UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN

The end of the year 2022 is fast approaching, which means it is time for the 2023 predictions of those famous dueling dead psychics – Baba Vanga and Nostradamus. And even though there are still a few weeks left to change the course of history, this is also a good time to see how the two of the most famous seers of all time did in their prognostications for 2022. Let’s start with the recap first … that will give you time to sit down, take a deep breath and brace yourself for what Baba Vanga and Nostradamus are warning is ahead for us in the new year.

“A team of researchers will discover a lethal virus in Siberia that was, up until now, frozen. Due to the catastrophic effects of global warming, said virus will be released and could quickly spin out of control…”

Baba Vanga Caption

Vangeliya Pandeva Gushterova, better known as Baba Vanga lived in Bulgaria from 1911 to 1996, and lives on to the present day in her predictions on major world events. Not one to dabble in World Cup winners, Baa occasionally forecast royal events as she amassed a sizeable collection of somewhat vague and often cryptic prognostications that nonetheless were deemed to be right or close to correct by those who follow and interpret them. While that hasn’t yet been the case for her 2022 prediction about a lethal virus from Siberia, she was said to be correct about “Intense bouts of floods (in Bangladesh, India, Thailand and Australia)” and “water shortages in several countries and major cities.” While events like those generally happen frequently and in those specific countries, ‘close’ counts in horseshoes, hand grenades and psychic predictions, so Baba Vanga is being credited for two right out of six for 2022, with three weeks left to still be right on this one: “Alien ships will attack Earth and they will bomb cities and take people captive.”

What does Baba Vanga see for humanity in 2023? Here are five predictions, courtesy of MSN.com

A solar storm will strike Earth in 2023 on a scale the world has never before seen. This prediction is certainly possible, and even a minor one could still knock out electrical and power grids that would bring communications and commerce to a standstill.

A "big country" will carry out bioweapons research on people, resulting in the death of thousands of them. This sounds pretty scary and completely plausible with the war in Ukraine, the volatile political climates in Iran and other countries, and the protests raging in China over mass COVID shutdowns – any of these could be linked to bioweapons research and the accidental or intentional mass deaths of thousands.

Baba Vanga predicts a nuclear power plant explosion in 2023. Again, that could easily happen in Ukraine – we came very close in 2022 with Russia attacking and seizing the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant.

Humans will grow babies to full term in laboratories in order to allow parents to choose skin color and other characteristics of their offspring. Chinese scientists have already edited the genomes of human embryos and created the first human genetically edited babies, so this is well on its way to happening in that country.

Aliens will visit Earth, the world could find itself "covered in darkness" and millions will die as a result. There is that “mass death” prediction again for 2023 – Baba Vanga doesn’t have much good to say about our upcoming year. If it is any consolation, she also predicted an alien arrival in 2022 and that hasn’t happened yet, but her forecast for 2022 did not predict that “millions will die.”

Will we survive to look back on 2023 and list the predictions of Baba Vanga that didn’t happen or were not as severe as she forecast? Let’s hope so. In the meantime, here’s a look at what Nostradamus saw happening in 2022.

“Twice put down, the East will also weaken the West.

It’s adversary after several battles chased by sea will fail at time of need.”

“The sudden death of the first personage / Will have changed and put another in the reign.”

That first prediction of a world war fought at sea hasn’t happened yet, and the “sudden death” in the second was not Queen Elizabeth II but thought to be North Korea’s Kim-Jong Un, although Russia’s Vladimir Putin is said by some to be dying of cancer … there are still three weeks to go for him to go. The quatrains of Michel de Nostradame’s prophecies were published in 1555 and must be interpreted, but many interpreters believe he correctly predicted the Great Fire of London, the French Revolution, the rise of Adolf Hitler, the assassination of JFK, the moon landing and 9/11. Looking past his misses in 2022, the Santa Barbara News-Press unveiled his predictions for 2023.

The antichrist very soon annihilates the three,

Twenty-seven years the war will last.

The unbelievers are dead, captive, exiled.

With blood, human bodies, water and red hail covering the earth.

If you thought Baba Vanga’s prophecies were depressing, Nostradamus’ are downright apocalyptic. This quatrain is interpreted to predict a 27-year world war between Russia and the U.S. and its allies as a result of the conflict in Ukraine. That war may quickly bring about Nostradamus’ second prediction for 2023 – Britain’s entry into the war.

“Within the isles is a very horrible uproar. One will hear only a party of war.”

Nostradamus is warning about a 9.8 quake in the Pacific Ocean which will release giant spiders and locusts – those are probably symbolic of something worse. He also predicts a meteorite the size of a whale will bring an alien species to Earth – perhaps this is Baba Vanga’s mass deaths as the result of aliens. He also projects that U.S. President Joe Biden will suffer from a mystery disease – that would not be a surprise based on his age. On the climate change front, he sees costs of scarce foods so high that “the bushel of wheat rise that man will be eating his fellow man.” However, the scariest (and possibly strangest) prediction goes back to Putin, Russia and the problem the country has in recruiting new soldiers to fight the war.

A monkey of fortune with twisted tongue

will come to the sanctuary of the gods.

He will open the door to heretics

And raise up the Church militant.

This is interpreted to mean that a long-running rumor that Russia is working on human-monkey hybrids will come true in 2023 – a military chimera that will feed on anything, fight like animals and not result in the same sorrow and guilt back home when they die.

There you go – the predictions of Baba Vanga and Nostradamus for 2023. Don’t you wish they’d stick to World Cup winners?

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The UFO phenomenon goes way back in the American continent. There has been a pervasive belief amongst the different indigenous people that their ancestors were “star people” who came here from other stellar systems. The Hopi say that their ancestors came from the Pleiades star cluster. The Dakota believe that the Pleiades is Tiyami, “the abode of the ancestors”, and when we die, we go to live in the Pleiades. Cherokee legends teach that Native Americans originated long ago in the Pleiades, and assert that indigenous people are on Earth as “star seeds,” with a mission of bringing light and knowledge. The Cree, who live primarily in Canada, believe that their ancestors arrived on Earth from the stars as spirits, and then became human beings.

Such beliefs are quite commonplace amongst the Native American tribes, and well documented by archaeologists and anthropologists, although most of them do not attach much importance to these tales. Prof. David Kelly of the University of Calgary – a doctorate from Harvard University and an acclaimed Mayanist scholar - was an exception, in the sense that, he treated such indigenous beliefs with the seriousness they deserved. In the book Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy, Prof. Kelley mentioned how the interactions between the Sky People and humans served as a basis for the organization of the society across indigenous populations:

“The concept of intelligent life on other worlds has been widespread in many cultures around the world. The Dogon account of being taught useful skills by fish-men from Sirius is more specific than are most such accounts but is otherwise typical. Heroes pass back and forth between this world and the star worlds with ease.

In South American belief, Star Woman came from the sky, taught people agriculture, and returned to the sky. Many groups in both North and South America are divided into moieties of Sky People and Earth People, and in many cases, it is believed that the ancestors of Sky People came from the stars...Some Yumans of Arizona and California say that their ancestors came from the Pleiades. In Polynesia, specific ancestors of existing families are alleged to have gone back and forth between the land of the Sky People, Earth, and the Underworld.

When these lands are described, they are usually very much like Earth. Occasionally, their inhabitants have special characteristics, such as the Dogon fish-men, but more frequently celestial dwellers are virtually indistinguishable from humans except for their superior knowledge. ”[1]

The deeply ingrained belief within the indigenous communities that the star people or sky people taught them important skills and were the ancestors of certain groups, has made them more receptive to ideas of UFOs and alien visitations. As per Hopi tradition, during the Third World the people had invented magical "flying shields" called patuwvota, on which they could carry out aerial attacks on their enemies. When the Third World was destroyed by a massive flood, the flying patuwvotas along with other wordly treasures sank to the bottom of the seas.[2] According to independent researcher and author Gary David, who has written extensively about the Southwestern archaeological sites, “many flying shields are piloted by entities commonly called kachinas.”[3]

The kachinas are spirit beings who answer to the prayers of the Hopi and bestow blessings in the form of health, rain and good harvest. The Hopi assert that kachinas came up with them during their Emergence from the womb of Mother Earth at the beginning of the Fourth World.[4] This suggests that the kachinas – at least many of them – are “underworld spirits” associated with fertility and rainfall, that we find in the beliefs of many indigenous cultures. These are the same spirits that help the shaman with specific advice and counsel when he journeys to the underworld in an altered state of consciousness to find remedies for the ills affecting the community.

The Hopi say that the kachinas gave help and guidance to the clans during their migrations, and were referred to as the Kachina Clan.[5] Afterwards, they went away to live on top of the San Francisco peaks to the west of Hopi-land. Although many kachinas are underworld spirits, they originally came to the Earth from the stars. Frank Waters wrote that, “they (kachina) come from much farther away, a long long way – from neighbouring stars, constellations, too distant to be visible, from mysterious spirit worlds.”[6] This means that the kachinas are “star people”, many of whom transformed into “underworld spirits” when they came to the Earth and settled here, while others, quite possibly, continue to exist in other parts of the Solar System and beyond.

Gary David has written that, as per Hopi traditions, a kachina called Pavayoykyasi refers to his aircraft as “his pet, a magic flying shield. The shield has two parts, with the lower one spinning and the upper one remaining still. Climbing aboard, Pavayoykyasi rose up into the air and flew off.”[7] Isn’t it odd that the kachina refers to his flying shield as a “pet”? Almost as if it’s a sentient being that responds to its commands!

Gary David has identified yet another kind of aerial device within Hopi lore called a tawiya, or “gourd”, which consists of two halves. After climbing aboard, the rider closes the upper half and installs a tightly stretched sinew between the bottom of the gourd and the stem button. The rider then twists the sinew between his palms and the flying machine lifts off, making a humming noise.[8] “Hopis say that the gourd is a magic vehicle used by those who have power to use it for travel something like a spacecraft or flying saucer.”[9]

If the kachinas pilot the flying shields, then it gives an interesting twist to the UFO phenomenon. It would imply that, at least some of the UFO sightings from around the world reflect the technological skills of a subterranean civilization. This could explain why many UFOs seem to dive into oceans or water bodies and disappear, while many have been observed shooting out of water bodies. Perhaps some entrances to the underworld domain of the kachinas are concealed within the submerged continental shelves of the world?

The manner in which the kachinas are depicted in Hopi art resembles the way in which aliens have been visualized and depicted in popular art. The Hopis give kachina dolls to the children to make them aware of the different types of kachinas. Many kachina dolls have horns or antennas jutting out their head, while their faces are characterized by large goggle-eyes and the absence of a nose. Needless to say, most of them look downright spooky, and could give you the creeps if one of them suddenly sneaked up on you at night. In the petroglyphs and pictographs of many Southwestern sites, eerie-looking kachina figures can be discerned, going by the horns or antennas on the head, the large rounded eyes and the absence of a nose, or even a mouth in some cases. Some of the kachinas depicted on the rock art are enclosed by serpent-like figures indicative of the underworld, healing and rainfall.

McKee Springs petroglyphs, most likely depicting kachinas with horns or antennas.

Source: NPS, Public Domain

Pictograph in Horsheshoe Canyon, Canyonlands, Utah, most likely depicting kachinas such as the Corn Maiden kachina or the Cloud Maiden kachina.

Credit: John Fowler CC BY 2.0

Pictographs at Sego canyon, Utah. The strange round eyed beings with antennas, and enclosed by serpent, are probably kachinas.

Credit: Rennett Stowe CC BY 2.0

One of the thoughts that struck me as I looked at the Sego canyon pictographs is, how closely these round-eyed, ghost-like figures, devoid of a nose or mouth, resemble the Wandjina art of the aboriginal Australians, who live in the Kimberley region of north-west Australia. The Wandjinas, like the kachinas, are regarded as powerful spirit beings who came down from the Milky Way and brought the law, culture, and language of the aboriginal people.[10] After teaching the aboriginals, the Wandjinas retreated to the bottom of the water source associated with the rock paintings. Like the kachinas, the Wandjinas are regarded as powerful “rain maker” spirits. They control the clouds and rainfall, and punish those who break the laws with floods, lightning and cyclones. Sometimes, the Wandjinas are depicted in the company of the “Rainbow Serpent” – as powerful rain making and creative spirit - just as the kachinas depicted on the Sego canyon pictographs are shown in the company of serpents.

Even the terms “kachina” and “Wandjina” are phonetically quite close. It makes you wonder if the kachina art was influenced by the Wandjina art or vice versa? Perhaps, both of them have a common origin elsewhere? Since the Hopi claim that they sailed eastwards on boats after the end of the Third World, to reach the western coast of America, such a possibility cannot be ruled out.

Wandjina Rock Art on the Barnett River in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

Credit: Graeme Churchward CC BY 2.0.

The Wandjinas with the Rainbow Serpent.

Source: japingkaaboriginalart.com

The connections between the kachinas and the Wandjinas are striking to say the least. They are spirit beings who came from the stars, imparted all manners of wisdom to the people, and then transformed into underworld spirits associated with rain and harvest. And let’s not forget they look surprisingly alike, and hang around with rain-making serpents. A lot of crucial wisdom about the true nature of our reality - couched in the language of symbols, myths and metaphors – appear to have been preserved by the indigenous people, that could be of great help to us for unraveling the mysterious events that haunt us from time to time.

The kachinas not only look like alien beings and pilot flying shields, they have also been accused of abducting children! David S. Lewis wrote an article in the The Montana Pioneer,[11] in which he said that a prominent Lakota from the Fort Peck Reservation in Montana told him about the beliefs that his people hold regarding extraterrestrial phenomena.

“We do talk about folks coming down to earth,” he said, “in round shaped objects or balls of light from the skies.…I was told [by elders] that we had to use [sacred] songs to protect against these folks…as they stole Indian people and mainly our children.”

The Lakota India then went on to describe an UFO encounter that he and others experienced in 2009, during a solemn ceremony in a sweat lodge, dedicated to the passing of a close family member and significant native figure.

“I saw a [hovering ball of light] and it was with us for four days and four nights, March 2009, as we were holding four days of prayer, fasting, pipe ceremony, sweat house ceremony, and I am not the only one who witnessed this, brother,” he said.
He told us that nearby “children were screaming and pushing all trying to get inside the sweat house, as a big ball of light was right above them, and it broke off into little lights and were buzzing all around the sweat house.” On the last day of the ceremony, he said, “a flash or beam of light” emanated out of the hovering object to the sweat lodge.”

The Lakota beliefs about the abduction of children by the “balls of light” lend some degree of credence to the modern alien abduction phenomenon. It seems such events have been going on for centuries, and only recently entered into the public consciousness. It may seem paradoxical, of course, to learn that the kachinas, who attend to the prayers of the Hopi for rain and good harvest, are also guilty of abducting children. However, kachinas can be both benevolent beings as well as malicious creatures against whom one needs to know the methods to protect oneself.

Gary David mentioned a Hopi story about a kachina who took a young woman from Oraibi to the Land of the Cloud People. However, this was not a case of forced abduction but a matrimonial union between the star people and humans, reminiscent of the Biblical “sons of the gods”, who married mortal women and gave birth to the giants called Nephilim.

As per the story, the girl's father had recently died, causing a hardship for the family. The Cloud People had been watching her and her mother and decided that the kachina should marry her. One day the girl was in the fields picking squash blossoms when “she heard a roaring sound, a hissing noise like wind coming through a small place, and she wondered what it was.” Then she saw the approaching kachina, who was good looking with a beautiful kilt and sash and a brightly painted body. He said he wished to marry her and told her he would take her to his home tomorrow. The next morning he returned to the same field.

“He took her by the hand and walked with her over the hill, and she saw there was something there, something round, and they went straight for the thing and got into it. And when they did that, he did something and there was a big roar and soon they were off the ground. The thing they were in seemed to be spinning, and it streaked off. After a while he said, 'We are here.' They were down on the ground again and the roaring and hissing sound stopped. He took her up to his village, to his home. When they got to his house his mother and father were very happy that he had found the girl they had spoken of.”[12]

One can only wonder how the narrator of this story knew what happened after the craft reached its destination. Did the girl return to her parent’s house to share stories of her life in the otherworld? Did she make use of an interdimensional postal service? Was she throwing down rocks with symbols scribbled on them? We can only speculate. What is evident, however, is that the Native American belief in the star people and the kachinas provide a context for them to understand the UFO phenomenon and all that goes along with it, unlike in the westernized society, where the ancient beliefs have been mostly pooh-poohed away, leaving us without the necessary framework on the basis of which we can try to understand some of these mysterious goings-on.

It is not as though the Native Americans stories about flying saucers and aliens is restricted to their legends and rock art, and that they have no new experiences or ideas to share. Many Native Americans living in remote reservations continue to witness bright flying objects in the sky every year. However, most of these sightings go unreported, for the natives are wary of the law enforcements agencies and the government given their past history, and they do not want to get marked out as someone who believes in UFOs or has witnessed them.

Ruth Hopkins, who is of Native American ancestry, is a former science professor and tribal attorney. She wrote an article in the Indian Country Today magazine[13] in which she described her experience of seeing an UFO when she attended a memorial service for her husband’s grandfather on The Crow Creek Sioux Reservation in South Dakota. Sometime around midnight, while standing at the window of the hotel, her husband’s eye caught something very unusual, and she rushed to the window to catch a glimpse.

“Off to the south, there was a solid, large, orange, bright light. It was stationary for several minutes. Then the light shot off with amazing speed directly to the east, in a straight line. It stopped abruptly, moving with intelligence. Suddenly, the light broke off into three separate smaller orange lights, equidistant from one another. They streaked across the sky in opposite directions: one traveled east, another one north, and the last one, west.”

Ruth Hopkins was inspired by her sighting to dig out more such cases of UFO sightings in various Native Reservations, and found that many people have witnessed mysterious bright objects traveling at high speeds in the sky and pulling off astonishing manoeuvres. One of these cases was related by a college student of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, which involved a particularly large object that caused the lights in the house to go off.

“My oldest brother saw a U.F.O. after dark. My mom asked him to run out to the car to get her lighter and just a few moments after he left, the power in the house went. I felt a weird surge through my body when it happened. My mom had gone to the breaker when the lights came back on. She met him in the hallway as he came in the back door, and he was white as a ghost. She asked what happened. He told her that something as big as our property and the neighbor's...was hovering right over our place. Both properties were about 1/2 acre total.”

These accounts illustrate that UFO sightings still occur in Native American reservations – and they concur in a great measure to the sightings that happen elsewhere - even though they do not get much media publicity. However, the natives do not feel alarmed by the sightings since they are an integral part of their legends. The dominant belief amongst the various tribes is that the UFOs are flying shields operated by the star people or kachinas, who were their teachers and guides at the beginning of the Fourth World. Some of them even left their DNA through union with mortal woman, which is why some people regard them as their distant ancestors.

Yet another strange facet of the Native American experience with UFOs is the claim that some of the elders have the ability to communicate via telepathic means with the beings controlling these flying objects. The famous Oglala Sioux holy man, Black Elk, who lived from 1863 to 1950, claimed to have had telepathic communication with the “little men” who emerged from a brilliantly lit flying disk that hovered above him.[14] Whether this was true, or simply a bit of showmanship, it is difficult to tell. However, the fact that Native Americals, in general, regard the kachinas who pilot these crafts as their spirit guides, and still pray to them for rain and good harvest, evinces a possibility that our understanding the UFO phenomenon can be enriched through an understanding of the indigenous beliefs and traditions.

References

[1] David H. Kelley, Eugene F. Milone, Anthony F. Aveni, Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy (Springer Science & Business Media, 2011) 473.
[2] Frank Waters, Book of the Hopi, Ballantine Books, New York, 1963, p 22-26.
[3] Gary A. David, Hopi "Flying Shields" Over Arizona, Academia.edu.
[4] Frank Waters, Book of the Hopi, p 206.
[5] Ibid, p 82.
[6] Ibid p 202.
[7] Gary A. David, Hopi "Flying Shields" Over Arizona
[8] Ibid
[9] Ibid
[10] David Wroth, "Wandjina Dreamtime Story", Japingka Aboriginal Art, July 2019, https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/wandjina/
[11] DAVID S. LEWIS, "Ancestors in High Places", The Montana Pioneer, https://montanapioneer.com/legends-of-the-star-people/
[12] Gary A. David, Hopi "Flying Shields" Over Arizona.
[13] Ruth Hopkins, "UFO Sightings in Indian Country", Indian Country Today, Apr 26, 2012, https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/ufo-sightings-in-indian-country
[14] DAVID S. LEWIS, "Ancestors in High Places", The Montana Pioneer, https://montanapioneer.com/legends-of-the-star-people/

Eeuwenlang kenden Afrikaanse volkeren magische eigenschappen toe aan de mysterieuze feeëncirkels in Namibië. De werkelijke verklaring is minstens even fascinerend. Én biedt een lichtpuntje in de klimaatcrisis.

Al langer zijn wetenschappers erachter dat de vrijwel perfect ronde cirkels in de Namibwoestijn ofwel het werk moeten zijn van termieten of het gevolg zijn van het zelforganiserend vermogen van planten. Volgens recent onderzoek van de Duitse University of Göttingen zijn het toch de planten zelf die de knappe cirkels hebben gemaakt. De onderzoekers profiteerden van twee uitzonderlijk goede regenseizoenen in de Namibwoestijn, waarna ze continu de vochtigheid van de grond konden meten. Zo werd duidelijk dat de grassen in de feeëncirkels direct stierven na de regen en dat het niet de termieten waren die de kale vlaktes veroorzaakten. De planten rondom de cirkel blijken al het water weg te trekken van het gras binnenin de cirkel, waardoor dit doodgaat.

Bijzondere omstandigheden
Zo’n 80 tot 140 kilometer van de kust in de Namibwoestijn zijn miljoenen feeëncirkels ontstaan. Het zijn ronde gaten in het grasland, meestal enkele meters breed, die samen een bijzonder patroon vormen in het landschap. “De cirkels zijn perfect rond, omdat de grassen eromheen elkaar in balans houden”, legt onderzoeker dr. Stephan Getzin uit aan Scientias.nl. “Een cirkel is een erg stabiele structuur in de natuur, vooral in simpele systemen zoals grasland in de woestijn, waar slechts een of twee grassoorten domineren. Dan kunnen er sterke patronen ontstaan, omdat bij meer soorten er één gespecialiseerd zou raken om de leegte op te vullen. Bovendien is een cirkel de meest efficiënte vorm voor gras om zoveel mogelijk water te krijgen per plantje.”

Niet te nat en niet te droog
De feeëncirkels zijn uiterst zeldzaam. Lang werd gedacht dat ze alleen in Namibië voorkwamen, maar ze zijn ook ontdekt in een ander heel klein deel van de wereld in West-Australië. “De reden is dat zulke cirkels met een heel sterk ruimtelijk patroon alleen voorkomen als alle biotische en abiotische omstandigheden samenkomen op de juiste plaats”, verklaart Getzin. “Feeëncirkels kunnen alleen voorkomen in een heel specifiek dor gebied. Als er meer water zou zijn, zouden de cirkels verdwijnen en zou er overal een laag vegetatie worden gevormd. Zou het daarentegen nog droger zijn, dan zouden de cirkels ook verdwijnen en bleven er alleen enkele losse stukken gras over.”

Feeëncirkels met een drone vastgelegd.

Foto: Stephan Getzin

Maar dat is nog niet alles. “Het ecosysteem moet bovendien soortarm zijn. En tenslotte moet nog de juiste plantarchitectuur in contact komen met de juist grondsoort. In het Namibische zand hebben bijvoorbeeld de Stipagrostis-grassen allemaal wortels die voornamelijk recht naar beneden groeien. Daardoor kunnen ze op zij geen ruimte innemen en moeten ze het water uit hun omgeving naar zich toe trekken, waardoor ze het water van het gras binnen de feeëncirkels ‘stelen’ en die doodgaan. “

En de termieten dan?
Om uit te sluiten dat termieten niet de oorzaak zijn van de cirkels, zoals lang werd gedacht, volgden de onderzoekers de sporadische regenbuien in verschillende gebieden in de woestijn en bestudeerden de wortels van de grassen op mogelijke schade door de insecten.

De onderzoekers startten direct na de regen met het meten van het grondwaterpeil in en rond de feeëncirkels. Dat gebeurde iedere dertig minuten vanaf het droge seizoen in 2020 tot het eind van het regenseizoen in 2022. Uit de data bleek dat zo’n tien dagen na de regen de grassen al begonnen dood te gaan in de cirkels en dat er daarbinnen nauwelijks ontkieming van gras was. Twintig dagen na de regen was het gras in de cirkel al dood en geel van kleur terwijl het gras eromheen levendig en groen was. Aan de wortels lag het niet: die waren in de cirkel even lang of langer dan buiten de cirkel. Maar de onderzoekers vonden ook geen bewijs van termieten die zich te goed zouden doen aan de wortels. Pas vijftig tot zestig dagen na de regen werd er wortelschade zichtbaar bij het dode gras. “Er was geen biomassa voor de termieten om zich mee te voeden, maar belangrijker: we konden aantonen dat het gras direct na de regen al afstierf, lang voor er tekenen waren van dieren die de wortels aten”, verklaart de Duitse onderzoeker.

Water opzuigen
Uit de data bleek verder dat het grondwater binnen en buiten de cirkels maar heel langzaam zakte vlak na de regen als de grassen nog niet helemaal zijn ontkiemd. Maar zodra het gras begon te groeien, daalde het grondwater snel, ook in de gebieden in de cirkel waar vrijwel niets groeide. Getzin legt uit: “In de hitte van de Namibwoestijn verliezen de grassen continu water. Ze hebben daar geen controle over, omdat ze door diezelfde hitte snel groeien, maar door de bladeren verliezen ze water. Ze blijven dus water uit de grond zuigen en creëren zo een soort vochtige kanalen waardoor water uit hun omgeving zich naar hen toe verspreidt.” De onderzoeker vergelijkt het met de manier waarop een bever dammen bouwt. Het schaarse water trekt richting de planten. “We kunnen dit wel zwermintelligentie noemen, ook al hebben planten geen hersenen, deze grassen zijn wel intelligent bezig. Ze vormen een perfecte cirkel en ruimtelijk geordende patronen waardoor hun overlevingskansen in deze brute omgeving worden geoptimaliseerd. Elke andere manier van groeien zou niet levensvatbaar zijn in deze woestijn”, klinkt het vol bewondering.

Geen gras dus geen termieten
Getzin was het meest verbaasd over de snelheid waarmee het hele proces plaatsvond. “De grassen in de cirkels begonnen al af te sterven na acht tot negen dagen dus binnen een week ontkiemen ze en sterven ze in de cirkels, terwijl de grassen daarbuiten groen blijven. Dat betekent dat de omringende grassen het water al beginnen op te zuigen uit hun omgeving direct na de regen en dat ze de overige grassen meteen doden. Dit proces is zo sterk dat de planten in de feeëncirkel vanaf het begin geen enkele kans hebben om te overleven. Ook blijkt uit de onmiddellijke afwezigheid van gras dat de termieten het niet opgegeten kunnen hebben, want er was immers geen gras.”

Dit onderzoek is interessant in het licht van de opwarming van de aarde. De manier waarop planten zichzelf organiseren in droge, hete gebieden kan bijdragen aan hun overleving in regio’s die steeds dorder worden.

Bronmateriaal:

"Plant water stress, not termite herbivory, causes Namibia’s fairy circles" - Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics.
Interview met hoofdonderzoeker dr. Stephan Getzin van de University of Göttingen Afbeelding bovenaan dit artikel: Jay Roode / Getty (via Canva.com)

Was de Aramese koning Hazaël echt verantwoordelijk voor de vernietiging van een groot aantal steden in Israël? En welke steden werden verwoest door de Edomieten? De reconstructie van het aardmagnetisch veld op belangrijke archeologische sites geeft het antwoord.

Twintig onderzoekers van de Tel Aviv Universiteit en de Hebreeuwse Universiteit hebben 21 aardlagen op 17 archeologische vindplaatsen in Israël onderzocht door de richting en intensiteit van het aardmagnetisch veld te reconstrueren die in de verbrande resten zijn terug te vinden. De nieuwe data verifiëren én weerleggen enkele Bijbelverhalen van onder meer Egyptische, Aramese en Babylonische oorlogen tegen de koninkrijken van Israël en Juda. Juda is het huidige zuidelijke deel van Israël met Jeruzalem als hoofdstad.

Magnetische mineralen
De bevindingen van de archeologen tonen aan dat het leger van de Aramese koning Hazaël niet alleen Gath van de Filistijnen heeft vernietigd, maar ook de plaatsen Tel Rehov, Tel Zayit en Horvat Tevet. De studie weerlegt dan weer het heersende idee dat Hazaël Tel Beth-Shean verwoestte. Andere geomagnetische bevindingen onthullen dat de steden in de Negev, de woestijn in het zuiden van Israël, werden verwoest door de Edomieten, die misbruik maakten van de vernietiging van Jeruzalem door de Babyloniërs.

Dat is allemaal knap aangetoond, maar hoe meten de archeologen deze veranderingen in het aardmagnetisch veld? De onderzoekers analyseren archeologische vondsten die magnetische mineralen bevatten. Bij verhitting of verbranding is in deze mineralen het magnetische veld op het moment van de brand vastgelegd. Bij verwoestingen door oorlogen ontstaan er vaak branden en dat is dus door de archeologen terug te vinden.

Nebukadnezar
Zo wisten onderzoekers al in 2020 het magnetische veld te reconstrueren zoals dat bestond ten tijde van de vernietiging van Jeruzalem in 586 voor Christus door het Babylonische leger van de machtige koning Nebukadnezar. In de nieuwe studie zijn met behulp van het aardmagnetisch veld in combinatie met oude inscripties en Bijbelverhalen nog veel meer historische gebeurtenissen onderzocht. De data zijn zelfs gebruikt om een nieuwe wetenschappelijke methode voor archeologische datering te ontwikkelen.

Onderzoeker Yoav Vaknin legt uit hoe dat in zijn werk ging. “Op basis van de overeenkomst of het verschil in intensiteit en richting van het magnetische veld, kunnen we hypothesen die stellen dat bepaalde locaties tijdens dezelfde oorlog zijn verbrand, bevestigen of weerleggen.” Over de ontwikkelde methode vertelt hij: “Ook hebben we een variatiecurve ontwikkeld die de intensiteit van de magnetische velden kan bepalen en die zo kan dienen als een wetenschappelijk dateringsinstrument, vergelijkbaar met de radiokoolstofdateringsmethode.”

Koning Hazaël en de Filistijnen
Een belangrijk voorbeeld is de vernietiging van Gath, een van de vijf hoofdsteden van de Filistijnen, door koning Hazaël. Historici gingen ervan uit dat deze oorlog rond 830 voor Christus plaatsvond, maar konden niet met zekerheid zeggen dat Hazaël ook verantwoordelijk was voor de vernietiging van de plaatsen Tel Rehov, Tel Zayit en Horvat Tevet. De nieuwe studie heeft nu aangetoond dat de magnetische velden van deze vier steden synchroon lopen voor het moment waarop de vernietiging plaatsvond. Hoogstwaarschijnlijk gebeurde dit dus tijdens dezelfde oorlog en is koning Hazaël inderdaad de dader.

Op dezelfde manier kon echter worden weerlegd dat Tel Beth-Shean ook door de oorlogszuchtige koning was vernietigd: daar was het magnetische veld totaal anders. De magnetische data tonen aan dat de stad samen met twee andere steden in het noorden van Israël 70 tot 100 jaar eerder is verwoest. Die periode komt overeen met de oorlog van de Egyptische farao Sjosjenq. Die wordt beschreven in de Bijbel en in een inscriptie op een muur van de tempel van Amon in het Egyptische Karnak. Daarin wordt Beth-Shean eveneens genoemd als een van de veroveringen van de farao.

Niet alleen de Babyloniërs
Nog interessanter zijn de bevindingen over het einde van het koninkrijk Juda. Professor Erez Ben Yosef legt uit: “Over de laatste dagen van het koninkrijk Juda is al veel geschreven. Sommige onderzoekers beweren dat Juda niet volledig werd vernietigd door de Babyloniërs.” Zij hebben vermoedelijk gelijk, blijkt uit de nieuwe dateringsmethode. “Terwijl Jeruzalem en andere grenssteden werden verwoest, bleven andere steden in het zuiden in de bergen van Juda nagenoeg onaangetast. De resultaten van het magnetische onderzoek ondersteunen de hypothese, dat de Babyloniërs niet alléén verantwoordelijk zijn voor de uiteindelijke ondergang van Juda.”

Volgens de professor waren het waarschijnlijk de Edomieten die enkele decennia later de doodsteek betekenden voor het koninkrijk. Zij maakten misbruik van de val van Jeruzalem, aldus Erez Ben Yosef. “Hun rol in de vernietiging van de overgebleven steden kan verklaren waarom de Hebreeuwse Bijbel zoveel wrok koestert tegen de Edomieten.”

Mengsel van ijzer en nikkel
Professor Ron Shaar, die verantwoordelijk was voor de ontwikkeling van de nieuwe dateringsmethode, legt uit dat “het magnetisch veld van de aarde van cruciaal belang is voor ons bestaan. De meeste mensen realiseren zich niet dat er zonder dit veld geen leven op aarde kan bestaan, omdat het ons beschermt tegen ionische straling en zonnewind. Bovendien gebruiken mensen en dieren het magnetische veld om te navigeren.” Het geomagnetisch veld van onze planeet bestaat uit een mengsel van vloeibaar ijzer en nikkel in de buitenste kern van de aarde, op een diepte van 2.900 kilometer. Doordat de aarde draait, beweegt deze vloeistof om de vaste kern van de aarde heen en ontstaat een magnetisch veld.

Met de nieuwe archeologische dateringsmethode op basis van dit aardmagnetische veld kunnen in de toekomst nog veel historische gebeurtenissen beter onderzocht en gedateerd worden.

Bronmateriaal:

"Reconstructing biblical military campaigns using geomagnetic field data" - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Afbeelding bovenaan dit artikel: Getty (via Canva.com)

Paul Seaburn

Crop circles are a controversial subject – farmers hate them, drone camera operators love them, believers think they’re made by extraterrestrials as messages, skeptics swear they’re made by artistic humans with boards, ropes and vivid imaginations. What crop circles need is someone to conduct a scientific analysis on them to determine what they are and who made them. On October 4, 2022, a crop circle appeared in Ipuaçu, a city in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil – a town with so many crop circles, it is considered by some to be the Wiltshire of Brazil or the “City of ETs.” Word traveled quickly and it was visited and scientifically studied by a government and military specialist in electronics and a paranormal and UFO investigator. What did he find? Will it change everything? Anything?

It pays to look both ways when examining a crop circle

"I woke up and it was already there. When I came out, I could see from above."

Farmer Sérgio Girotto told the GZH General media organization of his experience on the morning of October 4 in Ipuaçu. Looking out the balcony of his house at a wheat field, where he also plants beans corn and oats, he saw parts of his crop pressed down into the crop. Brazilians refer to crop as agroglyphs and Girotto says he is far from the first farmer in the area to see one – they date back to at least 2008 in Ipuaçu. Other farmers saw the agroglyph and texted photos to Girotto, along with posting them on WhatsApp and other social media platforms. Girotto noted that he’s had agroglyphs on his property before in 2013, but this one – with its geometric combination of a pentagon, circles and a triangle -- was one of the most intricate and precise he has seen and the first to be so close to an urban area. (Photos of the crop circle can be viewed here.)

"I don't believe it or disbelieve it. But that's very strange, yes. People from Curitiba, São Paulo and even the Amazon. There was a French couple too. They said they live in Foz do Iguaçu."

As with the crop circles in England, the photos of this one went viral and the farm and Ipuaçu were soon swamped with visitors. By October 16, tramplings, decay and heavy rains had washed out the agroglyph … but not before it was visited by a team of investigators led by Alcides Cores. According to his biography at UFO Magazine (Revista UFO), Cores is a professional in electronic systems maintenance for the Brazilian Airport Infrastructure Company (Infraero) qualified in radio aid to air navigation, and is a technician specialized by the Air Force Command in high-precision flight telemetry equipment. On the paranormal side, Cores has been a researcher of paranormal phenomena and a ufologist for over 40 years, and is the author of “Dimensional Portals (Portais Dimensionais,) described by A Gazeta de Vale do Argentina as a best seller and “a fundamental work for any ufologist or interested in the subject, and it needs to be part of your library.”

“Several measurements were made inside and outside the figure to have a comparison parameter, using two different electromagnetic field meters: one with three axes, which makes scanning easier and more accurate and operates in the range between 50 MHz and 3.5 GHz, and a single-axis meter, but sensitive to a wider and higher band of frequencies, ranging from 700 MHz to 6 GHz.”

Cores and his team issued the results of their investigation last week in Revista UFO. They were most interested in magnetic anomalies in and around Sérgio Girotto ‘s crop circle. While the readings revealed a relatively weak electromagnetic field, they noticed several sudden magnetic pulse of more than 60,000 nT (an nT is one nanotesla or 10 to the -9 tesla) which “curiously happened outside the crop circle.” While they recorded fluctuations on their instruments, no anomalies were seen on personal electronics like cell phones and compasses.

Cores notes that the weak magnetic field could be due to the crop circle’s close proximity to the city of Ipuaçu. It could also be picking up electromagnetic emissions from a nearby (700 meters or 2300 feet) cell phone tower. Cores also points out that his team arrived the day after the agroglyph appeared and reading could have been different on that day. Moreover, he admits that “we are unaware of the technology that produces this phenomenon, but there is certainly the involvement of an energy that we can assume is of an electromagnetic nature and of high frequency, perhaps in the microwave range.” This is far from the first crop circle he has investigated, and Cores says he’s seen high magnetic readings in the wheat stalks of various crop circles. Unfortunately, electromagnetic radiation dissipates quickly and leaves no traces.

Those sudden magnetic pulse of more than 60,000 nT continued to bother the investigation team. Cores offered one possible explanation for them:

“According to the magnetic map that uses data from the World Magnetic Model (WMM2020), the magnetic field of Ipuaçu should have a value of 22,365.7 nT. Furthermore, it is known that the southern region is under the great magnetic anomaly of the South Atlantic, an immense area that is characterized by a great weakening of the global magnetic field, and Ipuaçu is located relatively close to its epicenter, which is currently over the Paraguay.”

Cores is referring to the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) – the area where Earth's inner Van Allen radiation belt comes closest to Earth's surface, causing an increased flux of energetic particles in this region and exposes orbiting satellites to higher-than-usual levels of ionizing radiation, which is why NASA tries to avoid sending satellites or space flights over it. If the Southern Atlantic Anomaly caused the spikes in electromagnetisim, could those spikes be attracting non-human entities there to create the crop circles?

Is the electromagnetism in the reading human-made or something else?

Alcides Cores has been investigating the paranormal with a scientific eye long enough to know better than to jump to any conclusions.

“The phenomenon of crop circles is perhaps more complex than we imagine. What is physically presented to the eye is the kneading of the wheat and the geometric figure formed by it, which undoubtedly can contain messages not yet deciphered. But perhaps, in addition to the geometric shape and the effects in wheat, there is something deeper in it that vibrates in the spectrum of energies of the universe that human perception does not reach.”

In other words, the local magnetic field may be dictating the shape of this and other agroglyphs in Ipuaçu and possibly in other areas. Since no one admits to seeing this crop circle being made, there is no evidence to conclude it was made by humans … but there is also none to drive the conclusion to extraterrestrials either. At this point, Cores reminds us why there are so many conflicts between science and the paranormal.

“However, it is worth remembering that science is not a matter of belief or disbelief. Science is verification, impartial investigation within a methodology established by it to avoid mistakes and reach results as close to reality as possible. In this process, data collection is essential.”

As we have noted, Alcides Cores and his team collected the data at the site of the recent crop circle in Ipuaçu, analyzed it a drew their conclusions as best as they could. To the frustration of believers, the conclusion was not extraterrestrials. However, this was only one of many agroglyphs in Ipuaçu and the surrounding area. Cores and other investigation teams will be back. And one day they may find the conclusive data on crop circles everyone is waiting for.

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