Aux Etats-Unis et en Angleterre - Des ovnis font coup double

Les lumières apparues le 3 juin dans le ciel de Cheltenham en Angleterre.

Le même jour, en Georgie et en Angleterre, deux observations d'ovnis supposés montrent de curieuses similitudes malgré la distance qui les séparé

C’est une étonnante coïncidence : deux observations d’ovnis très similaires se sont déroulées le 3 juin, à plusieurs milliers de kilomètres de distance. La plus proche de nous a eu lieu en Angleterre, à Cheltenham, dans le  Gloucestershire. Elle est rapportée dans le journal local The Gloucestershire Echo. Diana Knight a vu aux alentours de 22 heures, alors qu’elle promenait son chien, «des lumières rouges se déplaçant par groupes de deux ou trois, qui semblaient venir de la zone de Staverton et se diriger vers Prestbury», deux villes situées à quelques kilomètres à l'ouest et à l'est de Cheltenham. 

«Ces lumières étaient assez grosses et se mouvaient rapidement dans un silence complet.» L’époux de Diana Knight, de retour d’un rendez-vous, a lui-aussi vu les objets. Les deux témoins supposent qu’il pourrait s’agir de drones, une hypothèse peu vraisemblable étant donné le nombre assez important des objets.

S’agit-t-il de lanternes thaïlandaises, ces petites montgolfières à la mode lâchées par grappes lors de fêtes et si souvent confondues avec des ovnis ? C’est l’explication la plus évidente. Toutefois, les lumières volaient d’ouest en est alors que, selon les données de la météo locale, le vent soufflait, entre 21 heures et minuit, du sud vers l’ouest à une vitesse comprise entre 10 et 28 km/h. 

Le lendemain, The Gloucestershire Echo a publié des photos prises par un autre lecteur qui confirment l’observation du couple. 

"Une centaine de points rouges sur un couloir aérien au dessus de Conyers à l’ouest"

Au même moment ou presque, de l’autre côté de l’Atlantique, de nombreuses lumières -une centaine selon le témoin- étaient vues et filmées en Géorgie, à Conyers, une petite ville près d’Atlanta. La vidéo a été transmise à une personnalité de la télévision locale, le chef du service météo de WSB TV à Atlanta, Glenn Burns. Ce dernier a fourni le film et les circonstances de l’observation au MUFON, la plus grande association ufologique américaine: «Je suis le chef du service météo de WSB TV. Un téléspectateur m’a envoyé ceci: une centaine de points rouges  sur un couloir aérien au dessus de Conyers à l’ouest.  S’il vous plaît, dites-moi ce que c’était.»

Ci-dessous, la vidéo filmée par le témoin.

La vidéo originale peut être téléchargée ici, sur le site du Mufon

Ces nombreux points lumineux ne sont pas sans rappeler d’autres observations du même type, encore plus spectaculaires comme cette flottille de points lumineux filmée en plein jour à Guadalajara au Mexique en juin 2004:

Notons enfin que la Georgie a été le théâtre de plusieurs apparitions d’objets insolites au cours des dernières semaines.  Le 26 mai, vers 13 heures, un homme en voiture sur la route 15 en direction de la ville d’Adrian, a photographié ce qui apparaît comme la pointe gris métallisé d’un triangle émergeant des nuages.

«A mon immense surprise, j’ai vu cet objet dans le nuage. Ce n’est pas un reflet: je suis sorti de ma voiture pour prendre ce cliché. Il n’y avait aucun bruit» écrit-il dans le texte accompagnant sa photo transmise au Mufon.

21-06-2015 om 02:09 geschreven door peter  

Legal implications of an encounter with extraterrestrial intelligence

For decades, scientists and filmmakers alike have dedicated tremendous efforts to speculate about two main issues concerning extraterrestrial intelligent life forms. One, do they exist? Two, what would happen if they come to visit us on Earth?

This article scrutinizes the legal issues that may arise after a close contact of human civilization with intelligent extraterrestrials. This includes both legal principles upon which humans can trade and conclude contracts and treaties with friendly extraterrestrials, and also more sophisticated issues such as business and law of war with hostile extraterrestrial invaders have been put on the legal perspective.

Are intelligent extraterrestrials equal to humans in legal rights?

For centuries, humankind has considered itself as the superior form of life, and all other animals and plants as inferior ones subjected to serve their human masters. However, this black-and-white view over the supremacy of humans is changing even before any contact with extraterrestrial, technologically advanced, life forms.

Advances in social psychology and behaviorology studies of a wide range of animals have convinced many scientists that features once thought to be unique to human beings are common among other mammals, birds, and even social insects as well.

Tool-making, logical problem solving, empathy toward others, sense of time and planning, and even sophisticated structured audio communication (language) are recognized by biologists in the behavior of apes, dolphins, elephants, crows, and ants. The legal community has responded to these new scientific understandings proportionally.

In a world first, a court in Argentina issued a historic and unprecedented ruling that favors the rights of an orangutan held in captivity. Sandra the orangutan was granted legal action so she may be transferred to a habitat in keeping with her development. Argentina’s Association of Professional Lawyers for Animal Rights filed a writ of habeas corpus, a resource to avoid arbitrary arrests, on Sandra’s behalf.

In a similar occasion, the legal rights of elephants as sentient animals are being recognized by the entertainment industry. Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus recently announced that it plan to stop using the animals by 2018. Growing public concern about how the animals are treated led to the decision. The company’s 43 elephants will live at an animal conservation center in Florida.

These developments with regard to assigning human-like rights for terrestrial nonhuman animals leaves no doubt for inferring that extraterrestrial intelligent life forms, at least in terrestrial legal systems’ point of view, will enjoy rights equal to their human counterparts.

It might be possible that extraterrestrials’ point of view towards us—humans—is very much like that of us concerning “inferior” creatures that either have no rights or, at best, a very slim spectrum of basic rights. However, for the sake of our legal discussion, it is better to limit speculation about aliens’ ideology before actually meeting them.

Friend or foe?

For the moment, let’s disregard the Fermi Paradox and assume that, one way or another, extraterrestrial intelligent life forms are able to to visit us here on Earth and, among other disciplines of human knowledge and civilization, the legal community has been assigned the task of concluding any kind of treaty or agreement with extraterrestrials.

That said, the very first question of law would be to assess whether aliens are friendly or hostile toward human civilization and earthly life form. Are they here to help us or ask for our help? Worse, are they here to conquer our planet and annex it to their intergalactic empire whose existence we were previously completely unaware?

For each of these questions, human legal systems in general— not just space law—have distinct answers and implications.

Which legal system to apply?

For selecting the most convenient legal system to deal with the aliens on Earth, a distinction should be made concerning the choice of law. Are humans randomly encountering extraterrestrials, or we are dealing with accredited political representatives of an alien civilization?

Although it seems very unlikely that technologically advanced aliens would recognize the political boundaries of our nation-states, if a spacecraft with aliens onboard landed anywhere on Earth, and they do not carry any political mission to make contact with humans, legally speaking they would be subject to the territorial jurisdiction in which they have entered unless otherwise collectively agreed upon by the international legal community.

For example, if an extraterrestrial spacecraft enters the territory of the Republic of Ireland, the aliens on board shall be treated with the applicable laws of Ireland, including with regard to safeguarding the asylum rights that Irish law has granted for human beings from other nations. By the same analogy, if aliens land in Russia, the laws of the Russian Federation during their stay within the territory of that country in subject matters such as seeking asylum, making contracts, or any other societal or personal legal issue will be applicable.

The best approach would be to assign the aliens the same legal rights that foreign diplomats enjoy while they are on mission in foreign countries. That is, if extraterrestrials come to Earth in small or large numbers and reside temporarily or permanently, their laws and traditions among themselves should remain out of human legal intervention and judgment. An exception would exclude exercise of certain conducts or behavior that is deemed acceptable among aliens but is gravely unacceptable, harmful, or in contradiction with principle of peaceful coexistence with humans. In order to avoid any cultural misconception among alien newcomers and human host societies, awareness about the concerns and likes of both communities ought to be actively pursued. It might be very fruitful that all legal measures are communicated in advance to avoid misunderstandings that would lead to disastrous outcomes on both sides.

On the other hand, if aliens travel to Earth to conclude any kind of pact, treaty, or agreement on behalf of their civilization with human civilization in general or—very unlikely but not impossible—with single nation-states on Earth, then existing international law shall prevail. In other words, the provisions of Vienna Convention about the law of treaties along with the principles of the charter of United Nations ought to be observed by human signatories of such interplanetary legal document. Here again, the diplomatic rights of the alien negotiating team should be upheld by their human political counterparts. 

Who on Earth sings interplanetary pact with extraterrestrials?

The issue of identifying the authority who can represent the human civilization as a whole in running the would-be bilateral negotiations and finalizing a binding legal document on behalf of our civilization with aliens is unclear as of yet, and nothing in international law or space law directly addresses it.

Among nongovernmental institutions, the SETI Institute has carried out a number of activities regarding the search for intelligent extraterrestrial life and, along with their search activities, they have prepared “Protocols for an ETI Signal Detection” concerning activities following the detection of extraterrestrial intelligence.

Although this protocol is not binding for governments, it urges them to join and adopt its provisions. Meanwhile, this protocol contains very insightful clues on how to react to extraterrestrial intelligent life forms, either when we discover unmistakable evidence of their existence through radio signals or if they visit us on Earth.

As with the probable duties of the governments or private entities after detection of extraterrestrial intelligent life forms, paragraph 3 of the protocol reads:

• After concluding that the discovery appears to be credible evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence, and after informing other parties to this declaration, the discoverer should inform observers throughout the world through the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams of the International Astronomical Union, and should inform the Secretary General of the United Nations in accordance with Article XI of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Bodies. Because of their demonstrated interest in and expertise concerning the question of the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence, the discoverer should simultaneously inform the following international institutions of the discovery and should provide them with all pertinent data and recorded information concerning the evidence: the International Telecommunication Union, the Committee on Space Research, of the International Council of Scientific Unions, the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, the International Institute of Space Law, Commission 51 of the International Astronomical Union and Commission J of the International Radio Science Union.

Referring to the role of Secretary General of the United Nations in accordance with Article XI of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Bodies (better known as the Outer Space Treaty of 1967) is of immense importance for two reasons.

First, the United Nations is the sole international organization that virtually all countries are members of and expressly have recognized its central role in global governance through adopting the principles enshrined in the UN charter and additional legal documents.

For example, in its resolution 65/94 on “The United Nations in global governance,” the General Assembly recognized the need for inclusive, transparent, and effective multilateral systems to better address the urgent global challenges of today and reaffirmed the central role of the United Nations in ongoing efforts to find common solutions to such challenges.

To be certain, any negotiation with extraterrestrial intelligent life forms will be the most urgent global challenge of human history and no institution other than the United Nations (including its specialized organs) is more legitimate and accepted by consensus to take the lead in representing the human civilization.

In any would-be interplanetary legal or political negotiations, involvement of the UN as the leader on humanity’s side may entail the least opposition from member states, although the possibility of opposition cannot be completely ruled out based on the history of the UN in tackling global issues and crises.

Second, the Outer Space Treaty, which is regarded as the backbone of the space law, implicitly recognizes the role of the UN Secretary General as the representative of human civilization in running the talks or concluding legal documents with aliens. Article XI of the Outer Space Treaty reads:

• In order to promote international co-operation in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, States Parties to the Treaty conducting activities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, agree to inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations as well as the public and the international scientific community, to the greatest extent feasible and practicable, of the nature, conduct, locations and results of such activities. On receiving the said information, the Secretary-General of the United Nations should be prepared to disseminate it immediately and effectively.

If we consider contact with extraterrestrials as an activity committed by nations who are signatories to the Outer Space Treaty, then the obligation of informing the UN Secretary General for disseminating the data and adopting immediate and effective measures becomes obvious.

SETI’s post-detection protocol does contain an additional noteworthy provision that sheds more light on how a collective legal action should be taken as to contact (or deal) with extraterrestrials. Paragraph 8 of the said protocol states:

• No response to a signal or other evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence should be sent until appropriate international consultations have taken place. The procedures for such consultations will be the subject of a separate agreement, declaration or arrangement.

This provision expressly prohibits countries from contacting aliens unilaterally or secretly without international consultations, which is an implicit reaffirmation of the leading role of United Nations in general and the secretary general in particular in handling the contacts.

Of these, we can conclude that from the point of view of international law that the UN Secretary General is the best candidate to sit at the negotiation table with extraterrestrial intelligent life forms if we meet them here on our planet. However, along with legal issues, there might be a tremendous amount of scientific and technical issues that require the assistance of either UN specialized organs like Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) or non-UN institutions such as the SETI Institute or universities. In either case, outsourcing any part of the negotiation will be within the discretion of the secretary general of the United Nations.

Law of war with extraterrestrials

In the event that technologically advanced aliens are hostile and come to Earth as invaders, the incurred devastation and causalities in clash of the civilizations would be unimaginable.

During any armed conflict with aliens, there is no ethical justification on humanity’s part to disregard the rights of vulnerable aliens, including prisoners of war, wounded fighters, or civilians. That is to say, the principles of the Geneva Convention and its additional protocols on the treatment of civilians, prisoners of war, and soldiers who are otherwise rendered hors de combat, or incapable of fighting, should apply for aliens equally and without discrimination as well.

What is more, conducting life threatening or physically disabling experiments to examine the biology of extraterrestrial captives ought to be banned via consecutive legislation soon after alien invasion is launched. Such attitudes discussed here conform to Kantian ethics, which argues that for an action to be permissible, it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction occurring.  The reason for observing moral law amidst the war with superior alien invaders could be to persuade them to act similarly with human prisoners and civilians based on the reciprocity of social behavior.

Business law

The advancement of technology is the result of societal exchanges for overcoming problems and satisfying needs. Hence the notion of exchange of commodities won’t be unfamiliar for aliens who are so ahead of humans in technology that that they may have traveled faster the speed of light to visit us.

In concluding business contracts with extraterrestrials, the scope of good faith in making a binding and enforceable promise to commit or omit any action, or provide any commodity or raw material in exchange of mutually accepted consideration, is the most important legal issue.

As discussed above, reaching some kind of mutual agreement between us and carbon-based extraterrestrial intelligent life forms shouldn’t be a hurdle. However, finding a common legal and comprehendible, and at the same time feasible, conceptual ground with silicon- or ammonia-based alien life forms would be a harder task to tackle. What may be vital for us is lethal to them and vice versa. Perhaps it become clear that what is non-hazardous for both sides is of no commercial value for either party, and doing business will thus have to become more sophisticated.

Therefore, finding a common commercial base for doing business with intelligent aliens seems to be more important than insisting on simple and possibly primitive legal doctrines and concepts of our civilization, all of which might be replaced by better and more practical alien legal doctrines once we hear about them. In any case, doing business and making commercial partnerships with extraterrestrial lifeforms is the best way to avoid animosity and its unwanted consequences, and this crucial task would be on insightful legal scholars first and foremost to fulfill.

Conclusion

The function of laws is defined to be the means by which proper function of social order within the course of time for any give nation or society is ensured and preserved. In the history of humankind, whenever laws became irrelevant or impractical, a wide range of changes occurred that dramatically altered the social structure of the related societies, either for sake of good or evil. Revolutions, riots, downfall of empires and civil wars all in all are direct outcomes of situations in which laws cease to be relevant to the actual lives of the citizens.

Any encounter with an extraterrestrial intelligence certainly will be a turning point for human civilization. No matter what the results of such encounter would be, the legal community, as well as scientists of various disciplines, may have a lot to learn from our cosmic neighbors for the betterment of our lives here on Earth. Learning from aliens regarding how to form a more integrated and fair society, or to avoid their destructive mistakes or misconducts, would be the most precious takeaway that legal scholars could use to tune human laws accordingly in the future.

Babak Shakouri Hassanabadi has an LL.M. in International Law.

{ http://www.thespacereview.com/index.html }

21-06-2015 om 02:00 geschreven door peter  

Quasars result from violent galactic mergers

Yale University Press Release

New research indicates that quasars are born when galaxies crash. Illustration credit: Michael S. Helfenbein/Yale University.

“The Hubble images confirm that the most luminous quasars in the universe result from violent mergers between galaxies, which fuels black hole growth and transforms the host galaxies,” said C. Megan Urry, the Israel Munson Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at Yale University, and co-author of the study published online June 18 in The Astrophysical Journal.

“These mergers are also the sites of future black hole mergers, which we hope will one day be visible with gravitational wave telescopes,” Urry said.

Quasars emit a light as bright as that of one trillion stars. Over the past two decades, researchers have concluded that the energy for quasars comes from supermassive black holes inside the cores of distant galaxies.

But where do the supermassive black holes get their fuel? It had been theorised previously that such energy could come from the merger of two galaxies. The new study confirms it by using Hubble’s sensitivity at near-infrared wavelengths of light to see past the intense glow of the quasar, to the host galaxies themselves.

“The Hubble observations are telling us that the peak of quasar activity in the early universe is driven by galaxies colliding and then merging together,” said Eilat Glikman of Middlebury College in Vermont, lead author of the study and a former Yale postdoctoral researcher. “We are seeing the quasars in their teenage years, when they are growing quickly and all messed up.”

Glikman decided to look for “dust reddened quasars” in several ground-based infrared and radio sky surveys. These quasars are enveloped in dust, dimming their visible light.

Using Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3, Glikman looked at 11 such quasars from the peak of the universe’s star-formation era, 12 billion years ago. “The new images capture the dust-clearing transitional phase of the merger-driven black hole scenario,” Glikman said. “The Hubble images are both beautiful and descriptive.”

{ http://astronomynow.com/ }

21-06-2015 om 01:49 geschreven door peter  

Hot lava flows discovered on Venus

Evidence for active volcanoes on Venus

The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Venus Express has found the best evidence yet for active volcanism on Earth’s neighbor planet.

Seeing the planet’s surface is extremely difficult due to its thick atmosphere, but radar observations by previous missions to Venus have revealed it as a world covered in volcanoes and ancient lava flows.

Venus is almost exactly the same size as Earth and has a similar bulk composition, so it is likely to have an internal heat source, perhaps due to radioactive heating. This heat has to escape somehow, and one possibility is that it does so in the form of volcanic eruptions.

Some models of planetary evolution suggest that Venus was resurfaced in a cataclysmic flood of lava around half a billion years ago. But whether Venus is active today has remained a hot topic in planetary science.

ESA’s Venus Express, which completed its eight-year study of the planet last year, conducted a range of observations at different wavelengths to address this important question.

In a study published in 2010, scientists reported that the infrared radiation coming from three volcanic regions was different to that from the surrounding terrain. They interpreted this as coming from relatively fresh lava flows that had not yet experienced significant surface weathering. These flows were found to be less than 2.5 million years old, but the study could not establish whether there is still active volcanism on the planet.

Artist's impression of a volcano erupting on Venus. Whether Venus really is active today is a hot topic in planetary science.

ESA - AOES Medialab

An additional piece of evidence was reported in 2012, showing a sharp rise in the sulphur dioxide content of the upper atmosphere in 2006–2007, followed by a gradual fall over the following five years. Although changes in wind patterns could have caused this, the more intriguing possibility is that episodes of volcanic activity were injecting vast amounts of sulphur dioxide into the upper atmosphere.

Now, using a near-infrared channel of the spacecraft’s Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) to map thermal emission from the surface through a transparent spectral window in the planet’s atmosphere, an international team of planetary scientists has spotted localized changes in surface brightness between images taken only a few days apart.

“We have now seen several events where a spot on the surface suddenly gets much hotter and then cools down again,” said Eugene Shalygin from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) in Germany.

“These four ‘hot spots’ are located in what are known from radar imagery to be tectonic rift zones, but this is the first time we have detected that they are hot and changing in temperature from day to day. It is the most tantalizing evidence yet for active volcanism.”

The hot spots are found along the Ganiki Chasma rift zone close to the volcanoes Ozza Mons and Maat Mons. Rift zones are results of fracturing of the surface, which is often associated with upwelling of magma below the crust. This process can bring hot material to the surface where it may be released through fractures as a lava flow.

“These observations are close to the limits of the spacecraft’s capabilities, and it was extremely difficult to make these detections with Venus’ thick clouds impairing the view,” said Wojciech Markiewicz. “But the VMC was designed to make these systematic observations of the surface, and luckily we clearly see these regions that change in temperature over time and that are notably higher than the average surface temperature.”

Because the VMC’s view is blurred by the clouds, the areas of increased emission appear spread out over large areas more than 60 miles (100 kilometers) across, but the hot regions on the surface below are probably much smaller. Indeed, for the hot spot known as “Object A,” the team calculates that the feature may only be around one square kilometer in size with a temperature of 1,525° F (830° C), much higher than the global average of 896° F (480° C).

The Ganiki Chasma rift zone was already considered to be one of the most recently geologically active regions on the planet, and as the new analysis suggests, it is still active today.

“It looks like we can finally include Venus in the small club of volcanically active solar systàem bodies,” said Håkan Svedhem from ESA.

“Our study shows that Venus, our nearest neighbor, is still active and changing in the present day. It is an important step in our quest to understand the different evolutionary histories of Earth and Venus.”

{ http://www.astronomy.com/}

21-06-2015 om 01:44 geschreven door peter  

NASA Openly Admits Alien Life Exists: Get Ready for Disclosure

{  http://m.disclose.tv/ }

21-06-2015 om 01:39 geschreven door peter  

21-06-2015 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

Ufos Over Mayan Pyramids In Mexico

(Before It's News)

20-06-2015 om 23:38 geschreven door peter  

Ancient Microchip Dating Back 250 Million Years

(Before It's News)

Who & What used this “ANCIENT MICROCHIP” dating back 250 million years? Is it an Alien Artifact? Is it from ancient human civilizations? Is it from humans off Earth? It is yet one additional ancient artifact of intelligent technology found in Russia.

The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient analog computer. designed to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendrical andastrological purposes, as well as the Olympiads, the cycles of the ancient Olympic Games.

Found housed in a 340 mm × 180 mm × 90 mm wooden box, the device is a complex clockwork mechanism composed of at least 30 meshing bronze gears. Its remains were found as 82 separate fragments, of which only seven contain any gears or significant inscriptions. The largest gear (clearly visible in Fragment A at right) is approximately 140 mm in diameter and originally had 223 teeth.

The artifact was recovered in 1900–1901 from the Antikythera shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera. Believed to have been designed and constructed by Greek scientists, the instrument has been dated either between 150 and 100 BCE, or, according to a more recent view, at 205 BCE.

After the knowledge of this technology was lost at some point in Antiquity, technological artifacts approaching its complexity and workmanship did not appear again in Europe until the development of mechanicalastronomical clocks in the fourteenth century.

All known fragments of the Antikythera mechanism are kept at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

Discovery

The Antikythera mechanism was discovered in 45 metres (148 ft) of water in the Antikythera shipwreck off Point Glyphadia on the Greek island of Antikythera. The wreck was found in April 1900 by a group of Greek sponge divers, who retrieved numerous artifacts, including bronze and marble statues, pottery, unique glassware, jewellery, coins, and the mechanism. All were transferred to the National Museum of Archaeology in Athens for storage and analysis. Merely a lump of corroded bronze and wood at the time, the mechanism went unnoticed for two years while museum staff worked on piecing together more obvious statues.

On 17 May 1902, archaeologist Valerios Stais was examining the finds and noticed that one of the pieces of rock had a gear wheel embedded in it. Stais initially believed it was an astronomical clock, but most scholars considered the device to be prochronistic, too complex to have been constructed during the same period as the other pieces that had been discovered. Investigations into the object were soon dropped until Derek J. de Solla Price became interested in it in 1951. In 1971, both Price and a Greek nuclear physicist named Charalampos Karakalos made X-ray and gamma-ray images of the 82 fragments. Price published an extensive 70-page paper on their findings in 1974.

It is not known how the mechanism came to be on the cargo ship, but it has been suggested that it was being taken to Rome, together with other treasure looted from the island, to support a triumphal parade being staged by Julius Caesar.

Origin

Generally referred to as the first known analog computer, the quality and complexity of the mechanism’ manufacture suggests it has undiscovered predecessors made during the Hellenistic period. Its construction relied upon theories of astronomy and mathematics developed by Greek astronomers, and is estimated to have been created around the late second century BCE.

In 1974, British science historian and Yale University professor Derek de Solla Price concluded from gear settings and inscriptions on the mechanism’s faces that it was made about 87 BCE and lost only a few years later. Jacques Cousteau and associates visited the wreck in 1976  and recovered coins dated to between 76 and 67 BCE. Though its advanced state of corrosion has made it impossible to perform an accurate compositional analysis, it is believed the device was made of a low-tin bronze alloy (of approximately 95% copper, 5% tin). All its instructions are written in Koine Greek, and the consensus among scholars is that the mechanism was made in the Greek-speaking world.

In the late 2000s, findings of The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project suggest the concept for the mechanism originated in the colonies of Corinth, since some of the astronomical calculations seem to indicate observations that can be made only in the Corinth area of ancient Greece. Syracuse was a colony of Corinth and the home of Archimedes, which might imply a connection with the school of Archimedes. Another theory suggests that coins found by Jacques Cousteau in the 1970s at the wreck site date to the time of the device’s construction, and posits its origin may have been from the ancient Greek city of Pergamon, home of the famous Library of Pergamum. With its many scrolls of art and science, it was second in importance only to the Library of Alexandria during the Hellenistic period.

The ship carrying the device also contained vases in the Rhodian style, leading to a hypothesis the device was constructed at an academy founded by the Stoic philosopher Posidonius on that Greek island. A busy trading port in Antiquity, Rhodes was also a center of astronomy and mechanical engineering, home to the astronomer Hipparchus, active from about 140 BCE to 120 BCE. That the mechanism uses Hipparchus’s theory for the motion of the moon suggests the possibility he may have designed, or at least worked on it.

Cardiff University professor Michael Edmunds, who led a 2006 study of the mechanism, described the device as “just extraordinary, the only thing of its kind”, and said that its astronomy was “exactly right”. He regarded the Antikythera mechanism as “more valuable than the Mona Lisa”.

In 2014, a study by Carman and Evans argued for a new dating of approximately 200 BCE. Moreover, according to Carman and Evans, the Babylonian arithmetic style of prediction fits much better with the device’s predictive models than the traditional Greek trigonometric style.

In mid-2014, a diving expedition to the shipwreck initiated by the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports hoped to discover further parts of the Antikythera Mechanism but was cut short due to bad weather. Another expedition is planned for spring 2015.

SOURCES;

MLordandGod
1) Researchers find a 250 million year old microchip in Russia. Anon Mags, June 19, 2015.
http://www.anonymousmags.com/
2) Japan underwater ancient ruins – Yonaguni Monument – Wikipedia images public domain.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonagun…
3) Antikythera device – Wikipedia images public domain.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikyt…
4) Ancient Microchip – Wikimedia commons images (Thumbnail image of Ancient Microchip close up with coin)
https://www.google.com/search?q=ancie…
5) Wikimedia commons – microchip
https://www.google.com/search?q=ancie…
6) Music – Youtube Audio Library
a) “Enochian Magic” by J.R. Tundra
b) “Ambient Ambulance”
https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/…

Click Here To Read More Paranormal Stories

20-06-2015 om 23:27 geschreven door peter  

Alien History: Volume 3 – Secretary of State James Forrestal, Phil Schneider & Dulce Base

By Guest Writer Christian deBlanc (bio | articles | forum)

If you have not read the previous articles (Volume 1; Volume 2), this quotation should suffice to get you up to speed:

• “Back in 1954, under the Eisenhower administration, the federal government decided to circumvent the Constitution of the United States and form a treaty with alien entities. It was called the 1954 Greada Treaty, which basically made the agreement that the aliens involved could take a few cows and test their implanting techniques on a few human beings, but that they had to give details about the people involved.”

This quote comes to us from Phil Schneider, a former geological engineer who worked with corporations to build underground installations for the military industrial complex. Schneider met his unfortunate demise, much like former Secretary of Defense and ostensible MJ-12 member, James Forrestal, by a strange form of suicide.

In other words, James Forrestal jumped out of a window, while still wearing a noose around his neck, because hanging himself would’ve taken too long. Similarly, Phil Schneider, who had definitively lost his index and middle finger and part of his thumb on his left hand, used his left hand to tie a rubber noose around his neck, even though he had previously stated that he would never commit suicide. Both of their suicides were thus dubious and their common link was their common desire to come clean about extraterrestrials.

Additionally, Col. Philip Corso, who served in Eisenhower’s National Security Council, claimed in his memoirs, “We had negotiated a kind of surrender with them [extraterrestrials] as long as we couldn’t fight them. They dictated the terms because they knew what we most feared was disclosure.”

Of course, the Greys didn’t own up to their end of the bargain. As William Cooper tells us, “By 1955 it became obvious that the aliens had deceived Eisenhower and had broken the treaty…. It was suspected that the aliens were not submitting a complete list of human contacts and abductees to the Majesty Twelve and it was suspected that not all abductees had been returned.”

Moreover, we got less technology than we bargained for. According to John Lear of Lear Aviation, “A deal was struck that, in exchange for advanced technology from the aliens, we would allow them to abduct a very small number of persons and we would periodically be given a list of those persons abducted. We got something less than the technology we bargained for and found the abductions exceeded by a million-fold what we had naively agreed to.”

From 1954 to now, the military industrial complex has been creating deep underground military bases (DUMBs). This is where Phil Schneider’s testimony takes us.

• “The Black Budget currently consumes $1.25 trillion per [two] years. At least this amount is used in black programs, like those concerned with deep underground military bases. Presently, there are 129 deep underground military bases in the United States. The average depth of these bases is over a mile and they again are basically whole cities underground. They all are between 2.66 and 4.25 cubic miles in size. They have laser drilling machines that can drill a tunnel seven miles long in one day. The black projects sidestep the authority of Congress, which as we know is illegal. Right now, the New World Order is depending on these bases.”

Whether or not the bases are designed for a post-apocalyptic, New World Order scenario, the fact remains, nevertheless, that some of them constitute an unconstitutional, joint venture between men and alien races.

According to Schneider:

• “I was involved in building an addition to the deep underground military base at Dulce, which is probably the deepest base. It goes down seven levels and over 2.5 miles deep. At that particular time, we had drilled four distinct holes in the desert and we were going to link them together and blow out large sections at a time. My job was to go down the holes and check the rock samples, and recommend the explosive to deal with the particular rock. As I was headed down there, we found ourselves amidst a large cavern that was full of outer-space aliens, otherwise known as large Greys. I shot two of them. At that time, there were 30 people down there. About 40 more came down after this started and all of them got killed. We had surprised a whole underground base of existing aliens. Later, we found out that they had been living on [in] our planet for a long time…. This could explain a lot of what is behind the theory of ancient astronauts.”

God only knows.

The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Planet X News, its editors or its staff. If you are interested in writing one or more guest articles for Planet X News, please email editor@planetxnews.com.

{ http://planetxnews.com/ }

20-06-2015 om 23:22 geschreven door peter  

Military Jets Chase Blus Lights In The Washington D.c. Area

(Before It's News)

MILITARY JETS CHASE BLUE LIGHTS IN THE WASHINGTON D.C. AREA
 JULY 26, 2002    ……………  ANDREWS AIRFORCE BASE AREA

 Witness:  Renny Rogers, Waldorf MD.  Renny is a Government employee and lives with his wife and 2 collies in a townhouse development in Waldorf.  He has always lived near Andrews AFB and is very familiar with aircraft that fly in and out.  His current townhouse is under a flight path for Andrews, and he states that he has never seen the kind of activity before in his life that occurred in the early morning of July 26.  His time and spatial estimates are unusually accurate.  He has a good eye for spotting aircraft. Although he has a strong interest in the UFO field, this is his first sighting.  After the sighting was over, he reported it to WTOP radio, in Washington, D.C., and the the FUND.  He has extremely strong feelings about pursuing to a final answer the riddle of what he saw and what the military know about it.
1.  Aircraft take off from Andrews AFB–Rogers heard planes take off from Andrews (estimates the time as 1:30-2 am but he is not sure of this), and he estimates that in 5-7-10 minutes* they were in his immediate area.  After take off, there may have been a very short period with no aircraft noise, but aircraft sounds got louder and louder and sounded as though the jets were circling in his area and not leaving.  The noise made him think there were multiple jets in the area.  He felt there were more than 2.

20-06-2015 om 23:09 geschreven door peter  

NASA All Sky Cameras Caught Hundreds of Fireballs the Past 4 Days (Video)

(Before It's News)

NASA all-sky cameras caught hundreds of fireballs the past four days. The possible cause of all these fireballs is that we are passing through the tails of a few comets each which have their debris.

On Jun. 18, 2015, the network reported 101 fireballs.
On Jun. 17, 2015, the network reported 71 fireballs.
On Jun. 16, 2015, the network reported 14 fireballs.
On Jun. 15, 2015, the network reported 16 fireballs.

Could this be why the ISS was “accidentally” bumped into a new orbit?

But according to the Russian space agency Roscosmos a malfunction on a docked Russian spacecraft caused the International Space Station to shift from its normal orbital orientation while NASA confirmed that the engines of Soyuz TMA-15M – one of two Soyuz spacecraft currently docked at the ISS – unexpectedly fired at 10:27am Central time on Tuesday, pushing the station somewhat out of its expected position.

  

Thanks http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/

Check out more contributions by Jeffery Pritchett ranging from UFO to Bigfoot to Paranormal to Prophecy.

20-06-2015 om 23:02 geschreven door peter  

Piramide ontdekt op Ceres ( Video )

Het mysterie van de vreemde dwergplaneet Ceres lijkt met de dag groter te worden.

Het verhaal begon in januari toen het NASA ruimteschip Dawn in de buurt kwam van Ceres en de eerste foto’s verschenen.


Tot verbazing van iedereen waren op die foto’s vreemde lichten te zien, waarvan tot op de dag van vandaag niemand precies weet wat ze zijn.

Ufoloog Scott Waring is er heilig van overtuigd dat de lichten, die weer bestaan uit meerdere kleinere gebouwen, zijn gemaakt door buitenaardsen.

In de onderstaande video legt hij uit waarom hij dat denkt en hoe je een foto van NASA zodanig kunt bekijken dat je inderdaad kunt zien dat er kunstmatig gemaakte structuren voorkomen op Ceres.



Daarnaast is er nu nog een bijzondere ontdekking aan het licht gekomen op één van de foto’s die door NASA is gemaakt en dat is een piramide.

Hier zie je hoe deze eruit ziet:

Het is ook niet bepaald een kleine piramide. De lengte bedraagt zo’n 18 kilometer en de hoogte bijna 5 kilometer.

Duidelijk is dat we ook in dit geval niet te maken hebben met een natuurlijke rotsformatie of iets dergelijks, wat betekent dat ergens ooit iets of iemand deze piramide gebouwd moet hebben.

Dan denk je uiteraard aan buitenaardsen, maar dit hoeft niet perse het geval te zijn. We weten dat er in vroegere tijden hoogwaardige beschavingen op aarde waren en het is natuurlijk ook best mogelijk dat zij de ruimte in gingen en op diverse planeten constructies hebben neergezet.

Het blijft speculeren, maar een fascinerende ontdekking is dit zeker.

{ www.NIBURU.nl }

20-06-2015 om 22:58 geschreven door peter  

NASA-baas: “Buitenaards leven en Area 51 bestaan”

Buitenaards leven bestaat, zo heeft NASA-directeur Charles Bolden bevestigd. Hij zei ook dat er, voor zover hij weet, geen aliens verborgen worden gehouden in Area 51.

Bolden vertelde Britse schoolkinderen dat hij ervan overtuigd is dat wetenschappers leven buiten de aarde zullen ontdekken omdat er zoveel planeten zijn die op aarde lijken. Op de vraag van de 10-jarige Carmen Dearing of hij in aliens gelooft zei hij: “Ik geloof dat we op een dag andere levensvormen zullen vinden. Als het niet in ons eigen zonnestelsel is, dan wel in één van de andere zonnestelsels, de miljarden zonnestelsels in het universum.”

“We weten vandaag de dag dat er letterlijk miljoenen andere planeten zijn, waarvan vele erg lijken op onze eigen aarde. Sommigen van ons, velen van ons geloven dat we bewijs voor het bestaan van leven elders in het universum gaan vinden.”

Bolden gaf ook het bestaan van Area 51 toe: “Area 51 bestaat,” zei hij. “Het is niet wat mensen ervan denken. Ik ben er geweest, maar het is een normaal onderzoekscentrum. Ik heb nooit aliens of buitenaardse ruimteschepen gezien toen ik er was.”

Charles Bolden

“Ik vermoed dat mensen denken dat er aliens zijn vanwege de geheimzinnigheid rond het luchtvaartonderzoek dat daar wordt gedaan,” voegde hij toe.

Maanlandingen

Het bestaan van Area 51 is decennialang geheimgehouden. In 2013 bevestigde de CIA het bestaan van de basis in Nevada, nabij Groom Lake. De installatie werd eerst gebruikt door piloten van de Army Air Corps en later werd het spionagevliegtuig U-2 er ontwikkeld.

Bolden zei dat de NASA van plan is rond het jaar 2030 mensen naar Mars te sturen. Hij kreeg ook de vraag wat hij vindt van complottheoretici die zeggen dat de maanlandingen in scène zijn gezet. “Ik begrijp dat mensen twijfels hebben,” zei hij. “Ik twijfel er zelf niet aan dat we naar de maan zijn geweest.”

[Telegraph]

© Copyright (c) NineForNews.nl

20-06-2015 om 22:52 geschreven door peter  

Moonwalker Edgar Mitchell Speaks: UFO Cover-Ups Must End

If you are familiar with NASA astronauts, you have probably heard of Edgar Dean Mitchell Sc.D., the retired Captain and American pilot in the United States Navy at the same time. As a Lunar pilot of Apollo 14, Mr. Mitchell spent 9 hours working on the lunar, becoming as the sixth person to walk on the Moon. With regards to the controversial belief in UFOs as well as a possible government cover-up, Mitchell shared his experience and opinion. While on the active job as a test pilot, he finished and completed an aeronautical engineering at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. He also completed a doctorate in aeronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During the Korean War as a fighter pilot, he served combat in 1970 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

After retiring in 1972, he later wrote, “The Way of the Explorer,” documenting his experiences in space and mysticism. From the documentary film entitled “The Phoenix Lights, We Are Not Alone,” roughly five minutes, Mitchell explicates some alien cover-ups that have allegedly been going on for decades. In an interview, he was asked whether he became emotional as he stepped on the moon or if he considered it as a part of the long list. He admitted that his moon experience is a part of his long list of the journey. Furthermore, he claimed that they planned the whole thing, and they even wanted to rewrite it and modify some stuff.

Since UFO sighting are being reported by many people in different countries, he believed that most of them were credible. On the next question, he was asked as to why the cases were covered up. He pointed out the justification by leadership officials who think that people were not ready to handle the reality. His answer was his opinion; therefore, no harm is done.

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

20-06-2015 om 22:46 geschreven door peter  

Un observatoire astronomique (et calendrier) maya découvert - 05/2012 - up 06/2015

20-06-2015 om 01:04 geschreven door peter  

Can We Ensure That Our First Encounter With Alien Life Is Ethical?

In April, NASA Chief scientist Ellen Stofan predicted we would “have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade,” and “definitive evidence within 20 to 30 years.” Assuming this timeline is correct, how do we ensure the life we encounter—which astrobiologists predict will be non-sentient—will be respected?

“With every passing day, it grows more likely that ‘first contact’ will not take the form of an intellectual or moral back-and-forth between equals,” writes Lizzie Wade, who wrestles with the notion of alien rights in an essay recently published at Aeon. “It will be more like the discovery of a natural resource, and one we might be able to exploit. It won’t be an encounter, or even a conquest. It will be a gold rush.” She continues:

• The ethics of encountering non-sentient alien life in our solar systems boils down to a core dilemma, says [Montana State University philosopher Sara Waller. ‘Is it about conservation and preservation? Or is it about our needs, wants, and desires?’ On Earth, natural-resource grabs have a history of bringing out the worst in us as a species. Consider the example of gold. Conquistadores exterminated entire societies in their hunt for gold, when they weren’t enslaving people to mine it. Prospectors in California blasted away mountains with water canons to access it, permanently altering the geology of the state. Today, small-scale gold miners in South America rip apart rainforests and pollute rivers with mercury, trying to sop up the last specks of gold to sell to a market still in upswing.
• There’s plenty of reason to believe other planets will be chock-full of resources we’d like to exploit, even if the life forms are microbial – perhaps especially if they’re microbial.
• Think of everything we use Earth microbes for: creating and preserving food, treating disease, and processing waste, to name a few. All of that could be enhanced by exploiting a whole new tree of life. Imagine new antibiotics to which Earth bacteria could never evolve resistance, or microbes that excreted a renewable fuel that burns hotter than oil. Or just all the weird cheeses we could make! Synthetic biologists would see their toolkit multiply exponentially the more trees of alien life we discover.

Go read the full essay at Aeon—this is extraterrestrial speculation at its finest.

{ http://io9.com/ }

20-06-2015 om 00:54 geschreven door peter  

Kremlin Prepares For Major Mystery Announcement. Alien Disclosure!?

    

 {  http://www.ufointernationalproject.com/ }

20-06-2015 om 00:21 geschreven door peter  

NASA Gives ‘GO’ for Mission to Alien Ocean World at Jupiter Moon Europa

Artist’s concept of NASA mission streaking over ocean world of Europa.  Credit: NASA/JPL
Story updated

At long last NASA is heading back to Jupiter’s mysterious moon Europa and doing so in a big way – because scientists believe it harbors an alien ocean of water beneath an icy crust and therefore is “one of the most promising places in the solar system to search for signs of present-day life” beyond Earth.

Top NASA officials have now formally and officially green lighted the Europa ocean world robotic mission and given it the “GO” to move from early conceptual studies into development of the interplanetary spacecraft and mission hardware, to search for the chemical constituents of life.

“Today we’re taking an exciting step from concept to mission, in our quest to find signs of life beyond Earth,” said John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, in a NASA statement.

The goal is to investigate the habitability of Europa’s subsurface ocean, determine if it possesses the ingredients for life and advance our understanding of “Are we Alone?”

“Observations of Europa have provided us with tantalizing clues over the last two decades, and the time has come to seek answers to one of humanity’s most profound questions,” said Grunsfeld.

Water is a prerequisite for life as we know it.

“We know that on Earth everywhere there is water we find life,” says Robert Pappalardo, Europa mission project scientist.

“Therefore Europa is the most likely place to find life in our solar system today because we think there is a liquid water ocean beneath its surface.”

Video caption: Alien Ocean: NASA’s Mission to Europa.  Could a liquid water ocean beneath the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa have the ingredients to support life? Here’s how NASA’s mission to Europa would find out.  Credit: NASA

After a thorough review of the mission concept, managers agreed that it “successfully completed its first major review by the agency and now is entering the development phase known as formulation

“It’s a great day for science,” said Joan Salute, Europa program executive at NASA Headquarters in Washington.

“We are thrilled to pass the first major milestone in the lifecycle of a mission that will ultimately inform us on the habitability of Europa.”

In a major milestone leading up to this mission development approval, NASA managers recently announced the selection of the nine science instruments that will fly on the agency’s long awaited planetary science mission to this intriguing world that many scientists suspect could support life, as I reported here last month. 

“We are trying to answer big questions. Are we alone,” said Grunsfeld at the May 26 media briefing.

“The young surface seems to be in contact with an undersea ocean.”

This 12-frame mosaic provides the highest resolution view ever obtained of the side of Jupiter’s moon Europa that faces the giant planet. It was obtained on Nov. 25, 1999 by the camera onboard the Galileo spacecraft, a past NASA mission to Jupiter and its moons. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

Planetary scientists have long desired a speedy to return on Europa, ever since the groundbreaking discoveries of NASA’s Galileo Jupiter orbiter in the 1990s showed that the alien world possessed a substantial and deep subsurface ocean beneath an icy shell that appears to interact with and alter the moon’s surface in recent times.

NASA’s Europa mission would blastoff perhaps as soon as 2022, depending on the budget allocation and rocket selection – whose candidates include the heavy lift Space Launch System (SLS) now under development to launch astronauts on deep space expedition to the Moon, Asteroids and Mars.  

The solar powered Europa probe will go into orbit around Jupiter for a three year mission in order to minimize exposure to the intense radiation region that could harm the spacecraft.

The Europa mission goal is to investigate whether the tantalizing icy Jovian moon, similar in size to Earth’s moon, could harbor conditions suitable for the evolution and sustainability of life in the suspected ocean.

It will be equipped with high resolution cameras, spectrometers and radar, several generations beyond anything before to map the surface in unprecedented detail and determine the moon’s composition and subsurface character.   And it will search for subsurface lakes and seek to sample erupting vapor plumes like those occurring today on Saturn’s tiny moon Enceladus.

There will many opportunities for close flybys of Europa during the three year primary mission to conduct unprecedented studies of the composition and structure of the surface, icy shell and oceanic interior.

“During the three year mission, the orbiter will conduct 45 close flyby’s of Europa,”  Curt Niebur, Europa program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington, told Universe Today.

“These will occur about every two to three weeks.”

The close flyby’s will vary in altitude from 16 miles to 1,700 miles (25 kilometers to 2,700 kilometers).

Europa rising. The icy moon hangs above Jupiter cloud tops in a @NASANewHorizons image from 2007.  Credit: NASA

The mission currently has a budget of about $10 million for 2015 and $30 Million in 2016.   Over the next three years the mission concept will be further defined.

The mission will be managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California and is expected to cost in the range of at least $2 Billion or more.

The nine science instruments are described in my earlier story- here. They will be developed and built by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL); JPL; Arizona State University, Tempe; the University of Texas at Austin; Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio and the University of Colorado, Boulder.

This artist’s rendering shows a concept for a future NASA mission to Europa in which a spacecraft would make multiple close flybys of the icy Jovian moon, thought to contain a global subsurface ocean.  Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Right now there is another NASA probe bound for Jupiter, the solar powered Juno orbiter that will investigate the orgin of the gas giant. But Juno will not be conducting any observation or flyby’s of Europa.”>solar powered Juno orbiter that will investigate the origin of the gas giant. But Juno will not be conducting any observation or flyby’s of Europa.   

Stay tuned here for Ken’s continuing Earth and planetary science and human spaceflight news.

Ken Kremer

{ http://www.universetoday.com/ }

19-06-2015 om 23:43 geschreven door peter  

National UFO Alert: Six states report 257 April cases

19-06-2015 om 23:30 geschreven door peter  

Earliest stars may have been spotted for 1st time

Hints of 'first-generation' stars seen in brightest galaxy ever found in early universe

This artist's impression shows CR7, which is by far the brightest galaxy ever found in the early universe. There is strong evidence that stars from the very first first generation of stars lurk within it. (M. Kornmesser/ESO)

Astronomers think that for the first time, they may have glimpsed some of the first stars that formed after the Big Bang.

Evidence of such "first-generation" stars was spotted in the brightest galaxy ever found in the early universe, a galaxy named CR7 (after Portuguese soccer star Cristiano Ronaldo), using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, scientists report in a paper that has been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal.

• Full scientific paper on arxiv.org

"It really doesn't get more exciting than this," said David Sobral, the astronomer who led the research, in a statement. Sobral is with the Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences at the University of Lisbon in Portugal and the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands.

Scientists have been searching for such first generation or "Population III" stars for a long time. Such stars were thought to be up to a thousand times more massive than the sun and very short-lived, exploding as supernovas after just a couple of million years.

Those first-generation stars were thought to hide in only the earliest, smallest, dimmest galaxies, making them very difficult to find.

But if they were found, they could be easily identified because they would have formed from the only elements that existed in the universe at the time — hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium, the three lightest elements that exist on the periodic table.

That's exactly what CR7 looked like — when Sobral and his team carefully scanned a bright pocket in one part of the galaxy, they found no sign of any heavier elements. Such elements, including carbon, oxygen, iron and calcium formed later in the history of the universe, and have become an important part of our bodies and our world.

The first heavier elements were, in fact, formed by the first generation of stars, noted Jorryt Matthee, a co-author of the paper.

"With this discovery, remarkably, we are starting to actually see such objects for the first time," he said in a statement.

Ray Jayawardhana, an astronomer, astrophysicist and dean of science at Toronto's York University, who was not involved in the research, said the discovery gives us "the first inkling" of the very first generation of stars.

"But we don't know their characteristics yet," he told CBC's Metro Morning. That will have to wait until future observations with powerful telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, that is set to launch in 2018.

Look back in time

Sobral and his team say they are now trying to confirm their discovery using the Very Large Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope and another ground-based telescope called ALMA. They also want to look for other first-generation stars.

The team spotted CR7 while using the Very Large Telescope to hunt for extremely faraway galaxies.

That amounts to looking back in time, since light takes time to travel — the light that arrives on Earth today from those galaxies left on its journey billions of years ago.

Sobral and his colleagues found CR7 while looking for galaxies that existed about 800 million years after the Big Bang — about 13 billion years ago. The galaxy is itself a record-setter — three times brighter than any other galaxy ever found in the early universe. The fact that such a bright galaxy appears to contain first-generation stars means it might not be that hard to find more, the researchers say.

{ http://www.cbc.ca/news }

19-06-2015 om 23:26 geschreven door peter