Here’s the Hubble Ultra Deep Field region, as observed with the MUSE instrument installed at the Very Large Telescope of the European Southern Observatory in northern Chile. MUSE data provide a rainbow-like spectrum for each pixel in this picture. Image via ESO/ MUSE HUDF collaboration.

Sometimes, astronomy is about surveying widely to get the big picture. And sometimes it’s about looking more and more deeply. First released in 2004, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field is clearly about going deep. It’s a composite image of a tiny region of space, located in the direction of the southern constellation Fornax, made from Hubble Space Telescope data gathered over several months. There are an estimated 10,000 galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, which exist as far back in time as 13 billion years ago (between 400 and 800 million years after the Big Bang). Being able to see galaxies so near the beginning of our universe has been a fantastic tool for understanding how the universe has evolved. And now – thanks to an instrument called MUSE (Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer), astronomers have been able to eke out yet more information – a veritable bonanza of information – from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Their work is being published today (November 29, 2017) in a series of 10 papers in a special issue of the peer-reviewed journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

MUSE does more than just see the galaxies. It also splits their light into its component colors, using a technique that astronomers call spectroscopy. In the image above, a team of astronomers led by Roland Bacon of the Centre de recherche astrophysique de Lyon, France, used MUSE to obtain a rainbow-like spectrum for each pixel in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

These astronomers said this work involved:

… the deepest spectroscopic observations ever made.

They obtained spectra for 1,600 galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. That’s 10 times as many galaxies as has been painstakingly obtained in this field over the last decade by ground-based telescopes. Roland Bacon said:

MUSE can do something that Hubble can’t — it splits up the light from every point in the image into its component colours to create a spectrum. This allows us to measure the distance, colors and other properties of all the galaxies we can see — including some that are invisible to Hubble itself.

Jarle Brinchmann, lead author of one of the papers describing results from this survey, from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands and the Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences at CAUP in Porto, Portugal, commented:

MUSE has the unique ability to extract information about some of the earliest galaxies in the universe — even in a part of the sky that is already very well studied. We learn things about these galaxies that is only possible with spectroscopy, such as chemical content and internal motions — not galaxy by galaxy but all at once for all the galaxies!

Among other results, MUSE revealed 72 galaxies never seen before in this very tiny area of the sky. These galaxies wouldn’t have been obvious to Hubble. They’re members of a perplexing group of galaxies known as Lyman-alpha emitters. They shine only in Lyman-alpha light (produced when electrons in hydrogen atoms drop from the second-lowest to the lowest energy level). These objects become noticeable in MUSE data because MUSE disperses the light into its component colors. Meanwhile, in direct images such as those from the Hubble Space Telescope, these galaxies remain invisible. Why do these galaxies shine in this peculiar way? Astronomers don’t fully know.

The work also revealed luminous hydrogen halos around galaxies in the early universe. The astronomers said this discovery offers:

… a new and promising way to study how material flows in and out of early galaxies.

Other potential applications of this dataset are explored in the series of papers, including a study of the role of faint galaxies during cosmic reionization (starting just 380,000 years after the Big Bang), galaxy merger rates when the universe was young, galactic winds, star formation and the mapping the motions of stars in the early universe.

Roland Bacon pointed out that the data for all of this work were obtained prior to an upgrade to MUSE’s Adaptive Optics Facility (AOF). He said:

The activation of the AOF after a decade of intensive work by ESO’s astronomers and engineers promises yet more revolutionary data in the future.

From MUSE’s website: “Looking like a machine straight out of the movie The Matrix, with its Medusa-like hoses and connections, MUSE is the latest of the 2nd-generation instruments to be installed on Yepun (UT4), the fourth Unit Telescope of the Very Large Telescope at the Paranal Observatory.”

Bottom line: Astronomers used an instrument called MUSE to peer toward the area of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and to conduct the deepest-ever spectroscopic survey. The result? A bonanza of new knowledge!

The 10 new papers via MUSE:

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: I. Survey Description, Data Reduction and Source Detection

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: II. Spectroscopic Redshift and Line Flux Catalog, and Comparisons to Color Selections of Galaxies at 3 < z < 7

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: III. Testing Photometric Redshifts to 30th Magnitude

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: IV. An Overview of C III] Emitters

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: V. Spatially Resolved Stellar Kinematics of Galaxies at Redshift 0.2 < z < 0.8,”

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: VI. The Faint-End of the Ly-alpha Luminosity Function at 2.91 < z < 6.64 and Implications for Reionisation

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: VII. Fe II* Emission in Star-Forming Galaxies

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: VIII. Extended Lyman-alpha Haloes,

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: IX. Evolution of Galaxy Merger Fraction up to z ? 6

The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: Ly-alpha Equivalent Widths at 2.9 < z < 6.6

{ http://earthsky.org/ }

29-11-2017 om 23:32 geschreven door peter  

Le SETI se demande si l'astéroïde 'Oumuamua ne serait pas un appareil extra-terrestre

L’institut scientifique SETI, qui recherche l’existence de formes de vie extra-terrestres, a tourné ses téléscopes vers ‘Oumuamua, l’étrange astéroïde de forme allongée venant d’en-dehors de notre système solaire.

29-11-2017 om 23:18 geschreven door peter  

MIT researchers design forest domes for Mars colonists

A multidisciplinary MIT project promises to offer Mars colonists safe, sustainable, efficient, and comfortable housing. The project won the Mars City Design competition which focuses on creating sustainable habitats for Mars colonists.

The MIT team won first place for urban design with the Redwood Forest, a series of woodsy habitats enclosed in open, public domes that would reside on the Martian surface.

Image credits: Valentina Sumini.

The domes can house as many as 50 people, offering them not only a place to sleep but also open space with plants and water coming from Mars’ Northern Plains. Everything will be built upon a network of underground tunnels called roots, which not only connect different domes but also protect colonizers from cosmic radiation, extreme thermal changes, or micrometeorite impacts.

In total, the domes could host a city of 10,000 colonists. The city will “physically and functionally mimic a forest,” as every dome will manage solar energy and water in a tree-like fashion.

“Every tree habitat in Redwood Forest will collect energy from the sun and use it to process and transport the water throughout the tree, and every tree is designed as a water-rich environment. Water fills the soft cells inside the dome providing protection from radiation, helps manage heat loads, and supplies hydroponic farms for growing fish and greens,” says MIT doctoral student George Lordos, who was also involved with the project.

Redwood Forest is filled with domes, or what the team calls tree habitats.

Credits: Valentina Sumini.

MIT postdoc Valentina Sumini was the leader of the project. She says that the aim of the project isn’t only to build a functional and sustainable environment, but also one that would be comfortable.

“On Mars, our city will physically and functionally mimic a forest, using local Martian resources such as ice and water, regolith (or soil), and sun to support life. Designing a forest also symbolizes the potential for outward growth as nature spreads across the Martian landscape. Each tree habitat incorporates a branching structural system and an inflated membrane enclosure, anchored by tunneling roots. The design of a habitat can be generated using a computational form-finding and structural optimization workflow developed by the team. The design workflow is parametric, which means that each habitat is unique and contributes to a diverse forest of urban spaces.”

That last part means that similar designs and approaches could also be used for other purposes, including here on Earth. For instance, the tree habitat design could create comfortable working spaces in harsh environments such as the Arctic, barren deserts, or the seafloor. The underground network system could provide easy local transport for electric vehicles, while hydroponic gardening beneath cities could provide fresh fish, fruits, and vegetables with lower land and transportation costs, an idea which is already picking up steam in many cities of the world.

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

29-11-2017 om 23:02 geschreven door peter  

NASA’s new 2020 rover will look a lot like Curiosity but with some important tweaks

 BY TIBI PUIU

Just a few years from now, NASA expects to land a new rover mission on the red planet. The Mars 2020 mission will feature a rover which is very similar in terms of specs and appearance to its predecessor, the Curiosity rover. There will be some marked improvements, however, that will make landing the rover safer but also enhance its alien-life-hunting features, which is the mission’s main objective.

Artist impression of NASA’s Mars 2020 rover studying a Mars rock outrcrop.  Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

Landing a 2,000-pound science experiment on wheels more than 55 million miles away is quite the achievement in itself. In a maneuver that had never been tried before on another planet, a rocket-powered sky crane lowered Curiosity to the Martian surface on cables, then flew off and crash-landed intentionally a safe distance away.

Since it first touched down on Martian soil in 2012, Curiosity has provided researchers with a trove of data and new science. Thanks to Curiosity, we now have a far clearer and accurate image of the Martian environment including its radiation levels, geology, soil chemical composition, and much more. It has beamed back high-resolution photos of ancient streambeds and drilled martian rocks on site, around Mars’ 96-mile-wide (154 kilometers) Gale Crater. Here, the rover found evidence that a nearby area known as Yellowknife Bay was part of a lake that could have supported microbial life.

Big wheels to fill

The upcoming Mars 2020 mission aims to further Curiosity’s legacy. Much of it will be, in fact, based on Curiosity, with about 85 percent of the new rover’s mass being based on “heritage hardware” — system designs and spare hardware employed by Curiosity.

“The fact that so much of the hardware has already been designed—or even already exists—is a major advantage for this mission,” said Jim Watzin, director of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. “It saves us money, time and most of all, reduces risk.”

Of course, there will also be new cutting-edge tech onboard, like instruments designed to identify biosignatures on a microbial scale. A ground-penetrating radar will now be able to ‘see’ under the surface of Mars, mapping layers of rock, water, and ice up to 10 meters (30 feet) deep. The rover will also feature new imaging equipment including color cameras and a zoom lens. To top things off, a laser will vaporize rocks and soil to analyze their chemistry.

“Our next instruments will build on the success of MSL, which was a proving ground for new technology,” said George Tahu, NASA’s Mars 2020 program executive. “These will gather science data in ways that weren’t possible before.”

For the mission, NASA plans to drill at least 20 rock cores, possibly up to 40, and return them to Earth. These samples might help answer one of the most important questions on scientists’ minds right now: Are we alone in the Universe?

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory is also working on new landing tech, like terrain-relative navigation. As the descent stage carrying the 2020 rover approaches the Marian surface, instruments will compare what they ‘see’ with pre-loaded terrain maps such that the rover is guided to its landing site as safely as possible. Another related tech called the range trigger uses location and velocity to determine the optimal time to fire the spacecraft’s parachute.

“Terrain-relative navigation enables us to go to sites that were ruled too risky for Curiosity to explore,” said Al Chen of JPL, the Mars 2020 entry, descent and landing lead. “The range trigger lets us land closer to areas of scientific interest, shaving miles—potentially as much as a year—off a rover’s journey.”

We don’t exactly where Mars 2020 will land but we will likely soon find out by the end of next year. In February, the potential drop sites were narrowed down from eight to three: an ancient lakebed called Jezero Crater; Northeast Syrtis, where warm waters may have chemically interacted with subsurface rocks; and possible hot springs at Columbia Hills. All of these sites are varied and very different from Gale Crater, but they all have great potential for finding signs of past or present alien life.

“In the coming years, the 2020 science team will be weighing the advantages and disadvantages of each of these sites,” Farley said. “It is by far the most important decision we have ahead of us.”

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

29-11-2017 om 22:53 geschreven door peter  

What was the Indus Valley Civilization: the forgoten superpower of the ancient world

BY ALEXANDRU MICU

One of the most advanced and mysterious ancient peoples, the Indus River Valley civilization, was completely lost to history until the 1920s.

The ruins of Mohenjo daro (“Hill of the Dead”), one of the jewels of the Indus Valley Civilization and the ancient world.

Some five millennia ago, a people settling the lands between today’s Afganistan, northwest India, and Pakistan rose to the forefront of civilization, knowledge, and sophistication at the time. The echoes of their achievements still awe us to this day, showing a level of civilization almost unimaginable for a people that had, ultimately, risen directly from the Stone Age.

But this beacon of antiquity crumbled and was forgotten, likely under the weight of issues that fall worryingly close to those of today: food and water insecurity powered by climate change.

1. Who were the Harappans?

The Indus River Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization after the first site of their discovery, is a Bronze Age culture that spanned roughly from 3300 to 1300 BC. It stood toe to toe with the three other ancient heavyweights of the world — Egypt, Mesopotamia, and ancient China — often surpassing their scientific achievements; out of the four ancient cradles of civilization, the people of the Indus Valley could claim to be the largest and arguably most prosperous.

Their success was built on a solid agricultural base (they grew various crops, from dates to cotton) and cutting-edge technologies, including indoor plumbing, sophisticated city-planning and public sewage systems, breakthroughs in crafting techniques, writing, and one of the most advanced understandings of metallurgy at the time. They also seem to have been a peaceful people; despite their skill with metal, we’ve found strikingly few Harappan weapons. Not the same thing can be said about their children’s toys, however, of which they seemingly couldn’t get enough of, both in quantity and variety.

The Harappans are one of the most mysterious groups to, tragically, never truly ma ke it out of antiquity. Despite its status as an economic, technological, and social powerhouse, the Harappan civilization simply fell apart in a span of two or three centuries. The reasons as to why this happened are still a subject of passionate debate and they may be more relevant now than ever before.

2. Discovery

The Ten Indus Scripts, discovered near the northern gateway of the Dholavira citadel in India.

Image via Wikipedia.

In 1856, British colonial officials in India were busy overseeing railway construction efforts between the cities of Lahore and Karachi (today part of Pakistan), right along the valley of the Indus River. Digs performed as part of this building effort stumbled upon an incredible stash of artifacts — hundreds of thousands of fire-baked bricks, buried in the dry terrain. They looked quite old, but some were nevertheless used for the railway’s track ballast or its roadbed. Soon, exquisitely-carved soapstone (steatite) artifacts were also making an appearance throughout the bricks. Unwittingly, these workers had unearthed the first slivers of a civilization lost in the depths of time.

Despite the sheer size of the discovery, major excavations didn’t start until much later. This is quite vexing, as the first recorded notes regarding the civilization come from 1826, penned by a British army deserter named James Lewis/Charles Masson, who noticed the presence of mounded ruins at a small local town called Harappa while posing as an American engineer. Partly, this lag came down to archaeologists assuming the bricks and ruins were crafted during the Maurya Empire, which dominated India between 322 and 185 BCE. It was only after excavation works started at the site in 1920 under John Marshall, then the director of the Archaeological Survey of India, that it became clear they were dealing with another culture altogether.

The newly re-discovered civilization would receive its name from this site at Harappa, and pushed the known history of India back by at least 1500 years. In the meantime, archaeologists have scrambled to understand the Indus River Valley civilization — but we’ve been able to confirm frustratingly little from all we’ve found.

3. Size and origin

The Harappans at their peak.
Image via Wikimedia Commons.

The Harappans seem to hail from a town named Mehgarh, nestled in the foothills of a mountain pass in today’s western Pakistan. Evidence points to human habitation in the area as far back as 7000 BC. Archaeologists have broken their evolution down into three steps or phases:

• Early Harappan from 3300 to 2600 BC,
• Mature Harappan from 2600 to 1900 BC, towards the end of which the civilization starts going into decline, and
• Late Harappan from 1900 to 1300 BC, marked by violence, breakdowns in social order, the abandonment of most settlements, and the eventual extinction of the Indus Valley people.

But when things were going well for the Harappans, they were really good. So far, more than 1,052 Harappan cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus River and its tributary rivers. At their peak, they are estimated to have numbered five million souls.

4. Culture, language, and beliefs

One of the reasons why we can’t figure the Harappans out that well is their writing. We know they had a kind of writing, because we found some of their texts, etched on clay and stone tablets dated between 3300-3200 BC, at Harappa. They appear to have been written right to left in a script which we, unfortunately, don’t understand. The symbols resemble plant and trident-like shapes and are completely unlike anything we’ve ever seen. This has led many researchers to believe that Harappan script evolved independently of those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, or China.

It also means that we don’t actually know any Harappan names, the name of their cities, or what they called themselves. We refer to them by names we ourselves have given them — just something to keep in mind as you read further on.

Samples of Indus script.
Image via omniglot.

In the absence of any known names or words, without any bi-lingual texts or clear cultural ties to compare or infer from, it’s nigh-impossible to understand the script of a dead language. But it does have the hallmarks of a language, researchers have found, a conclusion that is sure to goad curiosity further.

“At this point, we can say that the Indus script seems to have statistical regularities that are in line with natural languages,” said Rajesh Rao, a University of Washington researcher who led a study in 2009 analyzing if Indus script shows ‘conditional entropy’, a structural semi-predictability that underlies functional languages.

Indus Valley religion also eludes our understanding. Unlike their Egyptian and Mesopotamian counterparts, the Harappans didn’t build any temples or palaces (that we know of), so we don’t have any evidence pointing to specific deities or their religious practices. However, many of their artifacts (in the form of seals) showcase animals. Some depict them being carried in a ceremony, while others include downright mythological creatures such as unicorns. Thus, some researchers have speculated that religion in the Indus Valley centered, in some way, on animals. Others have suggested that the animals on these seals instead signified one’s membership to a group such as a clan, social class, so forth. Until more evidence is gleaned, neither can be fully supported or refuted.

We have, however, found ample evidence of Harappan art and culture, including sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry, as well as anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta, bronze, and steatite.

Left: Indus priest or king statue. The statue is 17.5 cm high and carved from steatite. It was found in Mohenjo-daro in 1927. Right: A collection of Indus valley seals with their molds.
Images via Wikimedia, modified.

The evidence points to a flourishing culture, but the lack of writing in particular spells doom for our efforts to understand how these people ruled themselves — legal codes, procedures, and systems of governance, after all, are rooted in written documents. This, again, is especially frustrating, as we’re going to see that the Harappans were extremely adept at ordering and coordinating their society, for the benefits of all those it harbored.

5. Science and know-how

One of the most striking features of Harrapan society was their propensity for standardization. Pottery and seals use surprisingly similar proportions. Bricks are virtually identical in size, shape, weight, and material, even among different cities. Weighs used in trading are also virtually identical. The level of standardization is so high, in fact, that some researchers claim it could only be the product of a single state authority enforcing them on all communities in the area. However, the pointed scarcity of weapons makes it more likely that the Indus Valley people were led by a number of leaders representing each major community or cluster of communities, all working together voluntarily. This view is supported by studies on Indus graves and human remains that show everyone enjoyed similar health and a relative scarcity of elite burials — suggesting they had no rulers, as we understand the term, and that everyone enjoyed equal status.

Remains of a washroom drainage system in Lothal. Notice the quality bricks, millennia old, used for its construction.
Image via Wikimedia.

While most of the Harappan settlements were only villages or small towns, the civilization had several large urban centers. Among those we’ve found are Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India. Out of the lot, Mohenjo-daro became the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization and holds the multiple distinctions of being one of the world’s first major urban centers, as well as, at the time, one of the most sophisticated cities in the world and a global architectonical and engineering masterpiece.

The Harappan fire-baked brick was produced and used on a massive scale in construction. Not only were they surprisingly standardized, as we’ve seen, but they’re also strikingly advanced for the time (with sun-baked bricks being the norm).

The ruins of their major cities show that a lot of effort went into urban planning. Houses, workshops, and trading spots each formed distinct neighborhoods, and cities had well-organized wastewater drainage and trash collection systems, granaries, even public baths. This efficient layout further suggests that local governments were present and of high quality, working with great efficiency and aiming particularly to maintain public hygiene (or possibly, religious ritual).

Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro featured citadels, heavily fortified areas thick with defensive structures — a feature other important and well-off cities likely shared. They had administrative (and possibly religious) centers that were also fortified. The walls are speculated to have played a double role, protecting the Harappans both from invasions and floods.

Another distinctive feature of the Indus people was that they didn’t really build to awe. We know they could build impressive structures, as they show an advanced understanding of architecture with dockyards, granaries, warehouses, and protective walls. But there’s no conclusive evidence of any palaces ever being built here. Neither of temples. In fact, the largest Indus buildings we’ve found so far were likely granaries. The nearest thing we’ve found to a ‘monument’ is in Mohenjo-daro — the Great Bath, a public bathing and social area.

Why build a mountain of limestone for one dude to be buried in when you can have a bath for everyone to enjoy? I like these Harappan people.
Image via Pinterest.

In addition to architecture and urban theory, Harappans made repeated breakthroughs in metalworking (which was the day’s rocket science), working copper, tin, lead, and bronze, and had skilled craftsman, as shown by their intricate carnelian carvings. They also made important advances in transport technology, being a contender for the “first civilization to use the wheel” prize, in the form of oxcarts that are pretty much identical to those seen today throughout South Asia. Sailing was also, by all evidence, serious business for the Indus, who built boats and sea-worthy ships. This is supported by the discovery of a massive dredged canal and a suspected docking facility in Lothal, on the Indian Ocean’s coast, and the use of seashells in their arts and crafts.

6. Money and economy

The Harappans maintained one of the most impressive ancient trade empires and improved transport technologies, maintaining maritime trade networks extending from the Middle East to Central Asia. Evidence for these networks includes Harappian shellwork, found as far as the Arabian Gulf in Oman, as well as seals and jewelry found at archaeological sites in regions of Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq-Kuwait-Syria area). There’s also speculation that Harappian traders traversed long distances over water in ships made of planks, with a single mast and a sail of cloth or woven rushes.

Ceramics from the area show similarities to those from northern Iran between 4300 and 3200 BC, suggesting trade between these areas during that time. Similarities in pottery, seals, figurines, and ornaments from Central Asia and the Iranian plateau during the Early Harappan suggests land trade was established to these areas during the time.

Trade focused mostly on securing raw materials which were used to fuel Harappan workshops. Imports included minerals from Iran and Afghanistan, lead and copper from other parts of India, jade from China, and cedar wood floated down rivers from the Himalayas and Kashmir. Other traded items included terracotta pots, processed metals, gold and silver, tool-grade flints, as well as jewelry and its associated materials: beads, seashells, pearls, and colored gemstones, such as lapis lazuli and turquoise.

7. Decline

By around 1800 BC, the Indus Valley Civilization was starting to crack. A widely-accepted theory is that they fell to a nomadic Indo-European tribe called Aryans, which invaded and subsequently conquered the Harappians. Evidence in support of this comes from the fact that cities were being abandoned at the time and an increase in the apparent incidence of violence and violent death — which both fit with what you’d expect to see in a war zone.

More recent evidence, however, contradicts this theory. Some experts believe that the collapse was caused by climate change. By 1800 BC, the whole area grew colder and drier, and it’s suspected that tectonic movements in the area heavily disrupted or diverted the rivers on which the Harappans relied. The drying of the Saraswati River, which began around 1900 BC, is believed to be a major driver of these local changes. Combined with monsoon-associated periods of flooding and drought, these changes in river patterns splintered the once-monolithic block of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Farmers fled eastwards, towards the basin of the Ganges. While the river allowed them to re-establish villages and farms, these communities could not dream to produce the same agricultural surplus as the Indus River basin and the refined irrigation systems built there. Faced with starvation, large cities tore themselves apart or vacuated for rural settings. Without their craftsmen, trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia shriveled and then ended altogether.

This latter theory is supported by the presence of Indus Civilization elements in later cultures, called Harappan cultures, more in line with a slow decline than a fast disappearance at sword-point.

Whatever the reason, by around 1700 BCE, most of the Indus Valley Civilization cities had been abandoned. With them, the Harappan people’s stars waned, never to recover.

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

29-11-2017 om 22:31 geschreven door peter  

ALIEN MESSAGE TO MANKIND: "DO YOU WISH THAT WE SHOW UP?"

Analyzing the thousands of documents through which contacts with extraterrestrial beings have been verified, it can be deduced that there are five types of messages that "they" want to spread:

THE FIRST

Ecology: Space visitors tell their contactees that humanity is corrupting everything, that the seas and oxygen are being contaminated with chemical and industrial toxic waste that atomic bombs endanger life on the planet , usually warn of great dangers if the situation is not corrected, remember the global warming that we are currently suffering.

THE SECOND  

Scientist: In many cases, a large number of scientific knowledge has been delivered to humans that are kept secret by governments, mainly the North American and Soviet governments. They also usually send illiterate people to transmit scientific communications to scientists.

THE THIRD

Technician: Many contactees have received the knowledge with concrete instructions to build state-of-the-art devices. We should not be surprised when a large number of inventors demand the patent of artifacts whose usefulness we do not yet know and perhaps we never know.

THE FOURTH

Cosmogenic: Another type of message is related to the origin of the Universe and the existence of God whom the aliens call The First Cause or The Deep The Supreme Intelligence.

THE FIFTH:

Moral: They establish a set of norms of life, curiously usually reinforces the moral or religious beliefs of the contactee by understanding the brotherhood as well as the love among peers asking that the message be disseminated in order to be known by the greater number of people.  

The original source of this information appears to be by Mr. Jean Ederman, now 49, of France, who evidently works in the field of aviation. He writes: "... after having learned how to mentally project myself to a place in the presence of benevolent extraterrestrials, I received the following message..." 

RELATED ARTICLES

• The Alien Message To All Mankind
• Did Alien Beings Genetically Engineer Human Mankind?  

{ http://www.disclose.tv/ }

29-11-2017 om 21:53 geschreven door peter  

SCIENTISTS DATE THE TOMB OF CHRIST REVEALING ITS COMPLEX HISTORY

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is said to be the place where the body of Jesus Christ was interned following his crucifixion at the hands of the Romans. Now, archaeological examinations of the site suggest that there is a deeply complex history around this holiest of all Christian shrines.  

A new scientific examination of the site where Jesus is believed to have been laid to rest has utilized chemicals in the limestone making up deepest reaches of the cave to discover how long it had been since the rock had been exposed to light. They found that these oldest areas of the cave were around 1700 years old and that some of the other rock laid on in the cave dated to the era of the Crusades. 

The New Testament states that Jesus was put to death in the early years of the first millennium and that the Romans located and enshrined his tomb around the year 326 AD. This ambitious project was undertaken by Constantine I, the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and declare it to be the official religion of the Roman Empire. Along with his wife, who was also a devout Christian, he ordered a number of projects of this nature as well as the erection of large Christian shrines throughout the entire Empire. This date historical documents suggest that Constantine ordered the enshrinement of Jesus’s tomb tallies up neatly to the age of the layered limestone in the cave uncovered by scientists investigating the site suggesting that this is indeed the tomb of Christ.  

There has been a great deal of speculation as to whether the real location of Jesus’s tomb had been lost over the years. During the Crusades, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was completely destroyed and subsequently rebuilt by the Christians in the area. This has led to questions as to whether they truly built on the exact same site as the Romans. Some historians have said that even if they did manage to build on the correct spot, that the Romans may not have located the tomb of Jesus Christ accurately.

Archaeologists and historians concede that there is no way of telling whether the tomb most definitely held the body of Jesus Christ but it is still considered to be far and away the best candidate. According to Dan Bahat, the former city archaeologist of Jerusalem, "We may not be absolutely certain that the Holy Sepulchre Church is the site of Jesus' burial, but we certainly have no other site that can lay a claim nearly as weighty."  

Last October, the tomb was opened to the public for the first time in many centuries after the painstaking restoration of the shrine enclosing the tomb which is known as the Edicule. The restoration project took nine months to complete and cost a staggering $4 million.  

RELATED ARTICLES

• Scientists Shock The World By Revealing These Ancient Hand Prints Were Not Left By Humans
• This Underground Complex Is A Million Years Old. Man-Made Or History  

{ http://www.disclose.tv/ }

29-11-2017 om 21:34 geschreven door peter  

FARMING ON MARS? EARTHWORMS THRIVE IN MARS SOIL

Gardeners on Earth enjoy it when their gardens have sufficient worms to fertilize the plants they grow. However, there are plans to bring these inconspicuous animals to Mars--and there's testing that proves that they'll work on Martian soil.  

NASA recently carried out an experiment that involved simulated Mars soil, using data collected all the way back from the first unmanned spacecraft. Back when space exploration was in its infancy, probes were sent on a one-way path to planets such as Mars and using technology way beyond its time sent back images and soil composition data to the curious people of Earth.

Worms were found to improve crops grown in simulated Martian soil .

The scientist added "rucola" (rocket or arugula) plants, manure, and fertilizer. Once they added the worms, they thrived within the new environment. They performed so well in the simulated soil that they even produced offspring.

The "soil" used in these experiments technically doesn't follow Earth's definition of what soil is. That's because it contains organic material, while Earth soil consists of non-living materials. Scientists merely use this term as a placeholder in order to distinguish it from another, finer material on Mars known as regolith.

SIMULATING MARS SOIL IN A LAB  

Simulated soil has more uses beyond testing whether worms will thrive on Mars: it can be used to figure out how the equipment such as rovers, mining equipment, and spacesuits will be affected by the foreign soil. This is key knowledge as we're considering sending people to Mars in the 2030s, and we don't want them to arrive after their years-long journey to Mars only to find out that their spacesuits and equipment are unfit for the environment.

Thankfully, the foreign soil can bear plant life such as rucola, so feeding the travelers to Mars isn't such a big problem. Hopefully, by the 2030s NASA will sort everything out, and we'll be able to see Mars firsthand!

RELATED ARTICLES

• Vegetables Grown in Mars-Like Soil
• Water on Mars? Petroglyphs and Statues discovered on Mars!

{ http://www.disclose.tv/ }

29-11-2017 om 21:16 geschreven door peter  

THE SPACE SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR ANOMALY

This video footage was created during the Space Shuttle Mission STS-134 and shows the enormous external fuel tank.

Then a strange white object appears for a few seconds. It can be clearly seen that this object partially disappears behind the clouds. So it seems to be very big.

{ http://www.disclose.tv/ }

29-11-2017 om 21:01 geschreven door peter  

STRANGE SOUNDS & LOUD BOOMS BEING HEARD WORLDWIDE (2017)

The weird sounds are back... worldwide!

What about these strange sounds in the sky heard all around the world?

I wonder if these sounds/vibrations are happening on magnetic ley lines?

The strange sounds from the sky started back in 2008 and are still recorded today in 2017 on videos by people all around the world.

{ http://www.disclose.tv/ }

29-11-2017 om 20:50 geschreven door peter  

AGARTHA, A SUBTERRANEAN WORLD INSIDE OUR PLANET, CONFIRMED BY TOP SECRET NAZI MAPS AND DOCUMENTS

Us humans know a lot about the surface of the Earth. We've drilled oil rigs into it, mapped it, and studied it so many times that we can pretty much find out anything about the Earth from some database out there. However, we know very little about the inside of the Earth, a fact that the Nazis think that they have a lead into.  

Map of Neuschwabenland

Nazi maps were recently uncovered that brought up questions as to whether the Earth is partially hollow and inhabited by lifeforms that we might have never seen. There are even stories of these Nazis who explored the polar regions of the Earth and going so far as to create secret bases in Antarctica.

IMPERIAL GERMAN MAPS OF THE HOLLOW EARTH  

Translation: 

Maps for the passage of the depths of the seas. Use only during manoeuvers! Instructions to pass spaces and corridors for the voyage to Agartha.

RELATED ARTICLES

• Agartha: The Subterranean Worlds of Inner Earth 
• The Maps Lie: Children Being Taught With Maps From The 1500's. Why?

Beyond the Nazis, many other researchers have discovered and published material regarding Operation Highjump and Admiral Byrd's journeys in which technologically-advanced airships and UFO were believed to be seen flying around, and even aggressively engaging with them. In addition, a top-secret map found in a U-Boat depicts many secret passages that were used by the U-boats to explore unknown and mysterious underground regions. All these maps indicated that the center of the Earth is hollow. But why have the Nazis kept this a secret for so long? Such a fact would be of great curiosity to man if it were found true.  

This is a close up of the document showing us the NS Seal and advice on how to work with it.

" Translation:

After returning from the assigment hand in at the secret department! IN CASE OF DANGER DESTROY FIRST! Printed for the Military Navy in an edition of 1300 copies at the special laboratory of the KZ Dachau. January 1944.

Perhaps all this was merely a propaganda scheme made for the war. After all, the Nazis wanted to establish themselves as a master race, and making it look like they had access to underground U-Boat tunnels and that they could communicate with supernatural things such as UFOs would make them look very dominant if that U-Boat were to be captured by the enemy.  

This map shows us the main continent of this hemisphere named Liberia. The main ocean here again is also the Valkarian Ocean. On the lower part of the map the city of Shambala is depicted. The Tibetan Monks believe that the City of Shambala is not on our surface but on the inside of the Earth. This map of the Inner Earth shows us the actual position of Shambala confirming the actual existence of this mythical place.  

Or maybe the Nazis wanted to keep this information secret to us in case they ever needed to use it for military needs in the future. Think about it: having access to secret underground tunnels could lead to more efficient and safe travel over enemy waters.  

This is a letter from a German U Boat crewman of U-209. He says in the letter that U-209 commanded by Heinrich Brodda made it to the Inner Earth of Agharta and that they wouldn't be coming back.  

"Translation:

Dear old comrade, This message will be a surprise to you. The U Boat 209 has made it, the Earth is HOLLOW! Dr. Haushofer and Hess were right. The whole crew is doing well, but they cannot come back. We are no prisoners. I am certain, that this message will reach you, it is the last contact with the U 209. We will meet again comrade. I am worried about the people that have to live on the surface, since the Fuehrer is gone.

God bless our Germany always.

With hearty greetings,

Karl Unger

Whether the Earth is hollow or not, the Nazis have left us quite a puzzle to deal with. Hopefully one day we will take a "Journey to the Center of the Earth" and find out!  

Translation:

NEUSCHWABENLAND, ANTARCTICA AND OPERATION HIGHJUMP

More info and translations of all the text on the documents:

http://imperialgermans.com/documents.html

RELATED ARTICLES

• The Secret Kingdom Of Agartha - Antarctica Is The Key To Alien Technology
• Amazon Indians Say That A Hollow Subterranean Earth Exists  

{ http://www.disclose.tv/ }

29-11-2017 om 20:41 geschreven door peter  

29-11-2017 om 18:45 geschreven door peter  

Turkse universiteit bereidt studenten voor op buitenaards contact. Deze docent opent de doofpot

De Akdeniz-universiteit in de Turkse provincie Antalya biedt sinds kort het vak ‘Ufologie en Exopolitiek’, ter voorbereiding op contact met bezoekers uit de ruimte.

Docent Erhan Kolbasi vertelde aan het Turkse persbureau Dogan News Agency dat hij verwacht dat de mensheid binnen ’10 tot 15 jaar’ contact zal maken met buitenaardse wezens.

“Wij geloven dat afgezanten van de aarde en buitenaardse beschavingen spoedig officieel contact maken met elkaar,” zei hij.

Massaal contact

“Wij denken dat er tegen die tijd openlijk en massaal contact zal zijn,” voegde Kolbasi toe.

Hij lichtte toe dat het vak onderdeel is van voorbereidingen op de ‘grootste verandering in de geschiedenis van de wereld’.

Kolbasi claimde ook dat een schimmige groep genaamd MJ12 kennis over buitenaardse wezens onderdrukt om ‘de belangen van de VS te beschermen’.

Gecrashte UFO’s

MJ12 is naar verluidt gevormd door president Harry Truman om het volk in het duister te houden over buitenaards contact.

Dingen als glasvezelkabels, microchips, nachtkijkers en kogelvrije vesten kunnen we alleen maken dankzij de informatie die we hebben gehaald uit gecrashte UFO’s, stelde de docent.

Exopolitiek zal zich gaan richten op de manier waarop kennis over buitenaardse wezens in de doofpot wordt gestopt door overheden, voorbereiding op open contact en galactische diplomatie.

Afbeelding weergeven op Twitter

Haktan Akdogan@haktansiriusufo

BREAKING NEWS ON UFOLOGY!.. 
“Dear Friends  and Colleagues,
The news on the courses on “Ufology & Exopolitics” that had been officially launched at “Akdeniz University (Antalya/Turkey)” received a substantial mainstream national media coverage in Turkey...https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1208648475903901&id=100002762809852 …

16:51 - 26 nov. 2017 · Zekeriyaköy, İstanbul

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Foto: Maderibeyza Wikimedia Commons

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29-11-2017 om 18:39 geschreven door peter  

YOUTUBE BLOKKEERT KANAAL DAT IETS BIJZONDERS TOONT OP DE MAAN     (VIDEO )

{ http://www.niburu.co/ }

29-11-2017 om 18:31 geschreven door peter  

A three-mile-wide (4.8 km) asteroid is about to make one of its closest approaches ever and become the third-largest NASA-designated “potentially hazardous” object in history to approach the Earth. Not only that, it’s arriving right in the middle of the Christmas season. Will it become a Christmas star, a celestial Grinch that stole Christmas or a hazard that even Rudolph’s nose can’t protect Santa Claus from?

The history of 3200 Phaethon is interesting and potentially disconcerting. Although it’s been around (and around the Sun) for ages, it was only discovered in 1983 by astronomers Simon F. Green and John K. Davies and visually confirmed by Charles T. Kowal, who determined it to be asteroidal, at least in appearance. Further analysis showed how special this space rock is. 1983 TB (its original name) has an orbit that brings it closer to the Sun than any other named asteroid. That prompted astronomers to name it Phaethon in honor of the son of the Greek sun god Helios. That Phaethon borrowed his father’s sun chariot and drove it without the proper license or training, resulting in him getting too close to burning up Earth and resulting in Zeus tossing a thunderbolt that stopped the chariot and killed Phaethon.

The Fall of Phaeton by Johann Liss

Speaking of getting too close to the Earth, the real 3200 Phaethon does that too. Reverse calculations prior to its actual discovery show that it was only 5 million miles away when it passed on December 16, 1974. This year, it will be 6.4 million miles away, or 27 times the average distance between Earth and the moon. If you’re still around then, it will be 1.8 million miles away in 2093.

That may sound like a long way off, but it’s close enough for the International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center to deem it a potentially hazardous near Earth object, which means its impact could cause serious regional damage and it has the potential and proximity for impact. In fact, 3200 Phaethon is already affecting the Earth in another way. Astronomer Fred Whipple determined that the asteroid’s unusual orbit matches that of meteors that make up the annual mid-December Geminids meteor shower, making Phaethon their proud papa.

Yeah, yeah, yeah … that’s all very interesting but what about Christmas? Since 3200 Phaethon isn’t visible to the naked eye (although it can be seen this year with low-powered telescopes between December 11 and 21), it’s not the Christmas star. And it doesn’t appear that this is its year for a big impact – and a three-mile-wide asteroid would make a BIG impact. Some estimates suggest a mile-wide asteroid hitting New York City would destroy it and everything else from Washington DC to Boston, not to mention creating a dust cloud capable of blocking the Sun and ending most life on Earth.

Luckily, it doesn’t look like even the entire collection of naughtiness on Earth is enough to deliver that lump of coal in our stockings this year. We’re safe and so is Santa.

For now.

{ http://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

29-11-2017 om 18:04 geschreven door peter  

Earlier this month, a team of archaeologists in eastern Turkey claimed to have discovered the ruins of of a 3,000-year-old castle under the waters of Lake Van. The castle is said to measure over a kilometer in circumference and has cut stone walls standing as high as three or four meters in some places. Diving team leader Tahsin Ceylan was on the dive which found the ruins and told The Daily Sabah that “there was a rumor that there might be something under the water but most archaeologists and museum officials told us that we won’t find anything.” Well, they did find something – something incredible – but just what exactly the structure is and who built it remains a mystery.

Lake Van is the largest lake in Turkey.

When the news of this discovery broke this month, headlines were quick to proclaim that a “3,000-year-old underwater castle” was found in Turkey since researchers from Van Yüzüncü Yıl University claim the structure likely was built by the Iron Age Urartu civilization who lived in the Armenian Highlands as far back as the third or second millennium BC. It turns out, though, that archaeologists have been aware of ruinsin the Lake Van area since at least the 1960s. These ruins were believed around 900-1,000 years old and belong to one of the medieval Turkish kingdoms, however, not a 3000-year-old culture. Several archaeologists not involved with the discovery have weighed in to say that while some of the cut stones might date back to the Iron Age, the construction methods seen in photographs of the castle suggest the medieval period. It is quite common in archaeological sites to find that prior cultures reused the building materials of ancient civilizations.

A Urartian stone arch found in medieval ruins near Lake Van.

So what exactly is at the bottom of Lake Van? Unfortunately, while the dive team behind this “discovery” photographed some type of cut stone structure down there, the site has yet to be excavated by a specialized underwater archaeology team. Many of the original claims in this month’s headlines were based on the finding of the dive team alone, which included an underwater photographer, a fishery professor, and a diving instructor. Thus, it is difficult for any of the claims to be verified before a formal excavation by trained archaeologists takes place. Still, the fact that there are still unexcavated underwater ruins waiting to be discovered is a pretty fascinating thought in itself. Atlantis has to be down there somewhere, right?

{ http://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

29-11-2017 om 17:57 geschreven door peter  

As we continue to invent more powerful telescopes and farther-reaching proves, humankind may have finally made contact with life from outside of our own planet much more close to home. That’s according to Russian cosmonaut Anton Shkaplerov, who will make this third trip to the International Space Station in December. Shkaplerov recently said in an interview that he had personally discovered foreign microbes growing on the side of the ISS.

Shkaplerov (left) and Scott Kelly aboard the ISS.

Shkaplerov told Russian state news agency TASS that while swabbing the ISS hull for testing on a previous trip, bacteria was detected growing on the outside of the ISS which was found not have a terrestrial origin:

It turns out that somehow these swabs reveal bacteria that were absent during the launch of the ISS module. That is, they have come from outer space and settled along the external surface. They are being studied so far and it seems that they pose no danger.

While it’s awesome to imagine that these bacteria might be our first extraterrestrial contact, there is the likelihood that the bacteria were still introduced via contamination from earthly sources. Bacteria from Madagascar and plankton from the Barents Sea were found growing on the ISS earlier this year, forcing scientists to suggest raising the upper limits of the known biosphere to 400 km (248 miles). While we imagine space as empty, the space directly around the Earth can be affected by our planet through a number of processes.

Samples are routinely taken from various locations on the outside of the space station.

The remarks of cosmonaut Shkaplerov adds a new strand the web of strangeness surrounding Russia and the International Space Station. Earlier this year, the Russian space agency Roscosmos hinted at the discovery of foreign biomaterial on the outside of the space station, prompting a flyby from an American mystery satellite. Soon after, Roscosmos sent a mysterious, unidentified module up to the ISS for some sort of undisclosed experiment. Could this be the beginning of a new chapter of human history, or is Russian state media engaging in some good ol’ fashioned disinformation?

{ http://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

29-11-2017 om 17:49 geschreven door peter  

Physical Evidence of Alien UFOs has been Found!

It has been documented so many times, in the past fifty years, that we are not alone. There have been many UFO cases where people have seen Unidentified Flying Objects from constructed machines to bright spheres actually land.

When some of these sites have been examined, residual traces have been discovered. When they leave traces behind, we have something tangible to examine long after the object is gone.

I believe the data indicates constructed machines under some sort of intelligent control which can interact with their surroundings in a very physical way.

What these machines are or where they might originate are open questions.

These questions simply cannot be answered by ignoring the facts.

Physical traces found at landing sites include the imprints left behind by the landing gears of the object which indicate tremendous pressure - great weight - generally found as three or four in number, arranged in either a triangular or rectangular pattern.

Apart from imprints, the soil in the landing area is often extremely dehydrated and unable to absorb water. UFO-affected soil cannot support seed germination and plant growth.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

29-11-2017 om 17:26 geschreven door peter  

Close Encounters

Has planet earth ever had a close encounter with aliens?

While UFOs and their occupants have been part of our culture for more than a century, and people from many walks of life claim to have seen them, we have no indisputable evidence that they’re fact rather than fiction, or do we? Naked Science speaks to witnesses of two of the most controversial UFO sightings, the Rendlesham Forest incident in the UK and the Phoenix Lights sighting in the US, as well as the most famous UFO incident of all time, Roswell.

If unidentified flying objects did come from space, how could they have travelled to earth? And how could they survive in our atmosphere? We talk to leading physicists and astrophysicists about the viability of interstellar travel and whether worm holes and warp drives could make it possible. Or perhaps extra-terrestrials will send tiny self-replicating nanobots to explore our Earth?

Close encounters originated with reported sightings of alien craft, but in the last few decades alien contact has taken a new and more terrifying twist, alien abduction. We talk to a so called ‘experiencer’ who claims to have been taken from her bed and experimented on. She believes her claims but could there be another, scientific, explanation for what she remembers? We talk to a neuroscientist who thinks he has the answer. Finally, Naked Science asks possibly the most shocking question of all, could aliens already be among us?

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

29-11-2017 om 01:42 geschreven door peter  

Triangle-shaped craft over Melbourne, Australia

This interesting footage of a triangular-shaped craft cruising over Melbourne, Australia was filmed recently (in November 2017).

What do you think about this footage?

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

29-11-2017 om 01:39 geschreven door peter