The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
16-07-2016
Filer’s Files # 29 – 2016 President Reagan’s Diary about our Space Ships - PART II
Filer’s Files # 29 – 2016 President Reagan’s Diary about our Space Ships - PART II
Sightings in the United States
California Lights
Merced— I was out for a late evening walk by a local canal bank on July 7, 2016, when I noticed, in my peripheral vision, two auburn colored lights rising from a tree line in the distance. At first I thought they may have been helicopters, since they were coming from the ‘somewhat’ general direction of a shuttered airbase (Castle AFB); but, being I’ve lived in the vicinity for over 40 years, and have seen many types of aircraft come and go, these looked like nothing I’d seen before. So, I stopped and took a photo of both orbs. As I was doing so, more started to ascend from the same general area, so I quickly switched my phone to ‘video’, and started to video them. Those were the first two of about 15 of those auburn colored orbs I witnessed. They came up from the north, low, over the horizon, slow and steady, apparently noiseless, in an unorganized assent and headed southeast, crossing over State Highway 99. They rose above the tree line and faded into the distance before blinking out. Also, anything with a prop, at the distance they were in comparison to the traffic, I would have definitely been able to hear. They didn’t have any other lamps. NOTE: This happened in Merced about 9:10 pm, just over the 16th Street overpass. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Colorado Light
Pueblo — I love to take pictures of the sky, as I am a sky watcher. I was standing on my upstairs back porch when I took these pictures. I did not physically see these glow objects that my friend on Earth Changes – Pole Shift, calls GLOFOs, until I saw them after I downloaded into my computer. Please give me some feedback on them. Thank you, so much. Dolores Frank in Pueblo, CO
Florida Light
Del R Beach — I was watching fireworks on July 4, 2016, when I saw an object that had a red light in front, and green in the back.
It came from the south, and then stopped over us before continuing to over the fireworks. It changed direction, then hovered, then moved again to Del Ray Beach. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Georgia Lights
Hartwell — These pictures were taken by my husband’s friend near their hometown of Hartwell, Ga. He commented on the fact that it was completely quiet while this was going on.
Not sure what they are, but I thought they were interesting enough to share just in case anyone knows what they might be. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Illinois Object
I have been trying to contact ET’s through meditation for some time before I came in contact with these artifacts. I would drive out into the country of the small town I live in and park to meditate late at night and ask for visual contact. I have had many successes witnessing what I believe to be UFO phenomenon, but I am the type that needs 100% proof/evidence. On May 13, 2015 around 3:45 pm, I was driving to a spot south of town which I rarely visited to meditate for contact. On the drive I was mentally asking to finally get a sign to understand/learn about these phenomena. Seconds later I heard/saw something that sounded like a rock hitting the windshield of my truck. I couldn’t believe what I saw, that looked like small metal shining balls in my windshield. I continued to the dead end road in the country where I was headed to examine/take pictures of the artifacts. I have tried to debunk the artifacts as something manmade such as bird shot but the pattern is too small. I was in the country in freshly seeded fields or very short vegetation. There is no way to get such a tight pattern on my windshield from a distance. There is a brownish burnt color below each ball. Metal balls were sealed into the window with no entry holes other than the brown color of the impact of each ball. I used a high speed engraver to cut out the entire pattern from my windshield and am interested to see what testing could be done to find the source whether ET or manmade. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Maine Lights
I was in my home with my wife and teenage son and she looked out the window and saw a bright object. We all saw the object high in the sky that we filmed using 60x HD camcorder. We thought the object could be a large drone, possibly military. However, when we reviewed the video frame by frame it appears to spin and then disappear. The object hovered stationary for several minutes. Using my HD video camera zoomed in at 60x I could see an A frame shape for each structure with a red and green light in the middle. There were three bright white lights on top. It began spinning and then disappeared as shown on the video. It returned a few minutes later in the same location but facing a different direction. It hovered stationary again and then disappeared. The object turned red before it disappeared. We were excited to see the object. My wife posted the video clip to her Facebook account and friends were shocked. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Nevada Object
Las Vegas— I went outside by the pool to relax on vacation at Caesars Palace on July 7, 2016, and spotted a spectacula sight. I saw four UFOs flying above while a small white object flew way above to the south of the flying objects. It was hovering in a vibrating pulsating motion. The UFOs look as though they were fighting. I have it on video. They turn their jets on and off. In the meantime, there were at least 50 helicopters that I saw flying about 100 feet above me trying to investigate what was going. This was something I had never never seen before. I was shaking for a few days.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
New Jersey Disc
Longport — I was taking photos of small rainbow from the beach on July 7, 2016, and noticed an object in the photos when I reviewed them. I did not see the object but felt compelled to photo the sun when I saw the rainbow.
I took rapid photos only a few seconds apart.
I took several photos at the time of the incident, but the object only showed up in only two photos. What do you think it is?
I have never seen anything like this. Thanks to MUFON CMS
New York Lights
I was walking my dog when I noticed a UFO in the distance approaching at high speed.
It disappeared then reappeared and made sudden moments that a plane cannot make.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
Ohio Objects
Lake Eire – I love Google Earth and exploring my area from my house to the lake on July 3, 2016, I found objects that I can’t explain.
I snapped several pictures with my cell phone camera of my computer. The images seem like someone was trying to cover up an object. If I moved out of a range, they looked as if something was shielding them. It almost looks to me like unexplainable objects and an underwater base.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
Tennessee Orbs
Memphis — I was at work when I took this photo on July 12, 2016. I work in a warehouse only maybe five miles from Memphis International Airport. I was on my lunch break and saw a large military cargo plane (the kind that drops tanks out of the back with parachutes attached) taking off from the airport heading south. It then turned to head east as it was taking off. The plane made a small maneuver at a slow speed as the metallic orbs appeared out of the small clouds. I grabbed my phone to try and capture both the plane and the orbs closer together. The probable C-5 military plane can still be seen at the upper right. I stopped looking at the orbs to check the photo for both plane and orbs, and GOT THEM BOTH. When I looked back to the sky, I didn’t see the orbs any more. Also there appears to be a bird flying close to one of the orbs. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Virginia Lights
Virginia Beach — I was walking on the beach a little after 10 pm on April 24, 2016 when I noticed a red light that was stationary in the sky. I watched it for a few seconds to see if it was a military or civilian aircraft but I didn’t see the flashing lights you normally see on the wing tips.
I was standing about 100 meters west of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRB) and the object was over the bridge. It was the size of a baby aspirin. I pulled out my phoneand took videos.
After I restarted the camera the object began to slowly move north but disa
d when obscured by clouds. Lights from the HRBT itself are very bright. I have lived in the area for more than 20 years and spent much of that in the military but have no idea what it was. Thanks to MUFON
Washington Objects
Ephrata– The photographer shot this photo on July 5, 2016.
Apparently the witness did not see the objects and later discovered then in the background of the photo.
The witness has sent several other photos taken on various days. The objects in the photos could be birds or insects flying relatively close to the camera. Thanks to William Puckett, Director Website
Worldwide UFO Sightings
Australia Lights
Port Phillip Bay— My Partner was taking a picture on her iPhone 4s of the sunset over Frankston, Victoria in 2014.
She didn’t notice the object she captured in the picture, but when she showed me I saw it straight away.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
Brazil Objects
Santarem — This picture was taken with a personal cell phone with the low-Resolution on June 30, 2016, around 8:30 PM, in Lago Grande, in the state of Para, Brazil.
The student photo was sent to the field course professors from the Federal University of Para West. They asked about the event photo; if the author had observed any type of aircraft, helicopters, and birds of any type or a family fishing passing the boat.
The day was clear and sunny with few clouds. What are the flying objects that appear in the picture?
After being questioned Mesmo would like analyzing by MUFON. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Canada Sphere
Whitby, Ontario – I was outside after 9:30 am enjoying a tea on June 30, 2016. The day was perfect being on holidays Then at exactly 10:10 am looking west I saw a very strange brilliant white morphing UFO BLOB to best describe it. It could maybe even be described like a low white small cloud. It moved less than the speed of a Cessna crossing the sky near 1000 feet high. It really had mass to it and appeared to be changing shape and heading southeast. Within fifteen seconds I grabbed my new camera to film it. My new camera was not responding as it was crossing right in front of me. So I grabbed my other camera off the deck table and started to take pictures and one short video clip. As it moved pass southward it started to glint a white light on and off. Probably due to the sun I lost sight of it in towards the sun as it travelled southeast. This sighting lasted about a minute Thanks to Paul Shishis.
Calgary— I was shooting storms in the area; but did not see the object until I viewed the photos later.
This is a common occurrence for me.
I am sending a couple of pictures more that are not related to this particular incident.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
India Light
Delhi — It’s not an airplane or comet (broken star). Its 100% like a UFO with its speed, appearance, size, brightness, etc.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
New Zealand Disc
Huntly — I was 19 years old at the time and my Dad was 55 years old and had not been drinking on May 18, 1988. I. had just picked up my Dad and was driving home. We drove up a hill and as we approached the top the motor just faded out. So I pulled over to the side of road. Then we saw this large round object a 100 feet just above the trees about 300 feet from us. Dad was freaking out. It was glowing and we could see the windows, we stayed put for about 20 minutes as the car wouldn’t start. When the object slowly moved off our vehicle then started.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
Puerto Rico UFO
Aguadilla — On April 25, 2013, around 9:20 pm, a Homeland Security Customs and Border Protection Aircraft filmed this strange object using IR/thermal Equipment. It was flying around the town of Aguadilla, and the commercial Rafael Hernandez Airport, at up to 120 mph.
After dipping into the water and emerging, the shape-shifting UFO eventually divides into two objects and finally seems to disappear into the Atlantic Ocean, near the Puerto Rico Trench (the deepest point in the Atlantic, at 28,373 feet; that is nearly the height of Mt. Everest).
As Owner/Director of the Bermuda Triangle Research Base in Boqueron, I’m in the process of setting up history’s first free, live webcam of a UFO hotspot in Puerto Rico. Website
Russia Ovals
Kazakhstan— During the night from 8 to 9 July 2016, I filmed at least two dozen UFOs flying over the Tyumen region in the direction of Kazakhstan. A lot of the UFOs were poorly seen and initially were randomly distributed like the clouds. Then a cloud of dozens of oval UFOs were seen and then they were quickly out of sight behind the house. The light areas on the photo are the moving UFOs/
UFOs were filmed on a night vision device but was unable to change the settings in the picture. The camera photos turned out too grainy, even with a two second photo exposure. The UFOs were far fainter than stars in the sky.
The UFOs could clearly be seen through the Gen 1 night vision device, using a video camera through the eyepiece. They were moving from bottom left to upper right.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
Sweden Dot
Malmö – My dogs and I were in the park taking pictures of them and the sun on July 2, 2016. I didn’t notice anything at the time. But I saw the strange dot in one picture, a couple of days later, I zoomed in and it looks like a sphere with lights. I then noticed the same dot, but in different color in several pictures (green, blue, and white) some with blue or greenish halo. I then realized the same spot appears in pictures of the sun taken in a different location, but then it looks like an orange-red orb with white dots surrounded by a green blue elliptic halo. Almost transparent yet there’s no doubt in my mind there is something strange. I wanted to send you the whole photo series, because it is not in all pictures, if you are as curious as me to know what it is. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Turkey Sphere
Istanbul– I went to Istanbul- to meet my friends. And we saw a UFO above the sea.
It was a fixed, bright orange light hovering in the sky with birds flying closer to the camera.. It had a green light output.
We were not surprised, we were expecting. an amateur team in this regard.-
They are invisible.Observation time was 15 minutes.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
UK England Orb
New Marske – At 9.30 pm on June 21st 2016, I saw a moving cigar shaped object in the sky. The cigar shaped object looked like it was on fire but left no trail. It moved at the speed you would expect to see an aeroplane move when you look up to the sky. I thought it may be a comet or a shooting star or possibly some sort of reflection, but I have done some research on all of the above and none move in the way this did. Its speed was constant and it flew out over the North Sea.
I videoed it then checked my phone to see it had recorded and when I looked back up, it had gone. I do not know whether it disappeared or simply went out of sight. Whilst it was visible, I rang my neighbor and she also saw it.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
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Als er leven is op andere planeten, kan het zomaar heel ingewikkeld zijn
Als er leven is op andere planeten, kan het zomaar heel ingewikkeld zijn
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Als het heel gewoon is dat op andere planeten leven ontstaat, dan moet het universum gevuld zijn met complexe en intelligente levensvormen.
Tot die conclusie komen astrobioloog Dirk Schulze-Makuch en biochemicus William Bains nadat zij de evolutie van het leven op aarde bestudeerde. Hun bevindingen staan beschreven in het blad Life.
Van simpel naar ingewikkeld Heel lang geleden ontstond er leven op aarde. De eerste levensvormen waren heel eenvoudige eencelligen. Inmiddels zijn we miljarden jaren verder en zijn op aarde complexe, meercellige en intelligente levensvormen te vinden, waaronder de mens. Is het ontstaan van deze complexe levensvormen uniek? Of kan dat ook heel gemakkelijk op een ander hemellichaam gebeuren zodra er op dat hemellichaam leven is ontstaan? Om een antwoord te vinden op die vraag, identificeerden Schulze-Makuch en Bains de vier evolutionaire innovaties die het ontstaan van complexere levensvormen mogelijk maakten.
De vier innovaties Over welke vier innovaties hebben we het dan? De overgang van eencellige levensvormen naar meercellige levensvormen, het ontstaan van fotosynthese, de evolutie van macroscopisch leven en de opkomst van intelligente levensvormen. Vervolgens gingen de onderzoekers na of deze belangrijke veranderingen slecht één keer optraden of meerdere keren in verschillende organismen opdoken. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat de meeste innovaties meerdere keren werden ‘uitgevonden’. Neem bijvoorbeeld fotosynthese. Dit proces ontstond op vier verschillende punten in de historie van het leven op aarde. En ook meercelligheid ontstond meerdere malen en wel in verschillende klassen organismen.
“WE ZIJN ERVAN OVERTUIGD DAT WE IN ELKE WERELD WAAR LEVEN IS ONTSTAAN EN ER VOLDOENDE ENERGIE VOORHANDEN IS, COMPLEX, ZOOGDIERACHTIG LEVEN KUNNEN AANTREFFEN”
Intelligent leven Op basis van deze bevindingen concluderen de onderzoekers dat het optreden van dergelijke innovaties – die dus leiden tot het ontstaan van intelligent of complex leven – niet heel onaannemelijk is. Sterker nog: het lijkt erop dat deze innovaties overal kunnen optreden, zolang de omstandigheden goed zijn en er voldoende tijd is. “Daarom zijn we ervan overtuigd dat we in elke wereld waar leven is ontstaan en er voldoende energie voorhanden is, complex, zoogdierachtig leven kunnen aantreffen,” stelt Schulze-Makuch.
Het onderzoek spreekt zich alleen uit over hoe waarschijnlijk het is dat leven op een andere planeet uitgroeit tot complexe levensvormen. En dus niet over hoe waarschijnlijk het is dat leven op een andere planeet ontstaat. Maar toch kan het onderzoek grote implicaties hebben voor onze zoektocht naar buitenaards leven, denkt Schulze-Makuch. Zo zouden we op basis van dit onderzoek op een leefbare planeet niet alleen eencelligen moeten verwachten, maar ook sporen van grote en complexe meercellige organismen. “Ons onderzoek is met name relevant voor de selectie van gereedschappen die onderzoekers gebruiken om te zoeken naar leven op planeten in andere zonnestelsels,” vertelt Schulze-Makuch. “Tijdens toekomstige missies moeten onderzoekers van NASA en SETI en andere organisaties overwegen om gereedschappen te gebruiken die in staat zijn om sporen van een wereldwijde en diverse biosfeer op andere werelden te vinden.”
Broertje voor Pluto: nieuwe dwergplaneet ontdekt in de Kuipergordel!
Broertje voor Pluto: nieuwe dwergplaneet ontdekt in de Kuipergordel!
Caroline Kraaijvanger
De dwergplaneet draait in een ovaalvormige baan – en op veel grotere afstand dan Pluto – rond de zon en is naar schatting ongeveer 700 kilometer groot.
De dwergplaneet heeft de naam 2015 RR245 gekregen en werd ontdekt met behulp van een telescoop op Hawaii. De eerste beelden van de dwergplaneet werden in september 2015 gemaakt en in februari 2016 geanalyseerd, waarop ontdekking volgde. “Daar was het dan: een stipje licht dat zo langzaam bewoog dat het zeker twee keer verder van de zon verwijderd moest zijn dan Neptunus,” vertelt onderzoeker Michele Bannister.
De baan 2015 RR245 heeft een zeer omvangrijke, elliptische baan. Na honderden jaren op rij op een afstand groter dan 12 miljard kilometer van de zon te hebben vertoefd, beweegt deze zich nu richting de zon. Maar zelfs op het moment (ergens in 2096) dat de afstand tussen de zon en 2015 RR245 het kleinst is, is er tussen de zon en de dwergplaneet nog zo’n vijf miljard kilometer te vinden.
Hier zie je (in oranje) de vermoedelijke baan van RR245. Objecten die net zo helder of helderder zijn dan RR245 zijn voorzien van een naamlabel. RR245 behoort tot de twintig grootste objecten in de Kuipergordel.
Afbeelding: Alex Parker / OSSOS-team.
Klein en helder? Hoe groot de dwergplaneet exact is, is onbekend. Om meer te weten te komen over de exacte afmetingen moeten eerst oppervlaktekenmerken worden opgemeten. “Het (de dwergplaneet, red.) is of klein en helder of groot en somber,” stelt Bannister.
Een zeldzaam restant De meeste dwergplaneten zoals RR245 werden toen de gasreuzen naar hun huidige positie reisden vernietigd of uit het zonnestelsel gegooid. RR245 is één van de weinige dwergplaneten die dat avontuur overleefd heeft, samen met Pluto en Eris, de grootste dwergplaneten die ons tot op heden bekend zijn. Pluto werd onlangs in detail bestudeerd door ruimtesonde New Horizons. Dankzij die missie weten we nu dat werelden die zich – net als RR245 – op grote afstand van de zon bevinden heel exotisch zijn. Zo bestaat het landschap van Pluto uit verschillende bevroren materialen.
DE LAATSTE
De kans is groot dat RR245 voorlopig de laatste voorbij Neptunus gelegen grote wereld is die we ontdekken. Simpelweg omdat onze telescopen meer niet kunnen zien. Pas halverwege het volgende decennium, als grotere telescopen het licht zien, kunnen we meer van dit soort ontdekkingen verwachten.
Nog veel vragen Wetenschappers hebben RR245 ongeveer een jaar bestudeerd. Dat is niets in vergelijking met de 700 jaar die deze nodig heeft om een rondje rond de zon te voltooien. En dus blijven onderzoekers de dwergplaneet de komende tijd nog bestuderen. Want er zijn nog veel vragen onbeantwoord gebleven. Waar is RR245 ontstaan? Hoe zal de baan van de dwergplaneet zich in de toekomst ontwikkelen? En hoe ziet de baan van de dwergplaneet er exact uit? Zodra de exacte baan bekend is, zal de dwergplaneet ook officieel een naam krijgen.
De onderzoekers zijn vanzelfsprekend in hun nopjes met de ontdekking. “De ijzige werelden voorbij Neptunus helpen ons om een beter beeld te krijgen van de geschiedenis van ons zonnestelsel,” stelt Bannister. “Maar bijna al deze ijzige werelden zijn heel klein en weinig helder: het is heel opwindend om er één te vinden die groot en helder genoeg is om in detail te bestuderen.”
class=”size-full wp-image-129080″ /> Een robot aan het werk in de ruimte. Afbeelding: doi:10.1117/1.JATIS.2.4.041207.[/caption]Een robot die in de ruimte aan telescopen klust: het is niet zo’n gek idee. Astronomen kunnen nu al heel ver het heelal in turen, maar hebben de wens nog verder te kijken. En dat vraagt om nog grotere ruimtetelescopen. Maar om de lancering van ruimtetelescopen (kosten)technisch mogelijk te maken, moet een telescoop niet te veel ruimte innemen en niet te zwaar zijn. Door een telescoop als klein bouwpakketje te lanceren en deze vervolgens in de ruimte te monteren, omzeilen we die uitdaging en kunnen we toch een omvangrijke ruimtetelescoop in gebruik nemen.
Een bijkomend voordeel van zo’n klusrobot in de ruimte is dat deze ook direct het onderhoud van de telescoop op zich kan nemen. Nu is het nog zo dat ruimtetelescopen maar een beperkt aantal jaren meegaan. Maar als we in staat zijn om ze tussentijds wat aan te passen of op te knappen – zoals bijvoorbeeld met de Hubble-telescoop is gebeurd – kunnen we hun levensduur verlengen. “Een robotisch systeem verantwoordelijk voor het samenstellen, upgraden, repareren en opnieuw bevoorraden biedt de mogelijkheid om allerlei soorten ruimtetelescopen heel lang nuttig te laten zijn,” zo stellen de onderzoekers. Die hopen dat hun studie ontwerpers van ruimtetelescopen in de toekomst aan het denken zet over deze interessante optie.
Deze supernovarestanten vormen een matroesjka in de ruimte
Deze supernovarestanten vormen een matroesjka in de ruimte
Tim Kraaijvanger
Ken je die houten Russische poppetjes die je tot in het oneindige uit elkaar kunt halen? Ook in het heelal bevinden er zich zulke bijzondere verschijningen, zoals deze drie supernovarestanten in het sterrenstelsel M33.
De artistieke impressie bovenaan dit artikel toont hoe drie supernovarestanten samen zijn gesmolten en daardoor ogenschijnlijk één structuur vormen. De onderzoekers noemen dit soort objecten zogenoemde ‘superbellen’. De astronomen gebruikten een 2D-spectrograaf in combinatie met de William Herschel-telescoop om diverse superbellen te vinden. De kleinste exemplaren waren niet groter dan enkele lichtjaren, terwijl er ook superbellen met een doorsnee van duizend lichtjaar voorkomen.
Superbellen ontstaan rondom jonge sterrenclusters, waar meerdere individuele sterren zijn geëxplodeerd. De restanten van deze sterren smelten samen in een superbel. Toch is dit de eerste keer dat astronomen een superbel zien, die bestaat uit drie concentrische ringen.
“Iedere ring is even zwaar als honderden zonnen bij elkaar”, zegt co-auteur John Beckman. Nadat de eerste ster explodeerde, werd een deel van het gas opgezweept. Ook werd er gas achtergelaten om de tweede en derde ringen te vormen. De superbellen vormen een bewijs dat de interstellaire ruimte – de ruimte tussen sterren – niet leeg is en dat bellen belangrijk zijn voor de evolutie van sterren. Zonder dit soort bijzondere objecten zouden spiraalstelsels namelijk snel uitdoven.
Sneeuwgrens van water in protoplanetaire schijf voor het eerst direct waargenomen
Sneeuwgrens van water in protoplanetaire schijf voor het eerst direct waargenomen
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Dankzij een toename van de helderheid van de ster V883 Orionis konden astronomen de sneeuwgrens rond de ster direct waarnemen. Een primeur.
Rond jonge sterren vinden we vaak een dichte schijf die bestaat uit gas en stof. Uit die schijf – ook wel protoplanetaire schrijf genoemd – kunnen gaandeweg planeten ontstaan. Door de warmte van de ster in het midden, blijft het water binnen deze schijf tot op een afstand van ongeveer 450 miljoen kilometer gasvormig. Verder naar buiten gaan de watermoleculen – door de extreem lage druk – rechtstreeks over van gasvormige naar vaste toestand en krijgen stofdeeltjes een manteltje van ijs. Het gebied in de schijf waar water van een gas in ijs verandert, noemen onderzoekers de sneeuwgrens van water. En nu hebben onderzoekers die sneeuwgrens van water voor het eerst direct waargenomen.
Hoe kan een ster plotseling veel helderder worden? In het geval van V883 Orionis nam de helderheid toe doordat materiaal uit de omringende schijf op het oppervlak van de ster belandde.
6 miljard kilometer Dat gebeurde rond de jonge ster V883 Orionis. De helderheid van deze ster nam plots sterk toe (zie kader). En daardoor schoof de sneeuwgrens op naar een afstand van zo’n 6 miljard kilometer. En die verre ligging maakte het mogelijk om de sneeuwgrens direct waar te nemen met behulp van ALMA (het Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array).
Hier zie je hoe de sneeuwgrens wanneer de ster in helderheid toeneemt, opschuift. Afbeelding: ALMA (ESO / NAOJ / NRAO) / L. Cieza.
Planeetvorming Het ontstaan van sneeuw in de ruimte is van invloed op het planeetvormingsproces. Zo nemen astronomen aan dat binnen de sneeuwgrens – dus waar water verdampt – kleine rotsachtige planeten ontstaan (à la de aarde). Voorbij de sneeuwgrens zou de aanwezigheid van waterijs ervoor zorgen dat er kosmische sneeuwballen ontstaan die weer uitgroeien tot zware gasplaneten (à la Jupiter).
Hier zie je de protoplanetaire schijf van V883 Orionis. Ook de sneeuwgrens (de witte cirkel) is aangegeven. Om een beeld te geven van de omvang van deze schijf zijn de omloopbanen van Neptunus en Pluto ingetekend.
Afbeelding: ALMA (ESO / NAOJ / NRAO) / L. Cieza.
En nu is dus ontdekt dat een plotselinge toename in de helderheid van een ster de sneeuwgrens heel ver kan laten opschuiven. Aangenomen wordt dat de meeste planetenstelsels in hun ontwikkeling wel met zo’n stellaire uitbarsting te maken krijgen. En daarmee kunnen deze nieuwe waarnemingen wel eens leiden tot een beter begrip van de vorming en ontwikkeling van planeten.
Researchers at the Suzumori Endo Robotics Laboratory at the Tokyo Institute of Technology have a different take on robotics in the form of a musculoskeletal robot that moves like a human.
Essentially, a fake skeleton covered in a bunch of cables, the musculoskeletal robot is powered by artificial multifilament muscles that function like real human muscles when electrical current flows through them.
Basically, the fake muscles can contract and expand similar to a real human’s movements thanks to the electrical current, even enabling the skeleton’s head to move around realistically.
At the moment, the Suzumori Endo humanoid can’t support itself, but the robot’s legs do contain the exact same number of muscles that a real human being’s legs use to walk.
The researchers hope that as technology advances and the musculoskeletal robot progresses, it will eventually be able to walk on its own and self-balance, similar to the ATLAS robot.
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VIDEO: Complottheoreticus David Icke kruist degens met presentatoren over aliens en holle maan
VIDEO: Complottheoreticus David Icke kruist degens met presentatoren over aliens en holle maan
De bekende samenzweringstheoreticus David Icke kruiste vanochtend tijdens het Australische ontbijtprogramma Today de degens met presentatoren Karl Stefanovic en Lisa Wilkinson.
De Britse oud-sportverslaggever, die momenteel in Australië is voor zijn World Wide Wake Up Tour, claimt dat 9/11 een inside job was en dat aliens in het geheim onder ons leven in menselijke vorm.
Icke zei tijdens het programma dat er een kracht is die de menselijke beschaving manipuleert en die overal op aarde een andere naam heeft. “Als je hier onderzoek naar doet, en dat doe ik al 26 jaar, kom je tot de ontdekking dat al deze namen verwijzen naar dezelfde kracht,” zei hij.
Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Conspiracies (Web Exclusive)
Wilkinson vroeg hem vervolgens over zijn kijk op de maan. “U denkt bijvoorbeeld dat de maan, onze maan, een uitgehold ruimtestation is?” vroeg ze. Icke antwoordde: “Sovjetwetenschappers opperden dit als eerste. Ze kwamen tot de conclusie dat de maan geen natuurlijke satelliet kan zijn en hol is.”
“De reguliere wetenschap kan niet verklaren waarom zo’n groot hemellichaam, groter dan Pluto, om zo’n kleine planeet kan draaien,” vervolgde hij. “Er zijn veel oude stammen die zeggen dat de maan hier gebracht is en dat er een tijd was waarin de aarde geen maan had.”
Stefanovic vond dat Icke zich ‘erg defensief’ opstelde. “Nee, ik erger me,” aldus Icke. “Ik erger me aan het feit dat de mainstream media en de meeste mensen door de verkeerde kant van een telescoop naar de wereld kijken.”
Let vooral op het buitengewoon intelligente (lees: tenenkrommende) gedrag van Stefanovic, dat tekenend is voor de manier waarop de mainstream media andersdenkenden benaderen.
VIDEO: Is dit de reden dat aliens niet openlijk landen in de voortuin van het Witte Huis?
VIDEO: Is dit de reden dat aliens niet openlijk landen in de voortuin van het Witte Huis?
In 2013 deed de Canadese oud-minister van Defensie Paul Hellyer een schokkende uitspraak: dat een federatie van buitenaardse rassen de mensheid in de gaten houdt en stuurt. Dat meldt televisiezender History.
Volgens sommigen is er genoeg bewijs te vinden voor deze bewering. Vrijwel iedere cultuur kent wel verhalen over keizers, koningen en farao’s die een groep van negen goden raadpleegden. Zelfs CIA-wetenschappers channelden in de jaren vijftig een buitenaardse groep die ‘De Negen’ werd genoemd. Deze groep zou hier zijn om gebeurtenissen op aarde te beïnvloeden, aldus de zender.
In 1952 zette de Amerikaanse medicus Andrija Puharich een speciaal laboratorium op dat deel uitmaakte van een topgeheim overheidsprogramma. In het lab werden experimenten gedaan met psychologische manipulatie en hallucinogene drugs. Eén van zijn proefpersonen was Uri Geller.
Niet-fysieke wezens
Eén van de meest controversiële aspecten van zijn onderzoek had betrekking op channeling, het contact leggen met niet-fysieke wezens. In december 1952 werd contact gelegd met een groep entiteiten die ‘De Negen’ werd genoemd.
“De Negen zeiden dat ze een eindeloze aanwezigheid waren,” legt Nick Pope uit, die ruim 20 jaar werkzaam is geweest voor het Britse ministerie van Defensie. “Ze hielden de mensheid naar eigen zeggen al vanaf het begin in de gaten.”
Star Trek
In zijn privéwoning besprak dr. Puharich zijn onderzoek met mensen uit de toplagen van de samenleving. Iemand die actief deelnam aan die sessies was Gene Roddenberry, de bedenker van de bekende tv-serie Star Trek. De serie zou zijn geïnspireerd op de mysterieuze groep ‘De Negen’.
De Prime Directive, een richtlijn uit de populaire serie die actieve bemoeienis met minder ontwikkelde soorten verbiedt, zou bijvoorbeeld zijn voortgekomen uit de sessies van dr. Puharich.
“Als we in de gaten worden gehouden door aliens, is het erg aannemelijk dat ze niet openlijk in de voortuin van het Witte Huis landen vanwege zo’n Prime Directive,” aldus Pope.
Doorgewinterde Argentijnse ufoloog ontdekt ‘buitenaardse piramide’ in Grote Oceaan
Doorgewinterde Argentijnse ufoloog ontdekt ‘buitenaardse piramide’ in Grote Oceaan
De Argentijnse ufoloog Marcelo Irazusta zorgt voor consternatie. Op de bodem van de Grote Oceaan heeft hij iets vreemds ontdekt. Mogelijke verklaringen variëren van een gecrashte UFO tot de resten van een oude beschaving. Dat schrijft het Russische staatspersbureau Sputnik.
De Argentijnse onderzoeker, die zich specialiseert in buitenaardse levensvormen, heeft naar eigen zeggen op Google Earth een UFO gevonden voor de kust van Mexico. Het object is 5,5 kilometer lang en lijkt qua vorm nog het meest op een vliegtuig.
Andere ufologen zijn er niet zo zeker van dat hij op een UFO is gestuit. Scott Waring, die verschillende boeken over het onderwerp heeft geschreven, vertelde aan het Argentijnse persbureau Telam dat hij er een piramide in ziet.
Atlantis
“Het is een perfect gevormde piramide, die een doorsnee heeft van meer dan 14 kilometer,” zei hij. Volgens hem gaat het om de grootst bekende piramide. Het bouwsel is zo indrukwekkend dat het moet zijn gemaakt door leven van een andere planeet, aldus Waring. “Enkel aliens zijn in staat om zoiets te bouwen.”
De beelden van de piramide zijn inmiddels bijna een half miljoen keer bekeken. Telam meldt dat het volgens sommigen gaat om de resten van het mythische eiland Atlantis, dat werd beschreven door de Griekse filosoof Plato. Anderen zeggen dat het bouwwerk is achtergelaten door de Maya’s of Azteken.
NASA
Marcelo Irazusta is een doorgewinterde ufoloog. Eerder dit jaar publiceerde hij een video waarin buitenaardse bases op de maan en op Mars te zien zouden zijn, schrijft Sputnik. Samen met ufoloog Sandra Elena Andrade heeft hij er bij de NASA op aangedrongen om daar onderzoek te doen naar de mogelijkheid van buitenaards leven.
“De schokkende ontdekking heeft op internet geleid tot fascinerende discussies,” schreef Andrade. “Wat gaat NASA doen? Komen ze met een plausibele verklaring of houden ze zich stil?”
V-shaped UFOs reported hovering over Memphis highway
V-shaped UFOs reported hovering over Memphis highway
A Tennessee witness at Memphis reported watching two V-shaped UFOs “hanging” in the sky over an interstate highway, according to testimony in Case 77441 from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness reporting database.
The witness was southbound along I-55 in Memphis near the Delta Refinery, pictured, when the UFOs were spotted hovering above on June 22, 2016.
(Credit: Google)
The witness was driving to Memphis Airport along southbound I-55 at 3:30 a.m. on June 22, 2016, near the Delta Refinery when the incident occurred.
“As we got closer, I slowed and rolled my window down and stuck my head out to get a better view,” the witness stated.“It was not moving nor making any sound. I could not believe what I was seeing.”
The object was double the size of a large jet.
“Seemed to be over twice the size of a 737 and just hanging there in the sky. Shaped like a V made of two rectangles, cut at the ends to make a point.”
The witness decided not to stop along I-55 to take pictures as it was not safe.
(Credit: Google)
The witness first thought to pull over and dig a camera out of luggage in the vehicle, but then thought it unwise to do that on an expressway.
“The traffic was light, but it was all tractor trailer rigs. I tried adjusting my left rear view mirror, but could not see it even when I looked back. Then, off to my right, some distance away, we saw the same light pattern hanging in the southern sky, too far away see any distinguishable features.”
The witness attempted to sum up the location and size of the object.
“To the best of my memory, I would guess the object was 1,000 to 1,500 feet up, gray in color with white lights along the lower outer edges except for one red light at the back. I would guess that legs of the V to be 30-feet to 50-feet square and 200-feet to 300-feet long with the span at the back of the V about 150-feet. There were two protrusions that I could make out clearly on the bottom of the closest leg. One was a cylindrical-shaped and the other was like an inverted fender well or a spare tire carrier. I am still befuddled about what it was. I swore to myself I will never travel again without a camera ready. To this day, I want to go back and look, camera ready.”
The objects were 200 to 300 feet long.
(Credit: Google)
Tennessee MUFON is investigating. Please remember that most UFO sightings can be explained as something natural or man-made. The above quotes were edited for clarity. Please report UFO activity to MUFON.com.
A Maine witness in Cumberland County reported watching and videotaping an unknown object that appeared to hover and then spin before disappearing, according to testimony in Case 77585 from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness reporting database.
Cropped and enlarged still frame from witness video. (Credit: MUFON)
The witness was at home at 9:23 p.m. on July 4, 2016, when the object was first seen and identifying it quickly resolved into wondering if it was a UFO or a drone.
“We all saw the object high in the sky and we filmed the object using a 60x HD camcorder,” the witness stated. “My wife looked out the window and saw an object with bright light high in the sky. We thought the object could be a sophisticated, large drone, possibly military.”
But reviewing the video frame-by-frame the object appears to spin and then disappear.
Cropped and enlarged still frame from witness video. (Credit: MUFON)
“The object hovered stationary for several minutes. Using my HD video camera zoomed in at 60x I could see an A-frame shape for each structure; a red and green light in the middle, and three bright, white lights on top. It began spinning and then disappeared as shown frame-by-frame on the video.”
The object then returned a few minutes later in the same location, but facing a different direction.
“It hovered stationary again and then disappeared. The video zoom did not resolve well, but the object appeared to change color all at once to red before it disappeared. We were excited to see the object even if it turns out to be just a drone. My wife posted the video clip to her Facebook account and friends were shocked. Some said it was just a drone, but others did not. We lost sight of the object because it disappeared.”
Cropped and enlarged still frame from witness video. (Credit: MUFON)
Cumberland County, Maine, has a population of 281,674. Maine MUFON Assistant State Director Valerie Schultz is investigating. Please remember that most UFO sightings can be explained as something natural or man-made. The above quotes were edited for clarity. Please report UFO activity to MUFON.com.
A Connecticut witness at Bridgeport reported watching a slow-moving, white craft at low altitude moving over Black Rock Harbor about 11 p.m. on July 2, 2016, according to testimony in Case 77451 from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness reporting database.
The witness was very familiar with Black Rock Harbor when the UFO moved low across the sky on July 2, 2016. (Credit: Google)
“The Fairfield fireworks had ended,” the witness stated.“The crowd was thinning out. The boats had all come back in. It was time for me to go fishing. I live on Long Island Sound. I fish every night from April to January. If it happens in the night sky I see it! Every moon. Every meteor shower. Every fireworks display.”
The witness was sitting in a spot facing the water.
“Two friends were standing up facing me with their backs to the water. I looked up to engage one friend in conversation. Over her left shoulder I saw a rather large, slow-moving, oval-shaped craft. It was illuminated white. It was blurred because it was flying in low cloud cover or possibly smoke hanging in the air from the fireworks.”
The oval-shaped craft was illuminated white.
(Credit: Google)
The witness watched the object for about 10 seconds before it faded away into the cloud or smoke.
“It travelled slow and would have been following the shoreline heading south. As I’m watching this thing I’m going through the Rolodex in my brain sorting through memories and experiences and what I know already. Airplanes and helicopters have clear projected lights as well as red blinking lights. They also create sound. This was illuminated white and silent.”
The witness even considered someone shining a spotlight into the sky.
“But the light would reflect off the cloud or smoke. None of that either. I’ve been here 25 years and no plane or helicopter has ever flown this bearing, barring search and rescue. There was no search and rescue that night. I eliminated everything I thought it could be based on my experiences. What I am left with is actually a white, walnut-shaped, slow and low moving craft over the shoreline of Black Rock Harbor. Has anyone else reported this?”
The slow-moving craft moved over the shoreline.
(Credit: Google)
Black Rock Harbor is located in Bridgeport, Connecticut on Long Island Sound. Connecticut State Director Michael Panicello is investigating. Please remember that most UFO sightings can be explained as something natural or man-made. The above quotes were edited for clarity. Please report UFO activity to MUFON.com
Here Football great Aaron Rodgers talks about his believe in UFOs and aliens and how about his experiences that make him believe this way. Is a fantastic step forward when a celebrity comes forward to talk about their UFO story and share it with the world. It tells the public, hey, be like me...tell the truth, theres nothing to be afraid of anymore. Just awesome. Jump to the 9 min mark in the video. Scott C. Waring www.ufosightingsdaily.com News states: There’s a lot of great stuff from Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers during his appearance on HBO’s “Any Given Wednesday” with Bill Simmons, but the part where he says he saw a UFO and “heard” fighter jets following it is easily the most fascinating part of this 10-minute video. Rodgers first talked about UFO sightings in March, but it’s pretty safe to say a lot of people didn’t hear about it. Fast forward to the 9:00 mark to hear Rodgers tell his story. The first time Rodgers brought up UFO’s was on the “You Made it Weird” podcast with Pete Holmes. Here’s the link, the UFO talk starts at the 14:45 mark. “There was a weird siren in the distance,” Rodgers said. “So we go outside – it was a snowy night – and we went outside and it was one of those kind of bright nights, where it’s overcast, but there’s enough light from the moon to see things and the next thing you know, we saw something in the sky.” He compared what he saw to one of the huge ships from the movie “Independence Day.” “And it goes out of sight and we look at each other and go, ‘What in the (expletive) was that?'” Rodgers said. And thirty seconds after it had gone out of sight he and two others heard the “definitive sound” of a fighter jet, just like in “Top Gun,” Rodgers explained.
ALIEN DEMONIC UFO SYMBOL RUSSIA FOUND!!? EXTREME UFO WEATHER PHENOMENON 7/14/2016 UFO Sighting News.
ALIEN DEMONIC UFO SYMBOL RUSSIA FOUND!!? EXTREME UFO WEATHER PHENOMENON 7/14/2016 UFO Sighting News.
Date of video: July 2016 Makers of video:ThirdphaseofMoon of Youtube. Here is a cool video that discusses a few anomalies, including a star inside of a circle found on Google Earth and some glowing orange UFOs clouds. Very interesting. Two of those circle clouds do not look natural to me. Scott C. Waring www.ufosightingsdaily.com
ThirdphaseofMoon states: ALIEN DEMONIC UFO SYMBOL RUSSIA FOUND!!? EXTREME UFO WEATHER PHENOMENON 7/14/2016 Keep Your Eyes on the Skies! We are not Alone! 52°28'47.4"N 62°11'08.7"E Satanic Star specifically for aliens?
A man snapped of what many UFO enthusiasts considered as a spectacular photo above the World Trade Center Ground Zero buildings in New ork.
The witness chose not to be named in his report filed with the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), one of the biggest organization that investigates UFO reports around the world.
In a MUFON report, the witness said he was with his wife in WTC Ground Zero. He captured several random photos of the building – three pictures in a minute.
The couple did not notice any anomaly in the photos throughout their holiday trip. When they viewed the photos after the holiday, they found a strange object flying above.
The reporting witness said that they didn’t see the UFO with their naked eyes when they were visiting the WTC. He believes that is not an ordinary aerial object in the sky. He thinks the United States government won’t permit any conventional vehicles to fly above there.
He suggests that it can be an undetected vehicle or a UFO. One photo of the witness shows colourful circles and the next one shows a UFO that appears to replace the rings. In photo number 3, no light and no UFO can be seen.
The witness wants professionals to analyse the images, the main reason he sent them along with his reportto MUFON.
UFO caught on tape over ECEti Ranch, Washington – July 2016
UFO caught on tape over ECEti Ranch, Washington – July 2016
Nestled within the Mount Adams Wilderness north of the Columbia River Gorge in south-central Washington State, ECETI Ranch is a legendary Cascadian UFO and ET contact hotspot. Here’s the latest UFO video from this location.
Film Features Real Photographs and Plasma Frequencies Received by the Voyager Spacecrafts
Film Features Real Photographs and Plasma Frequencies Received by the Voyager Spacecrafts
Santiago Menghini
Voyager 1 and 2 are still exploring the solar system, since almost 40 years ago, when the Voyager spacecrafts were first launched back in 1977.
The Voyager spacecrafts have traveled further in space than anything ever, with the Voyager 2 successfully making its way to Uranus and Neptune, and both spacecrafts having flown by Saturn and Jupiter.
In an effort to honor the Voyager space program, Santiago Menghini created the film Voyagers utilizing real photographs and plasma frequencies received by the Voyager spacecrafts.
The result is rather incredible.
Travel along with the Voyager spacecrafts as they traverse the solar system on their planetary expedition spanning over three decades.
This film showcases the images and sounds of the solar system through the real photographs and plasma frequencies received by the Voyager spacecrafts.
Saturn Moon Enceladus' Plumes May Resemble Earth's 'Lost City'
Saturn Moon Enceladus' Plumes May Resemble Earth's 'Lost City'
By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor
Active vents from Earth's Lost City hydrothermal vents could be similar to features found in the ocean of Enceladus.
Credit: IFE, URI-IAO, UW, Lost City science party, and NOAA
Saturn's intriguing moon Enceladus could resemble Earth's "Lost City," a network of hydrothermal vents in the Atlantic Ocean where life survives despite cold and darkness.
Earth is the only planet in the solar system with liquid water on its surface, but many of the solar system's moons and dwarf planets seem to hide their oceans beneath their crust. Saturn's moon Enceladus, on the other hand, isn't content to keep things underground; large gashes at the moon' south pole spurt liquid from the interior into space. The access provided by these vents makes it a tempting spot for scientists hoping to search for signs of life outside of Earth.
"We want to use chemistry as our guide to looking for signs of life," said Christopher Glein, a research scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Texas. Glein discussed the history of human understanding of Enceladus last month at the 228th American Astronomical Society meeting in San Diego, California. There, he compared that moon's undersea environment to the Lost City hydrothermal field in the Atlantic Ocean, where hot water bursts from the ocean floor and life thrives in the otherwise desolate depths. [Saturn's Geyser Moon Enceladus Amazes in Final Flyby Photos]
"Is there life beyond Earth?" Glein asked. "Our generation is now poised to begin to tackle and search for some answers."
A species of deep-sea coral thrives in the depths near Earth's Lost City vents. Similar vents on Saturn's moon Enceladus could also create homes for life to evolve and survive.
Credit: Institute for Exploration, University of Rhode Island Institute for Archaeological Oceanography, University of Washington, Lost City science party and NOAA
"Candy to life"
When NASA's Voyager 2 mission flew by Enceladus in 1981, it revealed terrains far smoother than the rocky satellites seen before. The polished landscape suggested that something unusual was happening on Enceladus. But it wasn't until NASA's Cassini mission caught a glimpse of plumes spurting from the southern pole that scientists realized just how unusual the moon is. Today, scientists have identified 101 individual jets shooting out from the large "tiger stripe" fissures at the southern pole, which average 80 miles (130 kilometers) long (a significant stretch of the moon's surface).
At first, scientists thought the water feeding the tiger stripes came from a small sea beneath them. In 2015, Cassini's gravitational data revealed that the tiny moon instead housed a global ocean under its entire surface. The bright plumes carried tiny particles of water-ice mixed with water vapor from beneath the surface, Glein said. But the real mystery was what else the stripes might carry.
No one expected Enceladus to spurt samples into space, so Cassini didn't carry any instruments designed to sample the plumes. But the team found a way to use the instruments they did have to study some of the material, and so they guided the spacecraft to dive through the plumes and taste their chemistry.
"What we found was truly remarkable," Glein said.
Cassini discovered salts, which couldn't have come from a slowly melting ice source.
"A liquid ocean that rapidly flash freezes — that does the job," Glein said.
Cassini also revealed that the plumes had a pH of 11.12, making them more basic than acidic. In comparison, Earth's rainwater ranks at 5.6 and seawater around 8. Glein put the plumes' pH in the domain of cleaning agents like Windex.
"It's not quite to drain cleaner, but it's getting there," he said.
One way to raise the pH, and heat the plumes in the process, is the process of serpentinization, which occurs when liquid water reacts with magnesium- and iron-rich minerals. The changed rocks, often green, are loaded with bases, and can lead to a rise in pH, Glein said. Although such rocks are rare on the surface, they can be found tucked away in the mantle or in collections of rocks and minerals on the seafloor.
One of the most famous sites of serpentinization is Earth's Lost City, a collection of hydrothermal vents near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. First identified in 2000, the vents are heated primarily by the changing rocks rather than by mantle beneath the surface. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, serpentinization can raise temperatures as high as 260 degrees Celsius (550 degrees Fahrenheit), and drives the hydrothermal system of the Lost City.
In addition to providing heat, the Lost City's vents spout methane- and hydrogen-rich fluids to the surface, and are thriving environments for life.
"Hydrogen is like candy to microorganisms," Glein said. And the vents are "just packed with minerals," he added —the combination of chemical, biological and geological processes makes spots like the Lost City vents prime sites for life to have evolved. If Enceladus boasts similar vents powered by a process like serpentinization, life could originate there, as well, Glein said.
The best evidence for vents on the tiny moon comes from farther away, in Saturn's E ring, which is where material ejected from Enceladus can end up. Material from the plumes easily escapes the moon's gravity, which is only 1 percent of Earth's, and falls around the ringed planet. Samples of the ring material revealed silicate particles that scientists traced back to the moon. According to Glein, vents in a subsurface ocean could produce similar silicates.
That doesn't quite cinch the case, though. "We have evidence of hydrothermal vents, but we haven't found the hydrogen yet," Glein said.
The dramatic fractures on the surface of Enceladus known as tiger stripes provide direct access to the ocean beneath.
Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
"One of the great mysteries"
Before Cassini arrived at Saturn, scientists thought Enceladus was too small to maintain water in a liquid state, so the plumes came as a surprise. Exactly how the moon keeps its water liquid remains uncertain.
"There's a serious energy crisis on Enceladus," Glein said, referring to the energy required to keep that water liquid. "It's one of the great mysteries of planetary science moving forward."
Since Cassini first identified the geysers on the small moon, scientists have tried to identify how water remains liquid instead of freezing to ice. One possibility is that the interior of the moon is heated as Saturn tugs and releases it. Another option is that the ocean contains some form of antifreeze, rather than pure water. Chemical reactions between the ocean and the rock, like the serpentinization described above, could also produce the necessary heat.
Enceladus is a tiny moon. With an average radius of 156 miles (252 km), it's only about one-seventh the size of Earth's largest satellite. According to Glein, that makes the moon the smallest geologically active body in the solar system, and the only one to boast water-based cryovolcanism, where icy liquid instead of hot lava oozes from the crust. Coming from such a small world, the eruptions are enormous.
"We don't have volcanic eruptions on Earth that span over an entire Earth diameter," Glein said.
Saturn's satellite is far less dense than the moon or Earth, with roughly half its material consisting of water. Enceledus' icy exterior makes it incredibly reflective.
"If it was our moon, it would be blindingly bright in the sky," Glein said.
The southern hemisphere may not be the only place to ever house plumes, Glein said Geological mapping of the moon's northern latitudes suggests relics of gashes similar to the tiger stripes in the south, he said. As the liquid water freezes, it could close off one set of stripes and open others.
Referring to a famous geyser at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, he said, "I think Old Faithful has finally met its match in Cold Faithful."
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
