Op basis van verschillende informatie schatten de onderzoekers dat de vermoedelijke planeet ongeveer zo groot is als Saturnus uit ons eigen zonnestelsel en zich in een wijde baan – van ongeveer twee keer de afstand tussen Saturnus en onze zon – rond de neutronenster of zwarte gat bevindt.
*Samengesteld beeld van Messier 51. Het vierkantje geeft het dubbelstersysteem aan waar de vermoedelijke planeet zich mogelijk ophoudt.
Afbeelding: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/R. DiStefano, et al.; Optical: NASA/ESA/STScI/Grendler
Het zijn prikkelende bevindingen. Want het betekent dat onderzoekers nu mogelijk voor het eerst een planeet buiten ons eigen Melkwegstelsel hebben ontdekt. Toch houden ze tegelijkertijd een slag om de arm. Zo benadrukken ze dat er meer onderzoek nodig is om resultaten te verifiëren. En daar kan nog weleens wat tijd overheen gaan. Vanwege de wijdse baan van de planeet, kan het mogelijk nog zo’n 70 jaar duren voordat ie wederom voor zijn sterren langs beweegt en röntgenstraling tegenhoudt. “Om te bevestigen dat we een planeet zien, moeten we waarschijnlijk tientallen jaren wachten om een andere transit te zien,” aldus onderzoeker Via Imara. “En omdat we ook niet precies weten hoe lang het duurt voordat de planeet een baantje heeft voltooid, weten we ook niet wanneer we moeten kijken.”
Is het wel een planeet? Ook is het nog niet helemaal zeker of het dipje in de röntgenhelderheid daadwerkelijk door een planeet is veroorzaakt. Al lijkt een alternatieve verklaring zoals een stofwolk ook onwaarschijnlijk. Tot nu toe lijken alle aanwijzingen nog altijd in de richting van een planeet te wijzen. “We weten dat we een opwindende en gewaagde bewering doen,” zegt onderzoeker Julia Berndtsson. “We verwachten dan ook dat andere astronomen er heel zorgvuldig naar zullen kijken. Maar we denken dat we een sterk argument hebben.”
Mocht er inderdaad een planeet in het dubbelstersysteem te vinden zijn, dan heeft deze waarschijnlijk een behoorlijk tumultueuze geschiedenis achter de rug. Zo is ie in dat geval waarschijnlijk getuige geweest van de gewelddadige supernova-explosie waar de neutronenster of het zwarte gat uit is gevormd. Ook de toekomst ziet er turbulent uit. Op een gegeven moment zal namelijk de begeleidende ster tevens als supernova kunnen exploderen. En dat betekent dat de vermoedelijke planeet wederom gebombardeerd zal worden met extreem hoge stralingsniveaus.
NEGEN FEITJES OVER HET VRIJWEL ONVERWOESTBARE BEERDIERTJE
NEGEN FEITJES OVER HET VRIJWEL ONVERWOESTBARE BEERDIERTJE
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Piepklein, maar niet klein te krijgen. Dat is het beerdiertje in een notendop. Maar er valt nog zoveel meer over te vertellen.
En dat doen we dit weekend aan de hand van negen feitjes waarmee je op een verjaardag of bij de koffiemachine op het werk moeiteloos de blits kan maken. Want beerdiertjes zijn hartstikke cool!
1. Klein en overal te vinden (ook in Nederland!) Beerdiertjes – ook wel waterberen genoemd – zijn heel kleine, meercellige organismen. Ze kunnen tot een halve millimeter lang worden en hebben acht pootjes, waarmee ze kunnen lopen én rennen. Hét beerdiertje bestaat niet; er zijn meer dan 1000 soorten beerdiertjes bekend! En die leven in uiteenlopende omgevingen; van bergtoppen tot diepe zeeën en van tropische regenwouden tot op Antarctica. Ook in Nederland komen beerdiertjes voor. Zo zijn ze bijvoorbeeld aangetroffen op de stranden langs de Oosterschelde.
2. Beerdiertjes zijn stokoud Zo’n 66 miljoen jaar geleden sloeg op aarde een planetoïde in. Het bleek de laatste nagel aan de doodskist van de dinosaurussen en tal van andere soorten te zijn. Het is misschien wel de bekendste massa-extinctie die de aarde trof. En hoe catastrofaal de gevolgen ook waren; het beerdiertje heeft deze massa-extinctie overleefd. Net als de vier(!) grote massa-extincties daarvoor, want wetenschappers denken dat het beerdiertje al zo’n 540 miljoen jaar op aarde voorkomt.
3. Het beerdiertje gaat waarschijnlijk nog wel even mee Hoewel de beerdiertjes al heel wat jaren meegaan en menig catastrofe het hoofd hebben weten te bieden, denken veel onderzoekers dat er voor de minuscule beestjes nog veel meer in het verschiet zit. Zo suggereerde een studie in 2017 dat eigenlijk alleen het sterven van de zon tot het uitsterven van de taaie beerdiertjes zou kunnen leiden. Het zou betekenen dat beerdiertjes nog zo’n 10 miljard jaar voor de boeg hebben.
4. Kou is geen probleem… Waar wij bij een paar graden vorst al flink beginnen te klagen, geven beerdiertjes geen krimp. Sterker nog: je kunt ze jaren invriezen en er vervolgens als je ze ontdooit, getuige van zijn hoe ze hun leven moeiteloos weer oppakken! Dat ontdekten onderzoekers een jaar of vijf geleden, toen ze beerdiertjes aantroffen in Antarctisch mos dat 30 jaar eerder voor onderzoeksdoeleinden was ingevroren. Ze ontdooiden twee beerdiertjes en zagen vervolgens hoe één ervan zijn in 1983 stilgelegde leven weer succesvol oppakte en een week of zes na zijn ontdooiing zelfs eitjes legde die ook nog eens bijna allemaal uitkwamen. Ook een eitje dat in het mos werd aangetroffen, kwam na ontdooiing – en dus met zo’n 30 jaar vertraging – uit en het beerdiertje dat daar uit kwam zetten, plantte zich ook weer succesvol voort.
Een beerdiertje. Afbeelding: Schokraie E, Warnken U, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Grohme MA, Hengherr S, et al. (2012)
5. …en gevaarlijke UV-straling ook niet Beerdiertjes hebben in naam der wetenschap al heel wat te verduren gekregen. Zo werden ze vorig jaar bijvoorbeeld nog onder een kiemdodende ultraviolette lamp gelegd. Doel was om te achterhalen hoeveel UV-straling verschillende soorten beerdiertjes konden hebben. De meeste beerdiertjes bleken behoorlijk taai te zijn. Een dosis die voor bacteriën en rondwormen al na vijf minuutjes fataal is – bleek de meeste beerdiertjes pas na 24 uur fataal te worden. En één van de onderzochte soorten gaf helemaal geen krimp, waarop de onderzoekers besloten de dosis ultraviolet licht vier keer te verhogen. En ook deze keer gaven de mysterieuze beerdiertjes zich niet zomaar gewonnen. Ongeveer zestig procent van deze kranige beerdiertjes leefde na toetakeling nog zeker een maand door!
6. Je kunt ze ook afschieten Alsof dat experiment nog niet heftig genoeg was, gingen wetenschappers – op jacht naar de grenzen van het beerdiertje – eerder dit jaar nog een stap verder. Ze stopten bevroren beerdiertjes in een geladen geweer en schoten ze vervolgens met hoge snelheid af. Het onderzoek wees uit dat beerdiertjes inslagen tot ongeveer 900 meter per seconde kunnen overleven. “Het zijn taaie beestjes,” zo concludeerde onderzoeker Mark Butchell, die middels het experiment wilde vaststellen of beerdiertjes die tijdens een inslag op aarde samen met gesteente naar de maan worden geslingerd, dat kunnen navertellen. De experimenten suggereren dat het onder bepaalde omstandigheden denkbaar is. Of ze vervolgens ook van de maan hun thuis zouden kunnen maken, is trouwens dan weer heel twijfelachtig.
7. Of uit laten drogen Wanneer wij enkele dagen op rij niet drinken, raken we uitgedroogd. En dat is niet best. Het beerdiertje is een stuk minder afhankelijk van vocht; experimenten wijzen uit dat het diertje tot wel tien jaar zonder water kan! Zodra ze minder dan vijf procent van hun normale hoeveelheid water herbergen, gaan ze in standby-modus en maken en passant eiwitten aan die delen van hun lichaam in een soort glasachtige substantie veranderen en er zo voor zorgen dat hun cellen tegen uitdroging beschermd zijn. En als ze dan toch weer nattigheid voelen? Dan kunnen ze – zelfs als ze jaren op water gewacht hebben – in twintig minuten tijd weer tot leven komen.
8. Ze zijn al in de ruimte geweest Ruimtevaarder worden: wie droomt daar nu niet van? Voor sommige beerdiertjes is die droom al werkelijkheid geworden. In 2007 schoot ESA een bonte verzameling beerdiertjes de ruimte in. “Onze belangrijkste ontdekking is dat het vacuüm in de ruimte – en daarmee gepaard gaande uitdroging – en kosmische straling geen probleem waren voor beerdiertjes,” zo concludeerde onderzoeker Ingemar Jönsson in 2008. Hetzelfde gold voor de extreme kou waaraan de beerdiertjes in de ruimte werden blootgesteld. In de jaren erna volgden nog meer experimenten in de ruimte en stuk voor stuk bevestigden ze dat het beerdiertje over het algemeen niet erg onder de indruk is van de daar geldende omstandigheden. Wetenschappers kunnen dat nog altijd lastig verklaren en daarom zijn eerder dit jaar beerdiertjes naar het internationale ruimtestation gestuurd. Tijdens experimenten wordt gekeken wat er met de genen van beerdiertjes gebeurt wanneer ze in de ruimte vertoeven. Welke genen worden uitgezet of juist geactiveerd? En wat gebeurt er dan? Onderzoekers hopen zo meer inzicht te krijgen in de overlevingsstrategieën van het beerdiertje en daar kunnen toekomstige astronauten dan misschien weer hun voordeel mee doen. Zo kan het leiden tot nieuwe manieren om biologische materialen – zoals voedsel, maar ook medicijnen – beter te wapenen tegen extreme temperaturen, uitdroging en kosmische straling.
Naar de maan Dat de piepkleine beestjes naar het ISS zijn afgereisd en daar weleens een grote bijdrage kunnen leveren aan toekomstige ruimtemissies is al heel indrukwekkend. Maar er zijn beerdiertjes die het nog verder geschopt hebben en helemaal naar de maan zijn gevlogen. Deze beerdiertjes liftten in 2019 mee met maanlander Beresheet. De lander crashte helaas op het maanoppervlak, maar de beerdiertjes hebben de crash misschien wel overleefd. Het is echter uitgesloten dat ze de maan as we speak aan het koloniseren zijn; in de lander bevonden zich uitgedroogde beerdiertjes die alleen weer actief kunnen worden als ze aan behoorlijke hoeveelheden water worden blootgesteld en die zijn op de maan niet voorhanden.
9. Ze leggen enorme drollen (relatief gezien dan) Beerdiertjes mogen dan veel weghebben van superhelden; in bepaalde opzichten zijn ze ook weer net als wij. Zo moeten ze soms ook gewoon poepen. Maar de beerdiertjes zouden geen beerdiertjes zijn als ze ook op dat gebied niet de show zouden stelen. Zo heeft onderzoek uitgewezen dat de piepkleine beestjes enorme drollen fabriceren die soms bijna net zo groot zijn als zijzelf! En jawel, daar zijn beelden van. Klik!
A skull of a new species of ancient human has been discovered in Africa that experts believe was a direct ancestor of modern humans.
The new species has been named Homo bodoensis, and lived during the Middle Pleistocene, around 500,000 years ago.
Researchers from the University of Winnipeg hope the discovery will bring some clarity to this era, during which human evolution is poorly understood.
Dr Mirjana Roksandic, who led the study, said: 'Talking about human evolution during this time period became impossible due to the lack of proper terminology that acknowledges human geographic variation.'
A new species of ancient human has been discovered in Africa that experts believe was a direct ancestor of modern humans
(artist's impression pictured)
In their new analysis, the researchers suggest that a skull found in Bodo D'ar, Ethiopia belongs to neither H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis, but instead, is a new species entirely
What do we know about the new species?
In honour of the location in which the skull was discovered, the researchers have named the species H. bodoensis.
While little is know about the new species yet, the researchers believe that H. bodoensis had a short, stocky body adapted to conserve heat in colder climates.
Males were likely about 5 ft 9 in tall and weighed almost 10 stone, while females averaged 5 ft 2 in (157 cm) and around 8 stone.
The species went extinct around 200,000 years ago - long before modern humans migrated out of Africa.
In the study, the researchers reassessed existing fossils from Africa and Eurasia dating back to the Middle Pleistocene period.
Traditionally, these fossils have been identified as either Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis.
However, recent DNA evidence has shown that some fossils in Europe identified as H. heidelbergensis were actually early Neanderthals.
Meanwhile, African fossils from this period have previously been identified as both H. heidelbergensis and H. rhodesiensis, confusing things even further.
In their new analysis, the researchers suggest that a skull found in Bodo D'ar, Ethiopia belongs to neither H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis, but instead, is a new species entirely.
In honour of the location in which the skull was discovered, the researchers have named the species H. bodoensis.
While little is know about the new species yet, the researchers believe that H. bodoensis had a short, stocky body adapted to conserve heat in colder climates.
Males were likely about 5 ft 9 in tall and weighed almost 10 stone, while females averaged 5 ft 2 in (157 cm) and around 8 stone.
While little is know about the new species yet, the researchers believe that H. bodoensis had a short, stocky body adapted to conserve heat in colder climates
The species went extinct around 200,000 years ago - long before modern humans migrated out of Africa.
Going forwards, most Middle Pleistocene humans from Africa and some from Southeast Europe will be classified as H. bodoensis, while many from the latter continent will be reclassified as Neanderthals,
Predrag Radović, an author of the study, said: 'Terms need to be clear in science, to facilitate communication. They should not be treated as absolute when they contradict the fossil record.'
The team hopes the findings will help to 'cut the Gordion knot' and allow clearer understanding of the Middle Pleistocene.
Dr Roksandic added: 'Naming a new species is a big deal, as the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature allows name changes only under very strictly defined rules.
'We are confident that this one will stick around for a long time, a new taxon name will live only if other researchers use it.'
In honour of the location in which the skull was discovered — Bodo D'ar — the researchers have named the species H. bodoensis
WHEN DID HUMAN ANCESTORS FIRST EMERGE?
The timeline of human evolution can be traced back millions of years. Experts estimate that the family tree goes as such:
55 million years ago - First primitive primates evolve
15 million years ago - Hominidae (great apes) evolve from the ancestors of the gibbon
7 million years ago - First gorillas evolve. Later, chimp and human lineages diverge
A recreation of a Neanderthal man is pictured
5.5 million years ago - Ardipithecus, early 'proto-human' shares traits with chimps and gorillas
4 million years ago - Ape like early humans, the Australopithecines appeared. They had brains no larger than a chimpanzee's but other more human like features
3.9-2.9 million years ago - Australoipithecus afarensis lived in Africa.
2.7 million years ago - Paranthropus, lived in woods and had massive jaws for chewing
2.6 million years ago - Hand axes become the first major technological innovation
2.3 million years ago - Homo habilis first thought to have appeared in Africa
1.85 million years ago - First 'modern' hand emerges
1.8 million years ago - Homo ergaster begins to appear in fossil record
800,000 years ago- Early humans control fire and create hearths. Brain size increases rapidly
400,000 years ago - Neanderthals first begin to appear and spread across Europe and Asia
300,000 to 200,000 years ago - Homo sapiens - modern humans - appear in Africa
50,000 to 40,000 years ago - Modern humans reach Europe
A year after the apparent first sighting of what is very likely to be the Air Force’s so-called ‘RQ-180’ very stealthy flying-wing surveillance aircraft above the Mojave Desert, what looks like the very same aircraft has now been photographed over Area 51, the clandestine flight test center deep within the Nevada Test and Training Range. While we still don’t know for absolute certain the details surrounding this craft, or even its official designation, the latest appearance follows a previous sighting over the Philippines in September that The War Zone was first to report and suggests perhaps that the secret drone is now edging toward a more operational, and possibly even less clandestine, status.
The latest photo of the purported RQ-180, which has all the hallmarks of a high-altitude, long-endurance type with obvious stealthy characteristics, was posted on October 31 by our friends over at the Dreamlandresort.com website, maintained by Joerg Arnu. He was on the scene and described how the sighting unfolded:
“A friend who wishes to remain anonymous and I were at the Groom Lake Road gate yesterday. I heard a faint aircraft noise and noticed a contrail straight above us, inside the Area 51 restricted airspace, heading roughly SSW. Through my IS [image stabalized] binoculars, I first thought I was looking at a B-2 until I realized it had a POINTED tail. The B-2 has a serrated tail. My friend took the enclosed photo (two enhanced versions superimposed). It is clearly a twin-engine aircraft.”
Arnu added that the photo was taken with a Canon 20Mpix camera with a 1,600-mm equivalent focal length, and he subsequently estimated that the drone was flying at around 70,000 ft. Of course, that is speculative, as we have little idea about the true dimensions of the craft. It is rumored to have a wingspan of around 120 feet, but that remains totally unverified. The aircraft was leaving two telltale contrails behind it, indicative of a closely-set twin-engine arrangement, exactly as we have seen it before. The shape is also a perfect match, with slender wings and a diamond-like center fuselage area, very much like those of Northrop’s original high-flying Advanced Technology Bomber design and the upcoming B-21 Raider. You can read more about how this configuration is something of a ‘back-to-the-future’ moment for the USAF and Northrop Grumman in this past feature of ours.
Joerg thinks the direction of the aircraft was headed suggests it may be operating out of Edwards Air Force Base in California, where we believe that at least some of the RQ-180 operations have migrated, and it may have been making use of some of the capabilities at the clandestine flight test facility located at Area 51, also known as Groom Lake. The secretive base’s DYCOMS facility has the ability to measure the radar signatures of stealthy aircraft in flight for testing and verification purposes. This facility would be a regular waypoint for the RQ-180, including possibly before and after heading out on long-endurance missions.
While Arnu and his associate were watching the RQ-180, a truck hauling an apparent Soviet-era Spoon Rest air-defense early-warning radar emerged from one of the Groom gates and apparently waited at a distance for the pair to leave. While it is unlikely that the radar’s movement was in any way related, it’s interesting, at least, that this activity was taking place at the same time, especially on a Saturday, when the ranges are traditionally quieter. All types of foreign threat sensors and air defense systems are used for development and training purposes out at the NTTR.
Whether coincidental or not, it was in October last year that we got our first look at what seems to be the RQ-180. On that occasion, the drone was sighted north of Edwards Air Force Base.
More recently, in September this year, what appeared to be the so-called RQ-180, or another aircraft with nearly exactly the same planform, was sighted over the Philippines, suggesting that the drone is now in very limited operational service, or at least very advanced real-world testing, while its development continues.
In all three cases, the drone was flying during the daytime, which may seem odd for an asset that is still so secretive. Then again, we are talking about an aircraft that can fly for dozens of hours, so it won’t really have a choice with regard to flying during the day or not, but mission planning can help alleviate some risk in that regard. As such, daytime movements are likely fundamental to its planned persistent operations and, as we have suggested in the past, the unusual light color scheme could even have been applied specifically to optimize the aircraft’s visual signature for high-altitude operations in daylight hours.
In addition, in the Phillippines case, it was seen crossing the coast heading east out into the open Pacific at sunrise. In this recent case, it was over highly surveilled and controlled airspace that has incredibly sparse population density below. The area north of Edwards AFB is also thinly populated and a major aerospace testing area for that reason.
Putting the growing photographic evidence together from multiple sources leaves little question that we really are dealing with a classified, high-flying drone, the existence of which we have long discussed, but now there can no longer be any doubt that this specific configuration is indeed a reality.
Now is this the ‘RQ-180’? We really don't know for sure, but it fits perfectly with the rumored configuration of that aircraft and publicly available design studies that would have informed its design. It’s also possible that the U.S. Air Force has multiple high-altitude, long-endurance, very low-observable platforms under development. As we have discussed in-depth, there are plenty of things a notional RQ-180 could do beyond surveillance, yet using a common platform for multiple mission sets would be far more logical.
The places where it has been photographed also make all too much sense — near Edwards AFB, over Area 51, and in what is very likely to be one of its primary operating environments, right between the Phillippine and South China Seas. We also have those very peculiar high-altitude corridors leading from the Air Force’s primary testing areas in Nevada and California and heading out to the greater Pacific.
Still, even with this mysterious aircraft popping up in the most logical of places and photos of it having been in circulation for over a year, when exactly the Air Force will confirm its existence is a total unknown. It could be tomorrow or years from now. But considering how important this aircraft is likely to be to the service’s future air-combat architecture, we will probably be hearing about it sooner rather than later.
Contact the author: thomas@thedrive.com and tyler@thedrive.com
A newly named ancient species that lived over half a million years ago might have been a direct ancestor of modern humans. Scientists have officially named this ancient species Homo bodoensis.
While Homo sapiens currently inhabit the planet, there were several other ancient species that were previously alive, such as Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Homo floresiensis. And a new study has focused on another ancient species, Homo bodoensis.
Several human bones dating back between 774,000 and 129,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene Period (also known as the Chibanian period) were analyzed by researchers. This was a time in human evolution that is a little foggy to experts and has even been described as “the muddle in the middle” by paleoanthropologists.
Human fossils from that time period have normally been categorized as belonging to either the Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis species. The problem with that was they had characteristics that often contradicted each other. For example, DNA analysis has recently confirmed that several bones found in Europe that were categorized as being Homo heidelbergensis were in fact from Neanderthals.
Picture of Neanderthals by Charles R. Knight in 1920.
(Via Wikipedia)
The same thing happened with DNA analysis of numerous fossils in East Asia that were identified as being Homo heidelbergensis. Several of their facial and other features were quite different than the ones seen on the European and African bones from the same time period. The Homo rhodesiensis species was also poorly categorized.
The researchers recently analyzed a skull dating back about 600,000 years that was discovered in Bodo D’ar, Ethiopia, back in 1976, and it has been identified as being a new species that they named Homo bodoensis. Interestingly, this new species has been identified in numerous ancient fossils that were previously categorized as being either Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis.
Since the majority of ancient bones discovered in Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Chibanian period will be reclassified as being Homo bodoensis, many more of the fossils found in Europe from the time period will be re-identified as being Neanderthals, although the researchers will study the remains to see if there are any belonging to Homo bodoensis. This means that the Homo heidelbergensis and Homo rhodesiensis names will no longer be used. As for the Chibanian remains from East Asia, they might receive their own names but more research needs to be conducted before that happens.
The experts then went a step further and suggested that this newly identified species was a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens. They would have come from a different branch of the human family tree than where Neanderthals and Denisovans came from. The study was published in the journal Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews.
An image of what Homo bodoensis may have looked like can be seen here.
Homo bodoensis may help to untangle how human lineages moved and interacted across the globe.
(Image credit: Ettore Mazza)
Homo bodoensiswas named after a 600,000-year-old skull found in Ethiopia.
Recent months have seen the UFO subject reaching a new apex, with widespread interest culminating around the delivery of a report to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence in late June.
In addition to widespread reporting on the subject—particularly in the days leading up to the report’s publication–recent surveys appear to show that many Americans have softened their skepticism toward the UFOs, even having warmed up to the idea that some of these objects could represent extraterrestrial technologies.
With all the interest in UFOs we have seen in recent days, however, many have been left asking the question, “what’s next?” More specifically, now that the UAP Task Force has delivered the first of what is expected to be periodic reports on its findings, where does the civilian UFO research effort go from here?
This may be especially pertinent for recent arrivals to this area of study, who may not yet see it as the hall of mirrors that many longtime proponents have come to recognize it for being. Going beyond a superficial look at the UFO subject often has the unsettling effect of revealing more about what it means to be human than it does in terms of pointing us in the direction toward resolving what these objects might be and where they come from.
However, something else that knowledge of the deeper history of this subject offers us is an idea about what UFO studies—or UFOlogy as it is sometimes called—has already taught us, and where researchers in decades past might have envisioned the field would find itself today.
In September 1995, Jim Klotz of the Computer UFO Network interviewed Dr. Michael Swords, who earlier that year had lectured at the MUFON International UFO Symposium in Seattle, Washington, where they met and began an ongoing correspondence. Swords would later go on to coauthor UFOs and Government: A Historical Perspective, which is widely regarded as one of the most authoritative books ever to look at the history and national security implications of the UFO subject.
So what had Swords recommended back in 1995, as far as how far UFOlogy had come, and where it might be going?
“There is essentially no UFOlogy today, and rarely has there ever been,” Swords told Klotz, adding that “There is much pseudo-UFOlogy (lacking in objectivity or any sense of the history of the subject or the scope of previous research and other relevant disciplines), and even more UFOria (sort of a wide-eyed gee whiz fooling around with “wonders”).”
Among those Swords named who were active in the field were Mark Rodeghier, Ph.D., who today still maintains the position of President and Scientific Director of the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies, which he has held since 1986. Swords also named longtime chronicler Thomas Eddie Bullard, Ph.D. and researcher Stuart Appelle. Such individuals, Swords said, “find themselves isolated in an intellectual desert filled with UFOric persons who are constantly jumping beyond the evidence,” in addition to “insisting upon concrete answers to questions” which are far from conclusive.
“The few UFOlogists who do exist should come together as a separate research community and remove themselves as much as possible from the greater carnival which continuously defeats their attempts to achieve credibility,” Swords advised.
When asked what he saw for the future of the subject, Swords provided a number of points that might be viewed today as having been prescient for their time, which he grouped in terms of possible negative and positive outcomes. Particularly striking, however, had been the warning Swords provided about how apt the UFO community seems to be at avoiding unity and teamwork, in addition to ignoring its history.
“Negatively speculating, one could easily imagine a ‘future’ like our past: no unity, no team-research, no sense of any history or anything being established, the disappearance of solid work as if it had never been done, the collapsing of FUFOR, CUFOS as key members die or move on, the disaggregation of MUFON, & the continued prejudicial ignorance of the academic community,” Swords said.
On the more positive side of the equation, Swords told Klotz that he could “easily imagine a coming together of a serious research community,” which under ideal circumstances might be capable of publishing “careful research in journals uncluttered by embarrassing ‘contributions,’ which would issue occasional ‘white papers’ commenting professionally & responsibly on issues of importance,” producing future researchers who might one day “be recognized by the more serious media as an authoritative voice of reason worth consulting on this important subject.”
As to the likelihood of this latter “positive” scenario, Swords maintained fairly bleak expectations.
“You may guess which way it is likely to go,” Swords lamented.
With hindsight on our side, one can look at events in recent years and argue that Swords’ predictions were true in many regards on both counts: efforts to move UFO studies in a more serious direction have led to the establishment of organizations like the Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies and, more recently, the Galileo Project headed by Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb. This, on the positive side of things, seems to be among the more promising developments that were among what Swords envisioned in 1995.
However, some of the negative outcomes Swords envisioned—particularly a UFO field lacking any unity or sense of history for the subject—remain present as well. Rather than collaborating and combining their efforts, much of the modern UFO debate is dominated by commentators who seem to have more concern for building their individual legacies off the subject, rather than moving our collective knowledge about it forward. As far as history, even the UAP Task Force’s preliminary assessment delivered to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence back in June cited information going no further back than 2004, with most of the data it examined having been collected within just the last two years. One has to wonder what the Task Force may think about the UFO data—collected both by civilian and government groups—that has already accumulated now for more than half a century.
Indeed, many of the points and critiques about UFOlogy that Swords made in 1995 remain valid today, if not more so now than ever before. Maybe some things really don’t ever change, do they?
As far as where we go from here, in addition to understanding the deeper history of the subject itself, by learning from past mistakes our future efforts can be concentrated on correcting some of the longstanding issues the field of UFO studies has faced since its earliest days. In other words, those interested in moving our current knowledge of the UFO subject forward might do well to look to the past for guidance.
Plane passenger caught UFO during flight over Lake Michigan, Grand Rapids area
Plane passenger caught UFO during flight over Lake Michigan, Grand Rapids area
On October 17, 2021 during a flight from Boston, MA to Denver, CO a plane passenger recorded a UFO as they flew over Lake Michigan, grand rapids area.
The passenger recorded the object for about one minute before it disappeared from sight on its eastward cruising path. It did seem to change elevation or speed.
The object which was white and cylindrical had no features.
No wings
No windows
No tail
No exhaust
No flight surfaces
Did the passenger accidentally filmed a so-called tic tac UFO?
Stationary UFO lights over Federal Way, Washington 23-Oct-2021
Stationary UFO lights over Federal Way, Washington 23-Oct-2021
Stationary UFO lights were filmed over Federal Way, Washington on 23rd October 2021.
Witness report:
We thought they were planes coming in to land then we realized they weren’t moving in that manner. A friend and I were by Rodondo beach when we saw the objects just hovering and then changing positions. It was the night of the bomb cyclone. She lives there and has never seen anything like it and neither have I. It was very strange and no logical explanation
Tic Tac UFO filmed from a plane over Lake Michigan 17-Oct-2021
Tic Tac UFO filmed from a plane over Lake Michigan 17-Oct-2021
This fast TIC TAC UFO was filmed from a plane flying over Grand Rapids, Michigan on 17th October 2021.
Witness report:
tic tac ufo seen (video recorded) from airplane while flying over lake michigan, over grand rapids area. Was on flight UA267 from Boston, MA to Denver, CO on Oct 17, 2021. I was seated in the window seat, looking north as we flew over Lake Michigan. At 8:50 am local time, I spotted below the plane and several miles away a tic tac ufo. The object was flying east and had no features. It had no wings, no windows, no tail, no exhaust, no flight surfaces. It was white and cylindrical. I recorded a video of it for about one minute before it disappeared from sight on its eastward cruising path. It did seem to change elevation or speed.
Triangle UFO formation appeared over Long Crendon, UK 31-Oct-2021
Triangle UFO formation appeared over Long Crendon, UK 31-Oct-2021
This triangular formation appeared in the night sky above Long Crendon, a village and civil parish in west Buckinghamshire, England. Filmed on Saturday, 31th October 2021.
Witness report:
Last night in the direction of Oxford looking east to west approximately three or more brightly glowing lights hovered in the sky not far above the horizon and seemed to disappear and then reappear in slightly different locations. Then when a single light remained, it seemed to very slowly descend on the horizon.
Here on the little space rock we call Earth, humans often wonder whether or not we are alone in this universe. Though that question was not answered in 2020, many discoveries seemed to increase the prospect of extraterrestrial entities existing. Findings on the closest planet to us, in the outer solar system and the far beyond seemed to point to the possibility that other worlds could host organisms ranging from bacteria to technological beings. Perhaps, new results in the coming year will finally reveal who else might be out there.
1. Is E.T. phoning us from Proxima Centauri?
The answer to weird signals happening in the universe is never aliens, until maybe it is. Earlier this month, researchers announced that they had captured a very mysterious beam of energy in the radio part of the electromagnetic spectrum at 980 megahertz, coming from the closest star to our own. Proxima Centauri, which is just 4.2 light-years away, hosts one gas giant and one rocky world 17% larger than Earth that happens to be in its star's habitable zone, meaning liquid water could exist there. The unexplained signal reportedly shifted slightly while it was being observed, in a way that resembled the shift caused by the movement of a planet. Researchers are excited but cautious, explaining that they will need to figure out if more mundane sources, such as a comet, hydrogen cloud or even human technology, could be mimicking an alien signal, and that it will likely take time before they know one way or another if E.T. is phoning us.
2. Alien bacteria might live in the clouds of Venus
Astrobiologists were a-twitter with anticipation and skepticism in September when news broke of potential evidence of life in the upper clouds of Venus. The announcement pointed to the presence of phosphine, a rare and often poisonous gas that, on Earth at least, is almost always associated with living organisms. With its hellish surface temperature, outlandish pressure and sulfuric-acid clouds, Venus has long played second fiddle to the seemingly more potentially habitable Mars. But a team aimed both the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii and the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array in Chile at Venus and picked up phosphine's signature in a Venusian cloud layer with downright Earth-like temperatures and pressures. Terrestrial bacteria are known to thrive in some pretty tough conditions, making the biological explanation a not unreasonable one. The research team doesn't claim that it is airtight evidence of space bugs, and many in the community aren't quite convinced, but if nothing else it will mean more funding in the hunt for life in unlikely places.
Two years ago, scientists spotted a cigar-shaped object hurtling through the solar system. Dubbed 'Oumuamua, the entity is considered by most to be an interstellar comet flung out from around another star. But close observations showed that 'Oumuamua was accelerating, as if something were propelling it, and scientists still aren't sure why. Avi Loeb, a Harvard University astrophysicist has proposed that, instead of a comet, the interstellar visitor could have been an alien probe pushed by a lightsail — a wide, millimeter-thin piece of material that accelerates as it's pushed by solar radiation. Other scientists have thrown cold water on Loeb's idea, pointing out that hydrogen ice could have melted off the object in a way that was similar to a rocket engine or other propulsion method. But in August, Loeb fired back, writing in a study stating that hydrogen ice is very easily heated, even in the cold depths of interstellar space, and should have sublimated away before 'Oumuamua reached our system. It seems the debate might go on for a little longer at least.
4. Navy declassifies UFO videos but don't believe the hype
A fair number of Earthlings don't care what ambiguous evidence scientists come up with to show that aliens are out there. They are convinced that we've been visited by technological beings many times, pointing to stories about UFOs and alien encounters (pretty much all of which have been debunked). True believers received a boost in April when the U.S. Navy released footage captured by pilots that showed odd wingless aircraft traveling at hypersonic speed, looking for all intents and purposes like bizarre alien machinery. Despite the existence of such videos, people should still be wary, argued freelance journalist Sarah Scoles in her book "They Are Already Here: UFO Culture and Why We See Saucers" (Pegasus Books, 2020). After deciding to look into the Navy evidence, Scoles was unable to determine if it really showed alien aircrafts. But she found a much more human story by speaking to leaders in contemporary UFO culture and discussing our very basic need to believe in something beyond ourselves.
Ocean worlds, which are classified as those having significant amounts of water on or just beneath their surfaces, are surprisingly common in the solar system. Earth is obviously one such place, but Jupiter's moon Europa is thought to host vast seas under its icy shell and Saturn's moon Enceladus is known to have watery geysers spewing from its exterior. Momentum is in fact building in the astronomy community to send a probe that could land on either satellite sometime in the 2030s and check if any living things might lurk under their shells. As for ocean worlds beyond our sun, in a study released in June, researchers looked at 53 exoplanets similar in size to Earth and analyzed variables including their size, density, orbit, surface temperature, mass and distance from their star. The scientists conclude that, of the 53, roughly a quarter might have the right conditions to be considered ocean worlds, suggesting that such places could be relatively common in the galaxy.
6. Earth bugs breathe hydrogen, maybe aliens do too
Most Earthlings require oxygen to survive. But oxygen isn't common in the cosmos, making up about 0.1% of the ordinary mass of the universe. There's far more hydrogen (92%) and helium (7%), and many planets, including gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, are made mostly from these light elements. In May, scientists took E. coli (a bacteria found in the guts of many animals, including humans) and ordinary yeast (a fungus used to bake bread and make beer) and tried to see if they could live in different environments. Such microbes are already known to survive without oxygen and, when placed in a flask filled with either pure hydrogen or pure helium, they managed to grow, albeit at slower rates than usual. The findings suggest that when searching for organisms elsewhere in the universe, we might want to consider places that don't look exactly like Earth.
When hunting life on other worlds, most scientists stick to what they know — searching for Earth-size worlds orbiting sun-like stars. But far more exotic configurations could exist such as a planet circling around and heated by a black hole. At first glance, such a scenario seems absurd. But, contrary to popular depictions, black holes don't just suck in everything around them. Gravitationally stable orbits are possible and the light from the cosmic background radiation — a relic with temperatures at near absolute zero from the early universe that permeates all of space — would get heated as it fell into the black hole. As a paper released in March showed, this could provide warmth and energy to any organisms that happened to evolve in such a strange location.
As we hunt for beings beyond our planet, it's important to keep in mind that we might not be the only ones doing so. In October, researchers came up with a catalog of 1,004 nearby stars that would be in a good position to detect life on Earth. "If observers were out there searching [from planets orbiting these stars], they would be able to see signs of a biosphere in the atmosphere of our Pale Blue Dot," study lead author Lisa Kaltenegger, an associate professor of astronomy at Cornell and director of the university's Carl Sagan Institute, said in a statement. Using observational tools similar to the transit-timing methods that human astronomers use to study exoplanets, such alien onlookers could hunt for oxygen and water in our atmosphere and perhaps conclude that Earth is a good home for organisms.
Where there's life, there's also death. While we like to imagine that our galaxy is teeming with technological beings capable of contacting us, the flip side is recognizing that all cultures rise and fall, meaning that plenty of cosmic societies likely bit the dust long ago. A model released in December put some numbers to these truths, taking into account such things as the prevalence of sun-like stars hosting Earth-like planets; the frequency of deadly, radiation-blasting supernovas; the time necessary for intelligent life to evolve if conditions are right; and the possible tendency of tool-bearing beings to destroy themselves. The analysis found that the highest probability of life emerging in the Milky Way likely happened around 5.5 billion years ago, before our planet even formed, suggesting that humanity is a relative latecomer to the galaxy and that plenty of our potential otherworldly partners are no longer around to talk to us.
10. We should be open-minded as we search for life elsewhere
The human brain has plenty of constraints. We are misled by cognitive biases, optical illusions and inattentional blindness to things we don't expect to see. One question that has always dogged research into alien creatures is whether or not we could recognize life that is so different from what we encounter here on Earth. Scholars have long urged us to expect the unexpected, trying not to let theory too heavily influence what we count as significant. Life on other planets might not leave the same biological signatures as terrestrial organisms, making them difficult to spot from our vantage point. And, as Claire Webb, an anthropology and history of science student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told Live Science in January, we must train ourselves to "make the familiar strange," looking at ourselves through an alien lens in an effort to constantly reexamine our own assumptions. That way, we might be able to better understand ourselves through the eyes of another and perhaps meet creatures on other worlds on their own terms rather than ours.
Popular culture has given us lots of ideas of what extraterrestrials might look like, behave, and interact with us. (Mostly by killing us, though occasionally by phoning home.) But it turns out a lot of serious scientists have thought about it, too. Here’s what the scientists think.
1. THEY MAY LOOK JUST LIKE US.
Simon Conway Morris, an evolutionary biologist at Cambridge, thinks there’s a good chance intelligent extraterrestrial life will look a lot like us. Different species independently evolve in similar patterns, Morris argued in The Runes of Evolution, and would likely do the same on other planets. “The things which we regard as most important,” he said in an interview, “cognitive sophistication, large brains, intelligence, tool making, are also convergent.” If there are other planets that look a lot like planet Earth — and the Kepler spacecraft is discovering that there are — then the likelihood of human-like extraterrestrial intelligence on those planets isn’t a huge stretch. “If the outcomes of evolution are at least broadly predictable,” Morris said, “then what applies on Earth will apply across the Milky Way, and beyond.”
2. THEY’LL SEND MACHINES FIRST.
Popular culture has extraterrestrials stepping off spacecraft onto Earth. But scientists, like SETI Institute astronomer Seth Shostak, dispute that idea. Because space travel is a long, far journey and a huge investment, if aliens wanted contact with planet Earth, they would most likely send robots and computers first. “It’s not like, the hatch would open and we’ll see a strange alien paw coming out,” Shostak said in an interview. “It’s more likely to be a robotic arm.”
But Shostak and other scientists have also suggested that the extraterrestrial visitors could be the machines. Steven J. Dick, an astronomer and then-chief historian for NASA, argued in a paper that extraterrestrial intelligence is most likely “post-biological” artificial intelligence. “Because of the limits of biology and flesh-and-blood brains,” he wrote, “cultural evolution will eventually result in methods for improving intelligence beyond those biological limits.” And that may make aliens in fact more likely to visit: “Silicon-based creatures are more likely to engage in space travel, having durable systems that are practically immortal,” Shostak wrote in an op-ed. “They may be the kind of the creatures we first encounter, if we encounter anyone.”
3.THEY MIGHT NOT COME IN PEACE.
Stephen Hawking has made his opinions on extraterrestrial life very clear. “If aliens ever visit us, I think the outcome would be much as when Christopher Columbus first landed in America, which didn’t turn out very well for the Native Americans,” he said in an interview. Later, he told reporters that “a civilization reading one of our messages could be billions of years ahead of us. If so, they will be vastly more powerful, and may not see us as any more valuable than we see bacteria.” Other scientists have noted that extraterrestrials, like humans, will likely prize natural resources. “I suspect resources would be finite anywhere in the universe,” Shostak said.
4. THEY MIGHT WIPE US OUT.
Cross-planetary contamination is a dangeous possibility that astrobiologists have begun to consider. Foreign microbes might be benign, said John Rummel, then NASA’s planetary protection officer, to Astrobiology Magazine. But they might not. It’s why so many safety protocols and have been established to protect Earth from unknown microbes from interstellar samples. “While there should be no similarity between the warm, wet human body and the cold, dry Martian environment, there certainly can be environments on Earth where Mars life might thrive if carried here by a probe or human mission,” wrote David Warmflash, an astrobiologist. “Environmental ecology and biospheres on Earth are notoriously complex, so we don’t want to release a native Martian microbe on Earth, particularly in ‘Mars-like‘ regions of our planet.”
5. THEY WILL BE UNPREDICTABLE.
If no one’s really sure what extraterrestrial life will look like, the form they’re in, or their motives in contacting humans, who knows how they’ll act? “It would be like humans meeting trilobytes, because aliens could be billions of years more advanced than us,” Shostak said in an interview. “They could be aggressive — because aggression is favored in a Darwinian system — but they could be peaceful. No one knows.”
It’s possible that extraterrestrials may have evolved just like humans — to be capable of both violent aggression and peaceful compromise. But if evolution is based on survival of the fittest, “we have good reason to believe that aggressive instincts will be present in extra as well,” wrote astrobiologist Pushkar Ganesh Vaidya. “To what extent alien life can curb their aggressive instincts (or else they will possibly self-destruct) is anybody’s guess.”
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
31-10-2021
Humans have pondered aliens since medieval times
Humans have pondered aliens since medieval times
Wonder about civilizations on other worlds goes back centuries
TO AN ANCIENT QUESTION, NO REPLY The Allen Telescope Array, a suite of radio antenna dishes in California, has been seeking signals from alien life since 2009, so far without success.
For beings that are supposedly alien to human culture, extraterrestrials are pretty darn common. You can find them in all sorts of cultural contexts, from comic books, sci-fi novels and conspiracy theories to Hollywood films and old television reruns. There’s Superman and Doctor Who, E.T. and Mindy’s friend Mork, Mr. Spock, Alf, Kang and Kodos and My Favorite Martian. Of course, there’s just one hitch: They’re all fictional. So far, real aliens from other worlds have refused to show their faces on the real-world Earth — or even telephone, text or tweet. As the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi so quotably inquired during a discussion about aliens more than six decades ago, “Where is everybody?”
Special report: In search of aliens
People have contemplated the possibility of extraterrestrial life since medieval times. We’re still looking for answers today. What would aliens look like? Where should we look to find them? Why are we so obsessed? Science News writers explore these questions and more in this special report.
Scientific inquiry into the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence still often begins by pondering Fermi’s paradox: The universe is vast and old, so advanced civilizations should have matured enough by now to send emissaries to Earth. Yet none have. Fermi suspected that it wasn’t feasible or that aliens didn’t think visiting Earth was worth the trouble. Others concluded that they simply don’t exist. Recent investigations indicate that harsh environments may snuff out nascent life long before it evolves the intelligence necessary for sending messages or traveling through space.
In any event, Fermi’s question did not launch humankind’s concern with visitors from other planets. Imagining other worlds, and the possibility of intelligent life-forms inhabiting them, did not originate with modern science or in speculative fiction. In the ancient world, philosophers argued about the possibility of multiple universes; in the Middle Ages the question of the “plurality of worlds” and possible inhabitants occupied the deepest of thinkers, spawning intricate and controversial philosophical, theological and astronomical debate. Far from being a merely modern preoccupation, life beyond Earth has long been a burning issue animating the human race’s desire to understand itself, and its place in the cosmos.
Other worlds, illogical
From ancient times Earth’s place was widely regarded to be the center of everything. As articulated by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, the Earth was the innermost sphere in a universe, or world, surrounded by various other spheres containing the moon, sun, planets and stars. Those heavenly spheres, crystalline and transparent, rotated about the Earthly core comprising four elements: fire, air, water and earth. Those elements layered themselves on the basis of their essence, or “nature” — earth’s natural place was at the middle of the cosmos, which was why solid matter fell to the ground, seeking the inaccessible center far below.
On the basis of this principle, Aristotle deduced the impossibility of other worlds. If some other world existed, its matter (its “earth”) would seek both the center of its world and of our world as well. Such opposite imperatives posed a logical contradiction (which Aristotle, having more or less invented logic, regarded as a directly personal insult). He also applied further reasoning to point out that there is no space (no void) outside the known world for any other world to occupy. So, Aristotle concluded, two worlds cannot both exist.
Some Greeks (notably those advocating the existence of atoms) believed otherwise. But Aristotle’s view prevailed. By the 13th century, once Aristotle’s writings had been rediscovered in medieval Europe, most scholars defended his position.
But then religion leveled the philosophical playing field. Fans of other worlds got a chance to make their case.
In 1277, the bishop of Paris, Étienne Tempier, banned scholars from teaching 219 principles, manny associated with Aristotle’s philosophy. Among the prohibited teachings on the list was item 34: that God could not create as many worlds as he wanted to. Since the penalty for violating this decree was excommunication, Parisian scholars suddenly discovered rationales allowing multiple worlds, empowering God to defy Aristotle’s logic. And since Paris was the intellectual capital of the European world, scholars elsewhere followed the Parisian lead.
While several philosophers asserted that God could make many worlds, most intimated that he probably wouldn’t have bothered. Hardly anyone addressed the likelihood of alien life, although both Jean Buridan in Paris and William of Ockham in Oxford did consider the possibility. “God could produce an infinite [number of] individuals of the same kind as those that now exist,” wrote Ockham, “but He is not limited to producing them in this world.”
Populated worlds showed up more prominently in writings by the renegade thinkers Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464) and Giordano Bruno (1548–1600). They argued not only for the existence of other worlds, but also for worlds inhabited by beings just like, or maybe better than, Earth’s humans.
“In every region inhabitants of diverse nobility of nature proceed from God,” wrote Nicholas, who argued that space had no center, and therefore the Earth could not be central or privileged with respect to life. Bruno, an Italian friar, asserted that God’s perfection demanded an infinity of worlds, and beings. “Infinite perfection is far better presented in innumerable individuals than in those which are numbered and finite,” Bruno averred.
Burned at the stake for heretical beliefs (though not, as often stated, for his belief in other worlds), Bruno did not live to see the triumph of Copernicanism during the 17th century. Copernicus had placed the sun at the hub of a planetary system, making the Earth just one planet of several. So the existence of “other worlds” eventually became no longer speculation, but astronomical fact, inviting the notion of otherworldly populations, as the prominent Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens pointed out in the late 1600s. “A man that is of Copernicus’ opinion, that this Earth of ours is a planet … like the rest of the planets, cannot but sometimes think that it’s not improbable that the rest of the planets have … their inhabitants too,” Huygens wrote in his New Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds, Their Inhabitants and Productions.
A few years earlier, French science popularizer Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle had surveyed the prospects for life in the solar system in his Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, an imaginary dialog between a philosopher and an uneducated but intelligent woman known as the Marquise.
“It would be very strange that the Earth was as populated as it is, and the other planets weren’t at all,” the philosopher told the Marquise. Although he didn’t think people could live on the sun (if there were any, they’d be blinded by its brightness), he sided with those who envisioned inhabitants on other planets and even the moon.
“Just as there have been and still are a prodigious number of men foolish enough to worship the Moon, there are people on the Moon who worship the Earth,” he wrote.
From early modern times onward, discussion of aliens was not confined to science and philosophy. They also appeared in various works of fiction, providing plot devices that remain popular to the present day. Often authors used aliens as stand-ins for evil (or occasionally benevolent) humans to comment on current events. Modern science fiction about aliens frequently portrays them in the role of tyrants or monsters or victims, with parallels to real life (think Flash Gordon’s nemesis Ming the Merciless, a 1930s dictator, or the extraterrestrials of the 1980s film and TV show Alien Nation — immigrants encountering bigotry and discrimination). When humans look for aliens, it seems, they often imagine themselves.
Serious science
While aliens thrived in fiction, though, serious scientific belief in extraterrestrials — at least nearby — diminished in the early 20th century, following late 19th century exuberance about possible life on Mars. Supposedly a network of lines interpreted as canals signified the presence of a sophisticated Martian civilization; its debunking (plus further knowledge about planetary environments) led to general agreement that finding intelligent life elsewhere in the solar system was not an intelligent bet.
On the other hand, the universe had grown incredibly vaster than the early Copernicans had imagined. The sun had become just one of billions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy, which in turn was only one of billions of other similar galaxies, or “island universes.” Within a cosmos so expansive, alien enthusiasts concluded, the existence of other life somewhere seemed inevitable. In 1961, astronomer Frank Drake developed an equation to gauge the likelihood of extraterrestrial life’s existence; by the 1990s he estimated that 10,000 planets possessed advanced civilizations in the Milky Way alone, even before anybody really knew for sure that planets outside the solar system actually existed.
But now everybody does. In the space of the last two decades, conclusive evidence of exoplanets, now numbering in the thousands, has reconfigured the debate and sharpened Fermi’s original paradox. No one any longer doubts that planets are plentiful. But still there’s been not a peep from anyone living on them, despite years of aiming radio telescopes at the heavens in hope of detecting a signal in the static of interstellar space.
Maybe such signals are just too rare or too weak for human instruments to detect. Or possibly some cosmic conspiracy is at work to prevent civilizations from communicating — or arising in the first place. Or perhaps civilizations that do arise are eradicated before they have a chance to communicate.
Or maybe the alien invasion has merely been delayed. Fermi’s paradox implicitly assumes that other civilizations have been around long enough to develop galactic transportation systems. After all, the universe, born in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, is three times as old as the Earth. So most analyses assume that alien civilizations had a head start and would be advanced enough by now to go wherever they wanted to. But a new paper suggests that livable galactic neighborhoods may have developed only relatively recently.
A planet near the core of a galaxy would be especially susceptible to gamma-ray catastrophes. And in a young universe, planets closer to the galactic edge (like Earth) would also be in danger from gamma-ray bursts in neighboring satellite galaxies. Only as the expansion of the universe began to accelerate — not so long before the birth of the Earth — would galaxies grow far enough apart to provide safety zones for life.
“The accelerated expansion induced by a cosmological constant slows the growth of cosmic structures, and increases the mean inter-galaxy separation,” Piran and colleagues write. “This reduces the number of nearby satellites likely to host catastrophic” gamma-ray bursts. So most alien civilizations would have begun to flourish not much before Earth’s did; those aliens may now be wondering why nobody has visited them.
Still, the radio silence from the sky makes some scientists wonder whether today’s optimism about ET’s existence will go the way of the Martian canal society. From one sobering perspective, aliens aren’t sending messages because few planets remain habitable long enough for life to develop an intelligent civilization. One study questions, for instance, how likely it is that life, once initiated on any planet, would shape its environment sufficiently well to provide for lasting bio-security.
In fact, that study finds, a wet, rocky planet just the right distance from a star — in the Goldilocks zone — might not remain habitable for long. Atmospheric and geochemical processes would typically drive either rapid warming (producing an uninhabitable planet like Venus) or quick cooling, freezing water and leaving the planet too cold and dry for life to survive, Aditya Chopra and Charles Lineweaver conclude in a recent issue of Astrobiology. Only if life itself alters these processes can it maintain a long-term home suitable for developing intelligence.
“Feedback between life and environment may play the dominant role in maintaining the habitability of the few rocky planets in which life has been able to evolve,” wrote Chopra and Lineweaver, both of the Australian National University in Canberra.
Yet even given such analyses — based on a vastly deeper grasp on astronomy and cosmology than medieval scholars possessed — whether real aliens exist remains one of those questions that science cannot now answer. It’s much like other profound questions also explored in medieval times: What is the universe made of? Is it eternal? Today’s scientists may be closer (or not) to answering those questions than were their medieval counterparts. Nevertheless the answers are not yet in hand.
Maybe we’ll just have to pose those questions to the aliens, if they exist, and are ever willing to communicate. And if those aliens do arrive, and provide the answers, humankind may well discover how medieval its understanding of the cosmos still is. Or perhaps the aliens will be equally clueless about nature’s deepest mysteries. As Fontenelle’s philosopher told the Marquise: “There’s no indication that we’re the only foolish species in the universe. Ignorance is quite naturally a widespread thing.”
This article appears in the April 30, 2016, issue of Science News with the headline, “To an ancient question, no reply.”
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Top 10 questions I’d ask an alien from the Galactic Federation
Top 10 questions I’d ask an alien from the Galactic Federation
Talking to E.T. would be the interview of a lifetime
Any alien intelligence capable of traveling to Earth would likely have some secrets to share about the laws of physics.
KTSIMAGE/ISTOCK/GETTY IMAGES PLUS
Any science journalist would rejoice at the revelation of aliens on Earth. It would be the story of a lifetime. So it’s not surprising that a former Israeli space official’s claim that a Galactic Federation is known to the U.S. government has made a few headlines and trended on Twitter.
Of course, most science journalists have already been alerted to the presence of aliens by any number of readers who would like to testify about their personal E.T. encounters.
Yet despite how desperately some science journalists wish for alien visitation to be real, few among us ever believe any such reports. Proper policy is to decline to interview any would-be informant about their alien experience and instead insist on interviewing the aliens themselves.
And so I would be willing to come out of retirement and conduct such an interview if any Galactic Federation alien monitoring Science News would be willing to submit to some tough questions. Only condition would be the alien must wear a high-quality mask, covering its damn nose if it has one.
Now, it’s a pretty safe bet that such an interview isn’t going to happen. It’s more likely that the Washington Football Team wins the next Super Bowl. Or even the New York Jets. But just in case, it’s a good idea to start preparing the questions. Here are my Top 10, followed by my best guesses at the alien’s answers.
The questions:
Q1. How do you spell your name?
Q2. Using Earth astronomical terminology, where are you from?
Q3. Have you not seen The War of the Worlds?
Q4. What is your favorite interpretation of quantum mechanics?
Q5. Are you in any way responsible for COVID-19 or any other serious disease-causing agent, and are you sorry?
Q6. When you looked at that dress, did it look black and blue or white and gold?
Q7. What particular scientific theoretical breakthrough enabled the technology you have exploited for interstellar travel?
Q8. Can you define P value correctly and explain its limitations for drawing scientific inferences?
Q9. What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?
Q10. Why in the world haven’t you provided us with sufficiently sophisticated algorithmic artificial intelligence to neutralize the damage to our civilization perpetrated by social media?
And the possible answers:
Q1. How do you spell your name?
A1. “Spell? There is no spell. There is name or not name.”
Hard to argue with that.
Q2. Using Earth astronomical terminology, where are you from?
A3. “Saw both versions. Tom Cruise is no Gene Barry. Galaxy Quest was a more realistic movie, though.”
Q4. What is your favorite interpretation of quantum mechanics?
A4. “Quantum mechanics needs no particular interpretation if it is formulated without the preexisting prejudice that nature should exhibit cause-and-effect determinism. It’s all about understanding the nature of time as a source of novelty rather than a continuous parameter dictating the evolution of a function. What you call randomness or indeterminism is what we call information creation. A few of your earthling scientists have begun to catch on a little bit to this idea. Check out arxiv.org/abs/2002.01653.”
Q5. Are you in any way responsible for COVID-19 or any other serious disease-causing agent, and are you sorry?
A5. “Possibly we brought in a disease or two, but on the other hand, you hooked us on tobacco.”
Q6. When you looked at that dress, did it look black and blue or white and gold?
A6. “Hah! We invented that dress to keep you guys distracted from some other stuff we had going on.”
Q7. What particular scientific theoretical breakthrough enabled the technology you have exploited for interstellar travel?
A7. “Well, that’s related to the quantum question. The key insight came from the Vulcans, who realized that continuum mathematics at the foundation of calculus was not the only possible logical mathematical system. You need what you call intuitionistic math — as I mentioned, read arxiv.org/abs/2002.01653. And also this paper. Once you get rid of that unwieldy infinity of real numbers lots of things are easier to solve, like quantum gravity. Technology takes off from there.”
Vulcans? Well, right, this is the Galactic Federation.
Q8. Can you define P value correctly and explain its limitations for drawing scientific inferences?
A8. “Oh, we’ve been trying for years to feed you guys clues about how worthless P values are. We don’t allow any new worlds into the federation until their scientists stop using P values. A P value is the probability of getting an observed result or a more extreme result if the hypothesis of getting a null result is true, given the mathematical model of the data and all other assumptions built into your experiment. Doesn’t tell you a damn thing about whether the null hypothesis is true or not. Just gives a hint about whether your result is surprising or not. It could be surprising and therefore wrong or could be surprising and right. Go read this paper.”
I did.
Q9. What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?
A9. “What do you mean?”
Only half credit for that — it’s not the whole answer.
Q10. Why in the world haven’t you provided us with sufficiently sophisticated algorithmic artificial intelligence to neutralize the damage to our civilization perpetrated by social media?
Alien runs off.
OMG, I just realized the answer to that one is that Zuckerberg is one of the aliens.
Are sightings of mysterious objects in the skies over America and other parts of the world on the rise?
That’s what many people are saying, according to one of the leading websites covering military-related news and interests.
“There has been a spike in UFO sightings across the nation,” read a recent article at Military.com, which asked, “are there just more people looking up in the sky or is it something else?
According to figures cited in the brief article, there were close to 7,200 UFO sightings logged in 2020, up more than 1,000 from the previous year. The article did not provide details on the source for these figures, although it appears they draw from data collected by the National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC), according to figures cited by other outlets.
Founded in 1999, Military.com has been owned by employment powerhouse Monster Worldwide since 2004, and in addition to news related to the military, it also provides information on veteran employment, education, and other related services through its many blogs and newsletters.
Asking whether the release of a widely anticipated report to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence earlier this year might have played a role in the apparent surge in UFO reports, the article points to such recent military activity as part of what has brought UFOs “back into the mainstream media.”
But are there really more UFO sightings taking place, or is all of the interest in the topic causing more people to look up?
Several factors might help to account for recent surges in UFO sightings, especially during 2020. As the coronavirus began to spread throughout world populations after its emergence near Wuhan, China in late 2019, quarantines and shelter-in-place orders in many countries grounded people around the world, who instead of heading out and enjoying their normal nightly routines were likely stuck at home. Not surprisingly, early figures from around mid-2020 noted that sightings of UFOs appeared to coincide with more people staying at home during the pandemic.
A group of Starlink satellites photographed passing over California
(Credit: Unsplash)
Also in the months leading up to the pandemic, SpaceX began its ambitious effort to place its Starlink satellite arrays into orbit, which also managed to produce a few UFO reports as observers watched the peculiar-looking “trains” of satellites moving through the air in sequence. But can the effects of more people stuck at home, and more objects placed in orbit, account for all sightings of UFOs logged in recent months?
According to recent NUFORC data, several recent sightings do appear to describe unusual objects in our airspace, for which things like satellites do not offer any kind of likely explanation.
In an incident that occurred in July over Hawaii, an 11-year-old boy reported seeing a triangular aircraft fly over his home at around 6 PM local time, which appeared to resemble now-classic descriptions of large, triangular aircraft of unknown provenance that have been logged by NUFORC and other organizations that follow UFO reports for decades. Two months later, a pilot flying as a passenger on a commercial aircraft reported seeing three objects that he could not identify, in a striking observation of unidentified aircraft that he called aerodynamically “impossible.”
There are, in other words, what appear to be “good” UFO reports being logged by organizations like NUFORC, whose operations have been tirelessly maintained by researcher Peter Davenport now for several decades. However, despite the many quality reports that NUFORC receives, its phone hotline also receives occasional hoax calls as well.
“We have made this appeal regarding ‘prank’ calls before,” wrote Davenport in a post on April 1, 2021, “but we feel compelled to make it again.
“Our Hotline is being deluged with overtly hoaxed calls, usually dozens per day, and those calls are impairing our ability to offer what we believe is a very important service to the world.
“If you have been encouraged by some childish website, or by a misdirected social-media site, to place a foolish prank call to our Hotline, we would request that you refrain from placing such a call.”
Even despite the number of prank calls that NUFORC receives, it has held its position as a leading resource for information on UFO observations now for decades, and provides valuable metrics about what people are seeing, and how often they are seen.
While questions about the recent “spike” in sightings remains up for debate, one thing does seem clear: UFO sightings are still frequently reported, despite the numerous challenges that researchers and organizations like NUFORC obviously face. Even with the recent surge in public UFO interest, the steady stream of sightings of unusual objects in our airspace logged by NUFORC over the years suggests that their presence has endured, regardless of how much media attention UFOs may or may not receive at any given time.
Within the last few years, new archaeological discoveries have continued to push back the timescales on when humans are believed to have initially arrived in the Americas.
Most recently, ichnofossils in the form of ancient footprints found at White Sands National Park in New Mexico suggest a human presence there as early as 23,000 years ago, in an area where it was once thought humans wouldn’t begin to arrive for another 10,000 years.
The history of American anthropology boasts a long record of disputes over when the earliest arrivals of humans began. Early in the 20th century, many leading anthropologists would have looked no further than 3000-4000 years ago for the arrival of the first Americans, a view that would quickly change with the discoveries at sites like Folsom and Clovis in New Mexico, which established the reality of a human presence in American by the end of the last Ice Age.
Although the “Clovis First” model predominated American archaeology for decades after the discoveries in New Mexico early in the 20th century, by the beginning of the 1970s it began to become clear that there was a potential for an even earlier human presence in the Americas. Sites like Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in Washington County, Pennsylvania, and Monte Verde in Chile seemed to offer indisputable evidence of human activities well in advance of Clovis. It begged the question: just how far back do the earliest human arrivals in the New World go?
Additional discoveries of “pre-Clovis” sites throughout parts of North and South America leading up to the 21st century continued to increase awareness among archaeologists of earlier human arrivals than once would have been deemed acceptable. However, a few purported archaeological site discoveries were suggestive of something even more controversial, with implications far beyond just when and where the first humans arrived.
Excavations began at the Topper Site in Allendale County, South Carolina, in the early 1980s under the direction of Albert Goodyear, who would continue excavations there for the next several decades. An undeniable Clovis presence at the site was established, accompanied by what appeared to be earlier evidence of human tool use at the site (which, at the time of their discovery, would have been viewed as far more controversial than they are in light of recent pre-Clovis discoveries in America).
However, in 2004 the already compelling Topper site garnered additional attention for Goodyear’s announcement that the remains of carbonized plants, recovered from the site’s lowest excavated levels, appeared to have been radiocarbon dated to around 50,000 years ago. Intriguingly, Goodyear also said that evidence in the form of simple tools, along with chert (a sedimentary rock consisting almost entirely of silica) showing evidence of being struck for use in making such implements, was also found at this depth.
While many archaeologists disputed the discoveries, they raised a number of thought-provoking possibilities. While homo sapiens are believed to have begun leaving Africa between 70,000 and 100,000 years ago, the idea that they might have been in eastern North America 55,000 years ago would have been unprecedented. Nonetheless, Topper was not the only such site where evidence for an anomalously early human presence had been claimed. Even prior to excavations at Topper, the Calico Early Man Site in San Bernardino County, California, had seen publicity for the controversial claims about tools that were recovered there.
Famed archaeologist Louis Leakey, who participated in early excavations at the site, had been among those convinced that the tools found there might date back more than 100,000 years, although more recent estimates place the Calico artifacts much closer to around 20,000 years ago, consistent with discoveries like those at White Sands. Even Leaky’s wife Mary would later write that her former husband’s zeal for the antiquity of Calico had been “catastrophic to his professional career and was largely responsible for the parting of our ways.” Still others have argued that many of the purported “artifacts” from Calico are more likely the result of natural processes, as opposed to being produced by human hands.
Louis and Mary Leakey in 1962
(Smithsonian Institution/Flickr Commons).
Had the purported tools at Calico indeed been proven to extend back 100,000 years or more, they not only would have challenged our notion of when humans first arrived in the Americas, but also when they first left Africa. After all, it would seem inconceivable that around the same time humans were believed to have made their exit from Africa, evidence of tool usage would also appear in North America. Thus, only one of two possibilities would have seemed feasible: either early humans would have had to leave Africa earlier, or perhaps another variety of archaic hominin had made its way to the Americas first.
Of course, the questionable nature of Calico’s purported artifacts left little need for such considerations. However, it would not remain the only location in southern California where archaeological sites boasting extreme ages would turn up. In 2017, the Cerutti Mastodon site located nearby in San Diego County made headlines after researchers said they had recovered mastodon bones there, which appeared to bear evidence of human butchering in the form of markings on the bones dated to 130,700 years ago.
Much like Calico before it, the Cerutti Mastodon site was roundly dismissed by the majority of archaeologists on account of several factors, the main one involving the fact that no human remains, and only questionable artifact remains were recovered there. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that rather than some kind of early hominin, a megafaunal variety of capuchin monkey that existed in some parts of the Americas during the Pleistocene could have been responsible for the marks found on the mastodon bones in question! Still others suggest that the marks in question could have been produced by recent construction activities, rather than impacts with stone more than 130,000 years ago.
Obviously, many questions remain about these purported archaeological sites. To date, no evidence that has been presented offers undisputed proof of an anomalously early human presence in southern California, or anywhere elsewhere in the Americas. While most archaeologists are now warming up to the notion of arrivals 20,000 to 25,000 years ago, some estimates place arrivals as far back as around 40,000 years ago. These dates may not present evidence that causes us to question accepted notions about the earliest human migrations out of Africa—let alone whether homo sapiens were the first ones to arrive in the Americas. However, they do mark a notable shift in the attitudes of anthropologists, who in decades past had been far more resistant to accepting new evidence.
If time has shown us anything, it is that every few decades, new discoveries tend to emerge that cause us to have to rethink what we thought we knew. Our study of the ancient Americas is dynamic and ever-changing, and as new insights continue to emerge over time, perhaps at least one thing does remain predictable: when it comes to the ancient world, learn to expect the unexpected.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.