Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 10 MONTHS.
ON 06/04/2024 MORE THAN 1.951.050
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
25-10-2016
Reference: What Is a Planet?
Reference:
What Is a Planet?
By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor
The planets of the solar system as depicted by a NASA computer illustration. Orbits and sizes are not shown to scale.
Credit: NASA
While many people can point to a picture of Jupiter or Saturn and call it a "planet," the definition of this word is much more subtle and has changed over time. Many astronomers decided on a new definition in 2006 after the discovery of several worlds at the fringes of the solar system — a decision that remains controversial.
The International Astronomical Union defined a planet as an object that:
orbits the sun
has sufficient mass to be round, or nearly round
is not a satellite (moon) of another object
has removed debris and small objects from the area around its orbit
The IAU also created a new classification, "dwarf planet," which is an object that meets planetary criteria except that it has not cleared debris from its orbital neighborhood. This definition meant that Pluto — considered a planet at the time — was demoted and reclassified as a dwarf planet. But not all scientists agree with this classification.
The term "planet" originally comes from the Greek word for "wanderer." Many ancient cultures observed these "moving stars," but it wasn't until the advent of the telescope in the 1600s that astronomers were able to look at them in more detail. Small telescopes revealed moons circling Jupiter — a big surprise to Galileo Galilei (the likely discoverer) and his opponents at the Catholic Church — as well as rings around Saturn and an ice cap on Mars.
Telescopes also revealed the existence of objects not known to the ancients, because they are too far away and small to be spotted with the naked eye. Uranus was found on March 13, 1781, by the prolific astronomer William Herschel. Ceres was discovered between Mars and Jupiter in 1801. It was originally classified as a planet, but it was later realized that Ceres was the first of a class of objects eventually called asteroids. Neptune was discovered in 1846. [Related: Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets]
Astronomers continued scouring the solar system's outer reaches in search of a large "Planet X" that was believed to be disturbing the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. While these irregularities were later discounted by further observations, Clyde Tombaugh did spot a smaller object in 1930 beyond the orbit of Neptune. Called Pluto, the object (then called a planet) was relatively small and had a highly eccentric orbit that sometimes even brought it closer to the sun than Neptune is.
Discovery of more worlds
Nothing close to Pluto's size was found in the solar system for more than two generations. That changed in the 2000s, when Mike Brown — a young astronomer at the California Institute of Technology — was in search of a defining research project and decided upon searches for objects in the outer solar system.
In quick succession, Brown and his team discovered several large "trans-Neptunian objects," or icy bodies beyond Neptune's orbit. While discovering icy objects that far away was not unexpected — the supposed Oort Cloud, the birthplace of comets, should have trillions of these things — it was the size that made other astronomers pay attention.
Some of Brown's notable discoveries included Quaoar; Sedna; Haumea; Erisand its moon, Dysnomia; and Makemake. All were found in a relatively short period of time, between 2001 and 2005. Eris (which was originally nicknamed "Xena" after a popular television show of the time) was large enough that some in the media were calling it the 10th planet.
With this series of discoveries confronting them, the International Astronomical Union spent two years examining the evidence and called a general meeting in 2006 to vote on what the definition of what a planet would be. The delegates present voted on a definition that excluded Pluto, Eris and any other objects that were close to the same size.
The new designation "dwarf planet" is considered to be an object orbiting the sun that is round, or approximately round, but is smaller than Mercury. The object may also be in an area with several other objects orbiting with it, such as within the asteroid belt. The IAU has only accepted five objects as dwarf planet so far: Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Makemake and Haumea. But there are many other candidate objects discovered by Brown and other astronomers in the years since.
Brown agreed with the demotion of "Xena" (which Eris was still called at the time) to dwarf planet, although he acknowledged other people felt emotional about the loss of Pluto. "I understood. Pluto was part of their mental landscape, the one they had constructed to organize their thinking about the solar system and their own place within it. Pluto seemed like the edge of existence. Ripping Pluto out of that landscape caused what felt to be an inconceivably empty hole," he wrote in his memoir, "How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming."
Years after the vote, however, there are still scientists that refer to Pluto as a planet. For example, NASA published a video in early 2014 from several speakers at the Pluto Science Conference in July 2013 who repeatedly referred to the world as a "planet". Also, people such as NASA's Alan Stern regularly present their arguments for why Pluto should still be considered a planet, citing problems with the IAU definition such as planets never fully clearing the zone around them.
A more recent discovery beyond Pluto's orbit — 2012 VP113, nicknamed "Biden," announced in early 2014 — shows that the zone between Pluto and the Oort Cloud could be populated with more objects like Sedna. The solar system is a more complex place than imagined even a couple of decades ago.
A team from the Aerospace International Research Center (AIRC) has announced the plan to send up a satellite in 2017 and build a new country called Asgardia, named after a city in Norse mythology.
This project aims at creating a protective shield for humankind by defending the Earth from asteroids, dangerous meteorites, space debris, and other threats.
Their core concept is to set up an everlasting space station where people can live, work, and have their own rules and regulations. Asgardia will operate as its own country, independent of any Earthly nation state.
Project leader Dr. Igor Ashurbeyli, said, “It is the realization of man’s eternal dream to leave his cradle on Earth and expand into the Universe. Asgardia’s philosophical envelope is to ‘digitalize’ the Noosphere, creating a mirror of humanity in space but without Earthly division into states, religions, and nations. In Asgardia we are all just Earthlings!”
Asgardia would be an independent nation, and a future member of the U.N. People who are interested in becoming the first citizens of this space nation can apply on the Asgardia website
Professor Ram Jakhu, director of the Institute of Air and Space Law, explained, “The (Asgardia) vision is very, very clear. This nation will do things to help protect the Earth and, secondly, it will be for exclusively peaceful purposes and also allowing access to developing countries that don’t have that (space access). So, if that is done, recognition will not be a major problem. If these four elements (territory, people, government, and recognition) are achieved it will become a state and can apply for its membership in the United Nations.”
Nidhi Goyal
Nidhi is a gold medalist Post Graduate in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. You can also find Nidhi on Google+.
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Wetenschappers: Vreemde boodschappen uit de ruimte zijn waarschijnlijk afkomstig van buitenaards leven
Wetenschappers: Vreemde boodschappen uit de ruimte zijn waarschijnlijk afkomstig van buitenaards leven
Twee astronomen van de Laval-universiteit in Canada hebben bij 234 sterren dusdanig vreemde boodschappen opgevangen dat ze vermoeden dat het gaat om buitenaards leven. Dat schrijft de Britse krant The Independent.
Ermanno Borra en Eric Trottier ontdekten tijdens een onderzoek naar de sterrenhemel dat een aantal sterren vreemd gedrag vertoonde.
Het tweetal heeft geen verklaring voor dit gedrag en concludeert dat het wel eens zou kunnen gaan om buitenaardse wezens die ons op de hoogte willen brengen van hun bestaan.
Voorspeld
“We hebben ontdekt dat de signalen precies de vorm hebben van een buitenaards signaal dat in een eerdere publicatie voorspeld werd en ze liggen dan ook in lijn met deze hypothese,” zeggen de sterrenkundigen.
“Het feit dat ze alleen gevonden zijn bij een kleine fractie van de sterren in een nauw spectrum vlak bij de zon, komt ook overeen met de hypothese van buitenaards leven,” voegden ze toe.
Bevestigen
De wetenschappers benadrukken dat verder onderzoek nodig is om te kunnen bevestigen of het al dan niet gaat om buitenaardse boodschappen.
Het onderzoek verschijnt binnenkort in het blad Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific en is getiteld ‘Signals probably from Extraterrestrial Intelligence’.
Vliegende spinnen of schotels? Het mysterie rond engelenhaar In 1999 kreeg het Australian UFO Registry een telefoontje van ene Peter, die ‘een hele berg witte slierten’ in de lucht zag zweven. De draden bedekten bomen, elektriciteitslijnen en
Vliegende spinnen of schotels? Het mysterie rond engelenhaar
In 1999 kreeg het Australian UFO Registry een telefoontje van ene Peter, die ‘een hele berg witte slierten’ in de lucht zag zweven. De draden bedekten bomen, elektriciteitslijnen en weilanden.
Toen Peter wat van het materiaal wilde verzamelen, ontdekte hij dat het geen katoen of spinrag was. Het bleek te gaan om ‘engelenhaar’.
In 1969 liet de Amerikaanse luchtmacht onderzoek doen naar het vermeende verband tussen engelenhaar en UFO’s. Volgens de onderzoekers ‘valt het materiaal in grote hoeveelheden uit de lucht, is het instabiel en valt het snel uit elkaar’.
Onzeker
Het Condon Report concludeerde dat de samenstelling of herkomst van het engelenhaar in een aantal gevallen onzeker is.
In het geval van Peter kon het mysterie al snel worden opgelost. Enkele dagen later meldde een lokale krant dat de auto van een entomoloog bedekt was met honderden babyspinnen. Hij legde uit dat de witte draden het gevolg waren van spinnen die door de lucht vlogen.
Volgens ufologen en complot-experts hebben de draden een buitenaardse oorsprong. In 1561 zou in Neurenberg engelenhaar uit de lucht zijn gevallen. Vaak wordt het waargenomen na een UFO-melding.
Buitenaardsen
UFO-onderzoeker en piloot Brian Boldman deed in 2001 uitgebreid onderzoek naar engelenhaar. Hij bestudeerde 225 gevallen van engelenhaar tussen 679 na Christus en 2001.
Boldman kwam tot de dat de slierten in sommige gevallen kunnen worden toegeschreven aan spinnen, maar dat andere gelinkt kunnen worden aan buitenaardse activiteit.
De piloot stelde dat in 75 procent van de gevallen ook een UFO-melding was gedaan. Volgens hem is er sprake van een sterke link tussen beide fenomenen.
Chemtrail
Er zijn ook ufologen die zeggen dat engelenhaar geïoniseerde lucht is, voortgebracht door een elektromagnetisch veld van een UFO.
Omdat de draadachtige slierten snel verdwijnen is het moeilijk om ze te onderzoeken. Voor sommigen is engelenhaar bewijs voor chemtrails. Uit tests is namelijk gebleken dat ze soms metalen bevatten.
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Group of orange UFOs Move over Surf City, North Carolina On Aug 27, 2016, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Group of orange UFOs Move over Surf City, North Carolina On Aug 27, 2016, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Aug 27, 2016 Location of sighting: Surf City, North Carolina, USA Source: MUFON #79137
The UFOs in this video attempts to move into formation as they first make a triangle and then a rectangle. This denotes intelligence. Had they been Chinese lanterns, they would be flying one by one in a long line in the sky. I don't see that here. Also Chinese lanterns die in 2-4 minutes. The fact the eyewitness says they stopped above his home for 20+ seconds shows that these were intelligently controlled craft. Scott C. Waring Eyewitness states:
My wife and I were sitting out on our deck around 11PM on August 27, 2016. We noticed a group of orange, glowing orbs from the northeast about 10 feet above the house across the street. They floated slowly and silently towards our direction. We noticed them because we were seated facing north, so you couldn't miss them unless you were asleep. We both observed these object with a skeptics eye at first, but it was unlike anything we had ever seen before. They made absolutely no noise. There was no frame to them (like a Chinese lantern). We saw them from the side and from directly underneath. I rushed into the house, grabbed my camera and told my daughter to come see these objects. I exited our deck into the front yard and started filming. There was 5 of tt a sixth orb was hovering just 5 or so feet above our house as if it was curious of us. That's when my dog started to bark at the object. It hovered over us for about 10 seconds before joining the other 5 orbs. As they all floated away in the distance, they seemed to just disappeared. There was no wind. There was no noise. They were always at least 15-40 feet away from us until they finally floated off and disappeared in the distancehem. They were hovering just above the power lines. The objects were in a line, one behind the other. As they reached our house they moved into a circular formation. They hovered above our house for about 20-30 seconds before going back into a linear formation and moving on towards the southwest. My wife then noticed tha.
White UFO Orb Over Marysville, Washington On September 10, 2016, Video, UFO Sighting News.,
White UFO Orb Over Marysville, Washington On September 10, 2016, Video, UFO Sighting News,
Date of sighting: September 10, 2016 Location of sighting: Marysville, Washington, USA Source: MUFON #79072 These types of UFOs will mimic stars in the sky at night, but then after 10-30 minutes, they will move away. Thats what happened here, and they have been observed over all countries around the world, but usually not this early in the day. This particular orb seems to have been there to look at the contrail pollution, the jet trail is seen at the end of the video. We assume Earth has always been ours, but it may belong to a much older species and they may be constantly gathering data to assess the damage that humanity causes. Scott C. Waring Eyewitness states:
Wife and I were out back sitting in our yard. As I sat I just so happened to look up. The sky was blue and cloudless. As I looked up I saw what at first I thought might be a satelite but quickly realized it had lights of changing color and movement. I then thought it might be an approaching plane with its lights on. All this time my wife was also observing the object. I have video of it. We observed this for almost 15 minutes 10 of which the object did not move it's position in the sky...
PARANORMAL investigators claim to have rumbled a top-secret Ministry of Defence (MoD) alien research centre hidden deep underground in a UFO hotspot.
The British Earth and Aerial Mysteries Society (BEAMS) has released a bizarre 109-page report, following a “special investigation” into the former MoD Defence Evaluation and Research Agency site now run by specialist defence, security and aerospace developer Qinetiq.BEAMS claims Farnborough has had high UFO sighting and alien abduction activity for years and thinks this might be connected to the alleged secret base. The group is convinced there is as much underground as above and what goes on there involves aliens, UFOs, intergalactic defence and futuristic flight development.
Their bizarre theory is based upon cryptic alien symbols they have “discovered” within the site, alleged intelligence service whistleblower testimonies, and the responses from psychic researchers, the report claims.
The BEAMS website says it was set up in 1991 as as a non profit-making studies group into the paranormal.
It said: “We have set up a network of active investigators who relay their gathered information through to our HQ.
“As reporters of the truth, duties of the BEAMS Team include research, interviewing, photography and journalism.”
Investigator Kenneth Parsons superimposed onto mock-up picture of a Farnborough ‘big’ alien sightingReport co-author Hilary Porter claims to have been abducted by aliens a number of timeTwo of its key researchers, chairman Kenneth Parsons and his “alien abductee” partner Hilary Porter, carried out the “inquiry” and said evidence of the underground areas came from government whistleblowers.But they said the smoking gun evidence for the secret base were cryptic signs in the building and on site.The couple concluded that part of the site’s road system has been made to look like an alien being depicted in ancient Aboriginal paintings in Australia, as a sign of the base’s significance.
On top of this they said part of the building has been made to look like a flying saucer.
The report said: “As with the top-secret Area 51 in Nevada, and how that officially did “not exist” for decades…if what we are about to expose ‘does not exist’ either (as it is bound to be claimed), then our Government/military have absolutely nothing to fear from us talking about it – do they?”
The pair claimed the Qinetiq site was the biggest of three secret underground facilities, also in the UK, including two other suspected ones.
Case closed: The ‘smoking gun’ evidence for Qinetiq site being UK Area 51Drawing by Hilary Porter of one of her UFO sightings in FarnboroughTheir report said Government whistleblowers had revealed: “Officers at Chicksands regularly simulated possible outcomes of nuclear war with their counterparts operating from an underground command centre beneath Qinetiq in Farnborough.“One source (who holds a sensitive government post) says that he knows several people currently employed at British underground facilities where acquired alien technology and genetics programmes are being carried out.”The couple said the Cody technology park was also under tight security with armed guards and secret cameras.
But the clincher, in their opinion, was the roundabout system near the main building.
Referring to an aerial slide of the roadways on site, which highlighted this roundabout, the report said: “We suggest that this is a stylised, diagrammatic representation of a grey/reptilian figure – just like the Aboriginal supreme creator paintings attempted to portray – which is only visible like this from the air.”
Posing the question “why was it there?”, the report said: “Why incorporate a massive image of an alien, or supreme creator within a top secret subterranean military site – somewhere so sensitive that it is virtually our own British equivalent of the Area 51 complex in Nevada.”
They surmised that the powers behind the site were confident the public would never see through their cryptic code, but “those” who needed to would recognise it instantly.
Besides, if the roundabout did not do the trick, there was more.
The couple concluded the roof and canopy of the main building had purposely been designed in the shape of a flying saucer just to hammer home the purpose of the secret base to those in the know.
They said the existence of the “underground” parts of the site described by “sources” were further proved by Qinetiq’s involvement in mining coupled with a strange rumbling noise they allegedly heard a cross Farnborough over the last 15 years, which they deduced was it being secretly expanded.
The highway to the real Area 51 in Nevada, USATop Security? QinetiQ base entrance from the reportThree so-called psychic remote viewers given the name of the site, but no more details, as part of the research, also came back with descriptions of a highly technological and disturbing underground base, they claimed.Not convinced? Neither are some other UFO investigators.Nigel Watson, author of the UFOs: The Nazi Connection, said: “It sounds like they are trying to bring a lot of separate things to make (something) whole.”
But he added that “the idea” of alien or flying saucer bases being underground was “nothing new”, dating back to at least 1962, when Albert Bender, founder of the International Flying Saucer Bureau (IFSB) in Bridgeport, Connecticut, claimed that alien beings took him to an underground HQ in Antarctica.
He said: “Sceptics think such stories are the product of malicious disinformation or fantasies, yet that doesn’t stop people believing in their existence. Perhaps if we all go under that flying saucer ‘shelter’ we might all believe.”
An MoD spokesman said: “We do not comment on UFO matters.”
Express.co.uk contacted Qinetiq to comment on the strange suggestions and awaits a further response.
A spokesman said: “We’re taking a look at the very detailed dossier and working on a response.”
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Sunken ‘Alien Spacecraft’ under Baltic Sea still baffles experts, 5 years after discovery
Sunken ‘Alien Spacecraft’ under Baltic Sea still baffles experts, 5 years after discovery
The team that discovered what is today referred to as the Baltic Sea Anomaly in 2011, point out that after five years, no one has been able to identify the object which causes electronic equipment in its vicinity to malfunction.
Artist’s impression of the anomaly by talented German artist Hauke Vagt –http://vaghauk.deviantart.com/
It turns out that there is a mysterious sunken object located at the bottom of the ocean which ever since its discovery, has baffled both experts and marine explorers. The object which bears resemblance to the legendary spaceship from Star Wars: the Millennium Falcon, is called the ‘Baltic Sea Anomaly.’ It was found by underwater explorer research group called Ocean X Team in 2011 at a depth of 91 meters. The team led by captain Peter Lindberg and co-researcher Dennis Asberg noticed the mysterious object and what appear to be drag marks behind it using side-scan sonar equipment.
However, everything was fine until the crew which found the object reported electronic malfunctions while in the vicinity of the sunken object.
“Anything electric out there, and the satellite phone as well, stopped working when we were above the object,” Professional diver Stefan Hogerborn, part of the Ocean X team, said.
“And then when we got away about 200 metres, it turned on again, and when we got back over the object it didn’t work.”
The mysterious ‘Sunken UFO’ is sixty-one meters wide and measures approximately 8 meters in height. The mysterious spherical shape of the object has led people around the world to speculate what it might be, ever since its discovery, theories ranging from a giant mushroom to sunken Russian ship to an alien spaceship have been proposed by millions of people around the world.
One of the many sonar images which defy explanation due to the unnaturally geometric construction. Image Credit.
The mystery surrounding the enigmatic object at the bottom od the Baltic Sea deepened when geologist Steve Weiner said that according to his tests, the object WAS NOT a geological formation –suggesting that the structure was in fact made from “metals which nature could not reproduce itself.”
According to Volker Bruchert, an associate professor of geology at Stockholm University: “My hypothesis is that this object, this structure was formed during the Ice Age many thousands of years ago,” reports Life’s Little Mysteries.com.
Further reports indicate that Lindberg and Asberg apparently told the website Open Minds. Tv that the samples they offered for analysis were not from the object itself but from the vicinity of the object.
The most recent update regarding the anomaly was made in 2015 when Lindberg wrote for What’s Up in The Sky saying that while they had not been to the anomaly recently, they did, however, pass over it with the side-sonar and that they could not see anything new.
Lindberg said that they are planning on visiting the object again:“We will pretty much just be able to do the same things as we did in 2012. It is not for sure yet, but since we’re involved in a new TV project, it might give us the opportunity.”
Lindberg isn’t convinced that the object is actually an ET spacecraft. In response to one question about what the object might be, Lindberg responded: “I think it is something natural, however very odd in its shape. It is tough to give an explanation what it might be exactly since different scientists have different theories.
“For example; Kyle Kingman (marine geologist) are very certain it is a paleosol, Tom Flodén (marine geologist) think it might be a Manganese nodule of tremendous size, Andreas Olsson (marine archaeologist) was quite certain it must be man made after seen the blueview sonar film and videos and all other scientists who has different theories.
7 Things We Learned About 'Star Wars' Science at New York Comic Con
7 Things We Learned About 'Star Wars' Science at New York Comic Con
By Sarah Lewin, Staff Writer
Rei pauses on the planet Jakku during "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" (2015)
Credit: Lucasfilm
NEW YORK— How do lightsabers work? Do droids have rights? Would Kylo Ren's weapon slice off his wrists during combat? These are just some of the scientific questions that "Star Wars" and science experts aimed to answer Saturday (Oct. 8) here at New York Comic Con.
The event, called "Star Wars: The Science Awakens," featured seven panelists whose expertise included astrophysics, biology, psychology, filmmaking and general "Star Wars" nerdiness.
Experts assemble at the "Star Wars: The Science Awakens" panel at New York Comic Con Oct. 8, 2016. (Left to right: Janey Tracey, Christopher Mahon, Mara Wood, Travis Langley, Charles Liu, Eliot Sirota, Monique Renee)
Credit: Sarah Lewin/Space.com
1. Do lightsabers make sense scientifically?
Charles Liu, an astrophysicist at The City University of New York College of Staten Island, said the main issue with lightsabers is how much energy would be required. His explanation assumed lightsabers would be made of plasma.
"If you build plasma up to a high enough energy, they [lightsabers] actually can have a physical reaction with one another," Liu said. "So if you could contain superpowerful plasma in these magnetic bottles, or something, and they knock against one another, they might actually be able to release noise and a physical resistance."
"The problem is, if you have that much power and ability to confine that much plasma, you don't want to leave it in a stick — you want to blast and level a city with it," he added.
With today's technology, it would not be possible to get that much power into such a small, portable package, said Christopher Mahon, a writer at science/sci-fi website Outerplaces.com. It'd need about 100 times the power density of a cellphone, which isn't currently possible, he said.
"And look what happened when Samsung tried to make a slightly more powerful battery," Liu joked, referring to the company's recently recalled Note 7 smartphone. (Hint: They exploded.)
A lightsaber could be a beam of plasma shaped like a donut, circling in on itself and maybe controlled by some sort of black hole in the handle with adjustable strength, the panelists said. But even then, the plasma would give off way more excess radiation, spraying the surroundings with light and particles, unless it was somehow siphoned off into some other dimension, they said.
The group also discussed whether the Force was necessary for someone to operate a lightsaber, which would help explain any nonscientific functioning of the weapon. But Han Solo uses a lightsaber, and his connection to the Force is unclear, psychologist and "Talking Comics" podcast host Mara Wood pointed out. Ultimately, it's probably that the Force makes people better lightsaber users but isn't crucial to the weapon's function. [Is a Real Lightsaber Possible? Science Offers a New Hope]
2. Would Kylo Ren's lightsaber slice up his arms?
Eliot Sirota, a visual-effects artist and filmmaker, recalled when the internet freaked out over the first "The Force Awakens" trailer because it featured two short mini-beams coming out of the sides of villain Kylo Ren's lightsaber.
As it turns out, the design is more practical than one might expect, assuming lightsabers themselves actually worked. Sirota cited weapons expert Steve Huff, who had been on this same panel in the past.
Huff tested the design: He built a foam model of Kylo Ren's weapon and put chalk on the blades, covering every part of the light beams' surface to reflect how every edge is a cutting edge. Then, he tested the model out with a German longsword fighting style that featured similarly shaped swords. When he went through a series of movements from that fighting style, he didn't get any chalk on the wrists of his black gloves, indicating he wouldn't have cut his body.
Therefore, people with the Force who were well trained, like Jedi and Kylo Ren, would likely have nothing to fear from their own weapon, he said.
"That's also some security about somebody else just picking up your weapon, because they turn their hand slightly, and the hand goes to the floor," added Travis Langley, editor and lead writer of the book "Star Wars Psychology: Dark Side of the Mind" (Sterling, 2015).
3. Do droids have rights?
Droids, like Luke Skywalker's companions R2D2 and C3PO, are beloved characters in the "Star Wars" movies, but most characters seem to treat them with complete disregard. It's unclear what rights droids have in "Star Wars" society, the panelists noted, if they have any at all.
"I'm a droid-rights advocate," Sirota said. "They're just disposable … [Scavengers] go out and just find them in the sand, and fix them up, sort of, and sell them off like a garage sale."
That behavior can seem jarring to audiences because the droids seem to be sentient, or they at least simulate sentience. After all, they seem to come up with original thoughts, meeting an artificial intelligence criterion called the Lovelace test, Mahon said. The Lovelace test evaluates whether an artificial being has creativity, and is an alternative to the Turing test (which evaluates whether it can pass as human). Moreover, the droids of the "Star Wars" universe have personalities that are more complex than anyone would probably program (such as C3PO's strange, complaining nature).
The characters in "Star Wars" seem to diverge in how they treat droids, the panelists noted: Skywalker family members seem to treat them well, but otherwise, they're pretty much viewed as machines.
A major exception, the panelists added, is cyborgs — characters who are part human and part machine, who seem to be treated as fully human. But where do you draw the line?
"Darth Vader is probably the perfect example of that," Langley said — he's transformed by and reliant on cybernetic implants, which could account for some of the drastic changes to his personality over the course of his storyline.
And perhaps we shouldn't be surprised to find that the ethical concerns in the "Star Wars" universe can be different from those facing humans on Earth. This is, after all, a civilization that relies on cloned human soldiers.
"There may be some ethical differences in the 'Star Wars' universe, given that we discuss the sentience of droids and it doesn't seem to be a topic [there]," said Monique Renee, who dresses in costume as part of the 501st and Rebel Legions and is studying zoology, biology and paleontology. "Cloning people might just be something they do there that we might not."
4. How would travel through hyperspace work?
The panelists' response to hyperspace is to cite string theory, a real-world framework that attempts to describe physics in terms of tiny, vibrating one-dimensional strings which exist in many more dimensions than we can sense. Essentially, if something like the string-theory universe were real, Mahon said, ships could travel largely through other dimensions — mostly outside of known space-time, but still leaving a "mass shadow," like a ghost, in their wakes).
"People are trying to develop a theory that explains our physics, here — not with four dimensions but with 10," Liu said. An 11-dimensional structure would tie them all together, he added — and by moving outside of our usual dimensions " you can literally jump back into any point in space-time," he said.
That might even explain the widely varying times it takes people to get around in the "Star Wars" universe, Liu added. For some string theories, the universe isn't uniform in all dimensions, so it could take longer to get to certain locations than to others.
5. Do planet-destroying lasers make sense?
"NO," Liu declared, the superweapons do not make sense.
Moreover, under the universal laws of physics, it would not be possible to funnel a star's energy into a planet without it immediately turning into a star itself, the panelists said.
If a planet were somehow vaporized, it would ultimately mess with the orbits of other planets in the system, Liu added. For instance, if Earth were turned to rubble, it would eventually become a ring system around the sun and, in turn, slowly change Mars' and Venus' orbits a bit. Saturn's rings, for instance, are held in place by shepherd moons that keep the rings from deviating.
6. Would destroying the Death Star ruin the economy?
An audience member brought up a theory, discussed by The Film Theorists on YouTube: that the destruction of the Death Star superweapon would be devastating to the galactic economy. The panelists, however, doubted that would be the case.
"A couple of astronomers and NASA technicians have said 'Star Wars' is the land of infinite fuel, because all the starships can go pretty much anywhere," Mahon said. "If you're dealing with star systems with thousands of planets across a galaxy, the resources are just incalculable. And the Galactic Empire loves superweapons; that's one of their big things. So they probably have the logistics system in place to make it happen."
"The Empire as a government doesn't care about how everyone else is doing; they just take what they want," Sirota added. "Let's just go to a planet and strip-mine it and take all their resources, and — 'Oh, sorry guys, see you later; we're going to go build a Star Destroyer.'" [Photos: 'Star Wars and the Power of Costume' Exhibition]
7. Is "Star Wars" science fiction or fantasy?
Janey Tracey, managing editor of Outerplaces.com, said this question puts "Star Wars" fans in a bind: It's either fantasy, or you have to accept midi-chlorians as real (the widely disliked biological explanation for the Force given in the series' prequel movies). Part of the reason people disliked that narrative turn, the panelists said, was that viewers didn't feel the need to understand the science behind the Force to appreciate the movies' storylines.
"'Star Wars' is really apart from something like 'Star Trek,' for me, because you look at 'Star Trek,' and the science is just so important to the fans and the creators," Renee said. "[In] 'Star Wars,' the science is more of a framework to hang the story off of. It really wasn't quite as important. It's there; it's just meant to explain what's going on, and you suspend your disbelief and just go with it."
That discussion raised another question: "Why has their science advanced so little in 1,000 years?" Langley asked. The panelists speculated that the dark days of the universe could have stalled technological development, as in Earth's Middle Ages, or perhaps the existence of the Force itself made technology irrelevant. After all, when the Force was weak, the technological Empire rose. [10 Real Alien Worlds That Resemble 'Star Wars' Planets]
"Star Wars" "could be science fiction, science fantasy, real — it just isn't necessarily human," Liu said later in the panel. "The fact that they look human is utterly coincidental if they're that far away and it's that long ago."
Ultimately, though, "Star Wars" is based on a traditional "hero's journey" narrative — the heroic quests that come up again and again in mythology around the world. Series' creator George Lucas purposely followed that format, the panelists said, and it's part of the reason the movies resonate so immediately with an audience (and also why people thought "The Force Awakens" ripped off "A New Hope"; both films hewed to that narrative.) "Star Trek," on the other hand, focuses on humanity's overall journey into the future.
"'Star Wars' is the hero's journey," Sirota said. "'Star Trek' is the human journey."
Mission to Mars: Here Are All of the Red Planet Plans in the Works
Mission to Mars: Here Are All of the Red Planet Plans in the Works
By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer
President Barack Obama announced Tuesday (Oct. 11) that NASA will send astronauts to Mars before the end of the 2030s, reaffirming a directive he gave the space agency back in 2010. But there's no guarantee that NASA will get there first; several other organizations also have the Red Planet in their sights, and on more aggressive timelines.
NASA is taking a multistep approach to its ultimate goal of putting boots on Mars.
The journey begins in low Earth orbit aboard the International Space Station (ISS), which has hosted rotating crews continuously since November 2000. During this time, NASA and its ISS partners have been learning more and more about how to support astronauts on space missions.
This effort took a big step forward this past March, when NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko wrapped up an unprecedented11-month mission aboard the orbiting lab that gave researchers new data about the physiological and psychological effects of long-duration spaceflight. (A Mars mission will be long-duration; it takes six to nine months to get to the Red Planet using currently available propulsion technology.)
In the next 10 years, NASA plans to extend the reach of human spaceflight out near the moon, to test spaceflight gear — such as the Space Launch System (SLS) megarocket and Orion crew capsule, both of which are in development — in a "proving ground" in deep space. For example, in the mid-2020s, the agency plans to send astronauts out to lunar orbit, to visit an asteroid boulder dragged there by a robotic spacecraft. (The boulder-snagging first part of this Asteroid Redirect Mission is scheduled to launch in the early 2020s.)
After the proving ground comes the journey to Mars itself. Current plans call for sending astronauts to Mars orbit in the early 2030s, with trips to the surface coming sometime after that. NASA officials have said they hope to eventually set up a small outpost on the Red Planet, where astronauts would search for signs of Mars life and perform other research. [6 Private Deep Space Habitats to Pave Way to Mars]
Mars Base Camp
NASA officials have stressed that the agency's journey to Mars will be a group effort.
In this spirit of cooperation, earlier this year, aerospace company Lockheed Martin unveiled its proposal for "Mars Base Camp," a 132-ton (120 metric tons) Red Planet space station composed primarily of two Orion capsules and two habitat modules/science laboratories.
Mars Base Camp — a collaboration involving NASA, its international partners and private industry — would support up to six astronauts, who would stay aboard for a year or so. During this time, they would operate robots on the Martian surface, look for signs of life in samples of Red Planet dirt and rock, and take trips to the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos, among other tasks, Lockheed representatives have said.
Mars Base Camp could conceivably be established as early as 2028, Lockheed representatives have said. The space station would also be a way station of sorts: Shortly after the first orbital mission, other crews would head down to the Red Planet, company representatives have said, though they have not yet discussed those surface plans in detail.
Artist's illustration of SpaceX's planned Interplanetary Transport System spaceship arriving at Mars.
Credit: SpaceX
SpaceX: A huge Mars colony
SpaceX's dreams are bigger than an orbiting Martian space station or small research outpost on the surface. Last month, the company's billionaire founder and CEO, Elon Musk, announced that SpaceX aims to help establish a million-person Mars colony in the next 50 to 100 years.
To make this happen, SpaceX plans to build the Interplanetary Transport System (ITS), which will combine the most powerful rocket in history with a 100-person spaceship that will ferry settlers to and from the Red Planet. [SpaceX's Interplanetary Transport for Mars in Images]
If everything goes perfectly, Musk said, the fully reusable ITS could launch its first crews in 2024. But SpaceX also aims to launch uncrewed missions using its Dragon capsule and Falcon Heavy rocket beginning in 2018, to test out landing systems and other technologies critical to the colonization effort.
This is no lark on SpaceX's part. Musk has stressed repeatedly that he founded SpaceX back in 2002 primarily to help humanity become a multiplanet species, and he said during the ITS unveiling last month that the main reason he has been "accumulating assets" over the years is to fund Mars colonization.
Mars One: One-way trip
SpaceX isn't the only group angling for a Mars colony. The Netherlands-based nonprofit Mars One has the same goal, though on a much smaller scale.
Mars One plans to launch robotic precursor missions to the Red Planet in 2020, 2022 and 2024, to lay the groundwork for the first settlers, who will launch in 2026 and land on Mars in 2027. (Earth and Mars align favorably for interplanetary missions just once every 26 months.)
If everything works out, Mars One will continue sending four-person crews to the Red Planet at every launch opportunity, gradually building up a permanent, self-sustaining settlement. At the moment, there are no plans to bring any of these colonists home. (That's in contrast to SpaceX's system, in which spaceships will be flying back and forth between Earth and Mars repeatedly, giving Mars pioneers the option to come back.)
Mars One has estimated that it will cost about $6 billion to get the first four pioneers to Mars. The organization aims to raise most of this money by staging a global media event around the entire project, from astronaut selection, to launch, to the colonists' time on the Red Planet.
Other projects possible
It's possible other crewed Mars efforts will take shape in the near future.
For example, billionaire Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, who leads the private spaceflight company Blue Origin, has said he aims to help get millions of people living and working in space eventually. Blue Origin has already launched multiple test flights of its suborbital New Shepard vehicle and recently announced that it's developing a big orbital rocket known as New Glenn.
Bezos also mentioned that the company plans to develop something called New Armstrong but revealed no details about the project. Will New Armstrong, or another Blue Origin effort down the road, help get astronauts to Mars? We'll just have to wait and see.
In the past, both the European Space Agency and Russia have expressed interest in putting boots on Mars, as has China (though China is working on getting people to the moon first). These players could end up making a push toward the Red Planet, either alone or as part of a coalition — perhaps NASA's coalition (though current U.S. laws prohibit extensive cooperation with China in spaceflight endeavors). To make a long story short: There's a lot happening, so stay tuned!
Infrared images of Uranus' two hemispheres taken with the Keck telescope July 11 and 12, 2004. The planet's north pole points down and to the right.
Credit: Lawrence Sromovsky, University of Wisconsin-Madison/W.W. Keck Observatory
Weird waves in Uranus' rings suggest there might be two tiny, unknown moonlets orbiting there.
Researchers know little about the distant, icy planet Uranus compared to other planets in the solar system. Only one spacecraft has flown by it, Voyager 2 in 1986, and scientists have pieced together the rest of their observations through views from Earth-based and orbiting telescopes. The planet has rings — narrower and much darker in color than most of Saturn's, with uneven widths and strange, sharp edges — and is tilted dramatically on its side, giving rise to decades-long seasons and extreme weather patterns.
Uranus has a crowded consortium of at least 27 moons named for literary figures, some orbiting in tight, unstable-looking formations. And now, new analysis of data from the Voyager 2 flyby suggests that two more tiny moons lurk even closer to the planet than those already known. [Photos of Uranus: A Strange, Tilted Planet]
Robert Chancia, a graduate student at University of Idaho, Moscow, investigated the patterns created when Voyager 2 beamed radio waves through the planet's rings toward Earth. Based on how much light makes it through the rings, researchers can discern how much ring material there is at a particular spot, Chancia told Space.com.
This image of Uranus from Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer, taken in 1997, caught the planet's rotation and the movement of many of its moons over the course of 90 minutes. The three colors on the body of the planet correspond to three wavelengths of infrared light; blue indicates clearest atmospheric conditions, penetrating further down, whereas green shows a haze of methane gas and red shows hydrogen.
Credit: NASA/JPL/STScI
And he found something unexpected around two thin inner rings, called alpha and beta: "At the edges of the rings … it's almost like the amount of stuff is going up and down in a periodic fashion that looks kind of like a wave, with crests and troughs," Chancia said. "It seems consistent with something disturbing the rings there," he added.
The waves' composition seem to reflect the rippling wake of a passing moon, Chancia said. Plugging the data into a model used to discover one of Saturn's moons, the group found that the waves could be caused by small moonlets orbiting just outside each of the rings.
Although the moons would have moved on from their exact positions 30 years ago, the waves reveal their approximate masses and radial locations, which likely still apply today, Chancia said. To try and verify the new moons' existence, Chancia combined Voyager 2 images of the planet in which the moons should have been visible. While other known moons were highlighted using this method, the potential new moonlets did not materialize.
"Based on the amplitude of this wave pattern and that distance from the ring … and our attempts to find the moon in images, it basically points toward if they exist, they're pretty tiny," Chancia said. That means the moons are likely smaller than 3 miles (5 kilometers) in radius, which would make them smaller and closer in than any of Uranus' known moons. "The most likely scenario is that it's a small object that's right at the level of the noise in the images."
Understanding Uranus' rings, and the moons interacting with them, can help reveal more about the planet's gravity and interior structure. Eight of Uranus' nine main rings are very thin, less than 10 km (6 miles) thick, Chancia said. Researchers aren't sure how the rings stay narrow over time when the particle collisions should cause them to spread out, or how long they've existed around the planet, but the actions of "shepherd moons" orbiting along with the rings may be keeping some of them in line. The moons Cordelia and Ophelia appear to keep Uranus' outermost, widest ring relatively confined between around 20 and 100 km (12 and 62 miles) in width, for instance, and a similar setup may corral one of Saturn's rings.
"Finding a small moon like this that could be helping to keep the alpha and beta rings confined and shed some light on that story could help — or just confuse things more," Chancia said.
Mark Showalter, a researcher at SETI Institute in California, told New Scientistthat the moons' presence is "certainly a very plausible possibility." Chancia said that Showalter and others can investigate data about Uranus from the Hubble Space Telescope to try to scope out traces of the two new moons. A lot of what scientists know about Uranus came from similar telescope observations, and this data offers the best opportunity to verify the moons' existence, Chancia said — at least until some future mission approaches the ice giant once again.
The new work has been accepted to The Astronomical Journal, and is available online at the preprint site arXiv.
What's Up with 'Niku'? Object's Weird Orbit Puzzles Scientists
What's Up with 'Niku'? Object's Weird Orbit Puzzles Scientists
By Charles Q. Choi, Space.com Contributor
An artist’s impression of a Kuiper Belt object (KBO), located about 4 billion miles from the Sun.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)
A mysterious object in the outer reaches of the solar system is revolving around the sun in an abnormal way, and scientists currently cannot explain why.
The object has been nicknamed Niku, a Chinese adjective that means "rebellious," by the group of researchers who announced its discovery in August. This name was chosen because the object's orbit is retrograde, meaning it moves in the opposite direction of nearly everything else in the solar system.
Niku was discovered by researchers who used the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) in Hawaii, and it lies in the outer reaches of the solar system, about 35 times farther away from the sun than Earth, beyond the orbit of Neptune. [The Pan-STARRS Asteroid Hunting Telescope]
Niku's orbit is inclined at an extreme 110-degree tilt with respect to the relatively thin, flat zone in which the eight major planets of the solar system orbit. In contrast, most trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are in much less inclined orbits.
The retrograde and extremely tilted nature of the orbits of Niku and another TNO nicknamed "Drac" led the scientists to try to find out whether there were objects with similar orbital characteristics that were listed in the Minor Planet Center database (which contains information about more than 1,000 small bodies in the solar system). They discovered four other objects with orbits that were either retrograde or nearly retrograde (meaning is orbit is inclined by less than, but close to, 90 degrees) and were also highly tilted. Two of these objects are Centaurs — bodies that orbit between Jupiter and Neptune.
A gif showing Niku moving across the sky, taken with the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) in Hawaii.
The scientists were surprised to find that all six of these objects appear to orbit within a common plane.
"They're not randomly distributed in the sky — they all seem to be aligned," study co-author Matthew Payne, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, told Space.com.
Computer simulations that the researchers carried out suggest that Niku and Drac may have been in their orbits for hundreds of millions of years. In addition, the scientists suggest that there may be more extremely inclined objects in this group.
It remains uncertain why these six objects apparently cluster together. Astrophysicists Konstantin Batygin and Michael Brown at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena recently found that they may have been scattered off-kilter from the rest of the solar system by the gravitational pull of "Planet Nine," a world about 10 times Earth's mass that may exist about 500 times farther away from the sun than Earth.
Another possible origin for this group is "galactic tides." As the sun orbits the center of the Milky Way, it moves up and down within the disk of the galaxy, and "tidal forces are exerted on the solar system that are thought in general to have a variety of effects, such as disturbing the Oort Cloud and throwing comets into the solar system," Payne said.
The scientists detailed their findings Oct. 17 at the American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences and European Planetary Science Congress in Pasadena, California.
Mysterious Cosmic Objects Erupting in X-rays Discovered
Mysterious Cosmic Objects Erupting in X-rays Discovered
Astronomers have found a pair of extraordinary cosmic objects that dramatically burst in X-rays. This discovery, obtained with NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA’s XMM-Newton observatory, may represent a new class of explosive events found in space.
The mysterious X-ray sources flare up and become about a hundred times brighter in less than a minute, before returning to original X-ray levels after about an hour. At their peak, these objects qualify as ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) that give off hundreds to thousands of times more X-rays than typical binary systems where a star is orbiting a black hole or neutron star.
Animation of flaring X-ray source in Galaxy NGC 5128. Credits: NASA/CXC/UA/J.Irwin et al.
This image shows the location in galaxy NGC 5128 of a remarkable source that dramatically flares in X-rays unlike any ever seen.
“We’ve never seen anything like this,” said Jimmy Irwin of the University of Alabama, who led the study that appears in the latest issue of the journal Nature. “Astronomers have seen many different objects that flare up, but these may be examples of an entirely new phenomenon.”
While magnetars – young neutron stars with powerful magnetic fields – have been known to produce bright and rapid flares in X-rays, these newly discovered objects are different in key ways.
First, magnetars only take a few seconds to tens of seconds to decline in X-rays after a flare. Secondly, these new flaring objects are found in populations of old stars in elliptical galaxies, which are spherical or egg-shaped galaxies that are composed mostly of older stars.
This makes it unlikely that these new flaring objects are young, astronomically speaking, like magnetars are thought to be. Also, these objects are brighter in X-rays during their “calm” periods.
“These flares are extraordinary,” said Peter Maksym, a co-author from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. “For a brief period, one of the sources became one of the brightest ULX to ever be seen in an elliptical galaxy.”
When they are not flaring, these sources appear to be normal binary systems where a black hole or neutron star is pulling material from a companion star similar to the Sun. This indicates that the flares do not significantly disrupt the binary system.
While the nature of these flares is unknown, the team has begun to search for answers. One idea is that the flares represent episodes when matter being pulled away from a companion star falls rapidly onto a black hole or neutron star. This could happen when the companion makes its closest approach to the compact object in an eccentric orbit. Another explanation could involve matter falling onto an intermediate-mass black hole, with a mass of about 800 times that of the Sun for one source and 80 times that of the Sun for the other.
“Now that we've discovered these flaring objects, observational astronomers and theorists alike are going to be working hard to figure out what’s happening,” said co-author Gregory Sivakoff of the University of Alberta.
One of the sources, located near and presumably associated with the galaxy NGC 4636 at a distance of 47 million light years, was observed with Chandra to flare once. Five flares were detected from the other source, which is located near the galaxy NGC 5128 at a distance of 14 million light years. Four of these flares were seen with Chandra and one with XMM-Newton.
The team looked at the X-ray variation of several thousand X-ray sources in Chandra observations of 70 nearby galaxies. Although several examples of flaring X-ray sources were found, none exhibited the behavior of the giant rapid flares reported here.
NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, controls Chandra’s science and flight operations.
“We hebben nog nooit zoiets gezien”: Astronomen spotten mysterieuze objecten in de ruimte
“We hebben nog nooit zoiets gezien”: Astronomen spotten mysterieuze objecten in de ruimte
Wetenschappers hebben twee mysterieuze objecten in de ruimte ontdekt die spectaculaire uitbarstingen van röntgenstraling vertonen. Ze zijn nog nooit eerder gezien.
Mogelijk gaat het om een nieuwe klasse van explosieve gebeurtenissen in de ruimte. Niemand weet precies waar we mee te maken hebben.
Deze mysterieuze objecten, die zich in twee verschillende sterrenstelsels bevinden, lijken op ultraheldere röntgenbronnen (ultraluminous X-ray sources, afgekort tot ULXs), maar hun ongewone gedrag komt niet overeen met bekende kosmische fenomenen.
Veel langer
De vreemde röntgenbronnen vlammen op en worden in minder dan een minuut tijd honderd keer zo helder, om in de loop van een uur weer af te zwakken tot het normale niveau. Daarmee duren de uitbarstingen veel langer dan die van bekende objecten.
Hoe dit gedrag ontstaat is nog onduidelijk. Eén van de mogelijkheden is dat het dubbelsterren betreft, bestaande uit een normale ster en een zwart gat of een neutronenster.
De opvlammingen zouden ontstaan wanneer de ster zijn zware begeleider zo dicht nadert, dat er materie aan hem wordt onttrokken.
Volstrekt nieuw fenomeen
“We hebben nog nooit zoiets gezien,” zegt astronoom Jimmy Irwin van de Universiteit van Alabama. “Astronomen hebben al veel verschillende opvlammende objecten gezien, maar dit zijn mogelijk voorbeelden van een volstrekt nieuw fenomeen.”
Eén van de röntgenbronnen bevindt zich in de buurt van het 47 miljoen lichtjaar verre sterrenstelsel NGC 4636. Van dit object is één uitbarsting waargenomen, in februari 2003.
De andere bron staat in de buurt van het stelsel Centaurus A, dat 14 miljoen lichtjaar van ons is verwijderd. Daarvan zijn tussen 2007 en 2014 vijf uitbarstingen geregistreerd.
Eén van de helderste
“Deze opvlammingen zijn buitengewoon,” zei Peter Maksym van het Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. “Korte tijd werd één van de bronnen één van de helderste ULXs die we ooit hebben gezien in een elliptisch sterrenstelsel.”
Astronomen proberen de komende tijd uit te zoeken wat hier precies aan de hand is, aldus Gregory Sivakoff van de Universiteit van Alberta.
SPOREN OBJECT BODEM OOSTZEE WIJZEN NAAR ATLANTIS ( VIDEO )
SPOREN OBJECT BODEM OOSTZEE WIJZEN NAAR ATLANTIS ( VIDEO )
De afgelopen jaren deden we regelmatig verslag over een mysterieus object op de bodem de Oostzee, waarvan velen denken dat het een gecrashte UFO is.
Na uitgebreid onderzoek is in ieder geval duidelijk dat het een kunstmatige constructie is en dat het dus niet natuurlijk is ontstaan.
Vooralsnog blijft het vreemde object op de bodem van de Oostzee nog een raadsel, alhoewel er nu een aantal mensen zijn die denken dit mysterie te hebben opgelost.
Afgelopen zomer haalden ze de internationale pers met het bericht dat ze eigenlijk per ongeluk ontdekt hadden dat er een groot UFO-achtig object op de bodem van de Oostzee lag.
Zoals op onderstaande foto te zien is, bedraagt de doorsnede van het object ongeveer 60 meter en is er op de bodem van de zee ook een soort spoor te zien van ongeveer 300 meter lang, alsof het object gecrashed is en doorgeschoven op de zeebodem
Volgens een groep onderzoekers die bekendstaan onder de naam Resonance Group is het raadsel van het Oostzee object opgelost en hebben we hier te maken met een oud monument van ongeveer 14.000 jaar oud, thuishoort in het late paleolithicum en waarschijnlijk onderdeel vormt van het oude Atlantis.
Zij denken dat dat wat er uitziet als een soort landingsbaan een ceremoniële laan is die je wel vaker aantreft bij tempelcomplexen in centraal Amerika en Mexico.
Daarnaast hebben ze een aantal tekens (hiëroglyfen) ontdekt die zouden kunnen wijzen op het voormalige Atlantis.
Al eerder werd duidelijk dat er metalen zijn gebruikt in de constructie van dit object, waarvan er één titanium is. Dit laatste is weer een materiaal dat wordt geassocieerd met de bouw van ruimteschepen en dergelijke.
Volgens de Human Resonance Group zorgen de metalen deeltjes in de constructie ervoor dat er een geleider ontstaat die elektromagnetische golven omzet in een soort vortex.
Dit zou dan volgens hen verklaren waarom alle elektrische apparatuur in de buurt van het object uitvalt. Deze vortex zorgt dan voor verstoringen, vergelijkbaar met die die optreden in buurt van piramides, zoals dat is ervaren door zowel militaire als civiele piloten in landen als Egypte, Mexico en Guatemala.
Titanium in de constructie en het uitvallen van elektrische apparatuur zijn natuurlijk ook beiden kenmerken van het UFO fenomeen. Bij de bouw van UFO's wordt waarschijnlijk titanium gebruikt en er zijn talloze verhalen en voorbeelden bekend waarbij de elektrische stroom in de buurt van UFO’s is uitgevallen.
Nu hoeft misschien het één het ander niet uit te sluiten en is het heel goed mogelijk dat dit object stamt uit het tijdperk van Atlantis.
Of het dan een monument was, of dat het een totaal andere functie had, staat dan nog open. En wie weet, was er in de tijd van Atlantis wel sprake van druk ruimteverkeer met andere planeten en speelde het object op de bodem van de Oostzee daar een bepaalde rol in.
Als het object op de bodem van de Oostzee ons iets duidelijk maakt, dan is dat het feit dat we zo goed als niets weten over onze eigen menselijke geschiedenis.
Er zijn verschillende manieren om beelden te krijgen van de Maan, maar de meest eenvoudige is een telescoop.
Wanneer je daar dan doorheen kijkt en je ziet iets, dan kun je er gevoegelijk vanuit gaan dat het echt is.
Een Youtube gebruiker die bekendstaat onder de naam UFOvni2012 heeft een video online gezet waarin beelden voorkomen van de maan die gemaakt zijn met een telescoop.
De telescoop die gebruikt is heet Celestron Nexstar Evolution 9.25. Het zegt ons weinig, maar kenners waarschijnlijk wel.
Hoe dan ook, met deze telescoop wordt iets ontdekt op de noordpool van de maan en wanneer wat verder wordt ingezoomd, dan blijkt dat een merkwaardig gebouw te zijn.
Dat roept dan een aantal interessante vragen op.
De eerste is natuurlijk dat er zich volgens NASA op de maan geen vreemde gebouwen bevinden die misschien toebehoren of toebehoorden aan beschavingen die of op de maan bivakkeerden of daar misschien zelfs wel woonden.
De tweede vraag die boven komt, is alleen voor de aanhangers van de platte aarde theorie:
Waarom zou men als de aarde plat is en de maan niets anders is dan een hologram die in de lucht hangt, de moeite nemen om daar op de noordpool een gebouw te projecteren? Het zou kunnen natuurlijk en ook dat daar dan een reden voor zou zijn en mocht iemand die (denken te) weten, dan horen wij het graag.
Al met al blijft dit een interessante opname, want het is weer eens wat anders dan opnamen van NASA waarvan je nooit weet of ermee geknoeid is of niet.
Dan geldt uiteraard ook voor UFOvni2012, alhoewel we er vooralsnog vanuit gaan dat het gebouw op de noordpool van de maan inderdaad is geregistreerd door zijn telescoop.
Nieuw onderzoek trekt versnelde uitdijing van universum in twijfel
Nieuw onderzoek trekt versnelde uitdijing van universum in twijfel
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Het bewijs voor de versnelde uitdijing – dat drie astronomen in 2011 de Nobelprijs opleverde – is bij nader inzien toch niet zo overtuigend.
Aan het eind van de jaren negentig kwamen drie astronomen tot de conclusie dat het universum versneld uitdijde. Ze baseerden zich op een analyse van supernova’s van type Ia en mochten jaren later – in 2011 – een Nobelprijs in ontvangst nemen voor hun ontdekking. De wetenschappelijke wereld heeft de uitdijing van het universum inmiddels omarmd en zelfs een mysterieuze substantie in het leven geroepen die de drijvende kracht zou zijn achter de versnelde uitdijing: donkere energie.
Dunnetjes Maar misschien moeten we nog eens goed nadenken over de versnelde uitdijing, zo suggereren onderzoekers van de universiteit van Oxford in het blad Scientific Reports. Het bewijs ervoor is – bij nader inzien – namelijk wat dunnetjes.
3 sigma De onderzoekers trekken die conclusie nadat ze 740 supernova’s van type Ia bestudeerden. Dat zijn er ongeveer tien keer meer dan de Nobelprijswinnende astronomen in de jaren negentig van de vorige eeuw analyseerden. “En we ontdekten dat het bewijs voor versnelde uitdijing hooguit een 3 sigma is, zoals natuurkundigen dat zeggen,” zo vertelt onderzoeker Subir Sarkar. “Dat is veel minder dan de “5 sigma-standaard” die nodig is om een ontdekking van fundamentele betekenis te claimen.”
Over sigma Sigma vertelt iets over hoe zeker wetenschappers van hun zaak zijn. Wanneer ze spreken over 5 sigma dan is de kans dat hun gegevens op toeval berusten één op 3 miljoen. Hebben ze het over 3 sigma dan is de kans dat hun gegevens op toeval berusten 1 op 1000. “Een vergelijkbaar voorbeeld is de recente suggestie dat er met behulp van de Large Hadron Collider een nieuw deeltje ontdekt was met een massa van 750 GeV,” legt Sarkar uit. “In eerste instantie had het een 3.9 en 3.4 sigma-meting in december. Maar nieuwe gegevens lieten in augustus zien dat de significantie gedaald was naar minder dan 1 sigma. Het was gewoon een statistische fluctuatie en het deeltje bestaat niet.”
Constante uitdijing En ook over de versnelde uitdijing van het universum zijn de onderzoekers dus nu iets minder zeker. Sterker nog: het nieuwe onderzoek wijst erop dat het universum heel constant uitdijt. Het zou goed kunnen verklaren waarom we maar geen grip kunnen krijgen op de aard van donkere energie – de hypothetische drijvende kracht achter de uitdijing – want als het universum niet uitdijt, is er ook geen donkere energie.
Kosmische achtergrondstraling Maar hoe zit het dan met al die andere gegevens die het idee van een sneller uitdijend universum onderschrijven? Je moet dan bijvoorbeeld denken aan de kosmische achtergrondstraling. “De kosmische achtergrondstraling wordt niet direct beïnvloed door donkere energie,” merkt Sarkar fijntjes op. Hij wijst er tevens op dat veel vervolgonderzoek uitgevoerd is met de gedachten dat het universum versneld uitdijt en dat donker energie daar achter zit, in het achterhoofd.
“Natuurlijk moet er nog veel meer werk verzet worden om de natuurkundige wereld hiervan te overtuigen, maar ons werk laat zien dat een belangrijke pijler van het standaardmodel van de kosmologie vrij wankel is. Hopelijk leidt het tot betere analyses van kosmologische data en inspireert het theoretici om genuanceerdere kosmologische modellen te bestuderen.”
'Planet Nine' Can't Hide Much Longer, Scientists Say
'Planet Nine' Can't Hide Much Longer, Scientists Say
By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer
Artist's illustration of Planet Nine, a world about 10 times more massive than Earth that may lie undiscovered in the outer solar system.
Credit: Caltech/R. Hurt (IPAC)
Planet Nine's days of lurking unseen in the dark depths of the outer solar system may be numbered.
The hypothetical giant planet, which is thought to be about 10 times more massive than Earth, will be discovered within 16 months or so, astronomer Mike Brown predicted.
"I'm pretty sure, I think, that by the end of next winter — not this winter, next winter — I think that there'll be enough people looking for it that … somebody's actually going to track this down," Brown said during a news conference Wednesday (Oct. 19) at a joint meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS) and the European Planetary Science Congress (EPSC) in Pasadena, California. Brown said that eight to 10 groups are currently looking for the planet. [The Evidence for 'Planet Nine' in Images (Gallery)]
At the "next one of these [DPS-EPSC meetings], we'll be talking about finding Planet Nine instead of just looking for it," added Brown, who's based at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena.
That would be a pretty quick path from hypothetical planet to confirmed world. The existence of Planet Nine was seriously proposed for the first time just in 2014, by astronomers Scott Sheppard and Chadwick Trujillo, of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, D.C., and the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii, respectively.
Sheppard and Trujillo noted that the dwarf planet Sedna, the newfound object 2012 VP113 and several other bodies far beyond Pluto share certain odd orbital characteristics, a coincidence that would make sense if their paths through space had been shaped by an unseen, giant "perturber" in the region.
The researchers suggested that this putative planet is perhaps two to 15 times more massive than Earth and lies hundreds of astronomical units (AU) from the sun. (One AU is the Earth-sun distance, about 93 million miles, or 150 million kilometers.)
This interpretation was bolstered in January of this year by Brown and fellow Caltech astronomer Konstantin Batygin, who found evidence of a perturber's influence in the orbits of a handful of additional distant objects. This "Planet Nine," as Batygin and Brown dubbed the putative world, likely contains about 10 Earth masses and orbits on a highly elliptical path whose aphelion (farthest distance from the sun) is about 1,000 AU, the researchers said. (For perspective, Pluto gets just 49.3 AU from the sun at aphelion.)
The evidence for Planet Nine's existence has continued to grow over the past nine months, as several different research teams have determined that the orbits of other small, distant objects appear to have been sculpted as well.
One team, led by Renu Malhotra of the University of Arizona, discussed four such objects at the DPS/EPSC meeting Wednesday. And Brown's team, led by Elizabeth Bailey of Caltech, announced at the meeting on Tuesday (Oct. 18) that Planet Nine appears to have tilted the orbits of all eight "official" planets by 6 degrees relative to the sun.
The ongoing Planet Nine research also includes efforts to pin down where the world might be in the sky these days. This is a key part of the discovery effort, since a blind search for an object so far away, and with such a huge and elliptical orbit, has little chance of success in the near term, Brown has said.[Evidence Mounts for Existence of 'Planet Nine' (Video)]
It's likely that Planet Nine is currently at or near aphelion, located perhaps 1,000 AU from the sun, in a patch of sky measuring about 400 square degrees, Brown said. (For comparison, the full moon viewed from Earth covers about 0.5 degrees of sky.)
Astronomers have said Planet Nine is perhaps four times wider than Earth, and such an object would be easily visible with professional-grade equipment if it were relatively close to Earth, Brown explained. In addition, planets on highly elliptical orbits spend most of their time near aphelion, since they're traveling most slowly on this part of their path, he said.
An object four times bigger than Earth that's located at 1,000 AU would have a magnitude of about +25 on astronomers' brightness scale, Brown added.
"This is well within reach of the giant telescopes," he said. "The Subaru telescope, I think, on Mauna Kea, [in Hawaii] — the Japanese national telescope — is the prime instrument for doing the search. But there are a lot of other people who have clever ideas on how to find it, too, that are trying with their own telescopes."
So which research team will ultimately find Planet Nine? Brown said he isn't sure, and he stressed that getting credit for the historic discovery should be a secondary concern for astronomers.
"There are a lot of people looking, and we are trying as hard as we can to tell people where to look," he said. "We want it to be found."
Scientists from NASA’s New Horizons mission have identified some cloud candidates in the atmosphere of Pluto, using images taken by the New Horizons Long Range Reconnaissance Imager and Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera, during the spacecraft’s July 2015 flight through the Pluto system. None of the features can be confirmed as clouds with stereo imaging, but the scientists say they are suggestive of possible, rare condensation clouds.
Credit: NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI
PASADENA, Calif. — Scientists may have spotted more than a half dozen clouds in Pluto's hazy atmosphere, researchers announced today (Oct. 18).
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft flew by Pluto in July 2015, revealing a bounty of unexpected details about the frozen world. For instance, the mission discovered that Pluto possesses a complex, layered atmosphere.
"We've noticed a large number of concentric layers of haze, more than two dozen," New Horizons principal investigator Alan Stern, of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, said during a news conference here at the 2016 American Astronomical Society's Division of Planetary Science meeting. "These haze layers stretch very high into the sky — more than a half million feet, or 200 kilometers." [Photos of Pluto and Its Moons]
Preliminary images of Pluto hinted at the presence of a cloud in the dwarf planet's atmosphere. Now, Stern and his colleagues have revealed seven bright features that might be clouds in that world's exotic skies.
"If there are clouds, it would mean the weather on Pluto is even more complex than we imagined," Stern said in a statement from NASA.
All these potential clouds "are similar in that they are very low-altitude, and all are very similar in length scales, measured in kilometers or tens of kilometers," Stern said. "We're not seeing decks or banks of clouds — we're seeing individual, discrete cloud features," he said.
All seven of these features lie near the terminator, the dividing line between day and night, "either near dawn or dusk, which suggests they may be clouds, because there are cooler conditions there where condensation processes are likely to occur," Stern said.
Computer models of Pluto's atmosphere suggest that the most likely place to find clouds on Pluto are at low altitudes, where the seven features presented today are located. The models suggest that any such clouds are likely made of minor trace constituents of Pluto's atmosphere, such as acetylene, ethane and hydrogen cyanide, Stern said.
The researchers cannot confirm that these bright features are clouds because New Horizons cannot confirm their altitude and thus whether they are separate from the surface, Stern said.
"To confirm if these features are clouds, we need to go back to Pluto with new instruments and be there for longer periods with something like a Pluto orbiter," he said.
If these clouds do exist, it remains unknown how long they might last, the researchers said.
"One might expect, since they're seen near the terminator, that they're short-lived phenomena seen near dawn or dusk each day on Pluto," Stern said. "A day on Pluto is equivalent to 6.4 days on Earth, almost a week."
Stern noted that Pluto is not nearly as cloudy as Earth — its hazy skies appear 99 percent free of clouds.
"The situation on Pluto is like that in the western United States, where the skies are not cloudy all day," Stern said.
Pluto
Pluto, the most famous dwarf planet in our solar system, underwent a well-publicized (and somewhat controversial) reclassification that took away its title as the ninth and most distant planet from the sun. So, how well do you know this fascinating world?
The New Horizons spacecraft is currently about 3.4 billion miles (5.5 billion kilometers) from Earth and about 340 million miles (540 million km) beyond Pluto, speeding away from the sun at about 32,400 mph (52,100 km/h). The last bits of data that the mission gathered are scheduled to be transmitted to Earth on Oct. 23, but it will still take a while for scientists to analyze all of the information.
"The hard work of understanding the Pluto system is going to take years — it's much more complex and nuanced than we ever expected," Stern said.
Editor's note: This article previously stated that New Horizons is currently 3.4 billion miles beyond Pluto; it is 340 million miles beyond Pluto.
Cosmic rays may feed alien life found on Earth and potentially on other planets, researchers suggest.
Credit: NSF / J. Yang
Extreme microbes that live in hostile places on Earth may feed off of cosmic rays that zip through space, according to a study of a bizarre bacterium thriving deep in a dark gold mine.
If life exists on other planets such as Mars, it too could be gobbling upcosmic rays in order to survive, the new study suggests.
"When you have radiation penetrating deep below the surface, where there might be water on Mars or [Jupiter's moon] Europa, then it could start chemical reactions that life could use," said study author Dimitra Atri, a research scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science in Seattle. Organisms that live off of galactic cosmic rays could even dwell on rogue planets that are not bound to any star and instead drift throughout interstellar space, Atri added. [Extreme Life on Earth: 8 Bizarre Creatures]
Where there's no light
Life on Earth relies largely on energy from the sun. Light drivesphotosynthesis, which, in turn, supplies the nutrients that most organisms use, either directly or indirectly, in order to survive. Still, if light is not available, life can find other sources of energy, such as heat, or chemical energy, previous research has found.
A colony of Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator, discovered in a 1.7-mile-deep (2.8 kilometers) gold mine near Johannesburg, South Africa.
Credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Prior work has even found that life-forms can live off the ionizing radiation — which has enough energy to ionize or charge atoms — from radioactive materials. For instance, the bacteriumCandidatus Desulforudis audaxviator, found about 1.75 miles (2.8 kilometers) deep in a South African gold mine, lives off the energy from radioactive isotopes of uranium, thorium and potassium in the rocks there. Specifically, ionizing radiation from these isotopes breaks down water in the area into hydrogen gas, which the bacterium can use as fuel, and helps to generate other biologically useful molecules.
"Most research on ionizing radiation concerns its potentially harmful effects, such as damage to DNA," Atri told Live Science. "But a bacterium that is cut off completely from sunlight and the rest of the biosphere can survive completely off of ionizing radiation."
Atri investigates galactic cosmic rays, which are high-energy particles, mostly protons, that careen across space from beyond the solar system. After he read about radiation-loving Ca. D. audaxviator, he began to wonder if other microbes could live off of energy from galactic cosmic rays as well.
Cosmic rays and extreme life
Galactic cosmic rays possess much higher energy than other sources of radiation on Earth. When they hit the atmosphere or surface of a planet, they generate a cascade of particles — such as electrons, positrons and neutrons — as well as dangerous gamma-rays. "Galactic cosmic rays are everywhere, and they have so much energy, they can penetrate even below the surfaces of planets," Atri said.
Using computer simulations, Atri found that galactic cosmic rays, though rare, could provide a steady flow of energy for life underground; this energy was comparable to that emitted by radioactive substances on Earth.
The energy flow could extend to potential life on other planets as well, he said.
Atri suggested that one way to see if this concept might actually help sustain life would be to conduct a lab experiment that exposed the bacterium Ca. D. audaxviator to the kind of particles that galactic cosmic rays generate when they hit the atmospheres or surfaces of planets.
Atri detailed his findings online Oct. 5 in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
