Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
03-03-2016
Back on Earth: Astronaut Scott Kelly Faces Gravity After 1-Year Mission
Back on Earth: Astronaut Scott Kelly Faces Gravity After 1-Year Mission
By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer
Scott Kelly returns to Earth after nearly a year in space
After zipping around Earth for nearly a year, NASA astronaut Scott Kelly must now get used to living on the planet's surface again.
Kelly and cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko returned to Earth with a landing on the steppes of Kazakhstan late Tuesday (March 1), ending their unprecedented 340-day stay aboard the International Space Station.
Shortly after landing, both spaceflyers — along with cosmonaut Sergey Volkov, who also came home, but after the typical, 5.5-month station mission — were taken out of their Soyuz spacecraft, placed in chairs near the landing site and taken into a medical tent for an hour-long "field test" to assess their general condition. [Welcome Home! Landing Photos for 1-Year Astronaut Scott Kelly]
That test consists of a variety of experiments, Kelly said late last month in his final conversation from the space station with reporters.
"Some are physical — kind of like even an obstacle course, where you run around obstacles and stand up from a sitting position, and jump and stand," he said.
The spaceflyers then went their separate ways, with Kornienko and Volkov headed to Moscow and Kelly to Houston, where NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) is located.
NASA astronauts just back from an ISS mission undergo several hours of medical tests at JSC, Kelly said. They then generally complete a 45-day "reconditioning period," to build up bone mass and muscle strength lost in the microgravity environment of space, said Stevan Gilmore, the lead flight surgeon for Kelly's one-year mission.
"There are daily workouts and exercises to make sure that we return the crewmember back to the same kind of functioning that they had before the mission started," Gilmore said last month during a NASA TV interview with NASA spokesman Dan Huot.
Even though Kelly stayed aboard the International Space Station for twice as long as crewmembers usually do, the current plan is to put him through the standard 45-day reconditioning program, Gilmore added.
"We do have the latitude, in the case that a little bit more time is required for the rehab process — we can extend that if necessary," Gilmore said. "But I anticipate that it'll look in many ways similar to the six-month experiences that most of the station astronauts have."
The main goal of Kelly and Kornienko's mission — a joint effort involving the United States and Russia —is to better understand how astronauts cope physiologically and psychologically with long-duration spaceflight. This information should help mission planners map out future crewed journeys to Mars, NASA officials have said. (The space agency aims to get astronauts to the vicinity of the Red Planet in the 2030s.)
Kelly and Kornienko are participating in 17 different experiments related to the one-year mission, said John Charles, the chief scientist of NASA's Human Research Program. And those experiments aren't over just because the spaceflyers have landed.
Indeed, Charles said, many of the duo's blood samples won't even come down to Earth until next month, when the samples are scheduled to land aboard SpaceX's robotic Dragon cargo capsule. Furthermore, researchers will be tracking Kelly and Kornienko's progress for a while even after that happens.
"There's months and months of post-flight data collection," Charles told NASA spokesman Gary Jordan during an interview on NASA TV last month.
"In some cases, up to nine months after landing, we're still acquiring samples of the astronauts — perhaps even longer, as they return to their normal duties and we acquire data from their annual physicals and so forth," Charles added. "And then the data analysis really begins."
Some of this analysis involves comparing Scott Kelly to his identical twin brother, Mark, himself a former NASA astronaut. Mark stayed on the ground during the yearlong mission and serves as a control, to help researchers identify any genetic changes spaceflight induced in Scott.
Space Station Live: Research Results During One Year Mission
Scott Kelly said during his last in-space news conference that he has been experiencing some issues with his vision, a common occurrence among astronauts. However, while scientists will ultimately have the last word on how the 340-day mission affected Kelly, the astronaut said he's doing all right.
"Physically, I feel pretty good," Kelly said.
The nearly yearlong mission, while unprecedented for the ISS, did not set the record for most time spent in space continuously. Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov earned that distinction, living aboard Russia's Mir space station for more than 437 days, in 1994-95.
Asteroid Could Fly Within Earth's Satellites Next Week
Asteroid Could Fly Within Earth's Satellites Next Week
by Jonathan O'Callaghan
photo credit: Geostationary satellites orbit at about 35,000 kilometers (22,000 miles). Johan Swanepoel/Shutterstock
First things first: There’s no cause for alarm. Asteroid TX68 poses no threat to Earth at the moment. But this asteroid, due to fly past Earth on March 8, is rather interesting.
That’s because, while there is huge uncertainty in how close it will fly past, it might come as close as 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles). This would be within the orbit of geostationary satellites, which orbit at 35,000 kilometers (22,000 miles).
As mentioned, there is a large amount of uncertainty, though. While that’s the closest approach, it may pass anywhere between there and several million kilometers. NASA'slatest estimate suggests it will fly past at 5 million kilometers (3 million miles). We won’t know for certain until after the asteroid has passed, if we get a chance to observe it.
“2013 TX68 is estimated to be about 100 feet [30 meters] in diameter,” said Cornell University Ph.D. student Sean Marshall, who works on observations of near-Earth asteroids, in a statement. “Its closest approach could be within Earth’s ‘ring’ of geostationary satellites, or it could be 40 times the distance to the Moon – or anywhere in between.”
The chances of the asteroid actually hitting anything are slim to none, though. Space is vast, so don’t expect any satellites to get knocked out any time soon. Nonetheless, it’s a pretty neat event. This isn’t the first time an asteroid has come this close – without actually hitting us, of course – but with more modern telescopes, we should hopefully get a good chance to take a look at the asteroid.
“Should this asteroid come closer than the geostationary satellites, it would be a rare occurrence – that only happens about once per decade for large asteroids,” added Marshall. “What we know for sure is that it will not collide with Earth this month, so do not panic.”
The asteroid will fly past us again on September 28, 2017, with a one in 250 million chance of hitting us. Further flybys in 2046 and 2097 have similarly low probabilities. But while these are low, they do highlight the importance of tracking asteroids to ensure we won’t be hit, something that will be highlighted by the upcoming Asteroid Day on June 30, 2016.
Antimatter Spacecraft Could Sail To Alpha Centauri In Just 40 Years
Antimatter Spacecraft Could Sail To Alpha Centauri In Just 40 Years
by Alfredo Carpineti
photo credit: Artist’s concept of the antimatter driven sail. Steven Howe/Hbar Technologies, LLC
The dream of interstellar travel could be closer than we think, or at least, that's the claim of physicists Gerald Jackson and Steven Howe, who have been working on an antimatterpropulsion system for over a decade now, as reported by Forbes.
Their proposal is for an antimatter-driven sail that could deliver a 10-kilogram (22-pound) probe to the next closest star system, Alpha Centauri, in just 40 years using 17 grams (0.6 ounces) of antihydrogen. The large 100-kilogram (220 pounds) sail would be five meters (16 feet) in diameter, made of carbon, and coated with depleted uranium.
Propulsion would be driven by antimatter stored by the probe. When the antihydrogen hits the sail, the uranium atoms undergo fission. The main product of this fission is two similar sized atoms with high and opposite speeds. One will hit the sail, propelling it forward, and the other will be lost in space. Via this method, the researchers say the probe could reach speeds up to 10 percent the speed of light, reaching the edge of the Solar System in just 10 years.
One of the main issues that need to be addressed, though, is how to store the antimatter. Antimatter is a mirror version of normal matter, which we are made of. Antimatter particles, like the positron and the antiproton, have the same mass of their ordinary matter counterparts but have an opposite charge. When matter and antimatter come into contact they annihilate, turning into pure energy. It is still not clear why the universe is made of matter instead of antimatter.
The idea was first proposed in 2003, at the Particle Accelerator Conference, but it was not pursued due to lack of funding. So, Jackson and Howe, via their company Hbar Technologies, are planning to launch a Kickstarter campaign next month that would allow them to construct a proof-of-concept design and a device to measure the thrust of such system. They hope to raise $200,000, which will provide funding for the next phase of the research.
“Crowdfunding may be a good way to show interest in the project when it comes time to find bigger investors or governmental support,” Jackson told Forbes.
“We will then need funding on the order of $100 million to actually build small prototype propulsion and power systems.”
First Ever Repeated Detection Of A Fast Radio Burst
First Ever Repeated Detection Of A Fast Radio Burst
by Alfredo Carpineti
photo credit: An aerial view of Arecibo where the FRB was observed. H. Schweiker/WIYN and NOAO/AURA/NSF
We thought we were finally getting a basic understanding of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) as rare and one-off events, and then Mother Nature decides to throw us a curve ball and hit us with the first repeating FRB.
The source, FRB 121102, was discovered first in 2012. Last year, an international team of researchers used the Arecibo Observatory radio telescope to look at the same region and they were surprised to find 10 additional bursts. As cataclysmic events don’t repeat themselves, the team believes that these bursts were produced by a highly magnetized, extragalactic neutron star.
FRBs were only discovered about a decade ago, and there are only a handful of known examples. These phenomena are isolated and rare, making it very difficult for scientists to understand their causes. The emission regions are estimated to be just a few hundred kilometers across, and it is thought that these signals are from another galaxy. These two qualities indicate that whatever is behind these events must be very bright.
Hypernovae and colliding binary neutron stars, or even black holes, have all been proposed as potential explanations. These events are all incredibly powerful but they would be a one-off occurrence, not a multiple-burst event like the one observed.
"Not only did these bursts repeat, but their brightness and spectra also differ from those of other FRBs," notes Laura Spitler, first author of the new paper, in a statement.
The research, published in Nature, comes in a big week for FRBs. Last week it was announced that scientists had pinpointed the location of an FRB for the first time, but now that claim is being questioned. Being able to pinpoint the exact location is paramount to understanding better these astrophysical events. To find the exact location of this unusual burst event, scientists will need to study the source in more detail.
"Once we have precisely localized the repeater's position on the sky, we will be able to compare observations from optical and X-ray telescopes and see if there is a galaxy there," says Jason Hessels, associate professor at the University of Amsterdam and the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. "Finding the host galaxy of this source is critical to understanding its properties."
NASA and Lockheed Martin are working to create the design for supersonic passenger jets that are quieter, and more sustainable, than traditional aircraft.
NASA has awarded a contract to Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company for the preliminary design of a “low boom” flight demonstration aircraft. This is the first in a series of “X-planes” in NASA’s New Aviation Horizons initiative, introduced in the agency’s 2017 budget.
NASA Administrator Charles Bolden announced the award at an event Monday at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in Arlington, Virginia.
“NASA is working hard to make flight greener, safer and quieter – all while developing aircraftthat travel faster, and building an aviation system that operates more efficiently,” said Bolden. “To that end, it’s worth noting that it’s been almost 70 years since Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in the Bell X-1 as part of our predecessor agency’s high speed research. Now we’re continuing that supersonic X-plane legacy with this preliminary design award for a quieter supersonic jet with an aim toward passenger flight.”
Supersonic Heartbeat
NASA’s Commercial Supersonic Technology Project spent years conducting feasibility studies and working to better understand acceptable sound levels across the country. They then asked industry teams to submit design concepts for a piloted test aircraft that can fly at supersonic speeds, creating a supersonic “heartbeat.”
This “soft thump” would be less disruptive than the boom currently associated with supersonic flight.
Artist rendering from NASA
“Developing, building and flight testing a quiet supersonic X-plane is the next logical step in our path to enabling the industry’s decision to open supersonic travel for the flying public,” said Jaiwon Shin, associate administrator for NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission.
NASA’s pick, Lockheed Martin, will complete a preliminary design for Quiet Supersonic Technology (QueSST). The work will be conducted under a task order against the Basic and Applied Aerospace Research and Technology (BAART) contract at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.
Lockheed Martin will develop baseline aircraft requirements and a preliminary design. NASA is also looking for supporting documentation for concept formulation and planning.
Sustainability and Flight
NASA’s 10-year New Aviation Horizons initiative is all about sustainability. The project has the ambitious goals of reducing fuel use, emissions, and noise through innovations in aircraft design that departs from the conventional tube-and-wing aircraft shape.
Funding is the one of the biggest factors affecting timeline. Most likely though, we won’t see the New Aviation Horizons X-planes fly until 2020.
A La Défense, on parle OVNI à la cafétéria tous les mois
A La Défense, on parle OVNI à la cafétéria tous les mois
Ariane Riou
La Défense, mardi soir. Une soixantaine de fans d’OVNI se réunissent tous les mois aux Comptoirs Casino du centre commercial des Quatre-Temps pour parler de leur passion. (LP/A.R.)
Quand le centre commercial commence à se vider, ils investissent les lieux. Ce mardi soir, comme tous les premiers mardis du mois, les fans d’OVNI -objets volants non-identifiés - se réunissent dans la cafétéria des Quatre-Temps, à la Défense.
Au fond du couloir des Comptoirs Casino, dans une salle un peu dérobée du reste du restaurant, une soixantaine de personnes, attablées devant leur plateau-repas, écoutent religieusement l’intervenant du jour.
«Ça fait onze ans qu’on vient ici, confie Guy, le responsable de ces soirées OVNI, passionné depuis trente ans. Avant, on se réunissait dans une cafétéria parisienne mais c’était devenu moins pratique. Ici, ils sont contents de nous avoir un soir de semaine, car c’est surtout le midi que les salariés de La Défense viennent manger.»
«J’ai vu une boule lumineuse se poser sans bruit»
Ce soir-là, Viviane est l’une des premières participantes attablées. Elle fait partie des habituées. «Quand j’avais huit ans, j’ai vu une boule lumineuse se poser sans bruit à quelques mètres de ma maison. Elle est restée une minute et elle est repartie comme elle était arrivée, sans bruit, raconte cette Parisienne, qui assiste aux soirées depuis le début. Ça m’a marquée. Et je suis restée fascinée depuis.»
(LP/A.R.)
A côté d’elle, Annette vient, elle, pour la première fois. «J’ai toujours été intéressée par ces phénomènes bizarres, reconnaît cette habitante de Courbevoie. Je ne savais pas que ça existait à deux pas de chez moi et encore moins à La Défense. Je suis ravie de pouvoir en discuter.»
Derrière elles, au fond de la salle, Gilles écoute la conférence, bras croisés, derrière un tas de livres sur les soucoupes volantes qu’il a installé sur quelques tables de la cafétéria. «Quand le vigile a vérifié le contenu de ma valise à l’entrée du centre commercial, il était étonné en voyant mes livres. Il n’était même pas au courant qu’on se retrouvait ici tous les mois», sourit cet ufologue, intéressé par l’étude des objets volants.
«J’ai trop peur qu’on me prenne pour un fou»
Ici, tous les participants déplorent pâtir d’une mauvaise image auprès de l’opinion publique. «Quand j’ai raconté à mon entourage que je venais là, ils se sont foutus de moi», regrette Annette. Julien, 33 ans, évite aussi de parler de sa passion, «surtout au travail». « J’ai trop peur qu’on me prenne pour un fou », lâche cet habitué de 33 ans.
(LP/A.R.)
Il y a quelques années, quand les conférences ont commencé à être filmées et que les réseaux ont fait leurs apparitions, plusieurs fans se sont mis à déserter les conférences. «Ils avaient peur que leur patron découvre ce qu’ils faisaient et que ça nuise à leur travail», observe Guy, le responsable. A chaque conférence, l’anonymat des participants est donc respecté. Chacun s’attable librement avec ses questions et ses certitudes.
«Moi, je ne suis sûr de rien, mais ça m’intrigue», explique Julien. Gilles, lui, se décrit comme un «sceptique pragmatique». «Je suis ouvert à toutes les hypothèses», affirme-t-il. «L’univers est vaste, pourquoi il n’y aurait que de la vie sur Terre ?», questionne Guy. Philippe, qui assure qu’il serait capable «de fabriquer une soucoupe volante s’il avait de l’argent» est, quant à lui, «persuadé que les pyramides ne sont pas l’œuvre des terriens».
Je kunt natuurlijk proberen veel dingen op Mars te verklaren met “natuurlijk gevormd”, maar natuurlijk gevormde kruizen zijn zeldzaam, ongeacht op welke planeet je ze aantreft.
Het is een Fransman die een bijzondere ontdekking heeft gedaan op Mars van een rechtopstaand kruis in het landschap met daarnaast brokstukken van een ruïne.
Overal ter wereld houden mensen zich bezig met het bestuderen van foto’s die door NASA zijn vrijgegeven. Zoals bijvoorbeeld op Mars.
Dit keer is het de Fransman Christian Mace die een bijzondere ontdekking heeft gedaan, niet alleen van een rechtopstaand kruis, maar ook van iets dat lijkt op de restanten van een kerk of een tempel dicht in de buurt.
De onderkant van het kruis is enigszins verborgen door een rots, maar als je dezelfde foto van de andere kant zou nemen, is te zien dat je hier met een fors kruis te maken hebt.
Vlakbij dit kruis is nog een object ontdekt wat lijkt op een bewerkt dak van een gebouw dat in elkaar is gestort.
Ook dit lijkt niet iets dat op een natuurlijke manier is ontstaan, maar meer op de overblijfselen van een soort tempel of iets dergelijks.
Antwoorden over wat zich daar ooit op Mars bevond, hebben we niet. Maar, naarmate er meer wordt ontdekt, worden er wel steeds meer vragen opgeroepen.
Vragen waar voorlopig nog geen antwoorden op lijken te komen.
Strange UFO coin from 1680 puzzles the experts, March 2016, UFO Sighting News.
Strange UFO coin from 1680 puzzles the experts, March 2016, UFO Sighting News
I've been looking for one of these off and on for a few weeks. It looks really amazing and is absolute proof that in the 1600s the French witnessed enough UFO sightings to decide to put some what they saw on coins. This is a French jeton minted in somewhere between 1856 to 1680, a coin-like educational tool that was commonly used to help people count money, or sometimes used as a money substitute for playing games. It is about the size of a U.S. quarter-dollar and similar to thousands of other jetons with different religious and educational designs that were produced and used in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries. It appears to commemorate a UFO sighting of a wheel like object. Some researchers feel it represents the Biblical Ezekiel's wheel. The Latin inscription 'OPPORTUNUS ADEST' translates as 'It is here at an opportune time".
If you are lucky you can find one on Ebay (Click Here) for anywhere between $20 US to $500 depending on the sellers asking price and condition of the coin. I heard from a guy who won a similar coin that he got for $45, because it was just listed for a few hours when he hit the buy it now button, so timing and luck are everything. Happy hunting. Scott C. Waring
Remembering Edgar Mitchell: UFO/ET Disclosure Advocate
Remembering Edgar Mitchell: UFO/ET Disclosure Advocate
By BILL WICKERSHAM
Apollo astronaut Edgar Mitchell in front of a graphic of the mission patch.
Credits: NASA
Former NASA astronaut Edgar Mitchell, who walked on the moon in 1971, died Feb. 4 at the age of 85 in West Palm Beach, Fla., just one day before the 45th anniversary of his historic Apollo 14 lunar landing. Mitchell’s mission was the Apollo program’s fourth and was the first after Apollo 13’s failed attempt to land because of a pre-landing oxygen tank explosion.
Mitchell was accompanied to the moon’s surface by U.S. Navy Capt. Alan Shepard. The two collected 94 pounds of moon rock for scientific research back on Earth. During their 33 hours of work, they completed the longest moonwalk in history.
Bill Wickersham
Mitchell was born Sept. 17, 1930, in Hereford, Texas, to a ranching family that moved to the town of Artesia, N.M. He graduated from Artesia High School in 1948 and received a bachelor’s degree in industrial management from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1952. Shortly thereafter, he joined the U.S. Navy and completed basic training at the San Diego Recruit Depot. While on active duty, he completed a bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1961 and a doctorate in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964.
In 1954, Mitchell completed naval flight training at Hutchinson, Kan., and was designated a “naval aviator” just before his assignment to a land-based patrol mission on Okinawa. During the course of his Navy career, he rose to the rank of captain and logged 5,000 hours of flight time, including 2,000 hours in jet aircraft, much of which was carrier-based.
From 1965 to 1966, he attended the Aerospace Research Pilot School to prepare for astronaut duties and to acquire certification as a test pilot. Mitchell graduated first in his class and then served as an instructor in advanced mathematics and navigation theory for astronaut candidates. In 1966, he was chosen by NASA to be an astronaut. He retired from NASA in 1972. Among his many outstanding honors and awards were the Presidential Medal of Honor, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and the NASA Distinguished Service Medal.
UFOs AND EXTRATERRESTRIAL VISITORS
From the early days of his retirement until his recent death, Edgar seriously addressed the issue of unidentified flying objects and extraterrestrial visitors. He regularly made public claims that Earth has been visited by extraterrestrial life. Among those statements were the following:
“We are not alone in the universe. They have been coming here for a long time.”
“Yes, there have been ET visitations. There have been crashed craft. There have been materials and bodies recovered.”
“When I learned that aliens really do exist, I wasn’t too surprised. But what did shock me when I started investigating extraterrestrial reports a decade ago is the extent to which the proof has been hushed up.”
“There have been craft recovered, and there has been a certain amount of reverse engineering that has allowed some of these craft, or some components, to be duplicated. And, there are Earthlings who are utilizing some of this equipment in certain ways.”
On Sept. 18-19, 2014, NASA and the Library of Congress hosted a symposium concerning preparation for the discovery of extraterrestrial life. Titled “Preparing for Discovery: A Rational Approach to the Implications of Finding Microbial, Complex or Intelligent Life Beyond Earth,” the symposium failed to address the UFO phenomenon in any way, except in one statement regarding a question from a member of the audience.
In response to that situation, Edgar Mitchell joined with three other writers to forward an open letter to NASA and the Library of Congress pointing out the remarkable omission of UFO data. The title of the open letter was: “Neglected and Unacknowledged Evidence: A Response to ‘Preparing for Discovery — NASA/Library of Congress Astrobiology Symposium.’” Others who signed the 12-page letter were Paul Hellyer, former deputy prime minister of Canada; Canadian UFO journalist Victor Viggiani; and me.
The open letter said: “The current research within the systemic knowledge base to which we refer unequivocally confirms the existence of a wide range of hard data that point directly to the substantive reality of the phenomenon commonly referred to as unidentified flying objects. Secondly, there exists unimpeachable evidence originating from high level government and military sources, witness testimony and government documents that not only validate the UFO reality but also corroborate government and military efforts to create an embargo around this knowledge, and consequently sequester it from the public.”
The letter further said: “This category of evidence (UFO/ET matters) were it to have been considered for inclusion on the symposium dais, could clarify and provide lucid authentication as to the validity of the UFO phenomenon, and moreover — the palpable possibility that we are, in fact, being engaged by off-world civilizations. To eliminate rigorous examination of either of these possibilities, at all levels of inquiry is by definition unscientific.”
Thus, in signing the aforementioned letter, Edgar Mitchell once again confirmed his strong opinion that people who should know better are treating UFO/ET phenomena unfairly and unscientifically. Clearly he did his best to speak truth to power on this vital issue.
Farewell, Edgar, and bon voyage.
Bill Wickersham is an adjunct professor of Peace Studies at the University of Missouri. To view excerpts from the open letter and a link to the entire document, Google: Edgar Mitchell and Paul Hellyer Co-sign Critique to NASA
Snowden Reveals Documents: 'More Intelligent Homo Sapiens Exist Underground'
Snowden Reveals Documents: 'More Intelligent Homo Sapiens Exist Underground'
Edward Snowden, the leaker of NSA surveillance documents, was granted asylum in Venezuela on Friday. With safe harbors in sight, Snowden was willing to share shocking and world-shattering exclusive secret government documents with The Internet Chronicle.
Snowden’s testimony was as follows:
“The highest levels of government don’t know what to do about UFOs, and the official story that they are all merely weather balloons or natural phenomena has been clearly dismissed. If anything, these documents speak about UFOs as if they are surely guided by an intelligence beyond our own. As it turns out, the most credible and inexplicable sightings are of vehicles that have been spotted leaving the sea floor at hydrothermal vents and directly entering solar orbit.
“Because ballistic missile tracking systems and deep-sea sonar are kept as state secrets, scientists don’t have access to data about these objects. However, most of the contractors at DARPA are sure that there is a species more intelligent than homo sapiens living in the mantle of the Earth. It makes sense, if you think about it, because that is the only place where conditions have been more or less stable for billions of years. Extremophiles may live at different temperatures than us, but they have been able to thrive and develop intelligence at a seemingly accelerated rate. That’s not true, because they’ve simply evolved at the same rate, but without many of the vicissitudes which set back surface life . . .
“The president receives daily briefings about their activities. Analysts believe their technology to be so far advanced that we stand little chance of survival in any potential war. The general sentiment is that we are but ants from their perspective, so there is little chance they would empathize or attempt to communicate with us, and the current contingency plan is to detonate nuclear weapons in deep caverns to ‘sting’ the foe we have no hope of destroying in hopes it would discourage further attacks.”
Critics may allege that what the 30-year-old former NSA and CIA contractor can state with authority about our ultraterrestrial neighbors is already well-known. But the Ground-Penetrating Radar, or GPR, scans, which The Internet Chronicle has shared and confirmed with sources within intelligence community, will only serve to underscore popular bitterness over strategically timed earthquakes and tsunamis.
Just as PRISM shined a new light on goings-on in NSA’s ECHELON computer systems, revealed in the 1990s, the vast complexes of underground cities – laser-etched from pure diamond – apparent in the GPR scans will transform public debate about the balance between liberty and security. - Chronicle
Harvard Scientists: There May be an Ancient Earth Inside... Earth
Harvard Scientists: There May be an Ancient Earth Inside... Earth
A team of Harvard scientists believe the remnants of an ancient Earth, dating to the time another planet collided with ours to produce the moon, may still be lodged deep within the Earth’s mantle
If you thought it was a trip to see the Earth from space, then wait until you get a load of this: A team of scientists from Harvard University believe that have found evidence that an ancient Earth exists inside the Earth.
The team believes that a previously unexplained isotopic ratio from deep within the Earth might be a signal from material from before the Earth collided with another planet-sized body, which led to the creation of the Moon. This might be an echo of an ancient Earth that existed 4.5 billion years ago, prior to the proposed collision.
The current favored theory says that the Moon was formed 4.5 billion years ago when the Earth collided with a mass the size of Mars, dubbed “Theia.”
This theory states that the heat generated by the collision would have melted the whole planet before some of the debris spun off to create the Moon.
But now, the team at Harvard, led by Associate Professor Sujoy Mukhopadhyay, believe that they’ve found evidence to support that only part of the Earth melted, and that an ancient part still exists within the Earth’s mantle.
Accordingto Professor Mukhopadhyay:
“The energy released by the impact between the Earth and Theia would have been huge, certainly enough to melt the whole planet. But we believe that the impact energy was not evenly distributed throughout the ancient Earth.
“This means that a major part of the impacted hemisphere would probably have been completely vaporized, but the opposite hemisphere would have been partly shielded, and would not have undergone complete melting.”
The team analyzed the ratios of noble gas isotopes from deep within the Earth’s mantle and compared the results to isotope ratios closer to the surface. They found that 3He to 22Ne ratio from the shallow mantle is significantly higher than the equivalent ratio deep within the mantle.
Professor Mukhopadhyay remarked:
“This implies that the last giant impact did not completely mix the mantle and there was not a whole mantle magma ocean.”
Further evidence comes from analysis of the 129-Xenon to 120-Xenon ratio. Material brought to the surface from the deep mantle has a lower ratio than what’s normally found near the surface.
Because 129-Xenon is produced by the radioactive decay of 129-Iodine, the isotopes place the formation age of the ancient section of mantle to within the first 100 million years of Earth’s history.
“The geochemistry indicates that there are differences between the noble gas isotope ratios in different parts of the Earth, and these need to be explained.
“The idea that a very disruptive collision of the Earth with another planet-sized body, the biggest event in Earth’s geological history, did not completely melt and homogenize the Earth challenges some of our notions on planet formation and the energetics of giant impacts.
“If the theory is proven correct, then we may be seeing echoes of the ancient Earth, from a time before the collision,” said Professor Mukhopadhyay.
Professor Richard Carlson of the Carnegie Institution Department of Terrestrial Magnetism stated:
“This exciting result is adding to the observational evidence that important aspects of Earth’s composition were established during the violent birth of the planet and is providing a new look at the physical processes by which this can occur.”
The findings of the team at Harvard coincide with a German team’s findings supporting the theory that the Moon was formed 4.5 billion years ago after a catastrophic collision with a planet-sized mass.
Both the Harvard and German teams presented their findings to the Goldschmidt Geochemistry Conference in California.
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Matter will be created from light within a year, claim scientists
Matter will be created from light within a year, claim scientists
In a neat demonstration of E=mc 2, physicists believe they can create electrons and positrons from colliding photons
In theory light and matter are interchangeable, but a practical demonstration was thought to be impossible. Photograph: Lawrence Manning/Corbis
Researchers have worked out how to make matter from pure light and are drawing up plans to demonstrate the feat within the next 12 months.
The theory underpinning the idea was first described 80 years ago by two physicists who later worked on the first atomic bomb. At the time they considered the conversion of light into matter impossible in a laboratory.
But in a report published on Sunday, physicists at Imperial College London claim to have cracked the problem using high-powered lasers and other equipment now available to scientists.
"We have shown in principle how you can make matter from light," said Steven Rose at Imperial. "If you do this experiment, you will be taking light and turning it into matter."
The scientists are not on the verge of a machine that can create everyday objects from a sudden blast of laser energy. The kind of matter they aim to make comes in the form of subatomic particles invisible to the naked eye.
The original idea was written down by two US physicists, Gregory Breit and John Wheeler, in 1934. They worked out that – very rarely – two particles of light, or photons, could combine to produce an electron and its antimatter equivalent, a positron. Electrons are particles of matter that form the outer shells of atoms in the everyday objects around us.
But Breit and Wheeler had no expectations that their theory would be proved any time soon. In their study, the physicists noted that the process was so rare and hard to produce that it would be "hopeless to try to observe the pair formation in laboratory experiments".
Oliver Pike, the lead researcher on the study, said the process was one of the most elegant demonstrations of Einstein's famous relationship that shows matter and energy are interchangeable currencies. "The Breit-Wheeler process is the simplest way matter can be made from light and one of the purest demonstrations of E=mc2," he said.
Writing in the journal Nature Photonics, the scientists describe how they could turn light into matter through a number of separate steps. The first step fires electrons at a slab of gold to produce a beam of high-energy photons. Next, they fire a high-energy laser into a tiny gold capsule called a hohlraum, from the German for "empty room". This produces light as bright as that emitted from stars. In the final stage, they send the first beam of photons into the hohlraum where the two streams of photons collide.
The scientists' calculations show that the setup squeezes enough particles of light with high enough energies into a small enough volume to create around 100,000 electron-positron pairs.
The process is one of the most spectacular predictions of a theory called quantum electrodynamics (QED) that was developed in the run up to the second world war. "You might call it the most dramatic consequence of QED and it clearly shows that light and matter are interchangeable," Rose told the Guardian.
The scientists hope to demonstrate the process in the next 12 months. There are a number of sites around the world that have the technology. One is the huge Omega laser in Rochester, New York. But another is the Orion laser at Aldermaston, the atomic weapons facility in Berkshire.
A successful demonstration will encourage physicists who have been eyeing the prospect of a photon-photon collider as a tool to study how subatomic particles behave. "Such a collider could be used to study fundamental physics with a very clean experimental setup: pure light goes in, matter comes out. The experiment would be the first demonstration of this," Pike said.
Andrei Seryi, director of the John Adams Institute at Oxford University, said: "It's breathtaking to think that things we thought are not connected, can in fact be converted to each other: matter and energy, particles and light. Would we be able in the future to convert energy into time and vice versa?"
Dream Chaser: Sierra Nevada's Design for Spaceflight
Dream Chaser: Sierra Nevada's Design for Spaceflight
By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor
An artistic rendition of the Dream Chaser vehicle launching into space.
Credit: Sierra Nevada
Dream Chaser, a private spacecraft that looks like a stubby version of the space shuttle, is a concept being tested by Sierra Nevada Corp. based on NASA designs of a 1980s spacecraft prototype.
The spacecraft, which originally was developed by a company called SpaceDev, is among a group of ships that vied for private flights to the International Space Station. NASA funded SpaceX's and Boeing's concepts in 2014 for the last round of Commercial Crew Program development, sparking a formal protest from Sierra Nevada. In 2016, however, NASA selected Sierra Nevada, SpaceX and Orbital ATK for anticipated cargo missions to fly between 2019 and 2024. No specific flight awards have been made yet.
Once ready, Dream Chaser will carry up to seven people to the orbiting complex. It will launch vertically upon an Atlas 5 rocket and then, like the shuttle, land on a runway horizontally.
Based on secret Soviet design
Sierra Nevada, founded in 1963, describes itself as having expertise in electronics, avionics and communications systems. The Colorado-based firm has a space systems division that works on areas such as propulsion, small satellites and components for customers.
An artist's depiction of the Dream Chaser vehicle landing on a conventional runway at the end of its mission.
Credit: Sierra Nevada
The spacecraft has a bit of a tangled history. Its design is based mainly on the HL-20 — a NASA spacecraft design from the 1980s that was itself based on a Soviet spacecraft called the BOR-4. But the HL-20 design was never used for space.
SpaceDev resurrected the design. According to Ars Technica, in 2006 the firm signed a licensing agreement with NASA to reuse HL-20 for the Dream Chaser concept.
"We have tried to make it clear that SpaceDev does have plans of our own in terms of human spaceflight, both orbital and suborbital," said Jim Benson, the firm's founding chairman and CEO, in a Space.com 2004 interview.
Despite the agency heritage, SpaceDev failed to get funding under the initial NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Systems (COTS) program to fund commercial spacecraft. Benson left SpaceDev in 2006 to found a new space tourism company, but died in 2008 of a brain tumor.
That same year, it signed a memorandum of understanding with United Launch Alliance to put Dream Chaser on an Atlas 5 rocket. This entailed some design changes, but the companies were optimistic from the early days that this arrangement would work.
Sierra Nevada purchased SpaceDev in 2008, which added a new space systems business area to Sierra Nevada's divisions.
"The acquisition of SpaceDev ... represents a dynamic expansion of [Sierra Nevada]'s space technology capabilities," stated Fatih Ozmen, Sierra Nevada's chief executive, after the acquisition was finalized in December 2008.
"We believe that combining SpaceDev's unique technological offerings, manufacturing capabilities and talented team with our existing space business and technology base will allow us to significantly increase our capacity and scalability while better serving our customers and making us a leader in space technology with access to a much wider customer and technology base."
NASA money for development
In August 2012, Sierra Nevada was one of three companies that received money under the Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) award. CCiCap was the third phase of commercial crew development, and was supposed to help companies in the latter stages of spacecraft work to get their ships ready for flight. Sierra Nevada's contract, which was worth up to $212.5 million, paid out money as the company progressed through certain milestones.
"We're very pleased today to receive the award from NASA as a recognition of our work. We think the whole program is a very successful public-private partnership," Mark Sirangelo, corporate vice president of Sierra Nevada's space systems division, said Aug. 3, 2012, following the CCiCap announcement.
The company also passed several major tests in 2012, most notably a "captive carry" flight test where it rode below a helicopter. The spacecraft did a single glide test in 2013 where it was released from a helicopter and arrived at the runway, only to skid off and cause damage to the vehicle.
"We had a successful approach to the runway. The vehicle flared on cue and the speeds were perfect," said Mark Sirangelo, corporate vice president and head of Sierra Nevada Corporation's (SNC) Space Systems based in Louisville, Colo., in a Space.com interview in October 2013.
"We hit the centerline exactly where we needed to be. On approach and landing, the left main gear did not deploy satisfactorily," he added.
In September 2014, NASA announced the next and final phase of the commercial spaceflight program would see SpaceX's Dragon and Boeing's CST-100 spacecraft funded for the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap). The goal is to have the spacecraft ready to fly the International Space Station by 2017.
Sierra Nevada filed a protest Sept. 26, 2014, that temporarily halted work on commercial crew endeavors. The company said that Dream Chaser's technical concept was equally as mature as at least one of the rival companies, and that there were "serious questions and inconsistencies in the source selection process."
While the U.S. government allowed work to continue on commercial crew, the protest was reviewed by its General Accountability Office. In January 2015, the office said it would rule against Sierra Nevada.
"GAO disagreed with Sierra Nevada's arguments about NASA's evaluation, and found no undue emphasis on NASA's consideration of each offeror's proposed schedule, and likelihood to achieve crew transportation system certification not later than 2017," part of the statement read.
Sierra Nevada's response said, in part, that the company would continue to look for other customers for its contract.
"While the outcome was not what [Sierra Nevada] expected, we maintain our belief that the Dream Chaser spacecraft is technically very capable, reliable and was qualified to win based on NASA's high ratings of the space system," the company said in its statement.
In early 2016, NASA announced that Sierra Nevada (along with SpaceX and Orbital ATK) would all be listed as possible providers for cargo missions to ISS between 2019 and 2024. Specific flight awards haven't been made yet.
"NASA has not yet ordered any missions, but will make a total of six selections from each menu of mission options at fixed prices, as needed," NASA wrote in a statement at the time. "Each task order has milestones with specified amounts and performance dates. Each mission requires complex preparation and several years of lead time."
The company is now working toward doing a second glide test in early 2016, but a firm date has not been released.
"SNC has made significant structural and systems improvements to the ETA including the composite wings and aeroshells," Sierra Nevada wrote in October 2015. "SNC also invested heavily in maturing the spacecraft orbital avionics, guidance navigation and control, the flight software, and employed a number of new processes, all of which will be used on the orbital vehicle as well."
The NASA contract also triggered a $36 million investment by the 22-nation European Space Agency. Once the agreement is signed, ESA will begin work building the first flight model of the International Berthing and Docking Mechanism (IBDM), which Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser Cargo System will use to attach itself to the space station.
One of the James Webb Space Telescope's science goals is to look back through time to when galaxies were young. Webb will do this by observing galaxies that are very distant, at over 13 billion light years away from us. To see such far-off and faint objects, Webb needs a large mirror. A telescope’s sensitivity, or how much detail it can see, is directly related to the size of the mirror area that collects light from the objects being observed. A larger area collects more light, just like a larger bucket collects more water in a rain shower than a small one.
Webb Telescope's scientists and engineers determined that a primary mirror 6.5 meters (21 feet 4 inches) across is what was needed to measure the light from these distant galaxies. Building a mirror this large is challenging, even for use on the ground. A mirror this large has never before been launched into space!
If the Hubble Space Telescope's 2.4 meter mirror were scaled to be large enough for Webb, it would be too heavy to launch into orbit. The Webb team had to find new ways to build the mirror so that it would be light enough - only one-tenth of the mass of Hubble's mirror per unit area - yet very strong.
The Webb Telescope team decided to make the mirror segments from beryllium, which is both strong and light. Each segment weighs approximately 20 kilograms (46 pounds).
The Webb Telescope team also decided to build the mirror in segments on a structure which will fold up, like the leaves of a drop-leaf table, so that it can fit into a rocket. The mirror would then unfold after launch. Each of the 18 hexagonal-shaped mirror segments is 1.32 meters (4.3 feet) in diameter, flat to flat. (Webb's secondary mirror is 0.74 meters in diameter.)
The diagram above shows the three different mirror prescriptions that the segments have.
The hexagonal shape allows a segmented mirror with high filling factor and six-fold symmetry. High filling factor means the segments fit together without gaps. If the segments were circular, there would be gaps between them. Symmetry is good because there need only be 3 different optical prescriptions for 18 segments, 6 of each (see above right diagram). Finally, a roughly circular overall mirror shape is desired because that focuses the light into the most compact region on the detectors. A oval mirror, for example, would give images that are elongated in one direction. A square mirror would send a lot of the light out of the central region.
Once in space, getting these mirrors to focus correctly on faraway galaxies is another challenge. Actuators, or tiny mechanical motors, provide the answer to achieving a single perfect focus. The primary mirror segments and secondary mirror are moved by six actuators that are attached to the back of each mirror piece. The primary mirror segments also have an additional actuator at its center that adjusts its curvature. The telescope's tertiary mirror remains stationary.
Lee Feinberg, Webb Optical Telescope Element Manager at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. explained, "Aligning the primary mirror segments as though they are a single large mirror means each mirror is aligned to 1/10,000th the thickness of a human hair. What's even more amazing is that the engineers and scientists working on the Webb telescope literally had to invent how to do this."
Watch the the actuators being attached to the back of a telescope mirror in this "Behind the Webb" video:
These diagrams show the back of the mirrors and the actuators.
One further challenge is to keep Webb's mirror cold. To see the first stars and galaxies in the early Universe, astronomers have to observe the infrared light given off by them, and use a telescope and instruments optimized for this light. Because warm objects give off infrared light, or heat, if Webb's mirror was the same temperature as the Hubble Space Telescope's, the faint infrared light from distant galaxies would be lost in the infrared glow of the mirror. Thus, Webb needs to be very cold ("cryogenic"), with its mirrors at around -220 degrees C (-364 degree F). The mirror as a whole must be able to withstand very cold temperatures as well as hold its shape.
To keep Webb cold, it will be sent into deep space, far from the Earth. Sunshields will shade the mirrors and instruments from the Sun's heat, as well as keep them separated from the warm spacecraft bus.
Here is an animation of how light travels through the telescope. JWST is what is known as a three mirror anastigmat. In this configuration, the primary mirror is concave, the secondary is convex, and it works slightly off-axis. The tertiary removes the resulting astigmatism and also flattens the focal plane. This also allows for a wider field of view.
How Did NASA Come Up With These Ideas?
NASA set out to research new ways to build mirrors for telescopes. The Advanced Mirror System Demonstrator (AMSD) program was a four-year partnership between NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and the US Air Force to study ways to build lightweight mirrors. Based on the ASMD studies, two test mirrors were built and fully tested. One was made from beryllium by Ball Aerospace; the other was built by Kodak (formerly ITT, now the Harris Corporation) and was made from a special type of glass.
A team of experts was chosen to test both of these mirrors, to determine how well they work, how much they cost and how easy (or difficult) it would be to build a full-size, 6.5-meter mirror. The experts recommended that beryllium mirror be selected for the James Webb Space Telescope, for several reasons, one being that beryllium holds its shape at cryogenic temperatures. Based on the expert team's recommendation, Northrop Grumman (the company that is leading the effort to build Webb) selected a beryllium mirror, and the project management at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center approved this decision.
Why Beryllium?
Beryllium is a light metal (atomic symbol: Be) that has many features that make it desirable for Webb's primary mirror. In particular, beryllium is very strong for its weight and is good at holding its shape across a range of temperatures. Beryllium is a good conductor of electricity and heat, and is not magnetic. (At left is a picture of a marble-sized piece of Beryllium)
Because it is light and strong, beryllium is often used to build parts for supersonic (faster-than-the-speed-of-sound) airplanes and the Space Shuttle. It is also used in more down-to-Earth applications like springs and tools. Special care has to be taken when working with beryllium, because it is unhealthy to breathe in or swallow beryllium dust.
How and Where the Beryllium Mirrors Were Made
The James Webb Space Telescope's 18 special lightweight beryllium mirrors have to make 14 stops to 11 different places around the U.S. to complete their manufacturing. They come to life at beryllium mines in Utah, and then move across the country for processing and polishing. In fact, the mirrors make stops in eight states along the way, visiting some states more than once, before journeying to South America for lift-off and the beginning of their final journey to space. Explore an interactive map showing the journey of the mirrors.
The beryllium to make Webb's mirror was mined in Utah and purified at Brush Wellman in Ohio. The particular type of beryllium used in the Webb mirrors is called O-30 and is a fine powder. The powder was placed into a stainless steel canister and pressed into a flat shape. Once the steel canister was removed, the resulting chunk of beryllium was cut in half to make two mirror blanks about 1.3 meters (4 feet) across. Each mirror blank was used to make one mirror segment; the full mirror is made from 18 hexagonal segments.
Once the mirror blanks passed inspection, they were sent to Axsys Technologies in Cullman, Alabama. The first two mirror blanks were completed in March 2004.
Axsys Technologies shaped the mirror blanks into their final shape. The process of shaping the mirror starts with cutting away most of the back side of the beryllium mirror blank, leaving just a thin "rib" structure. The ribs are only about 1 millimeter (about 1/25 of an inch) thick. Although most of the metal is gone, the ribs are enough to keep the segment's shape steady. This makes each segment very light. A beryllium mirror segment is 20 kilograms in mass. (A full primary mirror segment assembly including its actuator is about 40 kg.)
The front surface of each blank was smoothed out and shaped properly so that it will be ready for its final position in the large mirror.
This movie shows the mirror blanks being made at Brush Wellman and shaped at Axsys.
Mirror Polishing
Once the mirror segments were shaped by Axsys, they were sent to Richmond, CA, where SSG/Tinsley polished them.
SSG/Tinsley started by grinding down the surface of each mirror close to its final shape. After this was done, the mirrors were carefully smoothed out and polished. The process of smoothing and polishing is repeated until each mirror segment is nearly perfect. At that point, the segments travel to NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville (MSFC), Alabama for cryogenic testing.
Since many materials change shape when they change temperature, a test team from Ball Aerospace worked together with NASA engineers of Marshall Space Flight Center’s X-ray and Cryogenic Facility (XRCF) to cool the mirror segments down to the temperature Webb will expericence in deep space, -400 degrees Farenheit (-240 degrees Celsius).
Cryogenic testing of the primary mirror segments began in at Marshall's XRCF by Ball Aerospace in 2009.
The change in mirror segment shape due to the exposure to these cryogenic temperatures was recorded by Ball Aerospace Engineers using a laser interferometer. This information, together with the mirrors, traveled back to California for final surface polishing at Tinsley.
This short video shows part of the mirror polishing process. The mirrors' final polish was completed in June of 2011.
You can learn more about how the mirror segments are polished in this "Behind the Webb" video podcast:
Gold Coating
Once a mirror segment's final shape is corrected for any imaging effects due to cold temperatures, and polishing is complete, a thin coating of gold is applied. Gold improves the mirror's reflection of infrared light.
Some Technical Details: How is the gold applied to the mirrors? The answer is vacuum vapor deposition. Quantum Coating Incorporated did the coatings on our telescope mirrors. Essentially, the mirrors are put inside a vacuum chamber and a small quantity of gold is vaporized and it deposits on the mirror. Areas that we don't want coated (like the backside and all the mechanisms and such) are masked-off. Typical thickness of the gold is 1000 Angstroms (100 nanometers). A thin layer of amorphous SiO2 (glass) is deposited on top of the gold to protect it from scratches in case of handling or if particles get on the surface and move around (the gold is pure and very soft).
This Behind the Webb video is about mirror coating:
Below is the engineering design unit primary mirror segment (flight spare) coated in gold by Quantum Coating Incorporated. Photo by Drew Noel.
After the gold coating was applied, the mirrors once again traveled back to Marshall Space Flight Center for a final verification of mirror surface shape at cryogenic temperatures. The mirror segments are now complete - they will soon travel to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
The secondary mirror, now completed, went through a similar process - here it is after being gold-coated by Quantum Coating Incorporated.
In this video, you can follow the mirror's journey from rough ore to precisely reflective, gold-coated segments:
Past research has found that some planets create oxygen without the presence of biological organism , which has caused experts to believe this other worlds can sustain life.
But new findings will help determine the difference between life and the illusion of life, by identifying 'biosignatures' in the atmosphere of exoplanets.
Researchers believe this can be determined by studying the spectra features of light that is seen in the planet's atmosphere as it transits.
New findings will help determine the difference between life and the illusion of life, by identifying 'biosignatures' in the atmosphere of exoplanets. Researchers believe this can be determined by studying the spectra features of light that is seen in the planet's atmosphere as it transits
'Recently proposed mechanisms for developing abiotic O2/O3 in terrestrial exoplanet atmospheres would produce spectral discriminators that are potentially identifiable with future telescope observations, including James Webb Space Telescope,' reads the study published by the University of Washington in the journal arXiv.
HOW TO SPOT BIOSIGNATURES AND IMPOSTORS?
The first scenario suggests the star's ultraviolet light causes carbon dioxide to break down, which releases oxygen atoms to create O2 and will also produce an enormous amount of carbon monoxide as well.
'So if we saw carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide together in the atmosphere of a rocky planet, we would know to be very suspicious that future oxygen detections would mean life,'Edward Schwieterman, from the University of Washington, said.
The second is starlight breaks down atmospheric water vapor and splits it into hydrogen and oxygen, which then go in different directions.
The hydrogen floats out into space and the oxygen lingers in the atmosphere, which produces numerous O4 and O2 molecules.
'Certain O4 features are potentially detectable in transit spectroscopy, and many more could be seen in reflected light,' Schwieterman said.
'Seeing a large O4 signature could tip you off that this atmosphere has far too much oxygen to be biologically produced.'
'These discriminants are more detectable than O2 or O3 in transmission observations.'
The James Webb Space Telescope is set to be released sometime in 2018 and the University of Washington believes this new model will help 'rule out false positives in the search for life beyond Earth.'
Experts have hope that this device will be able to detect 'biosignatures' on planets far beyond our own solar system and rule out the false positives.
For example, oxygen on Earth is a 'biosignature', but even though it can be found on other planets it does not mean there is life.
Venus has both oxygen and carbon dioxide, but its atmosphere is too hot and acidic to sustain life - showing oxygen is a false positive.
'We wanted to determine if there was something we could observe that gave away these 'false positive' cases among exoplanets,' said lead author Edward Schwieterman, a doctoral student in astronomy.
'We call them 'biosignature impostors' in the paper.
'The potential discovery of life beyond our solar system is of such a huge magnitude and consequence, we really need to be sure we've got it right — that when we interpret the light from these exoplanets we know exactly what we're looking for, and what could fool us.'
Previous studies have shown that other planets create oxygen 'aboitically' or not from a living organism.
This has been found in planets that orbit low-mass stars, which are much smaller and dimmer than Earth's sun.
WE COULD FIND ALIEN LIFE IN THE NEXT 10-20 YEARS, CLAIMS NASA
There at least 200 billion Earth-like planets in our galaxy – and now Nasa officials claim we could be on the verge of finding life on one of them.
During a talk in Washington earlier this month, the space agency announced that humanity is likely to encounter extra-terrestrials within a decade.
'I believe we are going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth in the next decade and definitive evidence in the next 10 to 20 years,' Ellen Stofan, chief scientist for Nasa, said.
'We know where to look, we know how to look, and in most cases we have the technology.'
Jeffery Newmark, interim director of heliophysics at the agency, added: 'It's definitely not an if, it's a when.'
'We are not talking about little green men,' said Stofan. 'We are talking about little microbes.'
The announcement has been prompted by the recent discovery of water by Nasa in surprising places.
Jim Green, director of planetary science at Nasa, noted that a recent study of the Martian atmosphere found 50 per cent of the planet's northern hemisphere once had oceans a mile deep.
The first scenario suggests the star's ultraviolet light causes carbon dioxide to break down, which releases oxygen atoms to create O2 and will also produce an enormous amount of carbon monoxide as well.
'So if we saw carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide together in the atmosphere of a rocky planet, we would know to be very suspicious that future oxygen detections would mean life,' Schwieterman said.
The second is starlight breaks down atmospheric water vapor and splits it into hydrogen and oxygen, which then go in different directions.
For example, oxygen on Earth is a 'biosignature', but even though it can be found on other planets it does not mean there is life. Venus (pictured) has both oxygen and carbon dioxide, but its atmosphere is too hot and acidic to sustain life -- showing oxygen is a false positive.
The hydrogen floats out into space and the oxygen lingers in the atmosphere, which produces numerous O4 and O2 molecules.
'Certain O4 features are potentially detectable in transit spectroscopy, and many more could be seen in reflected light,' Schwieterman said.
'Seeing a large O4 signature could tip you off that this atmosphere has far too much oxygen to be biologically produced.'
'It's one thing to detect a biosignature gas, but another thing to be able to interpret what you are looking at, said Victoria Meadows, UW professor of astronomy and principal investigator of the Virtual Planetary Laboratory.
'This research is important because biosignature impostors may be more common for planets orbiting low-mass stars, which will be the first places we look for life outside our solar system in the coming decade.'
The James Webb Space Telescope (pictured) is set to be released sometime in 2018 and the University of Washington believes this new model will help 'rule out false positives in the search for life beyond Earth. Experts have hope that this device will be able to detect 'biosignatures' on planets
Details on the Planetary Impact Emergency Response Working Group
Details on the Planetary Impact Emergency Response Working Group
By Leonard David, Space.com's Space Insider Columnist
Incoming! Who ya going to call? A Planetary Impact Emergency Response Working Group (PIERWG) Charter has been developed
Credit: NASA
A partnership between the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and NASA is in place "to develop guidance to prepare for any potential impact of our planet by a large natural object."
The Charter notes that "the risks are inherently unique and there are currently no national policy covering this particular threat."
Spelled out in the Charter is the framework for the structure and processes of an interagency team focused on preparation for a predicted or actual impact of an asteroid or comet that could affect the United States or its territories.
The Charter details the roles, responsibilities, and membership of the PIERWG.
Coordinating agencies
The objective of the PIERWG provides a forum for affected U.S. Departments and Agencies to develop the essential information and recommendations needed by senior leadership to make informed decisions to respond to the “unique challenges” of an impending NEO impact.
PIERWG coordinating agencies include the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Department of Homeland Security-Science and Technology, as well as Department of Defense, and the Department of State’s Office of Space and Advanced Technology.
Approving the document is Damon Penn, Assistant Administrator of the Response Directorate of FEMA and NASA’s James Green, Director of the Planetary Science Division.
In early January, NASA announced the establishment of a Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) created to coordinate U.S. agencies and intergovernmental efforts to respond to future near-Earth objects that threaten Earth.
Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is former director of research for the National Commission on Space and is co-author of Buzz Aldrin's 2013 book "Mission to Mars – My Vision for Space Exploration" published by National Geographic with a new updated paperback version released in May 2015. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.
Past Present And Future Exist All At Once – Unravelling Secrets Of Quantum Physics
Past Present And Future Exist All At Once – Unravelling Secrets Of Quantum Physics
First version of this article was originally published on January 22, 2015
A. Sutherland – MessageToEagle.com – With the discovery of the crucial, though, unexpected link between space and time, Einstein realized that these two things could no longer be thought of as separate things.
They are fused together and form the continuum (manifold) of space-time, viewed as a four-dimensional vector space.
Suddenly, he realized something unbelievable, namely that our understanding of past, present and future and the sharp difference we see between them – may only be an illusion.
“The distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion,” he said.
At first, he wasn’t particularly thrilled with the unified spacetime idea and dismissed new four-dimensional geometry propose
d by Hermann Minkowski, as “superfluous” pedantry but he eventually accepted the idea and so must we.
As Arthur Schopenhauer expressed, “the most insignificant present has over the most significant past the advantage of reality” and such a belief cannot be so easily dismissed.
Naturally, this illusion – our understanding of past, present and future – is very convincing for us, but it’s still an illusion, we live with every day, every moment, continuously.
Centuries ago, St. Augustine of Hippo, one of the world’s most influential thinkers was also occupied with the phenomenon of time and space.
“How can the past and future be, when the past no longer is, and the future is not yet?” he asked.
“As for the present, if it were always present and never moved on to become the past, it would not be time, but eternity.”
Essentially the same question we are pondering today.
Most of us are convinced that reality means the events of the present moment.
It’s our fundamental belief since we were children because the only we understand is the reality of the moment.
We divide time into past, present and future and it seems essential to our experience of reality – our reality – as anything, says Paul Davies, a Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, Australia.
But what if our perception of time and space has simply deceived us?
Much of what we thought we knew about our universe-that the past has already happened and the future is yet to be, that space is just an empty void, that our universe is the only universe that exists-just might be wrong, says famous physicist Brian Greene.
In our day-to-day lives, we experience time as a continuous flow. But it can also be useful to think of time as a series of snapshots, or moments, and every event can be thought of as the unfolding of moment, after moment, after moment.
And “if we picture all these moments, or snapshots, line them up, every moment here on Earth, every moment of Earth orbiting the Sun, and every moment throughout the entire universe, we would see every event that has ever happened or will ever happen, from the birth of our universe at the Big Bang, some 14-billion years ago; to the formation of stars in the Milky Way galaxy; to the creation of Earth, four and a half billion years ago; to the time of the dinosaurs; to events happening on Earth today, like me working in my office,” Greene explains.
Don’t you have a strange feeling that someone out there is so incredibly advanced technologically that he can observe all those movements (snapshots) in the entire universe when they take place simultaneously?
And when we seriously consider the simple but essential concept of “now we begin to understand that both past and future must be real because they could be your now, which means past, present and future – are all equally real and all exist.
Moreover, they exist all at once.
Written by A. Sutherland – MessageToEagle.com Staff Writer
Striking Ancient “Stone Idols”: The Forgotten Polovtsian Statues Of Eastern Europe
Striking Ancient “Stone Idols”: The Forgotten Polovtsian Statues Of Eastern Europe
MessageToEagle.com – These enigmatic ancient stone statues, or “stone idols”, as they are often called by locals are almost unknown to the outside world.
The statues, known as the “Polovtsian statues” are found in large numbers spread across Russia, southern Siberia, in eastern Ukraine, Germany, Central Asia and Mongolia.
Many of the Polovtsian statues represent male warriors wearing helmets, armor, and weapons, like swords, bows, quivers. Hats and purses can be seen on the female statues.
In 2008, a team of archaeologists and conservators from Poland and Czech Republic undertook maintenance work on the Polovtsian anthropomorphic late medieval steles from the collection of the Veliklanadolskyi Forest Museum, at Komsomolsky Podsiolok in East Ukraine.
Their goal was to prevent the degradation of the sculptures caused by environmental factors and human activities, as well as to restore the aesthetics of the statues.
Aneta Golebiowska-Tobiasz, a member of the team became strongly aware of the cultural value of the monumental sculptures – barely known in the rest of Europe, and decided to channel her efforts into research and the restoration of the stelae, which represent so majestically the cultural heritage of the Turkic people of the steppe zone of Eastern Europe.
De Gruyter Open has now published the “Monumental Polovtsian Statues in Eastern Europe. The Archaeology, Conservation and Protection” in its Open Access Book program, presenting the author’s well-documented and illustrated history of the research on Cuman stone stelae.
” Stone statues, indigenous to the early Turks, appeared in the vast territory of the Asian steppes, from Southern Siberia to Central Asia and across the foothills of the Ural Mountains. The custom originated among Cumans in Eastern Europe.
The art of creating stelae had been known in many cultural circles before it had appeared among the Turkic peoples. The tradition of constructing monumental stone sculptures originated in the in the Bronze Age cultures of Central and Middle Asia around the 4th millennium B.C. Anthropomorphic stelae were later created by the Kimmers and the Scythians. Stone statues associated with the early Turks appeared in a vast territory of the Asian steppes that stretches from the Southern foothills of the Ural Mountains, through Kazakhstan, to Mongolia.
Their origins and the cultural significance are interpreted in a variety of ways, and still many issues associated with their construction remain unclear.
The book delves into the phenomenon of the anthropomorphic sculptures in relation to the migration of the Turkic nomads, from the perspective of an archaeologist and conservator.
With a visibly palpable passion, Gołębiowska-Tobiasz explores the diffusion of the stalae, the evolution of their canon, addressing alongside the latest hypothesis of the sculptures being related not only to religious beliefs but also of their possible political significance.
The art of erecting stale disappeared rather abruptly with the fall of the Polovtsians and the rapid spread of Islam. This book will mark a new perspective for the archeologists and historians on most versatile aspects of these imposing and yet neglected monuments.
“The book is not only innovative”, says Igor Leonidovich Kyzlasov, Head of Medieval Archaeology at the Russian Academy of Sciences, and arguably, one of the finest scientists in this subject area, “but it also accurately documents the complex process, and the results of restoration and conservation of monuments.”
According to Past Horizons “The Polovtsians conquered the area of the Azov steppes relatively early in the 11th century AD. The rich pastures and abundance of water in the new sprawling land under their control ensured the groups moved from nomadism towards seasonal horse pastoralism within a closed cycle of encampments.
In addition to favorable environmental conditions, a crucial role was played by the density of old kurgan cemeteries located in the watersheds of rivers.
The Polovtsians used these previously erected mounds as burial or cult places, often putting athropomorphic statues on their summits. In this way, they used the already sacred spaces during both funeral ceremonies.”
Hopefully the forgotten and neglected Polovtsian statues will now be better preserved for future generations. It would be a great pity if bit of valuable history was lost once again.
Humanity’s interest in the topic of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) continues to increase. The subject has received some well deserved attention as of late, and continues to pick up momentum in a time where the truth about UFOs and possible extraterrestrials (already visiting our planet) is hitting the mainstream world.
This “truth” includes the fact that dozens of foreign governments have released thousands of pages of UFO related documents –here is an example of the latest batch released from the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defense in June 2013. Other country’s governments who have done the same include Mexico, France, Argentina, Russia and Belgium, just to name a few. The fact that governments have released and documented information that detail UFO encounters with the military, as well as supposed extraterrestrial encounters with people, tells us that they’ve had and do have a high level of interest when it comes to the topic of UFOs and extraterrestrials. Had this information remained classified, nobody would officially be able to say that governments have allocated resources to investigate this phenomenon, and it would have remained in the “conspiracy” realm. At the same time, it’s important to remember that this issue goes far beyond and well above government control.
“It is ironic that the U.S. should be fighting monstrously expensive wars allegedly to bring democracy to those countries, when it itself can no longer claim to be called a democracy when trillions, and I mean thousands of billions of dollars have been spent on projects which both congress and the commander in chief know nothing about.” – Paul Hellyer, Former Canadian Defense Minister(source)
“Everything is in a process of investigation both in the United States and in Spain, as well as the rest of the world. The nations of the world are currently working together in the investigation of the UFO phenomenon. There is an international exchange of data.” – General Carlos Castro Cavero (1979). From “UFOs and the National Security State, Volume 2″, Written by Richard Dolan
“Behind the scenes, high ranking Air Force officers are soberly concerned about UFOs. But through official secrecy and ridicule, many citizens are led to believe the unknown flying objects are nonsense.” Former head of CIA, Roscoe Hillenkoetter, 1960 (source)
Just last year at the Citizens Hearing on Disclosure, a United States congresswoman voiced her opinion that the US government should disclose this existence, pointing to the fact that a number of foreign governments have already done so -you can read more about that story here.
Apart from government documents, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has allowed researchers to petition and receive thousands of pages of UFO related documents from various agencies. Here is a defense intelligence agency document outlining an encounter that took place in Iran in 1976. It details a military encounter with a UFO. You can read more about what happens when the military encounters a UFO and tracks it on radar here, it’s quite common.
“There is a serious possibility that we are being visited and have been visited for many years by people from outer space, by other civilizations. Who they are, where they are from, and what they want should be the subject of rigorous scientific investigation and not be the subject of ‘rubishing’ by tabloid newspapers.” (source) – Lord Admiral Hill-Norton, Former Chief of Defence Staff, 5 Star Admiral of the Royal Navy, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee
Documents also indicate various incursions at nuclear missile sites.
The UFO issue is one that has a tremendous amount of evidence behind it. As of today, nobody can really tell you that UFOs aren’t real. Objects have been tracked on radar and visually confirmed, performing maneuvers that defy our understanding of physics and travelling at unattainable speeds. For more detailed information (documents, statements from high ranking individuals) on the subject of UFOs, and why some of them (UFOs) might be extraterrestrial you can check out the article below and/or visit our exopolitics section of the website by clicking HERE.
Many people who are aware, or who are becoming aware of the UFO phenomenon are not aware of the fact that UFOs have been visiting and interacting with nuclear missile sites across the globe for decades. This is a well documented fact that dates back all the way to December of 1948.
“Significantly, the UFO activity occasionally transcends mere surveillance and involves direct and unambiguous interference with our strategic weapons systems. Numerous cases include reports of mysterious malfunctionsof large numbers of nuclear missiles just as one or more UFOs hovered nearby.” (Declassified Soviet Ministry of Defense documents confirm that such incidents also occurred in the former USSR.)
The above quote is from UFO researcher Robert Hastings, who has been researching the UFO phenomenon and its relation to nuclear missile sites for a a long time. Here is a clip of Robert speaking at the National Press Club in 2010.
The Encounter At Minot Air Force Base
Minot Air Force base is located in North Dakota. In the 1960’s it was a major Strategic Air Command base, responsible for housing ICBMs (nuclear missiles). On August 25th, 1966 a team at the base was ordered to investigate a very high multi-colored light that was positioned well above the base. The team confirmed the object, as well as a second object, the object was also tracked on radar. It rose and descended several times, and eventually descended to ground level about 15 miles away from the base. According to the official report:
“When the team was about ten miles from the landing site, static disrupted radio contact with them. Five to eight mintues later, the glow diminished, and the UFO took off.” (1)
This incident lasted approximately four hours, and was confirmed by three different nuclear missile sites.
The Encounter At Malmstrom Air Force Base
The UFO incursion at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana is one of the most remarkable events in this history of UFO encounters with the military. This occurred in March of 1967 at a base that was responsible for a large amount of nuclear weapons. Here’s what happened:
“An airman with the Oscar Flight Launch Control Center (LCC) saw a star-like object zigzagging high above him. Soon, a larger and closer light also appeared and acted in a similar way. The airman called his non-commissioned officer, and the two men watched the lights streak through the sky, maneuvering in impossible ways. The NCO phoned his commander, Lieutenant Robert Salas, who was not impressed. He ordered the NCO to keep watching the display and report back if the objects got any closer. Minutes later that is precisely what happened. Shouting into the phone, the NCO told Salas that a red, glowing UFO was hovering outside the front gate.
Salas woke his commander, Lieutenant Fred Meiwald. As he briefed Meiwald, an alarm went off in the small capsule, and both men saw a “No-Go” light turn on for one of the missiles. Within seconds, about ten of the missiles went down in succession. Twenty miles away, at the Echo Launch Control Center, the same scenario took place.
Strike teams were sent to the two launch facilities, where maintenance crews were at work and had been watching UFOs hover over each of their sites. The missiles were down for most of the day. Neither the Air Force invesigation, nor Boeing’s tests found any cause for the shutdown.”
Over the past few years, several Air Force personnel have come forward to confirm that something did happen, and in 2010 Salas was part of a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., that included these personnel. You can watch that full conference below:
Here is another video of Professor Robert Jacobs describing UFOs shutting down and disabling nuclear weapons that have already been launched.
Above are two of several instances that have occurred throughout the years and have been officially documented.
Why Are UFOs Deactivating Our Nuclear Missiles?
In my opinion, atomic weapons are something Earth and those who reside upon it don’t need. Perhaps the deactivations are a message to us that we are playing with something we don’t need to play with? Many UFOs started appearing when we were testing atomic weapons. Is it possible that some extraterrestrial beings might be concerned for the planet and the well being of the human race? Perhaps they are telling us we are playing with fire? Something we don’t need or shouldn’t have?
At the same time, we don’t need beings from another world to come tell us that harboring nuclear weapons that are capable of destroying the planet aren’t needed.
Perhaps the damage caused by the detonation of nuclear weapons reaches and affects worlds beyond our own?
Perhaps this is advanced technology from another country? Spying on our weaponry. Perhaps (if extraterrestrials) they are showing their superiority?
Based on my research into the topic of UFOs and extraterrestrials, I personally believe this is being done by benevolent extraterrestrials, and that it is a clear message to stop playing around with nuclear weapons and to take care of our planet.
What are your thoughts? Why do you think these incursions happened? Why do you think they are happening? Feel free to share in the comment section below.
I’d like to leave you with a video I’ve used several times before. But the statement is powerful, and true. The evidence supporting this phenomenon is overwhelming, and it’s one of the (if not the) most important story in human history that branches into so many different topics, and has so many implications. Again, browse through our exopolitics section for more articles on this subject, we have many.
Sources:
All sources not listed here are highlighted throughout the article.
(0) (1) Report, Department of the Air Force, Headquarters 862nd Combat Support Group (SAC), Minot AFB, North Dakota. Subject: UFO Report, to: AFSC (FTD) Wright-Petterson AFB, Ohio. Date: 30 Aug 1966. Letter, Department of the Air Force, Headquarters 862nd Combat Support Group (SAC), Minot AFB, to Dr. J. Allen Hynek, 4 January 1967.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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