The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
01-04-2018
ANCIENT ALIENS, SUPERHEROES, AND THE DECLINE IN RELIGIOUS BELIEF
ANCIENT ALIENS, SUPERHEROES, AND THE DECLINE IN RELIGIOUS BELIEF
Co-author: Abby Moore (superhero theorist). Are myths of ancient astronauts filling the voids left behind in the exodus from the myths of religion? Perhaps the popularity of the Ancient Aliens television series parallels the decline of traditional religious belief in 21st-century America. After all, twice as many Americans believe in ancient aliens visiting humans on Earth (35%) than believe in the pure evolution of human life on Earth (19%). Maybe TV shows about ancient aliens and Hollywood movies about superheroes provide the big cosmic narratives that once belonged almost solely to theology. Think about it: ancient aliens and superheroes both have superpowers once reserved for Gods, prophets, and miracle makers.
For the record, I am an existentialist without the angst, influenced by Sartre, Sagan, and others. In a vast and ancient universe of two trillion galaxies and three sextillion stars stretching across 100 billion light years, I am not a cosmic narcissist who believes a Creator has a special plan for me or my species on a speck of a planet in a remote part of one galaxy. Yet, the cosmic vastness gives me hope that— to quote the astronaut Taylor (Charlton Heston) in Planet of the Apes (1968)— there has “to be something better than man. Has to be.” As explained in my most read essay in Medium, these better-than-human extratrerrestrials have never visited Earth (though I wish they would). Instead, we are witnessing the electronic birth of a new religion based in the myths and imaginary legends of extraterrestrial reality-TV stars—the “ancient aliens” who star in every episode, but have yet to appear.
21st Century Non-Belief
Much has been written about the decline of religious belief in 21st-century America, as documented in various surveys by the Pew Research Center. Americans who have no religious belief and/or no religious affiliation rose to 22.8% in 2014, up from 2% in the 1950s. While religious writers blamed the decline on the usual suspects (the breakdown of society, the decay of traditional values, and so on), the atheists and humanists tweeted their cheers of hope, apparently overlooking the possibility that a decline in traditional religious belief does not automatically equate to a rise in reason, science, and enlightenment. Given the increasing paranormalism in America, it could be the opposite. Make no mistake, something will fill the void.
According to the United States Census, the current US population is an estimated 327 million people. If indeed 22.8% of Americans are non-believers, that total equals about 75 million people. Age is definitely a factor in non-belief. Over 33% of millennials claim no religious belief, while GenX non-believers are at 23%, Baby Boomers are 17%, and those born before 1945 are 11%.
TABLE 1. Source: Pew Research Center website (2014); accessed November 11, 2017.
According to Pew, about 50% of the unaffiliated are disenchanted with religion or don’t need religion because of their beliefs in “science” and the lack of evidence for a Creator. Another 20% have a beef against organized religion, while 18% are unsure of their beliefs and 10% are inactive.
What’s most interesting to me is not the increase in atheists and agnostics, but the 15.8% who believe “nothing in particular.” 15.8% equals just over 50 million people. Since I doubt all of these people are nihilists, I wonder what they believe about the origins and destiny of the human species.
Are they merely disinterested in religion? Have they outgrown religion, with no need to replace it with any other worldview or cosmology? Do they believe in evolution or that the observable universe is indeed 13.7 billion years old and contains two trillion galaxies? Do they believe in human-caused climate disruption or the Anthropocene? Do they believe we got here via the advice and interventions of ancient aliens? Or do mobile phones, cool threads, hipster restaurants, and Netflix subscriptions provide the needed daily dope—such that they do not need a cosmology for themselves or for our species?
GRAPH 1. Beginning in the late 1960s, we can see the post-Apollo rise of the nones. Source: Gallup and National Public Radio, 2013.
The Apollo Effect
According to Gallup surveys and National Public Radio, the “nones” stayed below 5% until the Apollo program in the late 1960s. The rise of the nones began with the launch of rockets to the moon and continued long after the Apollo program was shut down. For readers who might not know, Apollo 8 orbited the moon in 1968 and took the famed Earthrise image, with Apollo 11 landing on the moon in 1969 and Apollo 17 marking the last journey to the moon in 1972.
GRAPH 2. The post-1990 rise of the internet and rise of nones. Source: MIT Technology Review (“How the Internet is Taking Away America’s Religion,” April 4, 2014) and Allen Downey (“ “Religious Affiliation, Education, and Internet Use,” March 21, 2014).
The Internet Effect
According to computer scientist Allen Downey, the rise of the internet correlates with the rise of non-belief from 1990 to 2010. During that period, the increase in non-believers jumped from 8% to 18% of Americans. In a study of four decades of survey data trends regarding demographics, socioeconomics, religious affiliation, and internet usage, Downey concluded that:
Religious upbringing increases the chance of religious affiliation as an adult. Decreases in religious upbringing between the 1980s and 2000s account for about 25% of the observed decrease in affiliation.
College education decreases the chance of religious affiliation. Increases in college graduation between the 1980s and 2000s account for about 5% of the observed decrease in affiliation.
Internet use decreases the chance of religious affiliation. Increases in Internet use since 1990, from 0 to nearly 80% of the general population, account for about 20% of the observed decrease in affiliation.
Please keep in mind that “correlation” does not equal “causation.” Correlations show patterns that we must connect to other knowledge, evidence, and observations.
What Accounts for the Other 45%?
Given there are 75 million non-believers, what other trends might account for the startling growth in numbers? If we follow Downey’s study and assume upbringing, education, and the internet can account for 55% of the increase, what else accounts for the other 45% (33.7 million people)?
Is it the growth of the scientific outlook? That’s possible, given that only 9% of Americans believed in pure evolution in 1982 and the total has more than doubled to 19% in 2014 (according to Gallup). However, it is likely a good chunk of that 19% is accounted for in the 55% of Downey’s study?
Could the increases be attributed to the various “New Atheist” books published in the past few years? Recent works include: Sam Harris’ The End of Faith (2004), Susan Jacoby’s Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism(2004),Richard Dawkins’ The God Delusion(2006), Daniel Dennett’s Breaking the Spell (2006), Christopher Hitchens’ God is Not Great(2007), and Victor Stenger’s God: the Failed Hypothesis(2007). These books might have had marginal influence on creating more non-believers, but my guess is that most of the readers of these books were already atheists. Plus, the sales of these books are dwarfed by the audience size of Ancient Aliens.
As dramatized in 2001: A Space Odyssey, the monolith was the indisputable artifact left on Earth by advanced extraterrestrials. Ancient Aliens hijacked this concept and dumbed it down to the lowest possible level, while filling the intellectual void left by the death of philosophy long divorced from cosmology.
The Rise of Ancient Alien Theory: Hijacking the 2001 and Apollo Narratives
Published at the pinnacle of the space age in 1968, Erich von Daniken’s Chariots of the Gods? hijacked the space narrative from Apollo and Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey. 2001 appeared in 1968, along with Planet of the Apes, Apollo 8 (the first journey to the moon), and Chariots of the Gods?. Apollo 11 landed on the moon in 1969 as von Daniken’s book was becoming popular around the world. Chariots of the Gods? did what few other works tried (outside of a few episodes of the original Star Trek): it connected human destiny on Earth to the stars we were beginning to explore with the Apollo program. As I wrote in my previous essay about ancient-alien theory:
“The ancient-astronaut theory draws upon two valid cosmological concepts: 1) the reality of the immensity of space and time; and 2) the possibility of advanced civilizations somewhere in the cosmos. Given that the scale of the observable universe is immense and that NASA’s Kepler telescope suggests there may be billions of planets in the Milky Way, there is almost certainly life elsewhere in the cosmos, perhaps including intelligent civilizations.”
“Given that the observable universe is 13.7 billion years old and it took 4 billion years for intelligent life to emerge on Earth, then it is possible the remaining 9 billion years produced civilizations that may have existed for millions or billions of years. If so, they may have developed space travel technologies that allow them to traverse the great distances with relative ease…Such a possibility is one reason why 2001 offers such a compelling vision of human origins and destinies. After all, it would be an epochal moment to find a black monolith somewhere on Earth or the moon, beaming out a radio signal to an alert and curious species.”
Such a possibility is attractive, at least in theory. If ancient aliens have visited our planet, they would have possessed highly advanced sciences and technologies. They would have been viewed as gods, angels, and miracle makers by premodern humans, who would have looked upon the beings and technologies with awe, wonder, and fear.
A 1970s-style Captain Kirk got in on the ancient alien narrative, too.
Since Chariots of the Gods? was a huge best-seller, it was made into a documentary film, Chariots of the Gods (1970). Creator of The Twilight Zone, Rod Serling even narrated a one-hour TV version called In Search of Ancient Astronauts (1973). A copycat version of the film, Mysteries of the Gods, was released in 1976—hosted by none other than William Shatner, a.k.a. Captain Kirk, looking rather hip in a green turtleneck and black velour blazer, while sporting a 1970s-style toupée. With films and TV shows as publicity, Chariots of the Gods? sold over 40 million copies during the 1970s.
Without a doubt, 2001, Planet of the Apes, and von Daniken’s book and films were trying to account for human origins and destiny at the pinnacle of the space age and the Apollo program. When I first encountered Chariots of the Gods? as a boy in the suburbs of Texas in the 1970s, it seemed like a plausible counter-narrative to the self-righteous evangelicals in my school and neighborhood. As explained here, I eventually began to question the validity of the assertions and realized the ancient-alien theory was bogus pseudoscience. To be frank, I was kinda bummed out. But, logic and evidence mattered more to me. Still do.
Of course, there were mainstream media efforts to debunk Chariots of the Gods? These included a 1976 Skeptical Inquirer article, a book entitled The Space Gods Revealed that featureda forward by Carl Sagan, and a BBC-PBS production of Nova (the episode “The Case of the Ancient Astronauts”). Nevertheless, the book’s pseudoscientific ideas continued to circulate around the world in the decades that featured the rise of non-belief in the wake of Apollo. Given that Chariots of the Gods? sold 40 million copies, can we assume it had zero impact on traditional religious beliefs?
In 2009, a two-part episode of Ancient Aliens appeared on the History Channel. So popular was the show that the History Channel programmed the Ancient Alien series, which began in 2010 and is still running every season—134 episodes and counting! As point of comparison for the atheist programs, Neil deGrasse Tyson’s 2014 Cosmos reboot only had 13 episodes and seems to appear on TV far less often than Ancient Aliens. I have seen both series listed in Netflix. Why would Ancient Aliens far outstrip Cosmos if the issue was merely a scientific outlook?
The prime-time episodes of Ancient Aliens draw well over one million viewers, plus there are endless repeats during days and evenings. These audiences are far larger than anything on the Science Channel. Who knows how many millions of viewers have seen the various episodes of Ancient Aliens? Among the 45% and 33 million non-believers unaccounted for in Downey’s study, how many millions might be fans of Ancient Aliens?I don’t know but it is a question worth considering. I bet the total is far from zero. After all, recent surveys show that 35% of Americans believe aliens have visited Earth in the ancient past (see the Chapman surveys below).
Still going strong almost 50 years after Chariots of the Gods?.
The Ancient Aliens series features fanciful storytelling, with many scenes shot at the various remote sites where “evidence” of ancient aliens supposedly exists. Still, it’s all pseudoscientific nonsense—simply because there are no proven artifacts of extraterrestrial origin. There is no academic conspiracy against the ancient-alien theorists as implied in the narration and comments of the talking heads. What’s needed is proven evidence, as cleverly suggested by the monolith in 2001. But we haven’t discovered a monolith or the “chariots.” I wish we had.
In Chariots of the Gods?, Mysteries of the Gods, and Ancient Aliens, virtually all of the so-called evidence and arguments provided by the theorists are myth, superstition, hearsay, anecdotal, or involve an inference or conclusion that is fallacious, implausible, or unknowable. The “evidence” and arguments also contain inaccuracies, mistaken assumptions, unrelated facts, and false similarities. The few remaining pieces of “evidence” — which are a tiny fragment of the absurd claims — are simply mysteries yet to be solved or mysteries that will never be solved. One might say this is also a key point in the cultural emergence of “alternative facts.”
Ancient Aliens: A New Cosmic Religion
But the pseudoscience, endless fallacies, and alternative facts have not prevented the multi-season programming of the television series. Even if the History Channel decided against renewing the series, it would run for decades in syndication and for eternity online, at least until real extraterrestrials arrived or we finishing wrecking the planet.
According to Chapman University, the belief in ancient aliens is growing rapidly: from 20% in 2015 to 35% in 2017.
Chariots of the Gods? and Ancient Aliens have given birth to new cosmic religion narrative, with von Daniken as the great prophet and his followers serving as the scribes—Giorgio Tsoukalos, Graham Hancock, David Childress, and others. Like God and his prophets, the unseen aliens have superpowers and have shaped our past and perhaps our destiny, especially if they return. The ancient alien narrative is like the standard Creator narratives, in that it assumes most everything humans have done follows from pre-ordained grand plans, with mysterious or hidden purposes, effected by an all-powerful force from the sky, a force that has yet to return to prove it exists. Like the Creator narrative, we humans must have been special beneficiaries. After all, the ancient aliens have taken the time to visit our tiny planet, thus caring enough to allegedly build stone structures, design ancient batteries, create cool statuettes, and paint pictographs before cruising to the next galaxy or star system.
Despite (or because of) the pseudoscience, the ancient alien theorists are doing a far better job of connecting humanity to the cosmos than Hollywood filmmakers and contemporary philosophers. The ancient-alien theorists have a fervant audience of followers who feel the theory connects our origins and destinies to the stars. Meanwhile, Hollywood merely sends us into space to wage Star Wars and battle Alien monsters.
All of the above is why I predict the ancient-alien narrative will continue to grow over time, precisely because it is filled with mystical and magical beliefs that mirror religious mythologies. Ancient Aliens makes us feel special—just like Jesus, ETs came to visit us and advise us. After hijacking the 2001narrative, von Daniken and his scribes have built the ancient-astronaut theory into a new religion, a new cosmic narrative filling the void left by contemporary philosophy as it shrinks before a massive and expanding universe. Meanwhile, secular society provides us with mobile phones and IMAX movies, and says we and our tribes are special—so super-special that superheroes will save us in case the aliens don’t make it back in time.
Superheroes: Our Secular Gods
Born of Nietzsche’s 19th century “Ubermensch,” the superhero emerged to counter horiffic “supermen” of the 20th century — the Marxist New Man and the Nazi Aryan man. By the early 20th century, the Soviet Union promised to create the Marxist New Man, the new human supposedly liberated from capitalism and united via communism and “scientific” materialism, supposedly destined to operate on an international scale. Countering the Marxist New Man, Nazi Germany concocted a racist Aryan Man, a mythical superman from the past supposedly destined to rule Europe and much of the world. Of course, both of these visions of a “new man” resulted in genocide and mass slaughter in totalitarian societies, culminating in World War II and the deaths of hundreds of millions of people before, during, and after the war.
In America’s land of a mythic “Democratic Man,” the only “superman” would be Superman, Batman, and subsequent legions of superheroes to save us in comics and movies. Though superheroes are fictional, their stories draw on real world events, such as nuclear weapons and environmental destruction. Superheroes function like secular gods providing stories about humanity’s survival and redemption in the face of apocalypse. In the end credits for The Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), we see a giant sculpture of the Avenger superheroes, as if they are a pantheon of gods from Ancient Greece or Rome.
Pantheon of Secular Gods. Above: Statue of The Avengers from The Age of Ultron. Below: Justice League Superheroes
Superhero films have proven especially popular in the 21st century, with a trendline that mirrors the rise of non-belief in America.
Well into the 21st century, the superhero films just keep coming from Hollywood. Be it Superman, Batman, X-Men, Wonder Woman, or The Avengers, it seems almost all superhero films feature superheroes confronting a doomsday scenario for humanity. The superheroes must “save the world” because we can’t do it. Just as ancient-aliens fills the void left by philosophy divorced from science, superheroes fill the void left because industrial society has become divorced from nature, yet it is utterly reliant on the resources we are depleting. Oceans are acidifying, sea levels are rising, and nuclear war is still a possibility, while terrorism, exploitation, and endless tribal warfare plague secular society. Superheroes are needed to save us from ourselves because we know we have no answers, no real solutions for our problems, no leaders or institutions left to trust. It’s the same thing, over and over again, as illustrated in presidential elections.
In the 21st century, Americans expect their presidents to be superheroes battling the doomsday scenarios of the other party—thus we give the presidents ever-expanded political and legal powers, as if we are trying to give them superpowers and make them into superheroes with super solutions. Both major parties do it. Don’t deny it. When the dictator arrives in America, it will be in the guise of a presidential superhero with political superpowers. As Trump has shown, the superhero prez won’t even need to be rational or coherent or even sane. They just need to be superheroes who zap the bad guys. This is what happens when religion and nationalism merge with Hollywood and the 24/7 media spectacle.
In superhero movies and sequels, the superheroes must return to save us, again and again. Ancient-alien theorists claim extraterrestrial visitors shaped our past, present, and perhaps our future when they return. The return of aliens and superheroes echoes the promised return of Jesus and Nietzsche’s cycle of the eternal return, the superhero feedback loop. Ancient aliens and superheroes have superpowers beyond anything humans have, not unlike the Gods and prophets in religions. In the end, superheroes are our secular Gods and fulfill functions formerly reserved for religion, while ancient-alien theory claims to offer a secular narrative that connects us to the stars, yet ends up as another religion—a merger of the space age and new age.
Superhero stories and ancient-alien theory now stand in for contemporary philosophy, divorced from 21st century cosmology and declared “dead” by Stephen Hawking. In the absence of a science-based popular philosophy that offers us hope, meaning, and purpose (beyond tribalism, consumerism, and strip-mining other planets) amid the cosmic vastness, the ancient-alien theory provides hope and meaning by connecting our origins and destiny to a story that begins in the stars—even it is in a universe of alternative facts.
How much of the decline of traditional religious belief can be attributed to the rise of ancient alien theory? I don’t know, but given this analysis, I bet it is far from zero. This possibility is why the traditional religions will try to colonize the ancient-alien theory. Already, one prominent religious leader suggests we baptize extraterrestrials upon meeting them. If the ancient aliens do show up and don’t believe in a Creator, we might well need the superheroes to save us from a religious war in space!
_____________
Barry Vacker is author of the new book, Specter of the Monolith (2017), which explores the meaning of Apollo and films like 2001 and Interstellar, while outlining a new and entirely original space philosophy for the human species. The book is available in Apple’s iBooks, Barnes & Noble (here), and Amazon (here).
With the latest available orbital data and space-weather forecasts, the reentry prediction window has stabilised and shrunk further to a time frame running from midnight 1 April to the early morning of 2 April (in UTC time)
Reentry will take place anywhere between 43ºN and 43ºS. Areas above or below these latitudes can be excluded. At no time will a precise time/location prediction from ESA be possible. This forecast was updated approximately weekly through to mid-March, and is now being updated every day.
TIANGONG-1 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Tiangong-1 (天宫一号, Heavenly Palace 1) is China’s first space station and an experimental space laboratory. Its major goal was to test and master technologies related to orbital rendezvous and docking. It is identified by its UN COSPAR ID 2011-053A. It was launched on 30 September 2011 at 03:16:03.507 UTC by a Long March 2F/G rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in the Gobi desert, Inner Mongolia, China. One uncrewed and two crewed missions, executed by the Shenzhou (神舟, Divine Craft) spacecraft, took place during its operational lifetime.
What’s happening?
The Tiangong-1 space station will reenter Earth’s atmosphere and substantially burn up in the March–April 2018 timeframe.
As of mid-January 2018, the spacecraft was at about 280 km altitude in an orbit that will inevitably decay; it will mostly burn up due to the extreme heat generated by its high-speed passage through the atmosphere (some spacecraft, like Soyuz capsules, are designed to withstand reentry).
Following launch in 2011, the Tiangong-1 orbit began steadily decaying due to the faint, yet not-zero, atmospheric drag present even at 300 or 400 km altitude. This affects all satellites and spacecraft in low-Earth orbit, like the International Space Station (ISS), for example.
As a result, such craft must conduct regular ‘reboost manoeuvres’ to maintain their orbit – typically, ground controllers command the craft’s engines or thrusters to fire for a certain amount of time, speeding it up so that it gains altitude.
During its operational life from launch through to December 2015, regular orbital maintenance manoeuvres were executed by Tiangong-1 in order to maintain an operational altitude of between 330 and 390 km above the Earth’s surface.
What was the original disposal plan?
Initially, a ‘controlled reentry’ was planned for the spacecraft at the end of its life.
This means that ground controllers would have commanded the engines to fire, slowing the craft by a significant amount so that it would fall toward the surface. Firing the engines would have been done at a specific moment so that it would reenter the atmosphere and substantially burn up over a large, unpopulated region of the South Pacific ocean. Any surviving pieces would fall into the ocean, far from any populated areas. This is precisely what ESA did, for example, for the Agency’s series of five ATV cargo spacecraft between 2008 and 2015.
However, in March 2016 the Tiangong-1 space station ceased functioning but maintained its structural integrity. In so far as can be fully confirmed, ground teams lost control with the craft, and it can no longer be commanded to fire its engines. It is, therefore, expected to make an ‘uncontrolled reentry.’
Q: How big is Tiangong-1? What shape is it?
The spacecraft’s 10.4 m-long main body is made up of two cylinders of approximately equal length: a service module and an experiment module. The thinner service module provides power and orbit control capabilities for the station. It has two solar panels, each approximately 3 x 7 m in size. The thicker experimental module comprises an enclosed front conical section, which include a docking port, a cylindrical section, and a rear conical section. The experimental module is habitable.
The overall mass of the spacecraft was reported to have been approximately 8.5 tonnes including fuel at launch. Given that the space station exceeded its originally planned operational lifetime of two years and continued operating successfully for two more years after that, a considerable amount of fuel must have been consumed to sustain the orbit and the habitable environment conditions inside.
This means that a significantly lower mass on reentry is likely, comparable to the mass of defunct satellites that make uncontrolled reentries typically a couple times per month.
To date, who’s done or is doing what?
China notified the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) of the upcoming re-entry and committed to enhanced monitoring and forecasting of the orbital decay, including requesting an international joint monitoring and information dissemination campaign under the framework of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC).
IADC comprises space debris and other experts from 13 space agencies/organisations, including NASA, ESA, European national space agencies, JAXA, ISRO, KARI, Roscosmos and the China National Space Administration.
IADC members will use this event to conduct their annual reentry test campaign, during which participants will pool their predictions of the time window, as well as their respective tracking datasets obtained from radar and other sources. The aim is to cross-verify, cross-analyse and improve the prediction accuracy for all members.
ESA is acting as host and administrator for the campaign, as it has done for the twenty previous IADC test campaigns since 1998. A special case for ESA was the campaign in 2013 during the uncontrolled reentry of ESA’s own GOCE satellite.
Regular updates are being provided via the website of the China Manned Space Agency in both Chinese and English.
As of January 2018, the mean altitude of the space station is 280 km. The further decay, and hence re-entry, is assumed to be uncontrolled in the sense of orbit maintenance. This has, however, not been unambiguously confirmed by the Chinese authorities. It has however been reported that the attitude, i.e. the orientation, of Tiangong-1 is stabilised.
Over which parts of Earth will it burn up?
Due to the orbital inclination of the Tiangong-1, approximately 42.8 degrees, and the likely uncontrolled nature of the reentry, the final impact point can be anywhere on Earth between 42.8 degrees North and 42.8 degrees South in latitude.
As you can see in the chart at right in the map above, the re-entry location itself is not uniformly distributed. Due to the geometry of the craft’s circular orbit, the probability of reentry happening at the maximum (42.8 degrees N) and minimum (42.8 degrees S) latitude are higher than at the equator.
Why is this?
Because of the low eccentricity and non-polar inclination of the orbit (in other words, because the orbit of the space station around the Earth is circular and at an angle with respect to the equator), the space station spends more time near the edges of the band then it spends crossing the equatorial region of Earth. This leads to a higher likelihood of reentry occurring near the edges of the latitude band, i.e., the top and bottom of the band in the map above.
Will it completely burn up during reentry?
At launch, the total mass of the space station was about 8.5 tonnes (including fuel). Following its launch in September 2011, Tiangong-1 operated successfully for two full years on its scheduled operational mission plus an additional two years, and much of its fuel must have been consumed to maintain orbit altitude and maintain conditions inside the module. This means that the station’s mass is likely to be significantly lower on reentry, comparable to other end-of-life satellites, of which each month, typically, 3-4 uncontrollably reenter Earth’s atmosphere. Tiangong-1’s mass without fuel is estimated to be, therefore, about 7.5t.
Through comparisons with similar reentries, and simulations for objects of similar mass and size, we may not exclude that a (small) fraction of the Tiangong-1 mass may reach ground, in some fragments, distributed over a large footprint area. It is very difficult to estimate how much, precisely, without more knowledge of the spacecraft’s design and construction.
Will anyone know the precise location and time of reentry in advance?
Only from one day before the actual reentry will it become possible to roughly predict which ground tracks, and hence which regions on Earth, might witness the reentry.
But even then, an impact location prediction on the order kilometres is, for an uncontrolled reentry, beyond current technical capabilities due to complexities of modelling the atmosphere, the dynamics of the reentering object and limitations in observing the spacecraft.
In general, the uncertainty associated with an uncontrolled reentry prediction is on the order of 20% of the remaining orbital lifetime. Practically, this means that even 7 hours before the actual reentry, the uncertainty on the break-up location is a full orbital revolution – meaning plus or minus thousands of km!
If the spacecraft does have a functioning attitude control system now, this could stop working under the higher dynamic pressure loads (due to falling lower into the atmosphere) closer to reentry and the uncertainty in the final reentry time window could rise (this was the case, for example, with ESA’s GOCE reentry).
Once it reenters and breaks up, what is the risk that any pieces reach ground?
Tiangong-1 is a large spacecraft comparable in size and mass to other, frequently used space stations and cargo vessels such as ESA’s ATV, the Japanese HTV, Russian Progress and American Dragon or Cygnus.
From monitoring the controlled reentries of those types of spacecraft, it can be surmised that Tiangong-1 will break up during its atmospheric re-entry and that some parts will survive the process and reach the surface of Earth.
Video of ESA’s ATV 1 breaking up during its controlled reentry in September 2008
Given the uncontrolled nature of this reentry event, the zone over which fragments might fall stretches over a curved ellipsoid that is thousands of kilometres in length and tens of kilometres wide. While a wide area could be affected, it is important to point out that a large part of the Earth is covered by water or is uninhabited.
Hence the personal probability of being hit by a piece of debris from the Tiangong-1 is actually 10 million times smaller than the yearly chance of being hit by lightning.
In the history of spaceflight, no casualties due to falling space debris have ever been confirmed.
How does Tiangong-1 reentry compare to the reentries of similar-size craft in the past?
With its 8.5 metric tonnes of (initial) mass, Tiangong-1 is definitely not the largest uncontrolledreentry in spaceflight history. That would be Skylab with 74 metric tonnes.
Tiangong-1 falls within the category of modern space freighters (crewed and uncrewed) such as the already mentioned ATV (12 t), Japan’s HTV (10 t), Russia’s Progress (7 t) and Soyuz (7 t), the US Dragon (7 t) or Cygnus (5 t) and the Chinese Tianzhou (13 t). These masses are for the loaded craft; in the table below, they are shown at reentry.
Tiangong-1-class reentries Credit: ESA CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO Note: Shuttle Colombia (STS-107), with a mass of 82 t, unexpectedly broke up during a controlled reentry on 1 Feb 2003, leading to the loss of vehicle and crew.
How will ESA share news or updates on the reentry?
In addition to news posted here in the blog, ESA will regularly update authorities in ESA Member States with detailed information on the reentry, as it does during all such events.
What is ESA doing to tackle the problem of space debris?
ESA is leading the effort to tackle the problems of space debris by:
Monitoring and tracking objects in space By the end of the 2009-2020 period, ESA’s Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Programme will have overseen an investment of €200 million aiming to develop Europe-wide warning systems for space weather, near-Earth objects (such as asteroids) and debris objects left in orbit by human activities. Within SSA, ESA is developing and demonstrating the technologies needed to find and track debris and alert satellite operators – who control our vital weather, navigation, telecommunication and science research satellites – when evasive action may be necessary.
Developing technologies to mitigate and remediate space debris ESA’s Clean Space office launched the CleanSat project to support European Industry in developing technologies for spacecraft in low-Earth orbit that will then be fully compliant with debris-mitigation regulations. CleanSat covers four technology areas:1. Passivation: Explosions of satellites are a major source of debris. Passivation reduces the likelihood of a satellite exploding in the future by deactivating its power systems and batteries and venting any leftover propellant.2. Design for demise: Many spacecraft reenter the atmosphere. By using materials and designs that are likely to burn up entirely, the engineers are reducing the chances that pieces are left to hit the ground.3. Deorbiting systems: International debris guidelines require satellites to remove themselves from low-Earth orbit within 25 years of their end of life. ESA is carrying out studies to develop technologies that will ease the deorbiting at the end of life without affecting mission efficiency (examples include compact solid robot thrusters for deorbiting and ‘terminator sails’ that could be unfurled to increase air drag and hasten reentry).4. Design for servicing: This involves incorporating standard features onto future satellites, such as grips and handles, that will enable robotic servicing missions to capture satellites for removal, repair or refuelling.
While the first action to tackle the challenge of space debris is to stop producing further debris, it is also important to remove the largest items of debris currently in heavily-trafficked orbits, as a preventative measure to reduce the likelihood of future explosions or collisions.
ESA’s Clean Space office is working to prepare the first ‘active debris removal’ (ADR) mission, called e.Deorbit. The objective of the mission is to use a custom satellite – the chaser – to capture a heavy, ESA-owned derelict satellite and remove it from an altitude of 800-1000 km and a near-polar orbital trajectory. The mission will be also an opportunity to demonstrate technologies needed for target characterisation, disposal methods and capture mechanisms – three technology areas of high interest to ESA and European industry for future space servicing vehicles.
What specific technologies will help avoid future reentries such as this?
While not a specific technology, the main way for any spacecraft operator to avoid reentries such as this is to ensure that their missions are fully capable of conducting controlled, completely destructivereentries at the end of life. The specific technological approach taken depends on the mass of the spacecraft in question:
For satellites up to 1-2 tonnes: Technologies which will enhance ‘design for demise’ during reentry in the atmosphere. By using materials that are likely to burn up entirely during reentry and designs that will encourage complete breakup at an early point in the reentry process, already in the manufacturing phase engineers can reduce the chances that any pieces survive reentry to reach the surface.
For larger satellites: Efficient controlled deorbiting systems are needed. ESA is conducting studies to develop technologies that will ease deorbiting at the end of life without affecting overall mission efficiency, such as improved pressure gauges to maintain an accurate measure of the propellant remaining in a spacecraft’s fuel tank.
Vermoedelijke opvolger Pluto laat zich (nog) niet zien
Steven Stroeykens
WETENSCHAPAstronomen beginnen steeds sterker te vermoeden dat er zich in ons zonnestelsel een onontdekte planeet schuilhoudt die de banen van andere hemellichamen beïnvloedt. Die zou veel groter en zwaarder zijn dan de vroegere negende planeet Pluto en verder weg staan van de zon dan alle andere planeten.
Er zijn bizarre dingen gaande in het buitenste stuk van het zonnestelsel voorbij Neptunus, de verste van de acht planeten. In die koude buitenwijk van het zonnestelsel draaien een heleboel kleine, ijzige hemellichamen, waaronder ook Pluto, dat in 2006 tot ‘dwergplaneet’ werd gedegradeerd. Astronomen noemen die kleine hemellichamen meestal nogal fantasieloos ‘trans-Neptunian objects’ of TNO’s (objecten voorbij Neptunus). Samen vormen ze de zogeheten ‘Kuipergordel’, een vele miljarden kilometers grote zwerm voorbij Neptunus.
Áls de planeet bestaat, is het een grote bol ijs die zich schuilhoudt in de ijskoude, donkere buitenste delen van ons zonnestelsel»
Het zijn de vreemde banen van sommige TNO’s in de Kuipergordel die astronomen nu aan het denken hebben gezet. Ze draaien immers niet rond de zon in nette cirkels die ongeveer in eenzelfde vlak liggen — zoals de acht planeten doen — maar beschrijven heel langgerekte ellipsvormige banen die schots en scheef georiënteerd staan in de ruimte. Sedna bijvoorbeeld — een duizend kilometer grote bal ijs en rots die er maar liefst 11.000 jaar over doet om één keer rond de zon te draaien — verwijdert zich één keer per omloop tot ruim 140 miljard kilometer van de zon. Da’s dertig keer zo ver als Neptunus en 940 keer zo ver als de aarde.
Kudde schapen
Maar de banen van die avontuurlijke TNO’s zijn niet helemaal willekeurig, integendeel. Er is een groepje bij met verdacht gelijkaardige banen, in een gelijkaardige hoek tegenover de rest van het zonnestelsel en reikend tot gelijkaardige afstanden. Dat moet een reden hebben, denken astronomen, en dan is een nog onbekende planeet de meest voor de hand liggende. Misschien trekt en sleurt zijn zwaartekracht aan de TNO’s en houdt hij die in het gareel als een herdershond bij een kudde schapen?
Als planeet nummer 9 echt bestaat, is het alleszins een behoorlijk fors exemplaar. Misschien zelfs tien keer zo zwaar als de aarde en érg ver weg: gemiddeld 60 à 75 miljard kilometer van de zon, volgens een schatting van Mike Brown en Konstantin Batygin van het California Institute of Technology. Op zijn verste punt zou hij nog een stuk verder kunnen komen dan Sedna. Ter vergelijking: de aarde staat op amper 0,15 miljard kilometer van de zon.
Grote bol ijs
Wat voor planeet het is, weten we niet, maar een grote bol ijs, mogelijk met wat gesteente en ander materiaal ertussen gemengd, is een goede gok. Hij houdt zich immers schuil in de ijskoude, donkere buitenste delen van ons zonnestelsel, ver weg van de zonnewarmte. Doordat hij zich zo ver weg van ons en de zon bevindt, moet planeet 9 – als hij al bestaat – erg lichtzwak zijn en moeilijk te vinden. Zelfs door de grootste telescopen zou hij niet meer zijn dan een onooglijk klein lichtpuntje, verloren tussen de miljarden verre sterren in onze Melkweg. Dat verklaart waarom hij nooit eerder is waargenomen door een telescoop. Het belet astronomen niet om te proberen. Onder meer het team van Brown is aan het speuren geslagen met de Subara, een grote telescoop op een bergtop in Hawaï.
Op basis van de banen van bekende TNO’s kunnen astronomen wel ruwweg de baan van planeet 9 schatten, maar nog niet op welk punt van die baan hij zich momenteel bevindt. Dat betekent dat hij op heel veel plaatsen aan de hemel zou kunnen staan. Om zeker te zijn moet die héle baan afgespeurd worden, met een ruime onzekerheidsmarge eromheen. De zoektocht zou dus weleens lang kunnen duren, maar de astronomen zouden natuurlijk ook geluk kunnen hebben en morgen al op de planeet stoten.
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Algerian Sky suddenly turns into red – Sahara Sand or Iron Oxide?
Algerian Sky suddenly turns into red – Sahara Sand or Iron Oxide?
A rare weather event has happened this week in Algeria where the sky suddenly turned into red. The phenomenon in Algeria is just one example of extreme weather events taking place all over the world every week.
A completely red sky has been filmed in Algeria due to incoming Sahara sand according to weather specialists, but others are convinced that it is iron oxide coming from the Nibiru system similar to the strange red dust mist captured by the International Space Station live feed camera, a few days ago.
Two Cylinder UFOs Seen Over Iowa By Aircraft Pilot, Jan 29, 2018, UFO Sighting News.
Two Cylinder UFOs Seen Over Iowa By Aircraft Pilot, Jan 29, 2018, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: January 29, 2018 Location of sighting: Burlington, Iowa, USA Source: MUFON #91139 These two UFOs are flying in military formation, meaning they are watching out for one another...a wingman of sorts. The pilot says that he saw two shiny cylinder UFOs leaving the earths atmosphere. Most UFOs have the ability to create clouds, contrails and aircraft light flashes, in order to camouflage themselves. Clearly these UFOs are doing the same to look like rockets. Scott C. Waring Eyewitness states:
While Piloting aircraft at 10,000 ft observed two separate contrails emitted in pulses from 2 small blunt highly reflective cylindrical objects.
Vladimir Putin's quest for lucrative Arctic natural gas is behind bizarre exploding craters in the tundra, according to a top scientist.
The mysterious holes first appeared in 2014 and led to wild speculation that they were caused by Kremlin missile tests, aliens, or that they were manmade - as a prank.
Later scientists agreed they were formed by underground methane eruptions in thawing permafrost.
Now experts have found from satellite image analysis that the craters - which fill with water - are prone to explode more than once
And Russia's leading authority on the bizarre phenomenon claims that many explosions may have been triggered by the massive exploitation of natural gas for exports to Europe - including Britain - and China.
Scroll down for video
Mysterious holes that first appeared in 2014 are formed by underground methane eruptions in thawing permafrost. Russia's leading authority on the bizarre phenomenon claims that many explosions may have been triggered by the massive exploitation of natural gas for exports to Europe - including Britain - and China
Professor Vasily Bogoyavlensky said he suspected 'human activities' - namely interfering with nature by drilling for vast Yamal gas reserves, vital for the Russian economy - were to blame.
Leaks from gas wells lead to unstable pockets of methane accumulating under frozen soil, he said.
Initially these cause swelling pingos - or mounds - in the tundra which explode when the gas builds up under a thick cap of ice.
One famous crater which exploded in the middle of the Mordy-Yakha River has only natural causes, but it may not be typical, he said.
'We managed to take samples of gas, and analyse them,' he said.
'The gas is biogenic. There are no gas wells nearby.
'So there is no doubt that the appearance of this funnel is natural.
'But we cannot say this for sure about all the craters discovered in recent years — or be certain that human activities did not contribute to their emergence.'
He believes some to be 'technogenic' - caused by man's use of technology in the tundra.
Dr Bogoyavlensky, from the Russian Oil and Gas Research Institute in Moscow, also discovered that the eerie holes are prone to second explosions, reported The Siberian Times.
Leaks from gas wells lead to unstable pockets of methane accumulating under frozen soil, he said. Initially these cause swelling pingos - or mounds - in the tundra which explode when the gas builds up under a thick cap of ice and form deep craters (pictured)
Bulging bumps filled with methane in the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas are believed to be caused by thawing permafrost. Scientists have identified the peculiar phenomenon on expeditions and from satellite images. The bubbled eventually erupt, forming large craters
Researchers discovered last year that some 7,000 'underground gas bubbles' are set to explode in the Russian Arctic in future and a dozen new craters have been identified in three years.
'We discovered from space that in one of the craters flooded with water a new pingo appeared - and exploded,' he revealed.
The hole with the second eruption was not identified and further details are to be published in a scientific journal.
But he said: 'We proved that the forming of craters is not a one-off phenomenon.'
He is concerned at the risk of ecological disasters if the explosions occur under gas pipelines or production facilities or residential areas.
The domes are created from thawing permafrost releasing methane into the ground above. This causes the ground to bulge and form unusual gas mounds (left). These are called pingos which are prone to exploding and this creates vast craters (right)
Pingos are dome-shaped mounds over a core of ice. Dr Bogoyavlensky, from the Russian Oil and Gas Research Institute in Moscow, also discovered that the eerie holes are prone to second explosions
'In a number of areas, pingos - as we see both from satellite data and with own eyes during helicopter inspections - literally prop up gas pipes,' he said last year.
'In some places they jack up the gas pipes... they seem to begin to slightly bend these pipes.'
The problem is extensive.
'Based on satellite data, we have marked 7,000 bulges (pingos) - or even more,' he said.
'It doesn't mean that every pingo carries danger - but it is still clear that we can draw certain conclusions.
A dozen new craters have been identified in three years.
He called for more seismic stations to monitor potential explosions close to gas pipelines or residential areas.
The changes of the famous Yamal crater from 2014 to 2016. The craters remain unpredictable and mysterious, despite understanding of them increasing markedly in recent years. Last year, Russia set up an early warning system of seismic sensors hoping to predict new permafrost explosions leads to the formation of bizarre 'Arctic domes'
WHAT ARE THE GIANT CRATERS IN RUSSIA?
Scientists believe the giant holes in north Siberia were originally a phenomenon known as apingo.
This is a subsurface accumulation of ice that has been covered by land.
Pingos are dome-shaped mounds over a core of ice.
At least ten are known to have exploded in Siberia in recent years forming craters.
The craters were only first discovered in 2014 and were shrouded in mystery.
When this happens it can leave behind a gaping hole.
The melting of the permafrost caused natural gas trapped in the soil to be released and accumulate in the void, causing the pressure to build and eventually erupt from the ground.
Rising temperatures in the soil would have increased the pressure, leading to an eruption.
Initially there was mystery over the sudden formation of the dramatic craters - first noticed in 2014 - with claims they could have been formed by missile tests from Vladimir Putin's military machine, or even by aliens
There has been significant activity in the region, with reports of underground methane bubbles about to explode in the region.
Bulging bumps filled with methane in the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas are believed to be caused by thawing permafrost.
Yamal is Russia's main area for extracting natural gas, and there are fears that explosions could lead to damage to key energy facilities.
When the bubbles explode they release methane gas which is approximately 84 times more potent than carbon dioxide.
After they've exploded they leave gigantic funnels or craters.
The extent of the harmful greenhouse gases buried in this new phenomenon of jelly-like bubbles poses 'very serious alarm' concerning the impact of global warming, experts have warned.
Russia set up an early warning system of seismic sensors hoping to predict when these explosions would occur.
It's not the study's conclusions or science they take issue with, though. It's the study's subject: the body of a mummified Chilean girl.
Alien enthusiasts are pretty obsessed with Ata, a 6-inch-long skeleton that was discovered in 2003.
Oscar Munoz found the tiny mummy in a leather pouch in a Chilean ghost town near the Atacama Desert (hence its name), and soon after, rumors began swirling as to Ata's origin.
See, the Chilean mummy looked human-ish, but it also looked, well, kind of not.
Ata had a conical head shape and large eye sockets that looked straight out of a sci-fi film.
The mummy was barely the length of a 19-week-old human fetus, but had bones as mature as those of a six-year-old. It also had hard teeth and only 10 pairs of ribs while humans have 12.
Cue the alien hunter hype.
Eventually, the Chilean mummy landed in the private collection of a Spanish businessman.
In 2012, he gave Steven Greer, a doctor and founder of the Center for the Study of Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (CSETI), permission to analyze it.
Greer, in turn, gave Garry Nolan, an immunologist at Stanford University, samplesof Ata's bone marrow and other genetic material.
In 2013, Nolan dashed the hopes of alien hunters everywhere by concluding that Ata was fully human.
This week, Nolan and his team published new research about the Chilean mummy in the journal Genome Research. In it, the researchers provide an explanation for Ata's alien-like appearance: seven different genetic mutations.
"Once we understood that it was human, the next step was to understand how something could come to look like this," Nolan told National Geographic.
Chile strongly disagrees. The next step should have been returning Ata to her country of origin.
Once Nolan published his findings in 2013, Ata was no longer an "it" but a "she," and as such, the tiny mummy should have received all the protections given to the remains of any other human.
On March 25, Cristina Dorado, a biologist at Chile's University of Antofagasta, published a commentary in Etilmercurio citing a number of legal and ethical issues with Nolan's latest work.
She wrote that, while the study did have scientific value, it failed to consider the legal and ethical implications of studying a human body.
Furthermore, the researchers themselves concluded that Ata, whom Dorado calls "the girl from La Noria", was likely born just 40 years ago, meaning her parents could still be alive.
Dorado called upon Genome Research to retract the article, but that doesn't seem likely.
The journal's editor, Hilary Sussman, told The New York Times the publication "will return to [the issue of studying DNA from ancient human remains] in future issues of the journal".
In other words, it's not happening right now.
Still, as Dorado notes, this is far from the first example of the "plunder and sale of mummified bodies".
Genome Research might not retract the article on Ata, but perhaps the controversy surrounding the study will give other scientists pause before they move forward with research on human remains.
Could the clouds of Venus actually host extraterrestrial life? Researchers of a new study said that the dark patches in the clouds of the planet could be comparable to algae blooms.
( NASA/JPL/USGS )
As scientists continue with their hunt for extraterrestrial life, a new paper published in the journal Astrobiology proposes that alien microbial life could be present in the atmosphere of planet Venus.
The Potentially Habitable Clouds Of Venus
The idea that the clouds of Venus are potentially habitable was proposed decades ago by biophysicist Harold Morowitz and astronomer Carl Sagan.
The recent study, however, was inspired by the idea of Grzegorz Slowik of the University of Zielona Góra in Poland.
During a chance meeting, Slowik told study researcher Sanjay Limaye, a planetary scientist from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, about bacteria on Earth with light-absorbing properties that are similar to those of unidentified particles that compose dark patches in the clouds of Venus. These particles have nearly the same dimensions as some bacteria on Earth.
Limaye and colleagues now suggest the possibility these patches could be comparable to algae blooms that can be found on Earth's bodies of water.
Life Forms That Can Thrive In Extreme Environments
Researchers said that terrestrial microorganisms on Earth, particularly bacteria, can be swept into the atmosphere and have been found alive at altitudes as high as 25 miles.
There are also microbes that are known to live in incredibly harsh environments on Earth such as in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, acidic lakes and the hot springs of Yellowstone. These microorganisms can feed on carbon dioxide and produce sulfuric acid.
Study co-author Rakesh Mogul, from California State Polytechnic University, said that the cloudy, highly reflective and acidic atmosphere of Venus is mostly composed of carbon dioxide and water droplets that contain sulfuric acid.
Search For Extraterrestrial Life
Scientists have been studying Mars and the moons of Saturn and Jupiter as possible worlds that can support life. However, the new study calls for another look at the clouds of Venus for a possibility that they can host life.
Limaye noted that planet Venus has had plenty of time for life there to evolve on its own. The scientist cited models suggesting that Venus used to have a habitable climate and had liquid water on the surface for up to 2 billion years, which is much longer compared with what is believed to have occurred on Mars.
"Particles in Venus' lower clouds contain sufficient mass balance to harbor microorganisms, water, and solutes, and potentially sufficient biomass to be detected by optical methods," the researchers wrote in their study, which was published on March 30.
"The comparisons presented in this article warrant further investigations into the prospect of biosignatures in Venus' clouds."
According to a study backed by Nasa, aliens could be living in the acid clouds of Venus - the second planet from the Sun and thought to be among the most inhospitable.
Researchers have said they've spotted dark patches in Venus' clouds, which have been detected by space probes and appear to resemble the light-absorbing properties of the bacteria found on earth.
However, the alien life is likely to only be microbes.
"Venus shows some episodic dark, sulfuric rich patches, with contrasts up to 30-40 percent in the ultraviolet, and muted in longer wavelengths," says study leader, Sanjay Limaye, who is from the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Space Science and Engineering Center.
These patches persist for days, changing their shape and contrasts continuously and appear to be scale dependent."
The research was published earlier this week in a peer-reviewed journal called Astrobiology, and suggests that the extra-terrestrial microbes could survive by being blown around by winds in Venus' cooler clouds tops.
Professor Rakesh Mogul - paper co-author and biological chemist at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona -said: "On Earth, we know that life can thrive in very acidic conditions, can feed on carbon dioxide, and produce sulfuric acid."
Co-author David J Smith, of Nasa's Ames Research Center, has also said that similar bacteria and other organisms on Earth have been found alive at altitudes of 25 miles.
While Venus is of a similar size to Earth, it has an incredibly inhospitable surface - with a temperature that's twice the maximum setting in a kitchen oven.
It also rains sulphuric acid, so, y'know', not ideal.
"Venus has had plenty of time to evolve life on its own," explains Limaye, noting that some models suggest Venus once had a habitable climate with liquid water on its surface for as long as 2 billion years. "That's much longer than is believed to have occurred on Mars."
In the paper, the authors explain: "Our comparative analyses support the blended hypotheses that terrestrial-type biology can survive within and contribute to the spectral signatures of Venus' clouds.
"To test the ideas presented here, we propose the need for an integrated chemical, biochemical, and microbiological study focusing on the survival and spectroscopy of terrestrial microorganisms under Venus' cloud conditions."
The scientists have also said that further research is needed to investigate.
They add: "Looking forward, investigations into the actual habitability of Venus' clouds would ideally benefit from a mixture of orbiter, lander, airplane/balloons, and sample return missions as proposed by Schulze-Makuch and Irwin (2002) and Grinspoon (1997)."
There is a good chance parts of the craft will fall in the ocean but European space authorities admit nobody can predict this.
A piece of Chinese spacecraft is due to plunge to Earth sometime in the evening on Easter Sunday or the Monday morning following, the European Space Agency has said.
The Tiangong-1 (Heavenly Palace 1), which is about the size of a bus, was sent into orbit in 2011 for experiments as part of China's space programme.
It had been set for a controlled re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.
But it stopped working in March 2016 - three years after it was last occupied - and there is no way of knowing where it will land.
In ESA's most recent reentry forecast, the space debris reentry has been pushed back to 1 April.
The agency explained: "One of the main reasons why it is so difficult to make an accurate reentry predictions, even if just a few days in advance of an expected reentry, materialised during Thursday this week.
"A high-speed stream of particles from the Sun, which was expected to reach Earth and influence our planet's geomagnetic field, did, in fact, not have any effect, and calmer space weather around Earth and its atmosphere is now expected in the coming days.
"This means that the density of the upper atmosphere, through which Tiangong-1 is moving, did not increase as predicted (which would have dragged the spacecraft down sooner) and hence the ESA Space Debris Office has adjusted the predicted decay rate.
"This implies that the new (and still uncertain) reentry window has shifted to late in the day on 1 April."
Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, noted how the spacecraft was orbiting above west the Indian Ocean and Malaysia shortly after 7pm UK time, having earlier swung across the United States.
Without being able to communicate with the space lab, Earth-based controllers have no way of firing its engines or thrusters and no way of controlling its descent.
The craft is about 120 miles from Earth, down from about 185 miles in January, according to the European Space Agency.
Researchers had said that a number of the spacecraft's parts - including its dense rocket engines - would be unlikely to burn up, leaving chunks of the craft to crash towards the planet's surface.
They fear that debris could survive the atmosphere and land anywhere 43 degrees either side of the equator.
The China Manned Space Engineering Office said on its WeChat social media account that falling spacecraft do "not crash into the Earth fiercely like in sci-fi movies, but turn into a splendid (meteor shower) and move across the beautiful starry sky as they race towards the Earth".
They said the atmospheric drag would tear away the external components of the craft when it gets to an altitude of around 60 miles.
The heat will grow and friction will cause the main structure of the lab to burn or blow up, with most of the parts dissolving in the air.
ESA✔@esa
Every week, on average, a substantial, inert satellite drops into our atmosphere and burns up. Monitoring these reentries and warning European civil authorities has become routine work for ESA’s #spacedebris experts #tiangong1#reentry Read more:
Some of the debris will fall slowly before landing, most likely in the ocean, the Chinese predicted.
The ESA said nearly 6,000 uncontrolled re-entries of large objects have occurred over the past 60 years without anyone being hurt.
China's foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang said: "I want to highlight that we attach importance to this issue and we've been dealing with it very responsibly in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
"If there is a need, we will promptly be in touch with the relevant country."
Google Earth: Is this proof of ‘Hollow Earth?’ - UFO hunters found THIS mystery structure
Google Earth: Is this proof of ‘Hollow Earth?’ - UFO hunters found THIS mystery structure
GOOGLE Earth UFO hunters believe they have uncovered a mile high structure under the Pacific Ocean. Is this the spooky proof Hollow Earth theorists have been waiting for?
UFO hunters beleive they have found proof of Hollow Theory
Google Earth is a computer geobrowser that accesses satellite and aerial imagery to create a 3D representation of the world for viewers to browse and explore.
Similar to Google Maps, this tool allows visitors to virtually explore the globe from the comfort of their bedroom.
From the highest of mountains to under the ocean, a detailed map has captured the world in a way that way never possible before. However the tool doesn't only capture the wonderful, some users use the tool in search of the ‘unexplained.’
In a spot in line with the great Giza Pyramids, has one user captured proof of extraterrestrial activity? UFOlogists have discovered a massive structure under the ocean measuring a massive one mile in height.
Located in exact line with the oldest of the three Giza pyramids in Egypt, the strange structure can be seen protruding out of the depths.
Whilst zooming into the site, UFOlogists show the large blue spike sticking out of the ground with no other surrounding objects explaining the spooky structure.
Author of The Perfect Edition, Shefket, explains that most believe the structure is not natural, and that nothing else “remotely resembles it on Earth.”
For some, the believers of the Hollow Earth theory, who believe the a whole other world lies beneath ours, this is all the proof needed to confirm such beliefs.
Google Earth/ Perfect Edition
The structure meatures one mile in height
These people also claim that the race inhabiting inner Earth don’t really hide there
Shefket
Shefket went on to add that after close inspection a “very large gap somewhere deeper than the ocean floor” has been discovered.
“These people also claim that the race inhabiting inner Earth don’t really hide there, but have chosen to come out very rarely, which probably means they do so in order to study us and not for resources.”
“More than 95 per cent of the world’s seas and oceans are entirely unexplored and most of the globe is covered in water, so mankind only knows very little about the planet it inhabits.
“If aliens could travel through space then a UFO would have no problem whatsoever submerging and navigating the oceans just like a submarine.”
Google Earth/ Perfect Edition
UFO hunters now believe this weird structure is park of global network
According to Shefket UFO hunters now believe this weird structure is park of global network used by ancient advanced civilisations to transmit and receive large amounts of energy through great distances.
Without any further explanation, visitors are left to decide if they believe this spooky structure really is from another world.
If it is as Hollow Earth theorists suggest, this remarkable discovery could start a wider search into the unexplored oceans.
Shefket revealed: “No country has yet to make an official statement on this discovery which seems a bit odd, let alone send an exploration team.”
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Africa Is Splitting in Two, and Here's the Proof
Africa Is Splitting in Two, and Here's the Proof
By Laura Geggel, Senior Writer
A piece of East Africa is expected break off the main continent in tens of millions of years. And if you need any proof, look no further than Kenya's Rift Valley, where a giant, gaping tear opened up following heavy rains and seismic activity, according to Face2Face Africa.
The enormous crack appeared on March 19 and measures more than 50 feet (15 meters) wide and several miles along, Face2Face Africa and other news sources reported. Moreover, it's still growing longer. [50 Interesting Facts About Planet Earth]
The rift is likely a sign of things to come as the plate tectonics under Africa rearrange themselves. The majority of Africa sits on top of the African Plate. However, a long, vertical piece of eastern Africa lies on top of the Somali Plate. This juncture where the two plates meet is known as the East African Rift, which stretches an astonishing 1,800 miles (3,000 kilometers), or about the distance from Denver to Boston.
To avoid confusion (given that Africa doesn't just sit on one plate), researchers call the giant African plate the Nubian Plate. In essence, the Nubian and Somali plates are being split in two, according to a piece in The Conversation by Lucia Perez Diaz, a postdoctoral researcher at the Fault Dynamics Research Group at Royal Holloway, University of London.
A crack that opened up in Kenya’s Rift Valley, damaging a section of the Narok-Nairobi highway, is still growing...
2 Pilots in Different Planes Saw the Same UFO. The FAA Can't Explain It.
2 Pilots in Different Planes Saw the Same UFO. The FAA Can't Explain It.
By Brandon Specktor, Senior Writer
Two airline pilots spotted a mysterious, reflective object hovering some 40,000 feet (12,000 meters) over southern Arizona last month, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is stumped.
According to radio transmissions between the befuddled pilots and air traffic controllers (which you can listen to in full, thanks to an FAA recording recently released to the Phoenix New Times), the sighting occurred around 3:30 p.m. local time on Feb. 24, somewhere over the Sonoran Desert near Phoenix.
"Was anybody above us that passed us like 30 seconds ago?" the first pilot asked while flying a Learjet west toward California. [7 Things Most Often Mistaken for UFOs]
"Negative," an air traffic controller at the FAA's Albuquerque Air Traffic Center in New Mexico answered.
"OK," the pilot responded. "Something did."
The object, whatever it was, was flying high — at least a few thousand feet above the jet, which was cruising at an altitude of around 37,000 feet (11,000 m), the New Times reported. A few minutes later, the FAA asked another nearby flight — an American Airlines Airbus traveling in the same direction — to keep an eye out for anything "passing over" it in the desert.
The confused pilot agreed. And sure enough, within a few minutes, the Airbus crew saw the same mystery object fly over their plane.
"Yeah, something just passed over us," the Airbus pilot reported. "I couldn't make it out, whether it was a balloon or what … but it had a big reflection on it and it was several thousand feet above us, going the opposite direction."
Several weeks later, authorities are still stumped as to the object's origin. Beyond these two pilot reports, the FAA couldn't verify that any other aircraft were around. It likely wasn't a "Google balloon," the FAA reported, nor a weather balloon or a military craft.
"We have a close working relationship with a number of other agencies and safely handle military aircraft and civilian aircraft of all types in that area every day, including high-altitude weather balloons," an FAA representative told the New Times.
In other words, whatever the UFO was, the FAA should have known about it. But it didn't.
This report comes just a few months after a former Pentagon official revealed that the government has been quietly running an official UFO detection program since 2007. An investigation into the program by The New York Times turned up striking footage taken by two Navy fighter pilots, who appear to encounter a mysterious glowing object midair.
Reports like these may be more common than you imagine. According to the National UFO Reporting Center — an online database of alleged UFO sightings in America — there have been nearly 650 UFO sightings reported so far in 2018. However, the website advises, "Many of the new reports have been submitted by individuals who elect to remain anonymous… we encourage visitors to our website to be discriminating in what they accept as accurate and reliable."
Mystery of ‘alien UFO’ seen hovering near rescue helicopter solved
Mystery of ‘alien UFO’ seen hovering near rescue helicopter solved
Jasper Hamill
It was the blurry photo which prompted UFO investigators to claim that aliens were visiting Earth.
But one one researcher believes he’s solved the mystery of ‘twin UFOs’ seen hovering near a military helicopter carrying out a rescue off the coast of southern France.
The sighting was made in footage of a rescue carried out in 2014 after a ship called ‘The Luno’ smashed into a sea-wall at Anglet and broke into two pieces.
It has come to light thanks to the publication of a book called UFO Photo by Jason Gleave, who used to work for the RAF,
He told The Sun the UFOs flew in formation as if they were watching the lifesavers at work.
He said: ‘Upon analysing the footage the twin objects pass to the rear of the helicopter at high velocity and dangerously close.
Is it a bird? Is it a plane? Erm, no it’s definitely a bird
‘Other theories as to what they could be are possible drones or even birds, but unlikely drones because they would not normally operate in such a close dangerous proximity to the rescue helicopter, due to the volatile unpredictable weather conditions.
‘Upon closer analysis of the video frames the two objects stay together in flight, in a tight compact formation not deviating from each other.’
However, an alien investigation group called UFO of Interest begged to differ.
It tweeted: ‘Those objects aren’t UFOs but a seagull filmed with a rod-like effect due to motion blur.
‘The ‘double image’ of it is most likely to be caused by an interlaced video and motion artefacts known as interlacing effects [which happen] when recorded objects move quickly.’
ufoofinterest.org@ufoofinterest
UK tabloids shared this clip reported by hoax promoter SecureTeam10. Those objects aren't UFOs but a seagull filmed w/ a rodlike effect due to motion blur, during rescue operations by helicopter in SW France after a Spanish cargo ship slammed into a jetty and split in two (2014). pic.twitter.com/5ca1nHa3DY
ufoofinterest.org@ufoofinterest
Watch how many seagulls there were during rescue operations. Source:
The video, taken in Russia by Maxim Rodionov, shows the bright light in the sky on Wednesday evening above his hometown of Zadonsk, south west of Lipetsk.
As he walks toward the phenomenon, Rodionov explains there doesn’t appear to be any sound coming from the object or flashing of the lights which would indicate it was a helicopter or plane.
He raises the question of whether the source of the object is alien life, or perhaps a secret Russian military program.
Andrey Novgorodsky, another resident of the town, explained he said seen the object too and believed it to be alien life.
GETTY/FACEBOOK
SPOTTED: UFO sighting in Russia
“They froze and then started to fly off, and then evaporated”
Andrey Novgorodsky
Novgorodsky, however, claimed to have a connection with the aliens, even suggesting they had evaporated into thin air.
He said: “I can say that it's true, today I saw the same thing, when I looked at them, they froze and then started to fly off, and then evaporated.”
Dimetrius Kvadrametrius also claimed to have spotted the strange events in Moscow.
He said: “I also saw this on March 28 at 22:21pm over the river in Moscow.
“The UFO slowly flew for about 5 minutes.”
The sighting comes barely a week after it was revealed there could be an alien base on the moon.
How UFO sightings have captured human imagination for centuries
How UFO sightings have captured human imagination for centuries
ByMORGAN WINSOR
WATCH2 pilots report UFO sightings over Arizona
For centuries, mankind has reported seeing UFOs in various parts of the world. The alleged sightings have captivated the public imagination and raised questions about life beyond our planet.
Early cave drawings, ancient texts and centuries-old paintings appear to depict or describe human contact with extraterrestrial beings and UFOS, or unidentified flying objects. For instance, the 1710 painting by Dutch artist Aert De Gelder appears to show a UFO illuminating the baptism of Jesus Christ.
In modern times, purported sightings of UFOs have captured headlines and newscasts worldwide. Most recently, media attention turned to an audio recording released by the Federal Aviation Administration in which two pilots flying on different aircraft above Arizona in late February report having close encounters with a mysterious object.
According to the FBI, a "rash of sightings" of UFOs swept the United States in 1947, after World War II amid a heightened interest in aerospace flight and technology. The FBI says it helped investigate the claims between 1947 and 1954.
"Although the newly formed U.S. Air Force was the primary investigator of these sightings, the FBI received many reports and worked for a time with the Air Force to investigate these matters," the agency says on its website, where records of some of the reports are published.
Perhaps the most famous incident took place northwest of Roswell, New Mexico, in the summer of 1947, when a foreman of a ranch came across mysterious debris, including metal rods and paper-thin, metallic-looking scraps. The man, William Brazel, reported the strange wreckage to the local sheriff, who contacted the nearby Roswell Army Air Field.
Maj. Jesse Marcel and other intelligence officers were sent to recover the materials, according to the Roswell Daily Record.
A public information officer for the Roswell Army Air Field then released a statement saying officers had retrieved a "flying disc," which had crashed on the ranch near Roswell.
Military officials later retracted the statement after investigating the debris, saying it was actually remnants of a downed weather balloon.
"I am sure what I found was not any weather observation balloon," Brazel told the newspaper in an interview in July 1947.
Since the incident near Roswell, a number of non-governmental organizations were set up to investigate alleged UFO sightings. The Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), founded in 1969, is said to be the oldest and largest in the United States. The Ohio-based nonprofit catalogs and probes cases of purported sightings from around the world.
MUFON recorded 7,651 worldwide reports of UFO sightings in 2017, according to its database. It has more than 800 reports so far this year.
The National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC) has been recording and investigating alleged sightings and contacts with extraterrestrials since 1974. People who have submitted reports to the Washington state-based group claim to have seen an unexplainable object, often making no audible sounds as it moves in the sky, emits beams of light or changes color.
One woman reported seeing "small, metallic spheres in the sky" while looking out her kitchen window in Nooksack, Washington, in the afternoon of March 19. She thought they were birds at first until they began to weave through dark clouds and they reflected the sun, the woman said in her report to NUFORC.
"As I watched the objects, I observed them moving up and down in and out of the clouds, as well as side to side," she wrote. "Then they were gone. They disappeared into the clouds and I haven't seen them since."
Speaking to ABC News late last year, retired U.S. Navy Cmdr. David Fravor described seeing a 40-foot-long wingless object during a routine training mission off California's coast on Nov. 14, 2004. The former pilot recalled how the object flew at incredible speeds in an erratic pattern, though he said it had no exhaust trail in infrared scanning.
"I can tell you, I think it was not from this world," Fravor told ABC News in an interview in December 2017. "I'm not crazy, haven't been drinking. It was —- after 18 years of flying, I've seen pretty much about everything that I can see in that realm, and this was nothing close."
Fravor's retelling of this bizarre encounter came after the U.S. Department of Defense confirmed to ABC News that it ran a program for investigating reports of UFOs for years. The once-secret program was funded from 2007 to 2012. According to The New York Times, the Department of Defense spent $22 million on the endeavor.
"The Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program ended in the 2012 time frame," the Pentagon told ABC News in a statement on Dec. 16, 2017. "It was determined that there were other, higher priority issues that merited funding and it was in the best interest of the DoD to make a change. The DoD takes seriously all threats and potential threats to our people, our assets and our mission and takes action whenever credible information is developed."
More recently, the Federal Aviation Administration released the audio recording of a conversation between air traffic control and two pilots on different aircraft who both reported having close encounters with a mysterious object flying high above southern Arizona within minutes of each other on Feb. 24.
"Something just passed over us," one of the pilots says to the Albuquerque Air Route Traffic Control Center. "I don't know what it was."
A spokesperson for the FAA told ABC News that the controller was unable to verify that any other aircraft was in the area at the time of the reported sightings.
NASA's Next Mars Lander Will Look Deep to Understand the Red Planet — and Earth
NASA's Next Mars Lander Will Look Deep to Understand the Red Planet — and Earth
By Sarah Lewin, Space.com Associate Editor
NASA's next Mars lander, InSight, is set to launch May 5 at the earliest from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, and it will bring a trio of powerful instruments to measure the wobbles, quakes and heat that reveal what's going on deep inside the Red Planet — and perhaps offer insight into how Earth formed, as well.
"The goal of InSight is nothing less than to better understand the birth of the Earth, the birth of the planet that we live on," said Bruce Banerdt, InSight's principal investigator at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California. "And we're going to do that by going to Mars, which seems a little bit counterintuitive."
Banerdt spoke during a NASA news conference Thursday (March 29) at JPL to discuss the upcoming mission, which is scheduled to launch between May 5 and June 8, and arrive on Mars Nov. 26. [In Pictures: NASA's InSight Lander to Probe Heart of Mars]
The mission, whose name is short for "Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport," is currently slated launch on May 5 at 4 a.m. PDT (1100 GMT) on United Launch Alliance's Atlas V rocket. That means skywatchers along California's coast, from Santa Maria to San Diego, should be able to see the launch if skies are clear, NASA officials said — and it may be visible farther down the coast as well. (Details for watching the launch in person are online here.)
When InSight arrives at Mars, the spacecraft will spend a dramatic 7 minutes decelerating from 12,500 mph (20,000 km/h) to just 5 mph (8 km/h) before dropping down on the surface, Banerdt said. Then, over a matter of months, it will lower its instruments to the surface to begin its investigation.
"How we get from a ball of featureless rock into a planet that may or may not support life is a key question in planetary science, and these processes that do this all happen in the first tens of millions of years, which is just a few seconds at the beginning of the life of a planet that lasts 4.5 billion years," Banerdt said. "We'd like to be able to understand what happened, and the clues to that are in the structure of the planet that gets set up in these early years."
While Earth is an active planet, with plate tectonics and other processes scrambling its layers, Mars should have a cleaner slate. "Mars is a smaller planet; it's less active than the Earth. And so it has retained the fingerprints of those early processes in its basic structure," Banerdt said. "The thickness of the crust, the composition of the mantle, the size and composition of its core; by mapping out these boundaries, these various different sections of the inside of the planet, we can then understand better how the planet formed and how our planet got to be the way it is."
What's inside Mars?
To learn about the early days of the solar system's rocky planets, InSight will need to go deep. Its first key instrument, a seismometer, will measure minuscule "marsquakes" rippling through the planet. Marsquakes generated on the other side of the planet will be distorted by the planet's interior, so scientists can measure them to learn about the composition deep inside. While previous missions, such as the Viking lander, have carried seismometers, none were sensitive enough to pick up these marsquakes, Banerdt said; InSight should be able to precisely measure vibrations with amplitudes as small as an atom.
Apollo astronauts measured moonquakes during their exploration of the lunar surface, and researchers measure earthquakes every day; Banerdt anticipates marsquakes' size and frequency will be somewhere in between.
The next investigation is a radio science experiment. InSight's instrument will be in contact with the Deep Space Network radio dishes on Earth, and by measuring the frequency shift of those communications, researchers can track the instrument's location to an accuracy of within a few inches. As Mars spins, with InSight on its surface, researchers on Earth will be able to measure how the north pole of Mars wobbles over the course of the Martian year. The frequency and size of the wobble will correlate with the Martian core's size and density.
For the third experiment, researchers will use InSight to measure the amount of heat flowing through the planet. Apollo astronauts did something similar by pushing a temperature probe several inches into the moon's surface, measuring slight temperature increases as it descended. Astronauts took less than a half-hour for the measurement, Banerdt said, but the similar robotic operation on Mars will hammer the heat probe down little by little, sending it about a millimeter every 3 seconds. (It'll need about 10,000 of those jolts downward to take the full set of measurements, Banerdt said.) That data will let researchers understand how heat radiates from Mars.
An interplanetary first
The precision and depth of these measurements are a first for Mars, and the mission has another first closer to home: It's the first planetary mission launched from the West Coast, according to Tom Hoffman, InSight project manager at JPL. Because the mission was originally designed for a smaller spacecraft, the Atlas V is powerful enough to lift InSight from either coast — and the West had much less rocket traffic "congestion," Hoffman said at the news conference.
"Depending on where you are in Southern California, you'll be able to see the spacecraft at various points along its ascent as it heads off on its way to Mars," he added. "This should be quite spectacular because it is an early morning hour, so it should light up the sky and be very visible throughout pretty much all of Southern California, even down into Mexico… If you happen to be up and [with] nothing better to do at four in the morning, please take a look out your back window."
Once the lander reaches the Martian surface on Nov. 26, it will have a very important first task.
"InSight's going to land on a new place on Mars that none of us have seen from the surface before, so like any tourist, we're going to want to take some pictures," Jaime Singer, InSight instrument deployment lead at JPL, said remotely from a simulated Martian environment at JPL, where she demonstrated how the instruments will deploy. "InSight has two cameras for that purpose. [A] camera on the body of the lander will take the first image that we get back from Mars." Researchers will use that image, which should be available the day the spacecraft lands, to get the lay of the land before deploying its instruments.
The researchers are clearly in high spirits as the launch date approaches, getting ready for an exciting landing process and priceless data about the interior of the solar system's rocky planets.
"The first time we get a marsquake down on the surface, I think I'm going to be dancing around the room," Banerdt said. There was a seismometer on Viking, which landed when he was in graduate school, but it wasn't sensitive enough to detect any seismic data. "Over my career, there's all these questions I had about Mars that could only really be answered with a seismometer," he said. "And so when we see that first quake, that's the final — underlined, bold type — this is actually going to work, and we're going to start getting the kind of detailed information about the inside of Mars that we've been waiting for for 40, 50 years."
"I'm not sure how I feel about you dancing — I've seen you dance before," Hoffman joked.
InSight carries instruments and instrument components from several European partners; France's Centre National d'Études Spatiales led the team that built the ultrasensitive seismometer, and the German Aerospace Center developed the thermal probe, NASA officials said in a statement.
Email Sarah Lewin at slewin@space.com or follow her@SarahExplains.
Chinese Space Station Tiangong-1 May Fall to Earth Later Than Expected
Chinese Space Station Tiangong-1 May Fall to Earth Later Than Expected
By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor
Update for 6 p.m. EDT: Tiangong-1 is now forecast to re-enter Earth's atmosphere on April 1 at 12:15 p.m. EDT (1615 GMT), give or take 9 hours, according to the Aerospace Corp.
Original story: A doomed Chinese space station will fall to Earth later than expected due to changes in the sun's predicted activity, the European Space Agency's (ESA's) Space Debris Office in Germany predicted.
An updated ESA forecast issued today (March 30) said the 8.5-metric-ton (9.4 tons) space lab will fall to Earth later in the day on April 1. That's because the sun's activity is weaker than expected, ESA explained.
Tiangong-1's orbit takes the station very close to Earth's atmosphere right now. When the sun is more active, charged particles from the solar wind hit Earth's atmosphere, ESA officials said. These particles make Earth's gases balloon farther into space, increasing the gas density at higher altitudes. These gases, in turn, affect the drag Tiangong-1 experiences as it circles the Earth. [In Photos: China's Tiangong-1 Space Station]
The stronger the drag, the faster Tiangong-1 will fall. However, because the sun's activity is weaker than predicted, the atmosphere didn't balloon as much. Tiangong-1 will therefore experience less drag and descend more slowly than expected, ESA said.
"A high-speed stream of particles from the sun, which was expected to reach Earth and influence our planet's geomagnetic field, did, in fact, not have any effect, and calmer space weather around Earth and its atmosphere is now expected in the coming days," ESA officials said in the forecast.
"This means that the density of the upper atmosphere, through which Tiangong-1 is moving, did not increase as predicted (which would have dragged the spacecraft down sooner), and hence the ESA Space Debris Office has adjusted the predicted decay rate."
ESA emphasized that the re-entry window is still variable and uncertain. When the school-bus-size space station does fall, it will descend somewhere between 43 degrees north and 43 degrees south latitudes, underneath its current orbital inclination. This path includes many populated parts of the world, including the United States.
The station's unpredictable fall has attracted attention around the world, along with worries that space debris might crash into structures or people below. Under a United Nations treaty, liability would likely rest with China. That said, the chances of someone getting hit are infinitesimally small; you have a far better chance of winning the Powerball jackpot.
Harvard University astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell told Space.com's sister site Live Science that he predicts only 220 to 440 lbs. (100 to 200 kilograms) of debris from Tiangong-1 will make it to the planet's surface. Still, the space station will put on a spectacular show as it falls, he said.
"Fireballs are almost certain," said McDowell, a frequent commenter on Tiangong-1's descent who also works on NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. "What happens is that there are some dense sections of the lab connected together by a rather thin structure," McDowell added, explaining how the fireballs are generated. "The thin structure melts first, turning the lab into a bunch — a few to a few dozen, depending — of independent pieces which melt and burn more slowly — fireballs."
There are many past examples of satellites or space stations falling uncontrollably to Earth and generating space debris. Perhaps the most famous one is Skylab, a former NASA space station that dropped large pieces in rural Australia in 1979 as it fell. Skylab, however, was a much larger structure. Its mass came in at about 100 tons (90.7 metric tons), or about 10 times more massive than Tiangong-1.
Tiangong-1 was the first Chinese space station. After its launch in 2011, two crews of taikonauts (Chinese astronauts) visited the station, in 2012 and 2013. China remained in communication with Tiangong-1 until 2016. Since then, the station has been dropping slowly toward Earth for an inevitable, deadly (to the spacecraft) encounter with the atmosphere. China also has an active successor space station in orbit, called Tiangong-2, that launched in 2016.
Editor Robbie Graham has given his blessing to all contributing authors of UFOs: Reframing the Debateto post their individual essays online. If you haven’t done so though, you should still grab a copy of this anthology –if nothing else, so you can properly adorn your book shelves with a kickass book cover designed by yours truly
Despite some personal reticence due to the exhaustive amount of work it took the first time, Robbie has confirmed that a second volume of Reframing the Debate will be published in the not-so-distant future. That makes me very happy because the field needs the occasional kick in the pants by those who still deeply care about the subject, as was the case with all the contributors no matter their contrasting opinions on what the mystery actually means. Because of that, I sincerely hope that for volume 2 an entirely new batch of writers gets assembled, so different voices can be added to the discussion –I already have some suggestions of my own on who should be invited, but I’d like to read your thoughts as well.
As for myself, this was and still is the longest thing I’ve ever written, and without a doubt the most difficult one to ‘bind together’ and complete as a unified, structured read. When Robbie first reached out to me in 2016 to ask me if I wanted to be a part of Reframing the Debate, I didn’t hesitate that much despite the fact I honestly didn’t feel I had a whole lot of original things to say about my beloved flying saucers, either. I’ve never considered myself to be a ‘UFOlogist’ because I’ve never been out in the field taking pictures, measuring landing tracks or interviewing witnesses; nevertheless I’ve studied the subject for most of my life, and as with anyone who takes a passionate interest into something, you get to think about it a lot over the years. And so I pitched to Robbie some of my most intimate thoughts about what UFOs represent to me personally, and what I feel their real influence in culture might be. He liked the idea and let me roll with it for the many months that it took to finally get the damn thing out of my head in a semi-coherent form. Given the positive response I’ve received from people whose opinion I deeply respect once the book was out, I guess I didn’t do much of a half-ass job…
Robbie also gave me the freedom to illustrate my essay with 3 original pieces, inspired by both the theme and also the comic book influences I used as references. The featured image at the top for example, is both a homage to Alan Moore and Brian Bolland’s The Killing Joke, as well as to one of the primordial examples of The Grinning Man archetype in Fortean phenomena –Springheeled Jack.
So without further ado, here it is for the enjoyment of Daily Grail readers, my own little addition to this tremendously valuable volume, which was received with equal measure of praise and condemnation by people on both sides of the UFO discussion, true believers and fundamental skeptics alike –which means we must’ve done something right!
*****
Anarchy in the UFO!
“Introduce a little anarchy. Upset the established order, and everything becomes chaos. I’m an agent of chaos.”
Batman: The Dark Knight (2008)
Let us start with a somewhat impertinent question: Why are you doing this?
I mean, why do you find yourself presently with your hands on this book, reading these words on this particular moment?
Don’t you have anything better to do with your time? Friends to meet, bills to pay, a lawn to mow, or a Netflix series to binge-watch?
If the answer lies in the fact that you are interested in the topic of this volume –the UFO phenomenon– well hooray and good for you, fellow weirdo. But is that it?
Have you ever bothered to pry deeper into the origin of this odd interest of yours? Tried to understand the fuel driving your passion for a subject which is mostly perceived as an absurdity by the majority of humanity and our social institutions?
One of the reasons you’re reading this essay is because I, its author, have too held a lifelong fascination –nay, obsession really– with UFOs. Like most people lured by the hypnotic power of those brightly multi-colored objects, throughout the years I consumed claim after claim of encounters between witnesses and this Other reality, as if the pages of those books now gathering dust in my library had been laced with an addictive substance.
I took my fix of reports, believed the theories proposed by the so-called experts in the field, only to turn them down and replace them with other solutions to the mystery submitted by charismatic mavericks once they succeeded their predecessors. Accounts which I first regarded as genuine evidence of otherworldly visitation were eventually discarded as crude frauds; whereas new cases were hailed by newcomers as proof Contact was just around the corner. If all this sounds familiar to you, dear reader, is because it is the typical cycle in which all UFO enthusiasts eventually fall into.
Sadly, most of them never do find a way out of it…
Unlike most aficionados, though, I decided to stop pedalling the wheel for a moment and approach the problem from a different perspective: I took Jacques Vallee’s speculations to task and shifted my focus not on what UFOs are, but rather on what they reportedly do, and the effect their presence (whether factual or fictional) have in the affairs of men. Suddenly the disc presumed to serve as a vehicle for sojourning outer space turned into a mirror for surveying inner space. And thus I finally had a glimpse of Truth –if not about the nature of UFOs, at least about the nature of myself.
For you see, dear reader, the truth UFOs taught me about my own self some time ago, is that I’m an anarchist. And if you keep reading these pages, that proves deep down you’re one too –whether you want to admit it or not.
So do what thou wilt, friend, and read on… or not.
* * * *
–“Uuuugh. Somebody please tell me what I’m doing here…”
–“Doing?
You’re doing what any sane man in your appalling circumstances would do.
You’re going mad.”
―Alan Moore, The Killing Joke (1988)
For an adult, there’s no easier way to recapture the feelings of early childhood than contemplating the night sky. Children are not only constantly exploring the world they have recently arrived into, they are also learning to recognize and control the fiery impulses fueling their young bodies; which is why most of their experiences are a mixture of disparaging emotions: Sadness combined with happiness, curiosity blended with repulsiveness, wonder tinged with fear.
Gazing at the stars brings forth the inner kid in all of us, because that cosmic vastness not only gives humans an incredibly disproportionate sense of scale with which to compare our fleeting existences, but it also serves as an unsympathetic reminder that all those energies unfolding before our eyes are totally beyond our control. Measured by the stellar yardstick, we’re but a bunch of helpless rugrats.
Understanding a thing is, though, the beginning of power over that thing. Our species has come a long way since those nights sitting by the campfire, when our nomadic ancestors played to connect those distant dots to create gods and monsters suited for their idiosyncratic mythologies; now we realize those points are suns like our own, so distant many of them are but a ghostly echo of their former self. And despite the fact those celestial bodies won’t bow to our will (not in the way we’ve already started to tame other formidable forces of Nature) they have nevertheless yielded to the might of our Reason, and we learned to calculate their goings and comings over the horizon with startling accuracy. Predictability begets familiarity, and regularity is an antidote to anxiety.
Other more random phenomena, which were universally considered bad omens by ancient cultures all around the globe, such as the passing of lonely comets or meteor strikes, have also started to fall into the cycle of regularity. Yes, we know sooner or later some vagrant space boulder will challenge our title of dominant species over the Earth –a test the dinosaurs failed– but at least we now know it’s not a question of ‘If’, but of ‘When.’
In his globally acclaimed TV series Cosmos [1], Carl Sagan tells his audience how during the age of Copernicus and Kepler Astronomy became the first true modern science, by way of supplanting Superstition with Logic. Glimpsing into the exquisite machinery of the universal clockwork with brand-new mechanical extensions to our senses (telescopes) and applying the principles which became the backbone of the Scientific Method, gave those early natural philosophers enough confidence that there was nothing in Creation which could remain hidden from Man’s comprehension forever; now the world we inhabit is the direct result of said confidence. By first mapping the charts of the heavens, we eventually ended up molding the face of the Earth.
And yet there remain portents and apparitions still haunting our skies, which have proven so unruly and resistant to reassuringly conventional explanations, they’ve become the biggest threat to our trust in the dominion of Reason; to the point that the vast edifice modern Science has erected since the days of Galileo could seemingly come crashing down, should its stewards were to merely entertain the existence of these visions, and grant a crumb of credence to those who have bared witness to them.‘Return to the age of chimeras haunting the nights of our forefathers? Never!’ Thus, the logical route taken by the stewards of this vital scaffolding is the path of denial and ridicule. A method which inevitably backfired in the most unsettling ways…
Psychedelic raconteur Terence McKenna (1946-2000) was someone who had as much respect for the arrogant orthodoxy of Academia as for the naive obtuseness of most UFO advocates, who simply cannot seem able to conceive the phenomenon outside the propositions reminiscent of some yellowing version of a 1950’s Sci-Fi novel. During his presentation titled ShamanicApproaches to the UFO, for the ‘Angels, Aliens & Archetypes’ conference held in San Francisco in November of 1987, aside from exploring alternative solutions to the origin of UFOs besides the hallowed ETH (extraterrestrial hypothesis), he posited that what the phenomenon’s primordial task seemed to be, was neither charting the flora and fauna of our planet like some space-age version of Charles Darwin, nor establishing a foothold for an impending colonization fleet. What UFOs were really doing, in his eyes, was something far more subtle and pernicious: Eroding our faith in Science, and acting as an antidote to a scientific paradigm spawned by the ideas of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler, which ultimately has brought us to the brink of total collapse [2]:
“Rationalism, scientific technology which began and came out of the scholasticism of the Middle Ages and the quite legitimate wish to glorify God through appreciation of His natural world turned into a kind of demonic pact, a kind of descent into the underworld, the Nekya, if you will, leading to the present cultural and political impasse that involves massive stockpiles of atomic weapons, huge propagandized populations cut off of any knowledge of their real histories, male-dominated organizations plying their message of lethal destruction and inevitable historical advance. And into this situation comes suddenly an anomaly, something which cannot be explained. I believe that is the purpose to the ufo: to inject uncertainty into the male-dominated, paternalistic, rational, solar myth under which we are suffering […] The ufo is nothing more than an assertion of herself by the Goddess into history, saying to science and paternalistically-governed and driven organizations “you have gone far enough! We are going to turn the world upside down. Your science is going to be shown up for what it is: nothing more than a pleasant metaphor, usefully extrapolated into the production of toys for wealthy children.”“
Had Robert Anton Wilson, Pope of Discordianism [3] –the philosophical movement centered around the exaltation of Chaos and Disorder over Conformity and Order– been seated among the audience that day, I imagine he would have risen up at that very moment shouting “Hail Eris!!”. In Greek mythology, Eris was the goddess of Discord, responsible according to some legends of the famous war of Troy, by giving the hero Paris a golden apple and instructing him to present it as a prize to “the most beautiful” among the female deities –a task impossible to have a happy resolution, given how the greek pantheon was famous for being carried out by the same base emotions as their human creatures… like vanity and jealousy. It almost feels as if the modern-age flying saucer is the newest version of Eris’s golden apple, thrown into the skies just to anger her cousin Athena, goddess of Wisdom and Philosophy. We mortals seem to be trapped inside a cosmic game whose rules and stakes we may never comprehend –yet that doesn’t mean we all can’t get a kick out of it, like Discordians do.
Just what is it about the UFO that makes it so revolting to the classical tenets of Science, anyway? I believe that ultimately the antagonism is more ideological than theoretical: If we disregard the usual refutations proposed by the inheritors of Carl Sagan’s legacy –i.e. The inconceivable gulfs between observable stellar islands, the massive amounts of energy required to traverse those empty oceans, and the sheer richness of the cosmic archipelago compounding to the irrelevance of our own little reef of the Milky Way– there remains the one element which ironically joins both believers and skeptics in their rejection of the high strangeness emanating from shunned close encounter accounts: The nonsensical, non-regimented nature of those alleged interactions, which can only be classified as Trickstery.
We’ve mentioned the 1950’s pulp fiction which helped popularize the stereotype of interstellar visitation during the postwar years, and even though some of those same publications also helped in disseminating the earliest sightings and the nascent flying saucer myths –i.e. The Shaver Mystery popularized by Ray Palmer, editor of Amazing Stories [4]– the record shows most ‘serious’ Sci-Fi authors of that era showed the utmost contempt for UFOs: Asimov, Clarke and Bradbury always scorned the phenomenon and paved the way for the modern atheist-based skeptic movement still championed by the likes of Richard Dawkins and Michael Shermer.
But why would liberal freethinkers who tried to make a living out of conjuring tales of a universe pulsating with sentient life, made accessible through the same scientific ingenuity which helped defeat fascism in our own world, be so against the notion of non-human interlopers? Their rejections is better understood once we realize the modus operandi of these entities spat in the face of their rational vision of how interstellar ambassadors should conduct themselves when crossing our planetary borders. The cliched “take me to your leader” and the landing of a flying saucer on the White House lawn, was replaced by cardboard-tasting ‘pancakes’ given to a lonely chicken farmer in Wisconsin; and instead of gathering genetic samples from the most prominent members of our species, such as Albert Einstein or Stephen Hawking, these space veterinarians are instead relying on medieval methods to conduct husbandry with Brazilian farmers (Antonio Villas Boas), while also collecting sperm and ova from post office employees (Barney Hill), Christian housewives (Betty Andreasson) and terror novel writers (Whitley Strieber) to name a few of the most prominent –albeit socially unremarkable– abductees. These darn aliens will simply not follow the proper channels!
Furthermore, rather than hailing to our complicated, mathematically-coded salutes sent through the electromagnetic spectrum –which, we are constantly reminded, would be the logical way to conduct a productive exchange with a faraway, scientifically-advanced intelligence– this foreign influence appears to shun the need for expensive (read, exclusive) interfaces, and resort to tricksterish displays of arcane symbolism seemingly meant to bypass the waking mind, and subliminally affect the human Id in such a way, that it seeks to shake the consciousness off any previously-held orthodox preconceptions. One example of these symbolically-charged stagings is the eschatological visions Betty Andreasson was subjected to after she was taken by gray-like entities to what was seemingly another world [4]: An enormous, glowing eagle reduced to ash in phoenix-like fashion, reborn into a hideous gray worm. The oneiric quality of these fringe cases is what has driven many investigators to relegate them to the realm of dreams and nightmares; but is that the sensible thing to do when facing a phenomenon which constantly defies our boundaries of rationality?
Yet another example of the unorthodox semiology surrounding this mystery can be found in the controversial crop circles. Opinion is fiercely divided in the UFO community on whether the seasonal agro-glyphs appearing in the fields of England and other countries, are the result of direct non-human intervention or simply elaborated by anonymous (human) artists for various reasons. But even the few ‘croppies’ who have come forward –e.g. Matthew Williams, the only person ever convicted by British laws for making a circle [5]– allude to a high strangeness surrounding the formations; which implies even the man-made circles are the result of a ‘psychic’ (whatever the term means) collaboration between the artists and an undisclosed agency. The result of this covert collusion are the strikingly beautiful symbols and mandalas, which seem to employ geometry to impart lessons of a primordially spiritual nature, even though the angry owners of the fields in which they keep cropping up (no pun intended) regard them not as art or high forms of spiritual expression, but as pranks threatening their livelihood. Whatever the reason behind these transgressional formations, they are definitely NOT the prime number sets Sagan and his colleagues would expect to receive from a sensible civilization! [6] And perhaps therein lies the problem…
What keeps hard nosed UFO investigators awake at night isn’t that the records are ‘littered’ with numerous cases which defile a clean-cut ‘rational’ explanation with their unnecessary absurdity — poltergeist activity after a close encounter, cryptid sightings surrounding an alleged landing, cattle mutilations and bizarre apparition inside the infamous Skinwalker ranch property [7], synchronicities and precognition, etc. No, the truly unsettling thing is entertaining the possibility that these cases are not the outliers, but proof the phenomenon IS absurd by design!
Arthur C Clarke once wrote that any sufficiently advanced technology would be indistinguishable from Magic. Perhaps he forgot to consider how any sufficiently advanced mentality would equally be indistinguishable from Madness. In the search for the Other by which to gauge our own self, what we’re really hoping for is a mirror depiction of our own expectations, only slightly ahead of us that it may still be comprehensible; yet a truly alien mind should be, from our point of view and by the very definition of the word, crazy. The reflection would be like a twisted image spawned by a carnivalesque Hall of Mirrors; we gaze at our own peril, lest we’re not ready for the bizarre impression.
For there are cases which even the people open to the possibility of an alien presence in our world find deeply unsettling. The attacks suffered by the victims of Spring Heeled Jack in the XIXth century, the Mad Gasser of Mattoon of the 1930’s, the panicked teenagers pursued by Mothman in the 1960’s, and even the odd encounter Woodrow Derenberger had with an enigmatic individual who identified himself with the nonsensical name of Indrid Cold [8]: A seemingly innocuous human-looking being who wasn’t able to asway Derenberger’s understandable fear despite of showing a large smile on his face. Here we find yet another powerful right-brain symbol in the form of the grinning man archetype, which made its first literary appearance in Victor Hugo’s The Man Who Laughs, and eventually morphed into the modern icon of Batman’s The Joker.
It’s not hard to make a case that, of all comic book characters emerged from the pages of pop culture, The Joker is by far the one powerful enough to actually cross into our reality. Paranormal investigator and cryptozoologist Loren Coleman, author of The Copycat Effect, has studied the effects of The Joker icon in real-life criminal cases, such as the Aurora mass shooting of 2012 [9]. James Eagan Holmes, the only perpetrator accused by the authorities for the crime, had dyed his hair red and purportedly called himself “The Joker” when he was finally detained by the police. In 2015 Holmes was given 12 consecutive life sentences, one for each individual he killed. Sadly, Coleman has records of more felonies allegedly inspired by the fictional killer clown in his online blog Twilight Language.
“I’m an agent of chaos,” The Joker –magnificently portrayed by the late Heath Ledger– confesses to a horribly disfigured Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart) in one of the most iconic scenes in the film The Dark Knight [10]. In that regard, Batman’s maniacal nemesis might have more in common with the UFO phenomenon than we might dare to admit. The UFO mystery seems to stem from a liminal realm in between normal life and total madness. A twilight space where light and dark can give way to either our most wondrous fantasies… or our most horrible nightmares.
* * * *
“I’m not a schemer. I try to show the schemers how, pathetic, their attempts to control things really are.”
Batman: The Dark Knight (2008)
The UFO disruption is not only a threat to the authority of scientific orthodoxy. It fundamentally defies every conceivable paradigm human society is built upon, in almost every discipline one can envision: Religion, economics, communication and state politics, to name but a few. The latter one being particularly vulnerable to an anomaly which almost seems to delight itself in displaying how pathetic our attempts to enforce human authority into an ostensibly superior force are. There’s no best example illustrating this than all the cases of rogue objects trespassing into nuclear silos, terrorizing the personnel in charge of safeguarding the most important link in the US national security chain of defense, and “adversely affecting” –to paraphrase retired Col. Charles Halt, key witness in the famous Rendlesham case [11]– the functionality of the atomic arsenal threatening human continuity in this biosphere.
Eschew the presentation of alien emissaries before US Congress or the UN Assembly. If contact is what’s been tried to be established by the UFO intelligence or intelligences, then clearly it is not a top-down type of contact meant to involve appointed representatives of government institutions (unconfirmed legends surrounding secret meetings between president Eisenhower and gray aliens notwithstanding). What the reports we’ve gathered tells us is far more egalitarian: A grass-roots type of contact involving individuals of every walks of life, which only seems to make sense if we accept 2 propositions: a)The intelligence(s) have little use for traditional social structure; and b) It or they are possibly not bound by the constraints of space and time the way we are. If time is no issue, then the best way to establish a dialogue with humankind is from an individual basis.
Of course, such an non-protocolary development would never sit well with governing authorities. The Robertson panel of 1953 –assembled out of the necessity to placate the public after numerous sightings over the US’s capital the year prior– came to the conclusion that reports of unidentified flying objects were themselves more threatening to the stability of the country than the actual (dubious, according to them) possibility of an extraterrestrial intervention. It recommended a smear campaign to minimize or ridicule close encounters in the press, and the monitoring of UFO groups for fear they could be easily manipulated by Soviet agents. The same approach was taken with self-proclaimed ‘contactees’: Individuals coming forth from every level of American society, claiming direct contact with the entities piloting the flying saucers, whom they fondly regarded as our ‘space brothers’. In his 2010 book Contactees [12], Nick Redfern writes how the most prominent figures in the Contactee movement (if it can be regarded as such) were closely watched by FBI operatives who attended their lectures and gave reports of what the speakers said to their audience. Imagine the consternation of J. Edgar Hoover when reading that George Adamski’s Venusian friends regarded Socialism as the most perfect form of human government! It is my opinion the Cosmic Love propagandized by the Contactees of the 1950’s paved the way to the Free Love counterculture of the 1960’s, and the governmental authorities viewed both grassroots movements in the same manner: As a threat, graver and more insidious than an open conflagration with the Communist block.
Apropos, what of the other side of the former Iron Curtain? Most historians would agree in naming the fall of the Berlin Wall (which started in June 13th of 1990) as marking the beginning of the Soviet Union’s collapse. Whereas my own personal calendar identifies September 21st, 1989 as the true date when the winds of change started blowing. This date corresponds with the commencement of remarkable UFO activity in the small city of Voronezh, involving the apparent landing of craft, sightings of enormous humanoid creatures, terrifying interactions with local boys, and more astounding accounts which would have made even the most trashy pulp fiction writer of the 1950’s blush before submitting such story to its publisher [13]; a remarkable case in the modern annals of UFOlogy, moreso for the fact it was able to trespass the traditional layers of censorship installed by the Kremlin decades ago which used to stop UFO accounts dead in their tracks –a reason why for many decades the imbalance gave the phenomenon the impression of being exclusive to Western nations; the dissemination of the Voronezh case is thus another testament to Gorbachev’s Perestroika reforms. Empires bloom and crumb to dust, and yet the mystery of the UFO lingers still; but the fact that a once-mighty empire was willing to acknowledge its powerlessness over a mysterious, outside influence is truly remarkable.
That which is a nuisance to the governing authority becomes appealing to those with a distaste for orders and regulation, and the unruliness of UFOs seems to stir something in the core of the most marginalized layers of society. This is by no means a modern trend! In his seminal book Passport to Magonia [14], Jacques Vallee puts this into perspective:
“Celestial phenomena seem to have been so commonplace in the Japanese skies during the Middle Ages that they influenced human events in a direct way. Panics, riots and disruptive social movements were often linked to celestial apparitions. The Japanese peasants had the disagreeable tendency to interpret the “signs from heaven” as strong indications that their revolts and demands against the feudal system or against foreign invaders were just, and as assurance that their rebellions would be crowned with success.”
Rebellion, revolt, and social unrest. I first mused about their possible link with UFOs in the summer of 2011 [15], when the streets of London were besieged by riots which had originally erupted in Tottenham. It was in that time that Mike Sewell, one of BBC Radio 5’s sports reporter begrudgingly made public his own sighting of a large disc-shaped object on the morning of August 4th, while he was driving to Stansted airport. Looking at the distance between these two locations in London through applications like Google Maps yields out a relative proximity, but finding a direct correlation between UFO activity and social unrest in the same geographical area throughout history is a tricky proposition at best. In his entry on ‘UFO waves’ for The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrial Encounters [16], Martin S. Kottmeyer points out to the high levels of UFO activity in the United States, coinciding with times of deep disturbances in American society during the mid-1960’s, as possible indicators to the validity of the ‘Paranoia Theory’ as a psychological explanation to the UFO phenomenon. The paranoia theory extrapolates from the work of behavioral psychologists like Dr. Norman Cameron of the University of Wisconsin, and interprets UFOs as a form of ‘paranoid ideation’, possibly triggered by moments of ‘deep national shame and humiliation’. While the anti-war protests and the Watt riots occurring simultaneously with the UFO wave of 1965 seems to fit the bill, other periods of social instability and general anxiety won’t align so easily to this theory, such as the low level of UFO activity registered by Blue Book during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962.
Still, given how several countries famous for their high levels of UFO activity in past decades, also suffered periods of social repression and political authoritarianism –e.g. Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, etc– looking for a possible link between this non-terrestrial phenomenon and episodes of earthly unrest is not without appeal. Of course, if an statistical and reliable link were to be corroborated, and we eschew the simplistic interpretation of UFOs as psychological delusions brought upon by mass hysteria, we’d still be left with the insurmountable task of finding an explanation for the activity, not unlike the metaphorical ‘chicken and the egg’ conundrum: Are UFOs somehow attracted to manifestations pursuing or conducive to profound social change, or is the phenomenon directly or indirectly responsible for such events?
Investigators like Mack Maloney [17] have written extensively about the proliferation of UFO sightings during times of war, and yet extrapolating further than what the reports inform us of –i.e. that strange unconventional activity has often been observed in the theater of war throughout history– propels us to speculate whether the UFOs are merely observing our exploits of tribal combat as dispassionate witnesses, or if they are somehow intervening in the balance of those battles, the way Homer depicted it in his narration of the classic war which would give reference to all human conflagrations past, present and future –the Iliad. Do these entities give enough of a damn about the welfare and prospect of our species, that they feel the need to foster the erosion and upending of stagnant structures of power from time to time?
Or, are they just delighted in inspiring mischief in our world for their own personal and inscrutable bemusement?
We’ve briefly explored periods of externalized turmoil, but what about internalized turmoil? Delving into the problem of UFOs one must eventually approach it from the point of view of human perception: its limitations and susceptibility through different factors, which can either distort, numb or sometimes even enhance it according to the given circumstances and particulars of the individual. Seriah Azkath, host of the weekly radio show Where Did the Road Go? [18] which delves with all sorts of fringe and paranormal topics, has personally experienced a high degree of strangeness bumping into his daily life, which has left him with more questions than answers –along with a passion to pursue this topic from unconventional perspectives: One of those experiences happened back in the year 2000 when he was driving to his radio station one night at around 11 pm, and he observed what seemed to be a gigantic, brightly-lit object hovering over Cayuga lake (New York) [19], He pulled over and rolled down the window, yet despite its apparent massiveness the object was completely silent. The eerie encounter stopped as unexpectedly as it had begun, once the bright lights dropped below the tree line and were out of sight. Seriah asked around and searched for UFO reports the next day but to this day he seems to have been the sole witness of this close encounter, which might be explained by the sparse population around that area and how late it was.
Years later, when author and researcher Mike Clelland [20] astutely asked about his particular state of mind around that time, Seriah conceded his life was “a complete chaos” back then, going through several upsetting changes and developments. Which raises the question on whether his internal mood was an influential factor conducive to the sighting, and also makes one wonder if an hypothetical passenger riding with him would have been able to perceive the same thing… if anything at all.
Are UFOs then akin to ‘crisis apparitions’ or poltergeist activity, which parapsychologists have tried to link to the unruly ‘psychic’ energy unconsciously released by troubled pubescent children? Paranormal researchers have sought for a ‘Unified Theory’ capable of linking disparaging phenomena which some suspect have more in common than we’d care to realize in the past –PSI, ghostly manifestations, cryptid sightings and UFO encounters. While many still find such propositions absurd and do all they can to keep their UFOlogical peas from touching their Cryptozoology carrots or phantasmagorical potatoes in their paranormal plate, others have come to the realization that Consciousness plays a significant role in all of these phenomena: In all these manifestations, whatever the triggering input (internal, external or a convoluted combination of both) it is a human consciousness that which is perceiving said input and parsing it through a particular ‘cultural filter’; and while geographical location and chronological factors will surely play a role in the precipitation of UFO encounters, proposing that some individuals seem more ‘sensitive’ or ‘attractive’ to such anomalies (even if only transitorily due to temporal circumstances) seems not that unreasonable –at least not in the ‘shadowy’, un-rigid logic followed by these phenomena…
Internal turmoil and lack of rigidity are not just the earmarks of adolescence. They are also intrinsic to the creativity-prone, which is possibly the reason why artistic types tend to show a higher interest in the UFO phenomenon than people who choose a more conventional (read ‘conformist’) lifestyle; or at least, they are more outspoken about it. From John Lennon’s famous observation of a UFO over New York on August 23rd, 1974 [21]–and let’s not forget Lennon had let Yoko Ono and was staying with his secretary-turned-lover May Pang, as possible indication of his state of mind at the time– to David Bowie’s reported sightings and life-long interest in extraterrestrial life and mysticism, it not only hints to the allure the subject has in people with iconoclastic tendencies, but it also gives reason to speculate how such attitudes might yield a better understanding of the phenomenon, than those who observe it from a more fixed paradigm. Consider Bowie’s acute hindsight about a sighting he had while traveling through the English countryside with a friend [22]:
“I believe that what I saw was not the actual object, but a projection of my own mind trying to make sense of this quantum topological doorway into dimensions beyond our own. It’s as if our dimension is but one among an infinite number of others.”
A finer, more elegant, and more sophisticated explanation to this mind-boggling mystery, I feel, than of those who are certain these craft hail from Zeta Reticuli II!
* * * *
“Noise is relative to the silence preceding it. The more absolute the hush, the more shocking the thunderclap.”
― Alan Moore, V for Vendetta.
In his case to show the modern UFO phenomenon as being the same as the belief in the Faerie realm from Old Europe, or other folkloric customs around the world –only now clothed with the appropriate veneer of space visitation suited for XXth-century sensibilities– Vallee reminds us of how interaction with non-human intelligences has always been dissuaded by the Status Quo…to the point of even using the penalty of death as the ultimate deterrent, stereotypically portrayed by the efigie of the witch’s pyre. The result of this suppression was to force this body of knowledge to find refuge underground, spawning Hermeticism in the Middle Ages. In seeking communion with these entities, one can delineate a tradition beginning with alchemists Facius Cardan and Paracelsus, going all the way to the George Adamski and the Contactees from the ‘golden age’ of the modern flying saucer era; many modern students of the phenomenon would agree in pointing Aleister Crowley as a bridge between the early alchemists summoning sylphs with arcane rituals, and the common citizens who claimed to be ambassadors of the Space Brothers. Indeed, Crowley sought conference with metaphysical beings through various –and somewhat deviant– means, and claimed to have succeeded. One of those beings is popularly identified with the monosyllabic name of ‘Lam’, and while Crowley’s pictorial depiction of it is interpreted as some as a psychic self-portrait [23], others find a striking resemblance with the modern stereotype of the Gray alien, as firstly proposed by Fortean blogger and author Richelle Hawks [24]. Another ‘transmundane’ entity Crowley purportedly contacted was Aiwass, who passed along the anarchic commandment on which the law of Thelema was structured upon: “Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the law.”
What does “Do what thou wilt” really mean, anyway? According to students of Thelema, Crowley didn’t simply mean to satisfy one’s petty whims and voluptuous desires, but finding one’s true path or purpose in life, the “true will” or higher purpose. In children’s literature The magical land of do-as-you-please –which you can get there if you befriend denizens of the fairy-kind, according to British author Enid Blyton in her book series The Faraway Tree– inspired comic book writer and Chaos magician Alan Moore when he created his own treatise on modern anarchy, ‘V for Vendetta’, probably the most influential piece of popular culture in the last three decades [25]; a testament to its relevance is simply the ubiquitousness of Guy Fawkes’s smirking facade in any kind of modern civil protest to date –the grinning man archetype emerges again.
V, the superhuman terrorist hell bent on overthrowing the fascistic regime ruling over a disturbingly familiar dystopian England, explains to secondary character Evey how do-as-you-please needs not to be interpreted in the same violent manner embraced by the Manson family, when they slit the throat of the 60’s psychedelic revolution to the tune of Helter Skelter. “Anarchy,” V corrects, means “without leaders, not without order.” True order, for Moore, comes from voluntarily accepting personal boundaries, without the need of a regulatory body imposing any limitations upon individuals.
But Anarchy, according to Moore, must be preceded by a chaotic stage in which all the obsolete structures upholding the Status Quo must be disrupted and obliterated. Those structures can be either tangible symbols, as in the case of the Old Parliament building destroyed by V in Moore’s graphic novel, or abstract ones like the respectability and trust in mainstream media.
After the Condon Report, issued by the University of Colorado, gave the US Air Force the long-sought justification to stop paying public attention to the UFO phenomenon, the press was also given permission to no longer take the issue seriously –a process that had already started with the Robertson panel, as we already established. Ironically, the giggle factor imposed by mainstream media on the topic, is one of the reasons why newspapers and TV news have become almost irrelevant in the XXIst century. The early Internet bloomed with online forums and chat rooms devoted to fringe topics never discussed by traditional media –like alien abductions, Area 51 and the assassination of JFK– and has now turned into the preferred medium by which Millennials absorb the news. The veneer of officialdom is no longer a valuable asset in an era when lack of confidence in official channels has become almost second nature to the populace; much to the contrary, the smear campaign adopted by traditional journalism on fringe topics has completely backfired, and brought upon a rejection from an ever-increasing portion of a distrusting public, whose rationale goes: “If they have lied to us for so long about something as transcendent as an alien presence in our midst –a presence which might be involved in the kidnapping of hapless citizens from inside their homes, for reasons we can only speculate about– then why should we trust them on ANYTHING at all?”
In a post-X Files age when pop culture needs not remind us that “government denies knowledge”, it’s the 3 Lone Gunmen, incarnated in a thousand alt-news blogs and websites, the ones who get the last laugh… or a White House job.
In such an upside-down state of affairs, what should we say about some UFOlogists’s obsessive appeal for ‘Disclosure’, interpreted as a global movement in which official governments finally acknowledge the non-mundane nature of UFOs [26]? Truly it would seem that as we observe the events unfolding on the second decade of the XXIst century, that the eventual disappearance of the Nation/State as we currently know it, seems a more likely scenario than expecting those entities to recognize an anomaly over which they have no control whatsoever; an anomaly which refuses to conform to our ‘sensible’ expectations and seems hell bent on putting everything we take for granted into question –even the nature of Reality itself.
Preposterous? It would have been equally preposterous to suggest, in the 1970s, that the mighty Soviet Union would come crashing down in less than 2 decades. It was also preposterous to think the British citizens will vote to leave the European union, or that the American people would choose to elect a former reality TV celebrity to the highest office in the Free World. Empires bloom and crumb to dust, and yet the mystery of the UFO lingers still –for it perhaps is not a puzzle meant to be unlocked by an amorphous consensus, but confronted and dealt with by each and every one of us, when the proper time comes.
When will UFOlogy stop yearning to gain official respectability, dare we ask? It seems as a foolhardy and hopeless pursuit, as expecting street graffiti to one day be accepted as a fine art expression by ivory-towered academicians. Not because there is always the occasional Banksy who serve as an exception confirming the rule, but because it is precisely the TRANSGRESSIONAL nature of these counterculture forces that which endows them with their true power. For if History teaches us anything, is that the most effective way to shape a society without disrupting it entirely is not from the inside, but from the outside.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.