The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
26-10-2015
Rendlesham ‘UFO incident’ part of Suffolk’s social history
Rendlesham ‘UFO incident’ part of Suffolk’s social history
A retired police officer is appealing for fresh witnesses to come forward to help with a new book attempting to unravel the mysterious Rendlesham UFO incident.
Rendlesham Forest where the 1980 UFO sightings took place.
John Hanson is working with retired American air force officer, Colonel Charles Halt – who was deputy base commander of the twin USAF bases at Woodbridge and Bentwaters at the time of the incident in December, 1980 – on the project.
Mr Hanson, who lives in the West Midlands, believes there are still people yet to come forward who may have vital evidence – or who saw strange phenomena which may or may not be connected to the events in Rendlesham Forest.
He said a recent appeal had indeed elicited new memories from people in Suffolk.
He said: “One man from Bury St Edmunds, near the British Corporation Sugar works, told me he and his wife had seen a cone-shaped object, hovering above his front garden in December 1980, which is of interest, as we have other sightings from the Bury St Edmunds locality, not too far away from the same factory.”
Col. Charles Halt (Retired) with John Hanson (left) and David Bryant (centre) in Rendlesham Forest to explain the 1980 UFO sitings.
Mr Hanson, co-author of a series of UFO books entitled Haunted Skies, also wants to contact local former DJ Gary Collins, ex-Pc David King and Pc Brian Creswell, one of the original officers that attended the scene.
He said: “I hope people will get in touch if they saw anything around the time of the incident – or can put me in touch with any of these people – as this forms part of our social history, whatever you may think about such matters, and should be recorded.”
After the 1980 incident, Col Halt prepared a memo to the Ministry of Defence describing “unexplained lights”, and recorded what became known as the Halt Tape – a documented investigation in the forest, during which he saw mysterious lights like those witnessed by airmen Jim Penniston and John Burroughs two nights earlier.
In 2010, Col Halt signed an affidavit claiming the encounter was extraterrestrial and that it had been covered up by the Government.
Anyone who can help should call John Hanson on 0121 445 0340, email johndawn1@sky.com or skype john.hanson108.
The space agency has revealed a reworked color scheme for the Space Launch System heavy-lift booster, removing the paint from one major component, while adding "racing stripes" to another.
The new appearance was rolled out on Thursday (Oct. 22) with the announcement that a critical design review (CDR) had been completed. The review is a milestone toward the Space Launch System's (SLS) first test flight, targeted for 2018. [Photos: NASA's Space Launch System for Deep Space Flights]
"We've nailed down the design of SLS," said Bill Hill, the deputy associate administrator for NASA's development of exploration systems. "We've successfully completed the first round of testing of the rocket's engines and boosters, and all the major components for the first flight are now in production."
Billed as the most powerful launch vehicle ever built, the SLS is NASA's first rocket to be specifically designed to support astronaut-crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit since the Saturn V that launched astronauts to the moon 45 years ago.
And it was with that iconic booster in mind that NASA first represented the SLS with a similar black-and-white motif when it announced the rocket in 2011. Now, the design is exposing its more colorful core.
"The program concluded the core stage of the rocket and launch vehicle stage adapter will remain orange," a NASA statement described, noting orange is "the natural color of the insulation that will cover those elements."
The burnt orange-color foam is the same that was used to insulate the space shuttle's large external fuel tank. Back in 1981, NASA painted the first two of those tanks white to protect against ultraviolet radiation, but chose to forego the coating on subsequent missions to save on the weight of the paint.
The new SLS art also includes stylized orange and gray markings on the vehicle's two side-mounted boosters.
The solid rocket motors are built from the same casings that flew with thespace shuttle, but are now one segment longer (for a total of five) to provide the additional thrust needed to launch the more massive SLS.
The look of the rocket's exterior was just one of the details confirmed by the critical design review (CDR).
The CDR examined the first of three configurations NASA plans for the rocket, referred to as "Block 1." The Block 1 will have a 77-ton (70 metric tons) lift capability powered by the twin boosters and four RS-25 engines, the latter also reused from the space shuttle. The next planned upgrade of SLS, the 1B, uses a more powerful upper stage with a 115-ton (105 metric tons) lift capacity.
The Block 2 SLS will add a pair of advanced solid or liquid propellant boosters to offer a 143-ton (130 metric tons) lift capacity. In each configuration, the SLS will use the same core stage and four RS-25 engines.
"This review gives us confidence that we are on the right track for the first flight of SLS and using it to extend [the] permanent human presence into deep space," said Hill.
Thirteen teams of engineers and aerospace experts took 11 weeks to review more than 1,000 documents and more than 150 gigabytes of data as part of the process.
When first announced in 2011, NASA’s Space Launch System sported a Saturn V-inspired color scheme, as seen at left. Credit: NASA
The CDR was the last of four reviews that examined SLS concepts. The next step is design certification, which will occur in 2017 after manufacturing, integration and testing is complete. The certification will compare the actual final product to the rocket's design.
The final assessment, the flight readiness review, will take place just prior to the rocket being ready to launch.
"This is a major step in the design and readiness of SLS," stated John Honeycutt, SLS program manager. "Our team has worked extremely hard, and we're moving forward with building this rocket. We are qualifying hardware, building structural test articles and making real progress."
A separate CDR, now underway, is reviewing the design of the Orion spacecraft, the astronaut-carrying capsule that will launch atop the SLS. NASA has said it will be ready to launch its first crewed Orion and SLS mission by 2023.
Is There Another Advanced Civilization Living Beneath Our Feet?
Is There Another Advanced Civilization Living Beneath Our Feet?
As science and science fiction join, we begin to decipher the ancient mysteries of the human experience. If entities exist under the surface of our planet, they would not live in volcanic rock but in advanced spaceships meant to generate essential life habitat. Are tectonic plate shifts an act of their doing, or a truly natural part of earth?
Theories about the Hollow Earth usually include a central sun, aliens, and legendary subterranean cities and civilizations that some open minded people believe could link science and pseudoscience, but only if discovered physically. In ancient times, this idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and it became associated with the image of “places“ such as the Christian Hell, the Greek Hades, the Jewish Sheol or the Nordic belief of Svartalfheim.
However in modern times, with both sides of the Arctic and Antarctic regions melting down at an accelerated rate, the truth behind this enigma and its allegorical connections to other genesis or creation myths in the tale of humanity’s journey on planet Earth could soon be revealed.
According to the Hollow Earth theory, our planet is either fully hollow or otherwise contains a massive interior space. There are allegedly races that live in underground cities beneath planet Earth. Often enough, these dwellers of the underground are more technologically advanced than we humans are on the surface. Some think that UFO’s are not from other planets, but are fabricated by strange beings from the inside of our planet.
Throughout time, some people have claimed that they encountered these mysterious beings from the ground, some even wrote detailed reports of the meetings or even books regarding the way they were greeted and taught.
An interesting description of such an encounter comes from John Cleves Symmes Jr, an American officer, trader and lecturer who introduced the concept of openings to the inner world of the poles. He declared that:
"The Earth is hollow, and habitable within; containing a number of solid concentric spheres, one within the other, and that it is open at the poles 12 or 16 degrees; I pledged my life in support of this truth, and I am ready to explore the hollow, if the world will support and aid me in the undertaking.“
Symmes’ Hollow Earth theory described the world as consisting of five concentric spheres, with our outer earth and its atmosphere as the largest. He saw the Earth’s crust as being around 1000 miles thick, having an Arctic opening about 4000 miles wide, and an Antarctic opening measuring around 6000 miles wide. He suggested that he managed to enter this underground realm because the curvature of the rim of the polar openings were gradual enough that it would be possible to enter the Inner Earth without being aware of the passage. He stated that because of the centrifugal force of Earth’s rotation, the planet would be flattened at the poles, and thus have ample passage into the Inner Earth.
Symmes also claimed that this inner surface of the concentric spheres in his Hollow Earth would be lit by sunlight reflected off of the outer surface of the next sphere and would be livable, being a “warm and rich land, stocked with thrifty vegetables and animals if not men.“ He ultimately concluded that the Earth, as well as every celestial orbicular body that existed in the universe, visible or invisible, which partook in any degree of a planetary type, from the smallest to the greatest, are all established, in a greater or lesser degree, in a compilation of spheres.
Symmes wasn’t the best lecturer. He felt uncomfortable as a public speaker. Still, he preserved. He started making disciples and soon his ideas began to take shape into the public’s minds. The book Symzonia appeared in 1820 and has often been associated with him. It describes the voyage of Captain Seaborn from 1817 who set out for the South Pole in order to prove the theory of an internal world, published by Captain John Cleve Symmes. Afraid of the attitude of his crew, he does not fully inform them of his desire, hiring them rather for a commercial journey in the South Seas. The crew discover the internal continent, which is named Symzonia in honor of Symmes.
The new world appears to be of a garden paradise, consisting of:
[…] gently rolling hills within an easy sloping shore, covered with verdure, checkered with groves of trees and shrubbery, studded with numerous white buildings and animated with groups of men and cattle, all standing in relief near the foot of a lofty mountain, which in the distance reared its majestic head above the clouds.”
The internals are described as a peaceful race, their power emanating from the people. They were led by a “Best Man“ and a council of one hundred, elected for their modest and exemplary merit. The most fundamental characteristic of the internals was their simple life style, as they despised material gain and sensual pleasures.
They lived equally, without the desire for wealth or carnal pleasures, while producing only what is needed for the society. The society is described as living for the unified good and prosperity of all of their people. This fairness applied even to their diet, for they were vegetarians. Because of the contrast between the principles and values of the two races, the “Best Man“ orders Seaborn to leave this paradise inside the Earth, along with his crew, as described:
It appeared that we were of a race who had either wholly fallen from virtue, or were at least very much under the influence of the worst passions of our nature.”
Even though Symmes and his disciples were not able to reveal completely palpable evidence for their claims, there must be more than a grain of truth in it as countless people experience visions of this inner place and gain some kind of spiritual guidance towards it.
In our current state of understanding, we realize that planet Earth holds a lot of mysteries waiting to be uncovered. The earth is said to be almost eight thousand miles in diameter, and the deepest excavations ever attempted only reached half a mile below its surface. We are, therefore, extremely ignorant of the nature and structure of the interior of this vast mass the earth holds and might remain so unless those intraterrestrial beings decide to make the first step towards us.
When will they break the ice and uncover the truth?
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UFO Did Crash In Roswell And Aliens Were Found: Confirms Man Who Walked On The Moon
UFO Did Crash In Roswell And Aliens Were Found: Confirms Man Who Walked On The Moon
NASA astronaut who once walked on the Moon says he STILL believes a UFO with aliens DID crash in a US desert before the government covered it up and wants the world to know the TRUTH!
Former NASA astronaut Edgar Mitchell was one of six key people involved in the release of a new ‘smoking gun’ image said to show one of the aliens that died in the crash near Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947.
The picture is now widely believed to have been false or a hoax….
But despite the mess that was the ‘Roswell Slides’ event last week not changing history at all in the quest for extra terrestrial life as it had suggested it would, Edgar STILL remains adamant that more than one alien landed at Roswell nearly 70 years ago – and some of them were captured alive and could still be alive somewhere to this day.
“The truth about it is that it was real. I was there when the Roswell incident took place. I was on my way to college and had just graduated high school.
“One day, it was in the Roswell Daily Record, which was a newspaper in Roswell, about an alien spacecraft that had crashed, and the next day that it had been denied by the Air Force, saying that it was a weather balloon.
“I believed that and went off to college.
“Many years later, after I had been to the moon and came back, I went out to Roswell to give lectures, talk and meet people I knew since I was a kid.
“Many of the people I knew, along with descendants of the people who had been involved in the Roswell incident, told me their stories.” He said.
Edgar confirmed that the descendants included the son of an undertaker who provided “coffins for the alien bodies” and the son of a sheriff who “kept traffic away from the crash site” and helped keep the area secure from prying eyes!
Mr Mitchell who actually was meant to attend the 6,000-audience conference in Mexico for the recent Roswell Slides” event but actually appeared via video link, saying at 84 he was far too old to travel that far (perhaps a change of heart!?).
Edgar recently spoke of why the authorities have kept “alien visitations above top secret” during an interview with HighCountry News ahead of another UFO conference this month.
Speaking about the now panned and completely debunked ‘alien’ image, Mr Mitchell added:
“They’re certainly not human – looks like what the little greys look like.”
Mr Mitchell stated a very wise comment and also said that we do not know what beings are in the Universe because our planet is like a grain of sand on a huge beach.
Mr Mitchell was the sixth man to walk on the moon as part of the Apollo 14 mission in 1971.
Mr Mitchell also added:
“A family friend who was a major in the United States Air Force told me it was all real.
“I got the stories from all of these various people into my head when I came back from the moon, and I then went to the Pentagon and told them my story about that and said, give me your opinion.
“The admiral who I spoke to said, ‘I don’t know anything about it, but I’m going to find out.’
“He went out to New Mexico and checked all around, came back and told me, ‘Your stories are quite correct and all real.’”
Edgar was also keen to confirm that the US government found dead and live aliens on board the crashed craft at Roswell!
Apparently, the US Government covered up the Roswell incident because they did not know if the ‘visits’ were hostile and also did not want Soviet Russia discovering about it….and possibly stealing any potential knowledge or technology!
Edgar told how governmental agencies in the US did not know at all what to do with the alien crashed saucer and its “superior technology” for fear of it getting into Soviet hands and being used against them one day!
“The best course of action was to just lie about it, and keep it to themselves. They labeled it ‘above top-secret,’ and that created the long running iron curtain separating a secret group within the government, and the American public.” He said.
Mr Mitchell also made a shocking statement that he had been made aware of “many UFO visits to Earth during his career with NASA” with each and every one covered up!
Please check out an intriguing video with Edgar below:
When the monster back hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy belched out an exceptionally high number of powerful X-ray flares last year, it made astronomers wonder — is this a sign that the beast chowed down on a passing gas cloud, or is this lack of cosmic etiquette typical for black holes?
The black hole at the center of the Milky Way, known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A* for short), is typically very quiet – it doesn't eat a lot of material, and there is relatively little light that radiates from the region around it. Which is why the apparent uptick in bright X-ray flares came as a surprise to scientists.
Could the bright flares seen in August 2014 have been caused by a gas cloud that passed too close to the black hole, and become an unsuspecting snack? And if that is the case, what does it tell scientists about what exactly happens to material that falls into a black hole? Alternatively, are these types of flare clusters typical of black holes, and an example of scientists' limited understanding of these mighty beasts? Upcoming observations may shed some light on these dark objects. [Images: Milky Way's Monster Black Hole Shreds … Something.
Bright flare activity increases
Packing a double punch of observational power, NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton space telescope have been observing Sgr A* (pronounced "Sagittarius A-star") on and off since 1999. In the last three years, the total coverage time has increased thanks to a series of dedicated observation campaigns.
For long stretches, Chandra's detectors would see only "quiescent" X-ray activity from Sgr A*, and then, suddenly, a bright flare would appear. The center of the Milky Way is one of the most densely populated regions of the galaxy, and the view between Earth and Sgr A* is blocked by stars and gas clouds. The Chandra scientists cherished the light that managed to make its way to their detectors, according to Daryl Haggard, an astrophysicist at McGill University in Montreal, who studies the black hole using Chandra data.
Haggard is a co-author on a new study suggesting there was a two- to threefold increase in the number of bright flares emitted by Sgr A* beginning in August 2014 and extending through November 2014 (the paper does not show an overall increase in the flare rate). In one particularly active period, five bright X-ray flares burst forth from Sgr A* in a time frame that would typically see only one. One of the flares, seen in September, was three times brighter than any other flare detected from that region. The new paper looked at 15 years of Chandra and XMM-Newton data, as well as data from the SWIFT space telescope, in an effort to show that the increase was not merely a result of greater observation time.
What was happening to cause the increase? According to the new research, there are two leading ideas.
G2, the mystery object
The first hypothesis involves a controversial object called G2. In 2011, a group of astronomers using the Very Large Telescope in Chile announced that this cosmic daredevil was going to make a very tight swing around Sgr A*. What would happen during this close approach was a subject of hot debate, because scientists couldn't say for sure what G2 was – a pure dust cloud or a compact object surrounded by a dust cloud.
If G2 is a solid object, then it should have swung around Sgr A* without being pulled past the event horizon, beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. But if it is pure gas, scientists predicted that the gravity of the black hole would smear it like a wisp of smoke, and a sizable amount of material would become lunch for Sgr A*. That would, theoretically, produce an increase in the light emitted from the region around the black hole, because when material falls into a black hole it accelerates rapidly, causing it to radiate light.
That means that if G2 is a dust cloud, it could have provided scientists with the first real-time, short-term observation of a black hole eating. To watch one of the most monstrous cosmic creatures in the universe devour a meal right in our own backyard would be an unrivaled opportunity for scientists. It would tell them about how black holes grow over their lifetimes, and provide new insights into the strange physics that takes place near the edge of these extreme gravity wells. Imagine a scientist who is trying to study lions in the wild, but never getting to see them hunt and devour their prey — G2 might finally let scientists watch Sgr A* in action.
The excitement was a palpable lead-up to G2's close approach to Sgr A*. Andrea Ghez, an astrophysicist at the University of California at Los Angeles and one of the scientists who confirmed the existence of Sgr A*, said it was one of the "most watched events in astronomy in my career."
Chandra saw nothing, nor did any of the other telescopes observing at the time.
Stefan Gillessen, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany and one of the lead proponents of the gas cloud theory, argued that G2 might still be a pure gas cloud, but that the dynamics of how and when it would be pulled into Sgr A* were different than originally predicted. Scientists don't fully understand how material might behave around a black hole.
The new suggestion that Sgr A* released an increased number of bright flares in late 2014 could be the missing light show, according to Gabriel Ponti, a research fellow with the Max Planck group and the lead author on the new paper. Perhaps the material from G2 took longer than expected to fall toward the black hole and radiate.
"A year or so ago, we thought [G2] had absolutely no effect on Sgr A*, but our new data raise the possibility that that might not be the case," Ponti said in a statement from Chandra. [Black Holes of the Universe in Images]
A long monitoring campaign of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole has revealed some unusual activity. Typically relatively quiet, the black hole (called Sagittarius A*) had an increase in bright X-ray flares in mid-2014. The timing of this surge coincided with the close passage of the mysterious G2 object near the black hole. Astronomers will continue to observe the black hole to ascertain the true nature of the increase in brightX-ray activity. Credit: NASA/CXC/MPE/G.Ponti et al; Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss
Ponti cautions that the new research cannot confirm the connection between the flare activity and G2 — there's no evidence to show that it isn't just a coincidence. Plus, the paper points out that observations in infrared light seem to show that G2 has survived its trip around Sgr A*, suggesting it is not a pure gas cloud.
This doesn't rule out the possibility that some of the gas from G2 was pulled into the black hole, but it means scientists would have to have a new model for how much gas could be syphoned from G2. And that raises the question of how quickly material moves through the region around a black hole, and around Sgr A* in particular. Does it flow down to the black hole's gaping maw in a smooth, quickly moving stream, like cream moving through coffee? Or is it slow, like molasses across asphalt? If this burst of flare activity is due to G2 passing by, it would suggest that material falls very quickly, according to Haggard. In fact, it would suggest that material is basically in free- fall as it gets closer to the black hole's event horizon. [The Strangest Black Holes in Space]
The likelihood of a G2 connection to the increased flare activity "seems tenuous to me," Haggard told Space.com. She prefers an alternative possibility — that black holes normally exhibit "flare clustering," or bursts of activity that vary from the "average" behavior they exhibit most of the time.
Ponti writes in his blog post for the Chandra website that other black holes that accrete matter at a similar rate to Sgr A* (but which are millions of times less massive) also show "long-term modulation in their flaring properties." (Another factor to consider is that an object called G1, spotted before G2 and with a similar physical appearance, approached Sgr A* at a similar distance in 2001, but there was "no particular evidence for anything unusual happening as a result of G1's passage." However, he also notes that "the X-ray monitoring was much sparser" at the time.)
The largest X-ray flare from the Milky Way's supermassive black hole has been detected. Chandra caught this flare, which was 400 times brighter than the black hole's usual output, in September 2013. Researchers also saw a second large X-ray flare a little over a year later. Credit: NASA/CXC/Amherst College/D.Haggard et al.
Scientists are still trying to understand why black holes like Sgr A* might release flares in periodic clusters, rather than evenly over time. It could have to do with how the gravitational pull of the black hole destroys matter that falls toward it, perhaps breaking it up into clumps, like a string of pearls that then fall in one after the other, each creating their own flare. It could also have to do with the magnetic properties of the black hole.
The Event Horizon Telescope, a worldwide network of radio telescopes, is currently dedicated to studying the monstrous beast that lives at the heart of Earth's galactic home. No data has come out of the project yet, but the collaboration may provide the best-ever images of a black hole.
"At present, we don't know whether the observed variation has anything to do with G2 or not and we are eager to know what the new data collected in 2015 will tell us," Ponti wrote in a blog post on Harvard University's Chandra website.
The object known as G2 may not have provided a snack for Sgr A*, the way so many people hoped it would. But it is nonetheless a fascinating object, potentially something that astronomers have never seen before. Ghez's group of researchers at UCLA have proposed that it may be two stars that merged into one, and they're wondering if these types of merged stars are typical around Sgr A*, and why.
Sgr A* is the nearest example we have of one of the most captivating creatures in the universe: An object with a gravitational pull so powerful it can bend light, or stop it from ever escaping. There are black holes in the universe that are brighter than entire galaxies, and others that are almost completely invisible. Scientists still aren't sure if falling into a black hole would involve being shredded into long strips like spaghetti, or crushed by all the material that ever fell in before. The flares detected by Chandra and XMM provide clues about what happens to those that enter the cosmic lion's den.
Rusland in de ban van ‘zeer grote vliegende schotel met felle groene lichten’
Rusland in de ban van ‘zeer grote vliegende schotel met felle groene lichten’
Op de sociale media wordt de laatste dagen druk gesproken over ongeïdentificeerde vliegende objecten boven de hoofdstad van de Russische autonome regio Boerjatië. Een vrouw zag een ‘oplichtend’ object met ‘een groot aantal groene lichten’ in de lucht boven Oelan-Oede. Dat schrijft The Siberian Times.
Samen met haar zoon en twee voorbijgangers zag ze hoe het mysterieuze object verdween en vervolgens vlak bij haar opnieuw verscheen.
“Toen het boven ons hoofd bleef hangen, kon ik geen woord uitbrengen,” zei de vrouw. “De twee voorbijgangers verstopten zich in een gebouw. Het was een zeer grote schotel met in het midden felle groene lichten. Ik kon niet geloven dat zoiets bestond.”
Vreemde cirkels
Boven het Russische Baikalmeer werd in juli 2010 iets soortgelijks gezien. Toen waren mensen getuige van drie ‘UFO’s’ met een groene waas. “Ze vlogen heel laag over ons heen,” zei Nikita Tomin. “Het object scheen met een groen licht op ons. We waren een beetje bang.”
Een andere inwoner van Oelan-Oede maakte onlangs melding van een fel oplichtend object dat hij midden in de nacht vanaf het balkon had gezien. Iemand anders zag rode lichten in de lucht die zomaar in het niets verdwenen. Eerder deze maand zagen inwoners van Oelan-Oede ook al vreemde cirkels boven de stad (foto).
“Het was zeker geen satelliet”
Een 35-jarige man uit de plaats Khorinsk, op zo’n 165 kilometer van de stad, zei afgelopen week: “Ik zag het met mijn eigen ogen. Rond 19.00 uur ging ik naar buiten om te roken en zag ik een oplichtende bol in de lucht, heel fel. Ik dacht eerst dat het een satelliet was, maar toen ik beter keek merkte ik dat de bol zich slechts 200 tot 300 meter boven de grond bevond.”
“Het was zeker geen satelliet, het bewoog zich anders voort,” ging de man verder. “De lichten werden langzaam maar zeker minder fel en kleurden rood. Ik hoorde geen geluid. Het is heel stil waar ik woon. Er zijn geen auto’s.”
Here is an older sighting a few months ago, but I have not posted it before, so here it goes.
Many UFOs have been seen around Colima Volcano and this UFO is glowing white light which shows us its a high energy source, not a bird or plane. Also the UFO is in the typical tubular shape that are commonly seen around Mexico volcanos.
Scott C. Waring
www.ufosightingsdaily.com
News states:
August 15, 2015, fire Colima volcano, again webcams of Mexico attracted to an object that quickly crosses a certain distance of the monitoring team.
Incredible giant UFO has people running away in fear, Oct 2015, UFO Sighting News.
Incredible giant UFO has people running away in fear, Oct 2015, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 2015 Location of sighting: Buryatia, Russia News source:http://siberiantimes.com/other/others/features/f0172-ufos-buzz-city-of-ulan-ude-with-residents-seeingvery-big-saucer-with-bright-green-lights/ This hit the news today and its a very cool sighting. Russia is known for its UFOs and this is one for the history books. The UFO is low over the building and has two orbs above it, used like sensors of sorts. These orbs are often seen buzzing around UFOs, some measure only a few inches. Scott C. Waring www.ufosightingsdaily.com News states: The latest unidentified flying objects in the capital of Buryatia have had the social media buzzing in recent days. A woman reported seeing a 'glowing' entity in the sky above Ulan-Ude with 'a lot of green lights, some red and blue'. She watched with her son and male two passers-by as the mysterious object disappeared and then reappeared 'very close', making a noise like the engine of a car, she claimed. The men at first claimed it might be a toy plane or drone. 'When it stopped right above us, I could not say a word and saw the two men running to hide in a building,' said the woman. 'It was a very large saucer with bright green lights in the middle. My son got scared, grabbed my hand and we ran away. I never believed that something like that could exist.' (more at source).
Scientists discover the on-off switch for human consciousness deep within the brain
Scientists discover the on-off switch for human consciousness deep within the brain
Researchers at George Washington University are reporting that they’ve discovered the human consciousness on-off switch, deep within the brain. When this region of the brain, called the claustrum, is electrically stimulated, consciousness — self-awareness, sentience, whatever you want to call it — appears to turn off completely. When the stimulation is removed, consciousness returns. The claustrum seems to bind together all of our senses, perceptions, and computations into single, cohesive experience. This could have massive repercussions for people currently in a minimally conscious state (i.e. a coma), and for deciding once and for all which organisms are actually conscious. Are monkeys conscious? Cats and dogs? A fetus?
When it comes to human consciousness, much like the rest of our brain’s operation, there isn’t a whole lot in the way of actual scientific knowledge. Despite a century of “modern” neuroscience, we still only have a rough sketch of how the human brain works. Most theories, though, generally agree that consciousness is probably created by a part of the brain that integrates activity from different regions of the brain into a single, holistic experience. To put it in (very loose) computing terms, this seat of human consciousness would be somewhat like a CPU; without it, you’d just have a bunch of different parts that are theoretically functional, but not really capable of getting anything useful done.
The claustrum, below the neocortex, in a human brain
The research, led by Mohamad Koubeissi at GWU in Washington DC, was originally tasked with analyzing a woman with epilepsy. The neuroscientists were stimulating regions of the brain with electrodes in an attempt to discover where her seizures originated from. Then, when they stimulated the claustrum — a thin region of the brain underneath the neocortex — the patient slowly lost consciousness. When the stimulation was removed, consciousness returned. When the claustrum was stimulated, the woman just stopped whatever she was doing (speaking, reading, moving) and stared blankly into space; when stimulation was removed, she continued as normal with no recollection of what had just happened. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.05.027 – “Electrical stimulation of a small brain area reversibly disrupts consciousness”]
Speaking to New Scientist, Koubeissi said: “I would liken it to a car. A car on the road has many parts … but there’s only one spot where you turn the key and it all switches on and works together. So while consciousness is a complicated process created via many structures and networks – we may have found the key. [Read: Human consciousness is simply a state of matter, like a solid or liquid – but quantum.]
As you might expect when it comes to bleeding-edge neuroscience, there are some caveats to the research — most notably, the study only looked at the brain of one person, and due to her epilepsy (and previous removal of part of her hippocampus) she doesn’t necessarily represent a “normal” brain. In short, more research needs to be done — and following the publishing of this paper, you can be guaranteed that there will be more research into the claustrum.
Neural pathways in the human brain
If it turns out that the claustrum is the seat of consciousness, the repercussions could be monumental. Consciousness — the idea that we are somehow greater than the sum of our dumb animal senses — has always been a rather sticky concept. The general idea is that consciousness is one of the key factors that makes us human — that imbues us with humanity — rather than merely roaming around, responding to hard-coded instincts.
Curiously, even though stimulating the claustrum removed consciousness, the patient was still awake. Consciousness is often discussed in relation to wakefulness, but seemingly they are not as closely connected as originally fhought. This new research could also inform us about anesthesia and comas — two other areas of medicine we still know very little about. [Read: MIT discovers the location of memories: Individual neurons.]
Finally, it’s worth pointing out that the claustrum is believed to be present in all mammalian brains. Does this mean that all dogs and cats are conscious and self-aware? When the human (or other mammalian) fetus develops a claustrum, does it become conscious? What about other, simpler animals that don’t have a claustrum? Interesting questions that neuroscientists are no doubt be racing to answer.
Amazing Auroras: Breathtaking Northern Lights Photos of 2015
Amazing Auroras: Breathtaking Northern Lights Photos of 2015
The northern lights are a wonder to see. See amazing photos of the Earth's auroras as seen by Space.com readers and more in this gallery. HERE: Astrophotographer Mia Stålnacke sent in a photo of an auroral display over of Kiruna, Sweden, taken on March 17 during a major geomagnetic storm. Read the Full Story of the St. Patrick's Day Auroras. Less «
A Ceres-like asteroid slowly disintegrates while orbiting a white dwarf star in this illustration. A similar object seems to be coming apart as it orbits one of the white dwarfs imaged by the Kepler Space Telescope during its K2 mission - the first object ever seen transiting a white dwarf. Credit: Mark A. Garlick
The planet-destroying Death Star from "Star Wars" may be fictional, but a star at the end of its life and only a bit bigger than Earth could be its real-world twin: The star is currently destroying and disintegrating an orbiting planet bit by bit.
The ill-fated planetary body and its debris are about the size of Texas or the dwarf planet Ceres, the largest asteroid in Earth's solar system, and it will be fully destroyed within about a million years. Scientists watching the object disintegrate will get the best-ever view of a solar system's death, researchers said — and a look at the likely future of our own system.
Scientists observed the crumbling planet using NASA's Kepler space telescope and pulled out further detail through ground observation. This marks the first time scientists have ever seen a planetary body passing around a tiny, faint white dwarf (the planet's destroyer), researchers report in a new study. [Infographic: How to Tell Star Types Apart]
"This is something no human has seen before," Andrew Vanderburg, a graduate student at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and lead author of the new study, said in a statement. "We're watching a solar system get destroyed."
"What we're seeing are fragments of a disintegrating planet that is being vaporized by [the white dwarf's] starlight and is losing mass," Vanderburg told Space.com. "The vapor is getting lost into orbit, and that condenses into dust which then blocks the starlight." (The object is being destroyed by the white dwarf's intense heat and possibly by its gravitational tides as well, likely after its orbit became unstable and moved inward, the researchers said in the statement.)
Watching the dust from the decomposing object change the light from the white dwarf is a major milestone for understanding stars and the planets that orbit them, the researchers said.
Stellar mystery
As a star grows old, it balloons outward into a huge red giant, swallowing anything orbiting too close to it. Researchers say that, in the case of Earth's solar system, the sun will grow to engulf Mercury, Venus and possibly Earthin about 5 billion years.
Eventually, an old star runs out of fuel; then, it sheds its massive outer envelope into space, and its core contracts into a small, dense white dwarf. (White dwarfs are the final form of stars close to our sun's size, whereas much larger stars end in supernova explosions.)
Any elements heavier than hydrogen or helium should soon be sucked into the center of that white dwarf, but as astronomers learned to peer closer, they noticed something strange: Many white dwarfs somehow still have heavy elements like magnesium and iron in their atmospheres that should have been pulled inward. So, astronomers surmised, something must be continuously adding those elements to the surface.
Some astronomers suspected that planets and other bodies orbiting the white dwarf, knocked off-kilter by the star's loss of mass, might collide with one another and shatter into asteroidlike pieces, which, if they wander too close, would be pulled apart by the dwarf's gravity. Then, those pieces would form a disk of dust that would fall into the star, replenishing its supply of metals.
Astronomers had noticed, in some cases, the very planet-like makeup of those dusty veils. But because nobody had ever seen the broken-up planets themselves passing around a white dwarf, it remained an educated guess.
Seeing strange signals
Now, Vanderburg's group has spotted just such a signature in the recurring decline and reappearance of a white dwarf's light picked up by the Kepler space telescope during its K2 mission. White dwarfs are small, so such "transits" occur quickly as objects orbit them and are easy to miss.
But because white dwarfs are so small, the passing bodies can block out more light and make the change much more noticeable. This particular white dwarf star is about 570 light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo, and the object orbits its star at a distance of about 520,000 miles (837,000 kilometers) — more than twice the distance from the Earth to the moon, researchers said in the statement.
By incorporating data from ground-based telescopes as well, the group was able to piece together a more detailed view of the object passing in front of the star. The transits were very short, confirming that the thing being blocked out was very small, like a white dwarf. Moreover, the transits were asymmetrical in how much light they blocked over time, providing the researchers a key clue to interpreting the scenario.
"Instead of being transited by a solid planet, the white dwarf was being transited by a planet that has a dusty, cometlike tail trailing behind it," Vanderburg said. That tail, rather than just an isolated object orbiting, would make the starlight change unevenly over time. There are likely several fragments making the journey and entering astronomers' view, Vanderburg said.
The data that finally supported this conclusion and pulled all the observations together reached Vanderburg in an email at 1 a.m, just before he was going to sleep — and he was up for the next five hours because the data "was just so exciting and so stunning," he said. For the first time, researchers were seeing the 10-year-old theory about how white dwarf systems evolve directly confirmed in the night sky.
New views
Other researchers are similarly enthused by this finding, Vanderburg said, and almost all of them have their own theories for what, exactly, is happening.
"We've never witnessed something like this," said Francesca Faedi, an astronomer at the University of Warwick in England, and author of a "News and Views" column accompanying the new results, published online today (Oct. 21) in the journal Nature.
"It's the first object known to have been born, survived and [be] dying around the host star — which is very cool," she told Space.com.
By watching a planetary body break apart around the white dwarf, researchers will be able to get a sense of the different elements inside it as it disintegrates. They will also be able to study its atmosphere much more easily than if it were orbiting a larger star — simply because it covers up more of the star and creates a bigger signal for today's technology to analyze. By finding white-dwarf transits in Kepler data, researchers will get the closest look yet at such exoplanets. [The Strangest Alien Planets (Gallery)]
"Finally, white dwarfs get a little bit of fuss around them," Faedi said. "They deserve that."
Seeing the final stages of a planetary system around such a dwarf is key, she added. "We cannot have a nice picture of exoplanets, we cannot understand exoplanets, unless we understand how they got formed, how they evolve dynamically and how they die," Faedi said.
And while they're at it, systems like these give astronomers hints about what will happen when the sun becomes Earth's own "Death Star." Of course, by then Earth will be burnt to a crisp following the sun's expansion into a red giant, if not engulfed altogether. But at least it won't have succumbed to the Dark Side.
Editor's Note: This article was updated Oct. 23 to further clarify why the object is coming apart.
I am sharing this story because it is popular amongst the reptilian haters. Just like humans if a human rapes it doesn’t mean every human rapes. Same with beings such as Reptilians. Reptilians are the new Jews to hate on in the space cult whacko sections of the scene. So I am sharing for discussion not to condemn an entire species but to definitely condemn the actions of an evil reptilian if this story is true. I know for a fact good Reptilians exist. So don’t always buy the hype but this is something to think on regardless of your feelings for the reptilians. Some maybe of the light and others of a more demonic nature. You can watch the video below to find out more about Dr. Karla Turner’s supposed murder. – Jeffery Pritchett
From: ALIEN ABDUCTIONS IN THE GINGERBREAD HOUSE by Dr. Karla Turner
A man in his late 40′s came to us to explore several alien- related events in his life, and in the interview he told of a strange, although not apparently alien-oriented, episode that had haunted him since childhood. When he was ten years old, his grandmother came to visit in his home, and since the house was small, she shared his bed on the first night of her visit.
During the night, the boy was awakened by a loud male voice. He couldn’t understand what the voice was saying, but it sounded angry and was addressing the grandmother lying beside him. The next morning, he asked his grandmother, “What was that voice in the bedroom last night?”
His grandmother, with tears in her eyes, pulled him tightly to her and said, “That was the devil.” She said nothing more about the episode, but she did insist that her son take her back to her own home immediately. It was an unreasonable request, and her son tried to talk her out of it. But the grandmother was adamant, and finally her son agreed to take her home the following day.
The entire family made the trip of over a hundred miles back to the grandmother’s farm, and within an hour of their arrival, the grandmother suffered a massive stroke and died. Ever since that event, the man had felt a heavy burden of guilt associated with his grandmother’s death. Yet there was no conscious reason for him to have felt that way. The entire event was poignant and mystifying, but in all the alien encounters he had subsequently undergone, he had felt that the aliens were his friends and were helping him by expanding his psychic abilities.
A regression session was arranged, and in the course of the hypnosis, he was asked to look at that childhood experience. What he recalled was an abduction in which he and his grandmother were taken to a spacecraft in the company of reptilian aliens. He remembered the aliens telling his grandmother that they were interested in learning about her knowledge of medicinal herbs. And they offered to exchange medical information of their own. They gave the boy and the grandmother a liquid to drink, explaining that it was beneficial and would make the grandmother feel young and attractive again. So both of them drank the liquid, and the man remembered seeing his grandmother indeed looking much younger. That was the extent of his recollection.
Both he and Ms. Bartholic, who was conducting the regression, were puzzled by this, because there was nothing in the episode to account for the guilt he had felt about the grandmother’s death. So Ms. Bartholic deepened the man’s trance level and asked him to look at it again, with much clearer vision. And what he then recalled was much more disturbing.
The abduction, at first, followed his initial recollection. But when the liquid was drunk, he now remembered a very strong feeling of change in his body. And he saw that the grandmother didn’t actually look younger. Instead, she was placed on a table and approached by one of the reptilian aliens who wanted to have intercourse with her. The liquid had acted as an aphrodisiac, yet the grandmother resisted and said that since her husband’s death she would not have sex with anyone. The reptilian laughed and disappeared from the room momentarily. When he returned, he was accompanied by a man who looked exactly like the dead husband.
At this point, the grandmother agreed to have sex, but as the act was in progress, she suddenly realized that the image of her dead husband was a cruel illusion. It was actually the reptilian on top of her, and she cried out in great resistance for him to leave her alone. Once he was finished with her, he lifted up the little boy and placed him on top of the grandmother, forcing another sex act upon the both of them. Then the grandmother was removed from the table and the little boy was victimized himself by the reptilian, forced to have anal and oral sex. The grandmother protested violently, pushing the reptilian away from her grandson and interposing her body between them. “By Jesus,” she shouted, “you will not touch this boy!”
That must have been the wrong thing to say, because the reptilian became very angry and threatened her. “You will die for that!” he told her, and the two people were returned to the bedroom from which they’d been taken. The next morning, the grandmother told the little boy that the devil had been there the night before, and that was when she insisted upon being taken home. And, as it turned out, she did die immediately thereafter.
This, then, was the cause of the man’s lifelong sense of guilt about her death. He had been forced to have sex with her, and her death had followed shortly after. But none of this story would have emerged if Ms. Bartholic had done as most investigators do and stopped the regression after uncovering the story about the exchange of medicinal knowledge.
There are other cases in our files that show a similar deception at work in the initial hypnotic recall. We cannot trust that first memory, it is clear, for like so much else in the abduction experience, there may well be further maskings of events.
Check out more contributions by Jeffery Pritchett ranging from UFO to Bigfoot to Paranormal to Prophecy
DIAMOND SHAPED ALIEN CRAFT SPOTTED OVER PENNSYLVANIA
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OCTOBER 11, 2015 ……….. EAGLEVILLE PENNSYLVANIA
I took out the Sunday night trash at 11 pm and smoked my cigarette at the entrance to my garage when all of a sudden I noticed a diamond shaped craft seemingly jump out of the sky/stars and pulsate in the night sky.
I immediately felt extremely uncomfortable and thought maybe I caught the tail end of a very bright shooting star as the craft disappeared, but within 10-15 seconds it reappeared even closer for about 8-10 seconds and grew much larger before skimming up towards the sky even higher.
The craft seemed to look like the North Star every time it would pulsate/vibrate to a stop before totally disappearing. Then every 10-20 seconds it would reappear in a vibrating/pulsating brightglow and literally seemed to be mimicking the North Star every time it stopped.
It is an absolutely crystal clear night tonight and this experience just occurred a little over an hour ago. It seemed to be super high in the sky, like it was outside the atmosphere and as far away as the stars but it would appear very close at the same time. The craft appeared to be gigantic, diamond in shape that would glow with a vibrating white circular center and white edges that would become almost transparent.
The entire event took about 3-5 minutes to completely dodge above my roof/house and be out of sight. I felt extremely uncomfortable and still feel uncomfortable and shocked with goose bumps as I type this. During the experience, I saw a second object that mimicked the main object briefly before darting across the sky faster than anything I have ever seen.
Both objects moved quickly and slowly but faster than anything I have ever seen when they moved around the sky at high rates of speed. I did not see any of the typical man made objects in the sky (planes, satellites, helicopters,) during the experience, but did see them on their normal paths a few mins after the experience ended. I held my hand at during the experience to block the only light in my neighborhood that was on to make sure I had the best view possible and when the second object appeared my hand felt warm like I was holding it up to a distant fire or welders torch. I have never seen anything remotely like these objects in my entire 30 years and never felt the way I felt during this experience in my entire life. I still feel very uncomfortable and awkwyrd.
I thought that there had to be an explanation and looked up online what did I just see in the night sky? The space station website showed up and I filled out the information on my location and time and it was nowhere near me. I could not find one video online that even resembled what I saw and experienced and I felt overwhelmingly compelled to somehow report this experience. I work in a Church and want to remain anonymous but had to share my experience. Please offer any help, explanation, or insight that you can if possible. Thank you for your time.
Notre psychisme a un penchant naturel pour l’ordre, qui se révèle désastreux face à la complexité. L’essayiste états-unien Jamie Holmes démonte ce mécanisme dans son éloge de l’incertitude et de l’ambiguïté
Le «point Godwin»: allons-y tout de suite. Vous savez, c’est ce moment particulier, situé généralement à un stade avancé d’une controverse lambda, où l’on en vient à mentionner le nazisme pour étayer un point de vue. Alors sautons quelques étapes et partons de là. En 1938, le psychologue nazi Erich Jaensch publie un livre intitulé Der Gegentypus, dans lequel il décrit le fait d’avoir des certitudes comme «un indicateur de bonne santé mentale» et, à l’inverse, le fait de tolérer le doute comme «le signe d’une maladie psychique».
Le psy nazi obéissait à une tendance puissante à l’oeuvre dans le cerveau humain (et pas qu’humain, c’est pareil chez les macaques rhésus): depuis les travaux du psychologue californien Arie Kruglanski, on appelle cette inclination «besoin de conclusion» (need for closure). C’est «le désir d’une réponse ferme à un problème donné, n’importe quelle réponse plutôt que la confusion et l’ambiguité». Le mécanisme a ses avantages et ses inconvénients. Avantages: il permet, dans des situations de survie élémentaires, de «cesser de penser et d’aller de l’avant». Inconvénients: c’est une source de préjugés, de conformisme, de fanatisme, de tragédies individuelles et collectives. C’est ce que détaille l’essayiste états-unien Jamie Holmes, politologue et expert en économie comportementale, dans Nonsense. The Power of Not Knowing (Editions Crown), ouvrage fascinant visant à dévoiler les pièges et les méfaits de ce mécanisme, et à suggérer comment trouver des solutions créatives à des problèmes urgents en embrassant, au contraire, l’ambiguité.
La tactique de l’espion
Présent à des degrés variables selon les personnes et les circonstances, le «besoin de conclusion» (ou «intolérance à l’ambiguité», selon l’expression de la psychologue Else Frenkel-Brunswik) est apparemment gravé dans le fonctionnement de notre cerveau comme une donnée fondamentale. Les philosophes et les écrivains l’ont décrit, la psychologie expérimentale l’a mis en lumière, les neurosciences ont identifié les réseaux neuronaux qui lui sont associés. Il ne s’agit pas pour autant d’une fatalité. Un vaste éventail de possibilités s’ouvre lorsqu’on se demande ce qui fait que «nos esprits se referment d’un coup ou se déverrouillent face à l’ambiguité», note Jamie Holmes.
Exemple (et retour au point Godwin): en 1946, le linguiste et agent secret Michel Thomas, Allemand d’origine polonaise travaillant alors pour le contre-espionnage états-unien, mène une opération visant à capturer les membres d’un réseau qui œuvre clandestinement à restaurer le pouvoir nazi. La mission de Thomas consiste à recruter le chef du réseau, Rudolf Schelkmann, en se faisant passer pour le responsable d’une autre organisation occulte, plus puissante et mieux centralisée. Pour faire gober cette fiction au chef nazi, Thomas élabore une mise en scène destinée à induire chez lui du stress de toutes les manières possibles. L’espion sait en effet, intuitivement, qu’une situation de tension réduit l’aptitude du cerveau à remarquer les contradictions et amène l’esprit à coller à une explication sans nuances. Le nazi tombe dans le panneau.
Jouant du grand écart entre les possibilités opposées qui s’ouvrent au cerveau, Michel Thomas deviendra ensuite enseignant de langues. Il mettra au point une méthode, aujourd’hui célèbre auprès des cancres et des célébrités, pour apprendre les langues étrangères très vite, sans se fatiguer. La clé? À l’inverse exact de ce qu’il avait mis sur pied pour piéger Rudolf Schelkmann, il s’agit cette fois d’ôter à l’enseignement tous les éléments de stress. Les circonstances dans lesquelles on se surpasse cognitivement, celle où on réussit des apprentissages nouveaux et où l’on maîtrise des percées en terrain inconnu, ne sont pas celles où l’on se met sous pression. Ce sont celles où l’on élimine les tensions et l’anxiété, réduisant ainsi notre aversion naturelle pour la complexité.
En attendant les OVNI
Peu de temps après les exploits allemands de Michel Thomas (que certains soupçonnent d’affabuler, ce qui ne dépare pas une histoire où il est question avant tout d’ambiguité…), les sciences de l’esprit commencent à se pencher sérieusement sur le «besoin de conclusion». En 1954, le psychosociologue new-yorkais Leon Festinger et son équipe infiltrent un groupe d’illuminés qui annonce la fin du monde et le sauvetage de quelques élus par des extraterrestres. La prophétie ne se réalise pas, mais elle permet à Festinger d’observer ce qui se passe chez des sujets en proie à ce qu’il appellera «dissonance cognitive»: la tension qui apparaît dans notre esprit lorsque nous sommes livrés à des processus mentaux contradictoires. Confrontés à cet inconfort, les amis des ovnis observés par Festinger en viennent, spontanément, à renforcer des convictions qui auraient pourtant tout lieu d’être ébranlées.
En 1974, à l’université de Princeton, Mark Zanna et Joel Cooper mènent une étude en combinant la dissonance cognitive et un placebo qui est censé induire du stress. Ils découvrent que les sujets qu’on amène à attribuer leur inconfort mental à une cause extérieure (la pilule placebo, donc) ont moins besoin de fuir la complexité et de se réfugier dans des idées stéréotypées: le placebo fait office de bouc émissaire. En 2009, les Canadiens Travis Proulx et Steven Heine montent une expérience consistant à lire une nouvelle particulièrement déroutante de Franz Kafka (Un médecin de campagne) et à observer ensuite des suites de chiffres. La lecture plonge l’esprit dans un état d’incertitude qui le rend «affamé d’ordre» (pattern hungry): lorsqu’on mets les sujets face aux séquences chiffrées, ils ont l’impression de voir des motifs et des structures (patterns), même là où il n’y en a pas. Et en 2013, Travis Proulx et Brenda Major montrent que, soumis à une poussée d’incertitude dans un domaine quelconque (en l’occurrence, des cartes à jouer truquées), les sujets sont conduits à adhérer plus fortement à leurs convictions politiques préalables.
Conclusions? La dissonance cognitive se manifeste sous la forme d’une «subtile anxiété physique». Toute forme de tension (fatigue, pression, manque de temps) «intensifie notre appétit pour l’ordre». Et tout est bon pour sortir de l’ambiguité. C’est ainsi que des temps difficiles engendrent une adhésion compulsive à des solutions simples, n’importe lesquelles, même si elles sont illusoires. La montée ambiante des droites extrêmes illustre le processus.
Waco, une tragédie de la certitude
Que faire de ce savoir? Prévenir le ruée du cerveau vers la certitude peut éviter des drames et des tragédies. Jamie Holmes évoque l’exemple de la médecine («la source la plus fréquente de faux diagnostics est la conclusion prématurée») et celui des prises d’otages. Lors du siège de la secte des Davidiens à Waco, Texas, en 1993, le comportement du gourou, David Koresh, est éminemment ambivalent, comme c’est généralement le cas dans ce genre de situation. Le négociateur, Gary Noesner, parvient à obtenir des libérations d’adeptes en plusieurs vagues successives. Mais les dispositions changeantes du gourou assiégé finissent par irriter les hommes en charge de l’opération, qui ont un faible seuil de tolérance face à l’ambiguité. Le négociateur est écarté et la situation glisse vers la catastrophe: 82 personnes perdront la vie dans le raiddu FBI. Trois ans plus tard, Gary Noesner réussira quant à lui à mener, pendant 80 jours, un autre siège, celui du camp retranché du groupe extrémiste Montana Freemen, sans tirer un coup de feu.
Que faire si on veut éviter les pièges du «besoin de conclusion»? «Lorsque vous prenez une décision, faites en sorte de considérer consciemment votre niveau de stress», suggère Jamie Holmes. C’est bien. Mais savoir que ce stress existe ne suffit pas. Il faut «mettre en place de façon délibérée des règles de fonctionnement» qui conduisent à «ralentir les conclusions indûment rapides et à étendre le cadre temporel pendant lequel l’ambiguité est tolérée, voire embrassée». Il faut reconnaître que la culture de la «disruption», qui valorise le chamboulement permanent des cadres d’activité, engendre plus de conformisme que de créativité. Il faut encourager le bilinguisme et le multiculturalisme, qui habituent l’esprit à gérer l’incertitude, ainsi que les migrations croisées. Selon le psychologue californien Dean Simonton, qui en a chiffré l’impact sur l’innovation dans une étude multi-séculaire, celles-ci sont le principal facteur explicatif des variations dans le niveau de créativité d’une société.
AD MAGAZINEDe ontdekking van water op Mars en de berichten over een ster waar 'iets onverklaarbaars' omheen zweeft, zijn nieuw voer voor de discussie die een groeiend deel van de bevolking bezighoudt: zijn wij alleen?
Vooral van mensen die schrijven dat ze het fijn vinden dat hun waarnemingen en ideeën eindelijk serieus worden genomen
Coen Vermeeren
Een klassieker van cabaretier Theo Maassen, die de aardse zoektocht naar buitenaards leven 'nogal zonde van het geld' vindt: ,,Er maar twee opties: of ze zijn dommer wij, of ze zijn slimmer dan wij. Als ze dommer zijn dan wij, dan hoef ik er niks mee te maken te hebben. En als ze slimmer zijn dan wij, dan vinden zij ons veel eerder dan wij hun."
Lachen natuurlijk, maar volgens ufo-gelovigen ziet Maassen één dingetje over het hoofd: 'ze' zijn er al. Voormalig lucht- en ruimtevaart- docent Coen Vermeeren, die beweert zelf meerdere keren ufo's te hebben gezien, is er ook zeker van. De wetenschapper schreef in 2013 het boek Ufo's bestaan gewoon, gebaseerd op veel bestaande literatuur en gesprekken met ufo-getuigen. De publicatie leverde behalve een enkele diskwalificatie (TU Delft-collega/astronoom Dap Hartman omschreef Vermeeren als 'ufo-gekkie') naar eigen zeggen dagelijks 'ongelooflijk veel reacties' en steunbetuigingen op.
,,Vooral van mensen die schrijven dat ze het fijn vinden dat hun waarnemingen en ideeën eindelijk serieus worden genomen." Overigens noemt Vermeeren, die geregeld lezingen geeft over 'hét onderwerp van deze eeuw' zich wat betreft de ufo-materie tegenwoordig liever 'filosoof en vrijdenker', naast zijn gewone baan als directeur van Studium Generale aan de TU Delft. ,,Want het vak ufoloog bestaat helaas nog niet."
Verder kijken Dat zou best eens kunnen veranderen. Want de groep mensen die verder wil kijken dan hemel en aarde, groeit gestaag. Dat merkt ook Robin de Boer (32) uit Lage Zwaluwe, die met zijn website Ninefornews.nl ('een kleine één miljoen unieke bezoekers per maand') veel aandacht besteedt aan buitenaards leven. ,,Uit peilingen in onder meer Groot-Brittannië blijkt dat inmiddels meer dan de helft van de mensen gelooft in intelligent buitenaards leven. Dat was 20 jaar geleden wel anders."
De verklaring voor het toegenomen geloof van intelligent leven in het universum is volgens De Boer, van huis uit geograaf ('nee, nog nooit zelf een ufo gezien') eenvoudig. ,,De NASA komt met de ene na de andere spannende onthulling, variërend van de aanwezigheid van water op Mars tot ijs op Pluto. Dat is spectaculair. En vooraanstaande astronomen beweren dat we binnen nu en een generatie intelligent buitenaards leven zullen ontdekken. We worden dus langzamerhand warm gemaakt voor het buitenaardse."
Daar komt nog bij dat een astronoom van Penn State University afgelopen week melding maakte van een wel heel mysterieuze ster in a galaxy far, far away. Het lijkt alsof er van alles rond die ster zweeft dat niet op een 'natuurlijke' manier kan worden verklaard, wat de mogelijkheid oproept dat het 'aangelegd' is. Niet bepaald een theorie waar serieuze wetenschappers snel op komen.
Religie is gebaseerd op vertrouwen. Maar ik ben wetenschapper, dus ik wil gewoon bewijs zien
Stephan Hawking En er is meer: zo doneerde afgelopen zomer de Russische miljardair Joeri Milner 100 miljoen dollar aan Seti, de organisatie die (tot nu toe vergeefs) speurt naar buitenaards leven.
En door de befaamde Britse natuurkundige Stephen Hawking ('niet te hard roepen in de kosmos, want de kans bestaat dat hogere levensvormen net zulke agressieve, gewelddadige karaktereigenschappen hebben als wij') erbij te betrekken, betekent dat een enorme impuls voor de believers.
Bewijs De suggestie dat het geloof in ufo's en aliens kenmerken heeft van een nieuwe religie, verwerpt Coen Vermeeren. ,,Religie is gebaseerd op vertrouwen. Maar ik ben wetenschapper, dus ik wil gewoon bewijs zien."
Dat keiharde wetenschappelijke bewijs voor ufo's ontbreekt, geeft ook Vermeeren toe. ,,Maar er zijn de laatste 60 jaar duizenden ufo-meldingen gedaan van leken én getrainde waarnemers als piloten, astronauten en militair personeel. Er is video- en fotomateriaal, er zijn radarbeelden, er zijn talloze getuigenverklaringen: het is gewoon veel te veel om af te doen als onzin."
En, voor de goede orde: ufo betekent unidentified flying objects, ongeïdentificeerde vliegende objecten dus, wat niet automatisch zegt dat er groene mannetjes aan boord van het object moeten zitten. Vermeeren: ,,Ongeveer 95 procent van de ufo-meldingen is te verklaren. Dan blijken het weerballonnen, luchtspiegelingen of drone-achtige objecten te zijn. Maar dan blijft er nog altijd vijf procent over."
En, beweert Vermeeren, de gemelde onverklaarbare ruimteschepen zijn slechts het topje van de ijsberg. ,,Stel je voor: je bent piloot en ziet een ufo. Je bent verplicht dat aan de autoriteiten te melden, maar zeker als je een vrouw, kind en hypotheek hebt, bedenk je je wel twee keer of je dat wel doet: voor je het weet wordt er door mensen aan de grond getwijfeld aan je waarnemings-vermogen en ben je je baan kwijt." Die 'moderne variant op de brandstapel' - je wordt belachelijk gemaakt en sociaal uitgesloten als je beweert dat je ufo's hebt gezien - verdwijnt volgens Vermeeren pas als er serieus wetenschappelijk onderzoek wordt gedaan naar ufo's én als ufo-melders onder ede worden gehoord in de rechtszaal.
Paniek Wat volgens Vermeeren ook zou helpen: overheden die minder krampachtig ufo-info onder de pet houden. Dát dat gebeurt, is volgens de wetenschapper geen vraag meer. Kort samengevat: autoriteiten ontkennen het bestaan van ufo's in eerste instantie om paniek te voorkomen - in januari 2014 werd het luchtruim boven Bremen tijdelijk gesloten na talloze ufo-meldingen - maar ook omdat het de wereldeconomie op z'n kop zou zetten. Vermeeren sluit zich daarbij aan bij de Canadese ex-minister Paul Hellyer, die beweert dat buitenaardse techniek onze aardbol ingrijpend zal veranderen. ,,Wie geluidloos onze dampkring in kan komen, moet over superieure techniek beschikken," doceert Vermeeren. ,,Technieken die 'vrije energie voor de mensheid' dichterbij brengen. Dat vinden de Shells, de banken en andere grote bedrijven van deze wereld niet leuk, zij hebben er alle belang bij om de huidige situatie in stand te houden."
Niet zo lekker Vermeeren gelooft dat de buitenaardsen vredelievend zijn ('er is meerdere keren op ufo's geschoten, maar er is nog nooit teruggeschoten') én de mensheid verder kunnen helpen. Dat laatste is hard nodig, vindt hij, zeker omdat het met onze wereld ('oorlogen, leeggeviste zeeën, klimaatproblemen, boekhoudschandalen') momenteel niet zo lekker gaat. Vermeeren: ,,Het is niet zo gek dat ook veel jonge mensen denken: wat moet ik in deze wereld? De zoektocht naar buitenaards leven is voor mij dan ook een menselijke les in nieuwsgierigheid. En wat dat betreft zie ik gelukkig bij steeds meer mensen een open blik."
Robin de Boer van Ninefornews.nl ziet in dat verband ook een nieuwe ontwikkeling. ,,Eerst waren het vooral mensen uit de spirituele hoek die in aliens geloofden, nu merk je dat er een grote groep 'gewone' mensen interesse krijgt." En aangezien er ook veel mensen zijn die alle ufo-meldingen en buitenaardse uitstapjes afdoen als complotdenkerij en klinkklare onzin, levert dat met name op internetfora nogal wat verbaal gebekvecht op. De Boer: ,,Ik denk zelf ook dat er wel degelijk buitenaards leven mogelijk is, maar ik heb bepaald niet de wijsheid in pacht." En met een grijns: ,,Maar als de mensheid nu al zoveel met elkaar bekvecht, ben ik heel benieuwd hoe dat gaat als er straks echt aliens landen."
Dit artikel is gepubliceerd in AD Magazine, de weekendbijlage van het AD.
Ongeveer 95 procent van de ufo-meldingen is te verklaren. Dan blijken het weerballonnen, luchtspiegelingen of drone-achtige objecten te zijn. Maar dan blijft er nog altijd vijf procent over
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The Dogon Tribe and their mysterious connection to Sirius
The Dogon Tribe and their mysterious connection to Sirius
The Brightest star(s) in the sky is Sirius without a doubt, the name Sirius, comes from the Greek language and is translated as the glowing one or bright one. And what might appear as a single star is in fact a double or even possibly triple star system according to observations made in the 1920’s. Apparently our scientists are beginning to accept just now what ancient people worldwide already knew thousands of years before us, like the Dogon tribe in Africa.
According to the Dogon, the “instructor” gods descended from Sirius and brought knowledge and wisdom. What is interesting is that the Dogon knew about Sirius and its “triple” star system way before “modern” science found out its existence. According to studies it is believed that Sirius C, the third system, is a red dwarf star a hundred times less massive than our own Sun, and a lot less brighter making it hard to see with our equipment, thus the discovery is still awaiting confirmation from the astronomic community. But hey, the Dogon knew about the “triple star system” way back and that is whats causing all the stir.Ancient Egyptians also knew Sirius, and just like Orion, they considered this star system very important as they believed that the gods came from Orion and Sirius, Osiris and Isis.
The Dogon are an extremely interesting tribe, their most sacred and most ancient traditions speak of a star that is accompanied by the planetary system Sirius which they call “Po Tolo.” How did they know that? Whats even more interesting is the fact that the Dogon knew that every 50 years, the planet completed its orbit, and they knew that it was -, facts that modern-day astronomers have managed to corroborate. To make things even more interesting, the Dogon knew of the existence of a third star which they called “Emme Ya“, corresponding to the relatively newly discovered Sirius C. The Dogon believe that Emma Ya is actually four times lighter than Po Tolo even though it takes the same time to complete its orbit around Sirius A.
So how did they do it? How is it possible that these incredibly intelligent people known as the Dogon tribe knew of all of these extensive astronomical details? Details that were considered pure mythological stories until they were actually corroborated by astronomy and science, and all of a sudden mythology turns into reality. Apparently we have to understand that there is a thin line between mythology and reality, it’s just a matter of interpretation. How is it possible that the Dogon had all this astronomical knowledge without the tools to observe the sky properly?
The Dogon are a wonderfully mysterious tribe, their wisdom in astronomy has baffled researchers for centuries, their detailed knowledge about our Solar System is incredible. They knew about Jupiter and refered to the giant planet as “Dana Tolo“, they also knew about the four satellites and the rings, their “mythology” described the elliptical orbits of planetary systems around the sun and they even recognized the Sun as the “brother system” of Sirius. They claim that these two systems got separated to form two different star systems but with one identical origin. Just how did they manage to obtain this knowledge?
Modern day astronomy knows that Sirius B is a “white dwarf“, technically a tiny star that is extremely heavy. But there is more to the Dogon actually, they know about Sirius B and it is impossible to find Sirius B in the sky with the naked eye, and they even seem to possess almost identical astronomical diagrams compared to our modern-day ones, where drawings represent the orbit of Sirius B around Sirius A, what is baffling is the fact that they actually drew Sirius B with a smaller size and claimed the star itself consists of a material brighter than Iron which they call “Sagla.” How is it possible that with all of this knowledge, today we consider these “facts” as being pure mythological details of the Dogon? When their “mythology” seems to accurately represent what we are just finding out about our universe. Sirius was first seen in 1862, when American astronomer Alvan Clark managed to observe that Sirius was composed of “two” stars with a target of 47 cm in diameter.
How did the ancient Dogon manage to calculate that “Po Tolo” takes around 50 years to orbit around Sirius when modern-day astronomy has calculated with a small degree of error that it actually takes50.040 years. Do you think all of this above is incredible? Well there is more to it actually… The Dogon state that “Emma Ya” is the second companion of Sirius and it even has a smaller satellite that orbits around it. The Dogon call it “Nyan Tolo“,basically translated to as: The Star of the Woman.
Sirius in other cultures and ancient civilizations
This of course is not an isolated event. The Ancient Egyptians also had extensive knowledge about Sirius. In ancient Egypt, Sirius was referred to as Sopdet, and it is recorded in the earliest astronomical records, during the era of the Middle kingdom, the ancient Egyptians based their calendar on the heliacal rising of Sirius. For the Chibchas from modern-day Colombia, the heliacal rising of Sirius marked the beginning of the rain season. Ancient Sumerians also considered Sirius as being very important and they used it to define the timing of the agricultural cycle. Bright stars were important to the ancient Polynesians for navigation between the many islands and atolls of the Pacific Ocean.
For the Māori people of New Zealand, the appearance of Sirius marked the chilly onset of winter. TheMāori people called it Takurua referring to both the season and star. As we can see, there are numeros cultures and ancient civilizations who believed that Sirius was of extreme importance, but the Dogon however had the most accurate details of Sirius. According to the Dogon, all of their knowledge originated from beings that came from “Nyan Tolo” which is the satellite of “Emme Ya” in the Sirius System around 3000 B.C., these beings are referred to as “Nommos” and they arrived to the Dogon in a “RedArk“, as these beings landed, there was fire and smoke, roaring sounds that resembled huge rocks crashing into each other.
"Hey, let's meet at the Bagel Cafe on Broad Street in an hour," you tell your friend, "because I'm really hungry for bagels."
Without realizing it, you just described an event in space-time. Notice how there's minimal gap between the words "space" and "time." That's important. We're used to thinking of "space" as somewhat related to "time," but not intimately connected. If I want to meet you — to get bagels, for example — we need to specify the coordinates on Earth and the coordinates in time. But that's as deep as the connection goes. It's just another description we use to organize meetings or describe events in the past.
About a hundred years ago, even top-tier scientists thought the same way. That was the legacy of living in the worldview of Galileo and Newton: an absolute reference frame against which all else is measured, and a master clock somewhere out there in the cosmos ticking away the universal time. Separately perfect and perfectly separate.
Unfortunately, during the Relativity Revolution, led by figures such as James Clerk Maxwell, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincare and Albert Einstein, the absolute reference frame and the master clock were the first up against the wall (as covered in my previous essay "Everything's Relative: The Discovery of Space-Time").
What was left after the carnage? If all motion is relative, and there are no absolutes, how are we supposed to think about space and time? What's the relationship? It wasn't Einstein who gave the answers, but one of his former professors Hermann Minkowski.
Realizing relativity
Albert may have taught us relativity, but Hermann taught us how to thinkabout relativity.
In the man's own words:
"The views of space and time which I wish to lay before you have sprung from the soil of experimental physics, and therein lies their strength. They are radical. Henceforth space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality."
Wow, gutsy statement. But Minkowski had math and evidence on his side, so he could afford to go all-in. He even admits how whacko his ideas sound, but he's arguing that the results of the Michelson-Morley experiments back him up. Well, I should say the lack of results from the Michelson-Morley experiments. Using the best light-interfering gizmos the 19th century had to offer, they failed to find any evidence for a changing speed of light as the Earth moved through its orbit. Hence, no evidence for an aether, and no absolute reference frame or a master clock. Minkowski: 1. Haters: 0.
If that paragraph didn't make any sense to you at all, then you really need to (re-)read my last essay. Go ahead, it's only a click away.
So here we are. No time for space and no space for time. We simply can'tthink of them as independent concepts. There can be only one: space-time . The framework developed by Minkowski solidified the concepts developed by Einstein and put them in a nice, tidy little package, where time and space are on equal footing, as I explain in this video.
Which watch to watch?
And by equal, I really mean equal, and that equality lets us interpret all the strange shenanigans of Einstein's Special Relativity. Here's an example: time dilation. You may have heard the phrase "moving clocks run slow." If you've never heard the phrase before, well, you have now, so we can proceed.
Let's pretend you have a twin. If you really do have a twin, great, you can perform this experiment in real life. Shove your twin into the nearest interstellar spaceship. If you don't have one handy, ask Elon.Tell your twin to rocket off to some distant star at close to the speed of light, then return.
Off your twin goes. The bit of light representing your twin's fantastic adventures grows smaller and smaller, receding into the blackness of space. You live your life, bored, lonely and wishing you had reversed roles in this experiment. Time passes. Years. Decades. You're gray, wrinkled in places you never knew you had, and have managed to grow a crop of grandkids.
One night, your twin's speck of light returns to the night sky, grows brighter, then flames into Earth's atmosphere. The capsule opens, and out walks your twin. Your…surprisingly youthful twin. No wrinkles. Not a hint of gray. Looking barely any older than the day your twin left.
Sci-fi? No. Sci-fact. Your twin has made a trade only possible in the world of space-time: a trade between moving in time for moving in space.
Let's back up a bit to see what's going on. When you walk around, you can choose any direction you please. That's kind of the point of walking around. You maintain a constant walking pace but can put that walk into any direction or combination of directions. You can walk straight north, following a compass. Or totally east. Or split 50-50 between north and east. Or mostly north and a little east. Whatever, you pick, it's cool, and you don't even notice.
Your total speed stays the same, but it's split up between two directions, and the more you put in one direction the less you put into another.
It's pretty simple and obvious for space. As it should be for space-time.
Here's a way to think about it that makes it all work: we're all moving through space-time at the same speed. A constant speed. The speed of light. Notice that I said space-time and not just space. Everything is moving through four-dimensional space-time at the same speed, but some things are moving more in space and less in time, and vice versa, as easily as you can move more through north and east, and vice versa.
So what did your twin do? Your twin traded motion in time for motion in space. The faster one moves in a spaceship, the slower one moves through time.
And I don't just mean the perception of time. I mean actual, biological, physical time. Your twin didn't age as much as you simply because of that movement at close to the speed of light.
Moving clocks run slow.
How many clicks to get to the center of the Milky Way?
This means that you can reach the center of the Milky Way galaxy in only a couple dozen years. Yes, you! No, I'm not joking around! You just need to provide a nice constant acceleration — say 1g, the same acceleration you feel from the Earth’s gravity. (Note: this trip may be challenging to engineer, but that’s not my department.) You'll never crack the speed of light, but you'll inch ever closer to it. And the faster you go, the slower time passes for you. Everyone stuck on Earth will be counting the millennia, but in this video I show how you'll get there in only a lifetime. Just don't bother coming back, because…well, everyone you know and love will be long dead.
You can take this thought experiment all the way to the extreme: light itself. A photon — a bit of light — experiences no time at all. Photons do not age. In a blink, a photon can move from one end of the universe to the other. They're moving completely in the spatial dimensions without moving at all in the time dimension. [Detecting Ripples in Space-Time, with a Little Help from Einstein]
This all hangs together because of another face of relativity. Not only do moving clocks run slow, but distances get shorter the faster you move. That star that looks so far away when you're sitting still? Boost yourself to 90 percent of the speed of light and — hey! — that star isn't so far away anymore. Your twin riding on that spaceship didn't notice any super-slow-mo effects; instead he or she just saw a squished-up universe.
It is how it is
Seems too weird? Too bad. This is the way our universe appears to work. This is the price we have to pay for abandoning a cosmos with a fixed universal reference frame and a master clock. Experimentally verified, over and over, for a hundred years.
We've tested it with super-precise atomic clocks on airplanes. Subatomic particles get extended lifetimes when boosted to incredible velocities. GPS systems need to account for it when giving you accurate positions. Special relativity — and the views of space-time that go along with it — pass every test we can throw at it, and we've thrown a lot.
In a relative universe, clocks run slow, rulers shrink, and space can be traded for time, as easily as turning a corner.
Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook, Twitter and Google+. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on Space.com.
A black hole merger is expected to release the gravitational waves predicted by Einstein, but not yet detected. Above, an artist's conception of waves rippling through space-time.
Credit: NASA
Converging black holes in Virgo constellation
Earlier this year, astronomers discovered what appeared to be a pair of supermassive black holes circling toward a collision so powerful it would send a burst of gravitational waves surging through the fabric of space-time itself.
Now, in a study in the journal Nature, astronomers at Columbia University provide additional evidence that a pair of closely orbiting black holes is causing the rhythmic flashes of light coming from quasar PG 1302-102.
Based on calculations of the pair’s mass–together, and relative to each other–the researchers go on to predict a smashup 100,000 years from now, an impossibly long time to humans but the blink of an eye to a star or black hole. Spiraling together 3.5 billion light-years away, deep in the Virgo constellation, the pair is separated by a mere light-week. By contrast, the closest previously confirmed black hole pair is separated by 20 light-years.
“This is the closest we’ve come to observing two black holes on their way to a massive collision,” said the study’s senior author, Zoltan Haiman, an astronomer at Columbia. “Watching this process reach its culmination can tell us whether black holes and galaxies grow at the same rate, and ultimately test a fundamental property of space-time: its ability to carry vibrations called gravitational waves, produced in the last, most violent, stage of the merger.”
At the center of most giant galaxies, including our own Milky Way, lies a supermassive black hole so dense that not even light can escape. Over time, black holes grow bigger–millions to billions times more massive than the sun–by gobbling up stars, galaxies and even other black holes.
A supermassive black hole about to cannibalize its own can be detected by the mysterious flickering of a quasar–the beacon of light produced by black holes as they burn through gas and dust swirling around them. Normally, quasars brighten and dim randomly, but when two black holes are on the verge of uniting, the quasar appears to flicker at regular intervals, like a light bulb on timer.
Recently, a team led by Matthew Graham, a computational astronomer at the California Institute of Technology, designed an algorithm to pick out repeating light signals from 247,000 quasars monitored by telescopes in Arizona and Australia. Of the 20 pairs of black hole candidates discovered, they focused on the most compelling bright quasar– PG 1302-102. In a January study in Nature, they showed that PG 1302-102 appeared to brighten by 14 percent every five years, indicating the pair was less than a tenth of a light-year apart.
Intrigued, Haiman and his colleagues wondered if they could build a theoretical model to explain the repeating signal. If the black holes were as close as predicted, one had to be circling a much larger counterpart at nearly a tenth of the speed of light, they hypothesized. At that speed, the smaller black hole would appear to brighten as it approached Earth’s line of sight under the relativistic Doppler beaming effect.
If correct, they predicted they would find a five-year cycle in the quasar’s ultraviolet emissions–only two-and-a-half times more variable in its intensity. Analyzing UV observations collected by NASA’s Hubble and GALEX space telescopes they found exactly that.
Previous explanations for the repeating signal include a warp in the debris disks orbiting the black holes, a wobble in the axis of one black hole and a lopsided debris disk formed as one black hole draws material off the other–all creating the impression of a periodic flicker from Earth.
The new study also offers a new technique for investigating other converging black holes, the researchers said. By estimating the combined and relative mass of PG 1302-102’s black holes, they narrow down the pair’s predicted crash time to between 20,000 and 350,000 years from now with a best estimate of 100,000 years. (The predicted crash time by Graham’s team was 10,000 to several million years from now with a best estimate of 250,000 years).
“We can start to put numbers on the rates that black holes come together and build up into larger black holes, and use what we’re learning to search for more black holes pairs,” said study coauthor David Schiminovich, an astronomer at Columbia.
An uptick in the number of black hole binary discoveries has made astronomers hopeful that a collision could be detected in the next decade. This summer, Graham and his colleagues reported another 90 candidates, while astronomers at Columbia expect to soon unveil discoveries of their own from data collected at California’s Palomar Observatory.
With more black holes to watch, the chance of witnessing a crash and the gravitational waves predicted, but not yet detected, by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, grows.
“The detection of gravitational waves lets us probe the secrets of gravity and test Einstein’s theory in the most extreme environment in our universe–black holes,” said the study’s lead author, Daniel D’Orazio, a graduate student at Columbia. “Getting there is a holy grail of our field.”
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Columbia University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
Daniel J. D’Orazio, Zoltán Haiman, David Schiminovich. Relativistic boost as the cause of periodicity in a massive black-hole binary candidate. Nature, 2015; 525 (7569): 351 DOI:10.1038/nature15262
Dawn team shares new maps and insights about Ceres
This map-projected view of Ceres was created from images taken by NASA's Dawn spacecraft during its high-altitude mapping orbit, in August and September, 2015.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA
Dawn team shares new maps and insights about Ceres
Mysteries and insights about Ceres are being discussed this week at the European Planetary Science Conference in Nantes, France. NASA’s Dawn spacecraft is providing scientists with tantalizing views and other data about the intriguing dwarf planet that they continue to analyze.
“Ceres continues to amaze, yet puzzle us, as we examine our multitude of images, spectra and now energetic particle bursts,” said Chris Russell, Dawn principal investigator at the University of California, Los Angeles.
A new color-coded topographic map shows more than a dozen recently approved names for features on Ceres, all eponymous for agricultural spirits, deities and festivals from cultures around the world. These include Jaja, after the Abkhazian harvest goddess, and Ernutet, after the cobra-headed Egyptian harvest goddess. A 12-mile (20-kilometer) diameter mountain near Ceres’ north pole is now called Ysolo Mons, for an Albanian festival that marks the first day of the eggplant harvest.
Another new Ceres map, in false color, enhances compositional differences present on the surface. The variations are more subtle than on Vesta, Dawn’s previous port of call. Color-coded topographic images of Occator (oh-KAH-tor) crater, home of Ceres’ brightest spots, and a puzzling, cone-shaped 6-mile-high (4-kilometer-high) mountain, are also available. Scientists are still trying to identify processes that could produce these and other unique Cerean phenomena.
“The irregular shapes of craters on Ceres are especially interesting, resembling craters we see on Saturn’s icy moon Rhea,” said Carol Raymond, Dawn’s deputy principal investigator based at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. “They are very different from the bowl-shaped craters on Vesta.”
A surprising bonus observation came from Dawn’s gamma ray and neutron spectrometer. The instrument detected three bursts of energetic electrons that may result from the interaction between Ceres and radiation from the sun. The observation isn’t yet fully understood, but may be important in forming a complete picture of Ceres.
“This is a very unexpected observation for which we are now testing hypotheses,” Russell said.
Dawn is currently orbiting Ceres at an altitude of 915 miles (1,470 kilometers), and the spacecraft will image the entire surface of the dwarf planet up to six times in this phase of the mission. Each imaging cycle takes 11 days.
Starting in October and continuing into December, Dawn will descend to its lowest and final orbit, an altitude of 230 miles (375 kilometers). The spacecraft will continue imaging Ceres and taking other data at higher resolutions than ever before at this last orbit. It will remain operational at least through mid-2016.
Dawn made history as the first mission to reach a dwarf planet, and the first to orbit two distinct extraterrestrial targets, when it arrived at Ceres on March 6, 2015. It conducted extensive observations of Vesta in 2011 and 2012.
Dawn’s mission is managed by JPL for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. Dawn is a project of the directorate’s Discovery Program, managed by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. UCLA is responsible for overall Dawn mission science. Orbital ATK Inc., in Dulles, Virginia, designed and built the spacecraft. The German Aerospace Center, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, the Italian Space Agency and the Italian National Astrophysical Institute are international partners on the mission team. For a complete list of mission participants, visit:
http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission
More information about Dawn is available at the following sites:
http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov
http://www.nasa.gov/dawn
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Wet paleoclimate of Mars revealed by ancient lakes at Gale Crater
Composite of images taken at the Kimberley formation. (A) shows a view looking south. The strata in the foreground dip towards the base of Mount Sharp, indicating the ancient depression that existed before the larger bulk of the mountain formed. (B) is a view to the west of the same sandstone formations. (C) is a close-up view of the area boxed in (A), and shows the coarse grain structure of the sandstone. (D) is a close view of grains in the rocks north of the area indicated as "Rock" in (A).
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.
Wet paleoclimate of Mars revealed by ancient lakes at Gale Crater
We have heard the Mars exploration mantra for more than a decade: follow the water. In a new paper published October 9, 2015, in the journal Science, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) team presents recent results of its quest to not just follow the water but to understand where it came from, and how long it lasted on the surface of Mars so long ago.
The story that has unfolded is a wet one: Mars appears to have had a more massive atmosphere billions of years ago than it does today, with an active hydrosphere capable of storing water in long-lived lakes. The MSL team has concluded that this water helped to fill Gale Crater, the MSL rover Curiosity’s landing site, with sediment deposited as layers that formed the foundation for the mountain found in the middle of the crater today.
Curiosity has been exploring Gale Crater, which is estimated to be between 3.8 billion and 3.6 billion years old, since August 2012. In mid-September 2014, the rover reached the foothills of Aeolis Mons, a three-mile-high layered mountain nicknamed “Mount Sharp” in honor of the late Caltech geologist Robert Sharp. Curiosity has been exploring the base of the mountain since then.
“Observations from the rover suggest that a series of long-lived streams and lakes existed at some point between 3.8 billion to 3.3 billion years ago, delivering sediment that slowly built up the lower layers of Mount Sharp,” says Ashwin Vasavada (PhD ’98), MSL project scientist. “However, this series of long-lived lakes is not predicted by existing models of the ancient climate of Mars, which struggle to get temperatures above freezing,” he says.
This mismatch between the predictions of Mars’s ancient climate that arise from models developed by paleoclimatologists and indications of the planet’s watery past, as interpreted by geologists, bears similarities to a century-old scientific conundrum–in this case, about Earth’s ancient past.
At the time, geologists first began to recognize that the shapes of the continents matched each other, almost like scattered puzzle pieces, explains John Grotzinger, Caltech’s Fletcher Jones Professor of Geology, chair of the Division of Planetary and Geological Sciences, and lead author of the paper. “Aside from the shapes of the continents, geologists had paleontological evidence that fossil plants and animals in Africa and South America were closely related, as well as unique volcanic rocks suggestive of a common spatial origin. The problem was that the broad community of earth scientists could not come up with a physical mechanism to explain how the continents could plow their way through Earth’s mantle and drift apart. It seemed impossible. The missing component was plate tectonics,” he says. “In a possibly similar way, we are missing something important about Mars.”
As Curiosity has trekked across Gale Crater, it has stopped to examine numerous areas of interest. All targets are imaged, and soil samples have been scooped from some; the rocks in a select few places have been drilled for samples. These samples are deposited into the rover’s onboard laboratories. Using data from these instruments, as well as visual imaging from the onboard cameras and spectroscopic analyses, MSL scientists have pieced together an increasingly coherent and compelling story about the evolution of this region of Mars.
Before Curiosity landed on Mars, scientists proposed that Gale Crater had filled with layers of sediments. Some hypotheses were “dry,” implying that the sediments accumulated from wind-blown dust and sand, whereas others focused on the possibility that sediment layers were deposited in ancient streams and lakes. The latest results from Curiosity indicate that these wetter scenarios were correct for the lower portions of Mount Sharp. Based on the new analysis, the filling of at least the bottom layers of the mountain occurred mostly by ancient rivers and lakes.
“During the traverse of Gale, we have noticed patterns in the geology where we saw evidence of ancient fast-moving streams with coarser gravel as well as places where streams appear to have emptied out into bodies of standing water,” Vasavada says. “The prediction was that we should start seeing water-deposited, fine-grained rocks closer to Mount Sharp. Now that we’ve arrived, we’re seeing finely laminated mudstones in abundance.” These silty layers in the strata are interpreted as ancient lake deposits.
“These finely laminated mudstones are very similar to those we see on Earth,” says Woody Fischer, professor of geobiology at Caltech and coauthor of the paper. “The scale of lamination–which occurs both at millimeter and centimeter scale–represents the settling of plumes of fine sediment through a standing body of water. This is exactly what we see in rocks that represent ancient lakes on Earth. “The mudstone indicates the presence of bodies of standing water in the form of lakes that remained for long periods of time, possibly repeatedly expanding and contracting during hundreds to millions of years. These lakes deposited the sediment that eventually formed the lower portion of the mountain.
“Paradoxically, where there is a mountain today there was once a basin, and it was sometimes filled with water,” says Grotzinger. “Curiosity has measured about 75 meters of sedimentary fill, but based on mapping data from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and images from Curiosity’s cameras, it appears that the water-transported sedimentary deposition could have extended at least 150-200 meters above the crater floor, and this equates to a duration of millions of years in which lakes could have been intermittently present within the Gale Crater basin” Grotzinger says. Furthermore, the total thickness of sedimentary deposits in Gale Crater that indicate interaction with water could extend higher still–up to perhaps 800 meters above the crater floor, and possibly representing tens of millions of years.
But layers deposited above that level do not require water as an agent of deposition or alteration. “Above 800 meters, Mount Sharp shows no evidence of hydrated strata, and that is the bulk of what forms Mount Sharp. We see another 4,000 meters of nothing but dry strata,” Grotzinger says. He suggests that perhaps this segment of the crater’s history may have been dominated by eolian, or wind-driven, deposition, as was once imagined for the lower part explored by Curiosity. This occurred after the wet period that built up the base of the mountain.
A lingering question surrounds the original source of the water that carried sediment into the crater. For flowing water to have existed on the surface, Mars must have had a thicker atmosphere and warmer climate than has been theorized for the time frame bookending the intense geological activity in Gale Crater. Evidence for this ancient, wetter climate exists in the rock record. However, current models of this paleoclimate–factoring in estimates of the early atmosphere’s mass, composition, and the amount of energy it received from the sun–come up, quite literally, dry. Those models indicate that the atmosphere of Mars could not have sustained large quantities of liquid water.
Yet the rock record discovered at Gale Crater suggests a different scenario. “Whether it was snowfall or rain, you have geologic evidence for that moisture accumulating in the highlands of the Gale Crater rim,” Grotzinger says. In the case of Gale Crater, at least some of the water was supplied by the highlands that form the crater rim, but groundwater discharge–a standard explanation to reconcile wet geologic observations with dry paleoclimatic predictions–is unlikely in this area. “Right on the other side of Gale’s northern rim are the Northern Plains. Some have made the argument that there was a northern ocean sitting out there, and that’s one way to get the moisture that you need to match what we are seeing in the rocks.” Pinpointing the possible location of an ocean, however, does not help to explain how that water managed to exist as a liquid for extended periods of time on the surface.
As climatologists try to develop new atmospheric models, help should be coming from the continuing explorations by Curiosity. “There are still many kilometers of Mars history to explore,” says Fischer. He thinks that some of the most exciting data yet may come in the next few years as Curiosity climbs higher on Mount Sharp. “The strata will reveal Gale’s early history, its story. We know there are rocks that were deposited underwater, in the lake. What is the chemistry of these rocks? That lake represented an interface between the water and the atmosphere, and should tell us important things about the environment of the time.”
“We have tended to think of Mars as being simple,” adds Grotzinger. “We once thought of the earth as being simple, too. But the more you look into it, questions come up because you’re beginning to fathom the real complexity of what we see on Mars. This is a good time to go back to reevaluate all our assumptions. Something is missing somewhere.”
J. P. Grotzinger, S. Gupta, M. C. Malin, D. M. Rubin, J. Schieber, K. Siebach, D. Y. Sumner, K. M. Stack, A. R. Vasavada, R. E. Arvidson, F. Calef, L. Edgar, W. F. Fischer, J. A. Grant, J. Griffes, L. C. Kah, M. P. Lamb, K. W. Lewis, N. Mangold, M. E. Minitti, M. Palucis, M. Rice, R. M. E. Williams, R. A. Yingst, D. Blake, D. Blaney, P. Conrad, J. Crisp, W. E. Dietrich, G. Dromart, K. S. Edgett, R. C. Ewing, R. Gellert, J. A. Hurowitz, G. Kocurek, P. Mahaffy, M. J. McBride, S. M. McLennan, M. Mischna, D. Ming, R. Milliken, H. Newsom, D. Oehler, T. J. Parker, D. Vaniman, R. C. Wiens, S. A. Wilson. Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater, Mars. Science, 2015; 350 (6257): aac7575 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac7575
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