Swiss Scientists Claim ATLANTIS Existed on Mars and Egypt Traded With Them

Swiss scientists say they can prove beyond a doubt that the Lost City of Atlantis was on Mars, and its astronauts traded with ancient Egypt for a significant period of time! 

 

Even more incredible, they claim to have the evidence to show that the legendary King Tut died spectacularly in a space shuttle crash with an alien crew.

 

 

“The Martian Civilization destroyed itself or was destroyed by a meteor while Egypt was still in its prime,” Dr. Stephan Weisz told a gathering of reporters and scientists in Bern, Switzerland. 

 

But the inhabitants left their mark both on Earth and Mars. Top secret photographs taken by America’s Martian probes clearly show the remains of temples on the surface of the planet.

 

 

“Egypt’s pyramids and the ability to mummify the human body are definitely the result of technologies that originated not on Earth but someplace else, in this case Mars. It is our belief that the Atlantans traded these technologies to the Egyptians for gold.” 

 

Dr. Weisz and a colleague, Egyptologist Conrad Vetsch, said that a recently deciphered Egyptian scroll first led them to believe that Atlantis was located on Mars. The scroll describes a technologically advanced civilization existing beyond our own planet “in the vast, black ocean of space.”

 

 

It also alludes to space travel and the use of a shuttle craft to ferry manlike extraterrestrials from a space-bound mother ship to the surface of Earth.

 

“Researchers have long known that the Egyptians were exposed to flight because an elaborate model of what they called a glider was found in Tut’s tomb,” Dr. Weisz told the group.

 

“In light of information gleaned from the scrolls, we now see that the glider was in fact the replica of a space shuttle. And it was just such a space craft that crashed with Tut aboard.”

 

  

 

Not everyone attending the conference agreed with the experts’ theories. Dr. Seth Rausch, a German historian, thinks they went too far in calling the Martian civilization Atlantis.

“I don’t doubt that the Egyptians were in contact with extraterrestrials,” said the expert. “But until we actually inspect the ruins on Mars, there is no way to know if they are the remains of Atlantis.”

 

 

“In my opinion, if Atlantis did exist, it existed here on Earth.” 

 

Norwegian astronomer Elling Gade agreed.

 

“Atlantis might have been the colony of an alien civilization. But it most definitely was located on this planet,” he said. 

 

How come none of these scientists were surprised about temples on Mars? How come these scientists seemed to know of scripts that possibly prove the inter action of ancient Egypt and aliens?

 

What else is it that the scientific elite are aware of, that we are not? Why is it that they think our history, and things that may determine who we are, are none of our concern? Or, is it just that they think the more secrets they have, the more important they are?

{ http://7tales.net/index.php }

12-03-2016 om 00:42 geschreven door peter  

Indian Archaeologists Stumble Across Ruins Of A Great Forgotten Civilisation In Mizoram

{ http://www.indiatimes.com/ }

12-03-2016 om 00:32 geschreven door peter  

{ http://nationalufocenter.com/ }

11-03-2016 om 23:32 geschreven door peter  

Filer’s Files #11 – 2016 Intelligence Directs UFOs - PART II

Sightings in the United States

Arkansas Triangle

Malvern — My sighting was about 19’85, when I took my poodle outside and noticed a big light or huge star but it was too close to the ground. I called my two daughters and their boyfriend to come outside and the light started coming toward us. I thought it was a helicopte with a couple lights on the side, that were green,.maybe red, with a white one in the front. The object was triangle, dark and flew on the other side of my cousin’s house. There was no sound and we were stunned.
The UFO was in the direction of a place that is called National Lead at Magnet Cove. My thought was the UFO was getting some kind of power from these mines since it hovered for so long?
I lived just 8 miles out of Malvern, and I have had this on my mind for years and would like to be hypnotized.
My mother saw this UFO coming in from church one night. Thanks to Jannis and Website

California Light

San Ramon – I was out on my back deck early this morning on March 6, 2016, and took pictures of a beautiful sunrise after a storm last night. When I came in to my room to look at my pictures I saw a light that I initially thought was a star. However, I took the pictures one right after the other and saw that the bright object had moved significantly. When I enlarged the picture it almost looks like a bright greenish yellow bell shaped object. I thought this is very interesting and not quite normal. I felt excited about seeing the object in my pictures. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Brea — Hiking in Carbon Canyon—I was out taking pictures Sunday, March 6, 2016, at 11 AM—in clear sky. I took 71 pictures. Hours later, when sharing pictures, noticed light blue circle, different blue than sky, in two pictures.

Upon further review of pictures, a light-blue sphere or circle could clearly be seen–with four prominent white lights. The object was not noticed while I was taking the pictures. In reviewing pictures that were snapped in a millisecond rate, the circle appeared to have moved from a cloud to open blue space between clouds. Planes coming from south appeared to be flying unusually low and doing circular patterns thru clouds in early evening. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Colorado Object

Denver — I was taking pictures of myself and an American flag on February 29, 2016. After I got home, I looked through the photos and saw an object in the sky. I have no idea what it is. Possibly a drone.

I’m really curious and excited about it. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Florida Orb

Delray — I was at the public beach on February 27, 2016, admiring the beautiful cloud formations when I noticed a very bright rectangle or oblong in the southeast sky. It was too far for me to see the details. After ten minutes, I didn’t notice it but then after about ten more minutes. I saw it again in the east, 30 degrees above the horizon.

There was a boat out in the ocean that looked as it may have been trying to go towards the object. Then a small plane and two helicopters flew around above us at the beach. The black helicopter was hovering over the ocean then moved to try to photograph the UFO. Very odd to hear the two copters and a small plane at the same time in the same area. I decided to take photos with my iPhone. It was just odd….so bright -enough to stand out. It did not scoot around,..but did fly east within the 45 minutes. The object was still there when I left. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Illinois Objects

 Paris — My husband wanted a picture of the flag at this farm we were passing on February 29, 2016. The strong winds made it look amazing.

I took pictures and then later when reviewing saw the three craft to the left of the flag. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Indiana Lights

Indianapolis – On March 2, 2016, the witness called and reported his sighting a few minutes after occurrence. He was outside stargazing and saw very bright, large orange lights “floating in their own pattern to the northeast. He saw the lights rising from the ground. The lights vanished quickly in about 10 minutes behind the tree line. A few minutes later the witness saw a large orange light hovering in the sky. Two photos and a video were taken by cell phone. The video did not reveal any detail and is not displayed in this report. No sound was heard. Skies were clear and stars were visible at the time of the sighting. They did seem to be the same size. The witness later added that he saw around 15 objects above the tree line.Thanks to William Puckett, Director Website

New Jersey Craft

airview – Three witnesses were abducted into a saucer shaped craft with a rainbow of lights. Three teenage witnesses were playing basketball from 6 to 9 AM Saturday morning July 1974,. Weather was clear and sunny and they were across the street from a fire station in Fairview, NJ. While walking back to his friends home noticed that the area was empty of cars and people when normally there would be “50 to 100 people in the park.” Noticed rainbow colors out of the corner of his right eye rainbow colors. When he looked he saw a shining silver metallic saucer with round tinted windows. He alerted his two friends who also saw the craft. He heard and felt whirring/roaring and his shirt was flapping as if in “a 50 mile an hour wind” but there was no wind. They were paralyzed and could not run.

They arrived back at his friend’s home with no memory of walking there. Witness discussed the incident with two friends and they had no memory of being on the ship as he did. He recalls seeing them on “operating tables” but he was standing 30 feet away. Ship appeared larger inside than outside, possibly 400 feet across. About 25 creatures, four feet tall were present with about 10 to 15 around him and the rest around his friends. The creatures were gray in color with large round heads and large black eyes. The creatures were touching him all over. They were speaking telepathically and were surprised when they realized that he could hear them. His mother had told him that there was psychic ability in their family but he had never really believed it. He asked why they were there? His impression was that they were friendly and curious and meant no harm. He believed that they were trying to help his two friends, who both had heart problems and he believes that their lives may have been extended by the aid rendered on the craft. He remembers looking out the window and down onto the basketball court where they had been playing.

He could see other beings moving about in long corridors. He remembers seeing the craft ascend after they had been returned. It moved up and to the right, leaving a rainbow colored trail behind. When he returned to his home his mother said he seemed changed and he replied, “It’s no big deal mom.” Thanks to MUFON CMS
Millville — I always look up-as I love astronomy-and I see a bright pulsating star- at about 45degrees facing east on February 25, 2016. It had fuzzy edges and rear facing “arm like appendages” on top. I asked wife and daughter to come

Oregon Saucer

Sherwood — In 1952, my father and I were cutting down a tree and I looked up and saw this hovering saucer coming towards us. It made a humming noise but had no lights. It was about 75 yards from us; I could have hit it with a gun, and about 75 feet from us. It came slowly towards us and hovered over us for about 5 minutes. It had round dark colored windows, about two feet in size, going around the side and was an aluminum color with no lights. It had a dome on top like an upside down cup, and it came almost to the edge of the saucer. The bottom had a four-foot fan/blade like a spinning wheel, spinning on the bottom. It was going fast. My mom saw it too. We watched it and it hovered over us, then it shot straight up and went out of sight. It left a pure white corkscrew trail as it lifted off. The trail stayed a long time until the breeze dissipated it. We wanted to call Portland but thought no one would believe us.
I am in my eighties now and wanted to tell my story. Photo is a rendering. Thanks to MUFON CMS”

Tennessee Ship

I had walked out on front porch and looked up and saw at first what I thought my be another helicopter going over on March 6 2016 . Yet I discovered this was no chopper. 8:50PM

No sound, It had four Orange lights, they swirled inside like plasma. Orange, light orange and a tint of yellow. It actaully reflected on the bottom of craft. One white light on each end of these orange plasma lights. and alot of little strobe like lights all over it.

Where the orange lights are the craft extended out in a cigar shape and rounded up. The lights illuminated the bottom of the craft. A beautiful black yet shiny metal.The plasma was like reaching up the curve of the bottom of the ship. Beatiful it was.
I made a computer drawing, although it is not the best, my apologies. The grey shape is the oval rounded part coming down to were the lights are. Thanks to MUFON CMS

This is not a cigar craft or tube that people claim to see, but I do see were they could get confused. out to help me clarify what I am seeing?-They see it also. I took cell phone video, with audio description of what we are “seeing”. I ran in to get binoculars;-the craft is dinner plate shaped with an indented pie plate look. The “arms” I saw was actually the craft turning up on it’s side while hovering for 51 minutes of observation. At least ten other jets were flying in different directions. This thing defies ANYTHING I have ever seen. We felt awe and lost sight when the were stars were obscured by clouds. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Texas Disc

Groesbeck – On February 25, 2016, I was taking photos at the Old Fort Parker Historic Site five miles north of Groesbeck, in Limestone County.

I did not see object. I found it on frame #4070 four days later when my file was downloaded for processing. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Washington Lights

Auburn – On February 23, 2016, at 6:55 PM, my wife and I saw two formations of reddish orbs. The first formation had three orbs in a triangular pattern heading west. The second formation was huge! I counted 10 orbs on a specific formation following the first formation that had vanished. Attached is an iPhone picture of the second formation in the sky. You can see the cluster in the sky and houses below.

Note: Skies were cloudy with bases at 24,000 feet and 10,000 feet. Surface winds were from the east at 13 MPH. Winds were from the east to southeast in the lower 5,000 feet of the atmosphere. This suggests that the objects were drifting with the wind and could be like Chinese Lanterns. Thanks to William Puckett, Director Website

Worldwide UFO Sightings

Argentina Sphere

Puerto Punta Loyola — I was filming for nearly 25 minutes on February 25, 2016 at a time the lights had already moved further south and were directly over the mountain. They made a motion like turning on each other, they were quiet for a second and started rising slower towards the south. It followed the line of the coast and entered towards the sea.

All this happened about noon and lasted less than half an hour. I could go to see UFOs at any time. Thanks to MUFON CMS

 Australia Orb

St Kilda, Melbourne – On February 29, 2016, I noticed an object as it reflected light, and was stationary for some time

I have no idea what object was that I was able to see with my naked eye. I then took photos of the object to view via camera. Object looks like a set of wings and, stayed in the same location, and then disappeared. Lost site of object as it disappeared. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Sydney — I saw a triangular flash of light move northwest on a clear night on January 3, 2016, at 10:30 pm, in a clear sky.. The object moved from as far as I could physically see in about 1 second then lifted outwards into the atmosphere. The light was very hazy bright like you would see with lightening flashes through storm clouds. The object was extremely large. If you look at the Southern Cross from earth, we have the two pointers.. this object was as wide as the gap between the two pointers so it was HUGE. It seemed to me that this was very high in the night sky so I can only imagine how big it was. I heard no sounds although it looked to move faster than the speed of light. Thanks to UFOINFO

Canada Lights

St.Marie-St.Racheal, N.B. –These pictures were taken with my friend’s hunting camera in the woods near this home on January 11, and 13, 2016 in St.Marie-St.Racheal, N.B. I was only able to send 9 pictures, the remanding 20 pictures are much more brighter.They were taken on two different nights, 8 pictures on January 11-2016 late in the night and 21 pictures also late in the night.

In the back ground you will notice the feeding box for the animals. I would also like to add that since this event happen, all the animals have stopped coming to eat in these area, whereas before they would come on a daily bases. The light seems to come from sky. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Kanata, Ontario — My husband took these pictures in the parking lot at 840 March Road, on March K2W 0C9. He was taking pictures of the sundog, as it was unusually bright. Later, he told me that he did not notice the disk when he took the pictures.

When I looked at them later, I found the anomaly. You be the judge! It looks to me like a saucer at varying angles and location. I circled them on the pictures to show where it was and labeled the images for ease of reference. I also included the original pictures unedited for confirmation that the pictures are not edited.

Thanks to MUFON CMS

Egypt Cylinder

Cairo — Back in July 1, 2009 or 2010, I went to Egypt for vacation and was watching the pyramid’s light and sound show from my room balcony. I shot several pictures of the show and later on when I was checking the photos; I noticed an anomaly in one of the photos. An object was present, which was not a reflection of the lights. I have other photos in the same light conditions. Another couple that we met stated they spotted the same object and saw it moving quite slow for an aircraft and it made no sound.

I have this photo for quite a time and did not show it to anybody besides my wife and the couple that confirmed that it was what he or she saw.

Thanks to MUFON CMS

India Octagon

Bharat Nagar –My name is Jaya Kumari and on March 8, 2016. while returning from my office I saw a flying object approach. It was 100 feet from ground moving at a slow speed. As I leaned out to see the object, I saw the bottom of an octagon shaped disk size of 250 square feet with four red lights around the disk. It seemed to be a heavy metal disk shaped object. It approached at a slower speed but zoomed at an immense speed suddenly right above my head with fast blinking red lights. The object then blasted off to the eat sky.

Bangalore – Two similar UFOs were reported over Bangalore on March 8, 2016. Thanks to MUFON CMS

New Zealand Bright Light

Tauranga Bay of Plenty — I could not sleep and noticed a shimmering star changing colors in the distance so I got my binoculars to look at it more closely on March 5, 2016. It was just a star and I returned to my bed, when my whole room lit up. I looked out from my two-story window to see a huge glowing bright lime greenish yellow orb coming up from the southeast. It was growing larger as it approached very fast. Then it suddenly changed its direction and descended in a sloping trajectory creating a suburb was full of light. I lost sight of it as it dropped below the roof lines of neighboring houses and into a large lake’s a block away. I did not feel scared. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Romania Disc

Asi — I was with my friend taking night photos of Palas Mall using my Samsung S4 mobile phone on February 27, 2016.

I thought I saw a bright whitish shining object moving in a zig zag manner over my camera screen, so I decided to take a few more shots of the same spots.

I thought it could be an UFO as it moves over the camera screen in a zig zag manner at high speed and disappeared suddenly.

Of the few photos taken of the same direction of the sky, only one of the photos have a blue disc with white light above the building. Thanks to MUFON CMS

Switzerland Orb

Bern — My son went with his grandmother from Burgdorf to Bern on March 5, 2016.

He saw a floating object over the highway.

Because he always has his iPhone in his hands, he took the picture of the ufo. Can you see it? Left side up

Thanks to MUFON CMS

South Africa Sphere

Manenberg Cape Town — It was 1982, or 83 when I was four years old when my brother and I were playing near Scheldt Walk. We noticed alot of grownups looking up in the sky, congregating on the corner of a nearby block of flats. This happened about hour before noon. When we looked up we saw a sphere like object flying up and down in the sky. It made a whooshing sound as it flew over our heads. It moved swiftly about and every now and again dipped behind nearby houses out of view for different intervals before coming up again. There was a strong police presence with various police vehicles on the ground and a police helicopter chasing the sphere.

We couldn’t see what the ground units were doing that were 300 meters from us. The air chase continued when I heard a dull bang and saw smoke coming from the one end of the sphere. This was during the apartheid years and everything was hush hush after the incident. I know what I saw. Thanks to MUFON CMS

UK/England Light

St Albans — Herts Advertiser news desk revealed last week that a man in London Colney had seen some peculiar lights in the sky above St Albans at 10.15 pm on August 29, 2010. He saw ten objects that were not Chinese lanterns traveling very fast and in a straight line. Rob Stichbury saw something similar at around the same time. He said, “The bright object was traveling extremely fast coming from the St Alban. It was following the path of Nicky Line and took 15 seconds to cover the horizon. It was too large to be a plane, and was moving quite low and much faster than any other traffic. Ken Collins also saw a strange object traveling faster than any aircraft. Thanks to Ken Pfeifer MUFON NJ Website

London – I was at Borough Market, near Cathedral Street, taking photographs of the top of the nearby Shard building,
On closer inspection of the photographs, I noticed that a progressive path of UFOs was recorded on the several images that were taken. They were clearly visible above the pinnacle of The Shard at 4.30 pm.

In extreme close-up, the object to the right has a clearer structure – perhaps metallic. I was using an iPhone 6, and I’m certain that these are not light reflections; I take lots of photographs and have never observed this phenomenon before or since.

Thanks to MUFON CMS

Scotland Discs

Linlithgow – We were visiting Blackness Castle in Scotland on March 5, 2016, and took many photos with the sun setting behind me.

The shutter rate on my camera was very high at 2500th of a second on F9 stop.

On one of my photos, I noticed two glowing objects taken at 17:25 Greenwich Mean Time.

These objects only showed in one of my photos.

Blackness Castle is near Bonnybridge and the Falkirk Triangle a hot spot for UFO sightings.

Thanks to MUFON CMS

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11-03-2016 om 23:22 geschreven door peter  

Waarom vliegt de NASA nog steeds met een bommenwerper uit 1940? - HLN.be

Bron: BBC

Een van de Canberra's van de NASA. (foto uit 1982) © NASA.

LUCHTVAART De Canberra-bommenwerper werd ontworpen in de jaren 40, maar de Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA gebruikt nog altijd drie exemplaren van het oude toestel.

© NASA. 

'De Canberra was al van in het begin goed ontworpen'

David Keen, RAF Museum

Liefst 33 jaar nadat de Amerikaanse luchtmacht zijn Canberra's met pensioen stuurde, vliegen er nog altijd drie van de toestellen rond in dienst van NASA. De Canberra's maken deel uit van het Airborne Science Program (ASP), dat vliegtuigsystemen ontwikkelt voor wetenschapsdoeleinden en voor het verbeteren van satellietgegevens. 

Omdat de Canberra's ontworpen zijn om erg hoog te kunnen vliegen, maakt hen dat geschikt voor verscheidene taken. Onder meer voor het ondersteunen van de satellieten van NASA. Dat legt Charles Mallini, programmamanager van de Canberra-vloot van NASA uit aan de BBC. Zo worden de Canberra's ingezet voor het uitvoeren van calibratietests om de metingen van satellieten op punt te zetten, testen ze nieuwe sensoren vooraleer die ingezet worden in de ruimte en voeren ze vanop grote hoogte metingen uit die vervolgens afgetoetst kunnen worden met de informatie die satellieten doorsturen. Ook worden de toestellen geregeld ingezet voor het uitvoeren van wetenschappelijke tests.

Dat de Canberra's nog altijd rondvliegen is te danken aan het ontwerp van de vliegtuigen. Nochtans is dat niet evident, aangezien de Canberra stamt uit de eerste generatie straaljagers. "De Canberra was al van in het begin goed ontworpen", legt David Keen van het RAF Museum in het Britse Hendon uit. "Het toestel kon behoorlijk snel vliegen voor een bommenwerper, en vloog ook hoger dan alle andere bommenwerpers. Net deze kenmerken zijn verantwoordelijk voor zijn lange staat van dienst." 

Lees ook

• VS willen (pas) in 2018 weer naar Mars gaan
  • Astronaut Scott Kelly is 5 cm groter na jaar in de ruimte
    • Wetenschapper vindt manier om in halfuur naar Mars te reizen... en de technologie is nu al beschikbaar

{  http://www.hln.be/ }

11-03-2016 om 23:04 geschreven door peter  

DE WANDELENDE ROTSEN IN  DEATH VALLEY, USA ( VIDEO )

{ http://www.niburu.co/ }

11-03-2016 om 22:53 geschreven door peter  

ExoMars Spacecraft Roll Out to Launchpad for Monday's Liftoff (Photos)

The next robotic mission to Mars has rolled out to the launchpad ahead of its liftoff, which is planned for Monday (March 14).

A Russian-made Proton-M rocket carrying the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and Schiaparelli lander — which together constitute the first part of the two-phase, European-led ExoMars mission — rolled out to the pad at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan today (March 11) and was hoisted into vertical position. Technicians had filled the Proton's Breeze upper stage with propellant and oxidizer yesterday (March 10), European Space Agency (ESA) officials said.

If all goes according to plan, the Proton will blast off at 5:31 a.m. EDT (0931 GMT; 3:31 p.m. local Kazakhstan time) on Monday. You can watch the ExoMars launch live here at Space.com, courtesy of ESA.

After liftoff, TGO and Schiaparelli will cruise through deep space for seven months, arriving at the Red Planet in October.

The pair will separate on Oct. 16. A few days later, TGO will set up shop in Mars orbit, beginning a five-year study of the planet's atmosphere that focuses on a hunt for methane — a gas that could be produced by living organisms, if any exist on the Red Planet.

Schiaparelli, meanwhile, will aim to pull off Europe's first-ever successful landing on Mars, with touchdown scheduled for Oct. 19. (ESA's Beagle 2 lander apparently settled softly on the planet in December 2003, but it never contacted its controllers after that.)

ESA wants Schiaparelli to gather environmental data on the surface for as long as its batteries last (likely two to eight days, ESA officials have said). But the lander's main purpose is to prove out entry, descent and landing technologies that will help get the second main component of the ExoMars program — a deep-drilling, life-hunting rover due to launch in 2018 — onto the red dirt safely.

TGO's observations will help mission planners select a landing site for this rover, and the orbiter will help relay data from the wheeled robot to Earth after it touches down.

NASA was ESA's main partner on ExoMars until early 2012, when the American space agency dropped out, citing budget issues. Russia then came onboard as partner. The Russian federal space agency, known as Roscosmos, is providing Proton rockets for both ExoMars missions, a landing platform for the ExoMars rover and some science instruments.

Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

EDITOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS

• Did Life Ever Exist On Mars? Russian/European Probe To Find Out | Video
• Mars Bound: Europe's ExoMars and Beyond | Video
• The Boldest Mars Missions in History

{ http://www.space.com/ }

11-03-2016 om 22:45 geschreven door peter  

Stanton Friedman Extraterrestrial Craft are Real [FULL VIDEO]

11-03-2016 om 22:37 geschreven door peter  

STANTON FRIEDMAN - Government UFO Lies

11-03-2016 om 22:32 geschreven door peter  

Project SERPO and the Alien Human Exchange Program

11-03-2016 om 22:29 geschreven door peter  

Space Race Losers? US Leadership in Danger, Report Warns

The United States could lose its long-held leadership position in space science, technology and exploration if the country doesn't renew its commitment to those fields soon, a coalition of space-industry organizations has warned.

Such a commitment should include the completion of a crewed launch system, stable NASA budgets and continued partnerships with other nations on projects such as the International Space Station, said the 12-group coalition, which jointly presented a white paper at the National Press Club on Friday (March 4).

"What we have is a rather unprecedented consensus of the space community in the United States," said Elliot Pulham, CEO of the nonprofit Space Foundation and one of three experts who shared their thoughts with reporters at the document's unveiling. [Giant Leaps: Top Milestones in Human Spaceflight]

Pulham added that one of the board members of the Space Foundation, journalist and writer P.J. O'Rourke, would have kept the message quite short if he had attended the event: "He would have said it should be one sentence: 'Space is good — keep investing.'"

The group plans to send the white paper, which is called "Ensuring U.S. Leadership in Space," to candidates for office, from the presidential race on down to local congressional campaigns.

The main problem, the report said, is that NASA's funding is decided at the whim of politics. And at the moment, NASA's budget is at a historic low as a share of the overall federal budget. Meanwhile, other countries, such as China, are ramping up their investments in space.

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Eric Stallmer, president of the nonprofit Commercial Spaceflight Federation, said that politicians often regard space as a regional issue, one that affects jobs in Florida, Texas and other states. But that's a very limited, and limiting, view, he added.

"Space affects all 50 states," Stallmer said. "It's a national space program."

Another big threat to U.S. leadership in space is malaise, brought on partially by past successes, several experts said.

"We landed on the moon, and that cemented in our heads that we were leaders," said Sandra Magnus, executive director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Doing a great thing once, she added, doesn't guarantee leadership forever. [NASA's 17 Apollo Moon Missions in Pictures]

"Conquering malaise means allowing ourselves to be led by optimists and visionaries," Pulham said. Making this happen could boost the nation's "soft power," creating an environment in which other countries want to work with the United States, he added.

One of NASA's purposes is to "expand the bubble" of knowledge, Magnus said. Since the agency's establishment in 1958, NASA has built a base of expertise that has led to increased accessibility to space, Magnus said, citing the recent phenomenon of student groups launching cubesats as an example.

"For 50 years, we were kind of caught in low-Earth orbit, but now the edge of the bubble is expanding," she said. "Now people are engaged behind that in ways that aren't necessarily tied to government funding."

Investing in space allows new industries to develop, and that requires a commitment that is often lacking these days, Stallmer said. The coalition said it hopes Congress and the next president — whomever that might be — will commit to a plan of action, and fund the agency accordingly.

An important investment, the panel said, is a launch system able to get American astronauts into space, a capability the nation lost when the space shuttle program was grounded in 2011. (Right now, Russia and China are the only countries that can launch astronauts to space.)

NASA is currently developing the Space Launch System (SLS) megarocket and Orion capsule toward this end, and the coalition urged continued support of these efforts. SLS and Orion are designed to help get astronauts to deep-space destinations such as Mars. Meanwhile, SpaceX and Boeing have signed NASA deals to develop "astronaut taxis" that will get spaceflyers to Earth orbit and back, beginning in 2017.

During Friday's event, panelists were asked whether fully funding SLS — which is scheduled to fly for the first time in 2018 — might actually hamper American leadership in space, since the program might not even survive into the next administration. And private companies — notably SpaceX, which is building a rocket called the Falcon Heavy — might soon be able to lift hefty payloads into space for less money.

But Magnus said developing SLS technology is still important. "That system [SLS] is the expansion of the bubble," she said. "You need to continue to push the boundaries of what you're doing. You need to bring the technologies to bear that can push us out further."

And SLS and other NASA technology will still transfer to industry at some point, she added.

The panel also stressed that the U.S. should continue to partner with other nations in ways that benefit the America's space industry and security.

Lowering trade barriers in some areas could help make this happen, Pulham said, noting that restricting sales of certain equipment overseas simply encouraged other countries to develop their own capability to launch rockets.

"Our allies could not buy from us, so instead [they] developed their own indigenous industries," he said. "There was a time when 75 percent of launch capability was built in Colorado. Now it's zero percent."

Pulham also noted that some advanced spacecraft parts are now being built by other nations. "Other people have technology that we should want to get our hands on as well," he said.

Some barriers need to be in place to address real security concerns, Pulham said. "But they should not be so high that we can't do common-sense work together."

You can read "Ensuring U.S. Leadership in Space" for free here: http://www.spacefoundation.org/sites/default/files/downloads/Ensuring_US_Leadership_in_Space.pdf

Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

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11-03-2016 om 22:09 geschreven door peter  

How Often Do Big Fireballs Blaze Up in Earth's Sky?

A fireball exploded over the south Atlantic Ocean on Feb. 6 in the most powerful such event since February 2013, when a similar "airburst" injured more than 1,200 people in the Russian city of Chelyabinsk.

Last month's fireball packed the energy equivalent of 13,000 tons (13 kilotons) of TNT, but it exploded in a remote location, so no eyewitness reports are known. (The event was recorded on NASA's Fireball and Bolide Reports page.)

Meteors burn up in Earth's atmosphere every day, but most are small and therefore fly completely under the radar. Fireballs as dramatic as the Feb. 6 event — which was caused by an object estimated to be 16 to 23 feet (5 to 7 meters) wide — occur about once every two to three years, according to Peter Brown, a professor at the University of Western Ontario in Canada and a member of the Western Meteor Physics Group. [Photos: Russian Meteor Explosion of Feb. 15, 2013]

The Feb. 6 fireball, while powerful, would probably not have caused damage even if it had hit Earth over a populated area, Brown added.

"The only way you might get damaged is if rocks hit the ground and you are unlucky enough to be hit by some debris," he told Space.com. 

Brownincoming ly. 

The object that exploded above Chelyabinsk three years ago was about 65 feet (20 m) wide, experts say, and had an estimated explosive energy of 500 kilotons. The blast shattered hundreds of windows; the reported injuries were almost all caused by shards of flying glass.

Meteor terminology can get confusing, so here's a quick primer: An asteroid is a space rock. A meteoroid is a space rock about to hit Earth, a meteor is a space rock burning in Earth's atmosphere, and a meteorite is a space rock that made it all the way to the ground. (And, technically speaking, a fireball is a meteor that shines at least as brightly as the planet Venus in the sky.) 

Meteorite Explosion - Russia Chelyabinsk 2/15/2013 - Asteroid expected to pass close by Earth

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Meteorite. Chebarkul. Chelyabinsk. The best compilation

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Varying damage potential

Meteoroids can come in several different forms. A small percentage of them (perhaps 5 percent) are made of solid iron. Others are more like comets — collections of ice and dust — and still others are rubble piles composed of bits of rock, dust and ice.

If the meteoroid is solid iron and large enough, a fraction of it can survive its trip through Earth's atmosphere and make it all the way to the ground, Brown said. A more loosely-held-together meteoroid, however, will break up in the air.

Both the Chelyabinsk rock and the Feb. 6 object likely came into the atmosphere at a shallow angle of about 20 degrees, subjecting each to relatively little heating and allowing each to penetrate deep into the atmosphere. Both rocks also each exploded at about 19 miles (30 kilometers) above the ground.

A much more powerful airburst took place over the Tunguska region of Siberia on June 30, 1908, flattening about 770 square miles (2,000 square km) of forest. 

The best current estimates, Brown said, have the Tunguska object exploding with a force of between 5 and 15 megatons, or about 10 to 30 times the total energy of Chelyabinsk. Experts think the Tunguska meteor was at least 100 feet (30 m) wide, and they believe it detonated about three times closer to the ground than the Chelyabinsk object did — between 4.3 to 6.2 miles (7 to 10 km) above the Siberian treetops. [What If Tunguska Event Happened Over New York City? (Video)] 

Tough to track

NASA and other agencies have a robust asteroid-tracking program that can detect objects about 16 to 32 feet (5 to 10 m) wide depending on their proximity to Earth, lighting conditions and other factors. 

So far, surveys have found two asteroids of this size shortly before they impacted Earth: 2008 TC3, which came in over Sudan in 2008, and 2014 AA, which impacted over the middle of the Atlantic Ocean on Jan. 2, 2014.

The main observatories for this work, Brown said, are the University of Arizona's Catalina Sky Survey and the University of Hawaii's Pan-STARRS (Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System). Catalina found both 2008 TC3 and 2014 AA. Both Catalina and Pan-STARRS are continually improving their capabilities and will likely be able to detect more objects of this type in the coming years, he said.

Also coming online in the next few months the University of Hawaii's Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS). This asteroid-detection system is optimized to pick up meteoroids impacting Earth, and will scan the sky a couple of times a night in search of them. The aim is to give a few days' or weeks' notice ahead of an impact. 

But such tracking efforts are concerned primarily with big, potentially dangerous objects, not small fry like the one that caused the Feb. 6 airburst.

"They are too hard to detect ahead of impacting Earth’s atmosphere, and almost never do any damage — Chelyabinsk being a notable exception," Lindley Johnson, lead program executive at NASA's newly created Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO), told Space.com via email. 

"This size object hit and no one noticed," Johnson added, referring to the Feb. 6 rock. "Except we in the NASA PDCO did and put it on our fireball reports page, and that’s why everyone now knows about it."

Follow Elizabeth Howell @howellspace, or Space.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook and Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

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11-03-2016 om 21:56 geschreven door peter  

Destination Mars: A Timeline of Red Planet Landings

Editor's Note: NASA's Curiosity Rover successfully touched down on the Martian surface on Aug. 5, 2014, and has been exploring the Red Planet ever since. The following timeline was updated on March 8, 2016. 

NASA's newest Mars rover — a car-size robot that will scour the Martian surface for signs that the planet could have supported life — will make a thrilling and unprecedented landing on the Red Planet next month.

The $2.5 billion Mars Science Laboratory, or Curiosity rover, is scheduled to touch down on Mars on the night of Aug. 5. The rover's entry, descent and landing from the top of the Martian atmosphere have been nicknamed the "seven minutes of terror."

Since the 1-ton rover is too big for airbags to cushion its landing, Curiosity is equipped with a rocket-powered sky crane to lower it to the surface. Once Curiosity touches down, cables will release the sky crane, which will fly off and crash-land a safe distance away from the rover.

But while Curiosity's nerve-wracking landing is unprecedented, the sophisticated rover is not the first robotic spacecraft to set foot on the Red Planet. [Mars Explored: Landers and Rovers Since 1971 (Infographic)]

Here's a look at all the previous missions that have attempted to land on Mars (mission failures marked in bold, successes are underlined):

Mars 2: (FAILED) USSR, launched May 19, 1971. The Mars orbiter and lander arrived on Nov. 2, 1971, but returned no useful data, and the lander burned up due to steep entry.

Mars 3: (FAILED) USSR, launched May 28, 1971. The Mars orbiter and lander arrived on Dec. 3, 1971. The lander operated on the surface of Mars for 20 seconds before failing.

Mars 6: (FAILED) USSR, launched Aug. 5, 1973. The Mars flyby module and lander arrived on March 3, 1974 but the lander failed due to a fast impact.

Mars 7: (FAILED) USSR, launched Aug. 9, 1973. The Mars flyby module and lander arrived on March 3, 1974 but the lander missed the planet.

Viking 1: U.S., launched Aug. 20, 1975. The Mars orbiter operated from June 1976 to 1980 and the lander operated from July 1976 to 1982.

Viking 2: U.S., launched Sept. 9, 1975. The Mars orbiter operated from Aug. 1976 to 1987, and the lander operated from Sept. 3, 1976 to 1980. Combined, the Viking orbiters and landers returned more than 50,000 photos.

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Phobos 1: (FAILED) USSR, launched July 7, 1988. The Mars orbiter and Phobos lander were lost in Aug. 1988 en route to Mars. [Mars: The Spacecraft Graveyard]

Phobos 2: (FAILED) USSR, launched July 12, 1988. The Mars orbiter and Phobos lander were lost in March 1989 near Phobos.

Mars 96: (FAILED) Russia, launched Nov. 16, 1996. The orbiter, two landers and two penetrators were lost after the rocket failed.

Mars Pathfinder: U.S., launched Dec. 4, 1996. The Mars lander and rover landed on July 4, 1997 and communicated with ground teams last on Sept. 27, 1997.

Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2: (FAILED) U.S., launched Jan. 3, 1999. The lander and two penetrators were lost on arrival in December 1999.

Beagle 2: (FAILED) European Space Agency, launched June 2, 2003. Beagle 2 launched on ESA's Mars Express orbiter, which complet­ed its prime mission in November 2005 and is currently on an extended mission. The Beagle 2 lander. however, was lost on arrival on Dec. 25, 2003.

Mars Exploration Rover Spirit: U.S., launched June 10, 2003. The Mars rover landed on the Red Planet on Jan. 4, 2004 for three-month mission to look for signs of past water activity on Mars. Ground controllers lost communication with Spirit in March 2010, and repeated attempts to awaken the rover failed. The rover far outlived its intended warranty, and is considered a success. NASA declared Spirit dead in May 2011.

Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity: U.S., launched July 7, 2003. The Mars rover landed on Jan. 25, 2004 for a three-month prime mission in the Meridiani Planum region. The rover has currently logged more than 20 miles on the Red Planet and is now investigating the huge Endeavour crater.

No planet is more steeped in myth and misconception than Mars. This quiz will reveal how much you really know about some of the goofiest claims about the red planet.

Phoenix Mars Lander: U.S., launched Aug. 4, 2007. The Mars lander touched down on May 25, 2008 and dug through Martian soil to confirm the presence of water ice beneath the surface. Phoenix's solar panels suffered severe damage from the harsh Martian winter, and communication with the $475 million lander was lost in November 2008. After repeated attempts to reestablish contact, NASA declared Phoenix broken and dead in May 2010.

Phobos-Grunt: (FAILED) Russia, launched Nov. 8, 2011 on a mission to return samples from the Mars moon Phobos. The $163 million robotic probe suffered a crippling malfunction shortly after launch, stranding it in Earth orbit. Mission managers said Phobos-Grunt spacecraft's thrusters failed to fire in a maneuver that would have sent the spacecraft on to Mars. The spacecraft plummeted back to Earth and was destroyed on Jan. 15, 2012.

Mars Science Laboratory: U.S., launched Nov. 26, 2011. The $2.5 billion Curiosity rover landed at Gale crater on the night of Aug. 5, 2012, and will investigate the mountain at its center with exposed rock faces that represent various periods in Mars' geologic history.The Mars rover will also investigate whether the planet was ever hospitable to life. 

Follow SPACE.com on Twitter @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook and Google+.

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11-03-2016 om 21:36 geschreven door peter  

China Is Planning A Space Telescope That Will Outperform Hubble

 

NASA

IN BRIEF

China is drawing up plans to build its own competing space telescope, one which would outperform Hubble and would dock with its space station, Tiangong. It will have a field of view 300 times larger and will take pictures over an area covering 40% of space.

OUTPERFORMING HUBBLE

While NASA may be planning to send up the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, China is drawing up plans of its own. They are going to build their own space telescope, one which would outperform Hubble.

First reported in the Chinese English Language Daily, the new telescope will be similar to Hubble, but will have a field of view 300 times larger. The new telescope will also have the ability to dock with China’s modular space station, the Tiangong.

This docking ability isn’t just a gimmick. It’s a solution to one of the problems plaguing Hubble—the need for shuttle missions for servicing and maintaining the telescope. The China National Space Administration realized that it could avoid this problem by having the satellite dock with Tiangong whenever repairs or maintenance are necessary

While no date has been released for the launch of the telescope, and it is currently unnamed, these plans would be intertwined with the plans for the Tiangong space station.

Tiangong-1 was launched in 2011 and has been used as a crewed laboratory and a technological test-bed. A future launch in 2016 will send up the Tiangong-2, which will contain a room for a crew of three and life support for 20 days. Another planned module, the Tiangong-3, is scheduled further on in the 2020s, and it is expected that the space telescope will likely follow suit.

LAUNCH DETAILS OR SHORTAGE THEREOF

One of the goals of the telescope is to capture images of an area spanning 40% of space over a time period of ten years with a precision similar to Hubble. Data gleaned from these images will astronomers in understanding the origin, development, and evolution of the universe.

However, a problem surrounding this project is the shortage of details regarding the launch of the space telescope. Unlike NASA or the ESA, China’s space agency has yet to disclose dates and timelines, a standard operating procedure in most space agencies’ projects. Furthermore, while they have disclosed the goals of their project and the results they are expecting, technical details (such as type of cameras or sensors) are lacking, which makes it difficult to gauge the level of detail of planning for the project.

Yet, it must be noted that China is notoriously secretive, so it doesn’t necessarily mean that the tech isn’t there.

While these lack of details may be due to paranoia over spying, it may also be symbolical of China’s tendency to propagandize its projects regardless of the success or failure thereof. China is currently in a space race with India similar to that between the United States and USSR back during the Cold War.

But in the end, if China does really pull off this project, the whole of humanity will benefit from the information and the research that it will provide.

Source: Phys.org

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11-03-2016 om 20:35 geschreven door peter  

DNA as Nanotech Design: Darwin Never Met Aliens

        by Paul Schroeder

11-03-2016 om 20:29 geschreven door peter  

Could New Planets Form Around Old Stars, Too? (Video, Images)

Dusty Disk Ringing Declining Double Star Could Make Planets | Video

https://youtu.be/mMuS6yVzvaA

Some stars may host multiple generations of planets, a dazzling new photo suggests.

The newly released image, which was captured by the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) in Chile, shows a dusty disk around an old double star called IRAS 08544-4431, which lies about 4,000 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation of Vela (The Sails). Scientists created this video look at the dust-shrouded star to showcase the discovery.

This disk is very similar to the planet-forming structures commonly observed around young stars. While it's not clear whether planets actually do take shape around older stars, the new photo — the sharpest ever taken of such a disk around a mature star — hints that this is a possibility, researchers said. [The Strangest Alien Planets (Gallery)]

"Our observations and modeling open a new window to study the physics of these disks, as well as stellar evolution in double stars," study co-author Hans Van Winckel, of the Instituut voor Sterrenkunde in Belgium, said in a statement. "For the first time, the complex interactions between close binary systems and their dusty environments can now be resolved in space and time."

The scientists used several VLTI telescopes, an associated instrument called the Precision Integrated-Optics Near-infrared Imaging ExpeRiment (PIONIER) and a new high-speed infrared detector to take the photo.

"We obtained an image of stunning sharpness — equivalent to what a telescope with a diameter of 150 meters [490 feet] would see," study team member Jacques Kluska, of Exeter University in England, said in the same statement. "The resolution is so high that, for comparison, we could determine the size and shape of a 1-euro coin seen from a distance of 2,000 kilometers [1,240 miles]."

The IRAS 08544-4431 system consists of an old red giant star, as well a nearby, younger, "normal" star. The dust that comprises the newly imaged disk was expelled by the red giant, researchers said.

"We were also surprised to find a fainter glow that is probably coming from a small accretion disk around the companion star," said study lead author Michael Hillen, also of the Instituut voor Sterrenkunde.

"We knew the star was double, but weren't expecting to see the companion directly," Hillen added. "It is really thanks to the jump in performance now provided by the new detector in PIONIER, that we are able to view the very inner regions of this distant system."

Hillen and his colleagues are publishing their results in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

The VLTI is located at the European Southern Observatory's Paranal Observatory in northern Chile.

Follow Elizabeth Howell @howellspace, or Space.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

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11-03-2016 om 17:52 geschreven door peter  

Company Wants To Resurrect Humans With Artificial Intelligence Within 30 Years

BY TRINITI

Remember the sci-fi movie Transcendence where the main character dies and his consciousness gets transferred into a computer? It is possible that something like this may soon become a reality; at least, this is what one company claims.

Well, at the moment, such a possibility still belongs to the category of science fiction, but it seems that a start-up called Humai has some ambitious plans for making it happen. The company actually promises toresurrect humans by transferring their consciousness into an artificial body.

In fact, the technology necessary to do something like this doesn’t exist yet, but the company claims to be able to resurrect the first human within 30 years.

How are they going to achieve it? According to the company’s website, the first step will be to “store data of conversational styles, behavioral patterns, thought processes and information about how your body functions from the inside-out” with the help of artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. 

Then, “this data will be coded into multiple sensor technologies, which will be built into an artificial body with the brain of a deceased human. Using cloning technology, we will restore the brain as it matures.”

Moreover, Humai CEO Josh Bocanegra has revealed further details of the process in his interview withPopSci, saying that the brain will be frozen after death using cryonics and then stored until there is a technology capable of implanting it into an artificial body.

“The artificial body functions will be controlled with your thoughts by measuring brain waves. As the brain ages, we’ll use nanotechnology to repair and improve cells. Cloning technology is going to help with this too,” he said.

These ideas may sound very promising while in reality there is no solid evidence that one’s consciousness can be ‘downloaded’ from the brain and transferred into a machine, just like a computer file can be copied to another computer via USB. It’s far more complex than that.

Moreover, the claim that the artificial body can be controlled with one’s thoughts is hardly tenable. Even though certain technological advances of the recent years made it possible to control things like robotic limbs and advanced implants via brain waves, there is still no practical ways to control a whole artificial body.

It’s also worth noting that the brain is not the only organ that determines the way we think, feel and behave. In fact, other parts of the body also participate in regulating our behaviors. For example, hormones produced by our glands can actually influence our decisions and actions, not to mention that consciousness does not equal mind or brain. It’s more complex than that. There is also much evidence to suggest that consciousness may not be local at all, and that our body’s might just be ‘consciousness vessels’ and our brains just the receivers of consciousness much like the antennae on your radio.

In any case, even if consciousness uploading becomes feasible one day, it is unlikely that science and technology will be advanced enough to make it happen in 30 years from now, or maybe it already is.. Deep inside some of these black projects that are kept hidden, but that’s a whole nother’ topic altogether. Till then, those who want to live forever will have to accept the idea of the inevitability of death.

What about you, would you like to live forever? We would love to hear your thoughts on this.

Written by Anna LeMind of www.themindunleashed.org

About the Author

Anna is the owner and lead editor of the websites Learning-mind.comand Lifeadvancer.com, and staff writer for The Mind Unleashed. She is passionate about learning new things and reflecting on thought-provoking ideas. She writes about technology, science, psychology and other related topics. She is particularly interested in topics regarding introversion, consciousness and subconscious, perception, human mind’s potential, as well as the nature of reality and the universe.

Source: collectivelyconscious.net

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11-03-2016 om 17:35 geschreven door peter  

Packing Lunches for Space: Scientists Talk Astronaut Health on 1-Year Mission

NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko are back on Earth after spending a record 340 days on the International Space Station. The mission's primary goal was to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of long stints in space, to help pave the way for future crewed missions to Mars.

Last Friday (March 4), a group of NASA scientists fielded questions from the public about Kelly and Kornienko's extended stay on the station, during a Reddit Ask Me Anything (AMA). The scientists discussed specific questions about the physical and metal toll that spaceflight can have on humans — questions they will have to answer before NASA can safely send humans to Mars or other distant locations. You can read the entire AMA here, or check out some of the highlights below.

"It will take 6 to 9 months to get to Mars and 6 to 9 months to get back, and that will be in a zero-gravity environment," Julie Robinson, NASA's chief scientist for the International Space Station, wrote in the AMA. "We need to be sure no health problems will put a future Mars mission at risk. And right now, if we had the vehicle, we would not be ready to go." [Home! Year-in-Space Astronaut Scott Kelly's Earth Return in Photos] 

Scott Kelly Has 'Mixed Emotions' About Being Back On Earth | Video

https://youtu.be/ExfwknvzcY8

The work begins

Kelly and Kornienko are not the first people to spend a year in space, but this is the most in-depth study of how such a mission affects the body and the mind. (A typical stay on the space station is about six months.) In addition to studying the two men, scientists also collected data on Scott Kelly's identical twin brother, former astronaut Mark Kelly. The scientists hope to get a look at how spaceflight affects the body on a genetic level. 

"From the perspective of NASA's Human Research program, [the One Year] mission is not yet over just because the flight has landed," John Charles, associate manager for international science for NASA's Human Research Program, wrote during the Reddit AMA.

Most of the studies performed on Kelly and Kornienko require data collected before, after and during their flight. Some of the studies will require the continued collection of samples and other data as late as September, wrote Scott M. Smith, nutritional biochemistry laboratory manager for NASA's Human Research Program. In addition, some of the blood and urine samples Kelly collected during the flight are coming back to Earth on a SpaceX vehicle in May. That means scientists will still be working on their results well into 2017.

"The Twins Study data — from all 10 experiments — will be analyzed in bulk, and we hope to publish a main paper first, with likely smaller piece papers to follow," Smith said.

Bones, muscles and eyes

Scientists already know quite a lot about the physical changes that humans undergo in weightlessness. People lose muscle mass and experience some bone loss, both of which can be recovered once the astronauts return to Earth. [The Human Body in Space: 6 Weird Facts]

Without gravity compressing the spine, people tend to "grow" a few inches — although Shannan Moynihan, a NASA flight surgeon, told questioners that, "As soon as Scott returned to gravity and stood up, gravity began to compress his spine again. Most likely, he is already back to his prelaunch height."

Some astronauts experience back pain when they return to Earth, and the effect of microgravity on spinal problems is one of the many experiments being done with data taken on the space station.

"We see biochemical changes reflecting return to gravity almost immediately, but bone growth takes time," Smith wrote. "Our estimates from four to six month Mir and ISS missions is that it takes two to three times the length of the mission to recover bone. The great thing about this mission is that we have no idea what happens with crewmembers on one-year missions."

"Much of the change that occurs in weightlessness occurs early in flight — the first few months — and levels off more or less thereafter," Charles wrote. "So in at least a few areas, it is probably okay to extrapolate from 6-month and 1-year missions to 2.5-year Mars missions. But others require different approaches."

Robinson said the study of astronaut vision issues was the most important part of the One-Year Mission.

"About three years ago, we discovered that some (not all) astronauts were having permanent vision loss in space," Robinson wrote. "We think the shift of fluids to the brain causes the optic nerve to swell and press on the back of the eye, literally causing the globe (eyeball) to flatten!" Robinson wrote.

"We hadn't noticed the pattern until we had multiple long-duration missions on the space station!" Robinson continued. The One-Year Mission is 'our first check of the effects beyond 6 months on ISS.'" 

One person asked the scientists if living in space affects brain activity.

"That is one of our studies," Charles said. "Scott [Kelly] and other astronauts and cosmonauts have volunteered to do some simple mental and physical tasks (not so simple, maybe — adding numbers, recognizing shapes in different orientations, etc.) — while inside a (sic) MRI so the actual regions of the brain involved in the task can be visualized and measured."

Artificial gravity?

One way to potentially clear up some of the problems that arise due to living in microgravity is to build a ship with artificial gravity (AG), which could be created by making a ship that spins, like a centrifuge. This kind of ship design can be seen in many science fiction books and movies.

"Scott Kelly return to earth video"|"astronauts landing video"

https://youtu.be/zn0SqqGXfwE

Scott Kelly Lands Back On American Soil

https://youtu.be/dFpNAqjaC1A

"Yes - we've considered AG," Smith wrote. "Lots of issues...e.g., do you spin the whole vehicle? Or put a smaller centrifuge inside the vehicle? Do you need to spin 24h/day? Or is 1-2 hours enough? What level [gravity] do you need? A handful of ground-based bed rest studies have been conducted to assess some of these questions. More are planned. One step at a time."

Robinson said they are using good exercise regimens to protect astronauts' bones, muscles and hearts. "It might be possible to have small artificial gravity options, like a small centrifuge or cycle," she wrote. "NASA has studied artificial gravity for the whole vehicle, and there are technical problems with that in having all the systems operate well. Looked great in '2001: A Space Odyssey,' though."

Senioritis in space

What are the most valuable psychological insights that will come from the One-Year Mission, and how will that knowledge help astronauts headed to Mars?

"We know that crew members get ready to come home at the end of their mission," Robinson wrote. "It's a form of 'senioritis' we sometimes call the 'third quarter effect.' As missions get longer, the impacts of being away from your family and isolated from people are expected to be bigger. Scott [Kelly] participated in several studies of performance to get scientific data on this issue."

According to Charles, three major psychological topics being studied in the One-Year Mission are "behavioral medicine (what happens to an astronaut during spaceflight), team (how do groups of people work together effectively in stressful, confined environments) and sleep/circadian rhythm studies."

"There are experiments that the crew are participating in to measure the psychosocial effects of being in space," Robinson said. "Our flight surgeons also monitor each crewmember's well-being during and after the mission."

Moreover, there are support activities for the crew that make a big difference, Robinson said. "Our cargo vehicles bring fresh fruit and care packages, and the crew can call their families on a satellite phone," she wrote. "Those last ones really help, and we can't do them the same way on Mars. I imagine if we pre-position a Mars habitat, we will make sure there are some care package surprises waiting there for the crew."

Diet is a significant part of astronaut health in space — not only for nutritional value but also the psychological effect of eating. But how much choice do astronauts have in their food supply?

"In essence, they can eat whatever they want — from the space food system, which repeats about every 8 days," Smith said. "They also get a set of 'preference' containers to augment nominal food supply (amounts to about 10% of their intake). We track what they eat, and make recommendations, but it is a bit like sending your kid to school with a lunch box. :)" [7 Everyday Things that Happen Strangely In Space]

Additional risks

During the AMA, one person asked, What was the "one thing that you guys were most terrified of in this mission and didn't happen?"

"Our highest risk for loss of any ISS mission is a strike by a piece of orbital debris that causes a depressurization of one of the modules," Robinson said. "We do everything we can to avoid this (debris shields and even moving the ISS if a piece of space debris comes too close)."

If a spaceship travels to Mars, one major health concern will be increased exposure to space radiation. Astronauts on the International Space Station are still close enough to home to be largely protected by Earth's magnetic field (although they still experience higher doses of radiation than people on Earth). One Reddit questioner asked if NASA was getting close to building a module to protect astronauts from radiation on the journey to Mars.  

"We don't have this worked out yet," Robinson wrote. "It is one of our top risks for going to Mars. We will need to use some combination of passive shielding, active (electromagnetic) shielding, and use propulsion to go as fast as we can to minimize deep space transit. We don't know the best combination yet."

And will there be another one-year mission on the station in the near future?

"NASA's Human Research Program has requested additional year-long missions on ISS, but all the other aspects of such missions must be considered by all the partner agencies, so no final decision has been made one way or the other," Charles said. "The goal would be to do some of the same or similar work measurements as on Scott [Kelly] so we could see the results on a larger number of people — important because of individual variability between people."

Follow Calla Cofield @callacofield.Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

EDITOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS

• One-Year Mission to the International Space Station: Latest News
• Astronaut Scott Kelly Back On Earth - Landing Site Video
• Red Planet or Bust: 5 Manned Mars Mission Ideas

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